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# Oh Yeon-soo Oh Yeon-soo (Korean: 오연수; born October 27, 1971) is a South Korean actress. ## Career Oh Yeon-soo made her debut in 1989 among a batch of actors who passed an open audition by broadcaster MBC, and she soon became popular for her innocent image. But since her marriage to fellow actor Son Ji-chang, Oh has had a career renaissance doing more mature roles. She played a single mother who rediscovers love in A Second Proposal, a discontented housewife in a rivalry with a top ballerina in The Queen Returns, and was cast as strong, supporting characters in the historical dramas Jumong, and Gyebaek. But Oh became best known for memorably portraying married women exploring adultery in the dark melodramas Bitter Sweet Life, and Bad Guy. In 2022, she returned to small screen with after five years in Military Prosecutor Doberman. She portrayed a villainous military division commander who was the very first woman to achieve that position since the army founding. ## Filmography ### Film \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| Ref. \| \| ---- \| ------------------------------ \| -------------------- \| ----- \| ---- \| \| 1992 \| The General's Son 3 \| Jang Eun-shil \| \| \| \| 1992 \| Man Upstairs, Woman Downstairs \| Yoo Young-hui \| \| \| \| 1994 \| The Rules of the Game \| Tae-sook \| \| \| \| 1997 \| Fire Bird \| Mi-ran \| \| \| \| 1998 \| The Happenings \| Hwa-yi \| \| \| \| 1998 \| The Power of Kangwon Province \| Ji-sook \| \| \| \| 2013 \| Iris 2: The Movie \| Choi Min \| \| \| \| 2013 \| South Bound \| Ahn Bong-hee \| \| \| \| 2014 \| Tazza: The Hidden Card \| Woman at Observatory \| Cameo \| \| ### Television series \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| Ref. \| \| ---- \| ---------------------------- \| -------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| \| 1990 \| The Dancing Gayageum \| Moon Hee \| \| \| \| 1991 \| Eyes of Dawn \| Bong Sun \| \| \| \| 1992 \| Sons and Daughters \| Sung Ja \| \| \| \| 1994 \| The Lonely Man \| Boo Dang-shil \| \| \| \| 1995 \| War and Love \| Yang Seon-ok \| \| \| \| 1996 \| Full Heart \| Bo Ok \| \| \| \| 1996 \| In The Name of Love \| Kang Hye-won \| \| \| \| 1996 \| Mom's Flag \| Seo Yoon-hee \| \| \| \| 1997 \| Revenge and Passion \| Min Joo \| \| \| \| 1998 \| Aim for Tomorrow \| Go Eun-bi \| \| \| \| 1998 \| Love and Success \| Kim In-ae \| \| \| \| 2001 \| Law of Marriage \| Go Keum-se \| \| \| \| 2002 \| Hard Love \| Suh Kyung-joo \| \| \| \| 2003 \| Snowman \| Seo Yun-jung \| \| \| \| 2004 \| Second Proposal \| Jang Mi-young \| \| [ 4 ] \| \| 2005 \| Sad Goodbye \| Park Yeo-jin \| \| \| \| 2006 \| Jumong \| Lady Yuhwa \| \| [ 7 ] \| \| 2008 \| Bitter Sweet Life \| Yoon Hye-jin \| \| [ 9 ] \| \| 2009 \| The Queen Returns \| Cha Do-kyung \| \| [ 5 ] \| \| 2010 \| Bad Guy \| Hong Tae-ra \| \| [ 11 ] \| \| 2011 \| Gyebaek \| Sa Taek-bi \| \| [ 8 ] \| \| 2013 \| Iris II: New Generation \| Choi Min \| \| \| \| 2014 \| Triangle \| Hwang Shin-hye \| \| \| \| 2017 \| Save Me \| Cameo \| Ep 1 \| \| \| 2017 \| Criminal Minds \| Seo Hye-won \| Ep 1–4 \| \| \| 2022 \| Military Prosecutor Doberman \| Noh Hwa-young \| \| [ 12 ] \| \| TBA \| Zero \| \| \| \| ### Television shows \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| Ref. \| \| ---- \| --------------------- \| ----------- \| ------------- \| ------ \| \| 2018 \| Carefree Travellers 2 \| Cast member \| Episode 12–15 \| \| \| 2021 \| I Need Women \| Cast member \| \| [ 13 ] \| ## Accolades ### Awards and nominations \| Award ceremony \| Year \| Category \| Nominee / Work \| Result \| Ref. \| \| ----------------------- \| ---- \| -------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------ \| --------- \| ------ \| \| Baeksang Arts Awards \| 1991 \| Best New Actress (TV) \| The Dancing Gayageum \| Won \| \| \| Baeksang Arts Awards \| 1993 \| Best New Actress (Film) \| General's Son III \| Won \| \| \| Blue Dragon Film Awards \| 1992 \| Best New Actress \| General's Son III \| Won \| \| \| Chunsa Film Art Awards \| 1992 \| Best New Actress \| Women Upstairs, Men Downstairs \| Won \| \| \| KBS Drama Awards \| 1993 \| Excellence Award, Actress \| Oh Yeon-soo \| Won \| \| \| KBS Drama Awards \| 2004 \| Top Excellence Award, Actress \| A Second Proposal \| Won \| \| \| MBC Drama Awards \| 1990 \| Best New Actress \| The Dancing Gayageum \| Won \| \| \| MBC Drama Awards \| 1998 \| Top Excellence Award, Actress \| Revenge and Passion \| Won \| \| \| MBC Drama Awards \| 2006 \| Special Award, Actress in a Large-scale Historical Drama \| Jumong \| Won \| [ 14 ] \| \| MBC Drama Awards \| 2006 \| Top Excellence Award, Actress \| Jumong \| Nominated \| [ 14 ] \| \| Style Icon Awards \| 2010 \| Fashionista \| Oh Yeon-soo \| Won \| \| ### State and cultural honors \| Country \| Organization or ceremony \| Year \| Honor or Award \| Ref. \| \| ----------- \| ------------------------ \| ---- \| ----------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| South Korea \| 37th Taxpayers' Day \| 2003 \| Presidential Commendation as Exemplary Taxpayer \| [ 16 ] \|	enwiki/13446426	enwiki	13,446,426	Oh Yeon-soo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Yeon-soo	2025-06-03T04:37:45Z	en	Q5610843	149,640	{{Short description\|South Korean actress (born 1971)}} {{Family name hatnote\|Oh\|lang=Korean}} {{BLP sources\|date=October 2024}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=October 2024}} {{Infobox person \| name = Oh Yeon-soo \| image = K Drama IRIS2 Press 13 (8455580844).jpg \| caption = Oh in February 2013 \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1971\|10\|27}} \| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ko:오연수\|url=https://cinefox.com/actor/view?isb=Y&movieman_seq=12708\|website=Cinefox (씨네폭스)\|language=ko\|access-date=October 12, 2024}}</ref> \| occupation = Actress \| years_active = 1989–present \| othername = Oh Yun-soo <br /> Oh Yeon-su \| spouse = {{marriage\|[[Son Ji-chang]]\|1998}} \| children = 2 \| education = [[Dankook University]] - Theater and Film \| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto\|child=yes\|headercolor=transparent \| hangul = %오연수 \| hanja = 吳娟受 }} }} '''Oh Yeon-soo''' ({{Korean\|hangul=오연수}}; born October 27, 1971) is a South Korean actress. ==Career== [[File:Oh Yeon-soo at the press conference of SBS Bad Guy.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1\|right\|Oh at the ''Bad Guy'' press conference in 2010]] Oh Yeon-soo made her debut in 1989 among a batch of actors who passed an open audition by broadcaster [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation\|MBC]], and she soon became popular for her innocent image.<ref name="unfriendly">{{cite web\|title=Oh Yeon-soo on Her Part in 'Unfriendly' Soap\|url=https://www.chosun.com/english/kpop-culture-en/2010/07/29/QRHWODNIGA6NXVCIJDUVSK4PBY/\|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]\|date=July 29, 2010\|access-date=November 18, 2012\|archive-date=July 31, 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731143601/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/07/29/2010072900250.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> But since her marriage to fellow actor Son Ji-chang,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Today's Photo: May 3, 2010\|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/05/03/2010050300411.html\|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]\|date=May 3, 2010\|access-date=November 20, 2012\|archive-date=May 5, 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505195658/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/05/03/2010050300411.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Oh has had a career renaissance doing more mature roles. She played a single mother who rediscovers love in ''A Second Proposal'',<ref name="second-proposal">{{cite web\|title=A Second Proposal\|url=http://contents.kbs.co.kr/program/program_dview.php?contentsUid=44\|work=KBS Global Marketing\|access-date=November 20, 2012\|archive-date=July 25, 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725003333/http://contents.kbs.co.kr/program/program_dview.php?contentsUid=44\|url-status=dead}}</ref> a discontented housewife in a rivalry with a top ballerina in ''The Queen Returns'',<ref name="queen-returns">{{cite web\|last=Oh\|first=Jean\|title=Screen divas get dirty in new drama\|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20090914000048\|work=[[The Korea Herald]]\|date=September 14, 2009\|access-date=November 20, 2012\|archive-date=July 14, 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205542/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20090914000048\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Experienced Actors Stealing Spotlight\|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/08/201_51915.html\|work=[[The Korea Times]]\|last=Han\|first=Sang-hee\|date=September 16, 2009\|access-date=November 20, 2012\|archive-date=July 14, 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125420/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/08/201_51915.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> and was cast as strong, supporting characters in the historical dramas ''[[Jumong (TV series)\|Jumong]]'',<ref name="jumong">{{cite web\|title=MBC's Stellar Jumong Already a Big Hit\|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2006/05/mbcs-stellar-jumong-already-a-big-hit.html\|work=[[Twitch Film]]\|date=March 24, 2006\|access-date=November 20, 2012\|archive-date=July 14, 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714124525/http://twitchfilm.com/2006/05/mbcs-stellar-jumong-already-a-big-hit.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Gyebaek (TV series)\|Gyebaek]]''.<ref name="gyebaek">{{cite web\|title=Gyebaek\|url=http://content.mbc.co.kr/english/drama/11/1810040_56096.html\|work=MBC Global Media\|access-date=November 20, 2012\|archive-date=July 14, 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160323/http://content.mbc.co.kr/english/drama/11/1810040_56096.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> But Oh became best known for memorably portraying married women exploring adultery in the dark melodramas ''[[Bitter Sweet Life]]'',<ref name="bitter-sweet-life">{{cite web\|title=New drama rides on toy boy plotline\|url=http://www.hancinema.net/new-drama-rides-on-toy-boy-plotline-13677.html\|work=[[The Korea Herald]] via [[Hancinema]]\|last=Oh\|first=Jean\|date=May 1, 2008\|access-date=November 19, 2012\|archive-date=May 7, 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507081210/http://www.hancinema.net/new-drama-rides-on-toy-boy-plotline-13677.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=K-DRAMA REVIEWS: 달콤한 인생 (La Dolce Vita)\|url=http://twitchfilm.com/news/2008/07/k-drama-reviews-la-dolce-vita.php\|work=[[Twitch Film]]\|date=July 23, 2008\|access-date=November 19, 2012\|archive-date=March 8, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308072008/http://twitchfilm.com/news/2008/07/k-drama-reviews-la-dolce-vita.php\|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Bad Guy (TV series)\|Bad Guy]]''.<ref name="bad-guy">{{cite web\|title=INTERVIEW: ''Bad Boy'' actresses Han Ga-in and Oh Yun-soo\|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?sec=ent5&idxno=2010061620001448714\|work=10Asia\|last=Choi\|first=Ji-eun\|date=June 16, 2010\|access-date=November 18, 2012\|archive-date=May 16, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516151753/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?sec=ent5&idxno=2010061620001448714\|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, she returned to small screen with after five years in ''[[Military Prosecutor Doberman]]''. She portrayed a villainous military division commander who was the very first woman to achieve that position since the army founding. ==Filmography== ===Film=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" \|- ! scope="col" \| Year ! scope="col" \| Title ! scope="col" \| Role ! scope="col" \| Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| {{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference(s)}} \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 1992 \| ''The General's Son 3'' \| Jang Eun-shil \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- \| ''Man Upstairs, Woman Downstairs'' \| Yoo Young-hui \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1994 \| ''The Rules of the Game'' \| Tae-sook \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1997 \| ''Fire Bird'' \| Mi-ran \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 1998 \| ''The Happenings'' \| Hwa-yi \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- \| ''The Power of Kangwon Province'' \| Ji-sook \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 2013 \| ''Iris 2: The Movie'' \| Choi Min \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- \| ''South Bound'' \| Ahn Bong-hee \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2014 \| ''[[Tazza: The Hidden Card]]'' \| Woman at Observatory \| Cameo \| style="text-align:center" \| \|} ===Television series=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" \|- ! scope="col" \| Year ! scope="col" \| Title ! scope="col" \| Role ! scope="col" \| Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| {{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference(s)}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 1990 \| ''The Dancing Gayageum'' \| Moon Hee \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1991 \| ''[[Eyes of Dawn]]'' \| Bong Sun \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1992 \| ''Sons and Daughters'' \| Sung Ja \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1994 \| ''The Lonely Man'' \| Boo Dang-shil \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1995 \| ''War and Love'' \| Yang Seon-ok \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 1996 \| ''Full Heart'' \| Bo Ok \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- \| ''In The Name of Love'' \| Kang Hye-won \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1996 \| ''Mom's Flag'' \| Seo Yoon-hee \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1997 \| ''Revenge and Passion'' \| Min Joo \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1998 \| ''Aim for Tomorrow'' \| Go Eun-bi \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 1998 \| ''Love and Success'' \| Kim In-ae \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2001 \| ''Law of Marriage'' \| Go Keum-se \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2002 \| ''Hard Love'' \| Suh Kyung-joo \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2003 \| ''Snowman'' \| Seo Yun-jung \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2004 \| ''Second Proposal'' \| Jang Mi-young \| \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="second-proposal" /> \|- ! scope="row" \| 2005 \| ''Sad Goodbye'' \| Park Yeo-jin \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2006 \| ''[[Jumong (TV series)\|Jumong]]'' \| ''[[Lady Yuhwa]]'' \| \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="jumong" /> \|- ! scope="row" \| 2008 \| ''[[Bitter Sweet Life]]'' \| Yoon Hye-jin \| \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="bitter-sweet-life" /> \|- ! scope="row" \| 2009 \| ''The Queen Returns'' \| Cha Do-kyung \| \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="queen-returns" /> \|- ! scope="row" \| 2010 \| ''[[Bad Guy (TV series)\|Bad Guy]]'' \| Hong Tae-ra \| \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="bad-guy" /> \|- ! scope="row" \| 2011 \| ''[[Gyebaek (TV series)\|Gyebaek]]'' \| Sa Taek-bi \| \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="gyebaek" /> \|- ! scope="row" \| 2013 \| ''[[Iris II: New Generation]]'' \| Choi Min \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2014 \| ''[[Triangle (2014 TV series)\|Triangle]]'' \| Hwang Shin-hye \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 2017 \| ''[[Save Me (South Korean TV series)\|Save Me]]'' \| Cameo \| Ep 1 \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- \| ''[[Criminal Minds (South Korean TV series)\|Criminal Minds]]'' \| Seo Hye-won \| Ep 1–4 \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2022 \| ''[[Military Prosecutor Doberman]]'' \| Noh Hwa-young \| \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ko:[공식] 안보현·조보아·오연수·김영민·김우석 '군검사 도베르만' 출연 확정\|trans-title=[Official] Ahn Bo-hyeon, Jo Bo-ah, Oh Yeon-soo, Kim Young-min, Kim Woo-seok confirmed to appear in 'Military Prosecutor Doberman'\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=076&aid=0003797054\|via=[[Naver]]\|publisher=[[Sports Chosun]]\|language=ko\|author=Moon Ji-yeon\|date=November 3, 2021\|access-date=November 3, 2021\|archive-date=May 14, 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514111948/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=076&aid=0003797054\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- \| {{TBA}} \| ''Zero'' \| \| \| style="text-align:center" \| \|} ===Television shows=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" \|- ! scope="col" \| Year ! scope="col" \| Title ! scope="col" \| Role ! scope="col" \| Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| {{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference(s)}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 2018 \| ''[[Carefree Travellers]] 2'' \| rowspan="2" \| Cast member \| Episode 12–15 \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2021 \| ''I Need Women'' \| \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ko:오연수·윤유선·이경민·차예련, '워맨스가 필요해' 출연\|trans-title=Oh Yeon-soo, Yoon Yu-sun, Lee Kyung-min, Cha Ye-ryun to appear in 'I Need Women'\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010709503\|via=[[Naver]]\|work=NWESIS\|language=ko\|author=Kang Jin-ah\|date=September 8, 2021\|access-date=September 8, 2021\|archive-date=April 10, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410050052/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010709503\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|} ==Accolades== ===Awards and nominations=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" \|+ Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination ! scope="col" \| Award ceremony ! scope="col" \| Year ! scope="col" \| Category <!--List wins first (sorted alphabetically), then noms (also alphabetically). Sort pending the same.--> ! scope="col" \| Nominee / Work ! scope="col" \| Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| {{abbr\|Ref.\|Reference(s)}} \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| [[Baeksang Arts Awards]] \| style="text-align:center" \| 1991 \| Best New Actress (TV) \| ''The Dancing Gayageum'' \| {{won}} \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- \| style="text-align:center" \| 1993 \| Best New Actress (Film) \| rowspan="2" \| ''[[General's Son III]]'' \| {{won}} \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| [[Blue Dragon Film Awards]] \| style="text-align:center" \| 1992 \| Best New Actress \| {{won}} \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" \| [[Chunsa Film Art Awards]] \| style="text-align:center" \| 1992 \| Best New Actress \| ''Women Upstairs, Men Downstairs'' \| {{won}} \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| [[KBS Drama Awards]] \| style="text-align:center" \| 1993 \| Excellence Award, Actress \| Oh Yeon-soo \| {{won}} \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- \| style="text-align:center" \| 2004 \| Top Excellence Award, Actress \| ''A Second Proposal'' \| {{won}} \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="4" \| [[MBC Drama Awards]] \| style="text-align:center" \| 1990 \| Best New Actress \| ''The Dancing Gayageum'' \| {{won}} \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- \| style="text-align:center" \| 1998 \| Top Excellence Award, Actress \| ''Revenge and Passion'' \| {{won}} \| style="text-align:center" \| \|- \| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| 2006 \| Special Award, Actress in a Large-scale Historical Drama \| rowspan="2" \| [[Jumong (TV series)\|''Jumong'']] \| {{won}} \| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| <ref name=":0">{{cite news\|title=Broadcasters Award Top-Rated Dramas\|url=http://www.hancinema.net/broadcasters-award-top-rated-dramas-8230.html\|website=[[The Korea Times]] via [[Hancinema]]\|last1=Chung\|first1=Ah-young\|date=January 1, 2007\|access-date=January 9, 2015\|archive-date=September 7, 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907001227/http://www.hancinema.net/broadcasters-award-top-rated-dramas-8230.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- \| Top Excellence Award, Actress \| {{nom}} \|- ! scope="row" \| [[Style Icon Awards]] \| style="text-align:center" \| 2010 \| Fashionista \| Oh Yeon-soo \| {{won}} \| style="text-align:center" \| \|} ===State and cultural honors=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" \|+ State and cultural honors ! scope="col" \| Country ! scope="col" \| Organization or ceremony ! scope="col" \| Year ! scope="col" \| Honor or Award ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| {{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference(s)}} \|- ! scope="row" \| South Korea \| 37th Taxpayers' Day{{NoteTag\|Honors are given on {{ill\|Taxpayers' Day (South Korea)\|ko\|납세자의 날\|lt=Taxpayers' Day}}, organized by [[National Tax Service (South Korea)\|National Tax Service]], Taxpayers' Day in Korea is March 3. An award ceremony is held annually, during which individuals and corporations receive commendation for being model taxpayers.<ref>{{cite web\|title=K-Pop Stars Promote South Korean Tax Compliance\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2020/07/08/k-pop-stars-promote-south-korean-tax-compliance/\|work=[[Forbes]]\|last=Sullivan\|first=Martin\|date=July 8, 2020\|access-date=May 20, 2021\|archive-date=July 8, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708202055/https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2020/07/08/k-pop-stars-promote-south-korean-tax-compliance/\|url-status=live}}</ref>}} \| 2003 \| Presidential Commendation as Exemplary Taxpayer \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref>{{Cite web\|script-title=ko:[한국세정신문] [37 납세자의 날 특집] 시선집중 / 납세자의 날 대통령표창 받은 모범납세 연예인①\|url=http://www.taxtimes.co.kr/news/article.html?no=45143\|website=www.taxtimes.co.kr\|language=ko\|access-date=October 29, 2023\|archive-date=October 29, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029022743/http://www.taxtimes.co.kr/news/article.html?no=45143\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|} ==Notes== {{NoteFoot}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{HanCinema person}} * {{IMDb name}} * {{Kmdb person}} {{Blue Dragon Film Award Best New Actress}} {{Baeksang Arts Award Best New Actress Film}} {{Baeksang Arts Awards for Best New Actress (TV)}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oh, Yeon-soo}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Actresses from Seoul]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Yeongdeungpo District]] [[Category:South Korean television actresses]] [[Category:South Korean film actresses]] [[Category:Best New Actress Blue Dragon Film Awards winners]] [[Category:Haeju Oh clan\|Yeon-soo]]	1,293,687,267	[{"title": "Oh Yeon-soo", "data": {"Born": "October 27, 1971 \u00b7 Seoul, South Korea", "Other names": "Oh Yun-soo \u00b7 Oh Yeon-su", "Education": "Dankook University - Theater and Film", "Occupation": "Actress", "Years active": "1989\u2013present", "Spouse": "Son Ji-chang \u200b(m. 1998)\u200b", "Children": "2"}}, {"title": "Korean name", "data": {"Hangul": "\uc624\uc5f0\uc218", "Hanja": "\u5433\u5a1f\u53d7", "RR": "O Yeonsu", "MR": "O Y\u014fnsu"}}]	false
# David L. Kennedy David Leslie Kennedy (born 25 April 1948) is an archaeologist and historian of the Roman Near East, with a focus on Aerial Archaeology, Roman landscape studies and the Roman military. He is Emeritus Professor and Senior Honorary Research Fellow in Roman Archaeology and History at the University of Western Australia. ## Biography David Kennedy completed a Bachelor of Arts (BA (Hons)) in Ancient History and Archaeology at the University of Manchester in 1974, and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil.) by the University of Oxford in 1980. He taught at the University of Sheffield (1976–1989) and Boston University (1989–90) before taking up a position at the University of Western Australia in 1990, ultimately as a Winthrop Professor. He retired in October 2017, returned part-time on a research grant in 2018 and retired again in January 2020. He has been a Tweedie Exploration Fellow (1976–7), a Cotton Fellow (2004–5), a Member (1986-7 and 2004) and Visitor (2005, 2012 and 2017) at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, a Stanley J Seager Fellow at Princeton University (2005-6 and 2013) and Visiting Fellow at Brasenose College, University of Oxford (2013). In 1986–87 he held a Senior Fulbright Travel Scholarship (UK to USA) a University of Western Australia 75th Anniversary Award in 1993. He is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (1985– ) and of the Australian Academy of the Humanities (1995– ). In 2002 Kennedy was awarded a Centenary Medal by the Australian Federal Government "for services to ... archaeology". He is Chair of the Roman Archaeology Group (RAG), Perth, established in 2004 to promote interest in Roman Archaeology. ## Scholarship David Kennedy's research focus is on the Roman Near East, with an emphasis on Jordan. His interests encapsulate Roman landscape studies, military studies, as well as Roman infrastructure in the Near East. Kennedy established (1978) and directed (until 2018) the Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East (APAAME), a project designed to investigate, document and photograph archaeological sites throughout this region using remote sensing. This includes historical imagery and mapping, satellite imagery and aerial photography. The project is designed both to develop a methodology suited to the region and to illuminate settlement history in the Near East. Between 1997 and 2018 Kennedy conducted annual aerial reconnaissance over Jordan as part of the Aerial Archaeology in Jordan project, the first – and until recently, only such programme in the Middle East. The project digitises and makes use of international collections, as well as increasing availability of satellite imagery through programs such as Google Earth and Bing in order to conduct wider surveys of the region. A brief video made by Google for its 'Search' series David Kennedy: Ancient Ruins has been published on YouTube which explains the development of this process. For two years from January 2018 to 2020 he was Director of the Aerial Archaeology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (AlUla) (AAKSAU) and Aerial Archaeology in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Khaybar) (AAKSAK) projects. His other projects have included the Jarash Hinterland Survey with Fiona Baker (2005–2011), a rescue project at the Classical city of Zeugma on the Euphrates (1993–2001) and currently the Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East. David Kennedy's work on aerial photography and satellite surveys has also resulted in part of his research being directed towards more ancient archaeological remains in the Near East, such as Desert Kites. Kennedy has been working on making research more accessible by publishing in iBook format, the first of which is the Kites in Arabia ibook which was made available on iTunes. In February 2016 an article titled 93-Mile-Long Ancient Wall in Jordan Puzzles Archaeologists was published on LiveScience which showcases some of the recent activity in this research area undertaken by David Kennedy and his team. ## Published works Select publications: ### Books - Archaeological Explorations on the Roman Frontier in North East Jordan. The Roman and Byzantine military installations and road network on the ground and from the air. (Including unpublished work by Sir Aurel Stein and with a contribution by D.N. Riley) (1982). Oxford (BAR, International Series 132). - Sir Aurel Stein's Limes Report. (The full text of M.A. Stein's unpublished Limes Report (his aerial and ground reconnaissances in Iraq and Transjordan in 1938–39) (1985). Oxford (BAR, International Series 272). (edited by D.L. Kennedy and S. Gregory) - The Defence of the Roman And Byzantine East. 2 vols. (1986) Oxford (BAR, International Series 297 = British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No. 8) - The Roman Army in the East, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series. (1996) Ann Arbor, Michigan. - Rome's Desert Frontier from the Air. (1990) London and Austin, TX (Batsford and University of Texas Press) (with D.N. Riley). - Into the Sun: Essays in Air Photography in Archaeology in Honour of Derrick Riley. (1989) Sheffield: Department of Archaeology and Prehistory. (edited by D.L. Kennedy) - The Twin Towns of Zeugma on the Euphrates. Rescue Work and Historical Studies, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series, (1998) Portsmouth, Rhode Island. - Ancient Jordan from the Air. (2004) London (Council for British Research in the Levant) (with R.H.Bewley). - The Roman Army in Jordan, 2nd edition. (2004) London (Council for British Research in the Levant). - Gerasa and the Decapolis: A 'Virtual Island' in Northwest Jordan, Duckworth Debates in Archaeology (2007), London (Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd). - Settlement and Soldiers in the Roman Near East. (2013) Farnham (Ashgate). - Kites in 'Arabia'. iBook (2014) (with R. Banks and P. Houghton) ### Chapters in Books - "The British Association for the Advancement of Science Expedition to Moab in 1872. Ginsburg and Tristram: an old academic quarrel?”, in N. Cooke (ed.) Journeys Erased by Time. The Rediscovered Footprints of Travellers in Egypt and the Near East, (2019) Oxford (Archaeopress): 267–286 - "Christianity in the Landscape of Roman and Umayyad Philadelphia: Evidence and inference", in H. Jackson and E. Minchin (eds) Text and the Material World, Essays in Honour of Graeme Clarke, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology series (SIMA) PB 185, (2017) Uppsala (Astrom Editions): 227–242 - "Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Introducing the EAMENA Project", in S. Campana, R. Scopigno, G. Carpentiero, and M. Cirillo (eds), CAA2015. Keep the Revolution Going: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, (2016) Oxford (Archaeopress Archaeology): 919–32 (with Bewley, R., Wilson, A. I., Kennedy, D., Mattingly, D., Banks, R., Bishop, M., Bradbury, J., Cunliffe, E., Fradley, M., Jennings, R., Mason, R., Rayne, L., Sterry, M., Sheldrick, N., and Zerbini, A.). - 'Thapsacus and Zeugma' in East and West in the World Empire of Alexander. Essays in Honour of Brian Bosworth. (2015) Oxford (OUP). pp. 277–298. (edited by P. Wheatley, and E. Baynham) - 'Historical aerial imagery in Jordan and the wider Middle East', in Archaeology from Historical Aerial and Satellite Archives. (2012) London (Springer). pp. 221–242. (with R.H. Bewley) (edited by W.S. Hanson, and I.A. Oltean) - 'Archives and Aerial Imagery in Jordan. Rescuing the Archaeology of Greater Amman from Rapid Urban Sprawl', in Landscapes Through the Lens: Aerial Photographs and the Historic Environment. (2010), Oxford (Oxbow Books). pp. 193–206. (with R.H. Bewley) (edited by D.C. Cowley, R.A. Standring, and M.J. Abicht) - 'Aerial Archaeology in the Middle East: The Role of the Military – Past, Present ... and Future?', in Aerial Archaeology. Developing Future Practice, Amsterdam (NATO Science Series – Series 1: Life and Behavioural Sciences. Volume 337). (2002). pp. 33–48 & pp. 346–347. (edited by R.H. Bewley and W. Raczkowski) - 'Aerial Archaeology in Jordan: Khirbet Ain and Vicinity,' in Australians Uncovering Ancient Jordan. (2001) Sydney (The Research Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney/ The Department of Antiquities of Jordan). pp. 207–214 (edited by A. Walmsley) - 'Khirbet Khaw: a Roman town and fort in northern Jordan', in Archaeology of the Roman Empire: a Tribute to the Life and Works of Professor Barri Jones. (2001) Oxford (BAR, International Series 940). pp. 173–188 (edited by N. Higham). - 'Monitoring the Past: the Role of Aerial Survey in a Rapidly Changing Landscape', in Australians Uncovering Ancient Jordan. (2001) Sydney (The Research Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney/ The Department of Antiquities of Jordan). pp. 69–76 (with R. Bewley) (edited by A. Walmsley) - 'The identity of Roman Gerasa: an archaeological approach', in Identities in the Eastern Mediterranean in Antiquity, Sydney (= Mediterranean Archaeology 11, 1998). (1999) pp. 39–69 (edited by G. Clarke) - 'The special command of M. Valerius Lollianus', in Donum Amicitiae. Studies in Ancient History (1997). Krákow (= Electrum 1): 69–81. (edited by E. Dabrowa) - "(The Frontiers:) The East", in The Roman World (1987). pp. 266–308. Bibliography of Part 4, pp. 309–325 (passim). London, Routledge. (edited by J.A. Wacher) - '"Europaean" soldiers at the Severan siege of Hatra', in The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East. (1986) Oxford. pp. 397–409 (BAR, International Series 297 = British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No. 8) (edited by P. Freeman and D. Kennedy) ### Recent Articles - "Demography, the population of Syria and the census of Q. Aemilius Secundus", Levant 38 (2006): 109–124 - "Castra Legionis VI Ferrata: A Building Inscription for the Late Roman Legionary Fortress at Udruh, Jordan", Journal of Roman Archaeology 21 (2008): 150–169 (with H. Falahat) - "Aerial Archaeology in Jordan", Antiquity 83 (2009): 69–81 (with R. Bewley) - "The Roman Near East", The International Historical Review, 28.2 (2006) 353–368. Review article:- M. Sartre, The Middle East under Rome, Cambridge, Mass (Harvard UP). Pp. xiv and 665 - "The Roman army and frontier east of the Dead Sea", Journal of Roman Archaeology 21 (2008): 669–686. Review article:- S. T. Parker, The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan, 2 vols, 2006, Washington (Dumbarton Oaks). - '"Nomad Villages" in North-eastern Jordan: from Roman Arabia to Umayyad Urdunn, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 25. (2014) pp. 96–109. - 'The Cairn of Hani: Significance, present condition and context', Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 56. (2014) pp. 483–505. - '"Big Circles": A new type of prehistoric site in Jordan and Syria', Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie 6. (2013) pp. 44–63. - 'Editorial: Wheels in the Harret al-Shaam', Palestine Exploration Quarterly 144.2. (2012) pp. 77–81. - 'Kites – New Discoveries and a New Type', Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 23. (2012) pp. 145–155 - 'Pioneers Above Jordan. Revealing a prehistoric landscape', Antiquity 86. (2012) pp. 474–491. - 'Google Earth and the Archaeology of Saudi Arabia. A case study from the Jeddah area', Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (2011). pp. 1284–1293. (with M.C. Bishop) - 'Recovering the Past from Above. Hibabiya: an early Islamic village in the Jordanian desert?' Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 22 (2011). pp. 253–260. - The Works of the Old Men in Arabia: remote sensing in interior Arabia, Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (2011). pp. 3185–3202 - 'Aerial Archaeology in Jordan', Antiquity, 83, 319 (2009). pp. 69–81. (with R. Bewley) - "Kites in Saudi Arabia", Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 26 (2015): 177–195 (and Banks, R. E. and Dalton, M.) - "The Khatt Shebib in Jordan: from the Air and Space", Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie 8 (2015): 132–155 (with R. Banks) - "Aerial Archaeology in Jordan: Summary report for 2014", CBRL Bulletin 10 (2015): 77–82 (with Bewley, R. H., Kennedy, D. L. and Banks, R. E.) - "Prime Suspect: William Cowper Prime in the Holy Land and the identity of 'An American' in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 1858", Palestine Exploration Quarterly 148 (2016): 110–132. (and B. Hirsch) - "Losing – and salvaging? – the Rural Landscape of Graeco-Roman Philadelphia", Palestine Exploration Quarterly 149:2 (2017): 135–161 DOI: 10.1080/00310328.2016.1277675 - “'Gates' – a new archaeological site type in Saudi Arabia", Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 28 (2017): 153–174 DOI: 10.1111/aae.12100 - "Travellers to 1857 to Petra", in Z. M. Al-Salameen & M. B. Tarawneh (eds), Refereed Proceedings of the First Conference on the Archaeology and Tourism of the Maan Governorate, 3rd- 4 October 2017 Petra- Jordan, (2018), Ma’an (Supplement to Al-Hussein Bin Talal University's Journal of Research, AHUJ) (Deanship of Scientific Research and Graduate Studies, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University): 187–207	enwiki/51134004	enwiki	51,134,004	David L. Kennedy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Kennedy	2025-06-13T11:14:21Z	en	Q26251182	45,606	{{short description\|British archaeologist and historian}} {{EngvarB\|date=May 2017}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox scientist \| name = David Kennedy \| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals\|country=AUS\|AM\|size=100%}} \| image= \| image_size= \| alt= \| caption= \| birth_name = David Leslie Kennedy \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1948\|4\|25\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[Montrose, Scotland]] \| death_date= \| death_place= \| residence= \| citizenship = [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]] \| nationality = British and Australian \| fields = [[Archaeology]]<br>[[History]] \| workplaces = [[University of Sheffield]]; [[Boston University]]; [[University of Western Australia]] \| alma_mater = [[University of Manchester]]; [[University of Oxford]] \| doctoral_advisor= \| academic_advisors= \| doctoral_students= \| notable_students= \| known_for = Archaeology and history of the Roman Near East, Aerial Archaeology of the [[Middle East]], Roman military studies, Kite studies \| author_abbrev_bot= \| author_abbrev_zoo= \| influences= \| influenced= \| awards= \| signature= \| footnotes= }} '''David Leslie Kennedy''' (born 25 April 1948) is an [[archaeologist]] and [[historian]] of the [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] Near East, with a focus on [[Aerial Archaeology]], Roman landscape studies and the Roman military. He is Emeritus Professor and Senior Honorary Research Fellow in Roman Archaeology and History at the [[University of Western Australia]]. ==Biography== David Kennedy completed a [[Bachelor of Arts]] (BA (Hons)) in Ancient History and Archaeology at the [[University of Manchester]] in 1974, and was awarded a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (D.Phil.) by the [[University of Oxford]] in 1980. He taught at the [[University of Sheffield]] (1976–1989) and Boston University (1989–90) before taking up a position at the University of Western Australia in 1990, ultimately as a Winthrop Professor. He retired in October 2017, returned part-time on a research grant in 2018 and retired again in January 2020. He has been a Tweedie Exploration Fellow (1976–7), a Cotton Fellow (2004–5), a Member (1986-7 and 2004) and Visitor (2005, 2012 and 2017) at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] at Princeton, a Stanley J Seager Fellow at [[Princeton University]] (2005-6 and 2013) and Visiting Fellow at [[Brasenose College]], University of Oxford (2013). In 1986–87 he held a Senior [[Fulbright]] Travel Scholarship (UK to USA) a University of Western Australia 75th Anniversary Award in 1993. He is a Fellow of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London]] (1985– ) and of the [[Australian Academy of the Humanities]] (1995– ). In 2002 Kennedy was awarded a [[Centenary Medal]] by the Australian Federal Government "for services to ... archaeology". He is Chair of the Roman Archaeology Group (RAG), [[Perth]], established in 2004 to promote interest in Roman Archaeology. ==Scholarship== David Kennedy's research focus is on the Roman Near East, with an emphasis on [[Jordan]]. His interests encapsulate Roman landscape studies, military studies, as well as Roman infrastructure in the [[Ancient Near East\|Near East]]. Kennedy established (1978) and directed (until 2018) the Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East (APAAME), a project designed to investigate, document and photograph archaeological sites throughout this region using [[remote sensing]].