P0L3/ClimateIE-S50-CliReNER · Datasets at Hugging Face

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0	BCC-CSM1.1 BCC_AVIM1.0 N N N OCMIP2 BCC-CSM1.1-M BCC_AVIM1.0 N N N OCMIP2 BNU-ESM CoLM 1 BNU-DGVM Y Y Y iBGC CanESM2 CLASS2.7 1 CTEM1 N N Y CMOC CESM1-BGC CLM4 N Y Y BEC GFDL-ESM2G LM3 Y N Y TOPAZ2 GFDL-ESM2M LM3 Y N Y TOPAZ2 HadGEM2-CC JULES 1 TRIFFID Y N Y Diat-HadOCC HadGEM2-ES JULES 1 TRIFFID Y N Y Diat-HadOCC INM...	[ "BCC-CSM1", ".", "1", "BCC_AVIM1", ".", "0", "N", "N", "N", "OCMIP2", "BCC-CSM1", ".", "1-M", "BCC_AVIM1", ".", "0", "N", "N", "N", "OCMIP2", "BNU-ESM", "CoLM", "1", "BNU-DGVM", "Y", "Y", "Y", "iBGC", "CanESM2", "CLASS2", ".", "7", "1", "CTEM1", "N...	[ 29, 30, 30, 29, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 29, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 29, 0, 2...
1	These zonal asymmetries in the storm track are much more pronounced in winter and are thought to be .0* 1-10; 1-10; 1-10 1-10; 1-10 18 (4.52 hPa) 1.9 P C 1-10 (11) FGOALS-s2* 1-3;1-3;1 2-3 1 -3;1 26 (2.2 hPa) 1.7 P C (12) GFDL-CM3 1-5;1-5;1-5 1 1;1 48 (1 hPa) 1.8 I (13) GFDL-ESM2G 1;1;1 1 1;1 24 (3 hPa) 2.0 P C (14) G...	[ "These", "zonal", "asymmetries", "in", "the", "storm", "track", "are", "much", "more", "pronounced", "in", "winter", "and", "are", "thought", "to", "be", ".", "0", "*", "1-10", ";", "1-10", ";", "1-10", "1-10", ";", "1-10", "18", "(", "4", ".", "52",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
2	Ensemble mean changes in annual mean sea surface salinity (SSS; in g kg −1 ), annual mean bottom salinity (BS; in g kg −1 ) and winter mean sea level (SL) relative to the global mean SL (in cm) in ECOSUPPORT, BalticAPP RCP4.5, BalticAPP RCP8.5, CLIMSEA RCP4.5 and CLIMSEA RCP8.5 scenario simulations averaged for the Bal...	[ "Ensemble", "mean", "changes", "in", "annual", "mean", "sea", "surface", "salinity", "(", "SSS", ";", "in", "g", "kg", "−", "1", ")", ",", "annual", "mean", "bottom", "salinity", "(", "BS", ";", "in", "g", "kg", "−", "1", ")", "and", "winter", "mea...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 49, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 19, 47, 48, 48, 0, 19, ...
3	The latitudinal variation in the westerlies creates a divergence in the Ekman transport, which causes water to upwell along the sloping density layers from the deep ocean to the surface. (Eddies and the flow of the strong eastward Antarctic circumpolar current over topographic ridges also influence the upwelling, as ou...	[ "The", "latitudinal", "variation", "in", "the", "westerlies", "creates", "a", "divergence", "in", "the", "Ekman", "transport", ",", "which", "causes", "water", "to", "upwell", "along", "the", "sloping", "density", "layers", "from", "the", "deep", "ocean", "to"...	[ 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
4	In light of the limitations associated with the ForHyM2 model and previously published analytical solutions, an empirical GST-to-groundwater temperature transfer function was adopted for simulating the monthly groundwater temperature response to rising GST: GWT i = MAGST + D GST (i−L) − MAGST + B, (2) where GWT i is t...	[ "In", "light", "of", "the", "limitations", "associated", "with", "the", "ForHyM2", "model", "and", "previously", "published", "analytical", "solutions", ",", "an", "empirical", "GST-to-groundwater", "temperature", "transfer", "function", "was", "adopted", "for", "si...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 49, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 5, 49, ...
5	<heading>b. CMIP5 land carbon</heading> The land-atmosphere CO 2 flux, or net exchange of carbon between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere, represents the difference between carbon uptake by photosynthesis and release by plant respiration, soil respiration, and disturbance processes [fire, windthrow, insect...	[ "<", "heading", ">", "b", ".", "CMIP5", "land", "carbon", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "The", "land-atmosphere", "CO", "2", "flux", ",", "or", "net", "exchange", "of", "carbon", "between", "the", "terrestrial", "biosphere", "and", "the", "atmosphere", ",", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 53, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 33, 0, 0, 0, 33, 34, 0, 33, 34, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,...
6	Water transparency, measured by Secchi depth, is lower in the Baltic Sea than in the open ocean (Fleming-Lehtinen and Laamanen, 2012), and for the period 1970-1999 the annual mean Secchi depth averaged for the entire Baltic Sea, including the Kattegat, was only ∼ 6.6 m. The Secchi depth is also much smaller in the coas...	[ "Water", "transparency", ",", "measured", "by", "Secchi", "depth", ",", "is", "lower", "in", "the", "Baltic", "Sea", "than", "in", "the", "open", "ocean", "(", "Fleming-Lehtinen", "and", "Laamanen", ",", "2012", ")", ",", "and", "for", "the", "period", "...	[ 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, ...
7	<heading>Transition from Deep to Organized Convection</heading> Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are responsible for many important weather and climate phenomena: (1) topheavy heating that influences the tropical general circulation [186]; (2) the maintenance and propagation of convection, which control its diurnal...	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Transition", "from", "Deep", "to", "Organized", "Convection", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "Mesoscale", "convective", "systems", "(", "MCSs", ")", "are", "responsible", "for", "many", "important", "weather", "and", "climate", "phenomena", ":...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
8	Because the control by ENSO on the SAM is present in most seasons, we apply EOF analysis to monthly MSLP to obtain a monthly SAM index (positive meaning high MSLP at the midlatitudes) and to SST to obtain an ENSO index (positive indicating El Niñ o) for the four models in which the ENSO-SAM correlation is generally gr...	[ "Because", "the", "control", "by", "ENSO", "on", "the", "SAM", "is", "present", "in", "most", "seasons", ",", "we", "apply", "EOF", "analysis", "to", "monthly", "MSLP", "to", "obtain", "a", "monthly", "SAM", "index", "(", "positive", "meaning", "high", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
9	High frequencies (.300 days/yr) of dry days are observed over most of the arid subtropical regions, such as the Sahara Desert, Afghanistan, part of northwest India, Pakistan, the Southwest USA, parts of Peru, Chile, South Africa, Australia, and the polar regions.	[ "High", "frequencies", "(", ".", "300", "days", "/", "yr", ")", "of", "dry", "days", "are", "observed", "over", "most", "of", "the", "arid", "subtropical", "regions", ",", "such", "as", "the", "Sahara", "Desert", ",", "Afghanistan", ",", "part", "of", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 21, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 21, 0, 21, 22, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0 ]
10	The transmission consists of two pathways: an equatorial Pacific wave pathway, in which equatorial Rossby waves become coastally trapped near where the western New Guinea coast intersects the equator in the west Pacific (Clarke and Liu 1994;Potemra 2001;Wijffels and Meyers 2004); and a subtropical North Pacific (NP) wa...	[ "The", "transmission", "consists", "of", "two", "pathways", ":", "an", "equatorial", "Pacific", "wave", "pathway", ",", "in", "which", "equatorial", "Rossby", "waves", "become", "coastally", "trapped", "near", "where", "the", "western", "New", "Guinea", "coast",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 40, 40, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 18, 18, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
11	In the SE region, observed CAOs (WWs) have a statistically significant association with the NAO (NAO, PNA, PDO, and Niño-3.4), while the NAO and PDO modes exhibit statistically significant associations only with observed WWs in the NE region (Fig. 9).	[ "In", "the", "SE", "region", ",", "observed", "CAOs", "(", "WWs", ")", "have", "a", "statistically", "significant", "association", "with", "the", "NAO", "(", "NAO", ",", "PNA", ",", "PDO", ",", "and", "Niño-3", ".", "4", ")", ",", "while", "the", "NA...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
12	It happens at various spatial and temporal scales, from shallow convective cells to individual deep convective cells of a few kilometers lasting a few hours, to mesoscale convective systems of hundreds of kilometers lasting a few days, up to synoptic clusters and convection organized at the planetary scale such as the ...	[ "It", "happens", "at", "various", "spatial", "and", "temporal", "scales", ",", "from", "shallow", "convective", "cells", "to", "individual", "deep", "convective", "cells", "of", "a", "few", "kilometers", "lasting", "a", "few", "hours", ",", "to", "mesoscale", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, ...
13	WW frequency is modulated by (i) the NAO over the eastern United States and (ii) the combined influence of the PNA, Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and ENSO over the southern United States.	[ "WW", "frequency", "is", "modulated", "by", "(", "i", ")", "the", "NAO", "over", "the", "eastern", "United", "States", "and", "(", "ii", ")", "the", "combined", "influence", "of", "the", "PNA", ",", "Pacific", "decadal", "oscillation", "(", "PDO", ")", ...	[ 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 21, 22, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 21, 22, 22, 0 ]
14	The low-frequency modes of interest are the NAO, PNA, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and ENSO (defined in terms of the Niño-3.4 sea surface temperatures), which have inherent time scales of a month or longer and are known or suspected to be associated with ATRs.	[ "The", "low-frequency", "modes", "of", "interest", "are", "the", "NAO", ",", "PNA", ",", "the", "Pacific", "decadal", "oscillation", "(", "PDO", ")", ",", "and", "ENSO", "(", "defined", "in", "terms", "of", "the", "Niño-3", ".", "4", "sea", "surface", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0 ]
15	This is carried out to address several important issues, including the likelihood of the southern annular mode (SAM) forcing Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events and the possible impact of the IOD on El Niñ o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.	[ "This", "is", "carried", "out", "to", "address", "several", "important", "issues", ",", "including", "the", "likelihood", "of", "the", "southern", "annular", "mode", "(", "SAM", ")", "forcing", "Indian", "Ocean", "dipole", "(", "IOD", ")", "events", "and", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 28, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0 ]
16	<heading>Introduction</heading> The global climate is influenced by several major climate drivers, including the El Niñ o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Philander 1990), the southern annular mode (SAM, also called the Antarctic Oscillation) (Wallace and Thompson 2002), and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) (Saji et al. 1999...	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Introduction", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "The", "global", "climate", "is", "influenced", "by", "several", "major", "climate", "drivers", ",", "including", "the", "El", "Niñ", "o-Southern", "Oscillation", "(", "ENSO", ")", "(", "Philande...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0...
17	Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center, and NASA LWS Strategic Capability grant NNX09AJ83G.	[ "Resources", "supporting", "this", "work", "were", "provided", "by", "the", "NASA", "High-End", "Computing", "(", "HEC", ")", "Program", "through", "the", "NASA", "Advanced", "Supercomputing", "(", "NAS", ")", "Division", "at", "Ames", "Research", "Center", ",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 19, 20, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
18	As per the data submitted to CPCB under National Water Monitoring Program (NWMP), 2016-2017, a total of 351 polluted river stretches across the country have been identified by CPCB in 2018, and based on pollution load as per BOD levels assessed, designated them into the range of Priority I (exceeding 30 mg/L) to priori...	[ "As", "per", "the", "data", "submitted", "to", "CPCB", "under", "National", "Water", "Monitoring", "Program", "(", "NWMP", ")", ",", "2016-2017", ",", "a", "total", "of", "351", "polluted", "river", "stretches", "across", "the", "country", "have", "been", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 47, 48, 48, 48, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,...
