The behaviourist, who attempts to make psychology a record of behaviour, has to trust his memory in making the record.


For their mere occurrence, by itself, would not suggest any connection with anything that had happened before.


How is it possible to know that a memory image is an imperfect copy, without having a more accurate copy by which to replace it?


It might be suggested that vagueness is the required characteristic, but I do not think this is the case.


In such a case we distrust our image in spite of its being unusually clear.


I think the characteristic by which we distinguish the images we trust is the feeling of FAMILIARITY that accompanies them.


Some images, like some sensations, feel very familiar, while others feel strange.


Familiarity is a feeling capable of degrees.


I think it is by this means that we become critical of images, not by some imageless memory with which we compare them.


I shall return to the consideration of familiarity shortly.


I come now to the other characteristic which memory images must have in order to account for our knowledge of the past.


They must have some characteristic which makes us regard them as referring to more or less remote portions of the past.


The question which of these occurs is not of any importance for the theoretic serviceability of the characteristic in question.


There may be a specific feeling which could be called the feeling of "pastness," especially where immediate memory is concerned.


A recent memory has, usually, more context than a more distant one.


If we had retained the "subject" or "act" in knowledge, the whole problem of memory would have been comparatively simple.


But the rejection of the subject renders some more complicated theory necessary.


Remembering has to be a present occurrence in some way resembling, or related to, what is remembered.


Some points may be taken as fixed, and such as any theory of memory must arrive at.


Nevertheless, in spite of the risk of error, precision is the goal at which we must aim.


The first of our vague but indubitable data is that there is knowledge of the past.


The second datum is that we certainly have more capacity for knowing the past than for knowing the future.


These considerations, however, are taking us away from psychology, to which we must now return.


This distinction is vital to the understanding of memory.


There is, for example, a habit of remembering a unique event.


When we have once described the event, the words we have used easily become habitual.


The sort of memory with which we are here concerned is the sort which is a form of knowledge.


The fact that a man can recite a poem does not show that he remembers any previous occasion on which he has recited or read it.


Semon's two books, mentioned in an earlier lecture, do not touch knowledge memory at all closely.


It is this that is of interest to theory of knowledge.


I shall speak of it as "true" memory, to distinguish it from mere habit acquired through past experience.


We often feel that something in our sensible environment is familiar, without having any definite recollection of previous occasions on which we have seen it.


We have this feeling normally in places where we have often been before-at home, or in well-known streets.


The feeling of familiarity has all sorts of degrees, down to the stage where we dimly feel that we have seen a person before.


There are occasions when familiarity does not attach itself to any definite object, when there is merely a vague feeling that SOMETHING is familiar.


Thus no knowledge as to the past is to be derived from the feeling of familiarity alone.


This may be taken in two senses, the first when a thing not merely feels familiar, but we know it is such and such.


We recognize our friend Jones, we know cats and dogs when we see them, and so on.


Here we have a definite influence of past experience, but not necessarily any actual knowledge of the past.


This knowledge is memory in one sense, though in another it is not.


It does not involve a definite memory of a definite past event, but only the knowledge that something happening now is similar to something that happened before.


It differs from the sense of familiarity by being cognitive; it is a belief or judgment, which the sense of familiarity is not.


I am not sure that there is anything substantial in this point.


I wept to think that a spirit of honesty should as yet have prevailed so little in the world.


I remained there alone for many hours, but I must acknowledge that before I left the chambers I had gradually brought myself to look at the matter in another light.


And what hope had there been, what reasonable expectation, that the system should have been allowed fair play?


There was Captain Battleax seated there, beautiful with a cocked hat, and an epaulet, and gold braid.


"Mr President," said he, "I am in command of her Majesty's gunboat, the john Bright, and I have come to pay my respects to the ladies."


"I have come to your shores, Mr President, with the purpose of seeing how things are progressing in this distant quarter of the world."


"Things were progressing, Captain Battleax, pretty well before this morning.


But, on the whole, we are a prosperous and well satisfied people."


"We are quite satisfied now, Captain Battleax," said my wife.


Then there was a little pause in the conversation, and I felt myself bound to say something as to the violent interruption to which I had this morning been subjected.


And yet that something must be playful in its nature.