<ref>[http://www.apaame.org APAAME] website</ref> This includes historical imagery and mapping, satellite imagery and aerial photography. The project is designed both to develop a methodology suited to the region and to illuminate settlement history in the [[Ancient Near East\|Near East]]. Between 1997 and 2018 Kennedy conducted annual aerial reconnaissance over [[Jordan]] as part of the Aerial Archaeology in [[Jordan]] project, the first – and until recently, only such programme in the Middle East. The project digitises and makes use of international collections, as well as increasing availability of satellite imagery through programs such as [[Google Earth]] and [[Microsoft Bing\|Bing]] in order to conduct wider surveys of the region. A brief video made by Google for its 'Search' series [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hakGJU9xco David Kennedy: Ancient Ruins] has been published on [[YouTube]] which explains the development of this process. For two years from January 2018 to 2020 he was Director of the Aerial Archaeology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (AlUla) (AAKSAU) and Aerial Archaeology in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Khaybar) (AAKSAK) projects. His other projects have included the [[Jerash\|Jarash]] Hinterland Survey with Fiona Baker (2005–2011), a rescue project at the Classical city of [[Zeugma, Commagene\|Zeugma]] on the Euphrates (1993–2001) and currently the Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East. David Kennedy's work on aerial photography and satellite surveys has also resulted in part of his research being directed towards more ancient archaeological remains in the [[Ancient Near East\|Near East]], such as [[Desert kite\|Desert Kites]]. Kennedy has been working on making research more accessible by publishing in iBook format, the first of which is the [https://books.apple.com/au/book/kites-in-arabia/id910866475 Kites in Arabia] ibook which was made available on [[iTunes]].<ref>''Kites in 'Arabia'''. iBook (2014) (with R. Banks and P. Houghton). See also http://www.apaame.org/2014/09/publications-kites-in-arabia-ibook.html</ref> In February 2016 an article titled [http://www.livescience.com/53762-ancient-wall-in-jordan-puzzles-archaeologists.html 93-Mile-Long Ancient Wall in Jordan Puzzles Archaeologists] was published on [[LiveScience]] which showcases some of the recent activity in this research area undertaken by David Kennedy and his team. ==Published works== Select publications:<ref>See APAAME website for full publication details. http://www.apaame.org/p/publications.html</ref> ===Books=== * ''Archaeological Explorations on the Roman Frontier in North East Jordan. The Roman and Byzantine military installations and road network on the ground and from the air. (Including unpublished work by Sir Aurel Stein and with a contribution by D.N. Riley)'' (1982). Oxford (BAR, International Series 132). * ''Sir Aurel Stein's Limes Report. (The full text of M.A. Stein's unpublished Limes Report (his aerial and ground reconnaissances in Iraq and Transjordan in 1938–39)'' (1985). Oxford (BAR, International Series 272). (edited by D.L. Kennedy and S. Gregory) * ''The Defence of the Roman And Byzantine East''. 2 vols. (1986) Oxford (BAR, International Series 297 = British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No. 8) * ''The Roman Army in the East'', Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series. (1996) Ann Arbor, Michigan. * ''Rome's Desert Frontier from the Air.'' (1990) London and Austin, TX (Batsford and University of Texas Press) (with D.N. Riley). * ''Into the Sun: Essays in Air Photography in Archaeology in Honour of Derrick Riley.'' (1989) Sheffield: Department of Archaeology and Prehistory. (edited by D.L. Kennedy) * ''The Twin Towns of Zeugma on the Euphrates. Rescue Work and Historical Studies'', Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series, (1998) Portsmouth, Rhode Island. * ''Ancient Jordan from the Air.'' (2004) London (Council for British Research in the Levant) (with R.H.Bewley). * ''The Roman Army in Jordan'', 2nd edition. (2004) London (Council for British Research in the Levant). * ''Gerasa and the Decapolis: A 'Virtual Island' in Northwest Jordan'', Duckworth Debates in Archaeology (2007), London (Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd). * ''Settlement and Soldiers in the Roman Near East''. (2013) Farnham (Ashgate). * ''Kites in 'Arabia'''. iBook (2014) (with R. Banks and P. Houghton) ===Chapters in Books=== * "The British Association for the Advancement of Science Expedition to Moab in 1872. Ginsburg and Tristram: an old academic quarrel?”, in N. Cooke (ed.) ''Journeys Erased by Time. The Rediscovered Footprints of Travellers in Egypt and the Near East,'' (2019) Oxford (Archaeopress): 267–286 * "Christianity in the Landscape of Roman and Umayyad Philadelphia: Evidence and inference", in H. Jackson and E. Minchin (eds) ''Text and the Material World,'' Essays in Honour of Graeme Clarke, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology series (SIMA) PB 185, (2017) Uppsala (Astrom Editions): 227–242 * "Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Introducing the EAMENA Project", in S. Campana, R. Scopigno, G. Carpentiero, and M. Cirillo (eds), CAA2015. ''Keep the Revolution Going: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology,'' (2016) Oxford (Archaeopress Archaeology): 919–32 (with Bewley, R., Wilson, A. I., Kennedy, D., Mattingly, D., Banks, R., Bishop, M., Bradbury, J., Cunliffe, E., Fradley, M., Jennings, R., Mason, R., Rayne, L., Sterry, M., Sheldrick, N., and Zerbini, A.). * 'Thapsacus and Zeugma' in ''East and West in the World Empire of Alexander. Essays in Honour of Brian Bosworth.'' (2015) Oxford (OUP). pp. 277–298. (edited by P. Wheatley, and E. Baynham) * 'Historical aerial imagery in Jordan and the wider Middle East', in ''Archaeology from Historical Aerial and Satellite Archives.'' (2012) London (Springer). pp. 221–242. (with R.H. Bewley) (edited by W.S. Hanson, and I.A. Oltean) * 'Archives and Aerial Imagery in Jordan. Rescuing the Archaeology of Greater Amman from Rapid Urban Sprawl', in ''Landscapes Through the Lens: Aerial Photographs and the Historic Environment.'' (2010), Oxford (Oxbow Books). pp. 193–206. (with R.H. Bewley) (edited by D.C. Cowley, R.A. Standring, and M.J. Abicht) * 'Aerial Archaeology in the Middle East: The Role of the Military – Past, Present ... and Future?', in ''Aerial Archaeology. Developing Future Practice,'' Amsterdam (NATO Science Series – Series 1: Life and Behavioural Sciences. Volume 337). (2002). pp. 33–48 & pp. 346–347. (edited by R.H. Bewley and W. Raczkowski) * 'Aerial Archaeology in Jordan: Khirbet Ain and Vicinity,' in ''Australians Uncovering Ancient Jordan.'' (2001) Sydney (The Research Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney/ The Department of Antiquities of Jordan). pp. 207–214 (edited by A. Walmsley) * 'Khirbet Khaw: a Roman town and fort in northern Jordan', in ''Archaeology of the Roman Empire: a Tribute to the Life and Works of Professor Barri Jones.'' (2001) Oxford (BAR, International Series 940). pp. 173–188 (edited by N. Higham). * 'Monitoring the Past: the Role of Aerial Survey in a Rapidly Changing Landscape', in ''Australians Uncovering Ancient Jordan.'' (2001) Sydney (The Research Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney/ The Department of Antiquities of Jordan). pp. 69–76 (with R. Bewley) (edited by A. Walmsley) * 'The identity of Roman Gerasa: an archaeological approach', in ''Identities in the Eastern Mediterranean in Antiquity,'' Sydney (= ''Mediterranean Archaeology'' 11, 1998). (1999) pp. 39–69 (edited by G. Clarke) * 'The special command of M. Valerius Lollianus', in ''Donum Amicitiae. Studies in Ancient History'' (1997). Krákow (= ''Electrum'' 1): 69–81. (edited by E. Dabrowa) * "(The Frontiers:) The East", in ''The Roman World'' (1987). pp. 266–308. Bibliography of Part 4, pp. 309–325 (passim). London, Routledge. (edited by J.A. Wacher) * '"Europaean" soldiers at the Severan siege of Hatra', in ''The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East.'' (1986) Oxford. pp. 397–409 (BAR, International Series 297 = British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No. 8) (edited by P. Freeman and D. Kennedy) ===Recent Articles=== * "Demography, the population of Syria and the census of Q. Aemilius Secundus", ''Levant'' 38 (2006): 109–124 * "Castra Legionis VI Ferrata: A Building Inscription for the Late Roman Legionary Fortress at Udruh, Jordan", ''Journal of Roman Archaeology'' 21 (2008): 150–169 (with H. Falahat) * "Aerial Archaeology in Jordan", ''Antiquity'' 83 (2009): 69–81 (with R. Bewley) * "The Roman Near East", ''The International Historical Review'', 28.2 (2006) 353–368. Review article:- M. Sartre, ''The Middle East under Rome,'' Cambridge, Mass (Harvard UP). Pp. xiv and 665 * "The Roman army and frontier east of the Dead Sea", ''Journal of Roman Archaeology'' 21 (2008): 669–686. Review article:- S. T. Parker, ''The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan,'' 2 vols, 2006, Washington (Dumbarton Oaks). * '"Nomad Villages" in North-eastern Jordan: from Roman Arabia to Umayyad Urdunn, ''Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy'' 25. (2014) pp. 96–109. * 'The Cairn of Hani: Significance, present condition and context', ''Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan'' 56. (2014) pp. 483–505. * '"Big Circles": A new type of prehistoric site in Jordan and Syria', ''Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie'' 6. (2013) pp. 44–63. * 'Editorial: Wheels in the Harret al-Shaam', ''Palestine Exploration Quarterly'' 144.2. (2012) pp. 77–81. * 'Kites – New Discoveries and a New Type', ''Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy'' 23. (2012) pp. 145–155 * 'Pioneers Above Jordan. Revealing a prehistoric landscape', ''Antiquity'' 86. (2012) pp. 474–491. * 'Google Earth and the Archaeology of Saudi Arabia. A case study from the Jeddah area', ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' 38 (2011). pp. 1284–1293. (with M.C. Bishop) * 'Recovering the Past from Above. Hibabiya: an early Islamic village in the Jordanian desert?' ''Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy'' 22 (2011). pp. 253–260. * ''The Works of the Old Men in Arabia: remote sensing in interior Arabia'', ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' 38 (2011). pp. 3185–3202 * 'Aerial Archaeology in Jordan', ''Antiquity'', 83, 319 (2009). pp. 69–81. (with R. Bewley) * "Kites in Saudi Arabia", ''Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy'' 26 (2015): 177–195 (and Banks, R. E. and Dalton, M.) * "The [[Khatt Shebib]] in Jordan: from the Air and Space", ''Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie'' 8 (2015): 132–155 (with R. Banks) * "Aerial Archaeology in Jordan: Summary report for 2014", CBRL Bulletin 10 (2015): 77–82 (with Bewley, R. H., Kennedy, D. L. and Banks, R. E.) * "Prime Suspect: William Cowper Prime in the Holy Land and the identity of 'An American' in ''Harper’s New Monthly Magazine'', 1858", ''Palestine Exploration Quarterly'' 148 (2016): 110–132. (and B. Hirsch) * "Losing – and salvaging? – the Rural Landscape of Graeco-Roman Philadelphia", ''Palestine Exploration Quarterly'' 149:2 (2017): 135–161 DOI: 10.1080/00310328.2016.1277675 * “'Gates' – a new archaeological site type in Saudi Arabia", ''Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy'' 28 (2017): 153–174 DOI: 10.1111/aae.12100 * "Travellers to 1857 to Petra", in Z. M. Al-Salameen & M. B. Tarawneh (eds), ''Refereed Proceedings of the First Conference on the Archaeology and Tourism of the Maan Governorate, 3rd- 4 October 2017 Petra- Jordan,'' (2018), Ma’an (Supplement to Al-Hussein Bin Talal University's Journal of Research, AHUJ) (Deanship of Scientific Research and Graduate Studies, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University): 187–207 ==References== {{Reflist}} * Academia.edu Profile https://uwa.academia.edu/DavidKennedy * Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East (APAAME) http://www.apaame.org * University of Western Australia Staff Profiles http://www.web.uwa.edu.au/people/david.kennedy {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, David}} [[Category:British archaeologists]] [[Category:Australian archaeologists]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Western Australia]] [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Academics of the University of Sheffield]] [[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities]] [[Category:Members of the Order of Australia]]	1,295,380,805	[{"title": "David KennedyAM", "data": {"Born": "David Leslie Kennedy \u00b7 25 April 1948 \u00b7 Montrose, Scotland", "Nationality": "British and Australian", "Citizenship": "United Kingdom and Australia", "Alma mater": "University of Manchester; University of Oxford", "Known for": "Archaeology and history of the Roman Near East, Aerial Archaeology of the Middle East, Roman military studies, Kite studies", "Fields": "Archaeology \u00b7 History", "Institutions": "University of Sheffield; Boston University; University of Western Australia"}}]	false
# CWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship CWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling junior heavyweight world championship in Catch Wrestling Association (CWA). The title was established in 1993 as a weight-class title along with the CWA World Middleweight Championship. Bonecrusher Sileo was crowned the inaugural champion by defeating Lance Storm at Clash of the Champions event on July 3, 1993. The title was defended in CWA until the promotion closed after holding its final event Euro Catch Festival on December 4, 1999. The champion Karsten Kretschmer then began defending the title in the German independent promotion Athletik Championship Wrestling (ACW), where he would lose the title to Eric Schwarz, who would retire the title in September 2000. The championship was contested under 12 three-minute rounds. ## Title history \| Symbol \| Meaning \| \| No. \| The overall championship reign \| \| Reign \| The reign number for the specific wrestler listed. \| \| Event \| The event in which the championship changed hands \| \| N/A \| The specific information is not known \| \| — \| Used for vacated reigns in order to not count it as an official reign \| \| [Note #] \| Indicates that the exact length of the title reign is unknown, with a note providing more details. \| \| # \| Wrestler \| Reign \| Date \| Days held \| Location \| Event \| Notes \| \| -- \| ------------------ \| ----- \| ------------------ \| --------- \| ----------------- \| ----------------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| 1 \| Bonecrusher Sileo \| 1 \| July 3, 1993 \| 10 \| Graz, Austria \| Clash of the Champions \| Defeated Lance Storm to become the inaugural champion \| \| 2 \| Lance Storm \| 1 \| July 24, 1993 \| 69 \| Vienna, Austria \| Catch Cup \| [ 4 ] \| \| 3 \| Hiroyoshi Yamamoto \| 2 \| October 1, 1993 \| 23 \| [ Note 1 ] \| [ Note 2 ] \| [ 2 ] [ 5 ] \| \| 4 \| Lance Storm \| 2 \| October 24, 1993 \| 7 \| Hanover, Germany \| World Cup \| [ 2 ] [ 6 ] \| \| — \| Vacated \| — \| October 31, 1993 \| — \| Hanover, Germany \| World Cup \| The title was vacated as Lance Storm left the promotion after the event. \| \| 5 \| Michael Kovac \| 1 \| June 1, 1996 \| 112 \| — \| — \| Kovac was awarded the title. \| \| 6 \| Kendo Kashin \| 1 \| September 21, 1996 \| 91 \| Hanover, Germany \| Catch World Cup \| [ 8 ] \| \| 7 \| Michael Kovac \| 2 \| December 21, 1996 \| 196 \| Bremen, Germany \| Euro Catch Festival \| [ 9 ] [ 10 ] \| \| — \| Vacated \| — \| July 5, 1997 \| — \| Graz, Austria \| Euro Catch Festival \| The title was vacated for unknown reasons. \| \| 8 \| Michael Kovac \| 3 \| July 5, 1997 \| 453 \| Graz, Austria \| Euro Catch Festival \| Defeated Christian Eckstein to win the vacant title. \| \| — \| Vacated \| — \| October 1, 1998 \| — \| — \| — \| The title was vacated as Michael Kovac left the promotion. \| \| 9 \| Karsten Kretschmer \| 1 \| October 10, 1998 \| 63 \| Hanover, Germany \| Catch World Cup \| Defeated Eric Schwarz to win the vacant title. \| \| 10 \| El Locco \| 1 \| December 12, 1998 \| 7 \| Bremen, Germany \| International Catch Cup \| [ 15 ] \| \| 11 \| Karsten Kretschmer \| 2 \| December 19, 1998 \| 567 \| Bremen, Germany \| Euro Catch Festival \| CWA closed in 1999 and Krestchmer began defending the title in Atlantik Championship Wrestling. \| \| 12 \| Eric Schwarz \| 1 \| July 8, 2000 \| 55 \| Weinheim, Germany \| Doomsday II \| [ 17 ] [ 18 ] \| \| — \| Retired \| — \| September 1, 2000 \| — \| — \| — \| Eric Schwarz retired the title. \| ## Combined reigns \| Rank \| Wrestler \| No. of reigns \| Combined days \| \| ---- \| ------------------ \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| 1 \| Michael Kovac \| 3 \| 761 \| \| 2 \| Karsten Kretschmer \| 2 \| 630 \| \| 3 \| Kendo Kashin \| 1 \| 91 \| \| 4 \| Lance Storm \| 3 \| 76 \| \| 5 \| Eric Schwarz \| 1 \| 55 \| \| 6 \| Hiroyoshi Yamamoto \| 2 \| 44 \| \| 7 \| Bonecrusher Sileo \| 1 \| 10 \| \| 10 \| El Locco \| 1 \| 7 \| ## Footnotes 1. ↑ Yamamoto has been recorded as having won the title twice but details are unknown when he defeated Storm for the title. 2. ↑ Yamamoto has been recorded as having won the title twice but details are unknown when he defeated Storm for the title.	enwiki/56229017	enwiki	56,229,017	CWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWA_World_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship	2025-07-04T14:05:50Z	en	Q48850230	97,816	{{short description\|Catch Wrestling Association championships}} {{notability\|1=Sport\|date=January 2018}} {{Infobox pro wrestling championship \|championshipname=CWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship \|image= \|image_size= \|caption= \|promotion=[[Catch Wrestling Association]]<br>(1993–1999)<br>Athletik Championship Wrestling (1999–2000) \|created=July 3, 1993 \|mostreigns=Michael Kovac<br>(3 reigns) \|firstchamp=[[Hiroyoshi Tenzan\|Hiroyoshi Yamamoto]] \|finalchamp=Eric Schwarz \|longestreign=Karsten Kretschmer<br>(567 days) \|shortestreign=[[Super Crazy\|El Locco]]<br>(7 days) \|oldest= \|youngest= \|heaviest= \|lightest= \|pastnames= \|titleretired=September 1, 2000 \|pastlookimages= }} '''CWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship''' was a [[professional wrestling]] [[Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)\|junior heavyweight]] [[Professional wrestling championship#World championships\|world championship]] in [[Catch Wrestling Association]] (CWA). The title was established in 1993 as a weight-class title along with the [[CWA World Middleweight Championship]]. [[Dan Sileo\|Bonecrusher Sileo]] was crowned the inaugural champion by defeating [[Lance Storm]] at Clash of the Champions event on July 3, 1993.<ref name="clash93">{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=15198\|title=CWA Clash Of The Champions 1993\|publisher=Cagematch\|language=German\|accessdate=2018-01-06\|date=July 3, 1993}}</ref> The title was defended in CWA until the promotion closed after holding its final event Euro Catch Festival on December 4, 1999. The champion Karsten Kretschmer then began defending the title in the German [[independent circuit\|independent promotion]] Athletik Championship Wrestling (ACW), where he would lose the title to Eric Schwarz, who would retire the title in September 2000.<ref name="wrestlingtitles">{{cite web\|url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/europe/germany/cwa/eu-cwa-j.html\|title=CWA World Junior Heavyweight Title (Austria / Germany)\|publisher=Wrestling-titles\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> The championship was contested under 12 three-minute rounds. ==Title history== {\| class="wikitable" \|style="background: #f0f0f0;"\|'''Symbol''' \|style="background: #f0f0f0;"\|'''Meaning''' \|- \|No. \|The overall championship reign \|- \|'''Reign''' \|The reign number for the specific wrestler listed. \|- \|'''Event''' \|The event in which the championship changed hands \|- \|N/A \|The specific information is not known \|- \| — \|Used for vacated reigns in order to not count it as an official reign \|- \|<nowiki>[Note #]</nowiki> \|Indicates that the exact length of the title reign is unknown, with a note providing more details. \|} {\| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="text-align: center" !width=0 data-sort-type="number"\|# !style="width:23%"\|Wrestler !style="width:0%" \|Reign !style="width:15%"\|Date !style="width:5%" \|Days held !style="width:14%"\|Location !style="width:14%"\|Event !style="width:56%" class="unsortable"\|Notes \|- !1 \|[[Dan Sileo\|Bonecrusher Sileo]] \|1 \|July 3, 1993 \|{{age in days\|July 3, 1993\|July 13, 1993}} \|[[Graz]], [[Austria]] \|Clash of the Champions \|Defeated [[Lance Storm]] to become the inaugural champion<ref name="clash93"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=57&page=5&reign=1\|title=Hiroyoshi Yamamoto's first reign\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> \|- !2 \|[[Lance Storm]] \|1 \|July 24, 1993 \|{{age in days\|July 24, 1993\|October 1, 1993}} \|[[Vienna]], [[Austria]] \|Catch Cup \|<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=57&page=5&reign=2\|title=Lance Storm's first reign\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> \|- !3 \|[[Hiroyoshi Tenzan\|Hiroyoshi Yamamoto]] \|2 \|October 1, 1993 \|{{age in days\|October 1, 1993\|October 24, 1993}} \|<ref group=Note>{{sort\|1\|Yamamoto has been recorded as having won the title twice but details are unknown when he defeated Storm for the title.}}</ref> \|<ref group=Note>{{sort\|1\|Yamamoto has been recorded as having won the title twice but details are unknown when he defeated Storm for the title.}}</ref> \|<ref name="wrestlingtitles"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=57&page=5&reign=3\|title=Hiroyoshi Yamamoto's second reign\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> \|- !4 \|[[Lance Storm]] \|2 \|October 24, 1993 \|{{age in days\|October 24, 1993\|October 31, 1993}} \|[[Hanover]], [[Germany]] \|World Cup \|<ref name="wrestlingtitles"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=50156\|title=CWA World Cup 1993 - Tag 53\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06\|date=October 24, 1993\|language=German}}</ref> \|- \|-style="background: #e3e3e3;" \|— \|[[wikt:vacate\|Vacated]] \|— \|October 31, 1993 \|— \|[[Hanover]], [[Germany]] \|World Cup \|The title was vacated as [[Lance Storm]] left the promotion after the event.<ref name="wrestlingtitles"/> \|- !5 \|Michael Kovac \|1 \|June 1, 1996 \|{{age in days\|June 1, 1996\|September 21, 1996}} \|— \|— \|Kovac was awarded the title.<ref name="wrestlingtitles"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=57&page=5&reign=4\|title=Michael Kovac's first reign\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> \|- !6 \|[[Kendo Kashin]] \|1 \|September 21, 1996 \|{{age in days\|September 21, 1996\|December 21, 1996}} \|[[Hanover]], [[Germany]] \|Catch World Cup \|<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=57&page=5&reign=5\|title=Kendo Kashin's first reign\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> \|- !7 \|Michael Kovac \|2 \|December 21, 1996 \|{{age in days\|December 21, 1996\|July 5, 1997}} \|[[Bremen]], [[Germany]] \|Euro Catch Festival \|<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=23213\|title=CWA Euro Catch Festival\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06\|date=December 21, 1996\|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=57&page=5&reign=6\|title=Michael Kovac's second reign\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> \|- \|-style="background: #e3e3e3;" \|— \|[[wikt:vacate\|Vacated]] \|— \|July 5, 1997 \|— \|[[Graz]], [[Austria]] \|[[Euro Catch Festival#1997\|Euro Catch Festival]] \|The title was vacated for unknown reasons.<ref name="wrestlingtitles"/> \|- !8 \|Michael Kovac \|3 \|July 5, 1997 \|{{age in days\|July 5, 1997\|October 1, 1998}} \|[[Graz]], [[Austria]] \|[[Euro Catch Festival#1997\|Euro Catch Festival]] \|Defeated Christian Eckstein to win the vacant title.<ref name="wrestlingtitles"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=23212\|title=CWA Euro Catch Festival\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06\|date=July 5, 1997\|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=57&page=5&reign=7\|title=Michael Kovac's third reign\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> \|-style="background: #e3e3e3;" \|— \|[[wikt:vacate\|Vacated]] \|— \|October 1, 1998 \|— \|— \|— \|The title was vacated as Michael Kovac left the promotion.<ref name="wrestlingtitles"/> \|- !9 \|Karsten Kretschmer \|1 \|October 10, 1998 \|{{age in days\|October 10, 1998\|December 12, 1998}} \|[[Hanover]], [[Germany]] \|Catch World Cup \|Defeated Eric Schwarz to win the vacant title.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=205\|title=CWA Catch World Cup 1998 - Tag 31 Champions Night\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06\|date=October 10, 1998\|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=57&page=5&reign=8\|title=Karsten Kretschmer's first reign\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> \|- !10 \|[[Super Crazy\|El Locco]] \|1 \|December 12, 1998 \|{{age in days\|December 12, 1998\|December 19, 1998}} \|[[Bremen]], [[Germany]] \|International Catch Cup \|<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=49960\|title=CWA Internationaler Catch Cup '98 - Tag 31 Champions Night\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06\|date=December 12, 1998\|language=German}}</ref> \|- !11 \|Karsten Kretschmer \|2 \|December 19, 1998 \|{{age in days\|December 19, 1998\|July 8, 2000}} \|[[Bremen]], [[Germany]] \|[[Euro Catch Festival#1998\|Euro Catch Festival]] \|CWA closed in 1999 and Krestchmer began defending the title in Atlantik Championship Wrestling.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=23251\|title=CWA Euro Catch Festival\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06\|date=December 19, 1998\|language=German}}</ref> \|- !12 \|Eric Schwarz \|1 \|July 8, 2000 \|{{age in days\|July 8, 2000\|September 1, 2000}} \|[[Weinheim]], [[Germany]] \|Doomsday II \|<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=33\|title=ACW Doomsday II - Tag 1\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06\|date=July 8, 2000\|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=57&page=5&reign=9\|title=Eric Schwarz' first reign\|publisher=Cagematch\|accessdate=2018-01-06}}</ref> \|-style="background: #e3e3e3;" \|— \|Retired \|— \|September 1, 2000 \|— \|— \|— \|Eric Schwarz retired the title.<ref name="wrestlingtitles"/> \|} ==Combined reigns== {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" !Rank !Wrestler !No. of<br>reigns !Combined days \|- !1 \|Michael Kovac \|3 \|761 \|- !2 \|Karsten Kretschmer \|2 \|630 \|- !3 \|[[Kendo Kashin]] \|1 \|91 \|- !4 \|[[Lance Storm]] \|3 \|76 \|- !5 \|Eric Schwarz \|1 \|55 \|- !6 \|[[Hiroyoshi Tenzan\|Hiroyoshi Yamamoto]] \|2 \|44 \|- !7 \|[[Dan Sileo\|Bonecrusher Sileo]] \|1 \|10 \|- \|10 \|[[Super Crazy\|El Locco]] \|1 \|7 \|} ==Footnotes== {{reflist\|group=Note}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Catch Wrestling Association Championships}} {{CWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship}} [[Category:Catch Wrestling Association championships]] [[Category:Junior heavyweight wrestling championships]] [[Category:World professional wrestling championships]] {{prowrestling-stub}}	1,298,760,996	[{"title": "Details", "data": {"Promotion": "Catch Wrestling Association \u00b7 (1993\u20131999) \u00b7 Athletik Championship Wrestling (1999\u20132000)", "Date established": "July 3, 1993", "Date retired": "September 1, 2000", "First champion": "Hiroyoshi Yamamoto", "Final champion": "Eric Schwarz", "Most reigns": "Michael Kovac \u00b7 (3 reigns)", "Longest reign": "Karsten Kretschmer \u00b7 (567 days)", "Shortest reign": "El Locco \u00b7 (7 days)"}}]	false
# Embodiment theory in anthropology Embodiment theory speaks to the ways that experiences are enlivened, materialized, and situated in the world through the body. Embodiment is a relatively amorphous and dynamic conceptual framework in anthropological research that emphasizes possibility and process as opposed to definitive typologies. Margaret Lock identifies the late 1970s as the point in the social sciences where we see a new attentiveness to bodily representation and begin a theoretical shift towards developing an ‘Anthropology of the Body.’ Embodiment-based approaches in anthropology were born of dissatisfaction with dualistic interpretations of humanity that created divisions such as mind/body, nature/culture, and object/subject. Within these dichotomies, the physical body was historically confined to the realm of the ‘natural’ sciences and was not considered to be a subject of study in cultural and social sciences. When the body was studied or considered in social science contexts employing these dualistic frameworks, it was treated as a categorizable, ‘natural’ object with little recognition of its dynamic or subjective potentialities. Embodiment theory has been developed and expanded by the work of many scholars, as opposed to being credited to a single thinker. The work of Thomas Csordas and Margaret Lock marks some of the earliest explicit applications of embodiment theory in anthropology. More recent edited volumes compiled by Margaret Lock, Judith Farquhar, and Frances Mascia-Lees provide a better window into current applications of embodiment theory in anthropology. The theoretical background of embodiment is an amalgamation of phenomenology, practice theory, feminist theory, and post-structuralist thought. Mary Douglas, Marcel Mauss, Pierre Bourdieu, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Judith Butler, and Michel Foucault are often cited as key precursory conceptual contributors to embodiment theory. ## Background Embodiment theory stems from a broader project to bridge perceived gaps in anthropological study produced by dualistic ways of thinking about the world using binary groupings such as nature/culture and mind/body. These dualisms trace back to the 17th century philosopher René Descartes. Dualistic thinking about the mind or self as distinct from the body produced research and theory that treated practice, perception, biology, culture, physicality, and cognition separately. Theorists such as Marcel Mauss, Pierre Bourdieu, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Michel Foucault grappled with these dualistic framings of the world, but each only contributed a piece of the puzzle. It was not until the 1990s that anthropologists such as Margaret Lock and Thomas Csordas began to attempt to synthesize the intellectual contributions of these precursory thinkers into a cohesive theoretical paradigm of embodiment. In his 1988 Sterling Award Essay, Thomas Csordas identified two key theorists through which to frame the anthropological paradigm of embodiment: Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Pierre Bourdieu. Merleau-Ponty developed the phenomenological foundations for perception-based embodiment, while Bourdieu's Practice Theory provided the framework for a practice-based embodiment. Csordas saw embodiment theory as a synthesis of these two theoretical approaches. Margaret Lock, publishing about 5 years after Csordas' initial essay, cites a much broader array of scholars and intellectual traditions as contributors to embodiment theory, amongst them Michel Foucault, Mary Douglas, Roy Ellen, Marshal Sahlins, Émile Durkheim, and Robert Hertz (in addition to Merleau-Ponty and Bourdieu). Feminist theory and critical race theory, categories of social theory utilized heavily in anthropology, have also contributed significantly to the development of embodiment theory as practiced in anthropology. Anthropologists draw broadly from other disciplines in the development of social theory. Not all of the scholars that contributed to embodiment theory as used in anthropology are classified as anthropologists, but all are widely cited in anthropological literature. ### Cartesian Dualism and the mind/body split René Descartes' mind-body dualism, also known as substance dualism or ‘Cartesian Dualism’, asserts an essential difference between mind and matter. In Descarte's interpretation matter is spatial, but the mind, which is the source of human thought, is immaterial. Within this separation, the self becomes independent of the material body and the two can be studied as separate entities. Substance dualism has served as a pervasive influence in philosophical, anthropological, and sociological theory through the greater part of the 20th century. Not only was the human body studied separately from the thinking, cultural, social self, it was perceived as a universal or essential aspect of being human that did very little to distinguish humanity in relation to the non-human world. Numerous social theorists and philosophers in the latter half of the 20th century sought to bridge the schism created by conceptual dichotomies such as mind/body and nature/culture. ## Theoretical foundations of embodiment theory ### Marcel Mauss In Techniques of the Body, Mauss outlines the ways in which traditional and learned bodily practices allow people to adapt their bodies for social use. Mauss included everything from movement, to dance, to practices of consumption and hygiene, to sexual positions in his definition of bodily 'techniques'. Mauss identifies the body as man's first ‘tool’ and establishes that bodily uses are embedded in both group life and societal history. Mauss saw human actions (and patterns of action) as “psycho-physio-social assemblages” recognizing the intersection of material, cognitive, and cultural influence in human behavior. In a later essay, Mauss established la notion de la personne (the notion of the person/self)—the notion that all humans have self-awareness and a sense of their own individuality. Thomas Csordas notes that while Mauss’ theories served as early precursors to both practice- and perception-based embodiment, the development of the concepts completely independently from one another reproduced cartesian dualisms instead of collapsing them. ### Maurice Merleau-Ponty Phenomenological embodiment (or perception-based embodiment), is centered around human perception, experience, and the process of objectification. Merleau-Ponty, inspired by Heidegger's notion of ‘being-in-the world’ from “Being and Time”, sought to situate the experience of ‘being-in-the-world’ as the root of human perception and the source of objectivity. According to Merleau-Ponty, there are no objects prior to human perception of them. Humans experience the world and orient themselves within it and in relation to other perceived ‘objects’ through the body. The body then becomes the locus of pre-objective interaction with the external environment—where modality and cognition are integrated and ‘perception’ formed. Phenomenological embodiment collapses subject/object dualisms. In archaeology, phenomenological approaches to lived experience have been used in landscape archaeology to discuss and analyze people's experience of landscape. ### Pierre Bourdieu Practice-based embodiment draws from Bourdieu's practice theory, most notably the concept of habitus, which Bourdieu developed substantially after the phrase was initially coined by Marcel Mauss in Techniques of the Body. Bourdieu defines habitus as a “principle generating and unifying all practices, the system of inseparably cognitive and evaluative structures which organizes the vision of the world in accordance with the objective structures of a determinate