question
string | options
list | rationale
string | label
string | label_idx
int64 | dataset
string | chunk1
string | chunk2
string | chunk3
string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A community has 30% below 15years of age and 10% over 65years of age. Dependency ratio is
|
[
"20%",
"40%",
"66.60%",
"3%"
] |
Explanation:
Dependency ratio The propoion of persons above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age are considered to be dependant On the economically productive age group (15-64 years). The ratio of the combined age groups 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio. It is also referred to as the societal dependency ratio and reflects the need for a society to provide for their younger and older population groups. The dependency ratio can be subdivided into young age dependency ratio (0-14 years); and old age dependency ratio (65 years and more). These ratios are, however, relatively crude, since they do not take into consideration elderly or young persons who are employed or working age persons who are unemployed. It is given by the formula : Thus, DR = 30%+10%/60% = 0.66 or 66.6% or 66 per 100 DR of 0.66 or 66/100 or 66% implies : 100 earning people in that community will have suppo 166 people (100 themselves and 66 Non-earning dependents on them) Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 535
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
until the 1980s, databases were viewed as computer systems that stored record - oriented and business data such as manufacturing inventories, bank records, and sales transactions. a database system was not expected to merge numeric data with text, images, or multimedia information, nor was it expected to automatically notice patterns in the data it stored. in the late 1980s the concept of an intelligent database was put forward as a system that manages information ( rather than data ) in a way that appears natural to users and which goes beyond simple record keeping. the term was introduced in 1989 by the book intelligent databases by kamran parsaye, mark chignell, setrag khoshafian and harry wong. the concept postulated three levels of intelligence for such systems : high level tools, the user interface and the database engine. the high level tools manage data quality and automatically discover relevant patterns in the data with a process called data mining. this layer often relies on the use of artificial intelligence techniques. the user interface uses hypermedia in a form that uniformly manages text, images and numeric data. the intelligent database engine supports the other two layers, often merging relational database techniques with object orientation. in the twenty - first century, intelligent databases have now become widespread, e. g. hospital databases can now call up patient histories consisting of charts, text and x - ray images just with a few mouse clicks, and many corporate databases include decision support tools based on sales pattern analysis. external links intelligent databases, book
|
A 11-month-old child came for vaccination. He had received Polio vaccine & BCG at birth. What vaccines should be given to him now?
|
[
"BCG, OPV, Hep B",
"Measles, DPT, OPV, Hib, Hep B",
"DPT, OPV, Hib, Hep B",
"DPT, OPV, Hep B"
] |
Explanation:
b. Measles, DPT, OPV, Hib, Hep B(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 1546-1548, Ghai 8/e p 195, IAP 115)All the above vaccines should be given for catch up immunization now.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
the virus pathogen database and analysis resource ( vipr ) is an integrative and comprehensive publicly available database and analysis resource to search, analyze, visualize, save and share data for viral pathogens in the u. s. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ) category a - c priority pathogen lists for biodefense research, and other viral pathogens causing emerging / reemerging infectious diseases. vipr is one of the five bioinformatics resource centers ( brc ) funded by niaid, a component of the national institutes of health ( nih ), which is an agency of the united states department of health and human services. virus families covered in vipr the vipr database includes genomes from these viral families : arenaviridae, bunyaviridae, caliciviridae, coronaviridae, filoviridae, flaviviridae, hepeviridae, herpesviridae, paramyxoviridae, picornaviridae, poxviridae, reoviridae, rhabdoviridae, and togaviridae. data types in vipr genomes genome annotations genes & proteins predicted protein domains and motifs immune epitopes sequence features orthologous protein clusters 3d protein structure clinical metadata host factor data analysis and visualization tools in vipr blast : provides a variety of custom vipr databases to identify the most related sequence ( s ) short peptide search : allows
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
Most common bone affected by otosclerosis
|
[
"External auditory canal",
"Bony labyrinth",
"Mastoid process",
"None"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Bony labyrinth Otosclerosis is a primary disease of the bony labyrinth. There is abnormal bone growth that causes hearing loss. There is altered bone remodeling. Normally, the typical human otic capsule remodeling rate is extremely low. In otosclerosis, normal inhibition of bone remodeling is lost resulting in foci of bone remodeling. When remodeled bone bridges the stapediovestibular joint, it fixates the joint and impedes sound transmission manifested as conductive hearing loss. The most common site of disease is promontory in the region of the anterior margin of oval window, and in advanced cases the stapes become ankylosed in position by a mass of new spongy bone. Other sites, which may be involved, are round window area, stapedial footplate, internal auditory canal, and semicircular canal.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
computational audiology is a branch of audiology that employs techniques from mathematics and computer science to improve clinical treatments and scientific understanding of the auditory system. computational audiology is closely related to computational medicine, which uses quantitative models to develop improved methods for general disease diagnosis and treatment. overview in contrast to traditional methods in audiology and hearing science research, computational audiology emphasizes predictive modeling and large - scale analytics ( " big data " ) rather than inferential statistics and small - cohort hypothesis testing. the aim of computational audiology is to translate advances in hearing science, data science, information technology, and machine learning to clinical audiological care. research to understand hearing function and auditory processing in humans as well as relevant animal species represents translatable work that supports this aim. research and development to implement more effective diagnostics and treatments represent translational work that supports this aim. for people with hearing difficulties, tinnitus, hyperacusis, or balance problems, these advances might lead to more precise diagnoses, novel therapies, and advanced rehabilitation options including smart prostheses and e - health / mhealth apps. for care providers, it can provide actionable knowledge and tools for automating part of the clinical pathway. the field is interdisciplinary and includes foundations in audiology, auditory neuroscience, computer science, data science, machine learning, psychology, signal processing, natural language processing, otology and vestibulology. applications in computational audiology, models and
|
in anatomy, the eustachian tube ( ), also called the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear, of which it is also a part. in adult humans, the eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm ( 1. 4 in ) long and 3 mm ( 0. 12 in ) in diameter. it is named after the sixteenth - century italian anatomist bartolomeo eustachi. in humans and other tetrapods, both the middle ear and the ear canal are normally filled with air.
|
tassdb ( tandem splice site database ) is a database of tandem splice sites of eight species see also alternative splicing references external links https : / / archive. today / 20070106023527 / http : / / helios. informatik. uni - freiburg. de / tassdb /.
|
Quiescent cells belong to which phase of cell cycle?
|
[
"G1",
"G0",
"M",
"S"
] |
Explanation:
To achieve DNA replication and division, the cell goes through a tightly controlled sequence of events known as the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of G1 (presynthetic), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (premitotic), and M (mitotic) phases. Quiescent cells that have not entered the cell cycle are in the G0 state. Ref: Robbins, 8th edition, Chapter 3.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
an object database or object - oriented database is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object - oriented programming. object databases are different from relational databases which are table - oriented. a third type, objectrelational databases, is a hybrid of both approaches. object databases have been considered since the early 1980s. overview object - oriented database management systems ( oodbmss ) also called odbms ( object database management system ) combine database capabilities with object - oriented programming language capabilities. oodbmss allow object - oriented programmers to develop the product, store them as objects, and replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the oodbms. because the database is integrated with the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one environment, in that both the oodbms and the programming language will use the same model of representation. relational dbms projects, by way of contrast, maintain a clearer division between the database model and the application. as the usage of web - based technology increases with the implementation of intranets and extranets, companies have a vested interest in oodbmss to display their complex data. using a dbms that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer - aided design ( cad ). some object - oriented databases are designed to work well with object - oriented programming languages such as delphi, ruby, python
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
Prevalence of disease is
|
[
"Rate",
"Ratio",
"Proportion",
"Deviation"
] |
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
in module data. ratio ( 1 % 10 ) + ( 2 % 10 ) ⇒ 3 % 10
|
how does an analyst compare something rated a 1 to something rated a 2? is one twice as good as the other? again there is no theoretical way of aggregating the data.
|
|
Hepatotoxic drug used in tuberculosis is -
|
[
"Isoniazid",
"Streptomycin",
"Kanamycin",
"Ethambutol"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Isoniazid o Remember these important side effects of antitubercular drugs.HyperuricemiaPeripheral NeuropathyHepatitisOptic Neuritiso Ethambutolo Pyrazinamideo Streptomycino 1NHo Ethambutolo Ethionamideo Isoniazido Rifampicino Pyrazinamideo Ethionamideo Isoniazido Ethambutol
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
FSH acts on which of the following:
|
[
"Granulosa cell",
"Theca interna",
"Endometrium",
"Myometrium"
] |
Explanation:
A i.e. Granulosa cells
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
the stem cell lineage database ( scld ) is a database of resources used to identify cell lineages. the stem cell lineage database ( scld ) was created by the university of connecticut in order to have a more user friendly approach to retrieve and share data. the purpose of the stem cell lineage database is to consolidate the three key components into a database that is accessible and capable of storing information " about cell type gene expression, cell lineage maps and stem cell differentiation protocols for both human and mouse stem cells and endogenous developmental lineages ". one of the major factors that separates scld from other stem cell databases is that it allows users to edit information pertaining to cell types, markers, and lineages. the database allows user to update information found from the organic developmental stages and it also allows users to discuss experimental practices that altered the stem cells. stem cells are cells in the body that can divide indefinitely in a culture and can be formulated into specialized cells. in biological research, these cells have become a subject of extensive research. with these cells, scientists will be able to better understand how these cells are differentiated by the process of turning on and off genes. through this research, scientists will be able to better understand certain diseases such as cancer and how these diseases arise. as stem cell research continues, scientists will need a database to store and share their information and research. three key components are necessary for this database to be effective : cell type - specific gene expression profiles, anatomical and developmental relationships between cells
|
Mechanism of hypokalemia in Gitelman syndrome is:
|
[
"Mineralocoicoid excess",
"Apparent mineralocoicoid excess",
"Distal delivery of non reabsorbed anions",
"Magnesium deficiency"
] |
Explanation:
Hypokalemia is a feature of Gitelman's syndrome Mechanism: Mineralocoicoid excess Similar mechanism seen with Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism Malignant hypeension Renin secreting tumors Renal aery stenosis Hypovolemia Bater's syndrome Apparent mineralocoicoid excess leads to hypokalemia in Liddle's syndrome 11 beta dehydrogenase-2 deficiency Ref: Harrison, Edition-18, page-352.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
mineralocorticoids mineralocorticoids are hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex that affect osmotic balance. aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium levels in the blood. almost all of the sodium in the blood is reclaimed by the renal tubules under the influence of aldosterone. because sodium is always reabsorbed by active transport and water follows sodium to maintain osmotic balance, aldosterone manages not only sodium levels but also the water levels in body fluids. in contrast, the aldosterone also stimulates potassium secretion concurrently with sodium reabsorption. in contrast, absence of aldosterone means that no sodium gets reabsorbed in the renal tubules and all of it gets excreted in the urine. in addition, the daily dietary potassium load is not secreted and the retention of k + can cause a dangerous increase in plasma k + concentration. patients who have addison's disease have a failing adrenal cortex and cannot produce aldosterone. they lose sodium in their urine constantly, and if the supply is not replenished, the consequences can be fatal.
|
diamondblackfan anemia ( dba ) is a congenital pure red blood cell aplasia that usually presents in infancy. dba causes anemia, but has no effect on the other blood components ( platelets, white blood cells ). this is in contrast to shwachmanbodiandiamond syndrome, in which the bone marrow defect results primarily in neutropenia, and fanconi anemia, where all cell lines are affected resulting in pancytopenia. there is a risk to develop acute myelogenous leukemia ( aml ) and certain other cancers. a variety of other congenital abnormalities may also occur in dba, such as triphalangeal thumbs, craniofacial abnormalities, and short stature. signs and symptoms diamondblackfan anemia is characterized by normocytic or macrocytic anemia ( low red blood cell counts ) with decreased erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. this usually develops during the neonatal period. about 47 % of affected individuals also have a variety of congenital abnormalities, including craniofacial malformations, thumb or upper limb abnormalities, cardiac defects, urogenital malformations, and cleft palate. low birth weight and generalized growth delay are sometimes observed. dba patients have a modest risk of developing leukemia and other malignancies. genetics most pedigrees suggest an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance. approximately 1025
|
crystallopathy is a harmful state or disease associated with the formation and aggregation of crystals in tissues or cavities, or in other words, a heterogeneous group of diseases caused by intrinsic or environmental microparticles or crystals, promoting tissue inflammation and scarring. composition crystallopathies can be associated with four main kinds of crystalline structures : liquid non - aggregating crystal solutions, amorphous nano - scale solid particles, crystalline micro - scale solid particles, and polycrystalline larger solid structures. they can be composed of various minerals, metabolites, proteins, and microparticles, including the following : location in principle, crystal formation can happen anywhere in the body. well - known places are excretory organs where concentrations get high easily, like in the biliary and urinary tracts, but crystalline structures are also formed in intracellular and extracellular spaces of tissues, like within the arterial wall in atherosclerosis. for example, mechanical obstruction by mineral stones causes nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, docholithiasis, and sialolithiasis, and acute inflammation caused by crystals in joints causes gout and pseudogout. renal diseases are also common in crystallopathies, including : mechanisms local supersaturation is a common trigger of crystallization, and when the nucleus of the crystalline structure
|
Rigid gas permeable lens are made of-
|
[
"Plymethymethacrylate",
"Hydroxymethylmethacrylate",
"Co polymer of PMMA, Silicon containing monomer & cellulose acetyl butyrate",
"Cellulose acetae Butyrate"
] |
Explanation:
1. Hard lenses: Made of pokymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 2. Rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses: Copolymer of PMMA, silicon containing vinyl monomer & cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) are used to manufacture RGP lenses. 3. Soft lenses: These are made up of hydroxymethymethacrylate (HEMA)
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
poly ( tetrahydropyran - 2 - yl n - ( 2 methacryloxyethyl ) carbamate ) - b - ( methyl 4 - ( 3 - methacryloyloxypropoxy ) cinnamate ) ( pmcc ) is a synthetic polymer with thermally active groups, which upon heating, decomposes and exposes primary amines, providing a basis for surface modification. the structure of pmcc is based on a pmma backbone with different functional groups on its sidechain. it is soluble in cyclohexanone or chloroform and has been used to create bone tissue replicas and to study protein immobilization in biological sciences. structure and synthesis pmcc is a cinnamate - carbamate copolymer synthesized by a mixture of methacrylate monomers, a cinnamate monomer ( " a ", methyl 4 - ( 3 - methacryloyloxypropoxy ) cinnamate ) and a carbamate monomer ( " b ", tetrahydropyran - 2 - yl n - ( 2 - methacryloxyethyl ) carbamate ). polymerization of the two synthesized monomers is carried out through a radical polymerization using azobisisobutrylnitrile ( abin ) in tetrahydropyran ( thp ) with the temperature
|
the chemical database service is an epsrc - funded mid - range facility that provides uk academic institutions with access to a number of chemical databases. it has been hosted by the royal society of chemistry since 2013, before which it was hosted by daresbury laboratory ( part of the science and technology facilities council ). currently, the included databases are : acd / i - lab, a tool for prediction of physicochemical properties and nmr spectra from a chemical structure available chemicals directory, a structure - searchable database of commercially available chemicals cambridge structural database ( csd ), a crystallographic database of organic and organometallic structures inorganic crystal structure database ( icsd ), a crystallographic database of inorganic structures crystalworks, a database combining data from csd, icsd and crystmet detherm, a database of thermophysical data for chemical compounds and mixtures spresiweb, a database of organic compounds and reactions = = references = =
|
polyacrylamide ( abbreviated as pam or paam ) is a polymer with the formula ( - ch2chconh2 - ). it has a linear - chain structure. pam is highly water - absorbent, forming a soft gel when hydrated. in 2008, an estimated 750, 000, 000 kg were produced, mainly for water treatment and the paper and mineral industries. physicochemical properties polyacrylamide is a polyolefin. it can be viewed as polyethylene with amide substituents on alternating carbons. unlike various nylons, polyacrylamide is not a polyamide because the amide groups are not in the polymer backbone. owing to the presence of the amide ( conh2 ) groups, alternating carbon atoms in the backbone are stereogenic ( colloquially : chiral ). for this reason, polyacrylamide exists in atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic forms, although this aspect is rarely discussed. the polymerization is initiated with radicals and is assumed to be stereorandom. copolymers and modified polymers linear polyacrylamide is a water - soluble polymer. other polar solvents include dmso and various alcohols. cross - linking can be introduced using n, n - methylenebisacrylamide. some crosslinked materials are swellable but not soluble, i. e., they are hydrogels. partial hydro
|
Superficial perineal space contains -
|
[
"Membranous urethra",
"Artery of penis",
"Bulbourethral gland",
"Urethral artery"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Urethral artery o Repeat from All India Dec-15
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
in human anatomy, the penis ( ; pl. : penises or penes ; from the latin pnis, initially'tail') is an external sex organ ( intromittent organ ) through which males urinate and ejaculate, as on other animals. together with the testes and surrounding structures, the penis functions as part of the male reproductive system. the main parts of the penis are the root, body, the epithelium of the penis, including the shaft skin, and the foreskin covering the glans. the body of the penis is made up of three columns of tissue : two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side and corpus spongiosum between them on the ventral side. the urethra passes through the prostate gland, where it is joined by the ejaculatory ducts, and then through the penis. the urethra goes across the corpus spongiosum and ends at the tip of the glans as the opening, the urinary meatus. an erection is the stiffening expansion and orthogonal reorientation of the penis, which occurs during sexual arousal. erections can occur in non - sexual situations ; spontaneous non - sexual erections frequently occur during adolescence and sleep. in its flaccid state, the penis is smaller, gives to pressure, and the glans is covered by the foreskin. in its fully erect state, the shaft becomes rigid and the glans becomes
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the urethra is a fibrous and muscular tube which connects the urinary bladder to the external urethral meatus. its length differs between the sexes, because it passes through the penis in males.
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the urethra is a vital component of the human urinary system, responsible for the transport and expulsion of urine from the body. its primary function is to serve as a conduit for urine to pass from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body during the process of urination. the structure of the urethra contributes to its function in several ways : 1. tubular shape : the urethra is a narrow, muscular tube that extends from the neck of the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice. this tubular shape allows for the efficient passage of urine through the urethra and out of the body. 2. length and location : the length and location of the urethra differ between males and females. in males, the urethra is longer ( approximately 20 cm ) and passes through the prostate gland, the urogenital diaphragm, and the penis. in females, the urethra is shorter ( approximately 4 cm ) and is located anterior to the vagina. these differences in length and location are related to the reproductive anatomy of each sex and ensure that urine is expelled from the body efficiently. 3. sphincters : the urethra contains two sphincters – the internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter – that control the flow of urine. the internal urethral sphincter is an involuntary smooth muscle located at the junction of the bladder
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A 60-year-old man with a known case of Hemochromatosis, cirrhosis and poal hypeension was brought to ED with altered mental status. Attendant describes that since the last 3 days ,the patient is confused , no h/o melena or hematemesis. For chronic ascites , diet control and spironolactone is given regularly . In the past he had an episode of variceal bleed for which he was put on propranolol and no episodes are seen since then. On examination he is not well oriented to time , place , but oriented to person .He is afebrile , vitals are stable , but ascites, asterixis, are notable. His laboratory investigation shows hemoglobin of 10.1 , Creatinine of 1.4 , and Blood urea nitrogen of 45. On paracentesis, clear fluid with 800 WBC (40% neutrophils) were seen. False statement regarding this condition:
|
[
"Ascites is preceded by infection",
"Clinical features are abdominal pain, fever, leucocytosis and altered mental status",
"Ascitic fluid protein of 1 gm/dl",
"Common organisms are Gram negative organisms"
] |
Explanation:
SBP- severe complication of ascites characterized by spontaneous infection of the ascitic fluid without an intra-abdominal source. Fluid is a transudate due to cirrhosis protein is <2.5 g/dl. Patients with ascites may present with Fever Altered mental status Abdominal pain or discomfo Elevated WBC count Bacterial translocation -gut flora traversing the intestine into mesenteric lymph nodes, leading to bacteremia and seeding of the ascitic fluid. MC organisms- E. coli and other gut bacteria. Absolute neutrophil count >250/mL. Bedside cultures should be obtained when ascitic fluid is tapped Diagnosis: Ascitic tap having neutrophil count >250/mL is diagnostic Treatment: Cefotaxime (best drug) Prophylaxis: Required in a patient with an episode(s) of SBP or who had recovered. Once-weekly dosing of antibiotics.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
enterocolitis is an inflammation of the digestive tract, involving enteritis of the small intestine and colitis of the colon. it may be caused by various infections, with bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or other causes. common clinical manifestations of enterocolitis are frequent diarrheal defecations, with or without nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, chills, and alteration of general condition. general manifestations are given by the dissemination of the infectious agent or its toxins throughout the body, or most frequently by significant losses of water and minerals, the consequence of diarrhea and vomiting. signs and symptoms symptoms of enterocolitis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, and loss of appetite. cause among the causal agents of acute enterocolitis are : bacteria : salmonella, shigella, escherichia coli ( e. coli ), campylobacter etc. viruses : enteroviruses, rotaviruses, norovirus, adenoviruses fungi : candidiasis, especially in immunosuppressed patients or who have previously received prolonged antibiotic treatment parasites : giardia lamblia ( with a high frequency of infestation in the population, but not always with clinical manifestations ), balantidium coli, blastocystis homnis, cryptosporidium ( diarrhea in people with immunosuppression
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a lymphocele is a collection of lymphatic fluid within the body not bordered by epithelial lining. it is usually a surgical complication seen after extensive pelvic surgery ( such as cancer surgery ) and is most commonly found in the retroperitoneal space. spontaneous development is rare. signs and symptoms many lymphoceles are asymptomatic. larger lymphoceles may cause symptoms related to compression of adjacent structures leading to lower abdominal pain, abdominal fullness, constipation, urinary frequency, and edema of the genitals and / or legs. serious sequelae could develop and include infection of the lymphocele, obstruction and infection of the urinary tract, intestinal obstruction, venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, chylous ascites and lymphatic fistula formation. on clinical examination the skin may be reddened and swollen and a mass felt. ultrasonography or ct scan will help to establish a diagnosis. other fluid collections to be considered in the differential diagnosis are urinoma, seroma, hematoma, as well as collections of pus. also, when lower limb edema is present, venous thrombosis needs to be considered. cause the risk of the development of a lymphocele is positively correlated to the extent of the removal of lymphatic tissue during surgery ( lympha
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isolated congenital asplenia is a rare disease in humans that can cause life - threatening bacterial infections in children due to primary immunodeficiency. the infections can include pneumococal sepsis and meningitis. icas is a ribosomopathy, due to autosomal dominant mutation of the rpsa gene on chromosome 3p21. unlike heterotaxy syndrome, the absent spleen ( asplenia ) is not associated with other structural developmental defects. in some cases the spleen is present, but very small and nonfunctional ( hyposplenism ). immunodeficiency the spleen is an organ within the lymphatic system and its primary function is to filter blood. however, the spleen also plays a key role in immune responses as it detects pathogens within the blood and secretes phagocytes to fight potential infection. without these immune functions, individuals with isolated congenital asplenia are extremely susceptible to infection. streptococcus pneumoniae is a common bacteria that affects individuals with icas, often causes meningitis, sepsis, and otitis media. = = references = =
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The following wound is not untidy
|
[
"Incised untidy wound",
"Crushed wound",
"Avulsed wound",
"Lacerated wound"
] |
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
the hospital records database is a database provided by the wellcome trust and uk national archives which provides information on the existence and location of the records of uk hospitals. this includes the location and dates of administrative and clinical records, the existence of catalogues, and links to some online hospital catalogues. the website was proposed as a resource of the month by the royal society of medicine in 2009 references external links hospital records database smart clinics
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biosamples ( biosd ) is a database at european bioinformatics institute for the information about the biological samples used in sequencing. it stores submitter - supplied metadata about the biological materials from which data stored in the national center for biotechnology informations ( ncbi ) primary data archives are derived. ncbis archives hosts data pertaining to diverse types of samples from many species, and as such the biosample database is similarly diverse. examples of a biosample include a primary tissue biopsy, an individual organism or an environmental isolate. the biosamples database captures sample metadata in a structured way by encouraging use of controlled sample attribute field name vocabularies. this metadata is key in giving the sample data context, allowing it to be more fully understood, reused, and enables aggregation of disparate data sets. sample metadata is linked to relevant experimental data across many archival databases relieving submitter burden by enabling one - time submission of sample description. they then can reference that sample, when necessary, when making data deposits to other archives. biosample records are indexed and searchable, supporting cross - database queries by sample description. history the biosamples database was launched in 2011 to help aggregate and standardise sample metadata. historically, each archive had created its own convention for sample metadata collection. these usually were limited in their standardisation and had no method to indicate when the a sample was used across multiple data sets. in addition to this, there is a growing awareness
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wound assessment is a component of wound management. as far as may be practical, the assessment is to be accomplished before prescribing any treatment plan. the objective is to collect information about the patient and about the wound, that may be relevant to planning and implementing the treatment. wound assessment principles wound assessment includes observation of the wound, surveying the patient, as well as identifying relevant clinical data from physical examination and patient's health history. clinical data recorded during an initial assessment serves as a baseline for prescribing the appropriate treatment. time framework and triangle of wound assessment ( twa ) to assist clinicians in standardizing the wound assessment and preparation of wound bed for treatment, the time framework was developed in 2002 by a group of wound care experts. the time acronym stands for tissue, infection / inflammation, moisture, and edge components that, per the time recommendation, should be thoroughly assessed to optimize the treatment. depending on the clinical findings for each component, time recommends certain clinical actions aimed at correcting the issues and facilitating healing. a recent global anthropological study has prompted clinicians to review the time framework and resulted in a 2016 development of a comprehensive tool for wound assessment the triangle of wound assessment ( twa ). based on the study's findings, twa identifies three zones ( wound bed, wound edge, and periwound skin ) that must be included in wound assessment to arrive at clinical decisions that will help heal the wound in the most efficient way. time framework
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23-year-old GIRO woman at 10 weeks' gestation presents to the obstetrics clinic for her initial evaluation. She says she has been hospitalized several times for asthma exacerbations but has never required intubation or admission to an intensive care unit. She is controlled on daily inhaled coicosteroids and albuterol with adequate relief of her symptoms. She Is concerned about taking these medications now that she is pregnant. Which of the following is true regarding asthma medications in pregnancy?
|
[
"B2 agonist are contraindicated during pregnancy",
"Both agonist and Inhaled coicosteroids are both contraindicated in pregnancy",
"Both B2 agonist and Inhaled coicosteroids are safe in pregnancy",
"B2 agonist and inhaled coicosteroids are both safe in pregnancy but during 2nd and 3rd trimester only"
] |
Explanation:
Regular use of preventive steroid inhaler is first line maintenance or controller therapy for all those who requires a beta agonist inhaler more than once a day. Inhaled sho acting beta agonist is the rescue therapy of choice ,higher doses with nebuliser can be used for severe exacerbations. Refer page no 323 of text book of obteics,sheila balakrishnan2 nd edition.