19	There are many models in which ENSO and the IOD are virtually not correlated, yet there is still no positive correlation between the SAM and the IOD fe.g., Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Coupled General Circulation Model, version 3.1 [CGCM3.1(T47)]g. What then is the explanation of the AUS index-IOD...	[ "There", "are", "many", "models", "in", "which", "ENSO", "and", "the", "IOD", "are", "virtually", "not", "correlated", ",", "yet", "there", "is", "still", "no", "positive", "correlation", "between", "the", "SAM", "and", "the", "IOD", "fe", ".", "g", ".",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, ...
20	<heading>Introduction</heading> While there are no ambiguous research findings concerning the fact that the world is warming due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Stocker et al. (2013)), the influence of climate change on extreme weather events such as heatwaves, flooding, and drought, is less well unde...	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Introduction", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "While", "there", "are", "no", "ambiguous", "research", "findings", "concerning", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "world", "is", "warming", "due", "to", "anthropogenic", "greenhouse", "gas", "(", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 31, 32, 32, 0, 0, 31, 0, 31, 0, 0, 31, 0, 0, 0, ...
21	<heading>ABSTRACT</heading> During boreal winter, anomalous temperature regimes (ATRs), including cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and warm waves (WWs), provide important societal influences upon the United States.	[ "<", "heading", ">", "ABSTRACT", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "During", "boreal", "winter", ",", "anomalous", "temperature", "regimes", "(", "ATRs", ")", ",", "including", "cold", "air", "outbreaks", "(", "CAOs", ")", "and", "warm", "waves", "(", "WWs", ")"...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0 ]
22	<heading>Introduction</heading> During the boreal cool season, anomalous temperature regimes (ATRs), including cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and warm waves (WWs), affect regional economies and human safety over large portions of the United States via their significant impacts on energy consumption, local agriculture, and ...	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Introduction", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "During", "the", "boreal", "cool", "season", ",", "anomalous", "temperature", "regimes", "(", "ATRs", ")", ",", "including", "cold", "air", "outbreaks", "(", "CAOs", ")", "and", "warm", "waves"...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
23	<heading>Conclusions</heading> During the boreal cool season, anomalous temperature regimes (ATRs), including cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and warm waves (WWs), affect regional economies and human safety over large portions of the United States via their significant impacts on energy consumption, local agriculture, and h...	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Conclusions", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "During", "the", "boreal", "cool", "season", ",", "anomalous", "temperature", "regimes", "(", "ATRs", ")", ",", "including", "cold", "air", "outbreaks", "(", "CAOs", ")", "and", "warm", "waves",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
24	The work presented in this paper was carried out as part of the NSF-funded project "Water Cycle Dynamics in a Changing Environment: Advancing Hydrologic Science through Synthesis" (NSF grant EAR-0636043, M. Sivapalan, PI), also the NSF project "Understanding the Hydrologic Implications of Landscape Structure and Climat...	[ "The", "work", "presented", "in", "this", "paper", "was", "carried", "out", "as", "part", "of", "the", "NSF-funded", "project", "\"", "Water", "Cycle", "Dynamics", "in", "a", "Changing", "Environment", ":", "Advancing", "Hydrologic", "Science", "through", "Syn...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, ...
25	Longer period ("visual") systems are revealed by direct and increasingly higher-angular resolution imaging surveys using speckle interferometry, adaptive optics-aided imaging, the Hubble Space Telescope, aperture masking on monolithic telescopes, lunar occultation and long-baseline interferometry.	[ "Longer", "period", "(", "\"", "visual", "\"", ")", "systems", "are", "revealed", "by", "direct", "and", "increasingly", "higher-angular", "resolution", "imaging", "surveys", "using", "speckle", "interferometry", ",", "adaptive", "optics-aided", "imaging", ",", "t...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 29, 30, 30, 0, 0, 25, 26, 26, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 0, 29, 30, 0, 29, 30, 0 ]
26	The Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Nachtergaele et al. 2012) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) is the most recent highest-resolution global soils dataset available.	[ "The", "Harmonized", "World", "Soil", "Database", "(", "HWSD", ")", "developed", "by", "the", "Food", "and", "Agriculture", "Organization", "of", "the", "United", "Nations", "(", "FAO", ";", "Nachtergaele", "et", "al", ".", "2012", ")", "and", "the", "Inte...	[ 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
27	<heading>Oxygen concentration and hypoxic area</heading> <heading>Bottom oxygen concentration</heading> Projected changes in bottom oxygen concentrations differ considerably between ECOSUPPORT and Balti-cAPP/CLIMSEA scenario simulations, as illustrated for summer (Figs. 21 and 22,Table 10), whereas the differences be...	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Oxygen", "concentration", "and", "hypoxic", "area", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "<", "heading", ">", "Bottom", "oxygen", "concentration", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "Projected", "changes", "in", "bottom", "oxygen", "concentrations", "differ"...	[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 19, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 49,...
28	Ensemble mean changes in sea surface temperature (SST; in • C) in the ECOSUPPORT, BalticAPP RCP4.5, BalticAPP RCP8.5, CLIMSEA RCP4.5 and CLIMSEA RCP8.5 scenario simulations averaged for the Baltic Sea including the Kattegat (data sources: Meier et al., 2011bSaraiva et al., 2019a).	[ "Ensemble", "mean", "changes", "in", "sea", "surface", "temperature", "(", "SST", ";", "in", "•", "C", ")", "in", "the", "ECOSUPPORT", ",", "BalticAPP", "RCP4", ".", "5", ",", "BalticAPP", "RCP8", ".", "5", ",", "CLIMSEA", "RCP4", ".", "5", "and", "C...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 19, 47, 48, 48, 0, 19, 47, 48, 48, 0, 19, 47, 48, 48, 0, 19, 47, 48, 48, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
29	8 but showing the ensemble mean changes in the summer mean bottom oxygen concentration (in mL L −1 ) in ECO-SUPPORT, BalticAPP RCP4.5, BalticAPP RCP8.5, CLIMSEA RCP4.5 and CLIMSEA RCP8.5 scenario simulations averaged for the Baltic Sea including the Kattegat.	[ "8", "but", "showing", "the", "ensemble", "mean", "changes", "in", "the", "summer", "mean", "bottom", "oxygen", "concentration", "(", "in", "mL", "L", "−", "1", ")", "in", "ECO-SUPPORT", ",", "BalticAPP", "RCP4", ".", "5", ",", "BalticAPP", "RCP8", ".", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 19, 47, 48, 48, 0, 19, 47, 48, 48, 0, 19, 47, 48, 48, 0, 19, 47, 48, 48, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 5, 0 ]
30	<heading>Acknowledgements</heading> Climate scenarios used were from the NEX-GDDP data set, prepared by the Climate Analytics Group and NASA Ames Research Center using the NASA Earth Exchange, and distributed by the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS).	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Acknowledgements", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "Climate", "scenarios", "used", "were", "from", "the", "NEX-GDDP", "data", "set", ",", "prepared", "by", "the", "Climate", "Analytics", "Group", "and", "NASA", "Ames", "Research", "Center", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0 ]
31	Hence, nutrient input abatement strategies, such as the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), have been proposed (HELCOM, 2007), with projections of their impact requested by stakeholders such as the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) or national environmental protection agencies 1 .	[ "Hence", ",", "nutrient", "input", "abatement", "strategies", ",", "such", "as", "the", "Baltic", "Sea", "Action", "Plan", "(", "BSAP", ")", ",", "have", "been", "proposed", "(", "HELCOM", ",", "2007", ")", ",", "with", "projections", "of", "their", "imp...	[ 0, 0, 33, 34, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 48, 48, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
32	It is not yet clear what constitutes Bloss and damage^under the UNFCCC, and whether scientific evidence of a climate change signal will be needed before an event is considered relevant to the WIM, but PEA research could be highly relevant in investigating the influence of climate change on loss and damage from extreme ...	[ "It", "is", "not", "yet", "clear", "what", "constitutes", "Bloss", "and", "damage", "^", "under", "the", "UNFCCC", ",", "and", "whether", "scientific", "evidence", "of", "a", "climate", "change", "signal", "will", "be", "needed", "before", "an", "event", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0,...
33	High winds and extreme precipitation from extratropical cyclones can result in windstorm damage, flooding, and coastal storm surge (Lamb 1991;Fink et al. 2009;Della-Marta and Pinto 2009).	[ "High", "winds", "and", "extreme", "precipitation", "from", "extratropical", "cyclones", "can", "result", "in", "windstorm", "damage", ",", "flooding", ",", "and", "coastal", "storm", "surge", "(", "Lamb", "1991", ";", "Fink", "et", "al", ".", "2009", ";", ...	[ 0, 27, 0, 27, 28, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 31, 0, 0, 31, 32, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
34	The current study analyzes reanalysis and model data for the period from 1949 to 2011 to assess (i) long-term variability in ATRs, (ii) interannual modulation of ATRs by low-frequency modes, and (iii) the representation of ATR behavior in models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5).	[ "The", "current", "study", "analyzes", "reanalysis", "and", "model", "data", "for", "the", "period", "from", "1949", "to", "2011", "to", "assess", "(", "i", ")", "long-term", "variability", "in", "ATRs", ",", "(", "ii", ")", "interannual", "modulation", "o...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 0, 19, 0, 0 ]
35	As well as being relevant to adaptation, event attribution studies could be useful for emerging mechanisms to address Bloss and damage^from climate change, in particular the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2013 (http://unfccc.int/...	[ "As", "well", "as", "being", "relevant", "to", "adaptation", ",", "event", "attribution", "studies", "could", "be", "useful", "for", "emerging", "mechanisms", "to", "address", "Bloss", "and", "damage", "^", "from", "climate", "change", ",", "in", "particular",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,...
36	Bluefire, a 4,064-processor IBM Power6 resource with a peak of 77 TeraFLOPS provided more than 7.5 million computing hours, the GLADE highspeed disk resources provided 0.4 PetaBytes of dedicated disk, and CISL's 12-PB HPSS archive provided over 1 PetaByte of storage in support of this research project.	[ "Bluefire", ",", "a", "4", ",", "064-processor", "IBM", "Power6", "resource", "with", "a", "peak", "of", "77", "TeraFLOPS", "provided", "more", "than", "7", ".", "5", "million", "computing", "hours", ",", "the", "GLADE", "highspeed", "disk", "resources", "...	[ 43, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 43, 44, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 43, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 43, 44, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
37	The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) summarized that increasing greenhouse gases will lead to ''a poleward shift of storm tracks in both hemispheres that is particularly evident in the SH [Southern Hemisphere], with greater storm activity at higher latitudes'' (Mee...	[ "The", "Fourth", "Assessment", "Report", "(", "AR4", ")", "of", "the", "Intergovernmental", "Panel", "on", "Climate", "Change", "(", "IPCC", ")", "summarized", "that", "increasing", "greenhouse", "gases", "will", "lead", "to", "'", "'", "a", "poleward", "shi...	[ 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
