---
task_categories:
- translation
language:
- en
- fr
- cs
- de
- uk
- ru
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
---
# Dataset Card for Dataset Name


## Dataset Details

### Dataset Description

RoCS-MT, a Robust Challenge Set for Machine Translation (MT), 
is designed to test MT systems’ ability to translate 
user-generated content (UGC) that displays non-standard 
characteristics, such as spelling errors, devowelling, acronymisation, etc. 
RoCS-MT is composed of English comments from Reddit, selected for their 
non-standard nature, which have been manually normalised and professionally
translated into five languages: French, German, Czech, Ukrainian and Russian. 
The original challenge set (v1) was included as a test suite at WMT 2023 
and this version (v2) was included as a test suite at WMT 2025. 


- **Curated by:** Rachel Bawden (Inria) and Benoît Sagot (Inria)
- **Funded by:** PRAIRIE (PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE), funded by the French
national agency ANR, as part of the“Investissements d’avenir” programme under the reference ANR-19-P3IA-0001
- **Shared by:** Rachel Bawden (Inria)
- **Language(s) (NLP):** English (source language; raw UGC and normalised), French, Czech, German, Ukrainian and Russian (target languages)
- **License:** CC-BY-NC

### Dataset Sources

- **Repository:** [[More Information Needed]](https://github.com/rbawden/RoCS-MT)
- **Paper:** Rachel Bawden and Benoît Sagot. RoCS-MT v2 at WMT 2025: Robust Challenge Set for Machine TranslationTo appear in WMT 2025. 2025. Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Machine Translation. Suzhou, China. To appear.

## Uses


### Direct Use

The dataset is intended for:
- the evaluation of UGC normalisation systems
- the evaluation of machine translation systems


## Dataset Structure

```
Dataset
  └─ posts: dict[post_id → Post]

Post
  ├─ post_id: int
  ├─ context: Context
  └─ segments: list[Segment]

Segment
  ├─ segment_id: int
  ├─ text_type: str              # "title" | "text"
  ├─ raw_segment: str
  ├─ normalised_segment: str
  ├─ source_attributes: dict     # parsed attributes, e.g. {"speaker": ["masculine"]}
  ├─ translation_notes: list[str]
  ├─ translations: dict[lang_code → list[TranslationVariant]]
  ├─ normalisation_span_annotations: list[SpanAnnotation]
  └─ unsegmented_raw_doc: str

TranslationVariant
  ├─ text: str
  └─ attributes: dict            # parsed attributes, same format as source_attributes

SpanAnnotation
  ├─ raw_text: str               # raw substring from raw_segment
  ├─ norm_text: str              # normalised substring from normalised_segment
  ├─ norm_type: list[str]        # e.g. ["caps"], ["surrounding_emphasis"], ["punct:diff"]
  ├─ span_raw: [int, int]        # character offsets in raw_segment (start and end)
  └─ span_norm: [int, int]       # character offsets in normalised_segment (start and end)
```

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

It is important to evaluate the machine translation of UGC using real and challenging data. RoCS-MT is designed to
contain particularly challenging phenomena and to cover a range of different normalisation types.


### Source Data

Social media posts from Reddit (in English).

#### Data Collection and Processing

The full data collection and processing details are included in the paper. 
An initial pool of candidate posts was collected through keyword searches (e.g. ttyl, ppl, gr8, alot).
We applied an in-house ``non-standard'' classifier to the posts to keep the most non-standard. We then
manually selected parts of the titles and/or texts of the posts that appeared to contain interesting
phenomena.

We automatically filter out any 18+ content (using the Reddit meta-
information), and manually filter out any content
that is sexually inappropriate, insulting or deals
with sensitive (potentially triggering) topics such
as suicide or drug addiction.

Finally, we pseudo-anonymise the data manually (usernames and
names other than those representing celebrities and
other well-known public figures are replaced with
new names).

We manually segment the posts into sentences in order to provide a sentence-level option.

#### Who are the source data producers?

Reddit users of diverse origins. We did not study the demographics of the users, but we sourced posts from 
across Reddit, both Reddit-wide and 3 specific subreddits (CasualUK, MadeMeSmile and entertainment).
We did not select posts for a particular variety of English, and some of the posts are from non-native speakers.


### Annotations

- manual segmentation into sentences
- manual normalisation of the original non-standard texts
- professional translations (on the level of the manually defined sentences, but carried out in context) into French, German, Czech, Ukrainian and Russian
- annotations for non-standardness types between the original and normalised texts, e.g. ppl->people (devowelling), saavy->savvy (spell), lmk->let me know (acronym), etc.

#### Annotation process

Full annotation guidelines are available in the main [GitHub repository](https://github.com/rbawden/RoCS-MT).

#### Who are the annotators?

The manual segmentation, normalisation and annotation of non-standard phenomena were carried out by the first author (native English speaker).
The translations were carried out by paid professional translators.

#### Personal and Sensitive Information

The texts were manually pseudo-anonymised (usernames and names other than celebrities and well-known people).


## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Inevitably, the posts are biased by the manual selection process to include phenomena that were considered challenging.
The aim was not to create a dataset that was representative of view points on all of social media, but to create
a dataset that is challening from a point of view of non-standard phenomena for translation.


## Citation

Please cite both papers (the original one and the paper describing the current version):

- The original version of the dataset (describing data collection): Rachel Bawden and Benoît Sagot. 2023. RoCS-MT: Robustness Challenge Set for Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Machine Translation, pages 198–216, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics
- This version of the dataset (with minor updates): Rachel Bawden and Benoît Sagot. RoCS-MT v2 at WMT 2025: Robust Challenge Set for Machine Translation. To appear in WMT 2025. 2025. Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Machine Translation. Suzhou, China. To appear.


**BibTeX:**

The original version of the dataset (describing data collection):

```
@inproceedings{bawden-sagot-2023-rocs,
    title = "{R}o{CS}-{MT}: Robustness Challenge Set for Machine Translation",
    author = "Bawden, Rachel  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    editor = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Kocmi, Tom  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = dec,
    year = "2023",
    address = "Singapore",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2023.wmt-1.21",
    pages = "198--216"
}
```

This version of the dataset:

```
@inproceedings{bawden-sagot-2023-rocs,
    title = "{R}o{CS}-{MT} v2 at WMT 2025: Robust Challenge Set for Machine Translation",
    author = "Bawden, Rachel  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t",
    editor = "Koehn, Philipp  and
      Haddow, Barry  and
      Kocmi, Tom  and
      Monz, Christof",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Machine Translation",
    month = nov,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Suzhou, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    notes = "To appear"
}
```


## Dataset Card Authors

Rachel Bawden (Inria)

## Dataset Card Contact

rachel.bawden[at]inria.fr