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
salbutamol, also known as albuterol and sold under the brand name ventolin among others, is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs. it is a short - acting 2 adrenergic receptor agonist that causes relaxation of airway smooth muscle. it is used to treat asthma, including asthma attacks and exercise - induced bronchoconstriction, as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ). it may also be used to treat high blood potassium levels. salbutamol is usually used with an inhaler or nebulizer, but it is also available in a pill, liquid, and intravenous solution. onset of action of the inhaled version is typically within 15 minutes and lasts for two to six hours. common side effects include shakiness, headache, fast heart rate, dizziness, and feeling anxious. serious side effects may include worsening bronchospasm, irregular heartbeat, and low blood potassium levels. it can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but safety is not entirely clear. salbutamol was patented in 1966 in britain and became commercially available in the uk in 1969. it was approved for medical use in the united states in 1982. it is on the world health organization's list of essential medicines. salbutamol is available as a generic medication. in 2022, it was the seventh most commonly prescribed medication in the united states, with more
|
diethylstilbestrol ( des ), also known as stilbestrol or stilboestrol, is a nonsteroidal estrogen medication, which is presently rarely used. in the past, it was widely used for a variety of indications, including pregnancy support for those with a history of recurrent miscarriage, hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and estrogen deficiency, treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer, and other uses. by 2007, it was only used in the treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer. in 2011, hoover and colleagues reported adverse reproductive health outcomes linked to des including infertility, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, preeclampsia, preterm birth, stillbirth, infant death, menopause prior to age 45, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and vaginal cancer. while most commonly taken by mouth, des was available for use by other routes as well, for instance, vaginal, topical, and by injection. des is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. it is a synthetic and nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group, and differs from the natural estrogen estradiol. compared to estradiol, des has greatly improved bioavailability when taken by mouth, is more resistant to metabolism, and shows relatively increased effects in certain parts of the body like the liver
|
mipomersen ( inn ; trade name kynamro ) is a drug used to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and is administered by subcutaneous injection. there is a serious risk of liver damage from this drug and it can only be prescribed in the context of a risk management plan. indications kynamro is used to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and is administered by injection. it cannot be freely prescribed ; instead every person put on mipomersen is enrolled in a risk evaluation and mitigation strategies ( rems ) program approved by the fda. pregnancy and lactation mipomersen is pregnancy category b ; women who are pregnant or intending to become pregnant should only use this drug if needed. it is unknown if it is secreted in human breast milk, but it was found to be secreted in the breast milk of rats. contraindications the drug is contraindicated in people with moderate to severe liver impairment, active liver diseases, and unexplained high levels of transaminase liver enzymes. adverse effects the drug has a black box warning about the risk of liver damage ; specifically it can cause elevations in the levels of transaminases and causes fatty liver disease. in clinical trials, 18 % of subjects taking mipomersen stopped using the drug due to adverse effects ; the most common adverse effects leading to discontinuation were injection site reactions, increases of
|
Game Keeper's thumb is :
|
[
"Ulnar collateral ligament injury of MCP Joint",
"Radial collateral ligament injury of MCP joint",
"Radial collateral ligament injury of CMC joint",
"Ulnar collateral ligament injury of CMC joint"
] |
Explanation:
Injury to the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint is commonly referred to as gamekeeper's thumb or skier's thumb.
Injury occurs by fall on hand with forceful radial and palmar adduction of thumb as seen in skiers.
It is the most common injury of MCP joint.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
another type of skeletal system injury is a sprain. a sprain is a strain or tear in a ligament that has been twisted or stretched too far. ankle sprains are a common type of sprain. athletes often strain a ligament in the knee called the acl. warming up adequately and stretching before playing sports may reduce the risk of a sprain. ligament injuries can take a long time to heal. rest, ice, compression, and elevation of the sprained area may help the healing process.
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the biomechanics of pitching in baseball involves a complex series of coordinated movements that place significant stress on the body, particularly the shoulder and elbow joints. these stresses can lead to a variety of injuries, including rotator cuff tears, labral tears, and ulnar collateral ligament ( ucl ) injuries. understanding the biomechanics of pitching and implementing strategies to minimize injury risks are essential for the health and performance of baseball players. factors that contribute to the risk of injury in baseball pitchers include : 1. poor pitching mechanics : improper pitching techniques can place excessive stress on the shoulder and elbow joints, increasing the risk of injury. proper mechanics involve efficient transfer of energy from the lower body to the upper body, reducing the load on the arm. 2. overuse : excessive pitching without adequate rest can lead to overuse injuries. it is crucial for pitchers to follow guidelines for pitch counts and rest periods to prevent overloading their arm. 3. insufficient warm - up and stretching : inadequate warm - up and stretching can result in decreased flexibility and muscle imbalances, increasing the risk of injury. 4. muscle imbalances and weaknesses : weaknesses in the muscles surrounding the shoulder and elbow can lead to instability and increased stress on the joints during pitching. to minimize the risk of injury in baseball pitchers, the following strategies can be implemented : 1. proper pitching mechanics : coaches and trainers should work with pitchers to develop and maintain proper pitching mechanics, focusing on efficient energy transfer from the lower body to the
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the biomechanics of pitching in baseball involves a complex series of coordinated movements that place significant stress on the shoulder and elbow joints. these movements, when performed repeatedly and with high intensity, can contribute to the risk of injuries in players. 1. kinetic chain : pitching involves a kinetic chain, which is a sequence of body movements that transfer energy from the ground, through the legs, trunk, and finally to the arm and hand. any weakness or imbalance in this chain can lead to increased stress on the shoulder and elbow joints, increasing the risk of injury. 2. force generation and transfer : the force generated during pitching is transferred from the lower body to the upper body. if the lower body is not strong enough or the transfer of force is inefficient, the shoulder and elbow joints may experience excessive stress, leading to injuries. 3. range of motion : the shoulder joint has a wide range of motion, which allows for the high - velocity arm movements required in pitching. however, this increased mobility also makes the shoulder joint more susceptible to injury. similarly, the elbow joint undergoes significant stress during the acceleration and deceleration phases of pitching, which can lead to injuries such as ulnar collateral ligament ( ucl ) tears. 4. muscle imbalances : imbalances in the strength and flexibility of the muscles surrounding the shoulder and elbow joints can lead to altered pitching mechanics, placing additional stress on these joints and increasing the risk of injury. 5. repetitive stress : the
|
Two viral vaccines are expected to reduce the incidence of cancers. Which vaccines are these?
|
[
"Adenovirus and mumps virus vaccines",
"HAV and poliovirus vaccines",
"HPV 16/18 and hepatitis B vaccines",
"Measles virus and rubella virus vaccines"
] |
Explanation:
HPV 16/18 and HBV (c) are implicated in cervical (and other genital) cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. Thus, the vaccines against these agents are expected to reduce the incidence of these cancers. This has been seen in regions of the world where routine HBV vaccine is used at birth or shortly thereafter. The other vi ruses-adenovirus/mumps virus (a), HAV/poliovirus (b), measles virus/rubella virus (d), and rotavirus/VZV (e)-are not associated with cancers in humans, although adenoviruses cause cancer in some animals.
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
vaccines are available for some infectious diseases. for example, there are vaccines to prevent measles, mumps, whooping cough, and chicken pox. these vaccines are recommended for infants and young children.
|
the virus pathogen database and analysis resource ( vipr ) is an integrative and comprehensive publicly available database and analysis resource to search, analyze, visualize, save and share data for viral pathogens in the u. s. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ) category a - c priority pathogen lists for biodefense research, and other viral pathogens causing emerging / reemerging infectious diseases. vipr is one of the five bioinformatics resource centers ( brc ) funded by niaid, a component of the national institutes of health ( nih ), which is an agency of the united states department of health and human services. virus families covered in vipr the vipr database includes genomes from these viral families : arenaviridae, bunyaviridae, caliciviridae, coronaviridae, filoviridae, flaviviridae, hepeviridae, herpesviridae, paramyxoviridae, picornaviridae, poxviridae, reoviridae, rhabdoviridae, and togaviridae. data types in vipr genomes genome annotations genes & proteins predicted protein domains and motifs immune epitopes sequence features orthologous protein clusters 3d protein structure clinical metadata host factor data analysis and visualization tools in vipr blast : provides a variety of custom vipr databases to identify the most related sequence ( s ) short peptide search : allows
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a subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response. subunit vaccine can be made from dissembled viral particles in cell culture or recombinant dna expression, in which case it is a recombinant subunit vaccine. a " subunit " vaccine doesn't contain the whole pathogen, unlike live attenuated or inactivated vaccine, but contains only the antigenic parts such as proteins, polysaccharides or peptides. because the vaccine doesn't contain " live " components of the pathogen, there is no risk of introducing the disease, and is safer and more stable than vaccines containing whole pathogens. other advantages include being well - established technology and being suitable for immunocompromised individuals. disadvantages include being relatively complex to manufacture compared to some vaccines, possibly requiring adjuvants and booster shots, and requiring time to examine which antigenic combinations may work best. the first recombinant subunit vaccine was produced in the mid - 1980s to protect people from hepatitis b. other recombinant subunit vaccines licensed include engerix - b ( hepatitis b ), gardasil 9 ( human papillomavirus ), flublok ( influenza ), shingrix ( herpes zoster ) and nuvaxovid ( coronavirus disease 2019 ). after injection, antigens trigger the production of antigen - specific antibodies, which are responsible
|
Acquired multistep drug resistance can be seen in all except:
|
[
"Erythromycin",
"Streptomycin",
"Tetracycline",
"Chloramphenicol"
] |
Explanation:
Development of acquired resistance may be due to single-step mutation (as seen with streptomycin and rifampicin) or multi-step mutation (erythromycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol).
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
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a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
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genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
Following statements about sarcoidosis is false?
|
[
"Elevated level of angiotensin conveing enzyme (ACE)",
"Bilateral parotid enlargement is the rule",
"Pleural effusion is common",
"Facial nerve palsy may be seen"
] |
Explanation:
Answer is C (Pleural Effusion is common): Pleural Effusion is an uncommon atypical manifestation in Sarcoidosis repoed in up to 5 percent of patients. Parotid enlargement is a classic feature of Sarcoidosis and bilateral involvement is the rule. Neurological disease is repoed in 5-10 percent of patients with Sarcoidosis. Facial nerve palsy is the single most common neurological manifestation of Sarcoidosis seen in up to 50 percent of patients with Neurosarcoidosis. Angiotensin Conveing Enzyme (ACE) levels are raised in up to 60 percent ofpatients with acute disease and 20 percent of patients with chronic disease. Pleural Effusion and Cavitation are uncommon and atypical manifestations of Sarcoidosis `The pleura is involved in 1 to 5 percent of cases, almost always manifesting as a unilateral pleural e usion -Harrison `Pleural effusion can be seen in 1 to 2 percent ofpatients' - Imaging of Diffuse Lung Disease.
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
renin ( etymology and pronunciation ), also known as an angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system ( raas ) also known as the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone axisthat increases the volume of extracellular fluid ( blood plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid ) and causes arterial vasoconstriction. thus, it increases the body's mean arterial blood pressure. renin is not commonly referred to as a hormone, although it has a receptor, the ( pro ) renin receptor, also known as the renin receptor and prorenin receptor ( see also below ), as well as enzymatic activity with which it hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to angiotensin i. biochemistry and physiology structure the primary structure of renin precursor consists of 406 amino acids with a pre - and a pro - segment carrying 20 and 46 amino acids, respectively. mature renin contains 340 amino acids and has a mass of 37 kda. secretion the enzyme renin is secreted by pericytes in the vicinity of the afferent arterioles and similar microvessels of the kidney from specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatusthe juxtaglomerular cells, in response to three stimuli : a
|
the reninangiotensin system ( ras ), or reninangiotensinaldosterone system ( raas ), is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance. when renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor prorenin ( already present in the blood ) into renin and secrete it directly into the circulation. plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen, released by the liver, to angiotensin i, which has no biological function on its own. angiotensin i is subsequently converted to the active angiotensin ii by the angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) found on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, predominantly those of the lungs. angiotensin ii has a short life of about 1 to 2 minutes. then, it is rapidly degraded into angiotensin iii by angiotensinases which are present in red blood cells and vascular beds in many tissues. angiotensin iii increases blood pressure and stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex ; it has 100 % adrenocortical stimulating activity and 40 % vasopressor activity of angiotensin ii. angiotensin iv also has adrenocortical and vasopressor activities. angiotensin ii is a potent vaso
|
eosinophilic fasciitis ( ), also known as shulman's syndrome or diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia, is an inflammatory disease that affects the fascia, other connective tissues, surrounding muscles, blood vessels and nerves. unlike other forms of fasciitis, eosinophilic fasciitis is typically self - limited and confined to the arms and legs, although it can require treatment with corticosteroids, and some cases are associated with aplastic anemia. the condition was first characterized by shulman in 1974, but it is not yet known whether it is actually a distinct condition or merely a variant presentation of another syndrome. the presentation is similar to that of scleroderma or systemic sclerosis. however, unlike scleroderma, eosinophilic fasciitis affects the deeper fascial layers, rather than the dermis ; the characteristic and severe effects of scleroderma and systemic sclerosis, such as raynaud's syndrome, involvement of the extremities, prominent small blood vessels ( telangiectasias ), and visceral changes such as swallowing problems, are absent. nevertheless, the term remains used for diagnostic purposes. epidemiology this is a very rare disease with only about 100 cases reported. the typical age of onset is around 20 to 60 years of age, although cases in children have been observed. its prevalence is
|
Methyl xanthines acts on
|
[
"Histamine receptors",
"Adenosine receptors",
"Mast cells",
"Cholinergic receptors"
] |
Explanation:
(Adenosine receptors) (202-3-KDT) (220-KDT 6th)Mechanism of action of Methylxanthines - Three distinct cellular actions(a) Release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum especially in skeletal and cardiac muscle.(b) Inhibition of phosphodiesterase which degrades cyclic nucleotides intracellularly.ATPorGTPAdenylcyclase------------guanylcyclasecAMPorcGMPPhosphodiesterase--------------------Inhibited by Theophylline5 AMPor5 GMP(c) ** Blockade of adenosine receptors: adenosine acts as a local mediator in CNS, CVS and other organs- contracts smooth muscles, especially bronchial, dilates cerebral blood vessels, depresses cardiac pacemaker and inhibits gastric secretion. Methylxanthines produces opposite effects.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
histaminergic means " working on the histamine system ", and histaminic means " related to histamine ". a histaminergic agent ( or drug ) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the histamine system in the body or brain. examples include histamine receptor agonists and histamine receptor antagonists ( or antihistamines ). subdivisions of histamine antagonists include h1 receptor antagonists, h2 receptor antagonists, and h3 receptor antagonists. see also adenosinergic adrenergic cannabinoidergic cholinergic dopaminergic gabaergic glycinergic melatonergic monoaminergic opioidergic serotonergic = = references = =
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the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
mast cells are immune cells that play a crucial role in the body's defense against pathogens and allergens. they are found in various tissues, including the skin, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract. when an allergen enters the body, mast cells recognize and bind to it through specific receptors on their surface, such as the high - affinity ige receptor ( fcεri ). this binding triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to the release of histamine and leukotrienes, among other mediators. the release of histamine and leukotrienes occurs through a process called degranulation. upon allergen binding, mast cells undergo a rapid increase in intracellular calcium levels, which activates various enzymes and proteins. this activation leads to the fusion of granules ( storage vesicles containing histamine, leukotrienes, and other mediators ) with the cell membrane, resulting in the release of their contents into the extracellular environment. histamine and leukotrienes exert their physiological effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells. the main effects of these mediators during an allergic reaction include : 1. vasodilation : histamine binds to h1 receptors on endothelial cells, causing the blood vessels to dilate. this increases blood flow to the affected area, leading to redness and warmth. 2. increased vascular permeability : his
|
Bone within a Bone appearance is seen in:
|
[
"Osteo-necrosis",
"Osteoporosis",
"Osteopetrosis",
"Osteomyelitis"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. (c) OsteopetrosisRef: Harrison 19th ed. /426e-4* Bone within a bone describes the bones that appear to have another bone within them.Causes: P.O.S.T-C.G.D# Paget's disease of bone# Osteopetrosis# Sickle cell disease# Thalassemia# Caffey's disease# Gaucher's disease# Growth recovery lines (after infancy)# Hypervitaminosis D
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c
| 2
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medmcqa
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in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
the hospital records database is a database provided by the wellcome trust and uk national archives which provides information on the existence and location of the records of uk hospitals. this includes the location and dates of administrative and clinical records, the existence of catalogues, and links to some online hospital catalogues. the website was proposed as a resource of the month by the royal society of medicine in 2009 references external links hospital records database smart clinics
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matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
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If a 11 month old child has received two doses of DPT and polio, comes for fuher immunization after 5 months of the last dose, what should be done?
|
[
"Repeat the whole course",
"Repeat the 2nd dose and continue rest of the course",
"Give 3rd dose and continue the course",
"Give only booster dose"
] |
Explanation:
Interruption of the schedule with a delay between doses does not interfere with the final immunity achieved. Booster dose is sufficient. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 134
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d
| 3
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medmcqa
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the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
in medicine the term course generally takes one of two meanings, both reflecting the sense of " path that something or someone moves along... process or sequence or steps " : a course of medication is a period of continual treatment with drugs, sometimes with variable dosage and in particular combinations. for instance treatment with some drugs should not end abruptly. instead, their course should end with a tapering dosage. antibiotics : taking the full course of antibiotics is important to prevent reinfection and / or development of drug - resistant bacteria. steroids : for both short - term and long - term steroid treatment, when stopping treatment, the dosage is tapered rather than abruptly ended. this permits the adrenal glands to resume the body's natural production of cortisol. abrupt discontinuation can result in adrenal insufficiency ; and / or steroid withdrawal syndrome ( a rebound effect in which exaggerated symptoms return ). the course of a disease, also called its natural history, is the development of the disease in a patient, including the sequence and speed of the stages and forms they take. typical courses of diseases include : chronic recurrent or relapsing subacute : somewhere between an acute and a chronic course acute : beginning abruptly, intensifying rapidly, not lasting long fulminant or peracute : particularly acute, especially if unusually violent a patient may be said to be at the beginning, the middle or the end, or
|
a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
Amplifier host is pig for -
|
[
"Japanese encephalitis",
"KFD",
"Yellow fever",
"West Nile fever"
] |
Explanation:
Among the animal host pig have been incriminated as the major veebrae host for JE virus. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. PAGE NO - 261
|
a
| 0
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medmcqa
|
the influenza research database ( ird ) is an integrative and comprehensive publicly available database and analysis resource to search, analyze, visualize, save and share data for influenza virus research. ird is one of the five bioinformatics resource centers ( brc ) funded by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ), a component of the national institutes of health ( nih ), which is an agency of the united states department of health and human services. data types in ird segment, protein, and strain data animal surveillance data human clinical data experimentally determined and predicted immune epitopes sequence features predicted protein domains and motifs gene ontology annotations computed sequence conservation score clade classification for highly - pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 ha sequences 3d protein structures pcr primer data curated from literature experiment data from laboratory experiments and clinical trials phenotypic characteristic data curated from literature serology data host factor data analysis and visualization tools in ird blast : provides custom ird databases to identify the most related sequence ( s ) short peptide search : allows users to find peptide sequences in target proteins identify point mutations : identifies influenza proteins having particular amino acids at user - specified positions multiple sequence alignment : allows users to align segment / protein sequences using muscle sequence alignment visualization : uses jalview for sequence alignment visualization phylogenetic tree construction : calculates a tree using various algorithms and evolutionary models phylogenetic tree visualization : allows the color - coded display of strain
|
the genomic epidemiological database for global identification of microorganisms or global microbial identifier is a platform for storing whole genome sequencing data of microorganisms, for the identification of relevant genes and for the comparison of genomes to detect and track - and - trace infectious disease outbreaks and emerging pathogens. the database holds two types of information : 1 ) genomic information of microorganisms, linked to, 2 ) metadata of those microorganism such as epidemiological details. the database includes all genera of microorganisms : bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. technology for genotyping of microorganisms for medical diagnosis, or other purposes, scientists may use a wide variety of dna profiling techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis or multilocus sequence typing. a complication of this broad variety of techniques is the difficulty to standardize between techniques, laboratories and microorganisms, which may be overcome using the complete dna code of the genome generated by whole genome sequencing. for straightforward diagnostic identification, the whole genome sequencing information of a microbiological sample is fed into a global genomic database and compared using blast procedures to the genomes already present in the database. in addition, whole genome sequencing data may be used to back calculate to the different pre - whole genome sequencing genotyping methods, so previous collected valuable information is not lost. for the global
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
A 15 year old female patient presents with pain in the calf muscles on exercise. Routine investigation reveals burgundy-colored urine (sample obtained after exercise). Histopathology of muscle shows deposits of glycogen in an excess amount. What is the diagnosis?
|
[
"Von Gierke's disease",
"Pompe's disease",
"McArdle's disease",
"Cori's disease"
] |
Explanation:
Type V Glycogen Storage Disease (McArdle Disease)
Type V GSD is an autosomal recessive disorder.
Biochemical Defect:
Muscle Phosphorylase Defect.
The gene for muscle phosphorylase (PYGM) has been mapped to chromosome 11q13.
Lack of this enzyme limits muscle ATP generation by glycogenolysis, resulting in muscle glycogen accumulation, and is the prototype of muscle energy disorders.
Clinical Manifestations:
Symptoms usually 1st develop in late childhood or as an adult and are characterized by exercise intolerance with muscle cramps and pain.
Many patients experience a characteristic ‘second wind’ phenomenon. If they slow down or pause briefly at the 1st appearance of muscle pain, they can resume exercise with more ease.
About 50% of patients report burgundy-colored urine after exercise, which is the consequence of exercise-induced myoglobinuria, secondary to rhabdomyolysis.
Key Concept:
Burgundy-colored urine after exercise is the consequence of exercise-induced myoglobinuria, secondary to rhabdomyolysis. It occurs in Type V Glycogen Storage Disease (McArdle Disease).
Reference- Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 30th edition page no: 179
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c
| 2
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medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
pathophenodb is a biological database. the database connects pathogens to their phenotypes using multiple databases such as ncbi, human disease ontology human phenotype ontology, mammalian phenotype ontology, pubchem, sider and card. pathogen - disease associations were gathered mainly through the cdc and the list of infectious diseases page on wikipedia. the manner by which they assigned taxonomy was semi - automatic. when mapped against ncbi taxonomy, if the pathogen was not an exact match, it was then mapped to the parent class. pathophenodb employs npmi in order to filter pairs based on their co - occurrence statistics. see also antimicrobial resistance databases = = references = =
|
a human disease network is a network of human disorders and diseases with reference to their genetic origins or other features. more specifically, it is the map of human disease associations referring mostly to disease genes. for example, in a human disease network, two diseases are linked if they share at least one associated gene. a typical human disease network usually derives from bipartite networks which consist of both diseases and genes information. additionally, some human disease networks use other features such as symptoms and proteins to associate diseases. history in 2007, goh et al. constructed a disease - gene bipartite graph using information from omim database and termed human disease network. in 2009, barrenas et al. derived complex disease - gene network using gwas ( genome wide association studies ). in the same year, hidalgo et al. published a novel way of building human phenotypic disease networks in which diseases were connected according to their calculated distance. in 2011, cusick et al. summarized studies on genotype - phenotype associations in cellular context. in 2014, zhou, et al. built a symptom - based human disease network by mining biomedical literature database. properties a large - scale human disease network shows scale - free property. the degree distribution follows a power law suggesting that only a few diseases connect to a large number of diseases, whereas most diseases have few links to others. such network also shows a clustering tendency by disease classes. in a symptom - based disease network, disease
|
Which of the following statements about Total Infra–Venous Anaesthesia (TIVA) is true –
|
[
"Causes More Renal Toxicity",
"Reduces Cerebral Metabolic Rate",
"Risk of Malignant Hyperthermia is high",
"Inhibits Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasconstriction"
] |
Explanation:
Total intravenous anaesthesia refers to a technique in general anaesthesia using a compination of agents given solely by IV route and in the absence of all inhalation agents.
TIVA (Total intravenous anaesthesia) is produced by IV propoful. Propofol decreases the cerebral metabolic rate.
Propofol does not impair renal function, does not trigger malignant hyperthermia and does not inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
|
b
| 1
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medmcqa
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autoregulation is a process within many biological systems, resulting from an internal adaptive mechanism that works to adjust ( or mitigate ) that system's response to stimuli. while most systems of the body show some degree of autoregulation, it is most clearly observed in the kidney, the heart, and the brain. perfusion of these organs is essential for life, and through autoregulation the body can divert blood ( and thus, oxygen ) where it is most needed. cerebral autoregulation more so than most other organs, the brain is very sensitive to increased or decreased blood flow, and several mechanisms ( metabolic, myogenic, and neurogenic ) are involved in maintaining an appropriate cerebral blood pressure. brain blood flow autoregulation is abolished in several disease states such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, or persistent abnormally high co2 levels. homeometrics and heterometric autoregulation of the heart homeometric autoregulation, in the context of the circulatory system, is the heart's ability to increase contractility and restore stroke volume when afterload increases. homeometric autoregulation occurs independently of cardiomyocyte fiber length, via the bowditch and / or anrep effects. via the bowditch effect, positive inotropy occurs secondary to an increased cardiac frequency. the exact mechanism for this remains unknown, but it appears to be the result of an increased exposure
|
postmortem caloricity is a phenomenon where the body temperature of a corpse rises or remains unusually high for up to 2 hours after death instead of falling. cause postmortem caloricity may ( more frequently ) be observed in deaths resulting from asphyxia, poisonings ( e. g. with datura, alcohol, strychnine ), sepsis, bacteraemia, and infectious diseases ( yellow fever, rabies, rheumatic fever, cholera, tetanus, smallpox ), meningitis, peritonitis, nephritis, brain stem haemorrhages ( especially pontine haemorrhages ), intracranial injuries, liver abscesses, sunstroke, etc. according to robert g. mayer, author of the seminal " embalming : history, theory and practice ", postmortem caloricity is a " rise in temperature after death due to continued cellular oxidation. " in mortuary science, there are two phases of deathsomatic and cellular. somatic death is the cessation of the tripod of life, meaning the failure of circulation, respiration, or cerebral activity. cellular death continues long after somatic death, with the classic resulting condition of rigor mortis ( stiffening of the muscles due to lack of oxygen and increase in lactic acids ). postmortem changes are also attributable to the activity of enzymes and not
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the increased volume increases the blood pressure, and ruptured arteries called aneurysms can result, often in the brain. because high blood pressure causes other medical problems as well, it is one of the most important biomedical disorders in modern society. for patients who suffer from hypertension, low - sodium diets that use nacl substitutes, such as kcl, are often prescribed. although kcl and nacl give similar flavors to foods, the k + is not readily taken up by the highly specific na + - uptake system. this approach to controlling hypertension is controversial, however,.