38	Therefore, many projects and action plans for the monitoring and rejuvenation of water bodies have been put forward by National Green Tribunal (NGT) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) throughout India.	[ "Therefore", ",", "many", "projects", "and", "action", "plans", "for", "the", "monitoring", "and", "rejuvenation", "of", "water", "bodies", "have", "been", "put", "forward", "by", "National", "Green", "Tribunal", "(", "NGT", ")", "and", "Central", "Pollution",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 21, 0 ]
39	For example, rebuilding cities struck by wildfires or hurricanes triggered by or exacerbated by climate change (e.g., Paradise, CA; New Orleans, LA) can provide a blank canvas and opportunity to design SETS change with elements known to enhance urban climate change adaptation.	[ "For", "example", ",", "rebuilding", "cities", "struck", "by", "wildfires", "or", "hurricanes", "triggered", "by", "or", "exacerbated", "by", "climate", "change", "(", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", "Paradise", ",", "CA", ";", "New", "Orleans", ",", "LA", ")",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 0, 31, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 22, 0, 21, 22, 22, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0 ]
40	Furthermore, in ECOSUPPORT, future nutrient inputs under the BSAP scenario were calculated as relative changes, resulting in higher future inputs than in Balt-icAPP/CLIMSEA, in which absolute values of the BSAP were applied.	[ "Furthermore", ",", "in", "ECOSUPPORT", ",", "future", "nutrient", "inputs", "under", "the", "BSAP", "scenario", "were", "calculated", "as", "relative", "changes", ",", "resulting", "in", "higher", "future", "inputs", "than", "in", "Balt-icAPP", "/", "CLIMSEA", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0 ]
41	It is also useful to first examine the long-term seasonal average impact factor for cold air outbreaks and warm waves over the United States to provide a sense of where ATRs are most prevalent and to identify the spatial coherence of ATR behavior.	[ "It", "is", "also", "useful", "to", "first", "examine", "the", "long-term", "seasonal", "average", "impact", "factor", "for", "cold", "air", "outbreaks", "and", "warm", "waves", "over", "the", "United", "States", "to", "provide", "a", "sense", "of", "where",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0 ]
42	This measure is, however, imperfect: a model that is able to simulate the tails of a distribution well (i.e., extreme events like heat waves or cold spells, drought, or heavy rain) would be very valuable, but if it simulates the more common regions of the PDF poorly it could score badly overall.	[ "This", "measure", "is", ",", "however", ",", "imperfect", ":", "a", "model", "that", "is", "able", "to", "simulate", "the", "tails", "of", "a", "distribution", "well", "(", "i", ".", "e", ".", ",", "extreme", "events", "like", "heat", "waves", "or", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 31, 32, 0, 31, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 23, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
43	Moreover, as the radius of cyclones may also change (Schneidereit et al. 2010), deeper cyclones may not necessarily imply stronger winds, although larger cyclones may still have a higher impact on wave activity and storm surge.	[ "Moreover", ",", "as", "the", "radius", "of", "cyclones", "may", "also", "change", "(", "Schneidereit", "et", "al", ".", "2010", ")", ",", "deeper", "cyclones", "may", "not", "necessarily", "imply", "stronger", "winds", ",", "although", "larger", "cyclones",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 33, 34, 0 ]
44	It determines the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation and extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones, lightning, or severe thunderstorms.	[ "It", "determines", "the", "spatiotemporal", "distribution", "of", "precipitation", "and", "extreme", "weather", "events", "such", "as", "tropical", "cyclones", ",", "lightning", ",", "or", "severe", "thunderstorms", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 31, 32, 32, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 31, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0 ]
45	Among the research leaders are several centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, and the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Systems that integrate agriculture and aquaculture are ra...	[ "Among", "the", "research", "leaders", "are", "several", "centers", "of", "the", "Consultative", "Group", "on", "International", "Agricultural", "Research", ",", "the", "International", "Center", "for", "Biosaline", "Agriculture", ",", "and", "the", "Jacob", "Blau...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
46	The winter (DJF) mean low-frequency mode indices used in our investigation are from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center (CPC) (http://www.esrl.noaa.	[ "The", "winter", "(", "DJF", ")", "mean", "low-frequency", "mode", "indices", "used", "in", "our", "investigation", "are", "from", "the", "National", "Oceanic", "and", "Atmospheric", "Administration", "(", "NOAA", ")", "Climate", "Prediction", "Center", "(", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
47	To characterize the behavior of ATRs, an impact factor metric is devised that quantifies the cumulative effect of all warm or cold days per winter season: it is calculated by summing the absolute values of the normalized T 0 values for all days during the winter season that exceed a threshold of 1n (a WW event) or 2n ...	[ "To", "characterize", "the", "behavior", "of", "ATRs", ",", "an", "impact", "factor", "metric", "is", "devised", "that", "quantifies", "the", "cumulative", "effect", "of", "all", "warm", "or", "cold", "days", "per", "winter", "season", ":", "it", "is", "ca...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0...
48	Under the assumption that the differences between the two complementary ensembles ((a) and (c); and (b) and (d)) simulate weather in a world with and without anthropogenic climate change, the differences between magnitude and frequency of occurrence of temperature extremes gives an indication of whether and to what ext...	[ "Under", "the", "assumption", "that", "the", "differences", "between", "the", "two", "complementary", "ensembles", "(", "(", "a", ")", "and", "(", "c", ")", ";", "and", "(", "b", ")", "and", "(", "d", ")", ")", "simulate", "weather", "in", "a", "worl...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0...
49	This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation (ARC-0652838, ARC-0628910, ARC-0902068) and by the Office of Science (BER) of the U.S. Department of Energy through its support of the CESM project.	[ "This", "work", "has", "been", "supported", "by", "the", "National", "Science", "Foundation", "(", "ARC-0652838", ",", "ARC-0628910", ",", "ARC-0902068", ")", "and", "by", "the", "Office", "of", "Science", "(", "BER", ")", "of", "the", "U", ".", "S", "."...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 0 ]
50	In more or less chronological order, speckle interferometry (Ghez, Neugebauer & Matthews 1993;Leinert et al. 1993), lunar occultation (Simon et al. 1995), Hubble Space Telescope imaging (Padgett, Strom & Ghez 1997), adaptive optics (Duchêne, Bouvier & Simon 1999) and aperture masking (Kraus et al. 2008) have all been u...	[ "In", "more", "or", "less", "chronological", "order", ",", "speckle", "interferometry", "(", "Ghez", ",", "Neugebauer", "&", "Matthews", "1993", ";", "Leinert", "et", "al", ".", "1993", ")", ",", "lunar", "occultation", "(", "Simon", "et", "al", ".", "19...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 26, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,...
51	<heading>Results and discussion</heading> <heading>Contributing factors of pollution in Tawi river</heading> before COVID-19: impacts and aspects <heading>Flow interruption due to barrage construction and water extraction activities: effects on water characteristics of Tawi river</heading> The land-use change also ma...	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Results", "and", "discussion", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "<", "heading", ">", "Contributing", "factors", "of", "pollution", "in", "Tawi", "river", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "before", "COVID-19", ":", "impacts", "and", "aspects", "<", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
52	<heading>a. The ability of the CMIP5 models to represent North Atlantic and European cyclones</heading> Figures 1a and 1c show the DJF track density from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim;1980 and the mean bias of the CMIP5 models (HIST minus ERA-Interim).	[ "<", "heading", ">", "a", ".", "The", "ability", "of", "the", "CMIP5", "models", "to", "represent", "North", "Atlantic", "and", "European", "cyclones", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "Figures", "1a", "and", "1c", "show", "the", "DJF", "track", "density", "fro...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 19, 20, 0, 19, 20, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 19, 0, 1...
53	Special thanks are extended to the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Special Initiatives Division, African Climate Policy Center (ACPC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia for their financial support to discuss this paper at the third conference on Climate Change and Development in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 21-23 ...	[ "Special", "thanks", "are", "extended", "to", "the", "United", "Nations", "Economic", "Commission", "for", "Africa", ",", "Special", "Initiatives", "Division", ",", "African", "Climate", "Policy", "Center", "(", "ACPC", ")", ",", "Addis", "Ababa", ",", "Ethiop...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 21, 22, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
54	Abnormally warm temperatures associated with WWs can cause rapidly melting snow and ice, leading to the ice damming and flooding of rivers, as well as significant monetary losses in the winter sports industry.	[ "Abnormally", "warm", "temperatures", "associated", "with", "WWs", "can", "cause", "rapidly", "melting", "snow", "and", "ice", ",", "leading", "to", "the", "ice", "damming", "and", "flooding", "of", "rivers", ",", "as", "well", "as", "significant", "monetary",...	[ 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 33, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
55	<heading>1) LAND TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION</heading> Monthly gridded surface temperature and precipitation were constructed from statistical interpolation of station observations by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia (New et al. 2002;Mitchell and Jones 2005).	[ "<", "heading", ">", "1", ")", "LAND", "TEMPERATURE", "AND", "PRECIPITATION", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "Monthly", "gridded", "surface", "temperature", "and", "precipitation", "were", "constructed", "from", "statistical", "interpolation", "of", "station", "observa...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
56	In particular, the increase in both the precipitation and wind intensity of cyclones can enhance the flood and windstorm risk over the British Isles and central Europe.	[ "In", "particular", ",", "the", "increase", "in", "both", "the", "precipitation", "and", "wind", "intensity", "of", "cyclones", "can", "enhance", "the", "flood", "and", "windstorm", "risk", "over", "the", "British", "Isles", "and", "central", "Europe", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 50, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 33, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 21, 22, 0 ]
57	<heading>Marine heat waves</heading> During recent decades, the Baltic Sea region has warmed faster than either the global mean warming (Rutgersson et al., 2015;Kniebusch et al., 2019) or any other coastal sea (Belkin, 2009), making it prone to marine heat waves (MHWs).	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Marine", "heat", "waves", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "During", "recent", "decades", ",", "the", "Baltic", "Sea", "region", "has", "warmed", "faster", "than", "either", "the", "global", "mean", "warming", "(", "Rutgersson", "et", "al", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 27...