state of the social world.” Habitus can include tastes, dispositions, 'common' knowledge, assumptions, hierarchical structurings of people and concepts, and more. In simpler terms, Bourdieu saw bodily practice as influenced simultaneously by both sensory experience and sociocultural structuring of the self and the external environment. In this interpretation, the socially-informed behavioral environment is internalized in the body and in the psyche, collapsing mind/body dualisms. ### Michel Foucault Michel Foucault is often cited as an integral influence in the development of theories of embodiment. Specifically, embodiment draws on his concept of biopower as it relates to institutionalized surveillance and state discipline, such as in barracks, factories, schools, and prisons. Foucault invokes the term docile body to describe bodies that have internalized surveillance and discipline enacted upon them past the point of resistance. Foucault asserted two concepts essential to embodiment theory: 1) that the body was a malleable and manipulable entity that was relatively unformed, and 2) that the body was shaped by power exercised upon it within a particular historical context. This established a basis through which mechanisms of power and political history could be embodied by individuals and communities. Foucault specified that power over and control of bodies was focused in “the processes of the activity rather than its result” orienting himself towards a practice-based understanding of the embodiment of power. ## Embodiment and feminist theory Feminist theorists have also played a critical role in the development of embodiment theory as anthropologists understand it today. Shatema Threadcraft attributes the connection between embodiment and feminist theory to the critical role the body plays in constructions of sexuality and gendered difference, as well as the bodily focus of much of the labor that is traditionally ascribed to feminine gender roles (e.g. childbirth, child rearing, aesthetic performance for men, etc.). The relationship between feminist theory, embodiment theory, and the materialist turn in general is fraught because female corporeality has been so tied up in biological determinism, essentialism, and biological fixedness that feminists have been fighting against for decades. ### Embodiment and second wave feminism Within second wave feminism, there were different approaches to the body, with some advocating for bodily transcendence and others advocating for increased attention to be paid to ‘female’ bodily processes. Simone De Beauvoir, for example, emphasized the constructed nature of the body, asserting that bodies are not born with inherent sex/gender categorization, but bodies “become” women (or men) in The Second Sex. Iris Young notes that De Beauvoir saw bodily concerns and existing configurations as something that women needed to transcend if they sought freedom, and that this transcendence would be realized through reconfiguration of women's bodily uses. Others, like Adrienne Rich, saw women's bodies as something to be celebrated. They encouraged connection to and revaluing of the ‘female’ body. Shatema Threadcraft problematizes both of these approaches: On the one hand, focusing on the body reinforces and naturalizes sex/gender differences, and on the other hand, bodily avoidance/transcendence ignores physical and embodied realities of the diverse multitudes of ‘female’ bodies that exist in the world. Both reproduce nature/culture dichotomies and overtly center the biological or ‘natural’ in feminist thought and activism. ### Judith Butler Judith Butler approaches embodiment of gender by acknowledging both its materiality and discursivity, conceptualizing a more expansive embodiment in which physical realities of gender are neither ignored nor essentialized. Butler evokes Michel Foucault to analyze the ways that gendered and sexed bodies are materialized via biopower. Butler saw gender as performative and embedded within cultural norms and practices. For Butler, the performance and construction of gender is discursive but not immaterial; Bodies that Matter explores the ways that discourse on sex, gender, and sexuality is physically embodied, generating a normative and ‘natural’ category of sex. In doing this, Butler collapses the dichotomy of the ‘natural’ sexed body and the socially constructed, gendered body that earlier theorists struggled with. ## Racialized embodiment One of the key critiques of second wave feminist approaches to embodiment is the failure of white feminists to consider racialization in the context of embodiment. Numerous Black feminist scholars such as Angela Davis, bell hooks, and Katherine McKittrick have complicated anthropologists' understandings of embodiment with respect to racialized bodies. ### Angela Davis Davis's work explores the way that Western racial hierarchies complicated and transformed Black women's embodied experiences. In Women, Race, and Class, Davis focuses on the experiences of enslaved Black women, relating these experiences to Black female embodiment in the past and present. Davis highlights that the slave system centered the labor capacities of Black bodies, both male and female, in an undifferentiated capacity. The emphasis on labor capacities of Black women's bodies during slavery has encouraged the continued exploitation of Black women's labor in the present. The orientation of Black women in relation to labor and production also served to alienate them from other aspects of the ‘female’ embodied experience that White feminists placed so much emphasis on such as being a mother or a wife. With her examination, Davis demonstrates how the biopolitical constraints on Black women's bodies and identities are distinct from those imposed on White women and critiques the monolithic representation of the ‘female’ embodied experience espoused by white feminist theorists during the second wave. ### bell hooks bell hooks examined the sexualization of the Black female body in contemporary pop culture (especially music and film) and how that impacted Black women's embodied experiences. hooks asserts that the sexualization of Black bodies in the West allowed for the desexualization of White bodies, transforming the embodied experiences of both Black and White individuals. hooks elaborates that the fetishized bodies of Black women are problematically associated not only with sexuality, but with sexual deviance, aggression, and activity in the modern Western/American cultural landscape, and connects these associations back to much earlier 19th century representations of Black women in European and Western countries. This is entirely different from the ways that White women's bodies were/are characterized and constructed. Key points from hooks’ analysis include the ‘Othering’ of Black bodies in the establishment of White biopolitical norms, and the high level of constraint but marked lack of protection that characterizes Black women's embodied experiences in the present. ### Katherine McKittrick Katherine McKittrick's book Demonic Grounds: Black Women and Cartographies of Struggle explores the meanings and intersections of Black women's geographies in relation to their struggle and resistance. In her analysis of the slave auction block in Green Hill as a locus of human geography, she asserts that “physical geography can be mediated by the space of the subject: the body, the self, identity, and subjectivity”, exploring the ways that human geographies can also be embodied or invoke bodily norms, characterizations, and performances. For McKittrick, the auction block is not an empty space, but an active one that at once “ normalizes black pain, commodifies black working-sexual bodies, and potentially motivates resistances to the naturalized place of black femininity.” Places help to situate bodies in relation to their environments and complicate our understandings of peoples lived experiences. ## Embodiment in current anthropological scholarship As Thomas Csordas originally established in his landmark essay, the embodiment paradigm in anthropology is synthetic. It fuses perception- and practice-based embodiment, recognizing that both are integral facets of human experience and ultimately grounded in the body. Other early contributors to current embodiment theory such as Margaret Lock have demonstrated that the intellectual traditions that inform embodiment span an even broader array of social theories and disciplines. This synthetic conceptualization of embodiment recognizes the body as mechanism through which the world is experienced and constructed in tandem. Embodiment theory illuminates how lived bodies are dynamic, plural, and lack distinct boundaries. As Lock and Farquhar explain: “lived bodies have begun to be comprehended as assemblages of practices, discourses, images, institutional arrangements, and specific places and projects.” Anthropology has come to accept the multiplicity of bodies, recognizing that they are not the universal and strictly biological entities we used to believe them to be. Embodiment theory is an open-ended paradigm, allowing current scholarship to expand topically and methodologically. Recently published edited volumes and scholarly articles relating to embodiment build on this theoretical base by incorporating medical anthropology, technology, commodification, colonialism, sexuality, race, gender, and transnationalism, amongst other subjects.	enwiki/70514099	enwiki	70,514,099	Embodiment theory in anthropology	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodiment_theory_in_anthropology	2025-07-17T21:13:21Z	en	Q111973434	152,064	{{Short description\|Theory in anthropology}} '''Embodiment theory''' speaks to the ways that experiences are enlivened, [[materialized]], and situated in the world through the body. Embodiment is a relatively amorphous and dynamic conceptual framework in [[Anthropology\|anthropological]] research that emphasizes possibility and process as opposed to definitive typologies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Harris \|first=Anna \|date=2016-08-30 \|title=Embodiment \|url=https://oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0151.xml \|journal=Oxford Bibliographies \|language=en \|pages=9780199766567–0151 \|doi=10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0151\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Margaret Lock]] identifies the late 1970s as the point in the social sciences where we see a new attentiveness to bodily representation and begin a theoretical shift towards developing an ‘Anthropology of the Body.’<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal \|last=Lock \|first=Margaret \|date=1993 \|title=Cultivating the Body: Anthropology and Epistemologies of Bodily Practice and Knowledge \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.001025 \|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology \|volume=22 \|issue=1 \|pages=133–155 \|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.001025 \|issn=0084-6570\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Embodiment-based approaches in anthropology were born of dissatisfaction with dualistic interpretations of humanity that created divisions such as mind/body, nature/culture, and object/subject.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Within these dichotomies, the physical body was historically confined to the realm of the ‘natural’ sciences and was not considered to be a subject of study in cultural and social sciences. When the body was studied or considered in social science contexts employing these dualistic frameworks, it was treated as a categorizable, ‘natural’ object with little recognition of its dynamic or [[Subjectivity\|subjective]] potentialities.<ref name=":0" /> Embodiment theory has been developed and expanded by the work of many scholars, as opposed to being credited to a single thinker.<ref name=":0" /> The work of [[Thomas Csordas]] and [[Margaret Lock]] marks some of the earliest explicit applications of embodiment theory in anthropology.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite book \|title=Embodiment and experience : the existential ground of culture and self \|date=1994 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|others=Thomas J. Csordas \|isbn=0-521-45256-2 \|location=Cambridge \|oclc=29521547}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Csordas \|first=Thomas J. \|date=1990 \|title=Embodiment as a Paradigm for Anthropology \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/640395 \|journal=Ethos \|volume=18 \|issue=1 \|pages=5–47 \|doi=10.1525/eth.1990.18.1.02a00010 \|jstor=640395 \|issn=0091-2131\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> More recent edited volumes compiled by Margaret Lock, Judith Farquhar, and Frances Mascia-Lees provide a better window into current applications of embodiment theory in anthropology.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book \|last=Mascia-Lees \|first=Frances E. \|title=A companion to the anthropology of the body and embodiment \|date=2013 \|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell \|isbn=978-1-78268-321-6 \|oclc=841495496}}</ref> The theoretical background of embodiment is an amalgamation of phenomenology, practice theory, feminist theory, and post-structuralist thought.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book \|last=Crossland \|first=Zoë \|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218714.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199218714-e-16 \|title=Materiality and Embodiment \|date=2012-09-18 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|editor-last=Hicks \|editor-first=Dan \|volume=1 \|language=en \|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218714.013.0016 \|editor-last2=Beaudry \|editor-first2=Mary C.}}</ref> [[Mary Douglas]], [[Marcel Mauss]], [[Pierre Bourdieu]], [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], [[Judith Butler]], and [[Michel Foucault]] are often cited as key precursory conceptual contributors to embodiment theory.<ref name=":11" /> == Background == Embodiment theory stems from a broader project to bridge perceived gaps in anthropological study produced by dualistic ways of thinking about the world using binary groupings such as nature/culture and mind/body.<ref name=":1" /> These dualisms trace back to the 17th century philosopher [[René Descartes]]. Dualistic thinking about the mind or self as distinct from the body produced research and theory that treated practice, perception, biology, culture, physicality, and cognition separately.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Theorists such as Marcel Mauss, Pierre Bourdieu, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Michel Foucault grappled with these dualistic framings of the world, but each only contributed a piece of the puzzle. It was not until the 1990s that anthropologists such as Margaret Lock and Thomas Csordas began to attempt to synthesize the intellectual contributions of these precursory thinkers into a cohesive theoretical paradigm of embodiment. In his 1988 Sterling Award Essay, Thomas Csordas identified two key theorists through which to frame the anthropological paradigm of embodiment: [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]] and [[Pierre Bourdieu]].<ref name=":3" /> Merleau-Ponty developed the phenomenological foundations for perception-based embodiment, while Bourdieu's [[Practice theory\|Practice Theory]] provided the framework for a practice-based embodiment. Csordas saw embodiment theory as a synthesis of these two theoretical approaches. Margaret Lock, publishing about 5 years after Csordas' initial essay, cites a much broader array of scholars and intellectual traditions as contributors to embodiment theory, amongst them [[Michel Foucault]], [[Mary Douglas]], [[Roy Ellen]], [[Marshall Sahlins\|Marshal Sahlins]], [[Émile Durkheim]], and [[Robert Hertz]] (in addition to Merleau-Ponty and Bourdieu).<ref name=":1" /> [[Feminist theory]] and [[critical race theory]], categories of social theory utilized heavily in anthropology, have also contributed significantly to the development of embodiment theory as practiced in anthropology.<ref name=":12" /> Anthropologists draw broadly from other disciplines in the development of social theory. Not all of the scholars that contributed to embodiment theory as used in anthropology are classified as anthropologists, but all are widely cited in anthropological literature. === Cartesian Dualism and the mind/body split === [[René Descartes\|René Descartes]]' [[Mind–body dualism\|mind-body dualism]], also known as ''substance dualism'' or ‘Cartesian Dualism’, asserts an essential difference between mind and matter. In Descarte's interpretation matter is spatial, but the mind, which is the source of human thought, is immaterial.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Descartes \|first=René \|title=The Philosophical Works of Descartes \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1911 \|translator-last=Haldane \|translator-first=Elizabeth \|chapter=Meditations on First Philosophy \|translator-last2=Ross \|translator-first2=G. R. T.}}</ref> Within this separation, the self becomes independent of the material body and the two can be studied as separate entities. Substance dualism has served as a pervasive influence in philosophical, anthropological, and sociological theory through the greater part of the 20th century.<ref name=":1" /> Not only was the human body studied separately from the thinking, cultural, social self, it was perceived as a universal or essential aspect of being human that did very little to distinguish humanity in relation to the non-human world.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Keat \|first=Russell \|title=The Human Body in Social Theory: Reich<, Foucault and the Repressive Hypothesis \|date=1986-04-01 \|url=https://www.radicalphilosophyarchive.com/issue-files/rp42_article3_keat_reichfoucaultrepressivehypothesis.pdf \|work=Radical Philosophy \|volume=42 \|pages=24 \|publisher=Radical Philosophy Group \|isbn= \|access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref> Numerous social theorists and philosophers in the latter half of the 20th century sought to bridge the schism created by conceptual dichotomies such as mind/body and nature/culture.<ref name=":1" /> == Theoretical foundations of embodiment theory == === Marcel Mauss === In ''Techniques of the Body'', [[Marcel Mauss\|Mauss]] outlines the ways in which traditional and learned bodily practices allow people to adapt their bodies for social use. Mauss included everything from movement, to dance, to practices of consumption and hygiene, to sexual positions in his definition of bodily 'techniques'.<ref name=":2" /> Mauss identifies the body as man's first ‘tool’ and establishes that bodily uses are embedded in both group life and societal history.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal \|last=Mauss \|first=Marcel \|date=1973 \|title=Techniques of the body<sup>∗</sup> \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085147300000003 \|journal=Economy and Society \|volume=2 \|issue=1 \|pages=70–88 \|doi=10.1080/03085147300000003 \|issn=0308-5147\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mauss saw human actions (and patterns of action) as “psycho-physio-social assemblages”<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mauss \|first=Marcel \|title=Beyond the body proper: reading the anthropology of material life \|publisher=Duke University \|year=2007 \|isbn=978-0-8223-3845-1 \|editor-last=Lock \|editor-first=Margaret M. \|pages=66 \|chapter=Techniques of the Body \|oclc=1120337541 \|editor-last2=Farquhar \|editor-first2=Judith}}</ref> recognizing the intersection of material, cognitive, and cultural influence in human behavior. In a later essay, Mauss established ''la notion de la personne'' (the notion of the person/self)—the notion that all humans have self-awareness and a sense of their own individuality.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mauss \|first=Marcel \|title=The Category of the person : anthropology, philosophy, history \|date=1985 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|others=Michael Carrithers, Steven Collins, Steven Lukes (Eds.) \|isbn=0-521-25909-6 \|location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] \|pages=1–25 \|chapter=A category of the human mind: The notion of the person; The notion of the self \|oclc=11523564}}</ref> Thomas Csordas notes that while Mauss’ theories served as early precursors to both practice- and perception-based embodiment, the development of the concepts completely independently from one another reproduced cartesian dualisms instead of collapsing them.<ref name=":3" /> === Maurice Merleau-Ponty === Phenomenological embodiment (or perception-based embodiment), is centered around human perception, experience, and the process of objectification. Merleau-Ponty, inspired by [[Martin Heidegger\|Heidegger's]] notion of ‘being-in-the world’ from “[[Being and Time]]”,<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Heidegger \|first=Martin \|title=Being and time; \|date=1967 \|publisher=Blackwell \|isbn=0-631-10190-X \|location=Oxford \|oclc=9394041}}</ref> sought to situate the experience of ‘being-in-the-world’ as the root of human perception and the source of objectivity. According to Merleau-Ponty, there are no objects prior to human perception of them. Humans experience the world and orient themselves within it and in relation to other perceived ‘objects’ <u>through</u> the body.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Merleau-Ponty \|first=Maurice \|date=1982-03-25 \|title=Phenomenology of Perception \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203981139 \|doi=10.4324/9780203981139\|isbn=9781134948406 }}</ref> The body then becomes the locus of pre-objective interaction with the external environment—where modality and cognition are integrated and ‘perception’ formed. Phenomenological embodiment collapses subject/object dualisms. In archaeology, phenomenological approaches to lived experience have been used in landscape archaeology to discuss and analyze people's experience of landscape.<ref name=":11" /> === Pierre Bourdieu === Practice-based embodiment draws from Bourdieu's practice theory, most notably the concept of ''[[Habitus (sociology)\|habitus]],'' which Bourdieu developed substantially after the phrase was initially coined by Marcel Mauss in ''Techniques of the Body''.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Bourdieu defines ''habitus'' as a “principle generating and unifying all practices, the system of inseparably cognitive and evaluative structures which organizes the vision of the world in accordance with the objective structures of a determinate state of the social world.”<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bourdieu \|first=Pierre \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511812507 \|title=Outline of a Theory of Practice \|date=1977-06-02 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-29164-4 \|pages=124\|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511812507 }}</ref> Habitus can include tastes, dispositions, 'common' knowledge, assumptions, hierarchical structurings of people and concepts, and more. In simpler terms, Bourdieu saw bodily practice as influenced simultaneously by both sensory experience and sociocultural structuring of the self and the external environment. In this interpretation, the socially-informed behavioral environment is internalized in the body and in the psyche, collapsing mind/body dualisms. === Michel Foucault === [[Michel Foucault]] is often cited as an integral influence in the development of theories of embodiment.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book \|last1=Lock \|first1=Margaret M. \|title=Beyond the body proper : reading the anthropology of material life \|last2=Farquhar \|first2=Judith \|date=2007 \|publisher=Duke University \|isbn=978-0-8223-3845-1 \|oclc=1120337541}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book \|last=Threadcraft \|first=Shatema \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory \|chapter-url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199328581-e-11 \|chapter=Embodiment \|date=2015 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|editor-last=Disch \|editor-first=Lisa \|volume=1 \|pages=207–226 \|language=en \|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.11 \|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1 \|editor-last2=Hawkesworth \|editor-first2=Mary}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Specifically, embodiment draws on his concept of [[biopower]] as it relates to institutionalized surveillance and state discipline, such as in barracks, factories, schools, and prisons.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230245075 \|title=Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France, 1977-1978 \|date=2009 \|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK \|isbn=978-1-4039-8653-5 \|editor-last=Senellart \|editor-first=Michel \|location=London \|language=en \|chapter=Lecture 1, January 1978 \|doi=10.1057/9780230245075 \|editor-last2=Ewald \|editor-first2=François \|editor-last3=Fontana \|editor-first3=Alessandro}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book \|last=Foucault \|first=Michel \|title=Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 \|date=1980 \|publisher=The Harvester press \|isbn=0-85527-557-X \|chapter=Body/power \|oclc=800627432}}</ref> Foucault invokes the term ''docile body'' to describe bodies that have internalized surveillance and discipline enacted upon them past the point of resistance.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Foucault \|first=Michel \|title=Discipline and punish : the birth of the prison \|date=1995 \|publisher=Vintage Books \|isbn=0-679-75255-2 \|edition=Second Vintage books \|location=New York \|oclc=32367111}}</ref> Foucault asserted two concepts essential to embodiment theory: 1) that the body was a malleable and manipulable entity that was relatively unformed, and 2) that the body was shaped by power exercised upon it within a particular historical context. This established a basis through which mechanisms of power and political history could be embodied by individuals and communities. Foucault specified that power over and control of bodies was focused in “the processes of the activity rather than its result”<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Foucault \|first=Michel \|title=Discipline and punish : the birth of the prison \|date=1995 \|publisher=Vintage Books \|isbn=0-679-75255-2 \|edition=Second Vintage books \|location=New York \|pages=129 \|oclc=32367111}}</ref> orienting himself towards a practice-based understanding of the embodiment of power. == Embodiment and feminist theory == Feminist theorists have also played a critical role in the development of embodiment theory as anthropologists understand it today. Shatema Threadcraft attributes the connection between embodiment and [[feminist theory]] to the critical role the body plays in constructions of sexuality and gendered difference, as well as the bodily focus of much of the labor that is traditionally ascribed to feminine gender roles (e.g. childbirth, child rearing, aesthetic performance for men, etc.).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book \|last=Threadcraft \|first=Shatema \|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory \|chapter-url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199328581-e-11 \|chapter=Embodiment \|date=2015-08-06 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|editor-last=Disch \|editor-first=Lisa \|volume=1 \|pages=207–226 \|language=en \|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.11 \|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1 \|editor-last2=Hawkesworth \|editor-first2=Mary}}</ref> The relationship between feminist theory, embodiment theory, and the materialist turn in general is fraught because female corporeality has been so tied up in biological determinism, essentialism, and biological fixedness that feminists have been fighting against for decades.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Alaimo \|first=Stacy \|title=Bodily natures : science, environment, and the material self \|date=2010 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn=978-0-253-00483-3 \|location=Bloomington \|pages=4–6 \|oclc=680036353}}</ref> === Embodiment and second wave feminism === Within [[Second-wave feminism\|second wave feminism]], there were different approaches to the body, with some advocating for bodily transcendence and others advocating for increased attention to be paid to ‘female’ bodily processes. [[Simone de Beauvoir\|Simone De Beauvoir]], for example, emphasized the constructed nature of the body, asserting that bodies are not born with inherent sex/gender categorization, but bodies “become” women (or men) in ''[[The Second Sex]]''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book \|last=Beauvoir \|first=Simone de \|title=The second sex \|date=1989 \|publisher=Vintage Books \|isbn=0-679-72451-6 \|edition= \|location=New York \|oclc=20905133}}</ref> Iris Young notes that De Beauvoir saw bodily concerns and existing configurations as something that women needed to transcend if they sought freedom, and that this transcendence would be realized through reconfiguration of women's bodily uses.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Young \|first=Iris Marion \|url= \|title=Throwing like a girl and other essays in feminist philosophy and social theory \|date=1990 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|isbn= \|location=Bloomington \|pages=29 \|oclc=}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Others, like [[Adrienne Rich]], saw women's bodies as something to be celebrated. They encouraged connection to and revaluing of the ‘female’ body.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Rich \|first=Adrienne \|title=Of woman born : motherhood as experience and institution \|date=2021 \|others=Eula Biss, Dani McClain \|isbn=978-0-393-54142-7 \|edition= \|location=New York, NY \|oclc=1237649124}}</ref> Shatema Threadcraft problematizes both of these approaches: On the one hand, focusing on the body reinforces and naturalizes sex/gender differences, and on the other hand, bodily avoidance/transcendence ignores physical and embodied realities of the diverse multitudes of ‘female’ bodies that exist in the world. Both reproduce nature/culture dichotomies and overtly center the biological or ‘natural’ in feminist thought and activism.<ref name=":12" /> === Judith Butler === [[Judith Butler]] approaches embodiment of gender by acknowledging both its materiality and discursivity, conceptualizing a more expansive embodiment in which physical realities of gender are neither ignored nor essentialized. Butler evokes Michel Foucault to analyze the ways that gendered and sexed bodies are materialized via biopower. Butler saw gender as performative and embedded within cultural norms and practices.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Butler \|first=Judith \|date=1988 \|title=Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3207893 \|journal=Theatre Journal \|volume=40 \|issue=4 \|pages=519–531 \|doi=10.2307/3207893 \|jstor=3207893 \|issn=0192-2882\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For Butler, the performance and construction of gender is discursive but not immaterial; ''Bodies that Matter'' explores the ways that discourse on sex, gender, and sexuality is physically embodied, generating a normative and ‘natural’ category of sex.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Butler \|first=Judith \|title=Bodies that matter : on the discursive limits of "sex" \|date=2011 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-0-203-82827-4 \|location=Abingdon, Oxon \|oclc=727139650}}</ref> In doing this, Butler collapses the dichotomy of the ‘natural’ sexed body and the socially constructed, gendered body that earlier theorists struggled with. == Racialized embodiment == One of the key critiques of second wave feminist approaches to embodiment is the failure of white feminists to consider racialization in the context of embodiment. Numerous Black feminist scholars such as [[Angela Davis]], [[bell hooks]], and [[Katherine McKittrick]] have complicated anthropologists' understandings of embodiment with respect to racialized bodies. === Angela Davis === [[Angela Davis\|Davis]]'s work explores the way that [[Western world\|Western]] [[racial hierarchies]] complicated and transformed Black women's embodied experiences. In ''[[Women, Race and Class\|Women, Race, and Class]],'' Davis focuses on the experiences of enslaved Black women, relating these experiences to Black female embodiment in the past and present. Davis highlights that the slave system centered the labor capacities of Black bodies, both male and female, in an undifferentiated capacity. The emphasis on labor capacities of Black women's bodies during slavery has encouraged the continued exploitation of Black women's labor in the present.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book \|last=Davis \|first=Angela Y. \|title=Women, race & class \|date=1983 \|publisher=Vintage Books \|isbn=0-394-71351-6 \|edition=1st \|location=New York \|oclc=8907158}}</ref> The orientation of Black women in relation to labor and production also served to alienate them from other aspects of the ‘female’ embodied experience that White feminists placed so much emphasis on such as being a mother or a wife.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":12" /> With her examination, Davis demonstrates how the biopolitical constraints on Black women's bodies and identities are distinct from those imposed on White women and critiques the monolithic representation of the ‘female’ embodied experience espoused by white feminist theorists during the second wave. === bell hooks === [[bell hooks]] examined the [[sexualization]] of the Black female body in contemporary pop culture (especially music and film) and how that impacted Black women's embodied experiences. hooks asserts that the sexualization of Black bodies in the West allowed for the desexualization of White bodies, transforming the embodied experiences of both Black and White individuals. hooks elaborates that the fetishized bodies of Black women are problematically associated not only with sexuality, but with sexual deviance, aggression, and activity in the modern Western/American cultural landscape, and connects these associations back to much earlier 19th century representations of Black women in European and Western countries.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hooks \|first=Bell \|title=Writing on the body: Female embodiment and feminist theory \|date=1997 \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|others=Katie Conboy, Nadia Medina, Sarah Stanbury \|isbn=0-231-10544-4 \|location=New York \|chapter=Selling Hot Pussy: Representations of Black Female Sexuality in the Cultural Marketplace \|oclc=35830636}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> This is entirely different from the ways that White women's bodies were/are characterized and constructed. Key points from hooks’ analysis include the ‘[[Othering]]’ of Black bodies in the establishment of White biopolitical norms, and the high level of constraint but marked lack of protection that characterizes Black women's embodied experiences in the present. === Katherine McKittrick === [[Katherine McKittrick]]'s book ''Demonic Grounds: Black Women and Cartographies of Struggle'' explores the meanings and intersections of Black women's geographies in relation to their struggle and resistance. In her analysis of the slave auction block in Green Hill as a locus of [[human geography]], she asserts that “physical geography can be mediated by the space of the subject: the body, the self, identity, and subjectivity”,<ref name=":9">{{Cite book \|last=McKittrick \|first=Katherine \|title=Demonic grounds : Black women and the cartographies of struggle \|date=2006 \|publisher=University of Minnesota Press \|isbn=978-0-8166-9794-6 \|location=Minneapolis \|pages=68 \|oclc=78051840}}</ref> exploring the ways that human geographies can also be embodied or invoke bodily norms, characterizations, and performances. For McKittrick, the auction block is not an empty space, but an active one that at once “ normalizes black pain, commodifies black working-sexual bodies, and potentially motivates resistances to the naturalized place of black femininity.”<ref name=":9" /> Places help to situate bodies in relation to their environments and complicate our understandings of peoples lived experiences. == Embodiment in current anthropological scholarship == As Thomas Csordas originally established in his landmark essay, the embodiment paradigm in anthropology is synthetic. It fuses perception- and practice-based embodiment, recognizing that both are integral facets of human experience and ultimately grounded in the body. Other early contributors to current embodiment theory such as Margaret Lock have demonstrated that the intellectual traditions that inform embodiment span an even broader array of social theories and disciplines.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":0" /> This synthetic conceptualization of embodiment recognizes the body as mechanism through which the world is experienced and constructed in tandem.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":3" /> Embodiment theory illuminates how lived bodies are dynamic, plural, and lack distinct boundaries. As Lock and Farquhar explain: “lived bodies have begun to be comprehended as assemblages of practices, discourses, images, institutional arrangements, and specific places and projects.”