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A 7-year-old boy falls from a tree house and is brought to the emergency depament of a local hospital. On examination, he has weakness in rotating his arm laterally because of an injury of a nerve. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause a loss of this nerve function?
|
[
"Injury to the lateral cord of the brachial plexus",
"supracondylar fracture humerus",
"Knife wound on the teres major muscle",
"Inferior dislocation of the head of the humerus"
] |
Explanation:
Inferior dislocation of the head of the humerus may damage the axillary nerve, which arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, runs through the quadrangular space accompanied by the posterior humeral circumflex vessels around the surgical neck of the humerus, and supplies the deltoid and teres minor, which are lateral rotators of the arm. Injury to the lateral cord of the brachial plexus-branches of lateral cord are -musculocutaneous and lateral root of median nerve injury to these nerves doesn't affect lateral rotation. supracondylar fracture humerus -m/c nerve injured is anterior interocious nerve Knife wound on the teres major muscle- teres major is a medial rotator of shoulder
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d
| 3
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medmcqa
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figure 8. 11 fractures of the humerus and radius falls or direct blows can result in fractures of the surgical neck or shaft of the humerus. falls onto the elbow can fracture the distal humerus. a colles fracture of the distal radius is the most common forearm fracture.
|
a stab wound is a specific form of penetrating trauma to the skin that results from a knife or a similar pointed object. while stab wounds are typically known to be caused by knives, they can also occur from a variety of implements, including broken bottles and ice picks. most stabbings occur because of intentional violence or through self - infliction. the treatment is dependent on many different variables such as the anatomical location and the severity of the injury. even though stab wounds are inflicted at a much greater rate than gunshot wounds, they account for less than 10 % of all penetrating trauma deaths. management stab wounds can result in various internal and external injuries. these wounds are typically caused by low - velocity weapons, meaning the damage is usually confined to the weapon's path, unlike gunshot wounds which often affect surrounding tissues. the abdomen is the most commonly injured area in cases of stab wounds. interventions that may be needed depending on severity of the injury include airway, intravenous access, and control of hemorrhage. the length and size of the knife blade, as well as its trajectory, are critical factors in assesssing and predicting which internal structures may have been damaged. there are also special considerations to take into effect as given the nature of injuries, there is a higher likelihood that persons with these injuries might be under the influence of drugs which can make it harder to obtain a complete medical history. special precautions should also be taken to prevent further injury from a perpetrator to the victim in a
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the rest of the shoulder muscles originate on the scapula. the anatomical and ligamental structure of the shoulder joint and the arrangements of the muscles covering it, allows the arm to carry out different types of movements. the deltoid, the thick muscle that creates the rounded lines of the shoulder is the major abductor of the arm, but it also facilitates flexing and medial rotation, as well as extension and lateral rotation. the subscapularis originates on the anterior scapula and medially rotates the arm. named for their locations, the supraspinatus ( superior to the spine of the scapula ) and the infraspinatus ( inferior to the spine of the scapula ) abduct the arm, and laterally rotate the arm, respectively. the thick and flat teres major is inferior to the teres minor and extends the arm, and assists in adduction and medial rotation of it. the long teres minor laterally rotates and extends the arm. finally, the coracobrachialis flexes and adducts the arm. the tendons of the deep subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor connect the scapula to the humerus, forming the rotator cuff ( musculotendinous cuff ), the circle of tendons around the shoulder joint. when baseball pitchers undergo shoulder surgery it is usually on the rot
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Which of the following is absent in hemolytic anaemia?
|
[
"Increased indirect bilirubin",
"Jaundice",
"Increased reticulocyte count",
"Increased hematocrit"
] |
Explanation:
Hemolytic anaemia
Increased indirect bilirubin
Jaundice
Decreased hematocrit
|
d
| 3
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medmcqa
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the stomach ( gastritis ), and some cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. the excessive use of aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen can trigger ulceration and gastritis. excessive menstruation and loss of blood during childbirth are also potential causes. anemias caused by faulty or decreased rbc production include sickle cell anemia, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, and diseases of the bone marrow and stem cells. • a characteristic change in the shape of erythrocytes is seen in sickle cell disease ( also referred to as sickle cell anemia ). a genetic disorder, it is caused by production of an abnormal type of hemoglobin, called hemoglobin s, which delivers less oxygen to tissues and causes erythrocytes to assume a sickle ( or crescent ) shape, especially at low oxygen concentrations ( figure 18. 9 ). these abnormally shaped cells can then become lodged in narrow capillaries because they are unable to fold in on themselves to squeeze through, blocking blood flow to tissues and causing a variety of serious problems from painful joints to delayed growth and even blindness and cerebrovascular accidents ( strokes ). sickle cell anemia is a genetic condition particularly found in individuals of african descent.
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many diseases affect the blood or its components. they include anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, and sickle - cell disease.
|
anisocytosis is a medical term meaning that a patient's red blood cells are of unequal size. this is commonly found in anemia and other blood conditions. false diagnostic flagging may be triggered on a complete blood count by an elevated wbc count, agglutinated rbcs, rbc fragments, giant platelets or platelet clumps due to anisocytosis. in addition, it is a characteristic feature of bovine blood. the red cell distribution width ( rdw ) is a measurement of anisocytosis and is calculated as a coefficient of variation of the distribution of rbc volumes divided by the mean corpuscular volume ( mcv ). types anisocytosis is identified by rdw and is classified according to the size of rbc measured by mcv. according to this, it can be divided into anisocytosis with microcytosis iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia anisocytosis with macrocytosis folate or vitamin b12 deficiency, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, cytotoxic chemotherapy, chronic liver disease, myelodysplastic syndrome increased rdw is seen in iron deficiency anemia and decreased or normal in thalassemia major ( cooley's anemia ), thalassemia intermedia anisocytosis with normal rbc size early iron, vit b12 or folate deficiency, dimorphic anemia, sickle cell disease, chronic liver disease,
|
Which of the following statements is true regarding pertussis -
|
[
"Neurological complication rate of DPT is 1 in 50000",
"Vaccine efficacy is more than 95%",
"Erythromycin prevents spread of disease between children",
"The degree of polymorphonuclear leukocytosis correlates with the severity of cough"
] |
Explanation:
Pertussis (Whooping Cough):
Leukocytosis does not correlates with the severity of cough
Drug of choice: Erythromycin (40 mg/kg QID X 10 days)
Vaccines:
DPT:
i. Killed acellular bacilli 20,000 million per dose (0.5 ml)
ii. Pertussis component leads to neurological complications after 2 years of age (@ 1 per 1,70,000 vaccinees)
iii. Vaccine efficacy is 50 – 60 % (2 doses) and 70% (3 doses)
Pertussis killed whole cell vaccine
DOC for cases and contacts: Erythromycin (for 10 days)
|
c
| 2
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medmcqa
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vaccine efficacy or vaccine effectiveness is the percentage reduction of disease cases in a vaccinated group of people compared to an unvaccinated group. for example, a vaccine efficacy or effectiveness of 80 % indicates an 80 % decrease in the number of disease cases among a group of vaccinated people compared to a group in which nobody was vaccinated. when a study is carried out using the most favorable, ideal or perfectly controlled conditions, such as those in a clinical trial, the term vaccine efficacy is used. on the other hand, when a study is carried out to show how well a vaccine works when they are used in a bigger, typical population under less - than - perfectly controlled conditions, the term vaccine effectiveness is used. vaccine efficacy was designed and calculated by greenwood and yule in 1915 for the cholera and typhoid vaccines. it is best measured using double - blind, randomized, clinical controlled trials, such that it is studied under " best case scenarios. " vaccine efficacy studies are used to measure several important and critical outcomes of interest such as disease attack rates, hospitalizations due to the disease, deaths due to the disease, asymptomatic infection, serious adverse events due to vaccination, vaccine reactogenicity, and cost effectiveness of the vaccine. vaccine efficacy is calculated on a set population ( and therefore is not a constant value when counting in other populations ), and may be misappropriated to be how efficacious a vaccine is in all
|
viltolarsen, sold under the brand name viltepso, is a medication used for the treatment of duchenne muscular dystrophy ( dmd ). viltolarsen is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide. the most common side effects include upper respiratory tract infection, injection site reaction, cough, and pyrexia ( fever ). viltolarsen was approved for medical use in the united states in august 2020. after golodirsen was approved in december 2019, viltolarsen is the second approved targeted treatment for people with this type of mutation in the united states. approximately 8 % of people with dmd have a mutation that is amenable to exon 53 skipping. medical uses viltolarsen is indicated for the treatment of duchenne muscular dystrophy ( dmd ) in people who have a confirmed mutation of the dmd gene that is amenable to exon 53 skipping. dmd is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle deterioration and weakness. it is the most common type of muscular dystrophy. dmd is caused by mutations in the dmd gene that results in an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact. the first symptoms are usually seen between three and five years of age and worsen over time. dmd occurs in approximately one out of every 3, 600 male infants worldwide ; in rare cases, it can
|
vaccines have shown varying levels of effectiveness in preventing parasitic infections, depending on the specific parasite and the vaccine's development stage. for some parasitic infections, vaccines are still in the research and development phase, while for others, they have shown promising results. for example, the rts, s / as01 malaria vaccine, also known as mosquirix, has demonstrated moderate efficacy in reducing the incidence of malaria in young children. according to the world health organization ( who ), the vaccine has shown a 39 % reduction in malaria cases and a 29 % reduction in severe malaria cases in children who received four doses. however, this efficacy is lower compared to other preventive measures such as insecticide - treated bed nets, which can reduce malaria cases by up to 50 % and child mortality by 20 %. for other parasitic infections like schistosomiasis and chagas disease, vaccines are still in the development stage, and their effectiveness is yet to be determined. in these cases, other preventive measures like chemotherapy and vector control methods are currently more effective. chemotherapy, which involves the use of drugs to treat infections, has been successful in controlling and reducing the prevalence of many parasitic infections. for instance, mass drug administration programs have significantly reduced the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in many endemic regions. insecticide - treated bed nets ( itns ) have been highly effective in preventing mosquito - borne parasitic infections like malaria. itns not only provide
|
Odour receptors are present in:
|
[
"Olfactory epithelium",
"Olfactory tract",
"Amygdala",
"Olfactory bulbs"
] |
Explanation:
The Sense of Smell. Smell depends on sensory receptors that respond to airborne chemicals. In humans, these chemoreceptors are located in the olfactory epithelium -- a patch of tissue about the size of a postage stamp located high in the nasal cavity.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
the neural mechanism underlying the perception of odors in humans involves a complex process that starts in the olfactory epithelium and ends in the brain's olfactory cortex. this process can be broken down into several steps : 1. odorant molecules enter the nasal cavity and bind to specific olfactory receptor proteins on the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons ( orns ) in the olfactory epithelium. each orn expresses only one type of olfactory receptor protein, and there are around 400 different types in humans. 2. when an odorant molecule binds to an olfactory receptor, it activates a g - protein - coupled signaling pathway within the orn, leading to the production of cyclic amp ( camp ). this, in turn, opens ion channels, causing an influx of positive ions and generating an electrical signal ( action potential ) in the orn. 3. the action potentials travel along the axons of the orns, which converge to form the olfactory nerve ( cranial nerve i ). the olfactory nerve then projects to the olfactory bulb, a structure located at the base of the brain. 4. in the olfactory bulb, the orn axons synapse with mitral and tufted cells in spherical structures called glomeruli. each glomerulus receives input from orns expressing the same type of olfactory receptor, allowing for the initial processing and integration of odor information. 5. the mitral and tu
|
olfactory sensory neurons ( osns ) play a crucial role in the sense of smell. they are specialized nerve cells located in the olfactory epithelium, a small region within the nasal cavity. these neurons are responsible for detecting odor molecules ( odorants ) present in the air and converting them into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. each olfactory sensory neuron expresses a specific olfactory receptor protein on its surface. when an odorant molecule binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a series of biochemical events within the neuron, ultimately leading to the generation of an electrical signal. this signal is then transmitted along the axon of the olfactory sensory neuron to the olfactory bulb, a structure located at the base of the brain. in the olfactory bulb, the axons of the olfactory sensory neurons form synapses with the dendrites of mitral and tufted cells, which in turn transmit the information to higher brain regions, such as the olfactory cortex. here, the information is processed and integrated with other sensory inputs, ultimately leading to the perception of smell. in summary, olfactory sensory neurons are essential for detecting odorants and converting them into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain, allowing us to perceive and identify different smells.
|
lateral olfactory tract usher substance ( lotus ), also known as cartilage acidic protein - 1b ( crtac1b ), is a membrane protein produced by neurons. during embryonic development, it is strongly expressed in the olfactory bulb by mitral cells. function lotus is an endogenous antagonist of the nogo receptor ( ngr1 ) and paired immunoglobulin - like receptor b ( pirb in mice, lilrb2 in humans ). these receptors block neuronal outgrowth when activated. by blocking their function, lotus promotes neuronal growth, e. g. during the formation of the lateral olfactory tract. as lotus generates a permissive brain environment for neuronal regeneration, it may aid recovery after spinal cord injury. it also has been shown to reduce synapse loss in a mouse model of alzheimer's disease. = = references = =
|
The following are given intradermally EXCEPT:
|
[
"Test dose of drugs",
"Insulin",
"BCG vaccine",
"Mantoux test"
] |
Explanation:
Insulin is given subcutaneously-so that the absorption is slow avoiding sudden hypoglycemia absorption is slow as fat is having less blood supply MMR vaccine, heparin, morphine are also given subcutaneously-into the fat layer of skin Pg.no.8 KD Tripathi Seventh edition
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
bindingdb is a public, web - accessible database of measured binding affinities, focusing chiefly on the interactions of proteins considered to be candidate drug - targets with ligands that are small, drug - like molecules. as of march, 2011, bindingdb contains about 650, 000 binding data, for 5, 700 protein targets and 280, 000 small molecules. bindingdb also includes a small collection of hostguest binding data of interest to chemists studying supramolecular systems. the purpose of bindingdb is to support medicinal chemistry and drug discovery via literature awareness and development of structure - activity relations ( sar and qsar ) ; validation of computational chemistry and molecular modelling approaches such as docking, scoring and free energy methods ; chemical biology and chemical genomics ; and basic studies of the physical chemistry of molecular recognition. the data collection derives from a variety of measurement techniques, including enzyme inhibition and kinetics, isothermal titration calorimetry, nmr, and radioligand and competition assays. bindingdb includes data extracted from the scientific literature by the bindingdb project, selected pubchem confirmatory bioassays, and chembl entries for which a well - defined protein target ( " target _ type ='protein'" ) is provided. history and funding the bindingdb project was conceived in the mid - 1990s, based upon recognition of the broad value of quantitative affinity data and the inadequacy of journal articles as a means of making these data accessible. a
|
Ist urge of micturition comes at
|
[
"50ml",
"150ml",
"250ml",
"350ml"
] |
Explanation:
When 100-150 millilitres (3.5-5 ounces) of urine accumulate, the first sensations of a need to void are felt. The feeling increases in intensity as more urine accumulates, and it becomes uncomfoable at a bladder volume of 350-400 millilitres. Impulses from the pelvic nerves mediate the sensations of bladder filling, painful distension, and the conscious need to urinate. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:519,520,521
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
a relational database ( rdb ) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by e. f. codd in 1970. a relational database management system ( rdbms ) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns. many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using sql ( structured query language ) for querying and updating the database. history the concept of relational database was defined by e. f. codd at ibm in 1970. codd introduced the term relational in his research paper " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". in this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relation. one well - known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of codd's 12 rules. however, no commercial implementations of the relational model conform to all of codd's rules, so the term has gradually come to describe a broader class of database systems, which at a minimum : present the data to the user as relations ( a presentation in tabular form, i. e. as a collection of tables with each table consisting of a set of rows and columns ) ; provide relational operators to manipulate the data in tabular form. in 1974, ibm began developing system r, a research project to develop a prototype rdbms. the first system sold as an rdbms was multics relational data store ( june 1976 ). oracle was released in 1979 by
|
the chemical database service is an epsrc - funded mid - range facility that provides uk academic institutions with access to a number of chemical databases. it has been hosted by the royal society of chemistry since 2013, before which it was hosted by daresbury laboratory ( part of the science and technology facilities council ). currently, the included databases are : acd / i - lab, a tool for prediction of physicochemical properties and nmr spectra from a chemical structure available chemicals directory, a structure - searchable database of commercially available chemicals cambridge structural database ( csd ), a crystallographic database of organic and organometallic structures inorganic crystal structure database ( icsd ), a crystallographic database of inorganic structures crystalworks, a database combining data from csd, icsd and crystmet detherm, a database of thermophysical data for chemical compounds and mixtures spresiweb, a database of organic compounds and reactions = = references = =
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
Basiliximab acts by antagonism against ?
|
[
"CD 25",
"CD 11a",
"TNF",
"All"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'a' i.e., CD 25 o Basiliximab and daclizumab are mono-clonal antibodies against IL-2R (CD-25).
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
the dragon database for human transcription co - factors and transcription factor interacting proteins ( tcof - db ) is a database that facilitates the exploration of proteins involved in the regulation of transcription in humans by binding to regulatory dna regions ( transcription factors ) and proteins involved in the regulation of transcription in humans by interacting with transcription factors and not binding to regulatory dna regions ( transcription co - factors ). the database describes a total of 529 ( potential ) human transcription co - factors interacting with a total of 1365 human transcription factors. see also transcription factor transcription coregulator references external links " tcof - dragon database of transcription co - factors and transcription factor interacting proteins ". king abdullah university of science and technology. retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19.
|
therapeutic target database ( ttd ) is a pharmaceutical and medical repository constructed by the innovative drug research and bioinformatics group ( idrb ) at zhejiang university, china and the bioinformatics and drug design group at the national university of singapore. it provides information about known and explored therapeutic protein and nucleic acid targets, the targeted disease, pathway information and the corresponding drugs directed at each of these targets. detailed knowledge about target function, sequence, 3d structure, ligand binding properties, enzyme nomenclature and drug structure, therapeutic class, and clinical development status. ttd is freely accessible without any login requirement at https : / / idrblab. org / ttd /. statistics this database contains 3, 730 therapeutic targets ( 532 successful, 1, 442 clinical trial, 239 preclincial / patented and 1, 517 research targets ) and 39, 862 drugs ( 2, 895 approved, 11, 796 clinical trial, 5, 041 preclincial / patented and 20, 130 experimental drugs ). the targets and drugs in ttd cover 583 protein biochemical classes and 958 drug therapeutic classes, respectively. the latest version of the international classification of diseases ( icd - 11 ) codes released by who are incorporated in ttd to facilitate the clear definition of disease / disease class. validation of primary therapeutic target target validation normally requires the determination that the target is expressed in the disease - relevant cells / tissues, it can be directly modulated
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
Which of the following indicates a longer term nutritional status?
|
[
"Mid arm circumference",
"Height for age",
"Weight for age",
"Weight for height"
] |
Explanation:
Height for age is considered the best indicator of long term nutritional status and best measure of cumulative growth retardation (stunting) Ref: Clinics, Stoves, and Ill-behaved Children: Essays in Health and Development Economics, ProQuest, 2008 - Pg 44; Disease And Moality in Sub-Saharan Africa, World Bank Publications, 2006 - Pg 90; Essential Pediatrics by O P Ghai 6th Edition, Page 101; Textbook of Social and Preventive medicine by Park 19th Edition, Page 434.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
to determine how hand positioning affects grip strength in males and females of different ages and fitness levels, a study can be designed to measure grip strength in various hand positions, age groups, and fitness levels. here's a step - by - step approach to solving this problem : 1. define the variables : - hand positioning : different grip positions, such as overhand grip, underhand grip, and neutral grip. - grip strength : the force exerted by the hand muscles when gripping an object. - age groups : categorized into different age ranges, for example, 18 - 29, 30 - 39, 40 - 49, 50 - 59, and 60 + years. - fitness levels : categorized into sedentary, moderately active, and highly active individuals. - gender : male and female participants. 2. develop a hypothesis : formulate a hypothesis about how hand positioning might affect grip strength in different age groups, fitness levels, and genders. for example, " grip strength is significantly affected by hand positioning, and this effect varies across age groups, fitness levels, and genders. " 3. design the study : recruit a diverse sample of participants, representing different age groups, fitness levels, and genders. ensure that the sample size is large enough to provide statistically significant results. 4. conduct the experiment : measure the grip strength of each participant in different hand positions using a hand dynamometer or other grip strength measuring device. record the data for each participant, including their age, gender
|
methdb is a database for dna methylation data. see also dna methylation methbase ngsmethdb references external links http : / / www. methdb. de
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
Which of the following statement is FALSE about Naltrexone ?
|
[
"Parenterally administered",
"Used to prevent relapse of heavy drinking",
"Long acting",
"Cause hepatotoxicity"
] |
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
the toxin and toxin - target database ( t3db ), also known as the toxic exposome database, is a freely accessible online database of common substances that are toxic to humans, along with their protein, dna or organ targets. the database currently houses nearly 3, 700 toxic compounds or poisons described by nearly 42, 000 synonyms. this list includes various groups of toxins, including common pollutants, pesticides, drugs, food toxins, household and industrial / workplace toxins, cigarette toxins, and uremic toxins. these toxic substances are linked to 2, 086 corresponding protein / dna target records. in total there are 42, 433 toxic substance - toxin target associations. each toxic compound record ( toxcard ) in t3db contains nearly 100 data fields and holds information such as chemical properties and descriptors, mechanisms of action, toxicity or lethal dose values, molecular and cellular interactions, medical ( symptom and treatment ) information ( fig. 13 ), nmr an ms spectra, and up - and down - regulated genes. this information has been extracted from over 18, 000 sources, which include other databases, government documents, books, and scientific literature. the primary focus of the t3db is on providing mechanisms of toxicity and identifying target proteins for common toxic substances. while a number of other toxic compound databases do exist, their emphasis is on covering large numbers of chemical compounds that are almost never seen outside a chemical laboratory. t
|
in the united states, prescription monitoring programs ( pmps ) or prescription drug monitoring programs ( pdmps ) are state - run programs which collect and distribute data about the prescription and dispensation of federally controlled substances and, depending on state requirements, other potentially abusable prescription drugs. pmps are meant to help prevent adverse drug - related events such as opioid overdoses, drug diversion, and substance abuse by decreasing the amount and / or frequency of opioid prescribing, and by identifying those patients who are obtaining prescriptions from multiple providers ( i. e., " doctor shopping " ) or those physicians overprescribing opioids. most us health care workers support the idea of pmps, which intend to assist physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, dentists and other prescribers, the pharmacists, chemists and support staff of dispensing establishments. the database, whose use is required by state law, typically requires prescribers and pharmacies dispensing controlled substances to register with their respective state pmps and ( for pharmacies and providers who dispense from their offices ) to report the dispensation of such prescriptions to an electronic online database. the majority of pmps are authorized to notify law enforcement agencies or licensing boards or physicians when a prescriber, or patients receiving prescriptions, exceed thresholds established by the state or prescription recipient exceeds thresholds established by the state
|
|
All are symptoms of morphine withdrawal except?
|
[
"Mydriasis",
"Yawning",
"Lacrimation",
"Fall in BP"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Fall in BP Morphine withdrawal Manifestations of morphine withdrawl Lacrimation Anxiety & fear Mydriasis Diarrhea Palpitation Sweating Restlessness Insomnia Dehydration Rapid weight loss Yawning Gooseflash (Piloerection) Abdominal colic Rise in BP Delirium and convulsions are not a characteristic features (contrast barbiturates) and are seen only occasionally. Treatment consists of withdrawl of morphine and substitution with oral methadone followed by gradual withdrawl of methodone. Recently the NMDA antagonists and nitric oxide synthatase inhibitors have been
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
mycobank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations. it is run by the westerdijk fungal biodiversity institute in utrecht. each novelty, after being screened by nomenclatural experts and found in accordance with the icn ( international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ), is allocated a unique mycobank number before the new name has been validly published. this number then can be cited by the naming author in the publication where the new name is being introduced. only then, this unique number becomes public in the database. by doing so, this system can help solve the problem of knowing which names have been validly published and in which year. mycobank is linked to other important mycological databases such as index fungorum, life science identifiers, global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) and other databases. mycobank is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the nomenclature committee for fungi ; the others are index fungorum and fungal names. mycobank has emerged as the primary registration system for new fungal taxa and nomenclatural acts. according to a 2021 analysis of taxonomic innovations in lichen and allied fungi between 20182020, 97. 7 % of newly described taxa and 76. 5 % of new combinations obtained their registration numbers from mycobank, suggesting broad adoption by the mycological community. the system
|
the serum metabolome database is a free web database about small molecule metabolites found in human serum and their concentration values. the database includes chemical data, clinical data and molecular / biochemistry data from literature and experiment. this database also references many other databases, such as kegg, pubchem, metacyc, chebi, pdb, swiss - prot, genbank, and human metabolome database ( hmdb ). the serum metabolome database is maintained by david s. wishart. the serum metabolome database protocol is available via its website. references external links official website
|
Venous air embolism is most common in which position in surgery -
|
[
"Sitting",
"Prone",
"Lateral",
"Lithotomy"
] |
Explanation:
Ans, is 'a' i.e., Sitting o Venous air embolism is a potential hazard whenever the operative site is above the level of patients heart,o The 'sitting' position and its modification "beach chair" positions are associated with a greater incidence of venous air embolism.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
the hospital records database is a database provided by the wellcome trust and uk national archives which provides information on the existence and location of the records of uk hospitals. this includes the location and dates of administrative and clinical records, the existence of catalogues, and links to some online hospital catalogues. the website was proposed as a resource of the month by the royal society of medicine in 2009 references external links hospital records database smart clinics
|
patients may suffer pressure ulcers as a result of lying incorrectly on an operating table or lying on an operating table for too long. nursing staff and doctors try to prevent this from happening. typical standard positions are, for example, back, stomach, side, trendelenburg and a seated / half - seated position. the patient should always be positioned or optimally positioned in cooperation with the anaesthetist, surgeon and operating room staff. prior to the operation, the decision must be made as to exactly how the patient is to be positioned. this decision not only takes account of the type of operation, it also considers the age, weight and health of the patient with regard to the heart, lungs, circulation, metabolism, blood circulation problems etc.
|
the central brain tumor registry of the united states ( cbtrus ) is the primary national database of malignant and benign tumors of the brain, " other central nervous system ( cns ), tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity, and brain lymphoma and leukemia. " a non - profit, it was established in 1992. external links official website = = references = =
|
In the UIP blindness can be prevented by the administration of-
|
[
"Measles vaccines",
"Rubella vaccines",
"BCG vaccines",
"Diphtheria vaccines"
] |
Explanation:
EPI launched by WHO includes immunisation against diphtheria, peussis, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis and measles.UIP in India contains 2 vital components. 1. Immunisation of pregnant women against tetanus. 2. Immunisation of children in their first age of life against the 6 EPI target disease. Children with measles may develop acute deficiency of vitamin A.,which may lead to keratomalacia and blindness from corneal scarring. So measles vaccine is given . Reference; Park&;s Textbook of preventive and social medicine, 24th edition.Pg no. 158,461
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
a vaccine information statement ( vis ) is a document designed by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) to provide information to a patient receiving a vaccine in the united states. the national childhood vaccine injury act requires that medical professionals provide a vis to patients before receiving certain vaccinations. the vis includes information about the vaccine's benefits and risks, a description of the vaccine, indications and contraindications, instructions for patients experiencing an adverse reaction, and additional resources. history in the 1974 case of reyes v. wyeth laboratories, the us fifth circuit court of appeals decided that vaccine manufacturers were responsible for warning patients of the risks associated with their vaccine. this created concern among manufacturers, since they were reliant on the healthcare professionals administering their vaccines to convey these risks, and the companies could be liable for mistakes made by healthcare providers. consequently, vaccine prices increased to cover the costs of litigation. in response, the cdc added " duty to warn " clauses in their contracts, which required either the individualized judgement of a physician or " meaningful warnings related to the risks and benefits of vaccination " for all publicly purchased vaccines. this gave way to an early version of the vis known as the " important information statement " ( iis ), the first of which was developed for " swine and victoria influenza " vaccine in 1976. over the following decade, more than 50 iiss were created for various vaccines. an increase in vaccine - related lawsuits and fear of manufacturers withdrawing
|
Human development index (HDI) includes all except-
|
[
"Adult literacy rate",
"Infant moality rate",
"Per capital",
"Life expectancy at bih"
] |
Explanation:
.human developmemt index is defined as a composite index combining i9ndicators such as life expectancy at bih,adult literacy rate and mean years of schooling and income real GDP per capita . ref:parks textbook,22nd ed,pg no 16
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. the most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth ( leb, or in demographic notation e0, where ex denotes the average life remaining at age x ). this can be defined in two ways. cohort leb is the mean length of life of a birth cohort ( in this case, all individuals born in a given year ) and can be computed only for cohorts born so long ago that all their members have died. period leb is the mean length of life of a hypothetical cohort assumed to be exposed, from birth through death, to the mortality rates observed at a given year. national leb figures reported by national agencies and international organizations for human populations are estimates of period leb. human remains from the early bronze age indicate an leb of 24. in 2019, world leb was 73. 3. a combination of high infant mortality and deaths in young adulthood from accidents, epidemics, plagues, wars, and childbirth, before modern medicine was widely available, significantly lowers leb. for example, a society with a leb of 40 would have relatively few people dying at exactly 40 : most will die before 30 or after 55. in populations with high infant mortality rates, leb is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life. because of this sensitivity, leb can be grossly misinter
|
the human mortality database ( hmd ) is a joint initiative of the department of demographics at the university of california, berkeley in the united states and the max planck institute for demographic research in rostock, germany that provides detailed mortality and population data to researchers, students, journalists, policy analysts, and others interested in the history of human longevity. the key people involved are john r. wilmoth ( director ) from the university of california, berkeley, vladimir shkolnikov ( co - director ) from max planck institute for demographic research, and magali barbieri ( associate director ) from the university of california, berkeley, and ined, paris. history creation of the berkeley mortality database, a precursor to the human mortality database in 1997, john r. wilmoth at the department of demography in the university of california, berkeley started work on a database titled the berkeley mortality database ( bmd ) with a grant from the national institute of aging in the united states. the bmd included data across the entire age range, but was restricted to only four countries ( france, japan, sweden, and the united states ). for the most part, the berkeley mortality database is now superseded by the human mortality database, but the bmd is still available online because some types of data available in the bmd have not been transferred to the hmd. creation and development of the kannistothatcher database on old age mortality the kannistothatcher database on old age mortality (
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
A 56-year-old lady, who is a known case of lung cancer, presents with vomiting, headache and seizures. Investigations reveal serum osmolarity of 265 mosm/L (normal is 285-295 mosm/L) and a serum sodium level of 125 mEq/L (normal value is 136-152 mEq/L). Urine osmolarity is greater than 100 mOsm/L She has normal water intake. Which of the following drugs is useful for this patient?
|
[
"Acetazolamide",
"Hydrochlorothiazide",
"Triamterene",
"Tolvaptan"
] |
Explanation:
Hyponatremia, Hypoosmolarity and inability to form dilute urine in the fully hydrated condition with concomitant lung cancer points to suspicion of SIADH. Antagonists of ADH are used to treat SIADH Tolvaptan - It is a direct ADH receptor antagonist. It is used for the correction of water retention and hyponatremia occurring in syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) as well as in advanced CHF.