58	Most of the previous model-data comparison studies use the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40; or other reanalysis) instead of the CRU dataset because of the complete global land and ocean coverage and the way these reanalysis are built.	[ "Most", "of", "the", "previous", "model-data", "comparison", "studies", "use", "the", "40-yr", "European", "Centre", "for", "Medium-Range", "Weather", "Forecasts", "(", "ECMWF", ")", "Re-Analysis", "(", "ERA-40", ";", "or", "other", "reanalysis", ")", "instead",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
59	For example, when experiencing acute climate shocks (e.g., plant mortality, crop loss, and water scarcity), community gardeners in drought-stricken areas like Australia and California learn individually and through communication with the gardening community what certain crop plants will not survive under present and fu...	[ "For", "example", ",", "when", "experiencing", "acute", "climate", "shocks", "(", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", "plant", "mortality", ",", "crop", "loss", ",", "and", "water", "scarcity", ")", ",", "community", "gardeners", "in", "drought-stricken", "areas", "l...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 48, 0, 0, 47, 48, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 21, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
60	Extreme weather events (for example recent droughts in the Greater Horn of Africa (Funk et al. 2013)) can cause very high damages, but detecting changes in them and then attributing these to external climate drivers is hampered by lack of good data and statistical sampling issues: extreme events are by definition rare,...	[ "Extreme", "weather", "events", "(", "for", "example", "recent", "droughts", "in", "the", "Greater", "Horn", "of", "Africa", "(", "Funk", "et", "al", ".", "2013", ")", ")", "can", "cause", "very", "high", "damages", ",", "but", "detecting", "changes", "i...	[ 31, 32, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 0, 0, 17, 18, 18, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 33, 34, 34, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
61	The authors refrained from applying a bias correction because the model simulations were within the spread of the observed satellite and reanalysis data sets; but satellite measurements in such sparsely populated region provide no guide to what extreme events really happened.	[ "The", "authors", "refrained", "from", "applying", "a", "bias", "correction", "because", "the", "model", "simulations", "were", "within", "the", "spread", "of", "the", "observed", "satellite", "and", "reanalysis", "data", "sets", ";", "but", "satellite", "measur...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 51, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 51, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0 ]
62	Data are available in monthly format on a 28 3 28 latitudelongitude mesh and were derived from more than five million individual vertical profiles measured between 1941 and 2008, including data from Argo profilers as archived by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (W...	[ "Data", "are", "available", "in", "monthly", "format", "on", "a", "28", "3", "28", "latitudelongitude", "mesh", "and", "were", "derived", "from", "more", "than", "five", "million", "individual", "vertical", "profiles", "measured", "between", "1941", "and", "20...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 38, 38, 38, 0, 37, 0, 0, 0, 19, 20, 20, 20, 0, 19, 0, 0 ]
63	In the detailed panels (a, b, e, f) the blue lines depict present-day energy demand, and the red lines depict SSP5 baseline energy demand for 2050; brown lines indicate energy use under SSP5 after impacts of climate change (mean and all 21 individual ESMs) exposed to changes in hot and cold days.	[ "In", "the", "detailed", "panels", "(", "a", ",", "b", ",", "e", ",", "f", ")", "the", "blue", "lines", "depict", "present-day", "energy", "demand", ",", "and", "the", "red", "lines", "depict", "SSP5", "baseline", "energy", "demand", "for", "2050", ";"...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 47, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 19, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 55, 56, 0...
64	SSI is constructed using a combination of satellite measurements from the SO-Lar STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) and SOLar SPECtrum instruments (SOLSPEC; Rottman et al., 2004;Thuillier et al., 2009), multiple regression, and parameterizations of sunspots and faculae influences (sunspot darkening and...	[ "SSI", "is", "constructed", "using", "a", "combination", "of", "satellite", "measurements", "from", "the", "SO-Lar", "STellar", "Irradiance", "Comparison", "Experiment", "(", "SOLSTICE", ")", "and", "SOLar", "SPECtrum", "instruments", "(", "SOLSPEC", ";", "Rottman...	[ 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 0, 25, 0, 0, 25, 26, 26, 0, 25, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
65	Independently, photometric studies have suggested multiplicity frequencies in the 65-70% range for solartype stars (Converse & Stahler 2008, Kähler 1999. Low-mass cluster members have only been systematically studied via spectroscopic and imaging surveys in the nearby Hyades cluster (Reid & Gizis 1997b, Reid & Mahoney ...	[ "Independently", ",", "photometric", "studies", "have", "suggested", "multiplicity", "frequencies", "in", "the", "65-70", "%", "range", "for", "solartype", "stars", "(", "Converse", "&", "Stahler", "2008", ",", "Kähler", "1999", ".", "Low-mass", "cluster", "memb...	[ 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
66	Two days after co-cultivation of the tomato plants and the B. subtilis cells in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), roots were fixed and examined by Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM).	[ "Two", "days", "after", "co-cultivation", "of", "the", "tomato", "plants", "and", "the", "B", ".", "subtilis", "cells", "in", "Murashige", "and", "Skoog", "(", "MS", ")", "medium", "(", "Murashige", "and", "Skoog", ",", "1962", ")", ",", "roots", "were",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 35, 36, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 26, 26, 0, 25, 0, 0 ]
67	To date, about 350 Class I sources have been observed with seeing-limited imaging (Connelley, Reipurth & Tokunaga 2008, Haisch et al. 2004 and, for about 100 of them, with high-resolution imaging techniques (Connelley, Reipurth & Tokunaga 2009, Duchêne et al. 2007a.	[ "To", "date", ",", "about", "350", "Class", "I", "sources", "have", "been", "observed", "with", "seeing-limited", "imaging", "(", "Connelley", ",", "Reipurth", "&", "Tokunaga", "2008", ",", "Haisch", "et", "al", ".", "2004", "and", ",", "for", "about", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
68	These beads were readily observed under CSLM or even phase-contrast microscopy.	[ "These", "beads", "were", "readily", "observed", "under", "CSLM", "or", "even", "phase-contrast", "microscopy", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 0, 25, 26, 26, 0 ]
69	It turns out that this spurious oceanic teleconnection is also generated in several other models as well as CSIRO Mk3.0 [CNRM-CM3, CSIRO Mk3.5, BCCR CM2.0, and MIROC3.2(medres)], where the correlation between time series of the IOD and ENSO peaks at lag 11 yr; that is, the IOD tends to occur in the following year afte...	[ "It", "turns", "out", "that", "this", "spurious", "oceanic", "teleconnection", "is", "also", "generated", "in", "several", "other", "models", "as", "well", "as", "CSIRO", "Mk3", ".", "0", "[", "CNRM-CM3", ",", "CSIRO", "Mk3", ".", "5", ",", "BCCR", "CM2"...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 29, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
70	<heading>What comes around</heading> A key driver of the Southern Ocean circulation is the westerly winds-the strongest mean sea-surface winds on Earth. Because the planet rotates, momentum transferred from the atmosphere to the upper hundred meters of the ocean produces a flow not in the direction of the winds but to...	[ "<", "heading", ">", "What", "comes", "around", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "A", "key", "driver", "of", "the", "Southern", "Ocean", "circulation", "is", "the", "westerly", "winds-the", "strongest", "mean", "sea-surface", "winds", "on", "Earth", ".", "Because",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0, 0, 53, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,...
71	However, the ENSO's influence on the IOD is boosted by a spurious oceanic teleconnection, whereby ENSO discharge-recharge signals transmit to the Sumatra-Java coast, generating thermocline anomalies and changing IOD properties.	[ "However", ",", "the", "ENSO", "'", "s", "influence", "on", "the", "IOD", "is", "boosted", "by", "a", "spurious", "oceanic", "teleconnection", ",", "whereby", "ENSO", "discharge-recharge", "signals", "transmit", "to", "the", "Sumatra-Java", "coast", ",", "gene...	[ 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0 ]
72	In the positive IOD phase, cold SST anomalies suppress rainfall off the Sumatra-Java coast and drive an anticyclonic circulation anomaly that is consistent with the steady response to a heat sink displaced south of the equator.	[ "In", "the", "positive", "IOD", "phase", ",", "cold", "SST", "anomalies", "suppress", "rainfall", "off", "the", "Sumatra-Java", "coast", "and", "drive", "an", "anticyclonic", "circulation", "anomaly", "that", "is", "consistent", "with", "the", "steady", "respons...	[ 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0 ]
73	To further illustrate the control of the oceanic teleconnection on the IOD in the CSIRO Mk3.5, Fig. 13 compares the evolution associated with the ENSO recharge-discharge mode (EOF2, a positive value indicates ENSO discharge as in Figs. 11g and 12c) and the thermocline anomalies associated with the model SON IOD index.	[ "To", "further", "illustrate", "the", "control", "of", "the", "oceanic", "teleconnection", "on", "the", "IOD", "in", "the", "CSIRO", "Mk3", ".", "5", ",", "Fig", ".", "13", "compares", "the", "evolution", "associated", "with", "the", "ENSO", "recharge-discha...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 29, 30, 30, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0 ]
74	However, this influence is boosted by a spurious oceanic teleconnection, whereby the ENSO discharge-recharge signal transmits to the Sumatra-Java coast, instead of the NWA coast as observed, changing the thermocline in the eastern Indian Ocean and the IOD properties.	[ "However", ",", "this", "influence", "is", "boosted", "by", "a", "spurious", "oceanic", "teleconnection", ",", "whereby", "the", "ENSO", "discharge-recharge", "signal", "transmits", "to", "the", "Sumatra-Java", "coast", ",", "instead", "of", "the", "NWA", "coast...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0 ]
75	More recent studies suggest that significant interaction exists between the development of the IOD and ENSO; for example, a positive IOD may modify the amplitude/evolution ENSO by inducing wind anomalies associated with the Walker circulation (Saji and Yamagata 2003a,b;Li et al. 2003;Kug and Kang 2006;Behera et al. 20...	[ "More", "recent", "studies", "suggest", "that", "significant", "interaction", "exists", "between", "the", "development", "of", "the", "IOD", "and", "ENSO", ";", "for", "example", ",", "a", "positive", "IOD", "may", "modify", "the", "amplitude", "/", "evolution...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
76	ENSO signals also propagate into the Indian Ocean through oceanic teleconnections, whereby El Niñ o recharge-discharge signals propagate into the Indian Ocean, arriving at the NWA coast and then radiating FIG.	[ "ENSO", "signals", "also", "propagate", "into", "the", "Indian", "Ocean", "through", "oceanic", "teleconnections", ",", "whereby", "El", "Niñ", "o", "recharge-discharge", "signals", "propagate", "into", "the", "Indian", "Ocean", ",", "arriving", "at", "the", "NW...	[ 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
77	Further, an unrealistic representation of the model's Java-Timor geometry resulted in an artificial pathway for El Niñ o upwelling Rossby waves to reach the model Java coast, resulting in a spurious oceanic teleconnection.	[ "Further", ",", "an", "unrealistic", "representation", "of", "the", "model", "'", "s", "Java-Timor", "geometry", "resulted", "in", "an", "artificial", "pathway", "for", "El", "Niñ", "o", "upwelling", "Rossby", "waves", "to", "reach", "the", "model", "Java", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 45, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0 ]