<ref>{{Cite book \|first1=Judith \|last1=Lock \|first2=Margaret M. \|last2=Farquhar \|title=Beyond the body proper : reading the anthropology of material life \|date=2007 \|publisher=Duke University \|isbn=978-0-8223-3845-1 \|pages=1 \|chapter=Introduction \|oclc=1120337541}}</ref> Anthropology has come to accept the multiplicity of bodies, recognizing that they are not the universal and strictly biological entities we used to believe them to be. Embodiment theory is an open-ended paradigm,<ref name=":3" /> allowing current scholarship to expand topically and methodologically. Recently published edited volumes and scholarly articles relating to embodiment build on this theoretical base by incorporating medical anthropology, technology, commodification, colonialism, sexuality, race, gender, and transnationalism, amongst other subjects.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /> == See also == * [[sociology of the body]] == Further reading on embodiment in anthropology == * Farquhar, Judith, and Margaret Lock, eds. 2007. ''Beyond the body proper: Reading the anthropology of material life''. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.<ref name=":8" /> * Mascia-Lees, Frances E., ed. 2011. ''A companion to the anthropology of the body and embodiment''. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.<ref name=":10" /> * Mascia-Lees, Frances E.. 2016. The Body and Embodiment in the History of Feminist Anthropology: An Idiosyncratic Excursion through Binaries. In: Lewin, E. and Silverstein, L. ed. ''Mapping Feminist Anthropology in the Twenty-First Century''. Ithaca, NY: Rutgers University Press, pp. 146–167.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Mascia-Lees \|first=Frances E. \|title=Mapping Feminist Anthropology in the Twenty-First Century \|publisher=Rutgers University Press \|others=E. Lewin and L. Silverstein (eds.) \|year=2016 \|isbn=978-0-8135-7431-8 \|pages=146–167 \|chapter=The Body and Embodiment in the History of Feminist Anthropology: An Idiosyncratic Excursion through Binaries \|oclc=1125193796}}</ref> * Van Wolputte, Steven. (2004). Hang on to Your Self: Of Bodies, Embodiment, and Selves. ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', ''33''(1), 251–269.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Wolputte \|first=Steven Van \|date=2004-10-01 \|title=Hang on to Your Self: Of Bodies, Embodiment, and Selves \|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143749 \|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology \|language=en \|volume=33 \|issue=1 \|pages=251–269 \|doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143749 \|issn=0084-6570\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Mason, Katherine, and Natalie Boero. 2021. ''The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment / Edited by Natalie Boero and Katherine Mason.'' edited by K. Mason and N. Boero. New York: Oxford University Press.<ref>{{Cite journal \|date=2019-01-08 \|editor-last=Boero \|editor-first=Natalie \|editor2-last=Mason \|editor2-first=Katherine \|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.001.0001 \|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-084247-5 \|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Anthropology]]	1,301,053,927	[]	false
# Insomnia (Erick Sermon album) \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| AllMusic \| [ 1 ] \| \| RapReviews \| 6/10 \| \| The Source \| [ 3 ] \| Insomnia is a hip-hop compilation album presented by American rapper and record producer Erick Sermon. It was released on April 23, 1996, via Interscope Records. The recording sessions took place at Mirror Image, at the Music Palace, and at Rockin' Reel Recording Studios in New York, and at Chuck Simone Studio. The album was produced by Sermon, who also served as executive producer, Redman, Rockwilder, and Ty Fyffe. Beside Sermon, it features contributions from fellow artists affiliated with or discovered by him, such as Calif, Domo, Duo, Jamal, Keith Murray, L.O.D., Passion, Redman, the Wixtons, Xross-Breed, and Thomas "Tommy Gunn" Blincoe, who was murdered shortly before the album's release, and to whom the album is dedicated. The album peaked at number 53 on the Billboard 200 and number 10 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States. It spawned three singles: "Funkorama", which peacked at No. 81 on the Billboard Hot 100, "It's That Hit" and "I Feel It". ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Producer(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Intro" (performed by Cherry Martinez) \| \| \| 0:31 \| \| 2. \| "Funkorama" (performed by Redman) \| Reginald Noble Jonathan Davis Ali Shaheed Muhammad Malik Taylor Mark Morales Darren Robinson Damon Wimbley \| Redman Erick Sermon ( co. ) \| 3:03 \| \| 3. \| "The Vibe" (performed by Xross-Breed) \| L. Scott Dana Stinson Noble \| Redman \| 3:10 \| \| 4. \| "As the..." (performed by Passion) \| Passion Johnson Erick Sermon \| Sermon \| 3:14 \| \| 5. \| "Beez Like That (Sometimes)" (performed by Jamal and Calif) \| Jamal Phillips Calif Moore E. Sermon Stinson Wayne Shorter \| Sermon Rockwilder ( co. ) \| 2:52 \| \| 6. \| "It's That Hit" (performed by Keith Murray) \| Keith Murray E. Sermon Bob James Claude Johnson George Clinton, Jr. Roy C. Hammond William Collins \| Sermon \| 4:06 \| \| 7. \| "Up Jump the Boogie" (performed by the Wixtons) \| E. Woodson E. Sermon Tyrone Fyffe \| Sermon Sugarless ( co. ) \| 4:08 \| \| 8. \| "Caller's Interlude" (performed by Cherry Martinez) \| \| \| 2:28 \| \| 9. \| "I Feel It" (performed by L.O.D.) \| Gerald Berlin Ron Joseph E. Sermon Douglas E. Davis Ricky Walters Tom Browne Thomassina Carrollyne Smith \| Sermon \| 4:24 \| \| 10. \| "On the Regular" (performed by Duo) \| T. Stanley Kim Sermon E. Sermon Collins Clinton, Jr. Maceo Parker \| Sermon \| 3:11 \| \| 11. \| "Fear" (performed by Tommy Gunn) \| Thomas Blincoe E. Sermon \| Sermon \| 3:57 \| \| 12. \| "Ready for War" (performed by Domo) \| D. Paige E. Sermon \| Sermon \| 3:36 \| \| 13. \| "Reign" (performed by Erick Sermon) \| E. Sermon Rick James \| Sermon \| 3:49 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 42:29 \| Sample credits - Track 2 contains sample of "Midnight" as performed by A Tribe Called Quest and elements from "Stick 'Em" as performed by the Fat Boys - Track 5 contains sample of "Black Thorne Rose" as performed by Weather Report - Track 6 contains sample of "Bootzilla" as performed by Bootsy's Rubber Band, a sample of "Impeach the President" as performed by the Honeydrippers and a portion of the composition "I Want to Thank You" - Track 9 contains elements from "Funkin' for Jamaica" as performed by the Mindbenders and elements from "The Show" as performed by Doug E. Fresh - Track 10 contains sample from "Aah...The Name Is Bootsy, Baby" - Track 13 contains a sample of "All Night Long" as performed by the Mary Jane Girls ## Personnel - Erick Sermon – executive producer, vocals (track 13), producer (tracks: 4–7, 9–13), co-producer (track 2), sleeve notes - Reginald "Redman" Noble – vocals (track 2), producer (tracks: 2, 3), sleeve notes - L. "Kewjo" Scott – vocals (track 3), sleeve notes - Dana "Rockwilder" Stinson – vocals (track 3), co-producer (track 5), sleeve notes - Passion Johnson – vocals (track 4), sleeve notes - Jamal "Mally G" Phillips – vocals (track 5), sleeve notes - Calif Moore – vocals (track 5), sleeve notes - Keith Murray – vocals (track 6), sleeve notes - The Wixtons – vocals (track 7) - Gerald "50 Grand" Berlin – vocals (track 9), sleeve notes - Ron "Ron Jay" Joseph – vocals (track 9), sleeve notes - T. "T-Man" Stanley – vocals (track 10), sleeve notes - Kim "Big Kim" Sermon – vocals (track 10), sleeve notes - Thomas "Tommy Gunn" Blincoe – vocals (track 11), sleeve notes - Domo Paige – vocals (track 12), sleeve notes - Deborah "Cherry Martinez" Tennyson – voice (tracks: 1, 8) - Tyrone "Ty" Fyffe – co-producer (track 7) - Troy Hightower – recording, mixing - Bob Fudjinski – recording - Chuck Simone – recording - Dave Greenberg – recording - Tommy Uzzo – mixing - Tony Dawsey – mastering - Mike Hogan – engineering assistant - Cathrine Wessel – photography - Jah Boogie – sleeve notes - Shugar Diamonds – sleeve notes ## Chart history \| Chart (1996) \| Peak position \| \| ------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| US Billboard 200 \| 53 \| \| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) \| 10 \|	enwiki/8088070	enwiki	8,088,070	Insomnia (Erick Sermon album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia_(Erick_Sermon_album)	2025-07-29T00:26:24Z	en	Q6038257	77,532	{{Use mdy dates\|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox album \| name = Insomnia \| type = [[Compilation album]] \| artist = [[Erick Sermon]] \| cover = InsomniaErickSermon.jpg \| alt = \| released = April 23, 1996 \| recorded = 1994–1995 \| studio = {{hlist\|Mirror Image <small>([[Dix Hills, New York\|Dix Hills, NY]])</small>\|The Music Palace <small>([[West Hempstead, New York\|West Hempstead, NY]])</small>\|Rockin' Reel Recording Studios <small>([[East Northport, New York\|East Northport, NY]])</small>\|Chuck Simone Studio}} \| genre = {{hlist\|[[East Coast hip hop]]\|[[hardcore hip hop]]}} \| length = {{Duration\|m=42\|s=29}} \| label = {{hlist\|[[Def Squad]]\|Rockin' Reel\|[[Interscope Records\|Interscope]]}} \| producer = {{hlist\|[[Erick Sermon]] <small>(also [[Executive producer\|exec.]])</small>\|[[Redman (rapper)\|Redman]]\|[[Rockwilder]]\|[[Ty Fyffe\|Sugarless]]}} \| prev_title = [[Double or Nothing (Erick Sermon album)\|Double or Nothing]] \| prev_year = 1995 \| next_title = [[El Niño (Def Squad album)\|El Niño]] \| next_year = 1998 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = Insomnia \| type = compilation \| single1 = [[Funkorama]] \| single1date = December 19, 1995 \| single2 = It's That Hit \| single2date = 1995 \| single3 = I Feel It \| single3date = June 4, 1996 }} }} {{Music ratings \| noprose = yes \| rev1 = [[AllMusic]] \| rev1score = {{Rating\|4.5\|5}}<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Various Artists - Insomnia: The Erick Sermon Compilation Album Album Reviews, Songs & More\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/insomnia-the-erick-sermon-compilation-album-mw0000180018 \|access-date=February 15, 2023 \|website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> \| rev2 = RapReviews \| rev2score = 6/10<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Juon \|first=Steve 'Flash' \|date=July 29, 2025 \|title=Erick Sermon :: Insomnia – The Erick Sermon Compilation Album – RapReviews \|url=https://www.rapreviews.com/2025/07/erick-sermon-insomnia-the-erick-sermon-compilation-album/ \|access-date=July 29, 2025 \|website=www.rapreviews.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> \| rev3 = ''[[The Source (magazine)\|The Source]]'' \| rev3score = {{Rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Borrow\|first=Zev\|date=April 1996\|issue=79\|title=Record Report: Various Artists – Insomnia: The Erick Sermon Compilation Album\|magazine=[[The Source (magazine)\|The Source]]\|pages=83–84\|location=New York}}</ref> }} '''''Insomnia''''' is a [[Hip hop music\|hip-hop]] [[compilation album]] presented by American rapper and record producer [[Erick Sermon]]. It was released on April 23, 1996, via [[Interscope Records]]. The recording sessions took place at Mirror Image, at the Music Palace, and at Rockin' Reel Recording Studios in [[New York City\|New York]], and at Chuck Simone Studio. The album was produced by Sermon, who also served as executive producer, [[Redman (rapper)\|Redman]], [[Rockwilder]], and [[Ty Fyffe]]. Beside Sermon, it features contributions from fellow artists affiliated with or discovered by him, such as Calif, Domo, Duo, [[Jamal Phillips\|Jamal]], [[Keith Murray]], L.O.D., Passion, Redman, the Wixtons, Xross-Breed, and Thomas "Tommy Gunn" Blincoe, who was murdered shortly before the album's release,<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Texeira \|first1=Erin \|title=Rapper, 2 Others Are Found Slain \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-01-27-me-29279-story.html \|access-date=2017-02-12 \|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> and to whom the album is dedicated. The album peaked at number 53 on the [[Billboard 200\|''Billboard'' 200]] and number 10 on the [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] in the United States. It spawned three singles: "[[Funkorama]]", which peacked at No. 81 on the [[Billboard Hot 100\|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], "It's That Hit" and "I Feel It". ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| all_writing = \| extra_column = Producer(s) \| title1 = Intro \| note1 = performed by [[Cherry Martinez]] \| writer1 = \| extra1 = \| length1 = 0:31 \| title2 = [[Funkorama]] \| note2 = performed by [[Redman (rapper)\|Redman]] \| writer2 = {{hlist\|[[Redman (rapper)\|Reginald Noble]]\|[[Q-Tip (musician)\|Jonathan Davis]]\|[[Ali Shaheed Muhammad]]\|[[Phife Dawg\|Malik Taylor]]\|[[Prince Markie Dee\|Mark Morales]]\|[[Darren Robinson (rapper)\|Darren Robinson]]\|Damon Wimbley}} \| extra2 = {{hlist\|[[Redman (rapper)\|Redman]]\|[[Erick Sermon]] <small>({{abbr\|co.\|co-producer}})</small>}} \| length2 = 3:03 \| title3 = The Vibe \| note3 = performed by Xross-Breed \| writer3 = {{hlist\|L. Scott\|[[Rockwilder\|Dana Stinson]]\|Noble}} \| extra3 = Redman \| length3 = 3:10 \| title4 = As the... \| note4 = performed by Passion \| writer4 = {{hlist\|Passion Johnson\|[[Erick Sermon]]}} \| extra4 = Sermon \| length4 = 3:14 \| title5 = Beez Like That (Sometimes) \| note5 = performed by [[Jamal Phillips\|Jamal]] and Calif \| writer5 = {{hlist\|[[Jamal Phillips]]\|Calif Moore\|E. Sermon\|Stinson\|[[Wayne Shorter]]}} \| extra5 = {{hlist\|Sermon\|[[Rockwilder]] <small>({{abbr\|co.\|co-producer}})</small>}} \| length5 = 2:52 \| title6 = It's That Hit \| note6 = performed by [[Keith Murray]] \| writer6 = {{hlist\|[[Keith Murray]]\|E. Sermon\|[[Bob James (musician)\|Bob James]]\|Claude Johnson\|[[George Clinton (funk musician)\|George Clinton, Jr.]]\|[[Roy C\|Roy C. Hammond]]\|[[Bootsy Collins\|William Collins]]}} \| extra6 = Sermon \| length6 = 4:06 \| title7 = Up Jump the Boogie \| note7 = performed by the Wixtons \| writer7 = {{hlist\|E. Woodson\|E. Sermon\|[[Ty Fyffe\|Tyrone Fyffe]]}} \| extra7 = {{hlist\|Sermon\|[[Ty Fyffe\|Sugarless]] <small>({{abbr\|co.\|co-producer}})</small>}} \| length7 = 4:08 \| title8 = Caller's Interlude \| note8 = performed by Cherry Martinez \| writer8 = \| extra8 = \| length8 = 2:28 \| title9 = I Feel It \| note9 = performed by L.O.D. \| writer9 = {{hlist\|Gerald Berlin\|Ron Joseph\|E. Sermon\|[[Doug E. Fresh\|Douglas E. Davis]]\|[[Slick Rick\|Ricky Walters]]\|[[Tom Browne (trumpeter)\|Tom Browne]]\|Thomassina Carrollyne Smith}} \| extra9 = Sermon \| length9 = 4:24 \| title10 = On the Regular \| note10 = performed by Duo \| writer10 = {{hlist\|T. Stanley\|Kim Sermon\|E. Sermon\|Collins\|Clinton, Jr.\|[[Maceo Parker]]}} \| extra10 = Sermon \| length10 = 3:11 \| title11 = Fear \| note11 = performed by Tommy Gunn \| writer11 = {{hlist\|Thomas Blincoe\|E. Sermon}} \| extra11 = Sermon \| length11 = 3:57 \| title12 = Ready for War \| note12 = performed by Domo \| writer12 = {{hlist\|D. Paige\|E. Sermon}} \| extra12 = Sermon \| length12 = 3:36 \| title13 = Reign \| note13 = performed by Erick Sermon \| writer13 = {{hlist\|E. Sermon\|[[Rick James]]}} \| extra13 = Sermon \| length13 = 3:49 \| total_length = 42:29 }} ;Sample credits Track 2 contains sample of "Midnight" as performed by [[A Tribe Called Quest]] and elements from "Stick 'Em" as performed by [[the Fat Boys]] Track 5 contains sample of "Black Thorne Rose" as performed by [[Weather Report]] Track 6 contains sample of "[[Bootzilla]]" as performed by [[Bootsy's Rubber Band]], a sample of "[[Impeach the President]]" as performed by [[The Honey Drippers (soul band)\|the Honeydrippers]] and a portion of the composition "I Want to Thank You" Track 9 contains elements from "[[Funkin' for Jamaica (N.Y.)\|Funkin' for Jamaica]]" as performed by [[the Mindbenders]] and elements from "[[The Show (Doug E. Fresh song)\|The Show]]" as performed by [[Doug E. Fresh]] Track 10 contains sample from "Aah...The Name Is Bootsy, Baby" Track 13 contains a sample of "[[All Night Long (Mary Jane Girls song)\|All Night Long]]" as performed by the [[Mary Jane Girls]] ==Personnel== {{div col}} [[Erick Sermon]] – executive producer, vocals <small>(track 13)</small>, producer <small>(tracks: 4–7, 9–13)</small>, co-producer <small>(track 2)</small>, sleeve notes Reginald "[[Redman (rapper)\|Redman]]" Noble – vocals <small>(track 2)</small>, producer <small>(tracks: 2, 3)</small>, sleeve notes L. "Kewjo" Scott – vocals <small>(track 3)</small>, sleeve notes Dana "[[Rockwilder]]" Stinson – vocals <small>(track 3)</small>, co-producer <small>(track 5)</small>, sleeve notes Passion Johnson – vocals <small>(track 4)</small>, sleeve notes Jamal "[[Jamal Phillips\|Mally G]]" Phillips – vocals <small>(track 5)</small>, sleeve notes Calif Moore – vocals <small>(track 5)</small>, sleeve notes [[Keith Murray]] – vocals <small>(track 6)</small>, sleeve notes The Wixtons – vocals <small>(track 7)</small> Gerald "50 Grand" Berlin – vocals <small>(track 9)</small>, sleeve notes Ron "Ron Jay" Joseph – vocals <small>(track 9)</small>, sleeve notes T. "T-Man" Stanley – vocals <small>(track 10)</small>, sleeve notes Kim "Big Kim" Sermon – vocals <small>(track 10)</small>, sleeve notes Thomas "Tommy Gunn" Blincoe – vocals <small>(track 11)</small>, sleeve notes Domo Paige – vocals <small>(track 12)</small>, sleeve notes Deborah "[[Cherry Martinez]]" Tennyson – voice <small>(tracks: 1, 8)</small> Tyrone "[[Ty Fyffe\|Ty]]" Fyffe – co-producer <small>(track 7)</small> Troy Hightower – recording, mixing Bob Fudjinski – recording Chuck Simone – recording Dave Greenberg – recording Tommy Uzzo – mixing [[Tony Dawsey]] – mastering Mike Hogan – engineering assistant [[Cathrine Wessel]] – photography Jah Boogie – sleeve notes Shugar Diamonds – sleeve notes {{div col end}} ==Chart history== {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" \|Chart (1996) ! scope="col" \|Peak<br /> position \|- {{album chart\|Billboard200\|53\|artist=Erick Sermon\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=April 3, 2019}} \|- {{album chart\|BillboardRandBHipHop\|10\|artist=Erick Sermon\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=April 3, 2019}} \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Discogs master\|197021\|Insomnia The Erick Sermon Compilation Album}} {{Erick Sermon}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1996 compilation albums]] [[Category:Albums produced by Redman]] [[Category:Albums produced by Erick Sermon]] [[Category:East Coast hip-hop compilation albums]] [[Category:Interscope Records compilation albums]]	1,303,077,282	[{"title": "Compilation album by Erick Sermon", "data": {"Released": "April 23, 1996", "Recorded": "1994\u20131995", "Studio": "Mirror Image ( Dix Hills, NY ) The Music Palace ( West Hempstead, NY ) Rockin' Reel Recording Studios ( East Northport, NY ) Chuck Simone Studio", "Genre": "East Coast hip hop hardcore hip hop", "Length": "42:29", "Label": "Def Squad Rockin' Reel Interscope", "Producer": "Erick Sermon (also exec. ) Redman Rockwilder Sugarless"}}, {"title": "Erick Sermon chronology", "data": {"Double or Nothing \u00b7 (1995)": "Insomnia \u00b7 (1996) \u00b7 El Ni\u00f1o \u00b7 (1998)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Insomnia", "data": {"Singles from Insomnia": "1. \"Funkorama\" \u00b7 Released: December 19, 1995 2. \"It's That Hit\" \u00b7 Released: 1995 3. \"I Feel It\" \u00b7 Released: June 4, 1996"}}, {"title": "Erick Sermon", "data": {"Studio albums": "No Pressure Double or Nothing Def Squad Presents Erick Onasis Music React Chilltown, New York E.S.P. (Erick Sermon's Perception) Vernia", "Other albums": "Insomnia El Ni\u00f1o", "Singles": "\" Hittin' Switches \" \" Stay Real \" \" Bomdigi \" \" Welcome \" \" Full Cooperation \" \" Get Da Money \" \" Music \" \" React \"", "Featured artist": "\" Yeah Yeah U Know It \"", "Related articles": "EPMD Hit Squad Def Squad"}}]	false
# Moi... Lolita "Moi... Lolita" (English: "Me... Lolita") is the debut single by French singer Alizée, released in July 2000 from her debut studio album, Gourmandises (2000). The single topped the charts in Italy and Spain while reaching the top five in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Moldova and the Netherlands. ## Background In 1999, Alizée appeared on the M6 channel's talent show Graines de star. Initially she intended to sign up for the programme's dance contest, but that category was reserved for groups only. Alizée therefore joined the singing category instead, performing the song "Waiting for Tonight" by Jennifer Lopez and "Ma Prière" (a single released by Axelle Red in 1997). She went on to win the Meilleure Graine award for most promising young singing star of tomorrow. Her winning performance was seen by Mylène Farmer and Laurent Boutonnat, who were looking for a young, fresh voice to partake in their new project. They approached Alizée, and she was selected after studio auditions. ## Composition The song was instrumental in showcasing Alizée's image as that of a seductive Lolita character, referring to the 1955 novel Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov. The lyrics to the song also make several references to Farmer. ## Critical reception Peter Robinson from NME acclaimed the song, stated: "It's pop as pop should be: the perfect marriage of innocence and experience of which the French, from Birkin to Paradis, have always seemed overwhelmingly capable. All this plus it has one of the most electrifying middle eights ever committed to record." ## Commercial performance In France, "Moi... Lolita" peaked at number two for 13 nonconsecutive weeks on the SNEP Singles Chart, being unable to dislodge "Les Rois du monde" by Gregori Baquet, Damien Sargue and Philippe D'Avilan from the number-one spot. It stayed in the top five for 24 consecutive weeks, and when Alizée's following single, "L'Alizé", reached number one, "Moi... Lolita" was still at number three. The song was certified gold two months after its release by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). In the United Kingdom the song was acclaimed by the NME who recognised it with a "Single of the Week" award. It became a rare example of a foreign-language song to chart highly in the UK, peaking at number nine on the UK Singles Chart to become the highest-charting French-language song since 1995, when Celine Dion's "Pour que tu m'aimes encore" peaked at number seven. ## Music video The video for the single was directed by Laurent Boutonnat and was first premiered on 26 July 2000 on M6. It shows Alizée in a nightclub dancing and having fun. In the first part of the video Alizée is running away from a man who professes his love for her and gives her a money bill when she asks for it. Later, she flees from her abusive mother, with her little sister, to a nightclub and starts to dance. The video ends with Alizée and the little girl leaving and the man from the beginning following them. ## Track listings CD single – France 1. "Moi... Lolita" (single version) 2. "Moi... Lolita" (the piano version) CD single – UK 1. "Moi... Lolita" (single version) – 4:16 2. "Moi... Lolita" (Lola extended remix) – 6:30 3. "Moi... Lolita" (Illicit full vocal mix) – 8:05 4. "Moi... Lolita" (CD rom video) – 4:50 CD maxi – Germany 1. "Moi... Lolita" (radio edit) – 3:40 2. "Moi... Lolita" (single version) – 4:16 3. "Moi... Lolita" (Lola extended remix) – 6:30 4. "Moi... Lolita" (hello helli t'es a dance mix) – 5:50 5. "Moi... Lolita" (Lolidub remix) – 3:45 6. "Moi... Lolita" (the piano version) – 4:20 ## Charts \| Chart (2000–2002) \| Peak position \| \| ---------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) \| 5 \| \| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) \| 4 \| \| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) \| 2 \| \| Denmark (Tracklisten) \| 9 \| \| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles) \| 7 \| \| France (SNEP) \| 2 \| \| Germany (GfK) \| 5 \| \| Hungary (Rádiós Top 40) \| 15 \| \| Ireland (IRMA) \| 34 \| \| Italy (FIMI) \| 1 \| \| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) \| 2 \| \| Netherlands (Single Top 100) \| 2 \| \| Poland (Music & Media) \| 3 \| \| Scotland (OCC) \| 6 \| \| Spain (PROMUSICAE) \| 1 \| \| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) \| 52 \| \| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) \| 11 \| \| UK Singles (OCC) \| 9 \| \| Chart (2011) \| Peak position \| \| --------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Poland (Polish Airplay New) \| 5 \| \| Chart (2023) \| Peak position \| \| ------------------------ \| ------------- \| \| Moldova Airplay (TopHit) \| 5 \| \| Chart (2023) \| Peak position \| \| ------------------------ \| ------------- \| \| Moldova Airplay (TopHit) \| 5 \| \| Chart (2000) \| Position \| \| ---------------------------------- \| -------- \| \| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) \| 6 \| \| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles) \| 20 \| \| France (SNEP) \| 3 \| \| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) \| 28 \| \| Chart (2001) \| Position \| \| ---------------------------------- \| -------- \| \| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) \| 66 \| \| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) \| 16 \| \| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) \| 96 \| \| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles) \| 29 \| \| France (SNEP) \| 52 \| \| Germany (Media Control) \| 38 \| \| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) \| 6 \| \| Netherlands (Single Top 100) \| 14 \| \| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) \| 82 \| \| Chart (2002) \| Position \| \| ---------------------------------- \| -------- \| \| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) \| 34 \| \| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles) \| 76 \| \| Germany (Media Control) \| 86 \| \| Italy (FIMI) \| 6 \| \| UK Singles (OCC) \| 161 \| \| Chart (2023) \| Position \| \| ------------------------ \| -------- \| \| Moldova Airplay (TopHit) \| 109 \| \| Chart (2000–2009) \| Position \| \| ---------------------------- \| -------- \| \| Netherlands (Single Top 100) \| 67 \| ## Certifications and sales \| Region \| Certification \| Certified units/sales \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| \| Belgium (BRMA) \| 2× Platinum \| 100,000* \| \| France (SNEP) \| Diamond \| 1,200,000 \| \| Netherlands (NVPI) \| Gold \| 40,000^ \| \| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) \| Platinum \| 50,000^ \| \| Summaries \| \| \| \| Worldwide \| — \| 2,000,000 \| \| * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. \| \| \|	enwiki/3401492	enwiki	3,401,492	Moi... Lolita	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moi..._Lolita	2025-08-04T20:51:11Z	en	Q26402	175,624	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox song \| name = Moi... Lolita \| cover = Alizée - Moi... Lolita.png \| alt = \| type = single \| artist = [[Alizée]] \| album = [[Gourmandises]] \| released = {{Start date\|2000\|07\|03\|df=yes}}<ref name="snep"/> \| recorded = \| studio = \| genre = [[French pop]] \| length = 4:26 \| label = [[Polydor Records\|Polydor]] \| composer = [[Laurent Boutonnat]] \| lyricist = [[Mylène Farmer]] \| producer = * Laurent Boutonnat * Mylène Farmer \| prev_title = \| prev_year = \| next_title = [[L'Alizé]] \| next_year = 2000 \| misc = {{External music video\|{{YouTube\|QpbHdIrtpNo\|"Moi... Lolita"}}}} }} "'''Moi... Lolita'''" (English: "Me... Lolita") is the debut single by French singer [[Alizée]], released in July 2000 from her debut studio album, ''[[Gourmandises]]'' (2000). The single topped the charts in Italy and Spain while reaching the top five in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Moldova and the Netherlands. ==Background== {{unreferenced section\|date=June 2019}} In 1999, Alizée appeared on the [[M6 (TV channel)\|M6]] channel's talent show ''[[Graines de star]]''. Initially she intended to sign up for the programme's dance contest, but that category was reserved for groups only. Alizée therefore joined the singing category instead, performing the song "[[Waiting for Tonight]]" by [[Jennifer Lopez]] and "Ma Prière" (a single released by [[Axelle Red]] in 1997). She went on to win the Meilleure Graine award for most promising young singing star of tomorrow. Her winning performance was seen by [[Mylène Farmer]] and [[Laurent Boutonnat]], who were looking for a young, fresh voice to partake in their new project. They approached Alizée, and she was selected after studio auditions. ==Composition== The song was instrumental in showcasing Alizée's image as that of a seductive Lolita character, referring to the 1955 novel ''[[Lolita]]'' by [[Vladimir Nabokov]]. The lyrics to the song also make several references to Farmer.<ref>[http://www.tv5.fr/TV5Site/pedagogie/fs_fiche_chanson.php?id_fiche=43] {{dead link\|date=January 2012}}</ref> ==Critical reception== Peter Robinson from ''[[NME]]'' acclaimed the song, stated: "It's pop as pop should be: the perfect marriage of innocence and experience of which the French, from [[Jane Birkin\|Birkin]] to [[Vanessa Paradis\|Paradis]], have always seemed overwhelmingly capable. All this ''plus'' it has one of the most electrifying [[Thirty-two-bar form#Basic song form\|middle eights]] ever committed to record."<ref name="NME">{{cite web \|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/6054\|title=Alizee : Moi... Lolita\|work=NME\|date=26 November 2014\|accessdate=12 September 2005\|last=Robinson\|first=Peter}}</ref> ==Commercial performance== In France, "Moi... Lolita" peaked at number two for 13 nonconsecutive weeks on the [[French Singles Chart\|SNEP Singles Chart]], being unable to dislodge "[[Les Rois du monde]]" by Gregori Baquet, [[Damien Sargue]] and Philippe D'Avilan from the number-one spot. It stayed in the top five for 24 consecutive weeks, and when Alizée's following single, "[[L'Alizé]]", reached number one, "Moi... Lolita" was still at number three. The song was certified gold two months after its release by the [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] (SNEP).<ref name=snep/> In the United Kingdom the song was acclaimed by the ''[[NME]]'' who recognised it with a "Single of the Week" award. It became a rare example of a foreign-language song to chart highly in the UK, peaking at number nine on the [[UK Singles Chart]] to become the highest-charting French-language song since 1995, when [[Celine Dion]]'s "[[Pour que tu m'aimes encore]]" peaked at number seven.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://chart-watch.uk/archives/2002/week-ending-february-23rd-2002\|title=Week Ending February 23rd 2002\|last=Masterton\|first=James\|author-link=James Masterton\|publisher=Chart Watch UK\|date=17 February 2002\|access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref> ==Music video== The video for the single was directed by [[Laurent Boutonnat]] and was first premiered on 26 July 2000 on [[M6 (television channel)\|M6]]. It shows Alizée in a nightclub dancing and having fun. In the first part of the video Alizée is running away from a man who professes his love for her and gives her a money bill when she asks for it. Later, she flees from her abusive mother, with her little sister, to a nightclub and starts to dance. The video ends with Alizée and the little girl leaving and the man from the beginning following them. ==Track listings== '''CD single – France''' # "Moi... Lolita" (single version) # "Moi... Lolita" (the piano version) '''CD single – UK''' # "Moi... Lolita" (single version) – 4:16 # "Moi... Lolita" (Lola extended remix) – 6:30 # "Moi... Lolita" ([[Illicit (dance music group)\|Illicit]] full vocal mix) – 8:05 # "Moi... Lolita" (CD rom video) – 4:50 '''CD maxi – Germany''' # "Moi... Lolita" (radio edit) – 3:40 # "Moi... Lolita" (single version) – 4:16 # "Moi... Lolita" (Lola extended remix) – 6:30 # "Moi... Lolita" (hello helli t'es a dance mix) – 5:50 # "Moi... Lolita" (Lolidub remix) – 3:45 # "Moi... Lolita" (the piano version) – 4:20 ==Charts== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+ 2000–2002 weekly chart performance for "Moi... Lolita" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2000–2002) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br />position \|- {{single chart\|Austria\|5\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi... Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Flanders\|4\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi... Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Wallonia\|2\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi... Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Denmark\|9\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi... Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- ! scope="row"\| Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles\|Eurochart Hot 100 Singles]])<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/00s/00/MM-2000-10-14-OCR-Page-0008.pdf \|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles \|magazine=[[Music & Media]] \|volume=17 \|issue=42 \|date=14 October 2000 \|page=10 \|oclc=29800226 \|via=World Radio History}}</ref> \| 7 \|- {{single chart\|France\|2\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi... Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Germany\|5\|songid=4377\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi...Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=26 March 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Hungary\|15\|year=2002\|week=21\|rowheader=true\|access-date=8 December 2010}} \|- {{single chart\|Ireland3\|34\|artist=Alizée\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Italy\|1\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi... Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Dutch40\|2\|artist=Alizee\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Dutch100\|2\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi...Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=26 March 2020}} \|- ! scope="row"\| Poland (''[[Music & Media]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2001/MM-2001-09-08.pdf\|title=Major Market Airplay – Week 37/2001\|magazine=Music & Media\|volume=19\|issue=37\|page=17\|date=8 September 2001\|access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> \| 3 \|- {{single chart\|Scotland\|6\|date=20020217\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Spain\|1\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi... Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Sweden\|52\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi... Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|Switzerland\|11\|artist=Alizée\|song=Moi... Lolita\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|- {{single chart\|UKsinglesbyname\|9\|artist=Alizee\|artistid=11716\|rowheader=true\|access-date=6 May 2020}} \|} {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+ 2011 weekly chart performance for "Moi... Lolita" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2011) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br />position \|- ! scope="row"\| Poland ([[Polish Music Charts\|Polish Airplay New]])<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/airplays/pozostale/archiwum.php?year=2011&typ=nowosci&idlisty=309#title \|title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video \|language=pl \|publisher=[[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry\|ZPAV]] \|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> \| 5 \|} {\|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" \|+2023 weekly chart performance for "Moi... Lolita" ! scope="col" \| Chart (2023) ! scope="col" \| Peak<br/>position \|- ! scope="row"\| Moldova Airplay ([[TopHit]])<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/md/weekly/20230616-20230622\|title=Top Radio Hits Moldova Weekly Chart: Jun 22, 2023\|publisher=[[TopHit]]\|access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref> \| 5 \|} ===Monthly charts === {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+ 2023 monthly chart performance for "Moi... Lolita" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2023) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br />position \|- ! scope="row"\| Moldova Airplay (TopHit)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/md/monthly/202306\|title=Top Radio Hits Moldova Monthly Chart: June 2024\|publisher=[[TopHit]]\|access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref> \| 5 \|} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+ 2000 year-end chart performance for "Moi... Lolita" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2000) ! scope="col"\| Position \|- ! scope="row"\| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2000 \|title=Rapports annuels 2000 – Singles \|language=fr \|publisher=Ultratop \|access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> \| 6 \|- ! scope="row"\| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles)<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/00s/00/MM-2000-12-23-OCR-Page-0009.pdf \|title=Year in Review – Eurochart Hot 100 Singles 2000 \|magazine=Music & Media \|volume=17 \|issue=52 \|date=23 December 2000 \|page=9 \|oclc=29800226 \|via=World Radio History}}</ref> \| 20 \|- ! scope="row"\| France (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2000 \|title=Classement Singles – année 2000 \|language=fr \|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] \|access-date=30 April 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225042126/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2000 \|archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref> \| 3 \|- ! scope="row"\| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/2000 \|title=Swiss Year-End Charts 2000 \|website=swisscharts.com \|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> \| 28 \|} {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+ 2001 year-end chart performance for "Moi... Lolita" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2001) ! scope="col"\| Position \|- ! scope="row"\| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=2001 \|title=Jahreshitparade Singles 2001 \|website=austriancharts.at \|language=de \|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> \| 66 \|- ! scope="row"\| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2001 \|title=Jaaroverzichten 2001 – Singles \|language=nl \|publisher=Ultratop \|access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> \| 16 \|- ! scope="row"\| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2001 \|title=Rapports annuels 2001 – Singles \|language=fr \|publisher=Ultratop \|access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> \| 96 \|- ! scope="row"\| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles)<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/00s/01/MM-2001-12-22-OCR-Page-0014.pdf \|title=Year in Review – Eurochart Hot 100 Singles 2001 \|magazine=Music & Media \|volume=19 \|issue=52 \|date=23 December 2001 \|page=14 \|oclc=29800226 \|via=World Radio History}}</ref> \| 29 \|- ! scope="row"\| France (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2001 \|title=Classement Singles – année 2001 \|language=fr \|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique \|access-date=30 April 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117031807/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=2001 \|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> \| 52 \|- ! scope="row"\| Germany (Media Control)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-2001 \|title=Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts – 2001 \|language=de \|publisher=GfK Entertainment \|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> \| 38 \|- ! scope="row"\| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2001 \|title=Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2001 \|language=nl \|publisher=Dutch Top 40 \|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> \| 6 \|- ! scope="row"\| Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2001&cat=s \|title=Jaaroverzichten – Single 2001 \|language=nl \|publisher=[[Dutch Charts]] \|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> \| 14 \|- ! scope="row"\| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/2001 \|title=Swiss Year-End Charts 2001 \|website=swisscharts.com \|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> \| 82 \|} {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+ 2002 year-end chart performance for "Moi... Lolita" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2002) ! scope="col"\| Position \|- ! scope="row"\| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=2002 \|title=Jahreshitparade Singles 2002 \|website=austriancharts.at \|language=de \|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> \| 34 \|- ! scope="row"\| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles)<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/00s/03/MM-2003-01-11-OCR-Page-0014.pdf \|title=Year in Review – Eurochart Hot 100 Singles 2002 \|magazine=Music & Media \|volume=21 \|issue=2/3 \|date=11 January 2003 \|page=14 \|oclc=29800226 \|via=World Radio History}}</ref> \| 76 \|- ! scope="row"\| Germany (Media Control)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-2002 \|title=Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts – 2002 \|language=de \|publisher=GfK Entertainment \|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> \| 86 \|- ! scope="row"\| Italy (FIMI)<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.fimi.it/documenti/artisti2002.pdf \|title=Top of the music \|language=it \|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]] \|access-date=22 March 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030318021536if_/http://www.fimi.it/documenti/artisti2002.pdf \|archive-date=18 March 2003}}</ref> \| 6 \|- ! scope="row"\| UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2002.pdf \|title=UK Year-End Charts 2002 \|work=[[UKChartsPlus]] \|page=2 \|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> \| 161 \|} {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 2023 year-end chart performance for "Moi... Lolita" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2023) ! scope="col"\| Position \|- ! scope="row"\| Moldova Airplay (TopHit)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ua/annual/2023\|title=Top Radio Hits Moldova Annual Chart 2023\|publisher=[[TopHit]]\|access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref> \| 109 \|- \|} ===Decade-end charts=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+ Decade-end chart performance for "Moi... Lolita" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2000–2009) ! scope="col"\| Position \|- ! scope="row"\| Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/decennium.asp?cat=s&dec=00 \|title=Decennium Charts – Singles 2000–2009 \|language=nl \|publisher=Dutch Charts \|access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref> \| 67 \|} {{col-end}} ==Certifications and sales== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Belgium\|award=Platinum\|number=2\|artist=Alizée\|title=Moi... Lolita\|type=single\|relyear=2000\|certyear=2001\|access-date=24 May 2025}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=France\|award=Diamond\|artist=Alizée\|title=Moi? Lolita\|type=single\|relyear=2000\|certyear=2000\|salesamount=1,200,000\|salesref=<ref name="chartsinfrance">{{cite web\|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Alizee/news-114838.html\|title=Alizée : ses deux premiers albums sortiront en vinyle le 11 décembre\|publisher=Charts in France\|access-date=22 May 2021\|language=fr\|date=22 August 2020\|editor=[[PureMédias]]}}</ref>\|refname="snep"}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Netherlands\|award=Gold\|artist=Alizée\|title=Moi... Lolita\|type=single\|relyear=2000\|certyear=2002}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Switzerland\|award=Platinum\|artist=Alizée<!-- in auto-generated reference, re-type this into the search bar to see cert -->\|title=Moi... Lolita\|type=single\|relyear=2000}} {{Certification Table Summary}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Worldwide\|nocert=true\|artist=Alizée\|title=Moi... Lolita\|type=single\|relyear=2000\|refname=snep\|salesamount=2,000,000\|salesref=<ref name="chartsinfrance"/>}} {{Certification Table Bottom}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Alizée}} {{Lolita}} {{authority control}} [[Category:2000 debut singles]] [[Category:2000 songs]] [[Category:Alizée songs]] [[Category:Music videos directed by Laurent Boutonnat]] [[Category:Number-one singles in Italy]] [[Category:Number-one singles in Spain]] [[Category:Polydor Records singles]] [[Category:Songs with lyrics by Mylène Farmer]] [[Category:Songs with music by Laurent Boutonnat]] [[Category:Lolita]]	1,304,236,500	[{"title": "from the album Gourmandises", "data": {"Released": "3 July 2000", "Genre": "French pop", "Length": "4:26", "Label": "Polydor", "Composer(s)": "Laurent Boutonnat", "Lyricist(s)": "Myl\u00e8ne Farmer", "Producer(s)": "Laurent Boutonnat Myl\u00e8ne Farmer"}}, {"title": "Music video", "data": {"Music video": "\"Moi... Lolita\" on YouTube"}}, {"title": "Aliz\u00e9e", "data": {"Studio albums": "Gourmandises Mes courants \u00e9lectriques Psych\u00e9d\u00e9lices Une enfant du si\u00e8cle 5 Blonde", "Other albums": "Aliz\u00e9e en concert Tout Aliz\u00e9e", "Singles": "\" Moi... Lolita \" \" L'Aliz\u00e9 \" \" Parler tout bas \" \" Gourmandises \" \" J'en ai marre! \" \" J'ai pas vingt ans \" \" \u00c0 contre-courant \" \" Mademoiselle Juliette \" \" Fifty-Sixty \" \" Les collines (Never Leave You) \" \" \u00c0 cause de l'automne \" \" Blonde \"", "Featured singles": "\" Des Ricochets \" \" Clara veut la Lune \" \" Dear Darlin' \"", "Concert tours": "En concert Tour Psych\u00e9d\u00e9lices Tour", "Related articles": "Danse avec les stars, la tourn\u00e9e"}}]	false
# Solution-focused brief therapy Solution-focused (brief) therapy (SFBT) is a goal-directed collaborative approach to psychotherapeutic change that is conducted through direct observation of clients' responses to a series of precisely constructed questions. Based upon social constructivist thinking and Wittgensteinian philosophy, SFBT focuses on addressing what clients want to achieve without exploring the history and provenance of problem(s). SF therapy sessions typically focus on the present and future, focusing on the past only to the degree necessary for communicating empathy and accurate understanding of the client's concerns. SFBT is a future-oriented and goal-oriented interviewing technique that helps clients "build solutions." Elliott Connie defines solution building as "a collaborative language process between the client(s) and the therapist that develops a detailed description of the client(s)' preferred future/goals and identifies exceptions and past successes". By doing so, SFBT focuses on clients' strengths and resilience. ## General introduction The solution-focused brief therapy approach grew from the work of American social workers Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg, and their team at the Milwaukee Brief Family Therapy Center (BFTC) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A private training and therapy institute, BFTC was started by dissatisfied former staff members from a Milwaukee agency who were interested in exploring brief therapy approaches then being developed at the Mental Research Institute (MRI) in Palo Alto, California. The initial group included married partners, Steve de Shazer and Insoo Berg, and Jim Derks, Elam Nunnally, Judith Tietyen, Don Norman, Marilyn La Court and Eve Lipchik. Their students included John Walter, Jane Peller, Michele Weiner-Davis and Yvonne Dolan. Steve de Shazer and Berg, primary developers of the approach, co-authored an update of SFBT in 2007, shortly before their deaths. SFBT evolved from the Brief Therapy that was practiced at MRI. The solution-focused approach was developed inductively rather than deductively; Berg, de Shazer and their team spent thousands of hours carefully observing live and recorded therapy sessions. Any behaviors or words on the part of the therapist that reliably led to positive therapeutic change on the part of the clients were painstakingly noted and incorporated into the SFBT approach. In most traditional psychotherapeutic approaches starting with Freud, practitioners assumed that it was necessary to make an extensive analysis of the history and cause of their clients' problems before attempting to develop any sort of solution. Solution-focused therapists see the therapeutic change process radically differently and informed by the observations of de Shazer, which recognize that although "causes of problems may be extremely complex, their solutions do not necessarily need to be". SFBT might be best defined by what it does not do because SFBT presents an innovative and radically different approach from traditional psychotherapy. Traditional psychotherapy looks at how problems happen, manifest, and resolve. The problem-solving approach is influenced by the medical model, where the symptoms are assessed to diagnose and treat the malady. Outside of SFBT, the almost universal belief is that the clinician must define and understand the problem to help. To do this, the practitioner must develop some information about the nature of problems that they will help resolve and ask questions about the client's symptoms. The more common problem-solving approach includes a description of the problem, an assessment of the problem, and plan and execute interventions to resolve or mitigate the impact of the problem. This is followed by an evaluation determining the success of the intervention and follow-up if necessary. SFBT posits that a therapist can help clients resolve their problems without identifying the details or source problem and completely avoids exploring the details and context of the problem. SFBT believes that an assessment of the problem is entirely unnecessary. Focusing on the problem actually may serve to shift the client away from the solution. This is because SFBT fundamentally believes that the nature of the solution can be completely different from the problem. So instead, SFBT focuses on building solutions by conceptualizing a preferred future with clients. SFBT is all about finding alternatives to the problem, not identifying and eliminating the problem. SFBT is strengths-based and supports clients' self-determination. Using the client's language, SFBT uses the client's perspective and fosters cooperation. The focus on the strengths and resources of clients is a factor in why some social workers choose SFBT. SFBT is designed to help people change their lives in the fastest way possible. By finding and amplifying exceptions, change is efficient and effective. Treatment usually lasts less than six sessions, and it can work in about two sessions. Its brevity and its flexibility have made SFBT the choice of intervention for many health care settings. Interventions in a medical setting many times need to be brief. Agencies also choose SFBT because its efficiency translates into monetary savings. ## History Solution-focused brief therapy is one of a family of approaches, known as systems therapies, that have been developed over the past 50 years or so, first in the US, and eventually evolving around the world, including Europe. The title SFBT, and the specific steps involved in its practice, are attributed to husband and wife Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg, two American social workers, and their team at the Brief Family Therapy Center (BFTC) in Milwaukee, US. Core members of this team were Jim Derks, Elam Nunnally, Marilyn LaCourt, and Eve Lipchik as well as students Pat Bielke, Dave Pakenham, John Walter, Jane Peller, Elam Nunnally, Alex Molnar, and Michele Weiner-Davis. Wallace Gingerich and Gale Miller joined a few years later as research assistants. In the 1970s, de Shazer, Berg and colleagues conducted Brief Family Therapy at Family Service of Milwaukee, a community agency, and installed one-way mirrors to observe sessions with clients to study which activities were most beneficial for the clients. The group of therapists used to meet in the couple's home, where a therapist saw clients pro bono in the living room while the others observed, after which they would discuss their thoughts together in a bedroom. In 1978, when the administration disallowed the one-way mirrors, de Shazer and Berg put together a team of practitioners and students and founded the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to continue their work. The result was the eventual development of SFBT. BFTC served as a research center to study, develop, and test techniques of psychotherapy to find those that are most efficient and effective with clients. Besides mental health professionals, the team included educators, sociologists, linguists, engineers and philosophers. Steve de Shazer, the director of BFTC, referred to this group as a "therapeutic think tank". Over time people began to request training, so BFTC became a research and training center. SFBT has its roots in brief family therapy, a type of family therapy practiced at the Mental Research Institute (MRI). In the 1970s, de Shazer, the primary creator of SFBT, studied the work done at MRI and founded BFTC to serve as "the MRI of the Midwest". John Weakland at MRI influenced him to develop simple techniques in brief goal-focused therapy, and at MRI he was introduced to the work of Milton Erickson which ultimately had a significant influence on the development of SFBT. In 1982 there was the watershed moment where the founders of SFBT, Berg, de Shazer, and their team transformed their brief therapy practice to become solution-focused. A family came to be treated at the Milwaukee Brief Family Therapy. During the assessment, the family provided a list of 27 problems. The team was at a loss as to what to suggest the family try to do differently. They suggested that the family come back with a list of things they want to continue to happen. The effectiveness of this spontaneous intervention led to the understanding that the solution is not necessarily related to the problem. This was the beginning of solution-focused brief therapy. SFBT practice began to be popularized starting in the late 1980s and experienced tremendous growth in its first 15–20 years. Their work in the early 1980s built on that of a number of other innovators, among them Milton Erickson and the group at the MRI – Gregory Bateson, Donald deAvila Jackson, Paul Watzlawick, John Weakland, Virginia Satir, Jay Haley, Richard Fisch, Janet Beavin Bavelas and others. SFBT gained tremendous popularity in the UK in the late 1990s and the 2000s. At that time, it also spread worldwide to be a leading brief therapy, with many agencies adopting SFBT as their only modality. It is now one of the most popular psychotherapeutic modalities globally. ## SFBT practice In SFBT, practitioners employ conversational skills to facilitate a discussion focused on solutions, as opposed to dwelling on problems. The questions themselves serve as the intervention, directing clients toward a mindset that fosters positive change and reduces negative emotions. These questions help clients reinterpret their experiences, enabling them to recognize potential for change where they might not have seen it before. The primary tools of the solution-focused approach are questions and compliments. SFBT therapists refrain from making interpretations and rarely confront clients. Instead, they concentrate on identifying clients' goals and developing a detailed description of life when the goal is reached, and the problem is either resolved or managed satisfactorily. To devise effective solutions, they examine clients' life experiences for "exceptions," or moments when some aspect of their goal was already happening to some extent. SFBT therapists believe personal change is constant. By helping clients identify positive directions for change and focusing on changes they wish to continue, SFBT therapists assist clients in constructing a concrete vision of a preferred future. One way to understand SFBT is through the acronym MECSTAT, which stands for Miracle questions, Exception questions, Coping questions, Scaling questions, Time-out, Accolades, and Task [39]. SFBT questions prompt clients to discuss their preferred future and describe what would be different when the problem is solved or managed. The "miracle question" is one such tool, asking clients to imagine that their problem was miraculously solved without their knowledge and to identify the first clues that would indicate the problem is resolved. Therapists also ask questions that focus on previous solutions or "exceptions" to the problem. In SFBT, exceptions are times when the problem is less severe or better managed. Identifying exceptions helps build solutions by highlighting what is working in clients' lives. By discovering and amplifying minor exceptions to the problem, therapists encourage clients to do more of what already works. When seeking exceptions, the practitioner does not attempt to convince the client of their significance. Instead, the therapist adopts a genuinely curious stance and asks the client to explain the exception's importance. Therapists must maintain a not-knowing stance, which can be challenging for emerging SFBT practitioners. SFBT practitioners use tools such as starting sessions with the question "What's been better since we last talked?" to help clients identify exceptions. Scaling questions are another tool, using a scale to measure clients' progress toward their goals. Clients are asked to provide details about times when the problem was less severe or absent and to identify behaviors that work for them. SFBT sessions are highly structured, following a specific format and employing formulated interviewing techniques. However, adhering to the underlying philosophy of SFBT is considered more important than strictly following the techniques. Central to SFBT is the belief that clients are the experts in their lives and possess the knowledge necessary to achieve their goals. Therapists are considered experts in asking questions that evoke the change process. In authentic SFBT practice, resistance is rarely encountered. Maintaining a curious and not-knowing stance is vital for effective SFBT. Despite its apparent simplicity, SFBT is difficult to master. It requires disciplined practice, which can be challenging for many practitioners. As a result, some may only use components of SFBT instead of adhering to pure SFBT, often due to the difficulty in transitioning from a problem-focused stance. Conversely, new SFBT trainees may struggle with being overly optimistic and not genuinely validating clients' pain. This may be because concentrating on newly learned SFBT skills and techniques takes focus away from being present with the client. Authentic SFBT practice demands that therapists remain highly attuned to clients' verbal and non-verbal communication, adapting their questions to better understand and engage with the client's perspective. By doing so, SFBT practitioners can effectively facilitate client movement toward their goals and preferred futures. ## Evidence-based status In the early days of the model, critics often said that SFBT does not have enough research. In 2000 a review of SFBT research just showed preliminary evidence of the efficacy of SFBT. However, in 2010 the SFBT research grew to a level where the evidence was promising, and today several meta-analyses show SFBT to be effective with internalizing issues. SFBT has a robust, broad, and growing evidence base and is recommended for use when deemed a good fit for the client and their problem. SFBT has been examined in two meta-analyses and is supported as evidenced-based by numerous federal and state agencies and institutions, such as SAMHSA's National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs & Practices (NREPP). The conclusion of the two meta-analyses and the systematic reviews, and the overall conclusion of the most recent scholarly work on SFBT, is that solution-focused brief therapy is an effective approach to the treatment of psychological problems, with effect sizes similar to other evidenced-based approaches, such as CBT and IPT, but that these effects are found in fewer average sessions, and using an approach style that is more benign. ## Applications SFBT is very adaptable to many settings because it helps the clients create custom-made interventions for themselves, and the client is always considered to be the expert. Even the practitioner's language is taken from the words the client uses to describe their life and preferred future. The result is that SFBT provides interventions that are perfectly matched with the clients' way of understanding and acting. Techniques such as the miracle question can be adapted to make them more culturally relevant and come across in ways more empathetic and supportive based on the culture and needs of the population being served. SFBT works well with children and families and can be applied to many family-related situations. It is effective with adolescents, pregnant and postpartum women, couples, and parents. SFBT was shown to be effective for families in the child welfare system, with case management in social welfare programs, financial counseling, and with therapy groups. SFBT has been applied to many settings, including education and business settings including coaching. and counselling. It is effective in schools and with college students. It was successfully used with populations in jails, inpatient addiction rehab centers, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and in a wide range of medical settings. It has been helpful with treating family members of patients with serious illnesses. SFBT is effective with people in many countries and cultures, including people from Turkey, Chile, Iran, and China. A systematic review showed it to be effective with Latinos. SFBT works in treating people who experienced trauma. It has been suggested to use with patients that are suicidal or in crisis, families coping with suicide, and patients with eating disorders substance use disorders, and obesity. It was also suggested as a promising intervention for individuals with a brain injury and was helpful with those with intellectual disabilities. It has even been documented to have been successfully used with a patient in a psychotic crisis. SFBT is effective in treating clients with depression. It has been shown to be effective in helping increase self-esteem, hope, good behavior, and social competence among adolescents and children. It has been suggested that SFBT's ability to engender hope is what makes it effective for patients suffering from depression as the presence of hope is shown to have an inverse relationship with depression. Workers with child protective services report in a qualitative study that SFBT training and supervision was helpful for them to work in a more cooperative and strength-based way and improved the overall mood and atmosphere of their encounters. There are models designed for child protection services that incorporate aspects of SFBT because SFBT alone is thought to be insufficient for child protective services because a more authoritative approach is necessary.	enwiki/1325828	enwiki	1,325,828	Solution-focused brief therapy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution-focused_brief_therapy	2025-08-17T21:58:31Z	en	Q1598049	550,601	{{short description\|Goal-directed approach to psychotherapy}} '''Solution-focused''' ('''brief''') '''therapy''' ('''SFBT''')<ref name="Lutz">{{cite book\|last=Lutz, Anne Bodmer\|first=Anne\|title=Learning Solution-Focused Therapy: An Illustrated Guide\|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing\|year=2013\|isbn=978-0880483834\|location=Arlington, Virginian\|page=232}}</ref><ref name="Pichot & Dolan2">{{cite book \|author1=Pichot, T. \|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: Its Effective Use in Agency Settiings \|author2=Dolan, Y. \|publisher=Haworth Clinical Practice Press \|year=2003 \|isbn=0789015544 \|location=Binghamton, New York \|page=12}}</ref> is a goal-directed collaborative approach to [[Psychotherapy\|psychotherapeutic]] change that is conducted through direct [[observation]] of clients' responses to a series of precisely constructed [[question]]s.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan">{{cite book\|author1=de Shazer, S. \|author2=Dolan, Y. \|author3=Korman, H. \|author4=Trepper, T. \|author5=McCollum, E. \|author6=Berg, I.K. \|title=More Than Miracles: the State of the Art of Solution-focused Brief Therapy\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2007\|isbn=978-0789033970\|location=New York}}</ref> Based upon [[social constructivist]] [[Thought\|thinking]] and [[Wittgenstein]]ian philosophy,<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/> SFBT focuses on addressing what clients want to achieve without exploring the history and provenance of problem(s).<ref name=":52"/> SF therapy sessions typically focus on the [[present]] and [[future]], focusing on the [[past]] only to the degree necessary for [[Communication\|communicating]] [[empathy]] and accurate understanding of the client's concerns.<ref name=Lipchik>{{cite book\|last=Lipchik\|first=Eve\|title=Beyond Technique in Solution-focused Therapy: Working with Emotions and the Therapeutic Relationship\|year=2002 \|publisher=Guilford\|location=New York \|isbn=1572307641\|page=20}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite book\|last1=Berg\|first1=Insoo Kim\|title=Tales of Solutions: A Collection of Hope-Inspiring Stories\|last2=Dolan\|first2=Yvonne M.\|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] \|year=2001\|isbn=978-0393703207\|location=New York}}</ref> SFBT is a future-oriented and [[Goal orientation\|goal-oriented]]<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last1=Trepper\|first1=Terry S.\|last2=Dolan\|first2=Yvonne\|last3=McCollum\|first3=Eric E.\|last4=Nelson \|first4=Thorana\|date=2006\|title=Steve De Shazer and the Future of Solution-Focused Therapy\|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2006.tb01595.x\|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy\|volume=32 \|issue=2\|pages=133–139 \|doi=10.1111/j.1752-0606.2006.tb01595.x \|pmid=16676891\|issn=1752-0606\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[interview]]ing technique<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Ratner \|first=Harvey\|title=Solution focused brief therapy: 100 key points and techniques\|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|year=2012\|isbn=978-0415606127\|location=London}}</ref> that helps clients "build solutions." Elliott Connie defines solution building as "a collaborative language process between the client(s) and the therapist that develops a detailed description of the client(s)' preferred future/goals and identifies exceptions and past successes".<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal\|last1=Froerer\|first1=Adam S.\|last2=Connie \|first2=Elliott E. \|date=2016-01-02\|title=Solution-Building, the Foundation of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Qualitative Delphi Study\|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08975353.2016.1136545\|journal=Journal of Family Psychotherapy \|volume=27\|issue=1\|pages=20–34\|doi=10.1080/08975353.2016.1136545\|s2cid=147093238\|issn=0897-5353\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> By doing so, SFBT focuses on clients' strengths and resilience.<ref name=":0"/> ==General introduction== The solution-focused brief therapy approach grew from the work of American social workers [[Steve de Shazer]], [[Insoo Kim Berg]], and their team at the Milwaukee Brief Family Therapy Center (BFTC) in [[Milwaukee\|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]. A private training and therapy institute, BFTC was started by dissatisfied former staff members from a Milwaukee agency who were interested in exploring [[Brief psychotherapy\|brief therapy]] approaches then being developed at the [[Mental Research Institute]] (MRI) in Palo Alto, California. The initial group included married partners, Steve de Shazer and Insoo Berg, and Jim Derks, Elam Nunnally, Judith Tietyen, Don Norman,<ref name=":10">{{Cite book\|title=Solution-focused brief therapy: a handbook of evidence-based practice \|date=2012\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|editor-last1=Franklin \|editor-first1=Cynthia \|editor-last2=Trepper \|editor-first2=Terry S. \|editor-last3=McCollum \|editor-first3=Eric E. \|editor-last4=Gingerich \|editor-first4=Wallace J. \|isbn=978-0195385724\|location=New York\|page=5\|oclc=719428873}}</ref> Marilyn La Court and [[Eve Lipchik]]<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal \|last=Lipchik \|first=Eve \|date=2014-10-27 \|title=The Development of My Personal Solution-Focused Working Model: From l978 and Continuing \|url=http://www.ijsfp.com/index.php/ijsfp/article/view/25/31 \|journal=International Journal of Solution-Focused Practices \|volume=2 \|issue=2 \|pages=63–73 \|doi=10.14335/ijsfp.v2i2.23}}</ref>. Their students included John Walter, Jane Peller, [[Michele Weiner-Davis]] and Yvonne Dolan. Steve de Shazer and Berg, primary developers of the approach, co-authored an update of SFBT in 2007,<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/> shortly before their deaths. SFBT evolved from the Brief Therapy that was practiced at MRI.<ref name=":0" /> The solution-focused approach was developed [[Inductive reasoning\|inductively]] rather than [[Deductive reasoning\|deductively]];<ref name=":0" /> Berg, de Shazer and their team<ref name="Shazer 1982">Shazer, SD. (1982) Patterns of brief family therapy: an ecosystemic approach. Guilford Press.</ref> spent thousands of hours carefully observing live and recorded therapy sessions. Any behaviors or words on the part of the therapist that reliably led to positive therapeutic change on the part of the clients were painstakingly noted and incorporated into the SFBT approach. In most traditional psychotherapeutic approaches starting with [[Freud]], practitioners assumed that it was necessary to make an extensive analysis of the history and cause of their clients' problems before attempting to develop any sort of solution. Solution-focused therapists see the therapeutic change process radically differently<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal\|last1=Oliver\|first1=Carolyn\|last2=Charles\|first2=Grant\|date=2015-01-19\|title=Which Strengths-based Practice? Reconciling Strengths-based Practice and Mandated Authority in Child Protection Work\|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swu058\|journal=Social Work\|volume=60\|issue=2\|pages=135–143\|doi=10.1093/sw/swu058\|pmid=25929011\|issn=0037-8046\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and informed by the observations of de Shazer,<ref name="de shazer 1994">{{cite book\|last=de Shazer\|first=Steve\|title=Words Were Originally Magic\|year=1994\|publisher=Norton\|location=New York\|isbn=0393701700\|page=295 \|url=https://archive.org/details/wordswereorigina00desh/page/295}}</ref> which recognize that although "causes of problems may be extremely complex, their solutions do not necessarily need to be".<ref name=":0"/> SFBT might be best defined by what it does not do<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal\|last1=McKergow\|first1=Mark\|last2=Korman\|first2=Harry\|date=2009-06-01\|title=Inbetween—Neither Inside nor Outside: The Radical Simplicity of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy\|url=https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/jsyt.2009.28.2.34\|journal=Journal of Systemic Therapies\|volume=28\|issue=2\|pages=34–49\|doi=10.1521/jsyt.2009.28.2.34\|issn=1195-4396\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> because SFBT presents an innovative and radically different approach from traditional psychotherapy.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Traditional psychotherapy looks at how problems happen, manifest, and resolve.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book\|last1=Peter \|first1=De Jong\|title=Interviewing for solutions\|last2=Berg\|first2=Insoo Kim\|publisher=Belmont Brooks/Cole\|year=2008\|isbn=978-0495115885}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The problem-solving approach is influenced by the medical model, where the symptoms are assessed to diagnose and treat the malady. Outside of SFBT, the almost universal belief is that the clinician must define and understand the problem to help. To do this, the practitioner must develop some information about the nature of problems that they will help resolve and ask questions about the client's symptoms.<ref name=":4" /> The more common problem-solving approach includes a description of the problem, an assessment of the problem, and plan and execute interventions to resolve or mitigate the impact of the problem. This is followed by an evaluation determining the success of the [[Intervention (counseling)\|intervention]] and follow-up if necessary.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Timberlake\|first1=Elizabeth M.\|title=The general method of social work practice: McMahon's generalist perspective\|last2=Farber\|first2=Michaela Zajicek\|last3=Sabatino\|first3=Christine Anlauf \|last4=Mcmahon\|first4=Maria O'Neil\|publisher=Allyn And Bacon\|year=2002\|isbn=978-0205298167\|location=Boston, MA}}</ref> SFBT posits that a therapist can help clients resolve their problems without identifying the details or source problem<ref name=":1" /> and completely avoids exploring the details and context of the problem.<ref name=":52">Trepper, T., Mccollum, E., De, P., Korman, J., Gingerich, W., & Franklin, C. (2013). ''Solution Focused Therapy treatment manual for working with individuals''. Solution Focused Brief Therapy Association (SFBTA). https://www.andrews.edu/sed/gpc/faculty-research/coffen-research/trepper_2010_solution.pdf</ref> SFBT believes that an assessment of the problem is entirely unnecessary.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal \|last1=Rhodes\|first1=John\|last2=Jakes\|first2=Simon\|date=2002\|title=Using solution-focused therapy during a psychotic crisis: a case study\|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cpp.329\|journal=Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy\|volume=9\|issue=2\|pages=139–148\|doi=10.1002/cpp.329\|issn=1099-0879\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Focusing on the problem actually may serve to shift the client away from the solution. This is because SFBT fundamentally believes that the nature of the solution can be completely different from the problem. So instead, SFBT focuses on building solutions by conceptualizing a preferred future with clients. SFBT is all about finding alternatives to the problem, not identifying and eliminating the problem.<ref name=":52"/> SFBT is strengths-based<ref name=":19"/><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kim\|first1=Johnny S. \|last2=Franklin\|first2=Cynthia\|last3=Zhang\|first3=Yingping\|last4=Liu\|first4=Xuanwen\|last5=Qu\|first5=Yuanzhou \|last6=Chen\|first6=Hong \|date=2015-07-03\|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy in China: A Meta-Analysis \|journal=Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work\|volume=24\|issue=3\|pages=187–201 \|doi=10.1080/15313204.2014.991983\|s2cid=142900589 \|issn=1531-3204}}</ref> and supports clients' self-determination.<ref name=":12"/> Using the client's language, SFBT uses the client's perspective<ref name=":12" /> and fosters cooperation.<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal \|last1=Castro\|first1=Sahily De \|last2=Guterman\|first2=Jeffrey T.\|date=2008\|title=Solution-Focused Therapy for Families Coping with Suicide\|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy\|volume=34\|issue=1\|pages=93–106 \|doi=10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00055.x\|pmid=18199183\|issn=1752-0606}}</ref> The focus on the strengths and resources of clients is a factor in why some social workers choose SFBT.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal\|last1=Stalker \|first1=Carol A.\|last2=Levene\|first2=Judith E.\|last3=Coady\|first3=Nick F.\|date=1999-10-01\|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy — One Model Fits All?