I must by no means show in such company as was now present the strong feeling which pervaded my own mind.


"You will perceive, Captain Battleax, that there is a little difference of opinion between us all here as to the ceremony which was to have been accomplished this morning.


No doubt, in process of time the ladies will follow-"


This was a pretty little speech enough, and received the eager compliments of the officers of the john Bright.


"I did not mean," said Captain Battleax, "to touch upon public subjects at such a moment as this.


We had received details of the whole affair by water telegram before the john Bright started.


Jack had been standing in the far corner of the room talking to Eva, and was now reduced to silence by his praises.


Then we began to think of the hospitality of the island, and the officers of the john Bright were asked to dine with us on the following day.


It seemed as though I were treated with almost royal honour.


Then there were three or four leading men of the community, with their wives, who were for the most part the fathers and mothers of the young ladies.


I did once or twice during the festivity glance round at old Crasweller.


"Your promised bride seems to have it all her own way," said Captain Battleax to Jack, when at last the ladies had withdrawn.


Now in spite of what the captain said, I undoubtedly had intended to make a speech.


When the President of the republic has his health drunk, it is, I conceive, his duty to do so.


At any rate, my eloquence was altogether stopped. The gentleman was named Sir Ferdinando Brown.


However, he proposed Mrs Neverbend's health and the ladies, and the captain instantly called upon the band to play some favourite tune.


We sat with the officers some little time after dinner, and then went ashore.


How much of evil,--of real accomplished evil,--had there not occurred to me during the last few days!


Mrs Neverbend should come with me, or stay, if it so pleased her, in Gladstonopolis.


But you must be aware that it has been our intention to interfere with that which you must regard as the performance of a duty."


"It is a duty," said i "But your power is so superior to any that I can advance, as to make us here feel that there is no disgrace in yielding to it.


Therefore we can be courteous while we submit.


"That is all quite true, Mr Neverbend," said Sir Ferdinando Brown.


Therefore, I feel myself quite able, as President of this republic, to receive you with a courtesy due to the servants of a friendly ally."


I thought for a little what answer it would best become me to give to this question, but I paused only for a moment or two.


"And that in opposition to the wishes, as I understand, of a large proportion of your fellow citizens?"


"And you are, I am aware, sufficiently popular with the people here to enable you to do so?"


I was to be taken away and carried to England or elsewhere,--or drowned upon the voyage, it mattered not which.


Now, at the close of the twentieth century, could oppression be carried to such a height as this?


On myself, I need hardly say that it would be inoperative.


Though you should reduce me to atoms, from them would spring those opinions which would serve altogether to silence your artillery.


"You may be quite sure it's there," said Captain Battleax, "and that I can so use it as to half obliterate your town within two minutes of my return on board."


"Lieutenant Crosstrees has sealed orders, and is practically acquainted with the mechanism of the gun.


Lieutenant Crosstrees is a very gallant officer.


"It is simply a contest between brute strength and mental energy."


"If you will look at the contests throughout the world," said Sir Ferdinando, "you will generally find that the highest respect is paid to the greatest battalions."


Minister of the day thought it expedient to grant their request.


The country has since undoubtedly prospered, and in a material point of view has given us no grounds for regret.


At the present moment a law has been passed which, if carried into action, would become abhorrent to mankind at large.


To enable you to effect this, Captain Battleax, of h m gunboat the john Bright, has been instructed to carry you out.


The john Bright is armed with a weapon of great power, against which it is impossible that the people of Britannula should prevail.


In regard to Mr Neverbend himself, it is the especial wish of h m


Government that he shall be treated with all respect, and that those honours shall be paid to him which are due to the President of a friendly republic.


This I read with great attention, while they sat silent.


"We have already lighted our fires, and our sailors are weighing the anchors.


"If so, you must be content to take my dead body.


"No doubt,--knowing nothing of the forms of our government, or-"


All this I could hardly explain to him, as I should thus be giving to him the strongest evidence against my own philosophy.


This was the first complimentary speech which Sir Ferdinando had made, and I must confess that it was efficacious.


JULIUS SMITH, WIFE MARY, AND BOY james, HENRY AND EDWARD SMITH, AND JACK CHRISTY.


Julius, who was successful enough to bring his wife and boy with him, was a wonderful specimen of muscular proportions.