78	The strong negative weights off the Sumatra-Java coast (Figs. 11f and 11h) reflect the spurious effect of propagation of the upwelling Rossby wave from the Pacific into the equatorial Indian Ocean waveguide (oceanic teleconnection), common to all five models.	[ "The", "strong", "negative", "weights", "off", "the", "Sumatra-Java", "coast", "(", "Figs", ".", "11f", "and", "11h", ")", "reflect", "the", "spurious", "effect", "of", "propagation", "of", "the", "upwelling", "Rossby", "wave", "from", "the", "Pacific", "int...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 21, 5, 6, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
79	Alexander (2006) installed temperature loggers (VEMCO Minilog) in the Catamaran Brook catchment to record hourly AT, GST, and groundwater temperature (see temperature loggers, Fig. 2).	[ "Alexander", "(", "2006", ")", "installed", "temperature", "loggers", "(", "VEMCO", "Minilog", ")", "in", "the", "Catamaran", "Brook", "catchment", "to", "record", "hourly", "AT", ",", "GST", ",", "and", "groundwater", "temperature", "(", "see", "temperature",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 18, 18, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
80	The mesoscale updraft-downdraft combination in the stratiform rain regions of many MCSs produces a dipole heating anomaly that shifts the overall heating profile of the system upward, intensifying the upper-level large-scale tropical circulation [186].	[ "The", "mesoscale", "updraft-downdraft", "combination", "in", "the", "stratiform", "rain", "regions", "of", "many", "MCSs", "produces", "a", "dipole", "heating", "anomaly", "that", "shifts", "the", "overall", "heating", "profile", "of", "the", "system", "upward", ...	[ 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
81	Without the spurious oceanic teleconnection, the influence of the IOD on ENSO is comparable to the impact of ENSO on the IOD.	[ "Without", "the", "spurious", "oceanic", "teleconnection", ",", "the", "influence", "of", "the", "IOD", "on", "ENSO", "is", "comparable", "to", "the", "impact", "of", "ENSO", "on", "the", "IOD", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 0 ]
82	Without this spurious oceanic teleconnection, the influence of the IOD on ENSO is comparable to the impact of ENSO on the IOD.	[ "Without", "this", "spurious", "oceanic", "teleconnection", ",", "the", "influence", "of", "the", "IOD", "on", "ENSO", "is", "comparable", "to", "the", "impact", "of", "ENSO", "on", "the", "IOD", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 0 ]
83	On the other hand, the frequency of spectroscopic companions estimated by Fischer & Marcy has been upheld by more recent surveys (Clark, Blake & Knapp 2012) <heading>Orbital period distribution</heading> Fischer & Marcy (1992) suggested that a lognormal distribution similar to that found for solar-type binaries could ...	[ "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "the", "frequency", "of", "spectroscopic", "companions", "estimated", "by", "Fischer", "&", "Marcy", "has", "been", "upheld", "by", "more", "recent", "surveys", "(", "Clark", ",", "Blake", "&", "Knapp", "2012", ")", "<", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 23, 24, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
84	The NRLSSI values are scaled by 0.9965 to agree with the new estimates of total solar irradiance (TSI) from the total irradiance monitor on the NASA Earth Observing System Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment satellite (Rottman, 2005).	[ "The", "NRLSSI", "values", "are", "scaled", "by", "0", ".", "9965", "to", "agree", "with", "the", "new", "estimates", "of", "total", "solar", "irradiance", "(", "TSI", ")", "from", "the", "total", "irradiance", "monitor", "on", "the", "NASA", "Earth", "O...	[ 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 37, 51, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
85	Several recent studies suggest the IOD influence is achieved through a modification of the Walker circulation branches over the western Pacific and the nearby circulation (Li et al. 2003;Annamalai et al. 2005;Kug and Kang 2006;Luo et al. 2008), prolonging the lead time for ENSO prediction for up to 14 months before the...	[ "Several", "recent", "studies", "suggest", "the", "IOD", "influence", "is", "achieved", "through", "a", "modification", "of", "the", "Walker", "circulation", "branches", "over", "the", "western", "Pacific", "and", "the", "nearby", "circulation", "(", "Li", "et",...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,...
86	After the first attempts at detecting companions via the astrometric perturbation methods (e.g., Lippincott 1978), a series of instrumental breakthroughs over the last two decades have helped establish the multiplicity of low-mass stars through radial velocity (Marcy & Benitz 1989), direct imaging (Skrutskie, Forrest &...	[ "After", "the", "first", "attempts", "at", "detecting", "companions", "via", "the", "astrometric", "perturbation", "methods", "(", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", "Lippincott", "1978", ")", ",", "a", "series", "of", "instrumental", "breakthroughs", "over", "the", "...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 23, 0, 21, 22, 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, ...
87	A cyclone-tracking technique (Hodges 1994(Hodges , 1999 is used to quantify the response in the number of cyclones and in their intensity, which is measured by the maximum wind speed at 850 hPa (dynamical intensity) and by the area-averaged precipitation (hydrological intensity).	[ "A", "cyclone-tracking", "technique", "(", "Hodges", "1994", "(", "Hodges", ",", "1999", "is", "used", "to", "quantify", "the", "response", "in", "the", "number", "of", "cyclones", "and", "in", "their", "intensity", ",", "which", "is", "measured", "by", "t...	[ 0, 29, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
88	In one of the most impressive oceanographic achievements of the past decade, physical oceanographers have developed autonomous, free-drifting Argo floats equipped with sensors for temperature, salinity, and pressure (see PHYSICS TODAY July 2000, page 50).	[ "In", "one", "of", "the", "most", "impressive", "oceanographic", "achievements", "of", "the", "past", "decade", ",", "physical", "oceanographers", "have", "developed", "autonomous", ",", "free-drifting", "Argo", "floats", "equipped", "with", "sensors", "for", "tem...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 26, 0, 0, 25, 0, 49, 0, 49, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
89	When applied with PSDs and fall speeds derived from recent field experiments [79,133], this approach can produce tropical anvil ice water paths in good agreement with satellite observations [47].	[ "When", "applied", "with", "PSDs", "and", "fall", "speeds", "derived", "from", "recent", "field", "experiments", "[", "79", ",", "133", "]", ",", "this", "approach", "can", "produce", "tropical", "anvil", "ice", "water", "paths", "in", "good", "agreement", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 23, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 51, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
90	Combined with particle size distributions in convective outflow from field experiments and ice water path from satellites, detrainment can be evaluated [47].	[ "Combined", "with", "particle", "size", "distributions", "in", "convective", "outflow", "from", "field", "experiments", "and", "ice", "water", "path", "from", "satellites", ",", "detrainment", "can", "be", "evaluated", "[", "47", "]", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 23, 24, 24, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 50, 0, 51, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
91	Databases of satellite-derived MCS life cycles and tracks also exist [53] as do estimates of their macrophysical and microphysical properties [18], and of the convective-stratiform partitioning and heating profiles [122,188].	[ "Databases", "of", "satellite-derived", "MCS", "life", "cycles", "and", "tracks", "also", "exist", "[", "53", "]", "as", "do", "estimates", "of", "their", "macrophysical", "and", "microphysical", "properties", "[", "18", "]", ",", "and", "of", "the", "convec...	[ 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
92	The Bhagwati Nagar area holds a municipal waste dumping site and a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in non-working conditions.	[ "The", "Bhagwati", "Nagar", "area", "holds", "a", "municipal", "waste", "dumping", "site", "and", "a", "Sewage", "Treatment", "Plant", "(", "STP", ")", "in", "non-working", "conditions", "." ]	[ 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 21, 22, 22, 22, 0, 0, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
93	However, the control of ENSO on the IOD is enhanced by a spurious oceanic teleconnection in five models.	[ "However", ",", "the", "control", "of", "ENSO", "on", "the", "IOD", "is", "enhanced", "by", "a", "spurious", "oceanic", "teleconnection", "in", "five", "models", "." ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
94	<heading>170</heading> H. E. M. Meier et al.: Oceanographic regional climate projections for the Baltic Sea until 2100 2.5.4 Trends First, the monthly average of SST was computed from the model output every 48 h. The linear trend was then calculated using the Theil-Sen estimator (Theil, 1950;Sen, 1968).	[ "<", "heading", ">", "170", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "H", ".", "E", ".", "M", ".", "Meier", "et", "al", ".", ":", "Oceanographic", "regional", "climate", "projections", "for", "the", "Baltic", "Sea", "until", "2100", "2", ".", "5", ".", "4", "Tren...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 30, 0, ...
95	In contrast, correlations with the oceanic (PDO like and ENSO like) modes are relatively small and not statistically significant for most models, with the average correlation coefficient for the models near zero.	[ "In", "contrast", ",", "correlations", "with", "the", "oceanic", "(", "PDO", "like", "and", "ENSO", "like", ")", "modes", "are", "relatively", "small", "and", "not", "statistically", "significant", "for", "most", "models", ",", "with", "the", "average", "cor...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 27, 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
96	Although we have discussed the role of decadal variability and extreme cyclones, we have not explored major modes of variability such as the Arctic Oscillation and how these might change under greenhouse forcing.	[ "Although", "we", "have", "discussed", "the", "role", "of", "decadal", "variability", "and", "extreme", "cyclones", ",", "we", "have", "not", "explored", "major", "modes", "of", "variability", "such", "as", "the", "Arctic", "Oscillation", "and", "how", "these"...	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 0 ]
97	<heading>VLM stars and substellar objects</heading> <heading>Historical overview</heading> VLM objects, even the nearest ones, are typically very faint and therefore difficult targets for both high-resolution imaging and spectroscopic observations.	[ "<", "heading", ">", "VLM", "stars", "and", "substellar", "objects", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "<", "heading", ">", "Historical", "overview", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "VLM", "objects", ",", "even", "the", "nearest", "ones", ",", "are", "typically", "ver...	[ 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 0, 0 ]
98	<heading>Multiplicity frequency</heading> The remarkably broad range of estimated frequency of spectroscopic companions among high-mass stars is due to a combination of small sample sizes, selection biases and incompleteness.	[ "<", "heading", ">", "Multiplicity", "frequency", "<", "/", "heading", ">", "The", "remarkably", "broad", "range", "of", "estimated", "frequency", "of", "spectroscopic", "companions", "among", "high-mass", "stars", "is", "due", "to", "a", "combination", "of", ...	[ 0, 0, 0, 49, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 21, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
99	Direct GPP observations at the global scale and for our reference period (1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005) do not exist, since in the 1980s no measurement sites existed and satellite observations of GPP were not yet available.	[ "Direct", "GPP", "observations", "at", "the", "global", "scale", "and", "for", "our", "reference", "period", "(", "1986", ")", "(", "1987", ")", "(", "1988", ")", "(", "1989", ")", "(", "1990", ")", "(", "1991", ")", "(", "1992", ")", "(", "1993", ...	[ 0, 49, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...