\|journal=Families in Society\|volume=80\|issue=5\|pages=468–477 \|doi=10.1606/1044-3894.1476\|s2cid=144442549\|issn=1044-3894}}</ref> SFBT is designed to help people change their lives in the fastest way possible.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal\|last1=Finlayson\|first1=Benjamin T.\|last2=Hall\|first2=Gregory N.\|last3=Jordan \|first3=Sara Smock\|date=2020 \|title=Integrating Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Systemic Posttraumatic Stress Prevention in Paediatrics\|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy\|volume=41 \|issue=2\|pages=133–144\|doi=10.1002/anzf.1410 \|s2cid=219763931\|issn=1467-8438}}</ref> By finding and amplifying exceptions, change is efficient and effective.<ref name=":20" /> Treatment usually lasts less than six sessions,<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal \|last1=Gingerich \|first1=Wallace J.\|last2=Eisengart \|first2=Sheri\|date=2000\|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Review of the Outcome Research \|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2000.39408.x\|journal=Family Process \|volume=39\|issue=4\|pages=477–498\|doi=10.1111/j.1545-5300.2000.39408.x\|pmid=11143600\|issn=1545-5300\|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Rothwell \|first=Neil \|date=September 2005 \|title=How brief is solution focussed brief therapy? a comparative study \|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpp.458 \|journal=Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy \|language=en \|volume=12 \|issue=5 \|pages=402–405 \|doi=10.1002/cpp.458 \|issn=1063-3995\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and it can work in about two sessions.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Rothwell\|first=Neil\|date=2005\|title=How brief is solution focussed brief therapy? a comparative study\|journal=Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy \|volume=12\|issue=5\|pages=402–405\|doi=10.1002/cpp.458\|issn=1099-0879}}</ref> Its brevity and its flexibility have made SFBT the choice of intervention for many health care settings. Interventions in a medical setting many times need to be brief.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal\|last1=Zhang\|first1=Anao\|last2=Franklin \|first2=Cynthia\|last3=Currin-McCulloch\|first3=Jennifer \|last4=Park\|first4=Sunyoung\|last5=Kim\|first5=Johnny \|date=2018-04-01\|title=The effectiveness of strength-based, solution-focused brief therapy in medical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials\|journal=Journal of Behavioral Medicine\|volume=41\|issue=2\|pages=139–151 \|doi=10.1007/s10865-017-9888-1\|pmid=28975531 \|s2cid=3783419\|issn=1573-3521}}</ref> Agencies also choose SFBT because its efficiency translates into monetary savings.<ref name=":6"/> == History == Solution-focused brief therapy is one of a family of approaches, known as systems therapies, that have been developed over the past 50 years or so, first in the US, and eventually evolving around the world, including Europe. The title SFBT, and the specific steps involved in its practice, are attributed to husband and wife Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg, two American social workers, and their team at [[Insoo Kim Berg#Solution-focused brief therapy\|the Brief Family Therapy Center]] (BFTC) in Milwaukee, US. Core members of this team were Jim Derks, Elam Nunnally, Marilyn LaCourt, and Eve Lipchik<ref name=":29">{{Cite book\|title=Solution-focused brief therapy: a handbook of evidence-based practice\|date=2012\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|editor-last1=Franklin \|editor-first1=Cynthia \|editor-last2=Trepper \|editor-first2=Terry S. \|editor-last3=McCollum \|editor-first3=Eric E. \|editor-last4=Gingerich \|editor-first4=Wallace J. \|isbn=978-0195385724\|location=New York\|page=6\|oclc=719428873}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> as well as students Pat Bielke, Dave Pakenham, John Walter, Jane Peller, Elam Nunnally, Alex Molnar<ref name=":16" />, and [[Michele Weiner-Davis]]. Wallace Gingerich<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Macdonald \|first=Alasdair \|date=2014-07-01 \|title=Emeritus Professor Wally Gingerich \|url=https://journalsfp.org/article/75128-emeritus-professor-wally-gingerich \|journal=Journal of Solution Focused Practices \|language=en \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=9 \|doi=10.59874/001c.75128}}</ref> and Gale Miller joined a few years later as research assistants.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Solution-focused brief therapy: a handbook of evidence-based practice\|date=2012 \|publisher=Oxford University Press\|editor-last1=Franklin \|editor-first1=Cynthia \|editor-last2=Trepper \|editor-first2=Terry S. \|editor-last3=McCollum \|editor-first3=Eric E. \|editor-last4=Gingerich \|editor-first4=Wallace J. \|isbn=978-0195385724\|location=New York\|page=7\|oclc=719428873}}</ref> In the 1970s, de Shazer, Berg and colleagues conducted Brief Family Therapy at Family Service of Milwaukee,<ref name=":10" /> a community agency, and installed one-way mirrors to observe sessions with clients to study which activities were most beneficial for the clients.<ref name=":4" /> The group of therapists used to meet in the couple's home, where a therapist saw clients pro bono in the living room while the others observed, after which they would discuss their thoughts together in a bedroom.<ref name=":10" /> In 1978,<ref name=":29" /> when the administration disallowed the one-way mirrors, de Shazer and Berg put together a team of practitioners and students and founded the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to continue their work. The result was the eventual development of SFBT.<ref name=":4" /> BFTC served as a research center to study, develop, and test techniques of psychotherapy to find those that are most efficient and effective with clients. Besides mental health professionals, the team included educators, sociologists, linguists, engineers and philosophers.<ref name=":30">Berg, I. (n.d.). Students' Corner. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https://www.sdstate.edu/sites/default/files/2018-06/students_corner.pdf</ref> Steve de Shazer, the director of BFTC, referred to this group as a "therapeutic think tank".<ref name=":31">Norman, H., McKergow, M., & Clarke, J. (1996). Paradox is a muddle – an interview with Steve de Shazer. The Centre for Solutions Focus at Work, Rapport 34, 41–49. https://sfwork.com/paradox-is-a-muddle</ref> Over time people began to request training, so BFTC became a research and training center.<ref name=":31" /> SFBT has its roots in brief family therapy,<ref>{{Cite book \|editor-last=Franklin \|editor-first=Cynthia \|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385724.001.0001/acprof-9780195385724 \|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy \|editor-last2=Trepper \|editor-first2=Terry S. \|editor-last3=McCollum \|editor-first3=Eric E. \|editor-last4=Gingerich \|editor-first4=Wallace J. \|year=2011 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0195385724 \|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385724.003.0012}}</ref> a type of family therapy practiced at the Mental Research Institute (MRI).<ref>{{Cite book \|author1=John H. Weakland \|author2=Richard Fisch \|chapter=Brief therapy—MRI style \|title=The first session in brief therapy \|date=1992 \|publisher=Guilford Press \|editor1=Simon H. Budman \|editor2=Michael F. Hoyt \|editor3=Steven Friedman \|isbn=0898621380 \|location=New York \|oclc=25676421}}</ref> In the 1970s, de Shazer, the primary creator of SFBT, studied the work done at MRI<ref name=":32">{{cite journal \|last1=De Jong \|first1=Peter \|title=A Brief, Informal History of SFBT as Told by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg \|journal=Journal of Solution Focused Practices \|date=2019 \|volume=3 \|issue=1 \|url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/journalsfp/vol3/iss1/5}}</ref> and founded BFTC to serve as "the MRI of the Midwest".<ref name=":30" /> John Weakland at MRI influenced him to develop simple techniques in brief goal-focused therapy,<ref name=":31" /> and at MRI he was introduced to the work of [[Milton H. Erickson\|Milton Erickson]] which ultimately had a significant influence on the development of SFBT.<ref name=":32" /> In 1982 there was the watershed moment where the founders of SFBT, Berg, de Shazer, and their team transformed their brief therapy practice to become solution-focused. A family came to be treated at the Milwaukee Brief Family Therapy. During the assessment, the family provided a list of 27 problems. The team was at a loss as to what to suggest the family try to do differently. They suggested that the family come back with a list of things they want to continue to happen. The effectiveness of this spontaneous intervention led to the understanding that the solution is not necessarily related to the problem. This was the beginning of solution-focused brief therapy.<ref name=":4" /> SFBT practice began to be popularized starting in the late 1980s<ref name=":1" /> and experienced tremendous growth in its first 15–20 years.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":21"/> Their work in the early 1980s built on that of a number of other innovators, among them Milton Erickson and the group at the MRI<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=McKergow\|first=Mark\|date=2016-12-01\|title=SFBT 2.0: The next generation of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy has already arrived\|url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/journalsfp/vol2/iss2/3\|journal=Journal of Solution Focused Practices\|volume=2\|issue=2\|doi=10.59874/001c.75089 \|s2cid=259340929 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> – [[Gregory Bateson]], [[Donald deAvila Jackson]], [[Paul Watzlawick]], [[John Weakland]], [[Virginia Satir]], [[Jay Haley]], Richard Fisch, [[Janet Beavin Bavelas]] and others.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2020}} SFBT gained tremendous popularity in the UK in the late 1990s and the 2000s.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal\|last1=Carrick\|first1=Hazel\|last2=Randle-Phillips\|first2=Cathy \|date=2018-01-02\|title=Solution-Focused Approaches in the Context of People With Intellectual Disabilities: A Critical Review \|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2017.1390711\|journal=Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities\|volume=11\|issue=1\|pages=30–53\|doi=10.1080/19315864.2017.1390711 \|s2cid=148861349\|issn=1931-5864}}</ref> At that time, it also spread worldwide to be a leading brief therapy,<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/> with many agencies adopting SFBT as their only modality.<ref name=":6" /> It is now one of the most popular psychotherapeutic modalities globally.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Choi\|first=Jung J.\|date=2019-08-08\|title=A Microanalytic Case Study of the Utilization of 'Solution-Focused Problem Talk' in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy\|journal=The American Journal of Family Therapy\|volume=47\|issue=4\|pages=244–260\|doi=10.1080/01926187.2019.1637302\|s2cid=202264024 \|issn=0192-6187}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == SFBT practice == In SFBT, practitioners employ conversational skills to facilitate a discussion focused on solutions, as opposed to dwelling on problems.<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":882">{{Cite journal \|last1=Kim \|first1=Johnny S. \|last2=Smock \|first2=Sara \|last3=Trepper \|first3=Terry S. \|last4=McCollum \|first4=Eric E. \|last5=Franklin \|first5=Cynthia \|date=July 2010 \|title=Is Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Evidence-Based? \|journal=Families in Society \|volume=91 \|issue=3 \|pages=300–306 \|doi=10.1606/1044-3894.4009 \|issn=1044-3894 \|s2cid=73324446}}</ref> The questions themselves serve as the intervention, directing clients toward a mindset that fosters positive change and reduces negative emotions.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Franklin \|first1=Cynthia \|last2=Zhang \|first2=Anao \|last3=Froerer \|first3=Adam \|last4=Johnson \|first4=Shannon \|date=2017 \|title=Solution Focused Brief Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Summary of Process Research \|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy \|volume=43 \|issue=1 \|pages=16–30 \|doi=10.1111/jmft.12193 \|issn=1752-0606 \|pmid=27757976\|s2cid=13204122 }}</ref><ref name="Gingerich2">{{Cite journal \|last1=Gingerich \|first1=Wallace J. \|last2=Peterson \|first2=Lance T. \|date=2013-05-01 \|title=Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Systematic Qualitative Review of Controlled Outcome Studies \|journal=Research on Social Work Practice \|volume=23 \|issue=3 \|pages=266–283 \|doi=10.1177/1049731512470859 \|issn=1049-7315 \|s2cid=145166933\|url=https://ir.stthomas.edu/context/ssw_pub/article/1111/viewcontent/Gingerich_Effectiveness.pdf }}</ref> These questions help clients reinterpret their experiences, enabling them to recognize potential for change where they might not have seen it before.<ref name=":882" /> The primary tools of the solution-focused approach are questions and compliments. SFBT therapists refrain from making interpretations and rarely confront clients.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan2">{{cite book \|author1=de Shazer, S. \|title=More Than Miracles: the State of the Art of Solution-focused Brief Therapy \|author2=Dolan, Y. \|author3=Korman, H. \|author4=Trepper, T. \|author5=McCollum, E. \|author6=Berg, I.K. \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2007 \|isbn=978-0789033970 \|location=New York}}</ref> Instead, they concentrate on identifying clients' goals and developing a detailed description of life when the goal is reached, and the problem is either resolved or managed satisfactorily.<ref name="Pichot & Dolan2"/> To devise effective solutions, they examine clients' life experiences for "exceptions," or moments when some aspect of their goal was already happening to some extent.<ref name="Pichot & Dolan2" /> SFBT therapists believe personal change is constant.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Schmit \|first1=Erika L. \|last2=Schmit \|first2=Michael K. \|last3=Lenz \|first3=A. Stephen \|date=2016-06-01 \|title=Meta-Analysis of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Treating Symptoms of Internalizing Disorders \|journal=Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation \|volume=7 \|issue=1 \|pages=21–39 \|doi=10.1177/2150137815623836 \|issn=2150-1378 \|s2cid=148058070}}</ref> By helping clients identify positive directions for change and focusing on changes they wish to continue, SFBT therapists assist clients in constructing a concrete vision of a preferred future.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan2" /> One way to understand SFBT is through the acronym MECSTAT, which stands for Miracle questions, Exception questions, Coping questions, Scaling questions, Time-out, Accolades, and Task [39]. SFBT questions prompt clients to discuss their preferred future and describe what would be different when the problem is solved or managed.<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal \|last1=Trepper \|first1=Terry S. \|last2=Dolan \|first2=Yvonne \|last3=McCollum \|first3=Eric E. \|last4=Nelson \|first4=Thorana \|date=2006 \|title=Steve De Shazer and the Future of Solution-Focused Therapy \|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2006.tb01595.x \|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy \|volume=32 \|issue=2 \|pages=133–139 \|doi=10.1111/j.1752-0606.2006.tb01595.x \|issn=1752-0606 \|pmid=16676891\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The "miracle question" is one such tool, asking clients to imagine that their problem was miraculously solved without their knowledge and to identify the first clues that would indicate the problem is resolved.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book \|last1=Peter \|first1=De Jong \|title=Interviewing for solutions \|last2=Berg \|first2=Insoo Kim \|publisher=Belmont Brooks/Cole \|year=2008 \|isbn=978-0495115885}}</ref> Therapists also ask questions that focus on previous solutions or "exceptions" to the problem.<ref name=":02" /> In SFBT, exceptions are times when the problem is less severe or better managed.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":242">{{Cite journal \|last=Kim \|first=Johnny S. \|date=2008-03-01 \|title=Examining the Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Meta-Analysis \|journal=Research on Social Work Practice \|volume=18 \|issue=2 \|pages=107–116 \|doi=10.1177/1049731507307807 \|issn=1049-7315 \|s2cid=142848777}}</ref> Identifying exceptions helps build solutions by highlighting what is working in clients' lives.<ref name=":52" /><ref name=":110">{{Cite book \|last=Ratner \|first=Harvey \|title=Solution focused brief therapy: 100 key points and techniques \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|year=2012 \|isbn=978-0415606127 \|location=London}}</ref> By discovering and amplifying minor exceptions to the problem, therapists encourage clients to do more of what already works.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":122">{{Cite journal \|last1=Oliver \|first1=Carolyn \|last2=Charles \|first2=Grant \|date=2015-01-19 \|title=Which Strengths-based Practice? Reconciling Strengths-based Practice and Mandated Authority in Child Protection Work \|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swu058 \|journal=Social Work \|volume=60 \|issue=2 \|pages=135–143 \|doi=10.1093/sw/swu058 \|issn=0037-8046 \|pmid=25929011\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite journal \|last1=Kim \|first1=Johnny \|last2=Jordan \|first2=Sara Smock \|last3=Franklin \|first3=Cynthia \|last4=Froerer \|first4=Adam \|date=2019-04-01 \|title=Is Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Evidence-Based? An Update 10 Years Later \|journal=Families in Society \|volume=100 \|issue=2 \|pages=127–138 \|doi=10.1177/1044389419841688 \|issn=1044-3894 \|s2cid=155341719}}</ref> When seeking exceptions, the practitioner does not attempt to convince the client of their significance. Instead, the therapist adopts a genuinely curious stance and asks the client to explain the exception's importance.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Neipp \|first1=Marie-Carmen \|last2=Beyebach \|first2=Mark \|date=2022-05-09 \|title=The Global Outcomes of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Revision \|journal=The American Journal of Family Therapy \|volume=52 \|pages=110–127 \|doi=10.1080/01926187.2022.2069175 \|issn=0192-6187 \|s2cid=248674891\|doi-access=free \|hdl=2454/43405 \|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Therapists must maintain a not-knowing stance, which can be challenging for emerging SFBT practitioners.<ref>{{cite book \|author=Elsie Jones-Smith \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5mlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT958 \|title=Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Integrative Approach \|year=2014 \|publisher=Sage Publications \|isbn=978-1483351995 \|page=958 \|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Garcia \|first=Samira Y. \|date=2019-06-01 \|title=News of Difference: Understanding, Highlighting, and Building Exceptions in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy \|journal=Journal of Systemic Therapies \|volume=38 \|issue=2 \|pages=35–46 \|doi=10.1521/jsyt.2019.38.2.35 \|issn=1195-4396 \|s2cid=210460500\|doi-access=free }}</ref> SFBT practitioners use tools such as starting sessions with the question "What's been better since we last talked?" to help clients identify exceptions.<ref name=":132">Kim, J.S., & Franklin, C. (2015). Understanding emotional change in solution-focused brief therapy: Facilitating positive emotions. Best Practices in Mental Health, 11(1), 25–41.</ref> Scaling questions are another tool, using a scale to measure clients' progress toward their goals.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":42" /> Clients are asked to provide details about times when the problem was less severe or absent and to identify behaviors that work for them.<ref name=":52" /> SFBT sessions are highly structured, following a specific format and employing formulated interviewing techniques.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan2" /> However, adhering to the underlying philosophy of SFBT is considered more important than strictly following the techniques.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Kayrouz \|first1=Rony \|last2=Hansen \|first2=S. \|date=June 2020 \|title=I don't believe in miracles: Using the ecological validity model to adapt the miracle question to match the client's cultural preferences and characteristics \|journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice \|volume=51 \|issue=3 \|pages=223–236 \|doi=10.1037/pro0000283 \|s2cid=212945721 \|via=APA PsycNet}}</ref> Central to SFBT is the belief that clients are the experts in their lives and possess the knowledge necessary to achieve their goals.<ref name=":02" /> Therapists are considered experts in asking questions that evoke the change process.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book \|last1=Nelson \|first1=Thorana S. \|title=Handbook of solution-focused brief therapy: Clinical applications \|last2=Thomas \|first2=Frank N. \|publisher=Haworth Press \|year=2007 \|isbn=978-0789023957 \|pages=3–24 \|chapter=Assumptions and practices within the solution-focused brief therapy tradition}}</ref> In authentic SFBT practice, resistance is rarely encountered.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Lipchik \|first=Eve \|title=Beyond technique in solution-focused therapy : working with emotions and the therapeutic relationship \|date=2002 \|publisher=The Guilford Press \|isbn=1572307641 \|location=New York \|oclc=49558880}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Berg \|first=Insoo Kim \|title=Working with the problem drinker : a solution-focused approach \|date=1992 \|publisher=W.W. Norton \|others=Scott D. Miller \|isbn=0393701344 \|location=New York \|oclc=25630644}}</ref> Maintaining a curious and not-knowing stance is vital for effective SFBT.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite book \|title=Handbook of solution-focused brief therapy : clinical applications \|date=2007 \|publisher=Haworth Press \|others=Thorana Strever Nelson, Frank N. Thomas \|isbn=978-0789023940 \|location=New York \|oclc=78070723}}</ref> Despite its apparent simplicity, SFBT is difficult to master.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> It requires disciplined practice, which can be challenging for many practitioners.<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan" /> As a result, some may only use components of SFBT instead of adhering to pure SFBT, often due to the difficulty in transitioning from a problem-focused stance.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal \|last1=Cunanan \|first1=Elnora D. \|last2=McCollum \|first2=Eric E. \|date=2006-04-20 \|title=What Works When Learning Solution-Focused Brief Therapy \|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J085v17n01_04 \|journal=Journal of Family Psychotherapy \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=49–65 \|doi=10.1300/J085v17n01_04 \|s2cid=2978075 \|issn=0897-5353\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Conversely, new SFBT trainees may struggle with being overly optimistic and not genuinely validating clients' pain.<ref name=":15" /> This may be because concentrating on newly learned SFBT skills and techniques takes focus away from being present with the client. Authentic SFBT practice demands that therapists remain highly attuned to clients' verbal and non-verbal communication, adapting their questions to better understand and engage with the client's perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Cunanan \|first1=Elnora D. \|last2=McCollum \|first2=Eric E. \|date=2006-04-20 \|title=What Works When Learning Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Qualitative Study of Trainees' Experiences \|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J085v17n01_04 \|journal=Journal of Family Psychotherapy \|language=en \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=49–65 \|doi=10.1300/J085v17n01_04 \|s2cid=2978075 \|issn=0897-5353\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By doing so, SFBT practitioners can effectively facilitate client movement toward their goals and preferred futures. == Evidence-based status == In the early days of the model, critics often said that SFBT does not have enough [[research]].<ref name=":6" /> In 2000 a review of SFBT research just showed preliminary evidence of the efficacy of SFBT.<ref name=":21" /> However, in 2010 the SFBT research grew to a level where the evidence was promising,<ref name=":88">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kim\|first1=Johnny S.\|last2=Smock\|first2=Sara\|last3=Trepper\|first3=Terry S.\|last4=McCollum\|first4=Eric E.\|last5=Franklin \|first5=Cynthia\|date=July 2010\|title=Is Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Evidence-Based?\|journal=Families in Society\|volume=91\|issue=3\|pages=300–306\|doi=10.1606/1044-3894.4009\|s2cid=73324446\|issn=1044-3894}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Bond \|first1=Caroline \|last2=Woods \|first2=Kevin \|last3=Humphrey \|first3=Neil \|last4=Symes \|first4=Wendy \|last5=Green \|first5=Lorraine \|date=July 2013 \|title=Practitioner Review: The effectiveness of solution focused brief therapy with children and families: a systematic and critical evaluation of the literature from 1990–2010 \|url=https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.12058 \|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry \|language=en \|volume=54 \|issue=7 \|pages=707–723 \|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12058 \|pmid=23452301 \|issn=0021-9630}}</ref> and today several [[Meta-analysis\|meta-analyses]] show SFBT to be effective with internalizing issues.<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Franklin\|first1=Cynthia \|last2=Zhang\|first2=Anao\|last3=Froerer\|first3=Adam\|last4=Johnson\|first4=Shannon \|date=2017\|title=Solution Focused Brief Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Summary of Process Research\|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy\|volume=43\|issue=1\|pages=16–30\|doi=10.1111/jmft.12193\|pmid=27757976\|s2cid=13204122 \|issn=1752-0606}}</ref><ref name=Gingerich>{{Cite journal\|last1=Gingerich\|first1=Wallace J.\|last2=Peterson\|first2=Lance T. \|date=2013-05-01\|title=Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Systematic Qualitative Review of Controlled Outcome Studies\|journal=Research on Social Work Practice\|volume=23\|issue=3\|pages=266–283 \|doi=10.1177/1049731512470859\|s2cid=145166933\|issn=1049-7315\|url=https://ir.stthomas.edu/context/ssw_pub/article/1111/viewcontent/Gingerich_Effectiveness.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Schmit \|first1=Erika L.\|last2=Schmit \|first2=Michael K.\|last3=Lenz\|first3=A. Stephen\|date=2016-06-01\|title=Meta-Analysis of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Treating Symptoms of Internalizing Disorders \|journal=Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation\|volume=7 \|issue=1\|pages=21–39 \|doi=10.1177/2150137815623836\|s2cid=148058070\|issn=2150-1378}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Bond \|first1=Caroline\|last2=Woods\|first2=Kevin\|last3=Humphrey\|first3=Neil\|last4=Symes\|first4=Wendy\|last5=Green \|first5=Lorraine\|date=2013\|title=Practitioner Review: The effectiveness of solution focused brief therapy with children and families: a systematic and critical evaluation of the literature from 1990–2010 \|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry\|volume=54 \|issue=7\|pages=707–723\|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12058 \|pmid=23452301\|issn=1469-7610\|url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/practitioner-review-the-effectiveness-of-solution-focused-brief-therapy-with-children-and-families-a-systematic-and-critical-evaluation-of-the-literature-from-19902010(83dfd065-bf2c-455d-8d8a-1481a2e1d7b4).html}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite journal\|last=Kim\|first=Johnny S.\|date=2008-03-01 \|title=Examining the Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Meta-Analysis\|journal=Research on Social Work Practice\|volume=18\|issue=2 \|pages=107–116\|doi=10.1177/1049731507307807\|s2cid=142848777 \|issn=1049-7315}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Vermeulen-Oskam \|first1=E. \|last2=Franklin \|first2=C. \|last3=van't Hof \|first3=L.P.M. \|last4=Stams \|first4=G.J.J.M. \|last5=van Vugt \|first5=E.S. \|last6=Assink \|first6=M. \|last7=Veltman \|first7=E.J. \|last8=Froerer \|first8=A.S. \|last9=Staaks \|first9=J.P.C. \|last10=Zhang \|first10=A. \|date=2024-12-01 \|title=The current evidence of solution-focused brief therapy: A meta-analysis of psychosocial outcomes and moderating factors \|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272735824001338 \|journal=Clinical Psychology Review \|volume=114 \|article-number=102512 \|doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102512 \|pmid=39489144 \|issn=0272-7358\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> SFBT has a robust, broad, and growing evidence base and is recommended for use when deemed a good fit for the client and their problem.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kim\|first1=Johnny \|last2=Jordan\|first2=Sara Smock \|last3=Franklin\|first3=Cynthia\|last4=Froerer\|first4=Adam\|date=2019-04-01 \|title=Is Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Evidence-Based? An Update 10 Years Later\|journal=Families in Society\|volume=100\|issue=2\|pages=127–138\|doi=10.1177/1044389419841688\|s2cid=155341719\|issn=1044-3894}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Neipp \|first1=Marie-Carmen \|last2=Beyebach \|first2=Mark \|date=2022-05-09 \|title=The Global Outcomes of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Revision \|journal=The American Journal of Family Therapy \|volume=52 \|pages=110–127 \|doi=10.1080/01926187.2022.2069175 \|s2cid=248674891 \|issn=0192-6187\|doi-access=free \|hdl=2454/43405 \|hdl-access=free }}</ref> SFBT has been examined in two meta-analyses and is supported as evidenced-based by numerous federal and state agencies and institutions, such as [[Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration\|SAMHSA]]'s [[National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices\|National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs & Practices]] (NREPP).<ref>{{cite book\|author=Elsie Jones-Smith\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5mlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT958\|title=Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Integrative Approach\|date=29 October 2014\|publisher=SAGE Publications\|isbn=978-1483351995 \|page=958\|via=Google Books}}</ref> The conclusion of the two meta-analyses and the systematic reviews, and the overall conclusion of the most recent scholarly work on SFBT, is that solution-focused brief therapy is an effective approach to the treatment of psychological problems, with effect sizes similar to other evidenced-based approaches, such as [[Cognitive behavioral therapy\|CBT]] and [[Interpersonal psychotherapy\|IPT]], but that these effects are found in fewer average sessions, and using an approach style that is more benign.<ref name=":88"/><ref name=Gingerich/> == Applications == SFBT is very adaptable to many settings<ref name=":132"/> because it helps the clients create custom-made interventions for themselves,<ref name=":20" /> and the client is always considered to be the expert.<ref name=":9" /> Even the practitioner's language is taken from the words the client uses to describe their life and preferred future.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Garcia\|first=Samira Y.\|date=2019-06-01\|title=News of Difference: Understanding, Highlighting, and Building Exceptions in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy\|journal=Journal of Systemic Therapies\|volume=38\|issue=2\|pages=35–46\|doi=10.1521/jsyt.2019.38.2.35 \|s2cid=210460500\|issn=1195-4396\|doi-access=free}}</ref> The result is that SFBT provides interventions that are perfectly matched with the clients' way of understanding and acting.<ref name=":12" /> Techniques such as the miracle question can be adapted to make them more culturally relevant and come across in ways more empathetic and supportive based on the culture and needs of the population being served.<ref>{{Cite journal \|title=I don't believe in miracles: Using the ecological validity model to adapt the miracle question to match the client's cultural preferences and characteristics \|via=APA PsycNet \|journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice\|date=June 2020 \|volume=51\|issue=3 \|pages=223–236\|doi=10.1037/pro0000283\|s2cid=212945721\|last1=Kayrouz\|first1=Rony \|last2=Hansen\|first2=S.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Steinbrecher\|first1=Elijah\|last2=Jordan \|first2=Sara Smock\|last3=Turns\|first3=Brie\|date=2021-03-15\|title=Providing Immediate Hope to Survivors of Natural Disasters: A Miracle Question Intervention\|journal=The American Journal of Family Therapy \|volume=49\|issue=2\|pages=204–219 \|doi=10.1080/01926187.2020.1789899 \|s2cid=225611020\|issn=0192-6187}}</ref> SFBT works well with children and families<ref name=":9" /> and can be applied to many family-related situations.<ref name=":0" /> It is effective with adolescents,<ref>{{Cite journal\|date=2011-06-01\|title=The outcome of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy among foster care adolescents: The changes of behavior and perceived somatic and cognitive difficulties\|journal=Children and Youth Services Review\|volume=33\|issue=6 \|pages=791–797\|issn=0190-7409 \|doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.11.027\|last1=Cepukiene\|first1=Viktorija \|last2=Pakrosnis\|first2=Rytis\|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740910003853\|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Karakaya Dudu \|last2=Özgür Gönül\|date=2019-11-01\|title=Effect of a Solution-Focused Approach on Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem in Turkish Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder\|journal=Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services\|volume=57 \|issue=11\|pages=45–55\|doi=10.3928/02793695-20190708-01\|pmid=31305949\|s2cid=196614349}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal \|last=Karababa \|first=Ali \|date=February 2024 \|title=A Meta-Analysis of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for School-Related Problems in Adolescents \|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10497315231170865 \|journal=Research on Social Work Practice \|language=en \|volume=34 \|issue=2 \|pages=169–181 \|doi=10.1177/10497315231170865 \|s2cid=258469469 \|issn=1049-7315\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Alguzo \|first1=Naela A. \|last2=Jaradat \|first2=Abdul-Kareem M. \|date=December 2021 \|title=Investigating the effectiveness of two therapeutic modalities in enhancing self-esteem among female adolescents \|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijop.12773 \|journal=International Journal of Psychology \|language=en \|volume=56 \|issue=6 \|pages=870–877 \|doi=10.1002/ijop.12773 \|pmid=34013559 \|s2cid=234793819 \|issn=0020-7594\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> pregnant and postpartum women,<ref>{{Cite journal\|date=2021-01-01\|title=Solution-focused counseling and its use in postpartum depression\|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128179338000475 \|journal=The Neuroscience of Depression\|pages=443–446\|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-817933-8.00047-5 \|last1=Mousavi \|first1=Seyed Abbas\|last2=Ramezani\|first2=Somayeh\|last3=Khosravi\|first3=Ahmad \|isbn=978-0128179338 \|s2cid=234279790\|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Ramezani\|first1=Somayeh\|last2=Khosravi\|first2=Ahmad \|last3=Motaghi\|first3=Zahra \|last4=Hamidzadeh\|first4=Azam\|last5=Mousavi\|first5=Seyed Abbas \|date=2017-03-15 \|title=The effect of cognitive-behavioural and solution-focused counselling on prevention of postpartum depression in nulliparous pregnant women \|journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology\|volume=35 \|issue=2\|pages=172–182\|doi=10.1080/02646838.2016.1266470\|issn=0264-6838\|pmid=29517361 \|s2cid=3753850}}</ref> couples,<ref>Abusaidi E, Zahrakar K, Mohsenzadeh F. Effect of solution-focused brief couple therapy in improvement of communication patterns and marital intimacy in women ''J. Research & Health'' 2018 8(6): 555–564.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Karasu\|first1=Fatma\|last2=Ayar \|first2=Duygu\|last3=Çopur \|first3=Ebru Öztürk\|date=2021-06-16\|title=The Effect of Solution Focused Level on Marital Disaffection and Sexual Satisfaction in Married Individuals\|journal=Contemporary Family Therapy\|volume=45 \|pages=75–84 \|doi=10.1007/s10591-021-09590-w \|s2cid=236297897\|issn=1573-3335}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|title=Constructivist, critical, and integrative approaches to couples counseling\|date=2017\|editor1=Michael D. Reiter\|editor2=Ronald J. Chenail \|isbn=978-1315308302 \|location=New York\|pages=76–105\|chapter=Solution-Focused Couples Therapy\|oclc=970042276}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite journal\|last1=Jalali\|first1=Farzad \|last2=Hashemi\|first2=SeyedehFatemeh \|last3=Kimiaei\|first3=SeyedAli \|last4=Hasani\|first4=Alireza \|last5=Jalali \|first5=Manijeh\|date=2018-08-01 \|title=The Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Couple Therapy on Marital Satisfaction Among Married Prisoners and Their Wives \|journal=International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology \|volume=62\|issue=10\|pages=3023–3037\|pmid=28954570\|doi=10.1177/0306624X17733662\|s2cid=45371559\|issn=0306-624X}}</ref> and parents.