Although a young man, of but twenty five, he weighed two hundred and twenty five pounds; he was tall and well formed from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet.


Nor was he all muscle by a great deal; he was well balanced as to mother wit and shrewdness.


Julius had been kept in the dark in Maryland, but on free soil, the light rushed in upon his astonished vision to a degree almost bewildering.


That his master was a man of "means and pretty high standing"--Julius thought was not much to his credit since they were obtained from unpaid labor.


This was what did the mischief so far as the "running away" was concerned.


His wife and boy shared fully in his affections, and seemed well pleased to have their faces turned Canada ward.


Of this party, Edward, a boy of seventeen, called forth much sympathy; he too was claimed by Hollan.


ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, eighteen fifty eight.


The revelations made by these passengers were painful to listen to, and would not have been credited if any room had existed for doubt.


john Wesley was thirty two years of age, of a lively turn, pleasant countenance, dark color, and ordinary size.


The mistress professed to know nothing about it, simply said, 'she went to sleep and fell out herself.' As usual nothing was done in the way of punishment."


"These Johnsons thought that they were first rate to their servants.


Besides they were members of the Presbyterian Church, and john thought that they were very willing that people should believe that they were great saints.


I will give fifty dollars reward if taken in Baltimore city or county, and two hundred dollars if taken out of the State and secured in jail so that I get him again.


j b Parlett's advertisement, gave his views of the man who had enslaved him.


I never knew of but one man who could ever please him.


He worked me very hard; he wanted to be beating me all the time."


When asked what first prompted him to seek his freedom, he replied, "Oh my senses!


I always had it in my mind to leave, but I was 'jubus', (dubious?) of starting.


I was afraid of being overtaken on the way." He fled from near Baltimore, where he left brothers and other relatives in chains.


He hated everything like Slavery, and as young as he was, he had already made five attempts to escape.


On this occasion, with older and wiser heads, he succeeded.


"The deepest parts of the ocean are totally unknown to us," admits Professor Aronnax early in this novel.


What creatures inhabit, or could inhabit, those regions twelve or fifteen miles beneath the surface of the water? It's almost beyond conjecture."


First as a Paris stockbroker, later as a celebrated author and yachtsman, he went on frequent voyages- to Britain, America, the Mediterranean.


Initially, Verne's narrative was influenced by the eighteen sixty three uprising of Poland against Tsarist Russia.


The Poles were quashed with a violence that appalled not only Verne but all Europe.


Yet this loose structure gives the novel an air of documentary realism.


These unifying threads tighten the narrative and accelerate its momentum.


Other subtleties occur inside each episode, the textures sparkling with wit, information, and insight.


And Verne's marine engineering proves especially authoritative.


This notwithstanding, Verne furnishes the most evocative portrayal of the ocean depths before the arrival of Jacques Cousteau and technicolor film.


Lastly the book has stature as a novel of character.


However, Verne gives his hero's brilliance and benevolence a dark underside-the man's obsessive hate for his old enemy.


And in this last action he falls into the classic sin of Pride.


Because, as that Time cover story suggests, we still haven't caught up with Verne.


Even in our era of satellite dishes and video games, the seas keep their secrets.


CABLE LENGTH In Verne's context, six hundred feet


CENTIGRADE zero degrees centigrade equals freezing water


thirty seven degrees centigrade equals human body temperature


- MILLIGRAM Roughly one twenty eight thousandth of an ounce


KNOT one point one five miles per hour


LEAGUE In Verne's context, two point one six miles


- MILLIMETER Roughly one twenty fifth of an inch


- CENTIMETER Roughly two fifths of an inch


- KILOMETER Roughly six tenths of a mile


THREE SECONDS before the arrival of j b Hobson's letter, I no more dreamed of chasing the unicorn than of trying for the Northwest Passage.


Even so, I had just returned from an arduous journey, exhausted and badly needing a rest.


I wanted nothing more than to see my country again, my friends, my modest quarters by the Botanical Gardens, my dearly beloved collections!


"Besides," I mused, "all roads lead home to Europe, and our unicorn may be gracious enough to take me toward the coast of France!


"Conseil!" I called in an impatient voice.


For the past ten years, Conseil had gone with me wherever science beckoned.