0

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1

These zonal asymmetries in the storm track are much more pronounced in winter and are thought to be .0* 1-10; 1-10; 1-10 1-10; 1-10 18 (4.52 hPa) 1.9 P C 1-10 (11) FGOALS-s2* 1-3;1-3;1 2-3 1 -3;1 26 (2.2 hPa) 1.7 P C (12) GFDL-CM3 1-5;1-5;1-5 1 1;1 48 (1 hPa) 1.8 I (13) GFDL-ESM2G 1;1;1 1 1;1 24 (3 hPa) 2.0 P C (14) G...

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2

Ensemble mean changes in annual mean sea surface salinity (SSS; in g kg −1 ), annual mean bottom salinity (BS; in g kg −1 ) and winter mean sea level (SL) relative to the global mean SL (in cm) in ECOSUPPORT, BalticAPP RCP4.5, BalticAPP RCP8.5, CLIMSEA RCP4.5 and CLIMSEA RCP8.5 scenario simulations averaged for the Bal...

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3

The latitudinal variation in the westerlies creates a divergence in the Ekman transport, which causes water to upwell along the sloping density layers from the deep ocean to the surface. (Eddies and the flow of the strong eastward Antarctic circumpolar current over topographic ridges also influence the upwelling, as ou...

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4

In light of the limitations associated with the ForHyM2 model and previously published analytical solutions, an empirical GST-to-groundwater temperature transfer function was adopted for simulating the monthly groundwater temperature response to rising GST: GWT i = MAGST + D GST (i−L) − MAGST + B, (2) where GWT i is t...

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5

<heading>b. CMIP5 land carbon</heading> The land-atmosphere CO 2 flux, or net exchange of carbon between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere, represents the difference between carbon uptake by photosynthesis and release by plant respiration, soil respiration, and disturbance processes [fire, windthrow, insect...

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6

Water transparency, measured by Secchi depth, is lower in the Baltic Sea than in the open ocean (Fleming-Lehtinen and Laamanen, 2012), and for the period 1970-1999 the annual mean Secchi depth averaged for the entire Baltic Sea, including the Kattegat, was only ∼ 6.6 m. The Secchi depth is also much smaller in the coas...

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7

<heading>Transition from Deep to Organized Convection</heading> Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are responsible for many important weather and climate phenomena: (1) topheavy heating that influences the tropical general circulation [186]; (2) the maintenance and propagation of convection, which control its diurnal...

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8

Because the control by ENSO on the SAM is present in most seasons, we apply EOF analysis to monthly MSLP to obtain a monthly SAM index (positive meaning high MSLP at the midlatitudes) and to SST to obtain an ENSO index (positive indicating El Niñ o) for the four models in which the ENSO-SAM correlation is generally gr...

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9

High frequencies (.300 days/yr) of dry days are observed over most of the arid subtropical regions, such as the Sahara Desert, Afghanistan, part of northwest India, Pakistan, the Southwest USA, parts of Peru, Chile, South Africa, Australia, and the polar regions.

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10

The transmission consists of two pathways: an equatorial Pacific wave pathway, in which equatorial Rossby waves become coastally trapped near where the western New Guinea coast intersects the equator in the west Pacific (Clarke and Liu 1994;Potemra 2001;Wijffels and Meyers 2004); and a subtropical North Pacific (NP) wa...