<ref name="tpccp.um.ac.ir">{{Cite journal \|last1=اسدی حسن وند \|first1=اسد \|last2=سودانی \|first2=منصور \|last3=عباسپور \|first3=ذبیح الله\|date=2018-01-21\|title=اثربخشی درمان راه حل- محور به شیوه گروهی بر کاهش پرخاشگری مادران آسیب رسان \|url=https://tpccp.um.ac.ir/article_32765.html \|journal=پژوهش های روان شناسی بالینی و مشاوره \|volume=7\|issue=2\|pages=90–104\|doi=10.22067/ijap.v7i2.61207 \|issn=2251-6352}}</ref> SFBT was shown to be effective for families in the child welfare system,<ref name=":8" /> with case management in social welfare programs,<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Öster\|first=Sussan \|date=2021\|title=Solution-Focused approach in a team working with social welfare benefits in social service \|journal=InterAction\|volume=7\|issue=1\|pages=7–23 \|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sfct/inter/2015/00000007/00000001/art00002}}</ref> financial counseling,<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Archuleta\|first1=Kristy \|last2=Burr\|first2=Emily\|last3=Carlson \|first3=Mary Bell\|last4=Ingram\|first4=Jurdene\|last5=Kruger\|first5=Laura Irwin\|last6=Grable\|first6=John \|last7=Ford\|first7=Megan\|date=2015-07-27 \|title=Solution Focused Financial Therapy: A Brief Report of a Pilot Study\|url=https://newprairiepress.org/jft/vol6/iss1/2\|journal=Journal of Financial Therapy\|volume=6 \|issue=1\|doi=10.4148/1944-9771.1081\|issn=1944-9771\|doi-access=free}}</ref> and with therapy groups.<ref>{{Cite thesis \|last=Taylor \|first=William F. \|title=Effects of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Group Counseling on Generalized Anxiety Disorder \|type=PhD dissertation \|publisher=Walden University \|via=ProQuest \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/f71601089d00dcf2a694a940678dea57 \|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref> SFBT has been applied to many settings, including education and business settings<ref name="de Shazer & Dolan"/> including coaching.<ref>O'Connell, B., & Palmer, S. (2018). Solution-focused coaching. In ''Handbook of coaching psychology'' (pp. 270–281). Routledge.</ref><ref>Grant, A.M. (2006). Solution-focused coaching. ''Excellence in coaching: The industry guide'', 73–90.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Grant \|first1=Anthony M. \|last2=O'Connor \|first2=Sean A. \|date=2010-01-01 \|title=The differential effects of solution-focused and problem-focused coaching questions: a pilot study with implications for practice \|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/00197851011026090 \|journal=Industrial and Commercial Training \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=102–111 \|doi=10.1108/00197851011026090 \|issn=0019-7858\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and counselling.<ref>{{cite journal\|date=2006\|title=Mastering the art of solution-focused counseling (review)\|journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy\|volume=32\|issue=3\|page=402\|doi=10.1111/j.1752-0606.2006.tb01615.x\|last1=Mineo\|first1=Janet}}</ref> It is effective in schools<ref>Sadri Demirchi E, Mohammadyari E, Jafari MS, Hosseinian S. The impact of solution-focused group counseling on the students' academic motivation. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2020; 6(4): 23–34.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Kim\|first1=Johnny S.\|last2=Franklin \|first2=Cynthia\|date=2009-04-01 \|title=Solution-focused brief therapy in schools: A review of the outcome literature\|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740908002569\|journal=Children and Youth Services Review\|volume=31\|issue=4 \|pages=464–470\|doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.10.002\|issn=0190-7409\|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Franklin\|first1=Cynthia\|last2=Guz\|first2=Samantha\|last3=Zhang\|first3=Anao \|last4=Kim\|first4=Johnny\|last5=Zheng\|first5=Haotian \|last6=Hai\|first6=Audrey Hang\|last7=Cho\|first7=Yong Ju \|last8=Shen\|first8=Li\|date=2020-10-14\|title=Solution-focused brief therapy for students in schools: A comparative meta-analysis of the English and Chinese literature \|journal=Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research\|doi=10.1086/712169\|hdl=2027.42/167610 \|s2cid=226332780\|issn=2334-2315\|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal \|last1=Altundağ \|first1=Yunus \|last2=Bulut \|first2=Sefa \|date=2019-01-29 \|title=The Effect of Solution-Focused Brief Counseling on Reducing Test Anxiety \|url=https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/apl/article/view/6270 \|journal=Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana \|volume=37 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–11 \|doi=10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.6270 \|issn=2145-4515\|hdl=20.500.12154/619 \|hdl-access=free }}</ref> and with college students.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Ng\|first1=Kok-Mun\|last2=Parikh\|first2=Sejal\|last3=Guo \|first3=Lan\|date=2012-09-01 \|title=Integrative Solution-Focused Brief Therapy with a Chinese Female College Student Dealing with Relationship Loss\|journal=International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling\|volume=34\|issue=3 \|pages=211–230\|doi=10.1007/s10447-012-9152-x\|s2cid=144472702\|issn=1573-3246}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal\|last1=Yanardağ \|first1=Melek ZUBAROĞLU\|last2=Özmete\|first2=Emine\|date=2020-03-23\|title=ÇÖZÜM ODAKLI SOSYAL HİZMET MÜDAHALESİNİN ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN UMUTSUZLUK VE STRES DÜZEYLERİNE ETKİSİ – THE EFFECT OF SOLUTION FOCUSED SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION ON COLLEGE STUDENTS' HOPELESSNESS AND STRESS LEVELS \|journal=Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi\|volume=7\|issue=1\|pages=42–66 \|doi=10.30798/makuiibf.568273\|s2cid=242979773\|issn=2149-1658\|doi-access=free}}</ref> It was successfully used with populations in jails,<ref>{{Cite thesis \|last=Black \|first=Taylor \|title=The Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy with Incarcerated Youth \|via=ProQuest \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/1cb938ef9e92828577a17160619e9e33 \|type=PhD dissertation \|publisher=University of Central Arkansas \|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref> inpatient addiction rehab centers,<ref>{{Cite thesis\|last=DiMarco\|first=Sandra \|date=2019-01-01\|title=Solution-Focused Family Weekends in an Addictions Treatment Facility: An Action Treatment-and-Research Study\|type=PhD dissertation \|publisher=Nova Southeastern University \|url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dft_etd/53}}</ref> inpatient [[Psychiatric hospital\|psychiatric facilities]],<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Mason\|first1=W.H. \|last2=Breen\|first2=R.Y.\|last3=Whipple\|first3=W.R.\|date=1994 \|title=Solution-focused therapy and inpatient psychiatric nursing\|journal=Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services\|volume=32\|issue=10\|pages=46–49\|doi=10.3928/0279-3695-19941001-11 \|issn=0279-3695\|pmid=7844770}}</ref> and in a wide range of medical settings.<ref name=":22"/> It has been helpful with treating family members of patients with serious illnesses.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Li \|first1=Yaxi\|last2=Solomon\|first2=Phyllis\|last3=Zhang\|first3=Anao\|last4=Franklin\|first4=Cynthia\|last5=Ji\|first5=Qingying\|last6=Chen\|first6=Yuting\|date=2017-12-08\|title=Efficacy of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Distress among Parents of Children with Congenital Heart Disease in China\|journal=Health & Social Work \|volume=43\|issue=1\|pages=30–40\|doi=10.1093/hsw/hlx045\|pmid=29228386\|issn=0360-7283}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Zhang\|first1=Anao\|last2=Ji \|first2=QingYing\|last3=Currin-McCulloch\|first3=Jennifer \|last4=Solomon\|first4=Phyllis\|last5=Chen\|first5=YuTing\|last6=Li\|first6=Yaxi\|last7=Jones\|first7=Barbara \|last8=Franklin\|first8=Cynthia\|last9=Nowicki\|first9=Jack \|date=2018-08-01\|title=The effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy for psychological distress among Chinese parents of children with a cancer diagnosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial\|journal=Supportive Care in Cancer\|volume=26 \|issue=8 \|pages=2901–2910\|doi=10.1007/s00520-018-4141-1\|pmid=29546523\|s2cid=3922952\|issn=1433-7339}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Khabir\|first1=Leila\|last2=Zadeh\|first2=Maryam Fallah\|last3=Hadianfard\|first3=Habib \|date=2017-11-15 \|title=The effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) on Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in parents of children with cancer \|url=https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/ijabs/article/view/11368 \|journal=International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences\|volume=4\|issue=4\|pages=50–56\|issn=2423-5253 \|doi=10.22037/ijabs.v4i4.11368}}</ref> SFBT is effective with people in many countries and cultures, including people from Turkey,<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> Chile,<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=González Suitt\|first1=Karla\|last2=Geraldo\|first2=Pablo\|last3=Estay \|first3=Marlene \|last4=Franklin\|first4=Cynthia\|date=2019-01-01\|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorders in Chile\|journal=Research on Social Work Practice\|volume=29\|issue=1 \|pages=19–35\|s2cid=149233655 \|doi=10.1177/1049731517740958\|issn=1049-7315}}</ref> Iran,<ref name="tpccp.um.ac.ir"/><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Dashtizadeh\|first1=N.\|last2=Sajedi\|first2=H.\|last3=Nazari \|first3=A.\|last4=Davarniya\|first4=R.\|last5=Shakarami\|first5=M.\|date=2015\|title=Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) on Reducing Symptoms of Depression in Women\|journal=Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery\|volume=4\|url=http://jcnm.skums.ac.ir/article-1-241-fa.html}}</ref> and China.<ref name=":7" /> A systematic review showed it to be effective with Latinos.<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal \|last1=Suitt\|first1=Karla González\|last2=Franklin\|first2=Cynthia\|last3=Kim\|first3=Johnny\|date=2016-01-02 \|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy With Latinos: A Systematic Review\|journal=Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work\|volume=25 \|issue=1\|pages=50–67\|doi=10.1080/15313204.2015.1131651 \|s2cid=75445266\|issn=1531-3204}}</ref> SFBT works in treating people who experienced trauma.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Joubert\|first1=Jolize\|last2=Guse\|first2=Tharina\|title=Implementing solution-focused brief therapy to facilitate hope and subjective well-being among South African trauma survivors: A case study\|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/capr.12416\|journal=Counselling and Psychotherapy Research\|year=2021\|volume=22\|pages=147–156\|doi=10.1002/capr.12416\|hdl=2263/85569 \|issn=1746-1405\|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Eads\|first1=Ray\|last2=Lee\|first2=Mo Yee\|date=2019-10-01\|title=Solution Focused Therapy for Trauma Survivors: A Review of the Outcome Literature \|url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/journalsfp/vol3/iss1/9\|journal=Journal of Solution Focused Practices\|volume=3\|issue=1\|doi=10.59874/001c.75083 \|s2cid=235863547 \|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":27">{{Cite book \|last1=Froerer \|first1=Adam S \|title=Solution-focused brief therapy with clients managing trauma \|last2=Von Cziffra-Bergs \|first2=Jacqui \|last3=Kim \|first3=Johnny S \|last4=Connie \|first4=Elliott \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2018 \|isbn=978-0190678784 \|location=New York}}</ref><ref name=":30b">{{Cite journal \|last1=Joubert \|first1=Jolize \|last2=Guse \|first2=Tharina \|date=2021-12-01 \|title=A Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) Intervention Model to Facilitate Hope and Subjective Well-being Among Trauma Survivors \|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-021-09511-w \|journal=Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy \|volume=51 \|issue=4 \|pages=303–310 \|doi=10.1007/s10879-021-09511-w \|hdl=2263/86125 \|s2cid=235326582 \|issn=1573-3564\|hdl-access=free }}</ref> It has been suggested to use with patients that are suicidal or in crisis,<ref>Greene, G.J., & Lee, M.-Y. (2015). How to work with clients' strengths in crisis intervention: A solution-focused approach. In K.R. Yeager & A.R. Roberts (Eds.), Crisis intervention handbook: Assessment, treatment, and research (pp. 69–98). Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Kondrat\|first1=David C\|last2=Teater\|first2=Barbra\|date=2012-01-01\|title=Solution-focused therapy in an Emergency Room setting: Increasing hope in persons presenting with suicidal ideation\|journal=Journal of Social Work\|volume=12\|issue=1\|pages=3–15\|doi=10.1177/1468017310379756\|s2cid=71468734\|issn=1468-0173}}</ref> families coping with suicide,<ref name=":20" /> and patients with eating disorders<ref>{{Cite conference\|last1=Clayton V.\|first1=Martin\|last2=Guterman\|first2=Jeffrey T.\|last3=Shatz\|first3=Karen\|date=2012\|title=Solution-Focused Counseling for Eating Disorders \|url=https://www.counseling.org/Resources/Library/VISTAS/2012_Vol_1_67-104/2_2012-ACA-PDFs/Article_88.pdf\|conference=2012 American Counseling Association, San Francisco, March 21–25}}</ref> substance use disorders,<ref name=":26" /><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Kim\|first1=Johnny S.\|last2=Brook \|first2=Jody\|last3=Akin\|first3=Becci A.\|date=2018-05-01\|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy With Substance-Using Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study \|journal=Research on Social Work Practice\|volume=28\|issue=4\|pages=452–462\|doi=10.1177/1049731516650517\|s2cid=77038782\|issn=1049-7315}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Franklin \|first1=Cynthia\|last2=Hai\|first2=Audrey Hang\|date=2021-05-01\|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Substance Use: A Review of the Literature\|journal=Health & Social Work\|volume=46\|issue=2 \|pages=103–114\|doi=10.1093/hsw/hlab002\|pmid=33969410\|issn=0360-7283}}</ref> and obesity.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=فرنام \|first1=علی \|last2=اکبری زاده \|first2=اعظم \|last3=عرفانی \|first3=مژگان \|title=اثربخشی درمان کوتاه مدت راه حل محور (SFBT) بر تصویر بدن، خودکارآمدی و بهزیستی در زنان مبتلا به چاقی \|journal=مجله دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد \|date=January 2019 \|volume=61 \|issue=6.1 \|doi=10.22038/mjms.2019.15287}}</ref> It was also suggested as a promising intervention for individuals with a brain injury<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Gan\|first=Caron\|date=2020-01-01\|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) with individuals with brain injury and their families \|url=https://content.iospress.com/articles/neurorehabilitation/nre192967 \|journal=NeuroRehabilitation \|volume=46\|issue=2\|pages=143–155\|doi=10.3233/NRE-192967\|pmid=32083598\|s2cid=211232217\|issn=1053-8135\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and was helpful with those with intellectual disabilities.<ref name=":28" /> It has even been documented to have been successfully used with a patient in a psychotic crisis.<ref name=":2" /> SFBT is effective in treating clients with depression.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Abbasi \|first1=A. \|last2=Mohammadi \|first2=M. \|last3=Zahrakar \|first3=K. \|last4=Davarniya \|first4=R. \|last5=Babaeigarmkhani \|first5=M. \|date=April 2017 \|title=Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) on Reducing Depression and Increasing Marital Satisfaction in Married Women \|url=http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2420-en.html \|journal=Iran Journal of Nursing \|volume=30 \|issue=105 \|pages=34–46 \|doi=10.29252/ijn.30.105.34\|s2cid=79896427 \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Aminnasab \|first1=Angham \|last2=Mohammadi \|first2=Samaneh \|last3=Zareinezhad \|first3=Maryam \|last4=Chatrrouz \|first4=Tania \|last5=Mirghafari \|first5=Seyedeh Bita \|last6=Rahmani \|first6=Soheila \|date=October 2018 \|title=Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) on Depression and Perceived Stress in Patients with Breast Cancer \|journal=Tanaffos \|volume=17 \|issue=4 \|pages=272–279 \|pmid=31143218\|pmc=6534804 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Habibi \|title=The effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy on reducing depression in women \|url=https://www.ijeprjournal.org/article.asp?issn=2395-2296;year=2016;volume=2;issue=4;spage=244;epage=249;aulast=Habibi \|access-date=2022-03-15 \|journal=International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches \|year=2016 \|volume=2 \|issue=4 \|page=244 \|doi=10.4103/2395-2296.189671 \|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Liaqat, H., & Saleem, A. (2021). Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Single Case Study. NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(2), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v7i2.93</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Reddy \|first1=Pashapu Dharma \|last2=Thirumoorthy \|first2=Ammapattian \|last3=Vijayalakshmi \|first3=Poreddi \|last4=Hamza \|first4=Mohammed Ameer \|date=January 2015 \|title=Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for an Adolescent Girl with Moderate Depression \|journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine \|volume=37 \|issue=1 \|pages=87–89 \|doi=10.4103/0253-7176.150849 \|issn=0253-7176 \|pmc=4341318 \|pmid=25722519 \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Zhang \|first=Anao \|date=2021-12-24 \|title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy for Depression Among Adolescents and Young Adults Diagnosed With Cancer: An Open Pilot Trial \|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315211062508 \|journal=Research on Social Work Practice \|volume=32 \|issue=4 \|pages=388–401 \|doi=10.1177/10497315211062508 \|hdl=2027.42/171446 \|s2cid=245489922 \|issn=1049-7315\|hdl-access=free }}</ref> It has been shown to be effective in helping increase self-esteem,<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Baratian \|first1=Amin \|last2=Salimi \|first2=Arman \|last3=Moghim \|first3=Farideh \|last4=Shakarami \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Davarniya \|first5=Reza \|date=2016-10-10 \|title=The Effect of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) on Increasing Self-Esteem in Female Students \|url=http://ijnr.ir/article-1-1809-en.html \|journal=Iranian Journal of Nursing Research \|volume=11 \|issue=4 \|pages=57–65 \|doi=10.21859/ijnr-110407\|doi-access=free }}</ref> hope,<ref name=":30b" /><ref>{{Cite thesis \|last=Mann \|first=Alice-Louise \|date=2020 \|title=Co-constructing the emergence of hope: using solution-focused therapy with adolescents \|type=Master's thesis \|publisher=University of Canterbury \|doi=10.26021/9708 \|url=https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/100686}}</ref> good behavior, and social competence<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Ateş \|first=Bünyamin \|date=2016-04-01 \|title=The Effect of Solution-focused Brief Group Counseling upon the Perceived Social Competences of Teenagers \|url=https://redfame.com/journal/index.php/jets/article/view/1443 \|journal=Journal of Education and Training Studies \|language=en \|volume=4 \|issue=7 \|pages=28–36 \|doi=10.11114/jets.v4i7.1443 \|issn=2324-8068\|doi-access=free }}</ref> among adolescents<ref>{{Cite thesis \|last=Hinchey \|first=Martha \|date=2015 \|title= The Implementation of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) with At-Risk Youth in an Alternative School Environment\|url=https://uknowledge.uky.edu/edp_etds/37 \|type=PhD dissertation \|publisher=University of Kentucky}}</ref> and children.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Hsu \|first1=Kai-Shyang \|last2=Eads \|first2=Ray \|last3=Lee \|first3=Mo Yee \|last4=Wen \|first4=Zhemin \|date=2021-01-01 \|title=Solution-focused brief therapy for behavior problems in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of treatment effectiveness and family involvement \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740920320430 \|journal=Children and Youth Services Review \|volume=120 \|article-number=105620 \|doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105620 \|issn=0190-7409 \|s2cid=228820626\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It has been suggested that SFBT's ability to engender hope is what makes it effective for patients suffering from depression<ref name=":30b" /> as the presence of hope is shown to have an inverse relationship with depression.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Arnau \|first1=Randolph C. \|last2=Rosen \|first2=David H. \|last3=Finch \|first3=John F. \|last4=Rhudy \|first4=Jamie L. \|last5=Fortunato \|first5=Vincent J. \|date=February 2007 \|title=Longitudinal Effects of Hope on Depression and Anxiety: A Latent Variable Analysis \|journal=Journal of Personality \|volume=75 \|issue=1 \|pages=43–64 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00432.x \|pmid=17214591 \|issn=0022-3506\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Wong \|first1=Shyh Shin \|last2=Lim \|first2=Timothy \|date=2009-04-01 \|title=Hope versus optimism in Singaporean adolescents: Contributions to depression and life satisfaction \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886909000105 \|journal=Personality and Individual Differences \|language=en \|volume=46 \|issue=5 \|pages=648–652 \|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.009 \|issn=0191-8869\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Bao \|first1=Yijun \|last2=Li \|first2=Lizhuo \|last3=Guan \|first3=Yanlei \|last4=Wang \|first4=Wei \|last5=Liu \|first5=Yan \|last6=Wang \|first6=Pengfei \|last7=Huang \|first7=Xiaolong \|last8=Tao \|first8=Shanwei \|last9=Wang \|first9=Yunjie \|date=2016-04-13 \|title=Prevalence and associated positive psychological variables of anxiety and depression among patients with central nervous system tumors in China: a cross-sectional study \|journal=Psycho-Oncology \|volume=26 \|issue=2 \|pages=262–269 \|doi=10.1002/pon.4128 \|pmid=27072749 \|s2cid=39368895 \|issn=1057-9249\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Espinoza \|first1=Macarena \|last2=Molinari \|first2=Guadalupe \|last3=Etchemendy \|first3=Ernestina \|last4=Herrero \|first4=Rocío \|last5=Botella \|first5=Cristina \|last6=Baños Rivera \|first6=Rosa María \|date=2017-06-01 \|title=Understanding Dispositional Hope in General and Clinical Populations \|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9469-4 \|journal=Applied Research in Quality of Life \|language=en \|volume=12 \|issue=2 \|pages=439–450 \|doi=10.1007/s11482-016-9469-4 \|hdl=10234/161697 \|s2cid=56139513 \|issn=1871-2576\|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Workers with [[child protective services]] report in a qualitative study that SFBT training and supervision was helpful for them to work in a more cooperative and strength-based way and improved the overall mood and atmosphere of their encounters.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Medina\|first1=Antonio\|last2=Beyebach\|first2=Mark \|date=2014\|title=How Do Child Protection Workers and Teams Change During Solution-Focused Supervision and Training? A Brief Qualitative Report \|journal=International Journal of Solution-Focused Practices\|volume=1 \|issue=1\|pages=9–19\|doi=10.14335/ijsfp.v2i1.17\|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref> There are models designed for child protection services that incorporate aspects of SFBT<ref name=":12" /> because SFBT alone is thought to be insufficient for child protective services because a more authoritative approach is necessary.<ref>{{cite report \|author1=Woods, K. \|author2=Bond, C. \|author3=Humphrey, N. \|author4=Green, L. \|date=2011 \|title=Systematic review of Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) with children and families \|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/184113/DFE-RR179.pdf \|publisher=London Department for Education \|id=DFE-RR179}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Family therapy]] * [[Future-oriented therapy]] * [[Narrative therapy]] * [[Response-based therapy]] ==References== <references /> ==Further reading== * Berg, Insoo Kim and S.deShazer: Making numbers talk: Language in therapy. In S. Friedman (Ed.), "The new language of change: Constructive collaboration in psychotherapy." New York:Guilford, 1993. * Berg, Insoo Kim, "Family based services: A solution-focused approach." New York:Norton. 1994. * Berg, Insoo Kim; [http://psychotherapy.net/interview/Insoo_Kim_Berg "Solution-Focused Therapy: An Interview with Insoo Kim Berg."] [http://www.psychotherapy.net Psychotherapy.net], 2003. * Cade, B., and W.H. O'Hanlon: ''A Brief Guide to Brief Therapy.'' [[W. W. Norton\|W.W. Norton]] & Co 1993. * De Jong, Peter and Insoo Kim Berg ''Interviewing for Solutions'' Brooks Cole Publishers, 2nd ed., 2002 * Denborough, D.; [http://www.narrativetherapylibrary.com/family-therapy-exploring-the-field-s-past-present-and-possible-futures.html ''Family Therapy: Exploring the Field's Past, Present and Possible Futures''.] Adelaide, South Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications, 2001. * de Shazer, Steve: ''Clues; Investigating Solutions in Brief Therapy.'' W.W. Norton & Co 1988 * George, E., C. Iveson, H. Ratner; ''Problem to solution; brief therapy with individuals and families.'' BT Press, 1990. * Greenberg, Gail R., Keren Ganshorn and Alanna Danilkewic. 2001. [http://www.cfp.ca/content/47/11/2289.full.pdf Solution-focused therapy; A counseling model for busy family physicians.] "Canadian Family Physician," 47 (November): 2289–2295. * Guterman, J.T. (2006). ''[[Mastering the Art of Solution-Focused Counseling]]''. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. {{ISBN\|1556202679}} * {{cite journal \| last1 = Guterman \| first1 = J.T. \| last2 = Mecias \| first2 = A. \| last3 = Ainbinder \| first3 = D.L. \| year = 2005 \| title = Solution-focused treatment of migraine headache \| journal = The Family Journal \| volume = 13 \| issue = 2\| pages = 195–198 \| doi=10.1177/1066480704273256\| s2cid = 143232069 }} * {{cite journal \| last1 = Guterman \| first1 = J.T. \| year = 1996 \| title = ''Doing'' mental health counseling: A social constructionist re-vision \| journal = Journal of Mental Health Counseling \| volume = 18 \| pages = 228–252 }} * {{cite journal \| last1 = Guterman \| first1 = J.T. \| year = 1994 \| title = A social constructionist position for mental health counseling \| journal = Journal of Mental Health Counseling \| volume = 16 \| pages = 226–244 }} * Hubble, M.A., B.L. Duncan, S.D. Miller; ''The Heart and Soul of Change; what works in therapy.'' [[American Psychological Association]], 1999. * Lutz, A.B. (2014). Learning solution-focused therapy: An illustrated guide. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Press. (Includes over 30 companion videos demonstrating the approach) * Miller, S.D., M.A. Hubble, B.L. Duncan; ''Handbook of Solution-focused brief therapy.'' Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996. * Murphy, J.J. (1997). ''Solution-focused counseling in middle and high schools''. American Counseling Association: Alexandria, VA. * O'Connell, B.; ''Solution Focused Therapy.'' Sage, 1998. * O'Hanlon, Bill, and S. Beadle; ''A Field Guide to PossibilityLand: possibility therapy methods.'' BT Press 1996. * O'Hanlon, Bill and M. Weiner-Davis: "In Search of Solutions: A New Direction in Psychotherapy." W.W. Norton & Co. New York 1989 * Simon, Joel K. & Nelson, Thorana S. (2007). Solution-focused brief practice with long-term clients in mental health services: "I'm more than my label". New York: Taylor & Francis. * Simon, Joel K. (2009). Solution focused practice in end-of-life and grief counseling. New York: Springer Publication. * Talmon, M.; ''Single Session Therapy; maximizing the effect of the first (and often only) therapeutic encounter.'' Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1990. * Trepper, Terry S., Eric E. McCollum, Peter De Jong, Harry Korman, Wallace Gingerich, and Cynthia Franklin. 2010. [http://www.sfbta.org/PDFs/fileDownloader.asp?fname=SFBT_Treatment_Manual_2010.pdf "Solution focused therapy treatment manual for working with individuals."] [Hammond, IN]: Research Committee of the Solution Focused Brief Therapy Association. * Ziegler, P. and T. Hiller: ''Recreating Partnership: A Solution-Oriented, Collaborative Approach to Couples Therapy.'' W.W. Norton 2001. ==External links== * [http://www.sfbta.org Solution Focused Brief Therapy Association] * [http://www.socialconstructiontherapies.yolasite.com Social Construction Therapies Network] * [http://www.afsfh.co.uk The Association for Solution Focused Hypnotherapy] * [https://solutionfocused.net Institute for Solution Focused Therapy] {{Psychotherapy}} [[Category:Psychotherapy by type]]	1,306,462,170	[]	false
# Buckwheat Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) or common buckwheat is a flowering plant in the knotweed family Polygonaceae cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a cover crop. Buckwheat originated around the 6th millennium BC in the region of what is now Yunnan Province in southwestern China. The name "buckwheat" is used for several other species, such as Fagopyrum tataricum, a domesticated food plant raised in Asia. Despite its name, buckwheat is not closely related to wheat. Buckwheat is not a cereal, nor is it a member of the grass family. It is related to sorrel, knotweed, and rhubarb. Buckwheat is considered a pseudocereal because the high starch content of the seeds enables buckwheat to be cooked and consumed like a cereal. ## Etymology The name "buckwheat" or "beech wheat" comes from its tetrahedral seeds, which resemble the much larger seeds of the beech nut from the beech tree, and the fact that it is used like wheat. The word may be a translation of Middle Dutch boecweite: boec "beech" (Modern Dutch beuk; see PIE *bhago-) and weite "wheat" (Mod. Dut. tarwe, antiquated weit), or maybe a native formation on the same model as the Dutch word. ## Description Buckwheat is a herbaceous annual flowering plant growing to about 60 centimetres (24 in), with red stems and pink and white flowers resembling those of knotweeds.: 68 The leaves are arrow-shaped and the fruits are achenes about 5–7 mm with 3 prominent sharp angles.: 94 ## Distribution Fagopyrum esculentum is native to south-central China and Tibet, and has been introduced into suitable climates across Eurasia, Africa and the Americas. ## History The wild ancestor of common buckwheat is F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale. F. homotropicum is interfertile with F. esculentum and the wild forms have a common distribution, in Yunnan, a southwestern province of China. The wild ancestor of tartary buckwheat is F. tataricum ssp. potanini. Common buckwheat was domesticated and first cultivated in inland Southeast Asia, possibly around 6000 BC, and from there spread to Central Asia and Tibet, and then to the Middle East and Europe, which it reached by the 15th century. Domestication most likely took place in the western Yunnan region of China. The oldest remains found in China so far date to c. 2600 BC, while buckwheat pollen found in Japan dates from as early as 4000 BC. It is the world's highest-elevation domesticate, being cultivated in Yunnan on the edge of the Tibetan Plateau or on the plateau itself. Buckwheat was one of the earliest crops introduced by Europeans to North America. Dispersal around the globe was complete by 2006, when a variety developed in Canada was widely planted in China. In India, buckwheat flour is known as kuttu ka atta and has long been culturally associated with many festivals like Shivratri, Navaratri and Janmashtami. On the day of these festivals, food items made only from buckwheat are consumed. ## Cultivation Buckwheat is a short-season crop that grows well in low-fertility or acidic soils; too much fertilizer – especially nitrogen – reduces yields, and the soil must be well drained. In hot climates buckwheat can be grown only by sowing late in the season, so that it blooms in cooler weather. The presence of pollinators greatly increases yield. Nectar from flowering buckwheat produces a dark-colored honey. The buckwheat plant has a branching root system with a primary taproot that reaches deeply into moist soil. It grows 75 to 125 centimetres (30 to 50 inches) tall. Buckwheat has tetrahedral seeds and produces a flower that is usually white, although can also be pink or yellow. Buckwheat branches freely, as opposed to tillering or producing suckers, enabling more complete adaption to its environment than other cereal crops. Buckwheat is raised for grain where only a brief time is available for growth, either because the buckwheat is an early or a second crop in the season, or because the total growing season is limited. It establishes quickly, which suppresses summer weeds, and can be a reliable cover crop in summer to fit a small slot of warm season. Buckwheat has a growing period of only 10–12 weeks and it can be grown in high latitude or northern areas. Buckwheat is sometimes used as a green manure, as a plant for erosion control or as wildlife cover and feed. ## Production \| Russia \| 1,149,067 \| \| China \| 504,266 \| \| Ukraine \| 210,720 \| \| United States \| 86,679 \| \| Kazakhstan \| 83,491 \| \| Brazil \| 64,611 \| \| Total \| 2,204,015 \| \| Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations \| \| In 2023, world production of buckwheat was 2.2 million tonnes, led by Russia with 52% of the total, with China and Ukraine as secondary producers (table). ### Biological control F. esculentum may be used as a pollen and nectar source to increase natural predator numbers to control crop pests. - Field of buckwheat in Bumthang (Bhutan) - Buckwheat field near Vrchovina in the Czech Republic - Common buckwheat in flower - Buckwheat flower in close up (thrum) - Seed and withered flower of buckwheat - Hulled roasted buckwheat cereal (kasha) ## Phytochemicals Buckwheat contains diverse phytochemicals, including rutin, tannins, catechin-7-O-glucoside in groats, and fagopyrins, which are located mainly in the cotyledons of the buckwheat plant. It has almost no levels of inorganic arsenic. ### Aromatic compounds Salicylaldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) was identified as a characteristic component of buckwheat aroma. 