The lad was thirty years old, and his age to that of his employer was as fifteen is to twenty.


He was a fanatic on formality, and he only addressed me in the third person-to the point where it got tiresome.


"Conseil!" I repeated, while feverishly beginning my preparations for departure.


To be sure, I had confidence in this devoted lad.


There was good reason to stop and think, even for the world's most emotionless man. What would Conseil say?


Get my things ready, get yours ready. We're departing in two hours."


Pack as much into my trunk as you can, my traveling kit, my suits, shirts, and socks, don't bother counting, just squeeze it all in-and hurry!"


"What about master's collections?" Conseil ventured to observe.


The archaeotherium, hyracotherium, oreodonts, cheiropotamus, and master's other fossil skeletons?"


Anyhow, we'll leave instructions to ship the whole menagerie to France."


"Then we aren't returning to Paris?" Conseil asked.


"Yes, we are . . . certainly . . . ," I replied evasively, "but after we make a detour."


A route slightly less direct, that's all. We're leaving on the Abraham Lincoln."


"As master thinks best," Conseil replied placidly.


"What master does, I'll do," Conseil replied.


Conseil did them in a flash, and I was sure the lad hadn't missed a thing, because he classified shirts and suits as expertly as birds and mammals.


I left instructions for shipping my containers of stuffed animals and dried plants to Paris, France.


I opened a line of credit sufficient to cover the babirusa and, Conseil at my heels, I jumped into a carriage.


Our baggage was immediately carried to the deck of the frigate. I rushed aboard.


I bowed, and letting the commander attend to getting under way, I was taken to the cabin that had been set aside for me.


The Abraham Lincoln had been perfectly chosen and fitted out for its new assignment.


It was a high-speed frigate furnished with superheating equipment that allowed the tension of its steam to build to seven atmospheres.


"With all due respect to master," Conseil replied, "as comfortable as a hermit crab inside the shell of a whelk."


I left Conseil to the proper stowing of our luggage and climbed on deck to watch the preparations for getting under way.


Lincoln until it reached the waters of the Hudson River, at the tip of the long peninsula that forms New York City.


"So ho!" roared the monarch, "you thought you could defy me, Earth Clod, did you?


No one can resist the Mighty Boolooroo of the Blues, so it is folly for you to rebel against my commands.


Hold him fast, my men, and as soon as I've had my coffee and oatmeal I'll take him to the Room of the Great Knife and patch him."


"I wouldn't mind a cup o' coffee myself," said Cap'n Bill.


"Very well," replied the Boolooroo, "you shall eat with me, for then I can keep an eye on you.


My guards are not to be trusted, and I don't mean to let you out of my sight again until you are patched."


But Cap'n Bill made no such attempt, knowing it would be useless.


Trot was in the room, too, standing in a corner and listening to all that was said while she racked her little brain for an idea that would enable her to save Cap'n Bill from being patched.


No one could see her, so no one-not even Cap'n Bill-knew she was there.


After breakfast was over a procession was formed, headed by the Boolooroo, and they marched the prisoner through the palace until they came to the Room of the Great Knife.


Invisible Trot followed soberly after them, still wondering what she could do to save her friend.


As soon as they entered the Room of the Great Knife the Boolooroo gave a yell of disappointment.


Go at once, you dummies, and find him-or it will go hard with you!"


The frightened soldiers hurried away to find Tiggle, and Trot was well pleased because she knew Tiggle was by this time safely hidden.


The Room of the Great Knife was high and big, and around it ran rows of benches for the spectators to sit upon.


Therefore her Majesty paid no attention to anyone and no one paid any attention to her.


And, in order that the slicing would be accurate, there was another frame, to which the prisoner was tied so that he couldn't wiggle either way.


This frame was on rollers, so that it could be placed directly underneath the knife.


These plumes waved gracefully in the air with every mincing step the Princesses took.


Rich jewels of blue stones glittered upon their persons and the royal ladies were fully as gorgeous as they were haughty and overbearing.


They marched to their chairs and seated themselves to enjoy the cruel scene their father was about to enact, and Cap'n Bill bowed to them politely and said:


"Papa," exclaimed Turquoise, angrily, "can you not prevent this vile Earth Being from addressing us?


It is an insult to be spoken to by one about to be patched."