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11

In the SE region, observed CAOs (WWs) have a statistically significant association with the NAO (NAO, PNA, PDO, and Niño-3.4), while the NAO and PDO modes exhibit statistically significant associations only with observed WWs in the NE region (Fig. 9).

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12

It happens at various spatial and temporal scales, from shallow convective cells to individual deep convective cells of a few kilometers lasting a few hours, to mesoscale convective systems of hundreds of kilometers lasting a few days, up to synoptic clusters and convection organized at the planetary scale such as the ...

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13

WW frequency is modulated by (i) the NAO over the eastern United States and (ii) the combined influence of the PNA, Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and ENSO over the southern United States.

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14

The low-frequency modes of interest are the NAO, PNA, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and ENSO (defined in terms of the Niño-3.4 sea surface temperatures), which have inherent time scales of a month or longer and are known or suspected to be associated with ATRs.

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15

This is carried out to address several important issues, including the likelihood of the southern annular mode (SAM) forcing Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events and the possible impact of the IOD on El Niñ o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.

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16

<heading>Introduction</heading> The global climate is influenced by several major climate drivers, including the El Niñ o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Philander 1990), the southern annular mode (SAM, also called the Antarctic Oscillation) (Wallace and Thompson 2002), and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) (Saji et al. 1999...

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17

Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center, and NASA LWS Strategic Capability grant NNX09AJ83G.

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18

As per the data submitted to CPCB under National Water Monitoring Program (NWMP), 2016-2017, a total of 351 polluted river stretches across the country have been identified by CPCB in 2018, and based on pollution load as per BOD levels assessed, designated them into the range of Priority I (exceeding 30 mg/L) to priori...

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19

There are many models in which ENSO and the IOD are virtually not correlated, yet there is still no positive correlation between the SAM and the IOD fe.g., Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Coupled General Circulation Model, version 3.1 [CGCM3.1(T47)]g. What then is the explanation of the AUS index-IOD...

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20

<heading>Introduction</heading> While there are no ambiguous research findings concerning the fact that the world is warming due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Stocker et al. (2013)), the influence of climate change on extreme weather events such as heatwaves, flooding, and drought, is less well unde...

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21

<heading>ABSTRACT</heading> During boreal winter, anomalous temperature regimes (ATRs), including cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and warm waves (WWs), provide important societal influences upon the United States.

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22

<heading>Introduction</heading> During the boreal cool season, anomalous temperature regimes (ATRs), including cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and warm waves (WWs), affect regional economies and human safety over large portions of the United States via their significant impacts on energy consumption, local agriculture, and ...

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23

<heading>Conclusions</heading> During the boreal cool season, anomalous temperature regimes (ATRs), including cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and warm waves (WWs), affect regional economies and human safety over large portions of the United States via their significant impacts on energy consumption, local agriculture, and h...

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24

The work presented in this paper was carried out as part of the NSF-funded project "Water Cycle Dynamics in a Changing Environment: Advancing Hydrologic Science through Synthesis" (NSF grant EAR-0636043, M. Sivapalan, PI), also the NSF project "Understanding the Hydrologic Implications of Landscape Structure and Climat...

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25

Longer period ("visual") systems are revealed by direct and increasingly higher-angular resolution imaging surveys using speckle interferometry, adaptive optics-aided imaging, the Hubble Space Telescope, aperture masking on monolithic telescopes, lunar occultation and long-baseline interferometry.

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26

The Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Nachtergaele et al. 2012) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) is the most recent highest-resolution global soils dataset available.

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27

<heading>Oxygen concentration and hypoxic area</heading> <heading>Bottom oxygen concentration</heading> Projected changes in bottom oxygen concentrations differ considerably between ECOSUPPORT and Balti-cAPP/CLIMSEA scenario simulations, as illustrated for summer (Figs. 21 and 22,Table 10), whereas the differences be...

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28

Ensemble mean changes in sea surface temperature (SST; in • C) in the ECOSUPPORT, BalticAPP RCP4.5, BalticAPP RCP8.5, CLIMSEA RCP4.5 and CLIMSEA RCP8.5 scenario simulations averaged for the Baltic Sea including the Kattegat (data sources: Meier et al., 2011bSaraiva et al., 2019a).

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29

8 but showing the ensemble mean changes in the summer mean bottom oxygen concentration (in mL L −1 ) in ECO-SUPPORT, BalticAPP RCP4.5, BalticAPP RCP8.5, CLIMSEA RCP4.5 and CLIMSEA RCP8.5 scenario simulations averaged for the Baltic Sea including the Kattegat.

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30

<heading>Acknowledgements</heading> Climate scenarios used were from the NEX-GDDP data set, prepared by the Climate Analytics Group and NASA Ames Research Center using the NASA Earth Exchange, and distributed by the NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS).

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31

Hence, nutrient input abatement strategies, such as the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), have been proposed (HELCOM, 2007), with projections of their impact requested by stakeholders such as the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) or national environmental protection agencies 1 .

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32

It is not yet clear what constitutes Bloss and damage^under the UNFCCC, and whether scientific evidence of a climate change signal will be needed before an event is considered relevant to the WIM, but PEA research could be highly relevant in investigating the influence of climate change on loss and damage from extreme ...

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33

High winds and extreme precipitation from extratropical cyclones can result in windstorm damage, flooding, and coastal storm surge (Lamb 1991;Fink et al. 2009;Della-Marta and Pinto 2009).

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34

The current study analyzes reanalysis and model data for the period from 1949 to 2011 to assess (i) long-term variability in ATRs, (ii) interannual modulation of ATRs by low-frequency modes, and (iii) the representation of ATR behavior in models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5).

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35

As well as being relevant to adaptation, event attribution studies could be useful for emerging mechanisms to address Bloss and damage^from climate change, in particular the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2013 (http://unfccc.int/...

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36

Bluefire, a 4,064-processor IBM Power6 resource with a peak of 77 TeraFLOPS provided more than 7.5 million computing hours, the GLADE highspeed disk resources provided 0.4 PetaBytes of dedicated disk, and CISL's 12-PB HPSS archive provided over 1 PetaByte of storage in support of this research project.

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37

The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) summarized that increasing greenhouse gases will lead to ''a poleward shift of storm tracks in both hemispheres that is particularly evident in the SH [Southern Hemisphere], with greater storm activity at higher latitudes'' (Mee...

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38

Therefore, many projects and action plans for the monitoring and rejuvenation of water bodies have been put forward by National Green Tribunal (NGT) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) throughout India.

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39

For example, rebuilding cities struck by wildfires or hurricanes triggered by or exacerbated by climate change (e.g., Paradise, CA; New Orleans, LA) can provide a blank canvas and opportunity to design SETS change with elements known to enhance urban climate change adaptation.

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40

Furthermore, in ECOSUPPORT, future nutrient inputs under the BSAP scenario were calculated as relative changes, resulting in higher future inputs than in Balt-icAPP/CLIMSEA, in which absolute values of the BSAP were applied.

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41

It is also useful to first examine the long-term seasonal average impact factor for cold air outbreaks and warm waves over the United States to provide a sense of where ATRs are most prevalent and to identify the spatial coherence of ATR behavior.

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42

This measure is, however, imperfect: a model that is able to simulate the tails of a distribution well (i.e., extreme events like heat waves or cold spells, drought, or heavy rain) would be very valuable, but if it simulates the more common regions of the PDF poorly it could score badly overall.

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43

Moreover, as the radius of cyclones may also change (Schneidereit et al. 2010), deeper cyclones may not necessarily imply stronger winds, although larger cyclones may still have a higher impact on wave activity and storm surge.

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44

It determines the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation and extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones, lightning, or severe thunderstorms.

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45

Among the research leaders are several centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, and the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Systems that integrate agriculture and aquaculture are ra...

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46

The winter (DJF) mean low-frequency mode indices used in our investigation are from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center (CPC) (http://www.esrl.noaa.

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47

To characterize the behavior of ATRs, an impact factor metric is devised that quantifies the cumulative effect of all warm or cold days per winter season: it is calculated by summing the absolute values of the normalized T 0 values for all days during the winter season that exceed a threshold of 1n (a WW event) or 2n ...

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48

Under the assumption that the differences between the two complementary ensembles ((a) and (c); and (b) and (d)) simulate weather in a world with and without anthropogenic climate change, the differences between magnitude and frequency of occurrence of temperature extremes gives an indication of whether and to what ext...

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49

This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation (ARC-0652838, ARC-0628910, ARC-0902068) and by the Office of Science (BER) of the U.S. Department of Energy through its support of the CESM project.

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50

In more or less chronological order, speckle interferometry (Ghez, Neugebauer & Matthews 1993;Leinert et al. 1993), lunar occultation (Simon et al. 1995), Hubble Space Telescope imaging (Padgett, Strom & Ghez 1997), adaptive optics (Duchêne, Bouvier & Simon 1999) and aperture masking (Kraus et al. 2008) have all been u...

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51

<heading>Results and discussion</heading> <heading>Contributing factors of pollution in Tawi river</heading> before COVID-19: impacts and aspects <heading>Flow interruption due to barrage construction and water extraction activities: effects on water characteristics of Tawi river</heading> The land-use change also ma...

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52

<heading>a. The ability of the CMIP5 models to represent North Atlantic and European cyclones</heading> Figures 1a and 1c show the DJF track density from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim;1980 and the mean bias of the CMIP5 models (HIST minus ERA-Interim).

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53

Special thanks are extended to the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Special Initiatives Division, African Climate Policy Center (ACPC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia for their financial support to discuss this paper at the third conference on Climate Change and Development in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 21-23 ...

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54

Abnormally warm temperatures associated with WWs can cause rapidly melting snow and ice, leading to the ice damming and flooding of rivers, as well as significant monetary losses in the winter sports industry.