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
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a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
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the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
Microscopy of corneal ulcer showed branching septate hyphae. The probable diagnosis –
|
[
"Candida",
"Mucor mycosis",
"Aspergillus",
"Histoplasma"
] |
Explanation:
Amongst the given options candida and aspergillus cause a corneal ulcer.
Branched septate hyphae and involvement of cornea favour the diagnosis of aspergillus.
Candia will show yeast-like form and psedomycelia (not branched septate hyphae).
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
mycobank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations. it is run by the westerdijk fungal biodiversity institute in utrecht. each novelty, after being screened by nomenclatural experts and found in accordance with the icn ( international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ), is allocated a unique mycobank number before the new name has been validly published. this number then can be cited by the naming author in the publication where the new name is being introduced. only then, this unique number becomes public in the database. by doing so, this system can help solve the problem of knowing which names have been validly published and in which year. mycobank is linked to other important mycological databases such as index fungorum, life science identifiers, global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) and other databases. mycobank is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the nomenclature committee for fungi ; the others are index fungorum and fungal names. mycobank has emerged as the primary registration system for new fungal taxa and nomenclatural acts. according to a 2021 analysis of taxonomic innovations in lichen and allied fungi between 20182020, 97. 7 % of newly described taxa and 76. 5 % of new combinations obtained their registration numbers from mycobank, suggesting broad adoption by the mycological community. the system
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genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
the genomic epidemiological database for global identification of microorganisms or global microbial identifier is a platform for storing whole genome sequencing data of microorganisms, for the identification of relevant genes and for the comparison of genomes to detect and track - and - trace infectious disease outbreaks and emerging pathogens. the database holds two types of information : 1 ) genomic information of microorganisms, linked to, 2 ) metadata of those microorganism such as epidemiological details. the database includes all genera of microorganisms : bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. technology for genotyping of microorganisms for medical diagnosis, or other purposes, scientists may use a wide variety of dna profiling techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis or multilocus sequence typing. a complication of this broad variety of techniques is the difficulty to standardize between techniques, laboratories and microorganisms, which may be overcome using the complete dna code of the genome generated by whole genome sequencing. for straightforward diagnostic identification, the whole genome sequencing information of a microbiological sample is fed into a global genomic database and compared using blast procedures to the genomes already present in the database. in addition, whole genome sequencing data may be used to back calculate to the different pre - whole genome sequencing genotyping methods, so previous collected valuable information is not lost. for the global
|
Characterstic nail finding in lichen planus -
|
[
"Pitting",
"pterygium",
"Beau's Lines",
"Hyperpigmentation of nails"
] |
Explanation:
NAIL CHANGES IN LICHEN PLANUS: 1.Early change- bluish red discolouration of proximal nail fold. 2.thinning of nail plate, koilonychia, longtudinal ridging, splitting(onychoschizia) 3. pterygium formation-wing shaped growth of proximal nail fold across the nail plate due to severe nail matrix involvement. it is a characteristic nail change in lichen planus 4. pup tent sign: proximal onycholysis with elevation of nail plate and longitudinal splitting ue to involvement of nail bed. 5. anonychia 6. melanonychia IADVL textbook of dermatology, page 1075
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
dermatoglyphics ( from ancient greek derma, " skin ", and glyph, " carving " ) is the scientific study of fingerprints, lines, mounts and shapes of hands, as distinct from the superficially similar pseudoscience of palmistry. dermatoglyphics also refers to the making of naturally occurring ridges on certain body parts, namely palms, fingers, soles, and toes. these are areas where hair usually does not grow, and these ridges allow for increased leverage when picking up objects or walking barefoot. in a 2009 report, the scientific basis underlying dermatoglyphics was questioned by the national academy of sciences, for the discipline's reliance on subjective comparisons instead of conclusions drawn from the scientific method. history 1823 marks the beginning of the scientific study of papillary ridges of the hands and feet, with the work of jan evangelista purkyn. by 1858, sir william herschel, 2nd baronet, while in india, became the first european to realize the value of fingerprints for identification. sir francis galton conducted extensive research on the importance of skin - ridge patterns, demonstrating their permanence and advancing the science of fingerprint identification with his 1892 book fingerprints. in 1893, sir edward henry published the book the classification and uses of fingerprints, which marked the beginning of the modern era of fingerprint identification and is the basis for other classification systems. in 1929, harold cummins and charles midlo m. d.,
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gemident is an interactive image recognition program that identifies regions of interest in images and photographs. it is specifically designed for images with few colors, where the objects of interest look alike with small variation. for example, color image segmentation of : oranges from a tree stained cells from microscopic images gemident also packages data analysis tools to investigate spatial relationships among the objects identified. history gemident was developed at stanford university by adam kapelner from june 2006 until january 2007 in the lab of dr. peter lee under the tutelage of professor susan holmes. the concept was inspired by data kohrt et al. who analyzed immune profiles of lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. hence, gemident works well when identifying cells in ihc - stained tissue imaged via automated light microscopy when the nuclear background stain and membrane / cytoplasmic stain are well - defined. in 2008, it was adapted to support multispectral imaging techniques. methodology gemident uses supervised learning to perform automated identification of regions of interest in the images. therefore, the user must do a substantial amount of work first supplying the relevant colors, then pointing out examples of the objects or regions themselves as well as negatives ( training set creation ). when a user clicks on a pixel, many scores are generated using the surrounding color information via mahalanobis ring score attribute generation ( read the jss paper for a detailed exposition ). these scores are then used to build a random forest machine
|
phylomedb is a public biological database for complete catalogs of gene phylogenies ( phylomes ). it allows users to interactively explore the evolutionary history of genes through the visualization of phylogenetic trees and multiple sequence alignments. moreover, phylomedb provides genome - wide orthology and paralogy predictions which are based on the analysis of the phylogenetic trees. the automated pipeline used to reconstruct trees aims at providing a high - quality phylogenetic analysis of different genomes, including maximum likelihood tree inference, alignment trimming and evolutionary model testing. phylomedb includes also a public download section with the complete set of trees, alignments and orthology predictions, as well as a web api that facilitates cross linking trees from external sources. finally, phylomedb provides an advanced tree visualization interface based on the ete toolkit, which integrates tree topologies, taxonomic information, domain mapping and alignment visualization in a single and interactive tree image. new steps on phylomedb the tree searching engine of phylomedb was updated to provide a gene - centric view of all phylomedb resources. thus, after a protein or gene search, all the available trees in phylomedb are listed and organized by phylome and tree type. users can switch among all available seed and collateral trees without missing the focus on the searched protein or gene. in phylomedb v4 all the information available for each tree
|
A 44-year-old female presents with recurrent severe headaches and increasing visual problems. Physical examination reveals her blood pressure to be 200/140. Her symptoms are most likely to be associated with
|
[
"Medial calcific sclerosis",
"Hyaline aeriolosclerosis",
"Thromboangiitis obliterans",
"Hyperplastic aeriolosclerosis"
] |
Explanation:
Malignant hypeension refers to dramatic elevations in systolic and diastolic blood pressure often resulting in early death from cerebral and brainstem hemorrhages. Pathologically, the renal vessels demonstrate a concentric obliteration of aerioles by an increase in smooth-muscle cells, and protein deposition in a laminar configuration that includes fibrin material, which leads to total and subtotal occlusion of the vessels. These changes are called hyperplastic aeriolosclerosis. Medial calcific sclerosis (Monckeberg's aeriosclerosis) is characterized by dystrophic calcification in the tunica media of muscular aeries. There is no narrowing of the lumen of the affected vessels Hyaline aeriolosclerosis as seen in diabetes mellitus is presumably caused by leakage of plasma components across the endothelium Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) is occlusion by a proliferative inflammatory process in aeries of heavy cigarette smokers. Hyperplastic aeriosclerosis Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition.
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
dancer ( disease - annotated chromatin epigenetics resource ) is a database for chromatin modifications and their relation to human disease. it was developed by the wodak lab at the hospital for sick children. it has been developed to serve as the core bioinformatics resource for seven experimental and bioinformatics laboratories working together to unravel the mechanisms of chromatin modifications and their relation to human disease. since molecular networks are essential to the understanding of biological processes, this research effort strives to explore cm - related genes in the full context of protein complexes, gene - expression regulation and pathways. to gain additional insights into the cm process in human cells, it also explores patterns of evolutionary conservation across model organisms - from sequence, domain composition and 3d structure, to interaction patterns and regulatory mechanisms. see also epigenomics chromatin references external links " disease annotated chromatin epigenetic resource ( dancer ) ". the wodak lab. retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19.
|
Sclerotic bodies are seen in
|
[
"Sporothrix",
"Blastomycosis",
"Chromoblastomycosis",
"Coccidiodes"
] |
Explanation:
Chromoblastomycosis - histologically the lesions shows the presence of the fungus as round or irregular dark brown yeast like bodies with septae called sclerotic bodies. Diagnosis can be established by demonstration of these sclerotic bodies in KOH mounts or in sections and by culture on SDA. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
mycobank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations. it is run by the westerdijk fungal biodiversity institute in utrecht. each novelty, after being screened by nomenclatural experts and found in accordance with the icn ( international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ), is allocated a unique mycobank number before the new name has been validly published. this number then can be cited by the naming author in the publication where the new name is being introduced. only then, this unique number becomes public in the database. by doing so, this system can help solve the problem of knowing which names have been validly published and in which year. mycobank is linked to other important mycological databases such as index fungorum, life science identifiers, global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) and other databases. mycobank is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the nomenclature committee for fungi ; the others are index fungorum and fungal names. mycobank has emerged as the primary registration system for new fungal taxa and nomenclatural acts. according to a 2021 analysis of taxonomic innovations in lichen and allied fungi between 20182020, 97. 7 % of newly described taxa and 76. 5 % of new combinations obtained their registration numbers from mycobank, suggesting broad adoption by the mycological community. the system
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
the eukaryotic pathogen vector and host database, or veupathdb, is a database of genomics and experimental data related to various eukaryotic pathogens. it was established in 2006 under a national institutes of health program to create bioinformatics resource centers to facilitate research on pathogens that may pose biodefense threats. veupathdb stores data related to its organisms of interest and provides tools for searching through and analyzing the data. it currently consists of 14 component databases, each dedicated to a certain research topic. veupathdb includes : genomics resources covering eukaryotic protozoan parasites host responses to parasite infection ( hostdb ) orthologs ( orthomcl ) clinical study data ( clinepidb ) microbiome data ( microbiomedb ) history veupathdb was established under the nih bioinformatics resource centers program as apidb, a resource meant to cover apicomplexan parasites. apidb originally consisted of component sites cryptodb ( for cryptosporidium ), plasmodb ( for plasmodium ), and toxodb ( for toxoplasma gondii ). as apidb grew to focus on eukaryotic pathogens beyond apicomplexans, the name was changed to eupathdb to support its broadened scope. eupathdb was the result of collaboration between many different parasitologists, including david roos,
|
Painless ulcer of the tongue is due to -
|
[
"Dyspepsia",
"Syphilis",
"Tuberculosis",
"None of the above"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Syphilis
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
the hospital records database is a database provided by the wellcome trust and uk national archives which provides information on the existence and location of the records of uk hospitals. this includes the location and dates of administrative and clinical records, the existence of catalogues, and links to some online hospital catalogues. the website was proposed as a resource of the month by the royal society of medicine in 2009 references external links hospital records database smart clinics
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
Which of the following is seen in exit wound?
|
[
"Inverted margins",
"Beveled outer table",
"Dirt collar",
"Tattooing"
] |
Explanation:
ANSWER: (B) Beveled outer tableREF: Textbook Of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology: Principles and Practice, By Vij, page 324 Entry woundExit woundSizeSmaller than bullet (when near), Larger than bullet (distant)Larger than bullet (when near), Smaller than bullet (distant)MarginsInvertedEvertedProtrusion of fatAbsentPresentHemorrhageLessMoreSkull boneBeveled inner tableBeveled outer tableSingeing, Blackening, Burning, Tattooing, Grease/dirt collarPresentAbsent
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
in computing, a piece table is a data structure typically used to represent a text document while it is edited in a text editor. initially a reference ( or'span') to the whole of the original file is created, which represents the as yet unchanged file. subsequent inserts and deletes replace a span by combinations of one, two, or three references to sections of either the original document or to a buffer holding inserted text. typically the text of the original document is held in one immutable block, and the text of each subsequent insert is stored in new immutable blocks. because even deleted text is still included in the piece table, this makes multi - level or unlimited undo easier to implement with a piece table than with alternative data structures such as a gap buffer. this data structure was invented by j strother moore. description for this description, we use buffer as the immutable block to hold the contents. a piece table consists of three columns : which buffer start index in the buffer length in the buffer in addition to the table, two buffers are used to handle edits : " original buffer " : a buffer to the original text document. this buffer is read - only. " add buffer " : a buffer to a temporary file. this buffer is append - only. operations index definition : index ( i ) : return the character at position ito retrieve the i - th character, the appropriate entry in a piece table is read. example given the following
|
non - b db is a database integrating annotations and analysis of non - b dna - forming sequence motifs. the database provides alternative dna structure predictions including z - dna motifs, quadruplex - forming motifs, inverted repeats, mirror repeats and direct repeats and their associated subsets of cruciforms, triplex and slipped structures, respectively. see also b - dna non - b dna references external links http : / / nonb. abcc. ncifcrf. gov.
|
The male sex hormone testosterone is produced by:
|
[
"Sertoli cells",
"Epithelial cells",
"Interstitial cells of leydig",
"Primitive germ cells"
] |
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
sertoli cells are a type of sustentacular " nurse " cell found in human testes which contribute to the process of spermatogenesis ( the production of sperm ) as a structural component of the seminiferous tubules. they are activated by follicle - stimulating hormone ( fsh ) secreted by the adenohypophysis and express fsh receptor on their membranes. history sertoli cells are named after enrico sertoli, an italian physiologist who discovered them while studying medicine at the university of pavia, italy. he published a description of his eponymous cell in 1865. the cell was discovered by sertoli with a belthle microscope which had been purchased in 1862. in the 1865 publication, his first description used the terms " tree - like cell " or " stringy cell " ; most importantly, he referred to these as " mother cells ". other scientists later used enrico's family name to label these cells in publications, beginning in 1888. as of 2006, two textbooks that are devoted specifically to the sertoli cell have been published. structure sertoli cells are specifically located in the convolutions of the seminiferous tubules, since this is the only place in the testes where spermatozoa are produced. as the primary support cell of the tubules, they are generally very large and amorphous, with individual cells stretching from the basal lamina to the lumen ;
|
the bloodtestis barrier is a physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testes. the name " blood - testis barrier " is misleading as it is not a blood - organ barrier in a strict sense, but is formed between sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubule and isolates the further developed stages of germ cells from the blood. a more correct term is the sertoli cell barrier ( scb ). structure the walls of seminiferous tubules are lined with primitive germ layer cells and by sertoli cells. the barrier is formed by tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions between the sertoli cells, which are sustentacular cells ( supporting cells ) of the seminiferous tubules, and divides the seminiferous tubule into a basal compartment ( outer side of the tubule, in contact with blood and lymph ) and an endoluminal compartment ( inner side of the tubule, isolated from blood and lymph ). the tight junctions are formed by intercellular adhesion molecules in between cells that are anchored to actin fibers within the cells. for the visualization of the actin fibers within the seminiferous tubules see sharma et al.'s immunofluorescence studies. function the presence of the scb allows sertoli cells to control the adluminal environment in which germ cells (
|
the structure of the testes and ovaries in the human reproductive system is specifically designed to facilitate the production and release of gametes, which are the sperm and egg cells responsible for sexual reproduction. both organs have unique structures that enable them to carry out their respective functions efficiently. testes : the testes are the male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm cells ( spermatozoa ) and hormones, primarily testosterone. they are located in the scrotum, a pouch of skin outside the body, which helps maintain an optimal temperature for sperm production ( slightly lower than body temperature ). the testes are composed of numerous small, tightly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules. these tubules are lined with germ cells that develop into sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis. sertoli cells, which are also present in the seminiferous tubules, provide nourishment and support to the developing sperm cells. once the sperm cells are mature, they are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and then transported to the epididymis, where they undergo further maturation and are stored until ejaculation. during ejaculation, sperm cells travel through the vas deferens, mix with seminal fluid from accessory glands, and are expelled from the body through the urethra. ovaries : the ovaries are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing egg cells ( ova ) and hormones,
|
|
Which of the following incisions is taken for diaphragmatic surgery?
|
[
"Transverse",
"Veical",
"Radial",
"Circumferential"
] |
Explanation:
Circumferential incisions in the periphery result in little loss of function.
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
in bioinformatics, the ciliate mds / ies database is a biological database of spirotrich genes. see also spirotrich references external links http : / / oxytricha. princeton. edu / dimorphism / database. htm.
|
a crystallographic database is a database specifically designed to store information about the structure of molecules and crystals. crystals are solids having, in all three dimensions of space, a regularly repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules. they are characterized by symmetry, morphology, and directionally dependent physical properties. a crystal structure describes the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal. ( molecules need to crystallize into solids so that their regularly repeating arrangements can be taken advantage of in x - ray, neutron, and electron diffraction based crystallography ). crystal structures of crystalline material are typically determined from x - ray or neutron single - crystal diffraction data and stored in crystal structure databases. they are routinely identified by comparing reflection intensities and lattice spacings from x - ray powder diffraction data with entries in powder - diffraction fingerprinting databases. crystal structures of nanometer sized crystalline samples can be determined via structure factor amplitude information from single - crystal electron diffraction data or structure factor amplitude and phase angle information from fourier transforms of hrtem images of crystallites. they are stored in crystal structure databases specializing in nanocrystals and can be identified by comparing zone axis subsets in lattice - fringe fingerprint plots with entries in a lattice - fringe fingerprinting database. crystallographic databases differ in access and usage rights and offer varying degrees of search and analysis capacity. many provide structure visualization capabilities. they can be browser based or
|
Most frequent causes of acute retention of urine include all except
|
[
"Meatal ulcer with scabbing in children",
"Haemorrhoidectomy",
"Herniorraphy",
"Fecal impaction"
] |
Explanation:
Most frequent causes of Acute Urinary Retention Male Female Both(Males and females) Bladder outlet obstruction(MC) Urethral stricture Acute urethritis or prostatitis Phimosis Retroveed gravid Uterus Bladder neck obstruction (MC) Blood Clot Urethral calculus Rupture of urethra Neurogenic (injury or disease of the spinal cord) Smooth muscle cell dysfunction associated with ageing Fecal impaction Anal pain (Hemorrhoidectomy( Intensive post operative analgesic treatment Some drugs Spinal anaesthesia Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pgno : 1426
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
surgical endoscopy is a peer - reviewed medical journal published by springer science + business media. it is the official journal of the society of american gastrointestinal and endoscopic surgeons and the european association for endoscopic surgery. surgical endoscopy covers the surgical aspects of interventional endoscopy, ultrasound, and other techniques in gastroenterology, obstetrics, gynecology, and urology. also, the fields of gastroenterologic, thoracic, traumatic, orthopedic, and pediatric surgery are represented. the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 3. 747. the editors - in - chief are george hanna ( st mary's hospital ) and mark talamini ( stony brook university ). editors emeriti include alfred cuschieri, kimberly forde and bruce macfadyen jr. references external links official website
|
the genomic epidemiological database for global identification of microorganisms or global microbial identifier is a platform for storing whole genome sequencing data of microorganisms, for the identification of relevant genes and for the comparison of genomes to detect and track - and - trace infectious disease outbreaks and emerging pathogens. the database holds two types of information : 1 ) genomic information of microorganisms, linked to, 2 ) metadata of those microorganism such as epidemiological details. the database includes all genera of microorganisms : bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. technology for genotyping of microorganisms for medical diagnosis, or other purposes, scientists may use a wide variety of dna profiling techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis or multilocus sequence typing. a complication of this broad variety of techniques is the difficulty to standardize between techniques, laboratories and microorganisms, which may be overcome using the complete dna code of the genome generated by whole genome sequencing. for straightforward diagnostic identification, the whole genome sequencing information of a microbiological sample is fed into a global genomic database and compared using blast procedures to the genomes already present in the database. in addition, whole genome sequencing data may be used to back calculate to the different pre - whole genome sequencing genotyping methods, so previous collected valuable information is not lost. for the global
|
in bioinformatics, the ciliate mds / ies database is a biological database of spirotrich genes. see also spirotrich references external links http : / / oxytricha. princeton. edu / dimorphism / database. htm.
|
Strongest force of bonding between retina and RPE –
|
[
"Vitreous gel pressure",
"Intraocular fluid pressure",
"RPE water transport",
"IPM"
] |
Explanation:
Interphotorecepter matrix (IPM) is the most important bond between the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) to the rest of the retina (through photoreceptor layer).
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
multiscale electrophysiology format ( mef ) was developed to handle the large amounts of data produced by large - scale electrophysiology in human and animal subjects. mef can store any time series data up to 24 bits in length, and employs lossless range encoded difference compression. subject identifying information in the file header can be encrypted using 128 - bit aes encryption in order to comply with hipaa requirements for patient privacy when transmitting data across an open network. compressed data is stored in independent blocks to allow direct access to the data, facilitate parallel processing and limit the effects of potential damage to files. data fidelity is ensured by a 32 - bit cyclic redundancy check in each compressed data block using the koopman polynomial ( 0xeb31d82e ), which has a hamming distance of from 4 to 114 kbits. a formal specification and source code are available online. mef _ import is an eeglab plugin to import mef data into eeglab. see also range encoding aes encryption crc - 32 med format official website references sources martin, gnn. range encoding : an algorithm for removing redundancy from a digitised message. video & data recoding conference, southampton, 1979. koopman, p. 32 - bit cyclic redundancy codes for internet applications. the international conference on dependable systems and networks ( june 2002 ). 459. brinkmann, bh ; et
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
the chemical database service is an epsrc - funded mid - range facility that provides uk academic institutions with access to a number of chemical databases. it has been hosted by the royal society of chemistry since 2013, before which it was hosted by daresbury laboratory ( part of the science and technology facilities council ). currently, the included databases are : acd / i - lab, a tool for prediction of physicochemical properties and nmr spectra from a chemical structure available chemicals directory, a structure - searchable database of commercially available chemicals cambridge structural database ( csd ), a crystallographic database of organic and organometallic structures inorganic crystal structure database ( icsd ), a crystallographic database of inorganic structures crystalworks, a database combining data from csd, icsd and crystmet detherm, a database of thermophysical data for chemical compounds and mixtures spresiweb, a database of organic compounds and reactions = = references = =
|
Infected waste is disposed in which container?
|
[
"Red",
"Blue",
"Yellow",
"Black"
] |
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
a relational database ( rdb ) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by e. f. codd in 1970. a relational database management system ( rdbms ) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns. many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using sql ( structured query language ) for querying and updating the database. history the concept of relational database was defined by e. f. codd at ibm in 1970. codd introduced the term relational in his research paper " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". in this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relation. one well - known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of codd's 12 rules. however, no commercial implementations of the relational model conform to all of codd's rules, so the term has gradually come to describe a broader class of database systems, which at a minimum : present the data to the user as relations ( a presentation in tabular form, i. e. as a collection of tables with each table consisting of a set of rows and columns ) ; provide relational operators to manipulate the data in tabular form. in 1974, ibm began developing system r, a research project to develop a prototype rdbms. the first system sold as an rdbms was multics relational data store ( june 1976 ). oracle was released in 1979 by
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
|
Septal perforation is NOT a complication of which of the following condition?
|
[
"Septal abscess",
"Leprosy",
"Rhinophyma",
"Trauma"
] |
Explanation:
Local trauma is known to be the most common cause of septal perforation. Rhinophyma refers to thickened, erythematous or purple hued nasal skin. It is not known to cause septal perforation. Complications associated with its use are nasal obstruction, skin cancers and tumors. Other causes of septal perforation includes: Trauma: Digital Post surgical Septal cauterization Following septal abscess Necrosis from cocaine use Infectious or inflammatory causes of septal perforation: Syphilis Leprosy Tuberculosis Wegener's granulomatosis Lupus erythematosus
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
the hospital records database is a database provided by the wellcome trust and uk national archives which provides information on the existence and location of the records of uk hospitals. this includes the location and dates of administrative and clinical records, the existence of catalogues, and links to some online hospital catalogues. the website was proposed as a resource of the month by the royal society of medicine in 2009 references external links hospital records database smart clinics
|
the eukaryotic pathogen vector and host database, or veupathdb, is a database of genomics and experimental data related to various eukaryotic pathogens. it was established in 2006 under a national institutes of health program to create bioinformatics resource centers to facilitate research on pathogens that may pose biodefense threats. veupathdb stores data related to its organisms of interest and provides tools for searching through and analyzing the data. it currently consists of 14 component databases, each dedicated to a certain research topic. veupathdb includes : genomics resources covering eukaryotic protozoan parasites host responses to parasite infection ( hostdb ) orthologs ( orthomcl ) clinical study data ( clinepidb ) microbiome data ( microbiomedb ) history veupathdb was established under the nih bioinformatics resource centers program as apidb, a resource meant to cover apicomplexan parasites. apidb originally consisted of component sites cryptodb ( for cryptosporidium ), plasmodb ( for plasmodium ), and toxodb ( for toxoplasma gondii ). as apidb grew to focus on eukaryotic pathogens beyond apicomplexans, the name was changed to eupathdb to support its broadened scope. eupathdb was the result of collaboration between many different parasitologists, including david roos,
|
Theme: Tooth Preparation Procedures
A - Cingulum rest preparation
B - Composite restorations
C - Full-coverage crown
D - Guide plane preparation
E - Partial-coverage cast restoration
F - Tilting cast
For each of the following descriptions, choose the most appropriate preparation or procedure from the list above. You may use each option once, more than once or not at all.
1) Presence of deep hard tissue undercut associated with the anterior maxilla.
2) Modification of an unfavourable survey line, prior to recording a master impression.