"Control yourselves, my dears," replied the Boolooroo; "the worst punishment I know how to inflict on anyone, this prisoner is about to suffer.


As soon as the soldiers return with Tiggle," said he.


Immediately the Boolooroo flew into another towering rage.


"Villains!" he shouted, "go out and arrest the first living thing you meet, and whoever it proves to be will be instantly patched to Cap'n Bill."


"I can't think of anyone just now, your Spry and Flighty High and Mighty Majesty," he answered.


"Everyone hates me, and I don't object to that because I hate everybody.


But I'm the Ruler here, and I'll do as I please.


Go and capture the first living creature you see, and bring him here to be patched to Cap'n Bill."


Meantime Trot, being invisible to all, was roaming around the room and behind a bench she found a small coil of rope, which she picked up.


Then she seated herself in an out of the way place and quietly waited.


Suddenly there was a noise in the corridor and evidence of scuffling and struggling.


Then the door flew open and in came the soldiers dragging a great blue billygoat, which was desperately striving to get free.


"Why, you said to fetch the first living creature we met, and that was this billygoat," replied the Captain, panting hard as he held fast to one of the goat's horns.


The Boolooroo stared a moment and then he fell back in his throne, laughing boisterously.


The idea of patching Cap'n Bill to a goat was vastly amusing to him, and the more he thought of it the more he roared with laughter.


Some of the soldiers laughed, too, being tickled with the absurd notion, and the Six Snubnosed Princesses all sat up straight and permitted themselves to smile contemptuously.


This would indeed be a severe punishment; therefore the Princesses were pleased at the thought of Cap'n Bill's becoming half a billygoat, and the billygoat's being half Cap'n Bill.


Glorious!" cried the Boolooroo, wiping the tears of merriment from his eyes.


"We will proceed with the Ceremony of Patching at once."


Trot was horrified, and wrung her little hands in sore perplexity, for this was a most horrible fate that awaited her dear old friend.


"First, bind the Earth Man in the frame," commanded the Boolooroo. "We'll slice him in two before we do the same to the billygoat."


Then they rolled the frame underneath the Great Knife and handed the Boolooroo the cord that released the blade.


But while this was going on Trot had crept up and fastened one end of her rope to the frame in which Cap'n Bill was confined.


"Huh!" exclaimed the Boolooroo; "that's queer.


The soldiers again rolled the frame in position, having first pulled the Great Knife once more to the top of the derrick.


The immense blade was so heavy that it took the strength of seven Blueskins to raise it.


When all was in readiness the King pulled the cord a second time and Trot at the same instant pulled upon her rope.


Cap'n Bill rolled away in his frame and the knife fell harmlessly.


Now, indeed, the Boolooroo was as angry as he was amazed.


He jumped down from the platform and commanded the soldiers to raise the Great Knife into position.


As he stood, bent nearly double, his back was toward the billygoat, which, in their interest and excitement, the soldiers were holding in a careless manner.


At once the goat gave a leap, escaped from the soldiers and with bowed head rushed upon the Boolooroo.


Before any could stop him he butted his Majesty so furiously that the King soared far into the air and tumbled in a heap among the benches, where he lay moaning and groaning.


But it were a pretty close call an' I hope it won't happen again.


The sailor followed and pulled out the Boolooroo, who, when he saw the terrible goat was captured and tied fast, quickly recovered his courage.


"Hi, there!" he cried; "where are my soldiers?


"Don't mind him, Cap'n," said Trot, "but fetch him along to the frame."


"I'll have revenge!--I'll-I'll-"


"You'll take it easy, 'cause you can't help yourself," said Cap'n Bill. "What next, Queen Trot?"


"Hold him steady in the frame and I'll tie him up," she replied.


So Cap'n Bill held the Boolooroo, and the girl tied him fast in position, as Cap'n Bill had been tied, so that his Majesty couldn't wiggle at all.


Then they rolled the frame in position underneath the Great Knife and Trot held in her hand the cord which would release it.


"All right, Cap'n," she said in a satisfied tone, "I guess we can run this Blue Country ourselves, after this."


In this order they proceeded to the main gate, which Trot ordered the guards to throw wide open.


Then they all marched out a little way into the fields and found that the Army of Pinkies had already formed and was advancing steadily toward them.