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<heading>1) LAND TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION</heading> Monthly gridded surface temperature and precipitation were constructed from statistical interpolation of station observations by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia (New et al. 2002;Mitchell and Jones 2005).

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56

In particular, the increase in both the precipitation and wind intensity of cyclones can enhance the flood and windstorm risk over the British Isles and central Europe.

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57

<heading>Marine heat waves</heading> During recent decades, the Baltic Sea region has warmed faster than either the global mean warming (Rutgersson et al., 2015;Kniebusch et al., 2019) or any other coastal sea (Belkin, 2009), making it prone to marine heat waves (MHWs).

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58

Most of the previous model-data comparison studies use the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40; or other reanalysis) instead of the CRU dataset because of the complete global land and ocean coverage and the way these reanalysis are built.

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59

For example, when experiencing acute climate shocks (e.g., plant mortality, crop loss, and water scarcity), community gardeners in drought-stricken areas like Australia and California learn individually and through communication with the gardening community what certain crop plants will not survive under present and fu...

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60

Extreme weather events (for example recent droughts in the Greater Horn of Africa (Funk et al. 2013)) can cause very high damages, but detecting changes in them and then attributing these to external climate drivers is hampered by lack of good data and statistical sampling issues: extreme events are by definition rare,...

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61

The authors refrained from applying a bias correction because the model simulations were within the spread of the observed satellite and reanalysis data sets; but satellite measurements in such sparsely populated region provide no guide to what extreme events really happened.

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62

Data are available in monthly format on a 28 3 28 latitudelongitude mesh and were derived from more than five million individual vertical profiles measured between 1941 and 2008, including data from Argo profilers as archived by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (W...

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63

In the detailed panels (a, b, e, f) the blue lines depict present-day energy demand, and the red lines depict SSP5 baseline energy demand for 2050; brown lines indicate energy use under SSP5 after impacts of climate change (mean and all 21 individual ESMs) exposed to changes in hot and cold days.

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64

SSI is constructed using a combination of satellite measurements from the SO-Lar STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) and SOLar SPECtrum instruments (SOLSPEC; Rottman et al., 2004;Thuillier et al., 2009), multiple regression, and parameterizations of sunspots and faculae influences (sunspot darkening and...

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65

Independently, photometric studies have suggested multiplicity frequencies in the 65-70% range for solartype stars (Converse & Stahler 2008, Kähler 1999. Low-mass cluster members have only been systematically studied via spectroscopic and imaging surveys in the nearby Hyades cluster (Reid & Gizis 1997b, Reid & Mahoney ...

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66

Two days after co-cultivation of the tomato plants and the B. subtilis cells in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), roots were fixed and examined by Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM).

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67

To date, about 350 Class I sources have been observed with seeing-limited imaging (Connelley, Reipurth & Tokunaga 2008, Haisch et al. 2004 and, for about 100 of them, with high-resolution imaging techniques (Connelley, Reipurth & Tokunaga 2009, Duchêne et al. 2007a.

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68

These beads were readily observed under CSLM or even phase-contrast microscopy.

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69

It turns out that this spurious oceanic teleconnection is also generated in several other models as well as CSIRO Mk3.0 [CNRM-CM3, CSIRO Mk3.5, BCCR CM2.0, and MIROC3.2(medres)], where the correlation between time series of the IOD and ENSO peaks at lag 11 yr; that is, the IOD tends to occur in the following year afte...

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<heading>What comes around</heading> A key driver of the Southern Ocean circulation is the westerly winds-the strongest mean sea-surface winds on Earth. Because the planet rotates, momentum transferred from the atmosphere to the upper hundred meters of the ocean produces a flow not in the direction of the winds but to...

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71

However, the ENSO's influence on the IOD is boosted by a spurious oceanic teleconnection, whereby ENSO discharge-recharge signals transmit to the Sumatra-Java coast, generating thermocline anomalies and changing IOD properties.

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72

In the positive IOD phase, cold SST anomalies suppress rainfall off the Sumatra-Java coast and drive an anticyclonic circulation anomaly that is consistent with the steady response to a heat sink displaced south of the equator.

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73

To further illustrate the control of the oceanic teleconnection on the IOD in the CSIRO Mk3.5, Fig. 13 compares the evolution associated with the ENSO recharge-discharge mode (EOF2, a positive value indicates ENSO discharge as in Figs. 11g and 12c) and the thermocline anomalies associated with the model SON IOD index.

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74

However, this influence is boosted by a spurious oceanic teleconnection, whereby the ENSO discharge-recharge signal transmits to the Sumatra-Java coast, instead of the NWA coast as observed, changing the thermocline in the eastern Indian Ocean and the IOD properties.

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75

More recent studies suggest that significant interaction exists between the development of the IOD and ENSO; for example, a positive IOD may modify the amplitude/evolution ENSO by inducing wind anomalies associated with the Walker circulation (Saji and Yamagata 2003a,b;Li et al. 2003;Kug and Kang 2006;Behera et al. 20...

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76

ENSO signals also propagate into the Indian Ocean through oceanic teleconnections, whereby El Niñ o recharge-discharge signals propagate into the Indian Ocean, arriving at the NWA coast and then radiating FIG.

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77

Further, an unrealistic representation of the model's Java-Timor geometry resulted in an artificial pathway for El Niñ o upwelling Rossby waves to reach the model Java coast, resulting in a spurious oceanic teleconnection.

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78

The strong negative weights off the Sumatra-Java coast (Figs. 11f and 11h) reflect the spurious effect of propagation of the upwelling Rossby wave from the Pacific into the equatorial Indian Ocean waveguide (oceanic teleconnection), common to all five models.

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79

Alexander (2006) installed temperature loggers (VEMCO Minilog) in the Catamaran Brook catchment to record hourly AT, GST, and groundwater temperature (see temperature loggers, Fig. 2).

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80

The mesoscale updraft-downdraft combination in the stratiform rain regions of many MCSs produces a dipole heating anomaly that shifts the overall heating profile of the system upward, intensifying the upper-level large-scale tropical circulation [186].

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81

Without the spurious oceanic teleconnection, the influence of the IOD on ENSO is comparable to the impact of ENSO on the IOD.

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82

Without this spurious oceanic teleconnection, the influence of the IOD on ENSO is comparable to the impact of ENSO on the IOD.

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83

On the other hand, the frequency of spectroscopic companions estimated by Fischer & Marcy has been upheld by more recent surveys (Clark, Blake & Knapp 2012) <heading>Orbital period distribution</heading> Fischer & Marcy (1992) suggested that a lognormal distribution similar to that found for solar-type binaries could ...

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84

The NRLSSI values are scaled by 0.9965 to agree with the new estimates of total solar irradiance (TSI) from the total irradiance monitor on the NASA Earth Observing System Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment satellite (Rottman, 2005).

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85

Several recent studies suggest the IOD influence is achieved through a modification of the Walker circulation branches over the western Pacific and the nearby circulation (Li et al. 2003;Annamalai et al. 2005;Kug and Kang 2006;Luo et al. 2008), prolonging the lead time for ENSO prediction for up to 14 months before the...

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86

After the first attempts at detecting companions via the astrometric perturbation methods (e.g., Lippincott 1978), a series of instrumental breakthroughs over the last two decades have helped establish the multiplicity of low-mass stars through radial velocity (Marcy & Benitz 1989), direct imaging (Skrutskie, Forrest &...

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87

A cyclone-tracking technique (Hodges 1994(Hodges , 1999 is used to quantify the response in the number of cyclones and in their intensity, which is measured by the maximum wind speed at 850 hPa (dynamical intensity) and by the area-averaged precipitation (hydrological intensity).

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88

In one of the most impressive oceanographic achievements of the past decade, physical oceanographers have developed autonomous, free-drifting Argo floats equipped with sensors for temperature, salinity, and pressure (see PHYSICS TODAY July 2000, page 50).

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89

When applied with PSDs and fall speeds derived from recent field experiments [79,133], this approach can produce tropical anvil ice water paths in good agreement with satellite observations [47].

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90

Combined with particle size distributions in convective outflow from field experiments and ice water path from satellites, detrainment can be evaluated [47].

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91

Databases of satellite-derived MCS life cycles and tracks also exist [53] as do estimates of their macrophysical and microphysical properties [18], and of the convective-stratiform partitioning and heating profiles [122,188].

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92

The Bhagwati Nagar area holds a municipal waste dumping site and a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in non-working conditions.

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93

However, the control of ENSO on the IOD is enhanced by a spurious oceanic teleconnection in five models.

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94

<heading>170</heading> H. E. M. Meier et al.: Oceanographic regional climate projections for the Baltic Sea until 2100 2.5.4 Trends First, the monthly average of SST was computed from the model output every 48 h. The linear trend was then calculated using the Theil-Sen estimator (Theil, 1950;Sen, 1968).

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95

In contrast, correlations with the oceanic (PDO like and ENSO like) modes are relatively small and not statistically significant for most models, with the average correlation coefficient for the models near zero.

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96

Although we have discussed the role of decadal variability and extreme cyclones, we have not explored major modes of variability such as the Arctic Oscillation and how these might change under greenhouse forcing.

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97

<heading>VLM stars and substellar objects</heading> <heading>Historical overview</heading> VLM objects, even the nearest ones, are typically very faint and therefore difficult targets for both high-resolution imaging and spectroscopic observations.

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98

<heading>Multiplicity frequency</heading> The remarkably broad range of estimated frequency of spectroscopic companions among high-mass stars is due to a combination of small sample sizes, selection biases and incompleteness.

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99

Direct GPP observations at the global scale and for our reference period (1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005) do not exist, since in the 1980s no measurement sites existed and satellite observations of GPP were not yet available.

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ClimateIE-S50-CliReNER

Collection including P0L3/ClimateIE-S50-CliReNER

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