3) Capacity to provide additional support and in certain circumstances indirect retention
|
[
"1F 2C 3B",
"1A 2B 3F",
"1A 2B 3C",
"1F 2B 3A"
] |
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
a relational database ( rdb ) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by e. f. codd in 1970. a relational database management system ( rdbms ) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns. many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using sql ( structured query language ) for querying and updating the database. history the concept of relational database was defined by e. f. codd at ibm in 1970. codd introduced the term relational in his research paper " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". in this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relation. one well - known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of codd's 12 rules. however, no commercial implementations of the relational model conform to all of codd's rules, so the term has gradually come to describe a broader class of database systems, which at a minimum : present the data to the user as relations ( a presentation in tabular form, i. e. as a collection of tables with each table consisting of a set of rows and columns ) ; provide relational operators to manipulate the data in tabular form. in 1974, ibm began developing system r, a research project to develop a prototype rdbms. the first system sold as an rdbms was multics relational data store ( june 1976 ). oracle was released in 1979 by
|
structured query language ( sql ) ( pronounced s - q - l ; or alternatively as " sequel " ) is a domain - specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system ( rdbms ). it is particularly useful in handling structured data, i. e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables. introduced in the 1970s, sql offered two main advantages over older readwrite apis such as isam or vsam. firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command. secondly, it eliminates the need to specify how to reach a record, i. e., with or without an index. originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, sql consists of many types of statements, which may be informally classed as sublanguages, commonly : data query language ( dql ), data definition language ( ddl ), data control language ( dcl ), and data manipulation language ( dml ). the scope of sql includes data query, data manipulation ( insert, update, and delete ), data definition ( schema creation and modification ), and data access control. although sql is essentially a declarative language ( 4gl ), it also includes procedural elements. sql was one of the first commercial languages to use edgar f. codd's relational model. the model was described in his influential 1970 paper, " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". despite not entirely ad
|
an object database or object - oriented database is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object - oriented programming. object databases are different from relational databases which are table - oriented. a third type, objectrelational databases, is a hybrid of both approaches. object databases have been considered since the early 1980s. overview object - oriented database management systems ( oodbmss ) also called odbms ( object database management system ) combine database capabilities with object - oriented programming language capabilities. oodbmss allow object - oriented programmers to develop the product, store them as objects, and replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the oodbms. because the database is integrated with the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one environment, in that both the oodbms and the programming language will use the same model of representation. relational dbms projects, by way of contrast, maintain a clearer division between the database model and the application. as the usage of web - based technology increases with the implementation of intranets and extranets, companies have a vested interest in oodbmss to display their complex data. using a dbms that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer - aided design ( cad ). some object - oriented databases are designed to work well with object - oriented programming languages such as delphi, ruby, python
|
|
Bett's classification deals with ?
|
[
"Ocular trauma",
"Ocular foreign body",
"Squint",
"Maculopathy"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ocular trauma BETTS (Birmingham Eye Trauma Classification System) Ocular trauma classification group has organized eye injuries using standard technology to describe various forms of ocular injury. This is called BETTS - Birmingham Eye Trauma Classification System.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
an object database or object - oriented database is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object - oriented programming. object databases are different from relational databases which are table - oriented. a third type, objectrelational databases, is a hybrid of both approaches. object databases have been considered since the early 1980s. overview object - oriented database management systems ( oodbmss ) also called odbms ( object database management system ) combine database capabilities with object - oriented programming language capabilities. oodbmss allow object - oriented programmers to develop the product, store them as objects, and replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the oodbms. because the database is integrated with the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one environment, in that both the oodbms and the programming language will use the same model of representation. relational dbms projects, by way of contrast, maintain a clearer division between the database model and the application. as the usage of web - based technology increases with the implementation of intranets and extranets, companies have a vested interest in oodbmss to display their complex data. using a dbms that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer - aided design ( cad ). some object - oriented databases are designed to work well with object - oriented programming languages such as delphi, ruby, python
|
Which of the following is true for the ratio of fresh placental weight to infant weight in the last trimester of pregnancy?
|
[
"1:02",
"2:01",
"1:06",
"6:01"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. C. 1:6The ratio of fresh placental weight to infant weight in the last trimester of pregnancy is 1:6. A very small placenta may be a result of chronic hypoxia while a large placenta may be because of maternal diabetes.
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
a relational database ( rdb ) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by e. f. codd in 1970. a relational database management system ( rdbms ) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns. many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using sql ( structured query language ) for querying and updating the database. history the concept of relational database was defined by e. f. codd at ibm in 1970. codd introduced the term relational in his research paper " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". in this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relation. one well - known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of codd's 12 rules. however, no commercial implementations of the relational model conform to all of codd's rules, so the term has gradually come to describe a broader class of database systems, which at a minimum : present the data to the user as relations ( a presentation in tabular form, i. e. as a collection of tables with each table consisting of a set of rows and columns ) ; provide relational operators to manipulate the data in tabular form. in 1974, ibm began developing system r, a research project to develop a prototype rdbms. the first system sold as an rdbms was multics relational data store ( june 1976 ). oracle was released in 1979 by
|
a temporal database stores data relating to time instances. it offers temporal data types and stores information relating to past, present and future time. temporal databases can be uni - temporal, bi - temporal or tri - temporal. more specifically the temporal aspects usually include valid time, transaction time and / or decision time. valid time is the time period during or event time at which a fact is true in the real world. transaction time is the time at which a fact was recorded in the database. decision time is the time at which the decision was made about the fact. used to keep a history of decisions about valid times. types uni - temporal a uni - temporal database has one axis of time, either the validity range or the system time range. bi - temporal a bi - temporal database has two axes of time : valid time transaction time or decision time tri - temporal a tri - temporal database has three axes of time : valid time transaction time decision time this approach introduces additional complexities. temporal databases are in contrast to current databases ( not to be confused with currently available databases ), which store only facts which are believed to be true at the current time. features temporal databases support managing and accessing temporal data by providing one or more of the following features : a time period datatype, including the ability to represent time periods with no end ( infinity or forever ) the ability to define valid and transaction time period attributes and bitemporal relations system - maintained transaction time temporal primary keys, including
|
structured query language ( sql ) ( pronounced s - q - l ; or alternatively as " sequel " ) is a domain - specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system ( rdbms ). it is particularly useful in handling structured data, i. e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables. introduced in the 1970s, sql offered two main advantages over older readwrite apis such as isam or vsam. firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command. secondly, it eliminates the need to specify how to reach a record, i. e., with or without an index. originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, sql consists of many types of statements, which may be informally classed as sublanguages, commonly : data query language ( dql ), data definition language ( ddl ), data control language ( dcl ), and data manipulation language ( dml ). the scope of sql includes data query, data manipulation ( insert, update, and delete ), data definition ( schema creation and modification ), and data access control. although sql is essentially a declarative language ( 4gl ), it also includes procedural elements. sql was one of the first commercial languages to use edgar f. codd's relational model. the model was described in his influential 1970 paper, " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". despite not entirely ad
|
A newborn has fused eyes and single nasal chamber & undeveloped callosum. What is the most probable diagnosis?
|
[
"Holoprosencephaly",
"Schizencephaly",
"Plagiocephaly",
"Brachycephaly"
] |
Explanation:
Holoprosencephaly: brain doesn't properly divide into right and left hemispheres. Associated with trisomy 13 (MC), trisomy 18, CHARGE syndrome Schizencephaly- characterized by abnormal slits or clefts in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Plagiocephaly- characterized by an asymmetrical distoion (flattening of one side) of the skull. Brachycephaly- result of premature synostosis of both coronal sutures.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
elsevier biobase is a bibliographic database covering all topics pertaining to biological research throughout the world. it was established in the 1950s in print format as current awareness in biological sciences. temporal coverage is from 1994 to the present. the database has over 4. 1 million records as of december 2008. more than 300, 000 records are added annually and 84 % contain an abstract. it is updated weekly. coverage coverage of the biological sciences is derived from 1, 900 journals. subjects are indexed by titles, authors, abstracts, bibliographic details and authors'addresses. this database covers the following disciplines : access points access points on the internet are datastar, dialog, dimdi, and stn. former titles this database continues : international abstracts of biological sciences ( issn 0020 - 5818 ) it also continues in part : current advances in neuroscience ( issn 0741 - 1677 ) current advances in cell & developmental biology ( issn 0741 - 1626 ) references external links official website
|
an object database or object - oriented database is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object - oriented programming. object databases are different from relational databases which are table - oriented. a third type, objectrelational databases, is a hybrid of both approaches. object databases have been considered since the early 1980s. overview object - oriented database management systems ( oodbmss ) also called odbms ( object database management system ) combine database capabilities with object - oriented programming language capabilities. oodbmss allow object - oriented programmers to develop the product, store them as objects, and replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the oodbms. because the database is integrated with the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one environment, in that both the oodbms and the programming language will use the same model of representation. relational dbms projects, by way of contrast, maintain a clearer division between the database model and the application. as the usage of web - based technology increases with the implementation of intranets and extranets, companies have a vested interest in oodbmss to display their complex data. using a dbms that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer - aided design ( cad ). some object - oriented databases are designed to work well with object - oriented programming languages such as delphi, ruby, python
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
First enzyme to be raised in MI is ?
|
[
"CPK-MB",
"LDH",
"Myoglobin",
"Troponin-I"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Myoglobin
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
the serum metabolome database is a free web database about small molecule metabolites found in human serum and their concentration values. the database includes chemical data, clinical data and molecular / biochemistry data from literature and experiment. this database also references many other databases, such as kegg, pubchem, metacyc, chebi, pdb, swiss - prot, genbank, and human metabolome database ( hmdb ). the serum metabolome database is maintained by david s. wishart. the serum metabolome database protocol is available via its website. references external links official website
|
the protein data bank ( pdb ) is a database for the three - dimensional structural data of large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, which is overseen by the worldwide protein data bank ( wwpdb ). this structural data is obtained and deposited by biologists and biochemists worldwide through the use of experimental methodologies such as x - ray crystallography, nmr spectroscopy, and, increasingly, cryo - electron microscopy. all submitted data are reviewed by expert biocurators and, once approved, are made freely available on the internet under the cc0 public domain dedication. global access to the data is provided by the websites of the wwpdb member organizations ( pdbe, pdbj, rcsb pdb, and bmrb ). the pdb is a key in areas of structural biology, such as structural genomics. most major scientific journals and some funding agencies now require scientists to submit their structure data to the pdb. many other databases use protein structures deposited in the pdb. for example, scop and cath classify protein structures, while pdbsum provides a graphic overview of pdb entries using information from other sources, such as gene ontology. history two forces converged to initiate the pdb : a small but growing collection of sets of protein structure data determined by x - ray diffraction ; and the newly available ( 1968 ) molecular graphics display, the brookhaven raster display ( brad ), to visual
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
In vitro test for enterotoxin -
|
[
"Mac Conckey's culture",
"Blood agar culture",
"Rabbit ileal loop culture",
"None"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'd' i.e., None . MacConKey's and blood agar culture are not used for detection of enterotoxin. . Rabbit ileal loop culture is in vivo test (not in vitro)
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
the genomic epidemiological database for global identification of microorganisms or global microbial identifier is a platform for storing whole genome sequencing data of microorganisms, for the identification of relevant genes and for the comparison of genomes to detect and track - and - trace infectious disease outbreaks and emerging pathogens. the database holds two types of information : 1 ) genomic information of microorganisms, linked to, 2 ) metadata of those microorganism such as epidemiological details. the database includes all genera of microorganisms : bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. technology for genotyping of microorganisms for medical diagnosis, or other purposes, scientists may use a wide variety of dna profiling techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis or multilocus sequence typing. a complication of this broad variety of techniques is the difficulty to standardize between techniques, laboratories and microorganisms, which may be overcome using the complete dna code of the genome generated by whole genome sequencing. for straightforward diagnostic identification, the whole genome sequencing information of a microbiological sample is fed into a global genomic database and compared using blast procedures to the genomes already present in the database. in addition, whole genome sequencing data may be used to back calculate to the different pre - whole genome sequencing genotyping methods, so previous collected valuable information is not lost. for the global
|
the animal genome size database is a catalogue of published genome size estimates for vertebrate and invertebrate animals. it was created in 2001 by dr. t. ryan gregory of the university of guelph in canada. as of september 2005, the database contains data for over 4, 000 species of animals. a similar database, the plant dna c - values database ( c - value being analogous to genome size in diploid organisms ) was created by researchers at the royal botanic gardens, kew, in 1997. see also list of organisms by chromosome count references external links animal genome size database plant dna c - values database fungal genome size database cell size database
|
Substance which binds to substrate other than catalytic enzyme is ?
|
[
"Competitive inhibitor",
"Non-competitive inhibitor",
"Reversible inhibitor",
"None of the above"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Non-competitive inhibitor Non-competitive inhibitor In this type of inhibition no competition occurs between substrate and inhibitor. Inhibitor is structurally different from substrate and binds to enzyme at a site other than the substrate binding (catalytic) site. Occupancy of this site by the inhibitor alters the shape of the enzyme such that its catalytic activity is reduced or lost. The substrate is still able to bind the enzyme, but the enzyme cannot catalyze the reaction when inhibitor is bound. Thus, the non-competitive inhibitor does not block the active site of enzyme, but behaves as though it were removing active enzyme from the solution. Evidently, unlike competitive inhibition, increasing the substrate concentration does not reverse the inhibition. Non-competitive inhibition may be reversible or irreversible.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
non - b db is a database integrating annotations and analysis of non - b dna - forming sequence motifs. the database provides alternative dna structure predictions including z - dna motifs, quadruplex - forming motifs, inverted repeats, mirror repeats and direct repeats and their associated subsets of cruciforms, triplex and slipped structures, respectively. see also b - dna non - b dna references external links http : / / nonb. abcc. ncifcrf. gov.
|
bindingdb is a public, web - accessible database of measured binding affinities, focusing chiefly on the interactions of proteins considered to be candidate drug - targets with ligands that are small, drug - like molecules. as of march, 2011, bindingdb contains about 650, 000 binding data, for 5, 700 protein targets and 280, 000 small molecules. bindingdb also includes a small collection of hostguest binding data of interest to chemists studying supramolecular systems. the purpose of bindingdb is to support medicinal chemistry and drug discovery via literature awareness and development of structure - activity relations ( sar and qsar ) ; validation of computational chemistry and molecular modelling approaches such as docking, scoring and free energy methods ; chemical biology and chemical genomics ; and basic studies of the physical chemistry of molecular recognition. the data collection derives from a variety of measurement techniques, including enzyme inhibition and kinetics, isothermal titration calorimetry, nmr, and radioligand and competition assays. bindingdb includes data extracted from the scientific literature by the bindingdb project, selected pubchem confirmatory bioassays, and chembl entries for which a well - defined protein target ( " target _ type ='protein'" ) is provided. history and funding the bindingdb project was conceived in the mid - 1990s, based upon recognition of the broad value of quantitative affinity data and the inadequacy of journal articles as a means of making these data accessible. a
|
Professional misconduct -
|
[
"Association with non medical persons in medical procedures",
"Dichotomy",
"Issuing false ceificate",
"All of the above"
] |
Explanation:
Professional misconduct is any conduct of the doctor which might reasonably be regarded as disgraceful or dishonorable. Conduct is judged by professional men of good repute and competence. The doctor may get a warning notice and his name can be erased from Medical Register if guilty. These offenses include mnemonic 6 A's 1 D. Adultery, unlawful Aboion, Adveising, Association with unqualified persons in professional matters, Addiction, Alcohol, and Dichotomy or fee splitting. REF: Dr.K.S.Narayana Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 29th edition Pg.15.
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
disease or patient registries are collections of secondary data related to patients with a specific diagnosis, condition, or procedure, and they play an important role in post marketing surveillance of pharmaceuticals. registries are different from indexes in that they contain more extensive data. in its simplest form, a disease registry could consist of a collection of paper cards kept inside " a shoe box " by an individual physician. most frequently registries vary in sophistication from simple spreadsheets that only can be accessed by a small group of physicians to very complex databases that are accessed online across multiple institutions. they can provide health providers ( or even patients ) with reminders to check certain tests in order to reach certain quality goals. versus electronic medical records registries are less complex and simpler to set up than electronic medical records that according to a recent survey are only used by 9 % of small offices where almost half of the us doctors work. an electronic medical record keeps track of all the patients a doctor follows but a registry only keeps track of a small sub population of patients with a specific condition. types of medical conditions tracked more than 130 million americans live with chronic diseases and chronic diseases account for 70 % of all deaths in the us. " the medical care costs of people with chronic diseases account for more than 75 % of the nation's $ 2 trillion medical care costs. " registries target certain conditions because medical expenses are unevenly distributed : most health care expenses are spent treating patients with a few chronic conditions. for
|
the increasingly vast amount of patient data is a serious problem. often the patient data are complex and can be semi - structured or unstructured data.
|
real world data ( rwd ) in medicine is data derived from a number of sources that are associated with outcomes in a heterogeneous patient population in real - world settings, including but not limited to electronic health records, health insurance claims and patient surveys. while no universal definition of real world data exists, researchers typically understand rwd as distinct from data sourced from randomized clinical trials. real world data in healthcare real - world data refer to observational data as opposed to data gathered in an experimental setting such as a randomized controlled trial ( rct ). they are derived from electronic health records ( ehrs ), claims and billing activities, product and disease registries, etc. a systematic scoping review of the literature suggests data quality dimensions and methods with rwd is not consistent in the literature, and as a result quality assessments are challenging due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of these data. the sources of rwd are only rarely interoperable, as each hospital - maintained ehr system is, by design, secured for patient privacy. healthcare providers responsible for entering patient data into their ehr may agree to pooling that data with others, once it has been de - identified in accordance with privacy regulations such as hipaa or gdpr. the result is a larger, more heterogenous population for research, where trends and statistical associations may be more apparent. results from analysis on aggregated rwd can inform the design of clinical study protocols or advance post -
|
Statistical test used to relate two group values/ differences?
|
[
"Kruskal Wallis",
"Spearman correlation",
"Kendall tau",
"Chi square"
] |
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
database theory encapsulates a broad range of topics related to the study and research of the theoretical realm of databases and database management systems. theoretical aspects of data management include, among other areas, the foundations of query languages, computational complexity and expressive power of queries, finite model theory, database design theory, dependency theory, foundations of concurrency control and database recovery, deductive databases, temporal and spatial databases, real - time databases, managing uncertain data and probabilistic databases, and web data. most research work has traditionally been based on the relational model, since this model is usually considered the simplest and most foundational model of interest. corresponding results for other data models, such as object - oriented or semi - structured models, or, more recently, graph data models and xml, are often derivable from those for the relational model. database theory helps one to understand the complexity and power of query languages and their connection to logic. starting from relational algebra and first - order logic ( which are equivalent by codd's theorem ) and the insight that important queries such as graph reachability are not expressible in this language, more powerful language based on logic programming and fixpoint logic such as datalog were studied. the theory also explores foundations of query optimization and data integration. here most work studied conjunctive queries, which admit query optimization even under constraints using the chase algorithm. the main research conferences in the area are the acm symposium on principles of database systems ( pods
|
|
Pearl Index is a measure of :
|
[
"Potency of contraceptives",
"Feility rate",
"Potency of disinfectant",
"Couple protection rate"
] |
Explanation:
Potency of contraceptives
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. almost all methods are composed of steroid hormones, although in india one selective estrogen receptor modulator is marketed as a contraceptive. the original hormonal methodthe combined oral contraceptive pillwas first marketed as a contraceptive in 1960. in the ensuing decades, many other delivery methods have been developed, although the oral and injectable methods are by far the most popular. hormonal contraception is highly effective : when taken on the prescribed schedule, users of steroid hormone methods experience pregnancy rates of less than 1 % per year. perfect - use pregnancy rates for most hormonal contraceptives are usually around the 0. 3 % rate or less. currently available methods can only be used by women ; the development of a male hormonal contraceptive is an active research area. there are two main types of hormonal contraceptive formulations : combined methods which contain both an estrogen and a progestin, and progestogen - only methods which contain only progesterone or one of its synthetic analogues ( progestins ). combined methods work by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus ; while progestogen - only methods reduce the frequency of ovulation, most of them rely more heavily on changes in cervical mucus. the incidence of certain side effects is different for the different formulations : for example, breakthrough
|
a digital pill ( also known as a smart pill, or ingestible sensor ) is a pharmaceutical dosage form that contains an ingestible sensor inside of a pill. the sensor begins transmitting medical data after it is consumed. the technology that makes up the pill, as well as the data transmitted by the pill's sensor, are considered to be part of digital medicine. the purpose of the sensor is to determine whether the person is taking their medication or not ( called " compliance " ). there are privacy concerns with respect to who receives the data and what is done with it. such concerns, along with uncertain economic benefits, have made the broad introduction of digital pills in the healthcare practice challenging, despite accumulating body of clinical evidence indicating their efficacy and safety. overview the first emergence of a swallowable electronic device was in 1957, this device used radio frequency to transmit temperature and pressure readings. the field lay stagnant until technology caught up with invention in the 1990s. the first digital pill to be approved by the united states food and drug administration ( fda ), a version of aripiprazole ( abilify ) manufactured by otsuka pharmaceutical, was approved in november 2017. this digital pill's sensor, developed by proteus digital health, is activated by acid in the stomach, and generates an electrical signal that is picked up by a patch worn on the ribcage ; the patch in turn forwards information to a smartphone app. the drug is taken by people
|
the chemdb hiv, opportunistic infection and tuberculosis therapeutics database is a publicly available tool developed by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases to compile preclinical data on small molecules with potential therapeutic action against hiv / aids and related opportunistic infections. characteristics and content since 1989, the chemdb has been updated with information extracted from peer - reviewed published literature, conference proceedings and patents. data are compiled on compound structure, chemical properties, biological activity ( e. g. targeted protein, ic50, ec50, cytotoxicity, ti, ki, and or mic ), and reference details ( e. g. author, journal ). the chemdb web interface supports searching of biological, textual and chemical data using oracle text, the accelrys direct chemical search engine, and chemaxons marvin tools. these tools allow web users to search the database by comparing the degree of similarity or flexibility match to chemical structures that have either been uploaded or drawn. additional boolean searches can be combined with structure search to include other fields on interest, including target organism or lipinski score. in addition to the publicly available web interface, whole database downloads can be obtained by the scientific research community. the database is used frequently in peer - reviewed scientific research. opportunistic pathogens opportunistic pathogens included in this database are : siv fiv human cytomegalovirus ( hcmv ) epsteinbarr virus
|
Anxiety is
|
[
"Neurosis",
"Psychosis",
"Personality disorder",
"None"
] |
Explanation:
In ICD-10, neurosis, stress-related and somatoform disorders have been classified into the following types: Phobic anxiety disorders Other anxiety disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorders (Ref: a sho textbook of psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja,7th edition, pg no 89)
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
in database normalization, unnormalized form ( unf or 0nf ), also known as an unnormalized relation or non - first normal form ( n1nf or nf2 ), is a database data model ( organization of data in a database ) which does not meet any of the conditions of database normalization defined by the relational model. database systems which support unnormalized data are sometimes called non - relational or nosql databases. in the relational model, unnormalized relations can be considered the starting point for a process of normalization. " unnormalized form " should not be confused with denormalization, where normalization is deliberately compromised for selected tables in a relational database. history in 1970, e. f. codd proposed the relational data model, now widely accepted as the standard data model. at that time, office automation was the major use of data storage systems, which resulted in the proposal of many unf / nf2 data models like the schek model, jaeschke models ( non - recursive and recursive algebra ), and the nested table data model ( ntd ). ibm organized the first international workshop exclusively on this topic in 1987 which was held in darmstadt, germany. moreover, a lot of research has been done and journals have been published to address the shortcomings of the relational model. since the turn of the millennium, nosql databases have become
|
non - b db is a database integrating annotations and analysis of non - b dna - forming sequence motifs. the database provides alternative dna structure predictions including z - dna motifs, quadruplex - forming motifs, inverted repeats, mirror repeats and direct repeats and their associated subsets of cruciforms, triplex and slipped structures, respectively. see also b - dna non - b dna references external links http : / / nonb. abcc. ncifcrf. gov.