However, as the two forces came nearer together, Button Bright spied Trot and Cap'n Bill standing before the enemy, and the sight astonished him considerably.


and then he flapped his wings and barked like a dog with pure delight, and added as fast as his bird's tongue could speak:


"Stop it!" said Button Bright; "I can't hear myself think."


"Pinkies," said she, "your Queen has conquered the Boolooroo and is now the Queen of the Blues.


He was looking downcast and sad, and it was easy to see he was disappointed because he had not conquered the Boolooroo himself.


But the people called upon him for a speech, so he faced the Blueskins and said:


Trot had listened carefully to the Majordomo's speech.


"Don't worry, Sizzle dear; it'll all come right pretty soon.


I'm nearly starved, myself, for this conquerin' kingdoms is hard work."


Then she gave Rosalie back her magic ring, thanking the kind Witch for all she had done for them.


I'll always be Queen of Sky Island, but the Pink and Blue Countries must each have a Ruler.


"No," said Trot, positively, "there's been enough patching in this country and I won't have any more of it.


"I have said no, an' I mean it," answered the girl.


So the Captain of the Guards was given the key and told to fetch the Boolooroo from the Room of the Great Knife.


When the courtiers and the people assembled saw the goat they gave a great cheer, for the beast had helped to dethrone their wicked Ruler.


"It's my idee as he's braver than the whole Blue Army put together."


"I'll have 'Sizzle make a fine yard for the goat, where he'll have plenty of blue grass to eat.


"I'll gladly do that," promised the new Boolooroo; "and I'll feed the honorable goat all the shavings and leather and tin cans he can eat, besides the grass.


As they led the now famous animal from the room the Boolooroo shuddered and said:


"How dare you people give orders in my palace?


"'Scuse me," said Trot; "I neglected to tell you that you're not the Boolooroo any more.


He'll look after this end of the Island hereafter, an' unless I'm much mistaken he'll do it a heap better than you did."


"You won't be hurt," answered the girl, "but you'll have to find some other place to stay besides this palace, an' perhaps you'll enjoy workin' for a livin, by way of variety."


"Can't I take any of the treasure with me?" he pleaded.


It isn't a very pretty cabin and the furniture is cheap and common, but I'm sure it is good enough for this wicked man and his family."


This was done, the once royal family departing from the palace with shamed and downcast looks.


Then the Room of the Great Knife was cleared of its awful furniture.


The combined bands of both the countries played the music and a fine supper was served.


Well, I had! (Although I never guessed I could forget Those few great moments when we both went mad.)


Suddenly I was back in the old days Before you felt we ought to drift apart. It was some trick-the way your eyebrows raise,


Your hands-some vivid trifle.


With a start Then I remembered how I lived alone, Writing bad poems and eating out my heart


The pleasant graveyard of my soul With sentimental cypress trees And flowers is filled, that I may stroll In meditation, at my ease.


I do not read upon each stone The name that once was carven there; I merely note new blossoms blown And breathe the perfume of the air.


Thus walk I through my wonderland While all the evening is atune, Beneath the cypress trees that stand Like candles to the barren moon.


--That was but rustling of dripping plants in the dark. More tightly under his cloak, he clasped his guitar.


"A good old tune," she murmured --and I found we were dancing.


And then With foam the skies are splashed and sprayed; And that's how all the stars are made.


She is lain with high things and with low. She lies With shut eyes, Rocked in the eternal flow Of silence evermore.


Desperately immortal, she; She stands With wide hands Dim through the veil of eternity, Behind the supreme door.


O life of this our spring! why fades the lotus of the water? Why fade these children of the spring?


born but to smile and fall. Ah!


I see they lay helpless and naked: weeping And none to answer, none to cherish thee with mothers smiles.


If I leave all for thee, wilt thou exchange And be all to me?


When we met first and loved, I did not build Upon the event with marble.


Nay, I rather thrilled, Distrusting every light that seemed to gild The onward path, and feared to overlean A finger even.


A ring of amethyst I could not wear here, plainer to my sight, Than that first kiss.


The second passed in height The first, and sought the forehead, and half missed, Half falling on the hair.


Dearest, teach me so To pour out gratitude, as thou dost, good!