|
The natural history of disease is best established by:
|
[
"Randomized control trials",
"Clinical trials",
"Descriptive studies",
"Coho studies"
] |
Explanation:
The Natural history of disease is best established by coho studies. COHO STUDY: Forward looking study Prospective study Cause to effect study Risk factor to disease study Exposure to outcome study Follow-up study Incidence study
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
to determine the effectiveness of a particular drug in treating a specific type of cancer, we will conduct a meta - analysis of the data from various clinical trials. a meta - analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to provide a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the drug's effectiveness. step 1 : literature search and data collection first, we will perform a comprehensive literature search to identify all relevant clinical trials that have investigated the effectiveness of the drug in treating the specific type of cancer. we will search databases such as pubmed, web of science, and cochrane library, using keywords related to the drug and cancer type. we will also review the reference lists of the identified studies to find additional relevant trials. step 2 : inclusion and exclusion criteria we will establish inclusion and exclusion criteria to select the most relevant and high - quality studies for our meta - analysis. the criteria may include : - randomized controlled trials ( rcts ) comparing the drug to a placebo or another treatment - studies with a clear definition of the cancer type and stage - studies reporting the primary outcome of interest ( e. g., overall survival, progression - free survival, or response rate ) - studies with a minimum sample size and follow - up duration step 3 : data extraction and quality assessment we will extract the following data from the selected studies : - study characteristics ( e. g., authors, publication year, country, sample size ) - patient characteristics ( e. g., age, gender,
|
real world data ( rwd ) in medicine is data derived from a number of sources that are associated with outcomes in a heterogeneous patient population in real - world settings, including but not limited to electronic health records, health insurance claims and patient surveys. while no universal definition of real world data exists, researchers typically understand rwd as distinct from data sourced from randomized clinical trials. real world data in healthcare real - world data refer to observational data as opposed to data gathered in an experimental setting such as a randomized controlled trial ( rct ). they are derived from electronic health records ( ehrs ), claims and billing activities, product and disease registries, etc. a systematic scoping review of the literature suggests data quality dimensions and methods with rwd is not consistent in the literature, and as a result quality assessments are challenging due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of these data. the sources of rwd are only rarely interoperable, as each hospital - maintained ehr system is, by design, secured for patient privacy. healthcare providers responsible for entering patient data into their ehr may agree to pooling that data with others, once it has been de - identified in accordance with privacy regulations such as hipaa or gdpr. the result is a larger, more heterogenous population for research, where trends and statistical associations may be more apparent. results from analysis on aggregated rwd can inform the design of clinical study protocols or advance post -
|
Common injury to baby is:
|
[
"Fracture humerus",
"Fracture clavicle",
"Fracture",
"Fracture femur"
] |
Explanation:
B i.e. Clavicle
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
the hospital records database is a database provided by the wellcome trust and uk national archives which provides information on the existence and location of the records of uk hospitals. this includes the location and dates of administrative and clinical records, the existence of catalogues, and links to some online hospital catalogues. the website was proposed as a resource of the month by the royal society of medicine in 2009 references external links hospital records database smart clinics
|
a crystallographic database is a database specifically designed to store information about the structure of molecules and crystals. crystals are solids having, in all three dimensions of space, a regularly repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules. they are characterized by symmetry, morphology, and directionally dependent physical properties. a crystal structure describes the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal. ( molecules need to crystallize into solids so that their regularly repeating arrangements can be taken advantage of in x - ray, neutron, and electron diffraction based crystallography ). crystal structures of crystalline material are typically determined from x - ray or neutron single - crystal diffraction data and stored in crystal structure databases. they are routinely identified by comparing reflection intensities and lattice spacings from x - ray powder diffraction data with entries in powder - diffraction fingerprinting databases. crystal structures of nanometer sized crystalline samples can be determined via structure factor amplitude information from single - crystal electron diffraction data or structure factor amplitude and phase angle information from fourier transforms of hrtem images of crystallites. they are stored in crystal structure databases specializing in nanocrystals and can be identified by comparing zone axis subsets in lattice - fringe fingerprint plots with entries in a lattice - fringe fingerprinting database. crystallographic databases differ in access and usage rights and offer varying degrees of search and analysis capacity. many provide structure visualization capabilities. they can be browser based or
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
A 55-year-old known smoker for 25 years presents with a low pitched voice. Endoscopy shows a mass limited to the vocal cord on the left. A biopsy is suggestive of laryngeal cancer type T1N0. Treatment of choice would be -
|
[
"Vertical partial hemilaryngectomy",
"Radiotherapy",
"Chemotherapy",
"Total laryngectomy with cervical lymph node dis section"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Radiotherapy Treatment of glottic cancero Stage-dependent treatment include:-i) Carcinoma in situ (CIN):- Best treated by transoral endoscopic CO2 laser. If the laser is not available stripping of vocal cord is done and the tissue is sent for biopsy. If the biopsy shows invasive carcinoma, radiotherapy is given otherwise regular follow up is done?ii) T1 carcinoma:- Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. Surgery is used only after they recur.# T1 carcinoma with extension to anterior commissure:- The treatment of choice is radiotherapy. If it is unavailable, frontolateral partial laryngectomy is done with regular follow up. If it fails, total laryngectomy is performed.# T1 Ca with extension to arytenoid:- Treatment is same as above but surgery is preferrediii) T2 carcinoma:- Treatment depends on- i) Mobility of vocal cords, and ii) Involvement of anterior commissure and/or arytenoid:a) If the mobility of the cord is not impaired (cord is mobile) and anterior commissure and/or arytenoid not involved.# Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. In case of recurrence total laryngectomy or partial vertical laryngectomy is doneb) If the mobility of cord is impaired or anterior commissure and/or arytenoid involved:- Voice preserving conservative surgery such as vertical hemilaryngectomy or frontolateral laryngectomy is done. Total laryngectomy is done if there is recurrence on follow up.iv) T3 and T4 carcinoma:- Total laryngectomy is the treatment of choice; combined with neck dissection if the nodes are palpable. More advanced lesions are treated by combined therapy, i.e., surgery with postoperative radiotherapy.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
radiation therapy or radiotherapy ( rt, rtx, or xrt ) is a treatment using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer therapy to either kill or control the growth of malignant cells. it is normally delivered by a linear particle accelerator. radiation therapy may be curative in a number of types of cancer if they are localized to one area of the body, and have not spread to other parts. it may also be used as part of adjuvant therapy, to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery to remove a primary malignant tumor ( for example, early stages of breast cancer ). radiation therapy is synergistic with chemotherapy, and has been used before, during, and after chemotherapy in susceptible cancers. the subspecialty of oncology concerned with radiotherapy is called radiation oncology. a physician who practices in this subspecialty is a radiation oncologist. radiation therapy is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor because of its ability to control cell growth. ionizing radiation works by damaging the dna of cancerous tissue leading to cellular death. to spare normal tissues ( such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through to treat the tumor ), shaped radiation beams are aimed from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding healthy tissue. besides the tumor itself, the radiation fields may also include the draining lymph nodes if they are clinically or radiologically involved with the tumor
|
the central brain tumor registry of the united states ( cbtrus ) is the primary national database of malignant and benign tumors of the brain, " other central nervous system ( cns ), tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity, and brain lymphoma and leukemia. " a non - profit, it was established in 1992. external links official website = = references = =
|
stereotactic surgery is a minimally invasive form of surgical intervention that makes use of a three - dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation, biopsy, lesion, injection, stimulation, implantation, radiosurgery ( srs ), etc. in theory, any organ system inside the body can be subjected to stereotactic surgery. however, difficulties in setting up a reliable frame of reference ( such as bone landmarks, which bear a constant spatial relation to soft tissues ) mean that its applications have been, traditionally and until recently, limited to brain surgery. besides the brain, biopsy and surgery of the breast are done routinely to locate, sample ( biopsy ), and remove tissue. plain x - ray images ( radiographic mammography ), computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to guide the procedure. another accepted form of " stereotactic " is " stereotaxic ". the word roots are stereo -, a prefix derived from the greek word ( stereos, " solid " ), and - taxis ( a suffix of neo - latin and isv, derived from greek taxis, " arrangement ", " order ", from tassein, " to arrange " ). uses the surgery is used to treat various brain cancers, benign, and functional disorders of the brain. this is sometimes combined with whole brain radiotherapy, and a 2021 systematic review found this combination led
|
Miyagawa body is characteristically seen in
|
[
"Kala azar",
"Syphilis",
"Granuloma inguinale",
"LGV"
] |
Explanation:
(D) LGV # MIYAGAWA BODIES:> Chlamydia trachomatis (Miyagawa Nella lymphogranulomatosis), the elementary bodies that develop in the intracytoplasmic mi- crocolonies of Lymphogranuloma Venereum.> Lab diagnosis of LGV (Lymphogranuloma Venereum):> The primary lesion usually goes unnoticed and the disease is seen commonly first in the stage of inguinal adenitis (bubo).> Smears of material aspirated from the buboes may show the elementary bodies (Miyazawa's granular corpuscles).> The sensitivity of microscopic diagnosis is very low.> Isolation of the chlamydia by intracerebral inoculation into mice and into yolk sac of eggs has been replaced by cell cultures.> LGV patients develop high titres of circulating antibodies, with titres of 1:64 or more in CF test and 1:512 or more in micr - IF.> Serological diagnosis is therefore feasible. An intradermal test originally described by Frei in 1825 was commonly used formerly.
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
the eukaryotic pathogen vector and host database, or veupathdb, is a database of genomics and experimental data related to various eukaryotic pathogens. it was established in 2006 under a national institutes of health program to create bioinformatics resource centers to facilitate research on pathogens that may pose biodefense threats. veupathdb stores data related to its organisms of interest and provides tools for searching through and analyzing the data. it currently consists of 14 component databases, each dedicated to a certain research topic. veupathdb includes : genomics resources covering eukaryotic protozoan parasites host responses to parasite infection ( hostdb ) orthologs ( orthomcl ) clinical study data ( clinepidb ) microbiome data ( microbiomedb ) history veupathdb was established under the nih bioinformatics resource centers program as apidb, a resource meant to cover apicomplexan parasites. apidb originally consisted of component sites cryptodb ( for cryptosporidium ), plasmodb ( for plasmodium ), and toxodb ( for toxoplasma gondii ). as apidb grew to focus on eukaryotic pathogens beyond apicomplexans, the name was changed to eupathdb to support its broadened scope. eupathdb was the result of collaboration between many different parasitologists, including david roos,
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
the genomic epidemiological database for global identification of microorganisms or global microbial identifier is a platform for storing whole genome sequencing data of microorganisms, for the identification of relevant genes and for the comparison of genomes to detect and track - and - trace infectious disease outbreaks and emerging pathogens. the database holds two types of information : 1 ) genomic information of microorganisms, linked to, 2 ) metadata of those microorganism such as epidemiological details. the database includes all genera of microorganisms : bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. technology for genotyping of microorganisms for medical diagnosis, or other purposes, scientists may use a wide variety of dna profiling techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis or multilocus sequence typing. a complication of this broad variety of techniques is the difficulty to standardize between techniques, laboratories and microorganisms, which may be overcome using the complete dna code of the genome generated by whole genome sequencing. for straightforward diagnostic identification, the whole genome sequencing information of a microbiological sample is fed into a global genomic database and compared using blast procedures to the genomes already present in the database. in addition, whole genome sequencing data may be used to back calculate to the different pre - whole genome sequencing genotyping methods, so previous collected valuable information is not lost. for the global
|
An asthmatic patient is taken into the OT for removal of a tumor from colon. Which of the following anaesthetic agent is preferred in this patient?
|
[
"Ether",
"Ketamine",
"TCE",
"N20"
] |
Explanation:
Ventilatory drive is minimally affected by induction doses of ketamine, although rapid intravenous bolus administration or combinations of ketamine with opioids occasionally produce apnea. Racemic ketamine is a potent bronchodilator, making it a good induction agent for asthmatic patients. Ref: Butterwoh IV J.F., Mackey D.C., Wasnick J.D. (2013). Chapter 9. Intravenous Anesthetics. In J.F. Butterwoh IV, D.C. Mackey, J.D. Wasnick (Eds), Morgan&Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology, 5e.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
Initiation of visual impulse is associated with:
|
[
"Condensation of opsin with vitamin A aldehyde",
"Photoisomerization and hydrolysis of visual purple",
"INADP",
"I NAD"
] |
Explanation:
When light falls on rhodopsin, it is absorbed by rhodopsin causing isomerization of the retinaldehyde from 11-cis to all-trans form, and a conformational change in opsin. This results in the release of retinaldehyde from the protein, and the initiation of a nerve impulse. The final step is hydrolysis to release all-trans-retinaldehyde and opsin. Ref: Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 28th Edition, Page 44
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
protein + nad + → protein + adp - ribose + nicotinamide ( catalyzed by parp1 )
|
once bound to protein the excitation wavelength is 381 nm ( near ultraviolet ) and the emission wavelength is 470 nm ( blue ). this method is found to suffer from high blanks resulting from a high rate of hydrolysis due to requiring a large excess concentration. alternative methods are based on ortho - phthalaldehyde ( opa ), ellman's reagent ( dtnb ), or epicocconone.
|
carotenoid oxygenases are a family of enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids to produce, for example, retinol, commonly known as vitamin a. this family includes an enzyme known as rpe65 which is abundantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium where it catalyzed the formation of 11 - cis - retinol from all - trans - retinyl esters. carotenoids such as beta - carotene, lycopene, lutein and beta - cryptoxanthin are produced in plants and certain bacteria, algae and fungi, where they function as accessory photosynthetic pigments and as scavengers of oxygen radicals for photoprotection. they are also essential dietary nutrients in animals. carotenoid oxygenases cleave a variety of carotenoids into a range of biologically important products, including apocarotenoids in plants that function as hormones, pigments, flavours, floral scents and defence compounds, and retinoids in animals that function as vitamins, chromophores for opsins and signalling molecules. examples of carotenoid oxygenases include : beta - carotene 15, 15'- monooxygenase ( bco1 ; ec 1. 14. 99. 36 ) from animals, which cleaves beta - carotene symmetrically at the central double bond to yield two molecules of re
|
The angle of divergence in the preparation of cast-metal intracoronal restorations:
|
[
"2-5 degrees per wall",
"2-5 degrees",
"10-15 degrees per wall",
"12 degrees per wall"
] |
Explanation:
Cast-metal intracoronal restorations, referred to as inlay restorations, rely on diverging vertical walls that are almost parallel and a luting cement to provide retention of the casting in the tooth . During the initial tooth preparation, the preparation walls are designed not only to provide for draw (for the casting to be placed into the tooth) but also to provide for an appropriate small angle of divergence (2–5 degrees per wall) from the line of draw (to enable retention of the luted restoration). The path of draw is usually designed to be perpendicular to the horizontal features of the preparation.
Reference: Sturdevant operative dentistry. 7th edition pg no 128
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
the r - value is a measure of how well a two - dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the conductive flow of heat, in the context of construction. r - value is the temperature difference per unit of heat flux needed to sustain one unit of heat flux between the warmer surface and colder surface of a barrier under steady - state conditions. the measure is therefore equally relevant for lowering energy bills for heating in the winter, for cooling in the summer, and for general comfort. the r - value is the building industry term for thermal resistance " per unit area. " it is sometimes denoted rsi - value if the si units are used. an r - value can be given for a material ( e. g., for polyethylene foam ), or for an assembly of materials ( e. g., a wall or a window ). in the case of materials, it is often expressed in terms of r - value per metre. r - values are additive for layers of materials, and the higher the r - value the better the performance. the u - factor or u - value is the overall heat transfer coefficient and can be found by taking the inverse of the r - value. it is a property that describes how well building elements conduct heat per unit area across a temperature gradient. the elements are commonly assemblies of many layers of materials, such as those that make up the building envelope. it is expressed in
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
for many practical purposes, a degree is a small enough angle that whole degrees provide sufficient precision. when this is not the case, as in astronomy or for geographic coordinates ( latitude and longitude ), degree measurements may be written using decimal degrees ( dd notation ) ; for example, 40. 1875°. alternatively, the traditional sexagesimal unit subdivisions can be used : one degree is divided into 60 minutes ( of arc ), and one minute into 60 seconds ( of arc ). use of degrees - minutes - seconds is also called dms notation.
|
The membranous pa of the atrio ventricular pa of interventricular septum is between?
|
[
"RA & LV",
"LV & RV",
"RA & RV",
"LA & LV"
] |
Explanation:
A i.e. RA & LV
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
a relational database ( rdb ) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by e. f. codd in 1970. a relational database management system ( rdbms ) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns. many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using sql ( structured query language ) for querying and updating the database. history the concept of relational database was defined by e. f. codd at ibm in 1970. codd introduced the term relational in his research paper " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". in this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relation. one well - known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of codd's 12 rules. however, no commercial implementations of the relational model conform to all of codd's rules, so the term has gradually come to describe a broader class of database systems, which at a minimum : present the data to the user as relations ( a presentation in tabular form, i. e. as a collection of tables with each table consisting of a set of rows and columns ) ; provide relational operators to manipulate the data in tabular form. in 1974, ibm began developing system r, a research project to develop a prototype rdbms. the first system sold as an rdbms was multics relational data store ( june 1976 ). oracle was released in 1979 by
|
structured query language ( sql ) ( pronounced s - q - l ; or alternatively as " sequel " ) is a domain - specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system ( rdbms ). it is particularly useful in handling structured data, i. e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables. introduced in the 1970s, sql offered two main advantages over older readwrite apis such as isam or vsam. firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command. secondly, it eliminates the need to specify how to reach a record, i. e., with or without an index. originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, sql consists of many types of statements, which may be informally classed as sublanguages, commonly : data query language ( dql ), data definition language ( ddl ), data control language ( dcl ), and data manipulation language ( dml ). the scope of sql includes data query, data manipulation ( insert, update, and delete ), data definition ( schema creation and modification ), and data access control. although sql is essentially a declarative language ( 4gl ), it also includes procedural elements. sql was one of the first commercial languages to use edgar f. codd's relational model. the model was described in his influential 1970 paper, " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". despite not entirely ad
|
Larva found in muscle is :
|
[
"Trichinella spiralis",
"Ankylostoma duodenale",
"Trichuris trichura",
"Enterobius vermicularis"
] |
Explanation:
Ans is 'a' i.e. Trichinella SpiralisIn Trichinella spiralis -Infection occurs after - ingestion of encysted larva in pork meat. After ingestion cysts travel to small intestine where larva leaves the cyst and mature into mating adults.Following mating female produce thousands of larvae. The larvae then enters blood stream and spread to organs and skeletal muscle. The larvae then become encysted in skeletal muscle where they may last for decades.In Ankylostoma DuodenaleInfection occurs by penetration of larvae through skinLarvae goes into the lung, coughed up, swallowed and goes into the intestine where it matures.There is no stage where larvae goes to muscles.In Trichuris trichuria & Enterobius Vermicularisthere is no tissue invasion at any stage of life cycle in man.Infection occurs by ingestion of eggs through contaminated food. The eggs hatch in GIT and migrate to caecum and ascending large intestine where they mature.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
wormbase is an online biological database about the biology and genome of the nematode model organism caenorhabditis elegans and contains information about other related nematodes. wormbase is used by the c. elegans research community both as an information resource and as a place to publish and distribute their results. the database is regularly updated with new versions being released every two months. wormbase is one of the organizations participating in the generic model organism database ( gmod ) project. it is also part of the alliance of genome resources. contents wormbase comprises the following main data sets : the annotated genomes of caenorhabditis elegans, caenorhabditis briggsae, caenorhabditis remanei, caenorhabditis brenneri, caenorhabditis angaria, pristionchus pacificus, haemonchus contortus, meloidogyne hapla, meloidogyne incognita, brugia malayi and onchocerca volvulus ; hand - curated annotations describing the function of ~ 20, 500 c. elegans protein - coding genes and ~ 16, 000 c. elegans non - coding genes ; gene families ; orthologies ; genomic transcription factor binding sites comprehensive information on mutant alleles and their phenotypes ; whole - genome rnai ( rna interference ) screens ; genetic maps,
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
in bioinformatics, the ciliate mds / ies database is a biological database of spirotrich genes. see also spirotrich references external links http : / / oxytricha. princeton. edu / dimorphism / database. htm.
|
Frisch bacillus affects most commonly
|
[
"Mouth",
"Nose",
"Eye",
"Ear"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nose
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
computational audiology is a branch of audiology that employs techniques from mathematics and computer science to improve clinical treatments and scientific understanding of the auditory system. computational audiology is closely related to computational medicine, which uses quantitative models to develop improved methods for general disease diagnosis and treatment. overview in contrast to traditional methods in audiology and hearing science research, computational audiology emphasizes predictive modeling and large - scale analytics ( " big data " ) rather than inferential statistics and small - cohort hypothesis testing. the aim of computational audiology is to translate advances in hearing science, data science, information technology, and machine learning to clinical audiological care. research to understand hearing function and auditory processing in humans as well as relevant animal species represents translatable work that supports this aim. research and development to implement more effective diagnostics and treatments represent translational work that supports this aim. for people with hearing difficulties, tinnitus, hyperacusis, or balance problems, these advances might lead to more precise diagnoses, novel therapies, and advanced rehabilitation options including smart prostheses and e - health / mhealth apps. for care providers, it can provide actionable knowledge and tools for automating part of the clinical pathway. the field is interdisciplinary and includes foundations in audiology, auditory neuroscience, computer science, data science, machine learning, psychology, signal processing, natural language processing, otology and vestibulology. applications in computational audiology, models and
|
Common pathological changes seen in the kidney in benign hypeension are-
|
[
"Fibronoid necrosis",
"Microaneurysm",
"Hyaline aeriosclerosis",
"Thining of walls"
] |
Explanation:
Microscopically there is a narrowing of the lumens of the aerioles and small aeries, caused by thickening and hyalinization of the walls (hyaline aeriolosclerosis). In addition, interlobular and arcuate aeries show medial hyperophy, replication of internal elastic lamina, all of which narrow the lumen. Parenchymal changes: As a consequence of ischemia, there is a variable degree of atrophy of parenchyma. This includes glomerular shrinkage, eposition of collagen in Bowman's space, periglomerular fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and fine interstitial fibrosis. From Textbook of pathology Harsh Mohan 7th edition, pg no:678, Pathologic basis of disease Robbins South Asian edition(9), pg no:938,939
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
in bioinformatics, the ciliate mds / ies database is a biological database of spirotrich genes. see also spirotrich references external links http : / / oxytricha. princeton. edu / dimorphism / database. htm.
|
Following is true of pyonephrosis except:
|
[
"Commonly associated with renal calculi",
"Always unilateral",
"Is a complication of hydronephrosis",
"Follows acute pyelonephritis"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. (b) Always unilateralRef: Smith 17th Edition, Pages 204-206# In pyonephrosis kidney is a bag of pus.# Most common cause is stones followed by Infected hydronephrosis and acute pyelonephritis# Mostly unilateral but can be bilateral also# Percutaneous nephrostomy is the initial treatment# Subcapsular nephrectomy is needed sometimes.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
urolithiasis refers to stones originating anywhere in the urinary system, including the kidneys and bladder. nephrolithiasis refers to the presence of such stones in the kidneys. calyceal calculi are aggregations in either the minor or major calyx, parts of the kidney that pass urine into the ureter ( the tube connecting the kidneys to the urinary bladder ). the condition is called ureterolithiasis when a calculus is located in the ureter. stones may also form or pass into the bladder, a condition referred to as bladder stones.
|
crystallopathy is a harmful state or disease associated with the formation and aggregation of crystals in tissues or cavities, or in other words, a heterogeneous group of diseases caused by intrinsic or environmental microparticles or crystals, promoting tissue inflammation and scarring. composition crystallopathies can be associated with four main kinds of crystalline structures : liquid non - aggregating crystal solutions, amorphous nano - scale solid particles, crystalline micro - scale solid particles, and polycrystalline larger solid structures. they can be composed of various minerals, metabolites, proteins, and microparticles, including the following : location in principle, crystal formation can happen anywhere in the body. well - known places are excretory organs where concentrations get high easily, like in the biliary and urinary tracts, but crystalline structures are also formed in intracellular and extracellular spaces of tissues, like within the arterial wall in atherosclerosis. for example, mechanical obstruction by mineral stones causes nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, docholithiasis, and sialolithiasis, and acute inflammation caused by crystals in joints causes gout and pseudogout. renal diseases are also common in crystallopathies, including : mechanisms local supersaturation is a common trigger of crystallization, and when the nucleus of the crystalline structure
|
diseases of the urinary system include kidney stones and urinary tract infections. untreated diabetes may cause kidney failure and the need for hemodialysis or a kidney transplant.
|
Which of the following is the most common complication of asymptomatic atrial fibrillation?
|
[
"Sudden death",
"Stroke",
"Shock",
"Pulmonary Embolism"
] |
Explanation:
In choosing to treat a patient who has atrial fibrillation with oral anticoagulants, the balance of risks and benefits needs to be considered. Assessment of patients for these risk factors can be used to decide who should be treated with warfarin. There is a fourfold increase in the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. CHADS2 is a modified stroke risk classification that integrates the above schemes. Congestive hea failure (C), hypeension (H), age greater than 75 years (A) and diabetes (D) are each assigned one point. Patients with previous stroke (S) are assigned two points. The CHADS2 risk assessment assists in determining the approach to antithrombotic treatment Anticoagulants are the treatment of choice in patients with atrial fibrillation and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Ref: 1. Taylor R.D., Asinger R.W. (2009). Chapter 29. Long-Term Anticoagulation for Cardiac Conditions. In M.H. Crawford (Ed), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Cardiology, 3e. 2. Easton JD et al. Apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: A subgroup analysis of the ARISTOTLE trial. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:503.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
the serum metabolome database is a free web database about small molecule metabolites found in human serum and their concentration values. the database includes chemical data, clinical data and molecular / biochemistry data from literature and experiment. this database also references many other databases, such as kegg, pubchem, metacyc, chebi, pdb, swiss - prot, genbank, and human metabolome database ( hmdb ). the serum metabolome database is maintained by david s. wishart. the serum metabolome database protocol is available via its website. references external links official website
|
Anterior compartment of leg contains all muscle except -
|
[
"Peroneus brevis",
"Peroneus tertius",
"Extensor hallucis longus",
"Tibialis anterior"
] |
Explanation:
Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis are present in lateral compartment of leg.
Peroneus tertius, tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus are present in anterior compartment of leg.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
a taxonomic database is a database created to hold information on biological taxa for example groups of organisms organized by species name or other taxonomic identifier for efficient data management and information retrieval. taxonomic databases are routinely used for the automated construction of biological checklists such as floras and faunas, both for print publication and online ; to underpin the operation of web - based species information systems ; as a part of biological collection management ( for example in museums and herbaria ) ; as well as providing, in some cases, the taxon management component of broader science or biology information systems. they are also a fundamental contribution to the discipline of biodiversity informatics. goals taxonomic databases digitize scientific biodiversity data and provide access to taxonomic data for research. taxonomic databases vary in breadth of the groups of taxa and geographical space they seek to include, for example : beetles in a defined region, mammals globally, or all described taxa in the tree of life. a taxonomic database may incorporate organism identifiers ( scientific name, author, and for zoological taxa year of original publication ), synonyms, taxonomic opinions, literature sources or citations, illustrations or photographs, and biological attributes for each taxon ( such as geographic distribution, ecology, descriptive information, threatened or vulnerable status, etc. ). some databases, such as the global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) database and the barcode of life data system, store the dna barcode of a taxon if one exists ( also called the barcode index number ( bin ) which may
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
phylomedb is a public biological database for complete catalogs of gene phylogenies ( phylomes ). it allows users to interactively explore the evolutionary history of genes through the visualization of phylogenetic trees and multiple sequence alignments. moreover, phylomedb provides genome - wide orthology and paralogy predictions which are based on the analysis of the phylogenetic trees. the automated pipeline used to reconstruct trees aims at providing a high - quality phylogenetic analysis of different genomes, including maximum likelihood tree inference, alignment trimming and evolutionary model testing. phylomedb includes also a public download section with the complete set of trees, alignments and orthology predictions, as well as a web api that facilitates cross linking trees from external sources. finally, phylomedb provides an advanced tree visualization interface based on the ete toolkit, which integrates tree topologies, taxonomic information, domain mapping and alignment visualization in a single and interactive tree image. new steps on phylomedb the tree searching engine of phylomedb was updated to provide a gene - centric view of all phylomedb resources. thus, after a protein or gene search, all the available trees in phylomedb are listed and organized by phylome and tree type. users can switch among all available seed and collateral trees without missing the focus on the searched protein or gene. in phylomedb v4 all the information available for each tree
|
Nevirapine belongs to: September 2010, March 2013
|
[
"Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor",
"Protease inhibitor",
"Non Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor",
"None of the above"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. C: Non Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNI) used to treat HIV-1 infection and AIDS
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
non - b db is a database integrating annotations and analysis of non - b dna - forming sequence motifs. the database provides alternative dna structure predictions including z - dna motifs, quadruplex - forming motifs, inverted repeats, mirror repeats and direct repeats and their associated subsets of cruciforms, triplex and slipped structures, respectively. see also b - dna non - b dna references external links http : / / nonb. abcc. ncifcrf. gov.
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
A patient presenting with tense bullae on erythematous base. On histopathological examination following can be seen?
|
[
"Subcorneal split",
"Sub epidermal split",
"Fishnet pattern",
"Raw of tomb stones appearance"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Sub epidermal split * Tense bullae on erythematous base on erythematous base are characteristic presentation of bullous pemphigoid. Bullous pemphigoid is a sub epidermal blistering disorder.* Characteristic histopathological finding of BP is sub epidermal split with relatively normal epidermis and mixed inflammatory infiltrate consisting of numerous eosinophils, mononuclear cells and few neutrophills.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
a crystallographic database is a database specifically designed to store information about the structure of molecules and crystals. crystals are solids having, in all three dimensions of space, a regularly repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules. they are characterized by symmetry, morphology, and directionally dependent physical properties. a crystal structure describes the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal. ( molecules need to crystallize into solids so that their regularly repeating arrangements can be taken advantage of in x - ray, neutron, and electron diffraction based crystallography ). crystal structures of crystalline material are typically determined from x - ray or neutron single - crystal diffraction data and stored in crystal structure databases. they are routinely identified by comparing reflection intensities and lattice spacings from x - ray powder diffraction data with entries in powder - diffraction fingerprinting databases. crystal structures of nanometer sized crystalline samples can be determined via structure factor amplitude information from single - crystal electron diffraction data or structure factor amplitude and phase angle information from fourier transforms of hrtem images of crystallites. they are stored in crystal structure databases specializing in nanocrystals and can be identified by comparing zone axis subsets in lattice - fringe fingerprint plots with entries in a lattice - fringe fingerprinting database. crystallographic databases differ in access and usage rights and offer varying degrees of search and analysis capacity. many provide structure visualization capabilities. they can be browser based or
|
surface patterns.
|
metpetdb is a relational database and repository for global geochemical data on and images collected from metamorphic rocks from the earth's crust. metpetdb is designed and built by a global community of metamorphic petrologists in collaboration with computer scientists at rensselaer polytechnic institute as part of the national cyberinfrastructure initiative and supported by the national science foundation. metpetdb is unique in that it incorporates image data collected by a variety of techniques, e. g. photomicrographs, backscattered electron images ( sem ), and x - ray maps collected by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy or energy dispersive spectroscopy. purpose metpetdb was built for the purpose of archiving published data and for storing new data for ready access to researchers and students in the petrologic community. this database facilitates the gathering of information for researchers beginning new projects and permits browsing and searching for data relating to anywhere on the globe. metpetdb provides a platform for collaborative studies among researchers anywhere on the planet, serves as a portal for students beginning their studies of metamorphic geology, and acts as a repository of vast quantities of data being collected by researchers globally. design the basic structure of metpetdb is based on a geologic sample and derivative subsamples. geochemical data are linked to subsamples and the minerals within them, while image data can relate to samples or subsamples. metpetdb is designed to store the distinct spatial / textural context
|
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
|
[
"Auer rods",
"Basophilia",
"Increased LAP score",
"Bone marrow fibrosis"
] |
Explanation:
Characteristic features of CML are massive splenomegaly, hyperleucocytosis, peripheral blood Basophilia & Philadelphia Chromosome/ t(9;22).
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
edas was a database of alternatively spliced human genes. it doesn't seem to exist anymore. see also aspicdb database references external links http : / / www. gene - bee. msu. ru / edas /.
|
Highest calcium Concentration is present in
|
[
"Dates",
"Guava",
"Amla",
"Halibut Liver oil"
] |
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
dr. duke's phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases is an online database developed by james a. duke at the usda. the databases report species, phytochemicals, and biological activity, as well as ethnobotanical uses. the current phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases facilitate plant, chemical, bioactivity, and ethnobotany searches. a large number of plants and their chemical profiles are covered, and data are structured to support browsing and searching in several user - focused ways. for example, users can get a list of chemicals and activities for a specific plant of interest, using either its scientific or common name download a list of chemicals and their known activities in pdf or spreadsheet form find plants with chemicals known for a specific biological activity display a list of chemicals with their ld toxicity data find plants with potential cancer - preventing activity display a list of plants for a given ethnobotanical use find out which plants have the highest levels of a specific chemical references to the supporting scientific publications are provided for each specific result. also included are links to nutritional databases, plants and cancer treatments and other plant - related databases. the content of the database is licensed under the creative commons cc0 public domain. external links dr. duke's phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases references ( dataset ) u. s. department of agriculture, agricultural research service. 1992 - 2016
|
a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
|
Which of the following is height independent index -
|
[
"Ponderal",
"Brocas",
"Corpulence",
"Lorent'z"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Corpulence index Different indices use to determine obesity are:A. Body mass index/Qnetelet's index - FAO/WHO recommends it's use internationally as reference standard for assessing the prevalence of obesity in a community .
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
a relational database ( rdb ) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by e. f. codd in 1970. a relational database management system ( rdbms ) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns. many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using sql ( structured query language ) for querying and updating the database. history the concept of relational database was defined by e. f. codd at ibm in 1970. codd introduced the term relational in his research paper " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". in this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relation. one well - known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of codd's 12 rules. however, no commercial implementations of the relational model conform to all of codd's rules, so the term has gradually come to describe a broader class of database systems, which at a minimum : present the data to the user as relations ( a presentation in tabular form, i. e. as a collection of tables with each table consisting of a set of rows and columns ) ; provide relational operators to manipulate the data in tabular form. in 1974, ibm began developing system r, a research project to develop a prototype rdbms. the first system sold as an rdbms was multics relational data store ( june 1976 ). oracle was released in 1979 by
|
a graph database ( gdb ) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. a key concept of the system is the graph ( or edge or relationship ). the graph relates the data items in the store to a collection of nodes and edges, the edges representing the relationships between the nodes. the relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly and, in many cases, retrieved with one operation. graph databases hold the relationships between data as a priority. querying relationships is fast because they are perpetually stored in the database. relationships can be intuitively visualized using graph databases, making them useful for heavily inter - connected data. graph databases are commonly referred to as a nosql database. graph databases are similar to 1970s network model databases in that both represent general graphs, but network - model databases operate at a lower level of abstraction and lack easy traversal over a chain of edges. the underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. relationships are first - class citizens in a graph database and can be labelled, directed, and given properties. some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table ( although a table is a logical element, therefore this approach imposes a level of abstraction between the graph database management system and physical storage devices ). others use a keyvalue store or document - oriented database for storage, making them inherently nosql structures. as of 2021, no graph query
|
an object database or object - oriented database is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object - oriented programming. object databases are different from relational databases which are table - oriented. a third type, objectrelational databases, is a hybrid of both approaches. object databases have been considered since the early 1980s. overview object - oriented database management systems ( oodbmss ) also called odbms ( object database management system ) combine database capabilities with object - oriented programming language capabilities. oodbmss allow object - oriented programmers to develop the product, store them as objects, and replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the oodbms. because the database is integrated with the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one environment, in that both the oodbms and the programming language will use the same model of representation. relational dbms projects, by way of contrast, maintain a clearer division between the database model and the application. as the usage of web - based technology increases with the implementation of intranets and extranets, companies have a vested interest in oodbmss to display their complex data. using a dbms that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer - aided design ( cad ). some object - oriented databases are designed to work well with object - oriented programming languages such as delphi, ruby, python
|
A 50 years old male patient travels alone in a remote village of Rajasthan was not on any food or water for the past 24 hours. Urine osmolality is 1150 mOsm/Kg. The major site of water reabsorption is
|
[
"Proximal tubule",
"Henle's loop",
"Distal tubule",
"Medullary collecting duct"
] |
Explanation:
Answer: a) Proximal tubuleWater Transport along the NephronSegmentPercentage of Filtrate ReabsorbedMechanism of Water ReabsorptionHormones That Regulate Water PermeabilityProximal tubule67%PassiveNoneLoop of Henle15%Descending thin limbonly; passiveNoneDistal tubule0%No water reabsorptionNoneLate distal tubule and collecting duct~8%-17%PassiveADH, ANP, BNP*Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides inhibit antidiuretic hormone-stimulated water permeability
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, the ciliate mds / ies database is a biological database of spirotrich genes. see also spirotrich references external links http : / / oxytricha. princeton. edu / dimorphism / database. htm.
|
the renal tubule is a crucial part of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. the structure of the renal tubule contributes significantly to the process of urine formation in the human urinary system through three main processes : filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. the renal tubule is divided into several segments, each with a specific structure and function that aids in urine formation : 1. proximal convoluted tubule ( pct ) : the pct is the first segment of the renal tubule and is responsible for the majority of reabsorption. its structure is characterized by a highly convoluted, single layer of cuboidal cells with a brush border of microvilli. this increases the surface area for reabsorption of essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, ions, and water from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. 2. loop of henle : the loop of henle is a u - shaped structure that extends from the pct into the medulla of the kidney. it is divided into three parts : the descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and the thick ascending limb. the descending limb is permeable to water, allowing it to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream. the thin ascending limb is permeable to ions, such as sodium and chloride, which are reabsorbed actively and passively
|
mycobank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations. it is run by the westerdijk fungal biodiversity institute in utrecht. each novelty, after being screened by nomenclatural experts and found in accordance with the icn ( international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ), is allocated a unique mycobank number before the new name has been validly published. this number then can be cited by the naming author in the publication where the new name is being introduced. only then, this unique number becomes public in the database. by doing so, this system can help solve the problem of knowing which names have been validly published and in which year. mycobank is linked to other important mycological databases such as index fungorum, life science identifiers, global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) and other databases. mycobank is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the nomenclature committee for fungi ; the others are index fungorum and fungal names. mycobank has emerged as the primary registration system for new fungal taxa and nomenclatural acts. according to a 2021 analysis of taxonomic innovations in lichen and allied fungi between 20182020, 97. 7 % of newly described taxa and 76. 5 % of new combinations obtained their registration numbers from mycobank, suggesting broad adoption by the mycological community. the system
|
This appearance in a 60-year-old man is suggestive of:
|
[
"Eosinophilic granuloma",
"Multiple myeloma",
"Hyperparathyroidism",
"Acromegaly"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. B Multiple myelomaRadiograph of skull shows multiple punched out uniform lytic lesions - peculiar of Multiple myeloma - described as Rain drop skullQ. Other imaging signs include Salt pepper appearance of vertebraQ on MRI/Vertebra planaQ/Wrinkled vertebraQ. Lesions show cold spots on 99m - Tc - MDP bone scanQ.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
a microarray database is a repository containing microarray gene expression data. the key uses of a microarray database are to store the measurement data, manage a searchable index, and make the data available to other applications for analysis and interpretation ( either directly, or via user downloads ). microarray databases can fall into two distinct classes : a peer reviewed, public repository that adheres to academic or industry standards and is designed to be used by many analysis applications and groups. a good example of this is the gene expression omnibus ( geo ) from ncbi or arrayexpress from ebi. a specialized repository associated primarily with the brand of a particular entity ( lab, company, university, consortium, group ), an application suite, a topic, or an analysis method, whether it is commercial, non - profit, or academic. these databases might have one or more of the following characteristics : a subscription or license may be needed to gain full access, the content may come primarily from a specific group ( e. g. smd, or upsc - base ), the immunological genome project there may be constraints on who can use the data or for what purpose data can be used, special permission may be required to submit new data, or there may be no obvious process at all, only certain applications may be equipped to use the data, often also associated with the same entity ( for example, caarray at nci is specialized for the cabig ), further
|
Change in the diastolic BP upon standing comes back to normal within
|
[
"15-30 sec",
"30-60 sec",
"60-90 sec",
"90-120sec"
] |
Explanation:
In standing poster diastolic BP increases Upon standing peripheral pooling of blood independent pas occur sudden standing increases DBP,if recorded within 30 to 60 seconds of change in posture after that it comes back to normal where the operation of baroreceptor reflex. Ref: page no-351 Textbook of physiology Volume 1 AK Jain 7th edition
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
a temporal database stores data relating to time instances. it offers temporal data types and stores information relating to past, present and future time. temporal databases can be uni - temporal, bi - temporal or tri - temporal. more specifically the temporal aspects usually include valid time, transaction time and / or decision time. valid time is the time period during or event time at which a fact is true in the real world. transaction time is the time at which a fact was recorded in the database. decision time is the time at which the decision was made about the fact. used to keep a history of decisions about valid times. types uni - temporal a uni - temporal database has one axis of time, either the validity range or the system time range. bi - temporal a bi - temporal database has two axes of time : valid time transaction time or decision time tri - temporal a tri - temporal database has three axes of time : valid time transaction time decision time this approach introduces additional complexities. temporal databases are in contrast to current databases ( not to be confused with currently available databases ), which store only facts which are believed to be true at the current time. features temporal databases support managing and accessing temporal data by providing one or more of the following features : a time period datatype, including the ability to represent time periods with no end ( infinity or forever ) the ability to define valid and transaction time period attributes and bitemporal relations system - maintained transaction time temporal primary keys, including
|
an object database or object - oriented database is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object - oriented programming. object databases are different from relational databases which are table - oriented. a third type, objectrelational databases, is a hybrid of both approaches. object databases have been considered since the early 1980s. overview object - oriented database management systems ( oodbmss ) also called odbms ( object database management system ) combine database capabilities with object - oriented programming language capabilities. oodbmss allow object - oriented programmers to develop the product, store them as objects, and replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the oodbms. because the database is integrated with the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one environment, in that both the oodbms and the programming language will use the same model of representation. relational dbms projects, by way of contrast, maintain a clearer division between the database model and the application. as the usage of web - based technology increases with the implementation of intranets and extranets, companies have a vested interest in oodbmss to display their complex data. using a dbms that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer - aided design ( cad ). some object - oriented databases are designed to work well with object - oriented programming languages such as delphi, ruby, python
|
a statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes. it is an olap ( online analytical processing ), instead of oltp ( online transaction processing ) system. modern decision, and classical statistical databases are often closer to the relational model than the multidimensional model commonly used in olap systems today. statistical databases typically contain parameter data and the measured data for these parameters. for example, parameter data consists of the different values for varying conditions in an experiment ( e. g., temperature, time ). the measured data ( or variables ) are the measurements taken in the experiment under these varying conditions. many statistical databases are sparse with many null or zero values. it is not uncommon for a statistical database to be 40 % to 50 % sparse. there are two options for dealing with the sparseness : ( 1 ) leave the null values in there and use compression techniques to squeeze them out or ( 2 ) remove the entries that only have null values. statistical databases often incorporate support for advanced statistical analysis techniques, such as correlations, which go beyond sql. they also pose unique security concerns, which were the focus of much research, particularly in the late 1970s and early to mid - 1980s. privacy in statistical databases in a statistical database, it is often desired to allow query access only to aggregate data, not individual records. securing such a database is a difficult problem, since intelligent users can use a combination of aggregate queries to derive information about a single individual. some common approaches are :
|
Most common organism isolated in breast abscess patients
|
[
"Streptococcus",
"Staphylocoeus aureus",
"Klebsiella",
"None"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. (b) Staphylocoeus aureus (Ref Schwartz 10th edition Page 506)* MC organism causing mastitis - Staphylococcus aureus > Streptococcus* Zuska's Disease: RecurrentPeriductal mastitis seen in Smokers.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
the genomic epidemiological database for global identification of microorganisms or global microbial identifier is a platform for storing whole genome sequencing data of microorganisms, for the identification of relevant genes and for the comparison of genomes to detect and track - and - trace infectious disease outbreaks and emerging pathogens. the database holds two types of information : 1 ) genomic information of microorganisms, linked to, 2 ) metadata of those microorganism such as epidemiological details. the database includes all genera of microorganisms : bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. technology for genotyping of microorganisms for medical diagnosis, or other purposes, scientists may use a wide variety of dna profiling techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis or multilocus sequence typing. a complication of this broad variety of techniques is the difficulty to standardize between techniques, laboratories and microorganisms, which may be overcome using the complete dna code of the genome generated by whole genome sequencing. for straightforward diagnostic identification, the whole genome sequencing information of a microbiological sample is fed into a global genomic database and compared using blast procedures to the genomes already present in the database. in addition, whole genome sequencing data may be used to back calculate to the different pre - whole genome sequencing genotyping methods, so previous collected valuable information is not lost. for the global
|
vfdb also known as virulence factor database is a database that provides scientist quick access to virulence factors in bacterial pathogens. it can be navigated and browsed using genus or words. a blast tool is provided for search against known virulence factors. vfdb contains a collection of 16 important bacterial pathogens. perl scripts were used to extract positions and sequences of vf from genbank. clusters of orthologous groups ( cog ) was used to update incomplete annotations. more information was obtained by ncbi. vfdb was built on windows operation systems on dell poweredge 1600sc servers. see also antimicrobial resistance databases = = references = =
|
Which of the following DPP IV inhibitors does not require dose modification in Chronic kidney disease patients
|
[
"Sitagliptin",
"Vildagliptin",
"Linagliptin",
"All of the above"
] |
Explanation:
Linagliptin is is DPP IV inhibitors does not require dose modifications in Chronic kidney disease patients and can be used even in stage 5 ckd patients .
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
bindingdb is a public, web - accessible database of measured binding affinities, focusing chiefly on the interactions of proteins considered to be candidate drug - targets with ligands that are small, drug - like molecules. as of march, 2011, bindingdb contains about 650, 000 binding data, for 5, 700 protein targets and 280, 000 small molecules. bindingdb also includes a small collection of hostguest binding data of interest to chemists studying supramolecular systems. the purpose of bindingdb is to support medicinal chemistry and drug discovery via literature awareness and development of structure - activity relations ( sar and qsar ) ; validation of computational chemistry and molecular modelling approaches such as docking, scoring and free energy methods ; chemical biology and chemical genomics ; and basic studies of the physical chemistry of molecular recognition. the data collection derives from a variety of measurement techniques, including enzyme inhibition and kinetics, isothermal titration calorimetry, nmr, and radioligand and competition assays. bindingdb includes data extracted from the scientific literature by the bindingdb project, selected pubchem confirmatory bioassays, and chembl entries for which a well - defined protein target ( " target _ type ='protein'" ) is provided. history and funding the bindingdb project was conceived in the mid - 1990s, based upon recognition of the broad value of quantitative affinity data and the inadequacy of journal articles as a means of making these data accessible. a
|
The most characteristic histological finding of acute rheumatic carditis is -
|
[
"Fibrinous pericarditis",
"Vegetations on mitral valve leaflets",
"Aschoff bodies in myocardium",
"Increased vascularity of the valves"
] |
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
valve interstitial cells ( vic ), cardiac valve interstitial cells, or also known as valvular interstitial cells ( vics ), are the most prevalent cells in the heart valve leaflets, which are a type of mesenchymal stem cells ( mscs ) and are responsible for maintaining the extracellular matrix that provides the mechanical properties of the heart valve. they are present in all three layers of the heart valve : a ) fibrosa, b ) spongiosa, c ) ventricularis. vics are found in all three layers of heart valves, while the entire structure is covered by valve endothelial cells ( vecs ). each layer has a unique matrix composition : ventricularis is abundant in elastin, spongiosa is rich in proteoglycans, and fibrosa is filled with collagen. during embryogenesis, the endothelial cells that cover the primordial valve structures migrate into the underlying matrix and undergo a transformation from endothelial to mesenchymal, becoming the interstitial cells. therefore, vics originate from endothelial cells. references = = external links = =
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mycobank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations. it is run by the westerdijk fungal biodiversity institute in utrecht. each novelty, after being screened by nomenclatural experts and found in accordance with the icn ( international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ), is allocated a unique mycobank number before the new name has been validly published. this number then can be cited by the naming author in the publication where the new name is being introduced. only then, this unique number becomes public in the database. by doing so, this system can help solve the problem of knowing which names have been validly published and in which year. mycobank is linked to other important mycological databases such as index fungorum, life science identifiers, global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) and other databases. mycobank is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the nomenclature committee for fungi ; the others are index fungorum and fungal names. mycobank has emerged as the primary registration system for new fungal taxa and nomenclatural acts. according to a 2021 analysis of taxonomic innovations in lichen and allied fungi between 20182020, 97. 7 % of newly described taxa and 76. 5 % of new combinations obtained their registration numbers from mycobank, suggesting broad adoption by the mycological community. the system
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the international collection of ( vesicular ) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( invam ) is the largest collection of living arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( amf ) and includes glomeromycotan species from 6 continents. curators of invam acquire, grow, identify, and elucidate the biology, taxonomy, and ecology of a diversity amf with the mission to expand availability and knowledge of these symbiotic fungi. culturing amf presents difficulty as these fungi are obligate biotrophs that must complete their life cycle while in association with their plant hosts, while resting spores outside of the host are vulnerable to predation and degradation. curators of invam have thus developed methods to overcome these challenges to increase the availability of amf spores. the inception of this living collection of germplasm occurred in the 1980s and it takes the form of fungi growing in association with plant symbionts in the greenhouse, with spores preserved in cold storage within their associated rhizosphere. amf spores acquired from invam have been used extensively in both basic and applied research projects in the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, agroecology, and in restoration. invam is umbrellaed under the kansas biological survey at the university of kansas, an r1 research institution. the kansas biological survey is also home to the well - known organization monarch watch. invam is currently
|
|
According to the transplantation of Human organs act 1994, what is the punishment for a doctor found guilty
|
[
"Less than I year",
"Less than 2 year",
"2 to 5 years",
"More than 5 years"
] |
Explanation:
C ie 2-5 years If a doctor is found guilty for unauthorized removal of human organ, or for commercial dealings etc, he can be punished with imprisonment up to 5 years and fine of 10000 Rs and removal of name from register of state medical council for 2 year for first offence and permanently for subsequent offence (according to the transplantation of human organs act 1994). But a/t 2011 Amendment the punishment has become imprisonment upto 10 years with fine extending upto 20 lakh Rs and removal of name from register of state medical council for a period of 3 years for first offence and permanently for subsequent offence.
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
structured query language ( sql ) ( pronounced s - q - l ; or alternatively as " sequel " ) is a domain - specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system ( rdbms ). it is particularly useful in handling structured data, i. e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables. introduced in the 1970s, sql offered two main advantages over older readwrite apis such as isam or vsam. firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command. secondly, it eliminates the need to specify how to reach a record, i. e., with or without an index. originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, sql consists of many types of statements, which may be informally classed as sublanguages, commonly : data query language ( dql ), data definition language ( ddl ), data control language ( dcl ), and data manipulation language ( dml ). the scope of sql includes data query, data manipulation ( insert, update, and delete ), data definition ( schema creation and modification ), and data access control. although sql is essentially a declarative language ( 4gl ), it also includes procedural elements. sql was one of the first commercial languages to use edgar f. codd's relational model. the model was described in his influential 1970 paper, " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". despite not entirely ad
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until the 1980s, databases were viewed as computer systems that stored record - oriented and business data such as manufacturing inventories, bank records, and sales transactions. a database system was not expected to merge numeric data with text, images, or multimedia information, nor was it expected to automatically notice patterns in the data it stored. in the late 1980s the concept of an intelligent database was put forward as a system that manages information ( rather than data ) in a way that appears natural to users and which goes beyond simple record keeping. the term was introduced in 1989 by the book intelligent databases by kamran parsaye, mark chignell, setrag khoshafian and harry wong. the concept postulated three levels of intelligence for such systems : high level tools, the user interface and the database engine. the high level tools manage data quality and automatically discover relevant patterns in the data with a process called data mining. this layer often relies on the use of artificial intelligence techniques. the user interface uses hypermedia in a form that uniformly manages text, images and numeric data. the intelligent database engine supports the other two layers, often merging relational database techniques with object orientation. in the twenty - first century, intelligent databases have now become widespread, e. g. hospital databases can now call up patient histories consisting of charts, text and x - ray images just with a few mouse clicks, and many corporate databases include decision support tools based on sales pattern analysis. external links intelligent databases, book
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a relational database ( rdb ) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by e. f. codd in 1970. a relational database management system ( rdbms ) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns. many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using sql ( structured query language ) for querying and updating the database. history the concept of relational database was defined by e. f. codd at ibm in 1970. codd introduced the term relational in his research paper " a relational model of data for large shared data banks ". in this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relation. one well - known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of codd's 12 rules. however, no commercial implementations of the relational model conform to all of codd's rules, so the term has gradually come to describe a broader class of database systems, which at a minimum : present the data to the user as relations ( a presentation in tabular form, i. e. as a collection of tables with each table consisting of a set of rows and columns ) ; provide relational operators to manipulate the data in tabular form. in 1974, ibm began developing system r, a research project to develop a prototype rdbms. the first system sold as an rdbms was multics relational data store ( june 1976 ). oracle was released in 1979 by
|
Pneumoretinopexy is an outpatient procedure in which retinal detachment is sealed with air insufflation. Which of the following gas is used in pneumorctinopexy?
|
[
"Sulfur hexafluoride",
"Carbon dioxide",
"Nitrous oxide",
"Oxygen"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. a. Sulfur hexafluoride (Ref: Kanski 3rd/305, style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif"> -PDF/ Pneumatic- Retinopexy.pdf)Sulfur hexafluoride gas is used in pneumoretinopexy."Choices of the agent for intraocular tamponade include air, sulfur hexafluoride, perfluoro- ethane , and perfluoropropane.Perfluoroethane has the characteristics that match these criteria the best, but it has not been approved by the FDA for clinical use. In contrast, both sulfur hexafluoride and perfluoropropane have been approved by the FDA for clinical use. By default, sulfur hexafluoride has become the gas of choice used most frequently by most surgeons for pneumatic retinopexy. "- http //www. insightinstruments.com/PDF/Papers-PDF/Pneumatic-Retinopexy.pdfPneumatic RetinopexyChoices of the agent for intraocular tamponade include air, sulfur hexafluorideQ, perfluoro- ethane, and perfluoropropane.Periluoroethane has the characteristics that match these criteria the best, but it has not been approved by the FDA for clinical use,In contrast, both sulfur hexafluoride and perfluoropropane have been approved by the FDA for clinical use.The long duration of perfluoropropane is advantageous for selected cases that require prolonged gas tamponade. Because of its greater expansion, only a small volume of perfluoropropane is required.However, many surgeons consider the long duration of perfluoropropane to be excessive, causing unnecessary delay in the resumption of normal activities and traveling for the patient.By default, sulfur hexafluoride has become the gas of choice used most frequently by most surgeons for pneumatic retinopexyQ.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
the chemical database service is an epsrc - funded mid - range facility that provides uk academic institutions with access to a number of chemical databases. it has been hosted by the royal society of chemistry since 2013, before which it was hosted by daresbury laboratory ( part of the science and technology facilities council ). currently, the included databases are : acd / i - lab, a tool for prediction of physicochemical properties and nmr spectra from a chemical structure available chemicals directory, a structure - searchable database of commercially available chemicals cambridge structural database ( csd ), a crystallographic database of organic and organometallic structures inorganic crystal structure database ( icsd ), a crystallographic database of inorganic structures crystalworks, a database combining data from csd, icsd and crystmet detherm, a database of thermophysical data for chemical compounds and mixtures spresiweb, a database of organic compounds and reactions = = references = =
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the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
Cellulose is a:
|
[
"Fructose polymer",
"Non-starch polysaccharide",
"Starch polysaccharide",
"Glycosaminoglycan"
] |
Explanation:
Option b : Cellulose is a non-starch homopolysaccharide Cellulose unbranched, non-starch homopolysaccharide It is made up of glucose molecules linked by beta (1- 4) glucosidic linkages (see fig). This linkage can't be broken down by any human enzyme due to beta anomerism at C-1. Intestinal bacteria ferments cellulose to sho-chain fatty acid (Butyrate). The most abundant organic molecule on Eah (Second most abundant is Chitin). Cellulose is present in the cell walls of plants and other organisms Starch storage polysaccharide of plants consisting of both linear and branched chain glucose molecules.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
eurocarbdb was an eu - funded initiative for the creation of software and standards for the systematic collection of carbohydrate structures and their experimental data, which was discontinued in 2010 due to lack of funding. the project included a database of known carbohydrate structures and experimental data, specifically mass spectrometry, hplc and nmr data, accessed via a web interface that provides for browsing, searching and contribution of structures and data to the database. the project also produces a number of associated bioinformatics tools for carbohydrate researchers : glycanbuilder, a java applet for drawing glycan structures glycoworkbench, a standalone java application for semi - automated analysis and annotation of glycan mass spectra glycopeakfinder, a webapp for calculating glycan compositions from mass data the canonical online version of eurocarbdb was hosted by the european bioinformatics institute at www. ebi. ac. uk up to 2012, and then relax. organ. su. se. eurocarb code has since been incorporated into and extended by unicarb - db, which also includes the work of the defunct glycosuite database. references external links an online version of eurocarbdb eurocarbdb googlecode project initial publication of the eurocarb project official site for eurocarbdb reports and recommendations ( no longer active )
|
glycoinformatics is a field of bioinformatics that pertains to the study of carbohydrates involved in protein post - translational modification. it broadly includes ( but is not restricted to ) database, software, and algorithm development for the study of carbohydrate structures, glycoconjugates, enzymatic carbohydrate synthesis and degradation, as well as carbohydrate interactions. conventional usage of the term does not currently include the treatment of carbohydrates from the better - known nutritive aspect. issues to consider even though glycosylation is the most common form of protein modification, with highly complex carbohydrate structures, the bioinformatics on glycome is still very poor. unlike proteins and nucleic acids which are linear, carbohydrates are often branched and extremely complex. for instance, just four sugars can be strung together to form more than 5 million different types of carbohydrates or nine different sugars may be assembled into 15 million possible four - sugar - chains. also, the number of simple sugars that make up glycans is more than the number of nucleotides that make up dna or rna. therefore, it is more computationally expensive to evaluate their structures. one of the main constrains in the glycoinformatics is the difficulty of representing sugars in the sequence form
|
matrixdb is a biological database focused on molecular interactions between extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. matrixdb takes into account the multimeric nature of the extracellular proteins ( for example, collagens, laminins and thrombospondins are multimers ). the database was initially released in 2009 and is maintained by the research group of sylvie ricard - blum at umr5246, claude bernard university lyon 1. matrixdb is linked with unigene and the human protein atlas. it also allows users to build customised tissue - and disease - specific interaction networks, which can be further analysed and visualised using cytoscape or medusa. matrixdb is an active member of the international molecular exchange consortium ( imex ), a group of the major public providers of interaction data. other participating databases include the biomolecular interaction network database ( bind ), intact, the molecular interaction database ( mint ), mips, mpact, and biogrid. the databases of imex work together to prevent duplications of effort, collecting data from non - overlapping sources and sharing the curated interaction data. the imex consortium also worked to develop the hupo - psi - mi xml standard format for annotating and exchanging interaction data. matrixdb includes interaction data extracted from the literature by manual curation and offers access to relevant data involving extracellular proteins provided by imex partner databases through the psicquic webservice
|
Skin grafting is absolutely C/I in which skin infection?
|
[
"Staphylococus",
"Pseudomonas",
"Streptococus",
"Proteus"
] |
Explanation:
Ans is 'c' i.e. Streptococcus "The skin graft generally survives when placed over the wounds containing less than 105 organisms per gram of tissue unless the organisms are streptococci, which can rapidly dissolve transplanted skin." - S. Das 3/e, p 142
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
the genomic epidemiological database for global identification of microorganisms or global microbial identifier is a platform for storing whole genome sequencing data of microorganisms, for the identification of relevant genes and for the comparison of genomes to detect and track - and - trace infectious disease outbreaks and emerging pathogens. the database holds two types of information : 1 ) genomic information of microorganisms, linked to, 2 ) metadata of those microorganism such as epidemiological details. the database includes all genera of microorganisms : bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. technology for genotyping of microorganisms for medical diagnosis, or other purposes, scientists may use a wide variety of dna profiling techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, pulsed - field gel electrophoresis or multilocus sequence typing. a complication of this broad variety of techniques is the difficulty to standardize between techniques, laboratories and microorganisms, which may be overcome using the complete dna code of the genome generated by whole genome sequencing. for straightforward diagnostic identification, the whole genome sequencing information of a microbiological sample is fed into a global genomic database and compared using blast procedures to the genomes already present in the database. in addition, whole genome sequencing data may be used to back calculate to the different pre - whole genome sequencing genotyping methods, so previous collected valuable information is not lost. for the global
|
the plant proteome database is a national science foundation - funded project to determine the biological function of each protein in plants. it includes data for two plants that are widely studied in molecular biology, arabidopsis thaliana and maize ( zea mays ). initially the project was limited to plant plastids, under the name of the plastid pdb, but was expanded and renamed plant pdb in november 2007. see also proteome references external links plant proteome database home page
|
A 12 year old female patient complains of multiple missing teeth. The karyogram of the patient is shown below. Intra-oral findings include missing 12, 17, 33 and 43.
Open bite, macroglossia and generalised periodontitis is also present. Which of the following is commonly seen in this condition?
|
[
"Mouth breathing",
"Prognathic maxilla",
"Macrodontia",
"High level of caries"
] |
Explanation:
Patient is suffering from Down's syndrome (trisomy of chromosome No. 21).
Skeletal findings are an underdeveloped mid-face, creating a prognathic occlusal relationship.
Oral findings include mouth breathing, open bite, appearance of macroglossia, fissured lips and tongue, angular cheilitis, delayed eruption times, missing and malformed teeth, oligodontia, small roots, microdontia, crowding, and a low level of caries.
Children with Down syndrome experience a high incidence of rapid, destructive periodontal disease, which may be related to local factors such as tooth morphology, bruxism, malocclusion, and poor oral hygiene.
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
dental anatomy is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of human tooth structures. the development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its purview. ( the function of teeth as they contact one another falls elsewhere, under dental occlusion. ) tooth formation begins before birth, and the teeth's eventual morphology is dictated during this time. dental anatomy is also a taxonomical science : it is concerned with the naming of teeth and the structures of which they are made, this information serving a practical purpose in dental treatment. usually, there are 20 primary ( " baby " ) teeth and 32 permanent teeth, the last four being third molars or " wisdom teeth ", each of which may or may not grow in. among primary teeth, 10 usually are found in the maxilla ( upper jaw ) and the other 10 in the mandible ( lower jaw ). among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and the other 16 in the mandible. each tooth has specific distinguishing features. growing of tooth tooth development is the complex process by which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow, and erupt into the mouth. although many diverse species have teeth, non - human tooth development is largely the same as in humans. for human teeth to have a healthy oral environment, enamel, dentin, cementum, and the periodontium must all develop during appropriate stages of fetal development. primary ( baby ) teeth start to form between the sixth and eighth weeks in
|
the mouth are summarized in table 23. 4.
|
arangodb is a graph database system developed by arangodb inc. arangodb is a multi - model database system since it supports three data models ( graphs, json documents, key / value ) with one database core and a unified query language aql ( arangodb query language ). aql is mainly a declarative language and allows the combination of different data access patterns in a single query. arangodb is a nosql database system but aql is similar in many ways to sql, it uses rocksdb as a storage engine. history arangodb gmbh was founded in 2014 by claudius weinberger and frank celler. they originally called the database system a versatile object container ", or avoc for short, leading them to call the database avocadodb. later, they changed the name to arangodb. the word " arango " refers to a little - known avocado variety grown in cuba. in january 2017 arangodb raised a seed round investment of 4. 2 million euros led by target partners. in march 2019 arangodb raised 10 million dollars in series a funding led by bow capital. in october 2021 arangodb raised 27. 8 million dollars in series b funding led by iris capital. release history features json : arangodb uses json as a default storage format, but internally it uses arangodb velocypack a fast and compact binary format for serialization and storage. arango
|
A 45-year-old female is diagnosed as a case of pneumococcal meningitis. Her blood sample were sent for culture sensitivity. In the mean time best drug to sta as an empirical treatment is
|
[
"Penicillin G",
"Doxycycline",
"Streptomycin",
"Vancomycin + ceftriaxone"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. d. Vancomycin + ceftriaxone Antimicrobial therapy of pneumoeoccal meningitis is initiated with a cephalosporin (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, or cefepime) and vancomycin. "Antimicrobial therapy ofpneumococcal meningitis is initiated with a cephalosporin (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, or cefepime) and vancomycin. For S. pneumoniae meningitis, an isolate of S. pneumoniae is considered to be susceptible to penicillin with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)1.0 mg/mL. Isolates of S. pneumoniae that have cephalosporin MICs2 mg/mL are considered resistant. For meningitis due to pneumococci, with cefotaxime or ceftriaxone MICs1 mg/mL, vancomycin is the antibiotic of choice. Rifampin can be added to vancomycin for its synergistic effect but is inadequate as monotherapy because resistance develops rapidly when it is used alone. "- "A 2-week course of intravenous antimicrobial therapy is recommended for pneumococcal meningitis." "Patients with penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae who do not respond to intravenous vancomycin alone may benefit from the addition of intraventricular vancomycin. The intraventricular route of administration is preferred over the intrathecal route because adequate concentrations of vancomycin in the cerebral ventricles are not always achieved with intrathecal administration."- Antimicrobial Therapy of CNS Bacterial Infections Based on Pathogens Organism Antibiotic Neisseria meningitides Penicillin-sensitive Penicillin G or ampicillinQ Penicillin-resistant Ceftriaxone or cefotaximeQ Streptococcus pneumoniae Penicillin-sensitive Penicillin GQ Penicillin-intermediate Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime or cefepime Penicillin-resistant (Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime or cefepime) vancomycinQ Gram-negative bacilli (except Pseudomonas spp.) Ceftriaxone or cefotaximeQ Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ceftazidime or cefepime or meropenemQ Staphylococci spp. Methicillin-sensitive NafcillinQ Methicillin-resistant VancomycinQ Listeria monocytogenes Ampicillin + gentamicinQ Haemophilus influenzae Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime or cefepimeQ Streptococcus agalactiae Penicillin G or ampicillinQ Bacteroides fragilis MetronidazoleQ Fusobacterium spp. MetronidazoleQ
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
u - care otherwise known as user - friendly comprehensive antibiotic resistance repository of escherichia coli is a database focused on the documentation of multi - drug resistant escherichia coli ( e. coli ). this database aims to provide a tool that is easily accessible to researchers unfamiliar with bioinformatics and to medical practitioners as a reference for which antibiotic to use / not use in the treatment of an e. coli infection. u - care is manually curated with 52 antibiotics, 107 genes, transcription factors, and snp. information provided include resistance mechanism for the gene and summary, chemical description, and structural descriptions for the antibiotic. on the antibiotic page, there is an external link linking to public databases like go, cdd, ecocyc, deg, kegg, drugbank, pubchem and uniprot. u - care can be accessed at http : / / www. e - bioinformatics. net / ucare.. see also antimicrobial resistance databases = = references = =
|
the chemdb hiv, opportunistic infection and tuberculosis therapeutics database is a publicly available tool developed by the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases to compile preclinical data on small molecules with potential therapeutic action against hiv / aids and related opportunistic infections. characteristics and content since 1989, the chemdb has been updated with information extracted from peer - reviewed published literature, conference proceedings and patents. data are compiled on compound structure, chemical properties, biological activity ( e. g. targeted protein, ic50, ec50, cytotoxicity, ti, ki, and or mic ), and reference details ( e. g. author, journal ). the chemdb web interface supports searching of biological, textual and chemical data using oracle text, the accelrys direct chemical search engine, and chemaxons marvin tools. these tools allow web users to search the database by comparing the degree of similarity or flexibility match to chemical structures that have either been uploaded or drawn. additional boolean searches can be combined with structure search to include other fields on interest, including target organism or lipinski score. in addition to the publicly available web interface, whole database downloads can be obtained by the scientific research community. the database is used frequently in peer - reviewed scientific research. opportunistic pathogens opportunistic pathogens included in this database are : siv fiv human cytomegalovirus ( hcmv ) epsteinbarr virus
|
A 72-year-old woman has had difficulty with vision in her right eye for 3 months. She also has pain in the right upper chest. The findings on physical examination include unilateral enophthalmos, miosis, anhidrosis, and ptosis on the right side of her face. A chest radiograph shows right upper lobe opacification and bony destruction of the right first rib. Which of the following conditions is most likely to be present in her?
|
[
"Bronchopneumonia",
"Bronchiectasis",
"Bronchogenic carcinoma",
"Sarcoidosis"
] |
Explanation:
Horner syndrome is a result of sympathetic autonomic nerve involvement by invasive pulmonary carcinoma. Such a neoplasm in this location with these associated findings is called a Pancoast tumor. Infectious processes such as pneumonia are unlikely to impinge on structures outside the lung. Bronchiectasis destroys bronchi within the lung. Sarcoidosis can result in marked hilar adenopathy with a mass effect, but involvement of the peripheral nervous system is unlikely. Likewise, tuberculosis is a granulomatous disease that can lead to hilar adenopathy, although usually without destruction of extrapulmonary tissues.
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
mycobank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations. it is run by the westerdijk fungal biodiversity institute in utrecht. each novelty, after being screened by nomenclatural experts and found in accordance with the icn ( international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ), is allocated a unique mycobank number before the new name has been validly published. this number then can be cited by the naming author in the publication where the new name is being introduced. only then, this unique number becomes public in the database. by doing so, this system can help solve the problem of knowing which names have been validly published and in which year. mycobank is linked to other important mycological databases such as index fungorum, life science identifiers, global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) and other databases. mycobank is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the nomenclature committee for fungi ; the others are index fungorum and fungal names. mycobank has emerged as the primary registration system for new fungal taxa and nomenclatural acts. according to a 2021 analysis of taxonomic innovations in lichen and allied fungi between 20182020, 97. 7 % of newly described taxa and 76. 5 % of new combinations obtained their registration numbers from mycobank, suggesting broad adoption by the mycological community. the system
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
What is the composition of this stone?
|
[
"Calcium oxalate monohydrate",
"Calcium oxalate dihydrate",
"Ammonium urate",
"Calcium oxalate"
] |
Explanation:
- Stone has spikes. This stone is known as JACK STONE.- Most commonly found in urinary bladder- Composition is calcium oxalate dihydrate
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
the chemical database service is an epsrc - funded mid - range facility that provides uk academic institutions with access to a number of chemical databases. it has been hosted by the royal society of chemistry since 2013, before which it was hosted by daresbury laboratory ( part of the science and technology facilities council ). currently, the included databases are : acd / i - lab, a tool for prediction of physicochemical properties and nmr spectra from a chemical structure available chemicals directory, a structure - searchable database of commercially available chemicals cambridge structural database ( csd ), a crystallographic database of organic and organometallic structures inorganic crystal structure database ( icsd ), a crystallographic database of inorganic structures crystalworks, a database combining data from csd, icsd and crystmet detherm, a database of thermophysical data for chemical compounds and mixtures spresiweb, a database of organic compounds and reactions = = references = =
|
a crystallographic database is a database specifically designed to store information about the structure of molecules and crystals. crystals are solids having, in all three dimensions of space, a regularly repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules. they are characterized by symmetry, morphology, and directionally dependent physical properties. a crystal structure describes the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal. ( molecules need to crystallize into solids so that their regularly repeating arrangements can be taken advantage of in x - ray, neutron, and electron diffraction based crystallography ). crystal structures of crystalline material are typically determined from x - ray or neutron single - crystal diffraction data and stored in crystal structure databases. they are routinely identified by comparing reflection intensities and lattice spacings from x - ray powder diffraction data with entries in powder - diffraction fingerprinting databases. crystal structures of nanometer sized crystalline samples can be determined via structure factor amplitude information from single - crystal electron diffraction data or structure factor amplitude and phase angle information from fourier transforms of hrtem images of crystallites. they are stored in crystal structure databases specializing in nanocrystals and can be identified by comparing zone axis subsets in lattice - fringe fingerprint plots with entries in a lattice - fringe fingerprinting database. crystallographic databases differ in access and usage rights and offer varying degrees of search and analysis capacity. many provide structure visualization capabilities. they can be browser based or
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a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
Which of the following form of Vitamin A has maximum effects on DNA?
|
[
"Isoretinal",
"Isoretinoic acid",
"Retinaldehyde",
"Retinol"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. B. Isoretinoic acid. (Ref Harrison 18th/Ch. 74; 17th/pg. 446-447; Guyton Physiology 11thtpg. 629)In pregnancy, the daily dose of vitamin A should not exceed 3 mg. Commercially available retinoid derivatives are also toxic, including 13-cis-retinoic acid, which has been associated with birth defects. As a result, contraception should be continued for a least 1 year, and possibly longer, in women who have taken 13-cis retinoic acid.Vitamin A# In the strictest sense, refers to retinol.# However, the oxidized metabolites, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid, are also biologically active compounds. The term retinoids includes all molecules (including synthetic molecules) that are chemically related to retinol.# Retinaldehyde (11-cis) is the essential form of vitamin A that is required for normal vision, whereas retinoic acid is necessary for normal morphogenesis, growth, and cell differentiation. Retinoic acid does not function in vision and, in contrast to retinol, is not involved in reproduction.# Vitamin A also plays a role in iron utilization, humoral immunity, T cell-mediated immunity, natural killer cell activity, and phagocytosis. Vitamin A is commercially available in esterified forms (e.g., acetate, palmitate) since it is more stable as an ester.# ?-Carotene is the most prevalent carotenoid in the food supply that has provitamin A activity. It is now estimated that 12 ?g or greater of dietary ?-carotene is equivalent to 1 ?g of retinol, whereas 24 ?g or greater of other dietary provitamin A carotenoids (e.g., cryptoxanthin, ?-carotene) is equivalent to 1 ?g of retinol.# Retinoic acid is a ligand for certain nuclear receptors that act as transcription factors. Two families of receptors (RAR and RXR receptors) are active in retinoid-mediated gene transcription.# Vitamin A is needed to form the visual pigments and, therefore, to prevent night blindness.# Vitamin A is also necessary for normal growth of most cells of the body and especially for normal growth and proliferation of the different types of epithelial cells. When vitamin A is lacking, the epithelial structures of the body tend to become stratified and keratinized.# Vitamin A deficiency manifests itself bx:(1) scaliness of the skin and sometimes acne;(2) failure of growth of young animals, including cessation of skeletal growth;(3) failure of reproduction, associated especially with atrophy of the germinal epithelium of the testes and sometimes with interruption of the female sexual cycle; and(4) keratinization of the cornea, with resultant corneal opacity and blindness.# In vitamin A deficiency, the damaged epithelial structures often become infected, for example, the conjunctivae of the eyes, the linings of the urinary tract, and the respiratory passages. Vitamin A has been called an "anti-infection" vitamin.# Toxicity# Acute toxicity of vitamin A was first noted in Arctic explorers who ate polar bear liver and has also been seen after administration of 150 mg in adults or 100 mg in children.# Acute toxicity is manifested by increased intracranial pressure, vertigo, diplopia, bulging fontanels in children, seizures, and exfoliative dermatitis; it may result in death. In children being treated for vitamin A deficiency according to the protocols outlined above, transient bulging of fontanels occurs in 2% of infants, and transient nausea, vomiting, and headache occur in 5% of preschoolers.# Chronic vitamin A intoxication is largely a concern in industrialized countries and has been seen in normal adults who ingest 15 mg/d and children who ingest 6 mg/d of vitamin A over a period of several months. Manifestations include dry skin, cheilosis, glossitis, vomiting, alopecia, bone demineralization and pain, hypercalcemia, lymph node enlargement, hyperlipidemia, amenorrhea, and features of pseudotumor cerebri with increased intracranial pressure and papilledema. Liver fibrosis with portal hypertension and bone demineralization may result from chronic vitamin A intoxication. When vitamin A is provided in excess to pregnant women, congenital mal- formations have included spontaneous abortions, craniofacial abnormalities, and valvular heart disease.# High doses of carotenoids do not result in toxic symptoms but should be avoided in smokers due to an increased risk of lung cancer. Carotenemia, which is characterized by a yellowing of the skin (creases of the palms and soles) but not the sclerae, may be present after ingestion of >30 mg of ?-carotene daily. Hypothyroid patients are particularly susceptible to the development of carotenemia due to impaired breakdown of carotene to vitamin A. Reduction of carotenes from the diet results in the disappearance of skin yellowing and carotenemia over a period of 30-60 days.Human teratogenic drugsDrugAbnormalityThalidomidePhocomelia, Multiple defectsAnticancer drugs (methotrexate)Cleft palate, hydrocephalus, multiple defects, foetal deathAndrogensVirilization; limb, esophageal, cardiac defectsProgestinsVirilization of female foetusStiboestrolVaginal carcinoma in teenage female offspringTetracyclinesDiscoloured and deformed teeth, retarded bone growthWarfarinDepressed nose; eye and hand defects, growth retardationPhenytoinHypoplastic phalanges, sleft lip/palate, microcephalyPheenobarbitoneVariousmalformationsCarbamazepineNeural tube defects, other abnormalitiesValproate sodSpina bifida and other neural tube defectsAlcoholLow IQ baby, growth retardation, foetal alcohol syndromeACE inhibitorsHypoplasia of organs, growth retardation, foetal lossLithiumFoetal goiter, cardiac and other abnormalitiesAntithyroid drugsFoetal goiter and hypothyroidismIndomethacin/aspirinPremature closure of ductus arteriosusIsotretinoinCraniofacial, heart and CNS defects.
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
the re - referenced protein chemical shift database ( refdb ) is an nmr spectroscopy database of carefully corrected or re - referenced chemical shifts, derived from the biomagresbank ( bmrb ) ( fig. 1 ). the database was assembled by using a structure - based chemical shift calculation program ( called shiftx ) to calculate expected protein ( 1 ) h, ( 13 ) c and ( 15 ) n chemical shifts from x - ray or nmr coordinate data of previously assigned proteins reported in the bmrb. the comparison is automatically performed by a program called shiftcor. the refdb database currently provides reference - corrected chemical shift data on more than 2000 assigned peptides and proteins. data from the database indicates that nearly 25 % of bmrb entries with ( 13 ) c protein assignments and 27 % of bmrb entries with ( 15 ) n protein assignments require significant chemical shift reference readjustments. additionally, nearly 40 % of protein entries deposited in the biomagresbank appear to have at least one assignment error. users may download, search or browse the database through a number of methods available through the refdb website. refdb provides a standard chemical shift resource for biomolecular nmr spectroscopists, wishing to derive or compute chemical shift trends in peptides and proteins. scope and access all data in refdb is non - proprietary or is derived from a non - proprietary source. it is freely accessible and available to anyone.
|
a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
The inhalational bronchodilator with long duration of action is:
|
[
"Salbutamol",
"Theophylline",
"Ipratropium bromide",
"Tiotropium bromide"
] |
Explanation:
Tiotropium bromide :
A newer congener of ipratropium bromide which binds very tightly to bronchial M1 / M3 muscarinic receptors producing long lasting bronchodilatation.
Reference: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology Eighth Edition KD TRIPATHI page no 128
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
Reward center is located in ?
|
[
"Cerebellum",
"Amygdala",
"Hippocampus",
"Hypothalamus"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hypothalamus
|
d
| 3
|
medmcqa
|
the thalamus is a vital structure in the brain that acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals going to the cerebral cortex. it receives these signals, processes them, and then routes them to appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for further interpretation and action. the hippocampus is mainly involved in memory processing, the amygdala is key in emotion regulation, and the cerebellum is primarily responsible for motor control and coordination.
|
brainmaps is an nih - funded interactive zoomable high - resolution digital brain atlas and virtual microscope that is based on more than 140 million megapixels ( 140 terabytes ) of scanned images of serial sections of both primate and non - primate brains and that is integrated with a high - speed database for querying and retrieving data about brain structure and function over the internet. currently featured are complete brain atlas datasets for 16 species ; a few of which are : macaca mulatta, chlorocebus aethiops, felis silvestris catus, mus musculus, rattus norvegicus, and tyto alba. the project's principal investigator was uc davis neuroscientist ted jones from 2005 through 2011, after which the role was taken by w. martin usrey. description brainmaps uses multiresolution image formats for representing massive brain images, and a dhtml / javascript front - end user interface for image navigation, both similar to the way that google maps works for geospatial data. brainmaps is one of the most massive online neuroscience databases and image repositories and features the highest - resolution whole brain atlas ever constructed. extensions to interactive 3 - dimensional visualization have been developed through opengl - based desktop applications. freely available image analysis tools enable end - users to datamine online images at the sub - neuronal level. brainmaps
|
the cerebellum is a brain structure located at the back of the skull. it plays a crucial role in motor control, specifically in the planning, coordination, and execution of smooth, precise movements. while other brain structures like the hippocampus and amygdala are involved in memory and emotion respectively, and the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum is the primary structure associated with motor planning and coordination.
|
Presence of trifluroacetic acid (TFA) in urine indicates that volatile anaesthetic agent used was
|
[
"Halothane",
"Methoxyflurane",
"Trichloroethylene",
"None of the above"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Halothane
|
a
| 0
|
medmcqa
|
the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
a chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. this information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data. types of chemical databases bioactivity database bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. chemical structures chemical structures are traditionally represented using lines indicating chemical bonds between atoms and drawn on paper ( 2d structural formulae ). while these are ideal visual representations for the chemist, they are unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. small molecules ( also called ligands in drug design applications ), are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. large molecules such as proteins are however more compactly represented using the sequences of their amino acid building blocks. radioactive isotopes are also represented, which is an important attribute for some applications. large chemical databases for structures are expected to handle the storage and searching of information on millions of molecules taking terabytes of physical memory. literature database chemical literature databases correlate structures or other chemical information to relevant references such as academic papers or patents. this type of database includes stn, scifinder, and reaxys. links to literature are also included in many databases that focus on chemical characterization. crystallographic database crystallographic databases store x - ray crystal structure data. common examples include protein data bank and cambridge structural database. nmr spectra database nmr
|
the drugbank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the university of alberta and the metabolomics innovation centre located in alberta, canada. as both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, drugbank combines detailed drug ( i. e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical ) data with comprehensive drug target ( i. e. sequence, structure, and pathway ) information. drugbank has used content from wikipedia ; wikipedia also often links to drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. the drugbank online website is available to the public as a free - to - access resource. however, use and re - distribution of content from drugbank online or the underlying drugbank data, in whole or part, and for any purpose requires a license. academic users can apply for a free license for certain use cases while all other users require a paid license. the latest release of the database ( version 5. 0 ) contains 9591 drug entries including 2037 fda - approved small molecule drugs, 241 fda - approved biotech ( protein / peptide ) drugs, 96 nutraceuticals and over 6000 experimental drugs. additionally, 4270 non - redundant protein ( i. e. drug target / enzyme / transporter / carrier ) sequences are linked to these drug entries. each drugcard entry ( fig. 1 ) contains more than 200 data fields with half of the information being devoted to drug / chemical data
|
All are features of hemolytic anemia, except ?
|
[
"Hemoglobinuria",
"Jaundice",
"Increased haptoglobulin",
"Hemosiderinuria"
] |
Explanation:
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Increase haptoglobulin
|
c
| 2
|
medmcqa
|
the bgmut ( blood group antigen gene mutation ) database documents allelic variations in the genes encoding for human blood group systems. it was set up in 1999 through an initiative of the human genome variation society ( hgvs ). since 2006, it has been a part of the dbrbc ( database red blood cells ) resource of ncbi at the nih. in addition to being a repository of the genetic variations of the blood group antigen - encoding genes, the database also provides information on the blood group systems, the genes that encode them, the serological phenotypes associated with the alleles of the genes, etc. information on genetic variations in some non - human orthologous genes is also provided. references external links blumenfeld oo, patnaik sk. " blood group antigen gene mutation database ( bgmut ) ". dbrbc. ncbi at the nih. retrieved 2011 - 07 - 17.
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
the serum metabolome database is a free web database about small molecule metabolites found in human serum and their concentration values. the database includes chemical data, clinical data and molecular / biochemistry data from literature and experiment. this database also references many other databases, such as kegg, pubchem, metacyc, chebi, pdb, swiss - prot, genbank, and human metabolome database ( hmdb ). the serum metabolome database is maintained by david s. wishart. the serum metabolome database protocol is available via its website. references external links official website
|
All are seen in congestive cardiac failure except –
|
[
"Kerley B lines",
"Prominent lower lobe vessel",
"Pleural effusions",
"Cardiomegaly"
] |
Explanation:
There are prominent upper lobe vessels (not lower lobe) due to PVH.
CHF (LVF) presents radiologically with cardiomegaly and signs of pulmonary venous hypertension (see above explanation for signs of PVH).
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography ( or fate ) is a type of transthoracic echocardiogram, or sonogram of the heart, often performed by non - cardiologist. the protocol has been used since 1989 and has four projections ; subcostal four - chamber, apical four - chamber, parasternal long axis and parasternal short axis. the original focused cardiac ultrasound protocol for non - cardiologists was devised by dr erik sloth in 1989 and has formed the basis of hands - on fate courses ever since. the success of the original protocol has inspired a surge of replicas in many shapes and the coining of many imaginative acronyms : feer, feel, focus, bleep, hart, fuse etc. these are all variations of the original theme [ 1 ]. gallery see also echocardiography references " fate protocol " or " focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography " - search results - pubmed external links official fate protocol website with downloadable fate card
|
the ki database ( or ki db ) is a public domain database of published binding affinities ( ki ) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. the resource is maintained by the university of north carolina at chapel hill and is funded by the nimh psychoactive drug screening program and by a gift from the heffter research institute. as of april 2010, the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 april 2018, 67 696 ki values. the ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics. external links description search form bindingdb. org - a similar publicly available database
|
in bioinformatics, the ciliate mds / ies database is a biological database of spirotrich genes. see also spirotrich references external links http : / / oxytricha. princeton. edu / dimorphism / database. htm.
|
Enzyme replacement therapy is not available for?
|
[
"Gaucher's disease",
"Tay sach disease",
"Pompe's disease",
"Hurler syndrome"
] |
Explanation:
Impoant diseases for which enzyme replacement therapy is available are :-Gaucher's diseaseMaroteaux Lamy syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis VI)Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis I)Fabry's diseaseHunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis II)Pompe's disease (Type II glycogenosis)
|
b
| 1
|
medmcqa
|
in bioinformatics, a gene disease database is a systematized collection of data, typically structured to model aspects of reality, in a way to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, by understanding multiple composite interactions between phenotype - genotype relationships and gene - disease mechanisms. gene disease databases integrate human gene - disease associations from various expert curated databases and text mining derived associations including mendelian, complex and environmental diseases. introduction experts in different areas of biology and bioinformatics have been trying to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of diseases to design preventive and therapeutic strategies for a long time. for some illnesses, it has become apparent that it is the right amount of animosity is made for not enough to obtain an index of the disease - related genes but to uncover how disruptions of molecular grids in the cell give rise to disease phenotypes. moreover, even with the unprecedented wealth of information available, obtaining such catalogues is extremely difficult. genetic broadly speaking, genetic diseases are caused by aberrations in genes or chromosomes. many genetic diseases are developed from before birth. genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. advances in the understanding of this diseases have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. recent developments in bioinformatics and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance
|
genedb was a genome database for eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogens. references external links http : / / www. genedb. org
|
edas was a database of alternatively spliced human genes. it doesn't seem to exist anymore. see also aspicdb database references external links http : / / www. gene - bee. msu. ru / edas /.
|
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