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, (E)-2-nonenal, decanal and hexanal also contribute to its aroma. They all have odour activity value of more than 50, but the aroma of these substances in an isolated state does not resemble buckwheat. ## Nutrition Raw dry buckwheat is 10% water, 72% carbohydrates, 13% protein, and 3% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), dry buckwheat supplies 343 calories of food energy, and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of three B vitamins (riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid) and several dietary minerals (table). ### Gluten-free As buckwheat contains no gluten, it may be eaten by people with gluten-related disorders, such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity or dermatitis herpetiformis. Nevertheless, buckwheat products may have gluten contamination. ### Potential adverse effects Cases of severe allergic reactions to buckwheat and buckwheat-containing products have been reported. Buckwheat contains fluorescent phototoxic fagopyrins. Seeds, flour, and teas are generally safe when consumed in normal amounts, but fagopyrism can appear in people with diets based on high consumption of buckwheat sprouts, and particularly flowers or fagopyrin-rich buckwheat extracts. Symptoms of fagopyrism in humans may include skin inflammation in sunlight-exposed areas, cold sensitivity, and tingling or numbness in the hands. ## Culinary use The fruit is an achene, similar to sunflower seed, with a single seed inside a hard outer hull. The starchy endosperm is white and makes up most or all of buckwheat flour. The seed coat is green or tan, which darkens buckwheat flour. The hull is dark brown or black, and some may be included in buckwheat flour as dark specks. The dark flour is known as blé noir (black wheat) in French, along with the name sarrasin (saracen). Similarly, in Italy, it is known as grano saraceno (saracen grain). The grain can be prepared by simple dehulling, milling into farina, to whole-grain flour or to white flour. The grain can be fractionated into starch, germ and hull for specialized uses. Buckwheat groats are commonly used in western Asia and eastern Europe. The porridge was common, and is often considered the definitive peasant dish. It is made from roasted groats that are cooked with broth to a texture similar to rice or bulgur. The dish was taken to America by Jewish, Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish immigrants who called it kasha, as it is known today, who mixed it with pasta or used it as a filling for cabbage rolls (stuffed cabbage), knishes, and blintzes. Groats were the most widely used form of buckwheat worldwide during the 20th century, eaten primarily in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland, called grechka (Greek for 'grain') in Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Russian languages. Buckwheat noodles have been eaten in Tibet and northern China for centuries, where the growing season is too short to raise wheat. A wooden press is used to press the dough into hot boiling water when making buckwheat noodles. Old presses found in Tibet and Shanxi share the same basic design features. The Japanese and Koreans may have learned the process of making buckwheat noodles from them. Buckwheat noodles play a major role in the cuisines of Japan (soba) and Korea (naengmyeon, makguksu and memil-guksu). Soba noodles are the subject of deep cultural importance in Japan. The difficulty of making noodles from flour with no gluten has resulted in a traditional art developed around their manufacture by hand. A jelly called memilmuk in Korea is made from buckwheat starch. Local buckwheat variety from Bongpyeong, Korea, is known as Bongpyeong memil and is a powerful symbol for both cultural and gastronomic reasons. Noodles also appear in Italy, with pasta di grano saraceno in Apulia region of Southern Italy and pizzoccheri in the Valtellina region of Northern Italy. Buckwheat pancakes are eaten in several countries. They are known as buckwheat blini in Russia, galettes bretonnes in France, ployes in Acadia, poffertjes in the Netherlands, boûketes in the Wallonia region of Belgium, kuttu ki puri in India and kachhyamba in Nepal. Similar pancakes were a common food in American pioneer days. They are light and airy when baked. The buckwheat flour gives the pancakes an earthy, mildly mushroom-like taste. Yeasted patties called hrechanyky are made in Ukraine. Buckwheat is a permitted sustenance during fasting in several traditions. In India, on Hindu fasting days (Navaratri, Ekadashi, Janmashtami, Maha Shivaratri, etc.), fasting people in northern states of India eat foods made of buckwheat flour. Eating cereals such as wheat or rice is prohibited during such fasting days. While strict Hindus do not even drink water during their fast, others give up cereals and salt and instead eat non-cereal foods such as buckwheat (kuttu). In the Russian Orthodox tradition, it is eaten on the St. Philip fast. Buckwheat honey is dark, strong and aromatic. Because it does not complement other honeys, it is normally produced as a monofloral honey. - Soba noodles made from buckwheat flour - Kuttu ke pakore, a snack made from buckwheat flour, India - Buckwheat bread (roti) with potato curry and sour curd, Sikkim, India - Grechka of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus - Pizzoccheri, the Northern Italian pasta made with buckwheat ## Beverages ### Tea Buckwheat tea, known as kuqiao-cha (苦荞茶) in China, memil-cha (메밀차) in Korea and soba-cha (蕎麦茶) in Japan, is a tea made from roasted buckwheat. ### Beer In recent years, buckwheat has been used as a substitute for other grains in gluten-free beer. Although it is not an actual cereal (being a pseudocereal), buckwheat can be used in the same way as barley to produce a malt that can form the basis of a mash that will brew a beer without gliadin or hordein (together gluten) and therefore can be suitable for coeliacs or others sensitive to certain glycoproteins. ### Whisky Buckwheat whisky is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made entirely or principally from buckwheat. It is produced in the Brittany region of France and in the United States. ### Shōchū Buckwheat shōchū (焼酎) is a Japanese distilled beverage produced since the 16th century. The taste is milder than barley shōchū. ## Upholstery filling Buckwheat hulls are used as filling for a variety of upholstered goods, including pillows. The hulls are durable and do not insulate or reflect heat as much as synthetic filling. They are sometimes marketed as an alternative natural filling to feathers for those with allergies. However, medical studies to measure the health effects of pillows manufactured with unprocessed and uncleaned hulls concluded that such buckwheat pillows do contain higher levels of a potential allergen that may trigger asthma in susceptible individuals than do new synthetic-filled pillows.	enwiki/80169	enwiki	80,169	Buckwheat	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat	2025-08-18T08:03:51Z	en	Q132734	269,783	{{Short description\|Species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae}} {{About\|a commonly cultivated crop plant\|other uses}} {{Speciesbox \|name = Buckwheat \|image = Japanese Buckwheat Flower.JPG \|genus = Fagopyrum \|species = esculentum \|authority = [[Conrad Moench\|Moench]] \|synonyms = ''Polygonum fagopyrum'' <small>L. 1753</small> ''Fagopyrum cereale'' <small>Raf.</small> ''Fagopyrum dryandrii'' <small>Fenzl</small> ''Fagopyrum emarginatum'' <small>(Roth) [[Carl Meissner\|Meisn.]] 1840</small> ''Fagopyrum emarginatum'' <small>Moench 1802</small> ''Fagopyrum fagopyrum'' <small>(L.) H.Karst., invalid tautonym</small> ''Fagopyrum polygonum'' <small>Macloskie</small> ''Fagopyrum sagittatum'' <small>Gilib.</small> ''Fagopyrum sarracenicum'' <small>Dumort.</small> ''Fagopyrum vulgare'' <small>Hill ex Druce 1913</small> ''Fagopyrum vulgare'' <small>T.Nees 1853</small> ''Polygonum emarginatum'' <small>Roth</small> \|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2807310 \|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species \|website=theplantlist.org \|access-date=3 October 2014 \|archive-date=22 December 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222073237/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2807310 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> \|}} '''Buckwheat''' ('''''Fagopyrum esculentum''''') or '''common buckwheat'''<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Wang \|first1=Ya \|last2=Nie \|first2=Zihan \|last3=Ma \|first3=Tingjun \|date=2022-02-24 \|title=The Effects of Plasma-Activated Water Treatment on the Growth of Tartary Buckwheat Sprouts \|journal=Frontiers in Nutrition \|volume=9 \|pages=849615 \|doi=10.3389/fnut.2022.849615 \|issn=2296-861X \|pmc=8908094 \|pmid=35284468\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="USDA GRIN">{{cite web\|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=16528\|title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy\|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> is a [[flowering plant]] in the knotweed family [[Polygonaceae]] cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a [[cover crop]]. Buckwheat originated around the 6th millennium BC in the region of what is now [[Yunnan\|Yunnan Province]] in southwestern [[China]]. The name "buckwheat" is used for several other species, such as ''[[Fagopyrum tataricum]]'', a domesticated food plant raised in Asia. Despite its name, buckwheat is not closely related to [[wheat]]. Buckwheat is not a [[cereal]], nor is it a member of the [[Poaceae\|grass family]]. It is related to [[sorrel]], [[Polygonum\|knotweed]], and [[rhubarb]]. Buckwheat is considered a [[pseudocereal]] because the high [[starch]] content of the seeds enables buckwheat to be cooked and consumed like a cereal. == Etymology == The name "buckwheat" or "beech wheat" comes from its [[tetrahedral]] seeds, which resemble the much larger seeds of the beech nut from the [[beech\|beech tree]], and the fact that it is used like wheat. The word may be a translation of [[Middle Dutch]] {{lang\|dum\|boecweite}}: {{lang\|dum\|boec}} "beech" (Modern Dutch {{lang\|nl\|beuk}}; see [[Proto-Indo-European language\|PIE]] ''bhago''-) and {{lang\|dum\|weite}} "wheat" (Mod. Dut. {{lang\|nl\|tarwe}}, antiquated {{lang\|nl\|weit}}), or maybe a native formation on the same model as the Dutch word.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=buckwheat \|title=Online Etymology Dictionary \|publisher=Etymonline.com \|access-date=2013-11-24}}</ref> == Description == Buckwheat is a herbaceous annual flowering plant growing to about {{convert\|60\|cm\|inch}}, with red stems and pink and white flowers resembling those of knotweeds.<ref name="Blamey-2003">{{cite book\|last1=Blamey\|first1=M.\|last2=Fitter\|first2=R.\|last3=Fitter\|first3=A\|year=2003\|title=Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora\|publisher=A & C Black\|location=London\|isbn=978-1408179505}}</ref>{{rp\|68}} The leaves are arrow-shaped and the fruits are [[Achene\|achenes]] about 5–7 mm with 3 prominent sharp angles.<ref name="Stace-2019">{{cite book\|last=Stace\|first=C. A.\|author-link = Stace, C. A.\|year=2019\|title=New Flora of the British Isles\|edition=Fourth\|publisher=C & M Floristics\|location = Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.\| isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2}}</ref>{{rp\|94}} == Distribution == ''Fagopyrum esculentum'' is native to south-central China and Tibet,<ref name="POWO">{{cite web \|work=Plants of the world online \|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew \|title=''Fagopyrum esculentum'' Moench \|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:694526-1 \| access-date=19 August 2022 }}</ref> and has been introduced into suitable climates across Eurasia, Africa and the Americas.<ref name="POWO"/> == History == [[File:Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 17, page 027 - 蕎麦 - Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, 1804.jpg\|thumb\|Buckwheat, illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)]] The wild ancestor of common buckwheat is ''F. esculentum'' ssp. ''ancestrale''. ''F. homotropicum'' is interfertile with ''F. esculentum'' and the wild forms have a common distribution, in Yunnan, a southwestern province of China. The wild ancestor of tartary buckwheat is ''F. tataricum'' ssp. ''potanini''.<ref>{{cite journal\|author1= Ohnishi, O. \|author2= Matsuoka, Y. \|year= 1996\|title= Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat II. Taxonomy of ''Fagopyrum'' (Polygonaceae) species based on morphology, isozymes and cpDNA variability\|journal= Genes and Genetic Systems\|volume= 71\|issue= 6\|pages= 383–390 \| doi = 10.1266/ggs.71.383\|doi-access= free}}</ref> Common buckwheat was domesticated and first cultivated in inland [[Southeast Asia]], possibly around 6000 BC, and from there spread to [[Central Asia]] and [[Tibet]], and then to the [[Middle East]] and Europe, which it reached by the 15th century.<ref>{{cite book\| last1 = Weekly\| first1 = Ernest\| publisher = Dover Publications \|date = 1967\| title = An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English\|entry = Buckwheat\|page = 211}}</ref> [[Domestication]] most likely took place in the western Yunnan region of China.<ref>{{cite journal \| doi= 10.1007/BF02861199 \| author= Ohnishi, O \| year= 1998 \| title= Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat III. The wild ancestor of cultivated common buckwheat, and of tatary buckwheat \| journal= [[Economic Botany]] \| volume= 52 \| issue= 2 \| pages= 123–133 \| s2cid= 22902898 }}</ref> The oldest remains found in China so far date to {{circa}} 2600 BC, while buckwheat pollen found in Japan dates from as early as 4000 BC. It is the world's highest-elevation domesticate, being cultivated in [[Yunnan]] on the edge of the [[Tibetan Plateau]] or on the plateau itself. Buckwheat was one of the earliest crops introduced by Europeans to North America. Dispersal around the globe was complete by 2006, when a variety developed in Canada was widely planted in China. In India, buckwheat flour is known as ''kuttu ka atta'' and has long been culturally associated with many festivals like [[Shivratri]], [[Navaratri]] and [[Janmashtami]]. On the day of these festivals, food items made only from buckwheat are consumed.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Bhaduri\|first1=Niti Pathak\|last2=Prajneshu\|first2=Meenakshi\|year=2016\|title=Kuttu (Buckwheat): A Promising Staple Food Grain for Our Diet\|url=http://jiid.in/2016/08/kuttu-buckwheat-promising-staple-food-grain-diet/\|journal=Journal of Innovation for Inclusive Development\|volume=1\|pages=43–45\|access-date=29 December 2016\|archive-date=2018-10-18\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018005420/http://jiid.in/2016/08/kuttu-buckwheat-promising-staple-food-grain-diet\|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Cultivation == [[File:Rijpend Boekweit in Salland 2013.jpg\| thumb\|Buckwheat with flowers, ripe and unripe seeds]] Buckwheat is a short-season crop that grows well in low-fertility or acidic soils; too much fertilizer – especially [[fertilizer#nitrogen fertilizer anchor\|nitrogen]] – reduces yields, and the soil must be well drained. In hot climates buckwheat can be grown only by sowing late in the season, so that it blooms in cooler weather. The presence of [[pollinator]]s greatly increases yield.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Płażek \|first=Agnieszka \|last2=Kopeć \|first2=Przemysław \|last3=Dziurka \|first3=Michał \|last4=Słomka \|first4=Aneta \|date=2023-09-25 \|title=The yield of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) depends on the genotype but not on the Pin-to-Thrum ratio \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-43059-0 \|journal=Scientific Reports \|language=en \|volume=13 \|issue=1 \|pages=16022 \|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-43059-0 \|issn=2045-2322\|pmc=10519966 }}</ref> Nectar from flowering buckwheat produces a dark-colored honey.<ref>{{cite journal \| first1 = Federica \| last1 = Pasini \| first2 = Silvia \| last2 = Gardini \| first3 = Gian Luigi \| last3 = Marcazzan \| first4 = Maria Fiorenza \| last4 = Caboni \| year = 2013 \| title = Buckwheat honeys: Screening of composition and properties \| journal = Food Chemistry \| volume = 141 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 2802–2811 \| doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.102 \| pmid = 23871027 }}</ref> The buckwheat plant has a branching root system with a primary [[taproot]] that reaches deeply into moist soil.<ref name="Stone-1906">{{cite report \|last=Stone \|first=J.L. \|year=1906 \|title=Buckwheat \|department=Agricultural experiment station of the College of Agriculture Department of Agronomy \|series=Bulletin \|volume=238 \|pages=184–193 \|place=Ithaca, NY \|publisher=[[Cornell University]]}}</ref> It grows {{convert\|75\|to\|125\|cm\|in\|round=5\|abbr=off}} tall.<ref name="Björkman-2008">{{cite report \|first1=T. \|last1=Björkman \|first2=R.R. \|last2=Bellinder \|first3=R.R. \|last3=Hahn \|first4=J. \|last4=Shail \|name-list-style=amp \|year=2008 \|title=Buckwheat Cover Crop Handbook \|publisher=[[Cornell University]] \|place=Ithaca, NY \|url=http://www.hort.cornell.edu/bjorkman/lab/buck/handbook/main.php}}</ref> Buckwheat has tetrahedral seeds and produces a flower that is usually white, although can also be pink or yellow.<ref name="Li-2001">{{cite journal \| last1 = Li \| first1 = S. \| last2 = Zhang \| first2 = Q.H. \| year = 2001 \| title = Advances in the development of functional foods from buckwheat \| journal = Food Science and Nutrition \| volume = 41 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 451–464 \| doi=10.1080/20014091091887 \| pmid = 11592684 \| s2cid = 13049923 }}</ref> Buckwheat branches freely, as opposed to [[Tiller (botany)\|tillering]] or producing suckers, enabling more complete adaption to its environment than other cereal crops.<ref name="Stone-1906"/> Buckwheat is raised for grain where only a brief time is available for growth, either because the buckwheat is an early or a second crop in the season, or because the total growing season is limited. It establishes quickly, which suppresses summer weeds, and can be a reliable [[cover crop]] in summer to fit a small slot of warm season.<ref name="Björkman-2008"/> Buckwheat has a growing period of only 10–12 weeks<ref>{{cite report \|collaboration=Agriculture Canada \|year=1978 \|title=Growing Buckwheat \|place=Ottawa, Canada \|publisher=[[Canadian Department of Agriculture]]}}</ref> and it can be grown in high latitude or northern areas.<ref>{{cite report \|last1=Quisenberry \|first1=K.S. \|last2=Taylor \|first2=J.W. \|year=1939 \|title=Growing Buckwheat \|series=Farmers' bulletin \|volume=1835 \|pages=1–17 \|place=Washington, DC \|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Agriculture]]}}</ref> Buckwheat is sometimes used as a [[green manure]], as a plant for [[erosion]] control or as wildlife cover and feed.<ref name="Björkman-2008"/> ==Production== {\| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:12em; text-align:center;" \|+ Buckwheat production <br>{{small\|2023, tonnes}} \|- \| {{RUS}} \|\| 1,149,067 \|- \| {{CHN}} \|\| 504,266 \|- \| {{UKR}} \|\| 210,720 \|- \| {{USA}} \|\| 86,679 \|- \| {{KAZ}} \|\| 83,491 \|- \| {{BRA}} \|\| 64,611 \|- \| '''Total''' \|\| 2,204,015 \|- \|colspan=2\|{{small\|Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]}}<ref name="faostat">{{cite web\|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC\|title=Buckwheat production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)\|date=2025\|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)\|access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref> \|} In 2023, world production of buckwheat was 2.2 million tonnes, led by Russia with 52% of the total, with China and Ukraine as secondary producers (table). === Biological control === ''F. esculentum'' may be used as a pollen and nectar source to increase natural predator numbers to control crop pests.<ref name="Gurr-2017">{{cite journal \| last1=Gurr \| first1=Geoff M. \| last2=Wratten \| first2=Steve D. \| last3=Landis \| first3=Douglas A. \| last4=You \| first4=Minsheng \| title=Habitat Management to Suppress Pest Populations: Progress and Prospects \| journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]]\| volume=62 \| issue=1 \| date=31 January 2017 \| issn=0066-4170 \| doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035050 \| pages=91–109\| pmid=27813664 }}</ref> <gallery> Buckwheat Bhutan.jpg\|Field of buckwheat in [[Bumthang Province\|Bumthang]] (Bhutan) Buckwheat field near Vrchovina in Czech Republic.jpg\|Buckwheat field near Vrchovina in the [[Czech Republic]] Fagopyrum esculentum1.jpg\|Common buckwheat in flower Buckwheat flower macroA Crop1.jpg\|Buckwheat flower in close up ([[thrum (botany)\|thrum]]) Fagopyrum esculentum seed 001.jpg\|[[Kernel (seed)\|Seed]] and withered flower of buckwheat Fagopyrum_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg\|Hulled roasted buckwheat cereal ([[Kasha\|kasha]]) </gallery> == Phytochemicals == Buckwheat contains diverse [[phytochemical]]s, including [[rutin]], [[tannin]]s, [[catechin-7-O-glucoside]] in groats,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.phenol-explorer.eu/reports/41 \|title=Phenol-Explorer: Showing report on Cereals \|publisher=Phenol-explorer.eu \|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Kreft S, Knapp M, Kreft I \| title=Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (''Fagopyrum esculentum'' Moench) seeds and determination by capillary electrophoresis \| journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] \| volume=47 \| issue=11 \| pages=4649–52 \|date=November 1999 \| doi = 10.1021/jf990186p \| pmid=10552865 }}</ref> and [[fagopyrin]]s,<ref name="Eguchi-2009">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Eguchi K, Anase T, Osuga H \| title=Development of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method to Determine the Fagopyrin Content of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn.) and Common Buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench) \| journal=Plant Production Science \| year=2009 \| volume=12 \| issue=4 \| pages=475–480 \| doi = 10.1626/pps.12.475 \| bibcode=2009PlPrS..12..475E \| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ožbolt L, Kreft S, Kreft I, Germ M, Stibilj V \| title=Distribution of selenium and phenolics in buckwheat plants grown from seeds soaked in Se solution and under different levels of UV-B radiation \| journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)\|Food Chemistry]] \| year=2008 \| volume=110 \| issue=3 \| pages=691–6 \| doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.073 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors=Tavčar Benković E, Žigon D, Friedrich M, Plavec J, Kreft S \| title=Isolation, analysis and structures of phototoxic fagopyrins from buckwheat \| journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)\|Food Chemistry]] \| year=2014 \| volume=143 \| pages=432–439 \| doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.118 \| pmid=24054263 }}</ref> which are located mainly in the [[cotyledon]]s of the buckwheat plant.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Kreft \|first1=S. \|last2=Janeš \|first2=D. \|last3=Kreft \|first3=I. \|date=2013 \|title=The content of fagopyrin and polyphenols in common and tartary buckwheat sprouts \|journal=Acta Pharmaceutica \|volume=63 \|issue=4 \|pages=553–60 \|doi=10.2478/acph-2013-0031 \|pmid=24451079 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has almost no levels of inorganic arsenic.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=14 February 2017\|title=Yes, There Is Arsenic In Your Rice. Here's What You Need To Know\|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/arsenic-in-rice_n_589cc1ffe4b09bd304c0b04c\|access-date=8 April 2021\|website=[[HuffPost]]\|language=en}}</ref> ===Aromatic compounds=== [[Salicylaldehyde]] (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) was identified as a characteristic component of buckwheat aroma.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Janes D, Kreft S \| title=Salicylaldehyde is a characteristic aroma component of buckwheat groats \| journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)\|Food Chemistry]] \| volume=109 \| issue=2 \| pages=293–8 \| year=2008 \| doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.032 \| pmid=26003350 }}</ref> [[2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone]], [[(E,E)-2,4-decadienal]], [[phenylacetaldehyde]], [[2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol]], [[2-Nonenal\|(E)-2-nonenal]], [[decanal]] and [[hexanal]] also contribute to its aroma. They all have [[odour activity value]] of more than 50, but the aroma of these substances in an isolated state does not resemble buckwheat.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Janes D, Kantar D, Kreft S, Prosen H \| title=Identification of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) aroma compounds with GC-MS \| journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)\|Food Chemistry]] \| volume=112 \| issue=1 \| pages=120–4 \| date=1 January 2009 \| doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.048 }}</ref> ==Nutrition== {{nutritional value \| name=Buckwheat \| kJ=1435 \| protein=13.25 g \| fat=3.4 g \| satfat=0.741 g \| monofat=1.04 g \| polyfat=1.039 g \| omega3fat=0.078 g \| omega6fat=0.961 g \| carbs=71.5 g \| fiber=10 g \| calcium_mg=18 \| iron_mg=2.2 \| magnesium_mg=231 \| phosphorus_mg=347 \| potassium_mg=460 \| sodium_mg=1 \| zinc_mg=2.4 \| manganese_mg=1.3 \| vitC_mg=0 \| thiamin_mg=0.101 \| riboflavin_mg=0.425 \| niacin_mg=7.02 \| pantothenic_mg=1.233 \| vitB6_mg=0.21 \| folate_ug=30 \| copper_mg =1.1 \| selenium_ug = 8.3 \| water= 9.8 g \| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170286/nutrients Link to entry at USDA FoodData Central]}} Raw dry buckwheat is 10% water, 72% [[carbohydrate]]s, 13% [[protein (nutrient)\|protein]], and 3% [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt\|100\|g}}, dry buckwheat supplies 343 [[calorie]]s of [[food energy]], and is a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of three [[B vitamins]] ([[riboflavin]], [[niacin]], [[pantothenic acid]]) and several [[mineral (nutrient)\|dietary minerals]] (table). ===Gluten-free=== As buckwheat contains no [[gluten]], it may be eaten by people with [[gluten-related disorders]], such as [[coeliac disease\|celiac disease]], [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity]] or [[dermatitis herpetiformis]].<ref name="Ciacci-2015">{{cite journal\| vauthors=Ciacci C, Ciclitira P, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Ludvigsson JF, McGough N et al.\| title=The gluten-free diet and its current application in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis \| journal=[[United European Gastroenterology Journal]] \| year= 2015 \| volume= 3 \| issue= 2 \| pages= 121–35 \| pmid=25922672 \| doi=10.1177/2050640614559263 \| pmc=4406897 \| type=Review}}</ref><ref name="National Institutes of Health-2016">{{cite web\|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/eating-diet-nutrition\|title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Celiac Disease\|date=June 2016\|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref> Nevertheless, buckwheat products may have gluten contamination.<ref name="Ciacci-2015" /> ===Potential adverse effects=== Cases of severe [[Allergy\|allergic]] reactions to buckwheat and buckwheat-containing products have been reported.<ref name="Wieslander-2001">{{cite journal\| vauthors=Wieslander G, Norbäck D\| title=Buckwheat allergy \| journal=[[Allergy (journal)\|Allergy]] \| year= 2001 \| volume= 56 \| issue= 8 \| pages= 703–4 \| pmid=11488663 \| type=Review \| doi=10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056008703.x\| s2cid=29968598 \| doi-access=free }}</ref> Buckwheat contains [[fluorescent]] [[phototoxic]] [[fagopyrin]]s.<ref name="Eguchi-2009"/> Seeds, flour, and teas are generally safe when consumed in normal amounts,{{Quantify\|date=September 2023\|reason=How much is "normal"?}} but fagopyrism can appear in people with diets based on high consumption of buckwheat sprouts, and particularly flowers or fagopyrin-rich buckwheat extracts.<ref name="Benković-2015">{{cite journal\|pmid=26024291\|year=2015\|last1=Benković\|first1=E. T\|title=Fagopyrins and Protofagopyrins: Detection, Analysis, and Potential Phototoxicity in Buckwheat\|journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]\|volume=63\|issue=24\|pages=5715–24\|last2=Kreft\|first2=S\|doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01163\|type=Review}}</ref> Symptoms of fagopyrism in humans may include skin [[inflammation]] in sunlight-exposed areas, cold sensitivity, and tingling or numbness in the hands.<ref name="Benković-2015" /> ==Culinary use== {{See also\|List of buckwheat dishes}} {{more citations needed section\|date=December 2015}} [[File:Buckwheat Flour (4107890675).jpg\|thumb\|Buckwheat flour]] [[File:Buckwheat and products from it 01.jpg\|Buckwheat (left), buckwheat flakes (fast cooking) (right), and crispbread made of buckwheat flour]] The fruit is an [[achene]], similar to [[sunflower seed]], with a single seed inside a hard outer [[Hull (botany)\|hull]]. The starchy [[endosperm]] is white and makes up most or all of buckwheat [[flour]]. The seed coat is green or tan, which darkens buckwheat flour. The hull is dark brown or black, and some may be included in buckwheat flour as dark specks. The dark flour is known as ''blé noir'' (black wheat) in French, along with the name ''sarrasin'' ([[saracen]]). Similarly, in Italy, it is known as ''grano saraceno'' (saracen grain).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Grano Saraceno\|url=https://www.deliciousitaly.com/lombardia-food-wine/grano-saraceno}}</ref> The grain can be prepared by simple dehulling, milling into [[farina (food)\|farina]], to whole-grain flour or to white flour. The grain can be fractionated into starch, germ and hull for specialized uses. Buckwheat [[groats]] are commonly used in western Asia and eastern Europe. The [[porridge]] was common, and is often considered the definitive [[peasant]] dish. It is made from [[roast]]ed groats that are cooked with [[broth]] to a texture similar to rice or [[bulgur]]. The dish was taken to America by Jewish, Ukrainian, Russian, and [[Polish people\|Polish]] immigrants who called it ''[[kasha]]'', as it is known today, who mixed it with [[pasta]] or used it as a filling for [[cabbage rolls]] (stuffed cabbage), [[knish]]es, and [[blintz]]es. Groats were the most widely used form of buckwheat worldwide during the 20th century, eaten primarily in [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], Russia, [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], and Poland, called ''grechka'' (Greek for 'grain') in Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Russian languages. Buckwheat [[noodle]]s have been eaten in [[Tibet]] and northern China for centuries, where the growing season is too short to raise wheat. A wooden press is used to press the [[dough]] into hot boiling water when making buckwheat noodles. Old presses found in Tibet and [[Shanxi]] share the same basic design features. The Japanese and Koreans may have learned the process of making buckwheat noodles from them.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2025}} Buckwheat noodles play a major role in the cuisines of Japan (''[[soba]]'')<ref name="Belton-2002">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRMdXx8fC8kC&q=soba+Japan&pg=PA138 \|author=P. S. Belton \|author2=John Reginald Nuttall Taylor \|title=Pseudocereals and Less Common Cereals: grain properties and utilization potential \|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] \|year=2002 \| page=138 \|isbn=978-3-540-42939-5 }}</ref> and Korea (''[[naengmyeon]]'', ''[[makguksu]]'' and ''memil-guksu''). ''Soba'' noodles are the subject of deep cultural importance in Japan. The difficulty of making noodles from flour with no gluten has resulted in a traditional art developed around their manufacture by hand. A jelly called ''[[memilmuk]]'' in Korea is made from buckwheat [[starch]]. Local buckwheat variety from [[Bongpyeong-myeon\|Bongpyeong]], Korea, is known as ''Bongpyeong memil'' and is a powerful symbol for both cultural and gastronomic reasons.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bongpyeong Buckwheat \|url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/bongpyeong-buckwheat/ \|website=[[Ark of taste]] \|publisher=[[Slow Food Foundation]] \|access-date=2025-08-12}}</ref> Noodles also appear in Italy, with ''pasta di grano saraceno'' in [[Apulia]] region of Southern Italy and ''[[pizzoccheri]]'' in the [[Valtellina]] region of Northern Italy. Buckwheat [[pancake]]s are eaten in several countries. They are known as buckwheat ''[[blini]]'' in Russia, ''[[kaletez\|galettes bretonnes]]'' in France, ''[[ploye]]s'' in [[Acadia]], ''[[poffertjes]]'' in the Netherlands, ''boûketes'' in the [[Wallonia]] region of Belgium, ''kuttu ki puri'' in India and ''kachhyamba'' in Nepal. Similar pancakes were a common food in American pioneer days.<ref name="Oliver-2005">{{cite book\|author=Sandra Louise Oliver\|title=Food in Colonial and Federal America\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvMr83ZmMCIC&pg=PA164\|date=1 January 2005\|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]\|isbn=978-0-313-32988-3\|page=164}}</ref> They are light and airy when baked. The buckwheat flour gives the pancakes an earthy, mildly mushroom-like taste. Yeasted patties called ''hrechanyky'' are made in Ukraine. Buckwheat is a permitted sustenance during fasting in several traditions. In India, on [[Hindu]] fasting days ([[Navaratri]], [[Ekadashi]], [[Krishna Janmashtami\|Janmashtami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], etc.), fasting people in northern states of India eat foods made of buckwheat flour. Eating cereals such as [[wheat]] or [[rice]] is prohibited during such fasting days. While strict Hindus do not even drink water during their fast, others give up cereals and salt and instead eat non-cereal foods such as buckwheat (''kuttu''). In the Russian Orthodox tradition, it is eaten on the St. Philip fast.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://orthochristian.com/125909.html \|title = What to Eat During the Fast\|website=Orthodox Christianity.com\|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> [[Buckwheat honey]] is dark, strong and aromatic. Because it does not complement other honeys, it is normally produced as a [[monofloral honey]]. <gallery align="center"> Japanese Zaru Soba02.jpg\|[[Soba]] noodles made from buckwheat flour Kuttu Pakoras from India.jpg\|''Kuttu ke [[Pakora\|pakore]]'', a snack made from buckwheat flour, India Chalamthang 7.jpg\|Buckwheat bread (roti) with potato curry and sour curd, [[Sikkim]], India File:Гречневая_каша.jpg\|Grechka of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus Esno4Wkmana_jul_2014_Cassnam_066.jpg\|''[[Pizzoccheri]]'', the Northern Italian pasta made with buckwheat </gallery> == Beverages == [[File:Buckwheat Tea.JPG\|thumb\|Black buckwheat tea (黑苦荞茶) produced in Sichuan Province, China]] === Tea === [[Buckwheat tea]], known as ''kuqiao-cha'' (苦荞茶) in China, ''memil-cha'' ({{lang\|ko\|메밀차}}) in Korea and ''soba-cha'' ({{lang\|ja\|蕎麦茶}}) in Japan, is a tea made from roasted buckwheat.<ref name="Kim-2015">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/10/10-strange-and-wonderful-korean-teas.html\|title=10 Strange and Wonderful Korean Teas\|last=Kim\|first=Dakota\|date=22 October 2015\|work=[[Paste (magazine)\|Paste]]\|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> === Beer === In recent years, buckwheat has been used as a substitute for other grains in [[gluten-free beer]]. Although it is not an actual cereal (being a pseudocereal), buckwheat can be used in the same way as [[barley]] to produce a [[malt]] that can form the basis of a [[mashing\|mash]] that will brew a [[beer]] without [[gliadin]] or [[hordein]] (together [[gluten]]) and therefore can be suitable for [[coeliac disease\|coeliacs]] or others sensitive to certain [[glycoproteins]].<ref>{{cite web \| author=Carolyn Smagalski \| year = 2006 \| url = http://www.glutenfreebeerfestival.com \| title = Gluten Free Beer Festival \| website=glutenfreebeerfestival.com \| access-date=1 October 2021 }} </ref> === Whisky === {{Main\|Buckwheat whisky}}Buckwheat whisky is a type of [[Distilled beverage\|distilled alcoholic beverage]] made entirely or principally from buckwheat. It is produced in the [[Brittany]] region of [[France]] and in the [[United States]]. === Shōchū === Buckwheat {{Nihongo\|\|焼酎\|[[shōchū]]}} is a Japanese distilled beverage produced since the 16th century. The taste is milder than barley shōchū.{{Citation needed\|date=February 2021}} == Upholstery filling == [[File:Buckwheat hulls.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Buckwheat hulls]] Buckwheat hulls are used as filling for a variety of [[upholstery\|upholstered]] goods, including [[pillow]]s. The hulls are durable and do not insulate or reflect heat as much as synthetic filling. They are sometimes marketed as an alternative natural filling to feathers for those with allergies. However, medical studies to measure the health effects of pillows manufactured with ''unprocessed'' and ''uncleaned'' hulls concluded that such buckwheat pillows do contain higher levels of a potential allergen that may trigger [[asthma]] in susceptible individuals than do new synthetic-filled pillows.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Chein Soo Hong \| author2=Hae Sim Park \| author3=Seung Heon Oh \| name-list-style=amp \| title=Dermatophagoides Farinae, an Important Allergenic Substance in Buckwheat-Husk Pillows \| journal=[[Yonsei Medical Journal]] \| date=December 1987 \| volume=28 \| issue=4 \| pages=274–281 \| url=http://www.eymj.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0069YMJ/ymj-28-274.pdf \| doi=10.3349/ymj.1987.28.4.274 \| pmid=3439196}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| title=Endotoxin and House Dust Mite Allergen Levels on Synthetic and Buckwheat Pillows \| author1=Hae-Seon Nam \|author2=Choon-Sik Park \|author3=Julian Crane \|author4=Rob Siebers \| journal=Journal of Korean Medical Science \| year=2004 \| volume=19 \| pages=505–508 \| issn=1011-8934 \| issue=4 \| doi=10.3346/jkms.2004.19.4.505 \| pmc=2816881 \| pmid=15308838}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal\|Food\|Plants\|Agriculture}} <!-- alphabetical order please [[WP:SEEALSO]] --> <!-- please add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]], via {{subst:AnnotatedListOfLinks}} or {{Annotated link}} --> {{Annotated link \|List of buckwheat dishes}} * {{Annotated link \|Eriogonum\|''Eriogonum''}} {{-}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{EB1911 poster\|Buckwheat}} * {{Commons category inline\|Fagopyrum esculentum\|''Fagopyrum esculentum'' (Buckwheat)}} {{Cereals\|state = collapsed}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q132734}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buckwheat\| ]] [[Category:Crops originating from Asia]] [[Category:Flora of China]] [[Category:Fagopyrum]] [[Category:Pseudocereals]] [[Category:Taxa named by Conrad Moench]] [[Category:Ark of Taste foods]]	1,306,536,095	[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Plantae", "Clade": ["Tracheophytes", "Angiosperms", "Eudicots"], "Order": "Caryophyllales", "Family": "Polygonaceae", "Genus": "Fagopyrum", "Species": "F. esculentum"}}, {"title": "Binomial name", "data": {"Binomial name": "Fagopyrum esculentum \u00b7 Moench"}}, {"title": "Synonyms", "data": {"Synonyms": "- Polygonum fagopyrum L. 1753 - Fagopyrum cereale Raf. - Fagopyrum dryandrii Fenzl - Fagopyrum emarginatum (Roth) Meisn. 1840 - Fagopyrum emarginatum Moench 1802 - Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L.) H.Karst., invalid tautonym - Fagopyrum polygonum Macloskie - Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib. - Fagopyrum sarracenicum Dumort. - Fagopyrum vulgare Hill ex Druce 1913 - Fagopyrum vulgare T.Nees 1853 - Polygonum emarginatum Roth"}}, {"title": "Buckwheat", "data": {"Energy": "1,435 kJ (343 kcal)", "Carbohydrates": "71.5 g", "Dietary fiber": "10 g", "Fat": "3.4 g", "Saturated": "0.741 g", "Monounsaturated": "1.04 g", "Polyunsaturatedomega\u22123omega\u22126": "1.039 g0.078 g0.961 g", "Protein": "13.25 g", "Vitamins": "Quantity %DV\u2020", "Thiamine (B1)": "8% 0.101 mg", "Riboflavin (B2)": "33% 0.425 mg", "Niacin (B3)": "44% 7.02 mg", "Pantothenic acid (B5)": "25% 1.233 mg", "Vitamin B6": "12% 0.21 mg", "Folate (B9)": "8% 30 \u03bcg", "Vitamin C": "0% 0 mg", "Minerals": "Quantity %DV\u2020", "Calcium": "1% 18 mg", "Copper": "122% 1.1 mg", "Iron": "12% 2.2 mg", "Magnesium": "55% 231 mg", "Manganese": "57% 1.3 mg", "Phosphorus": "28% 347 mg", "Potassium": "15% 460 mg", "Selenium": "15% 8.3 \u03bcg", "Sodium": "0% 1 mg", "Zinc": "22% 2.4 mg", "Other constituents": "Quantity", "Water": "9.8 g"}}]	false
# Richard Porson Richard Porson (25 December 1759 – 25 September 1808) was an English classical scholar. He was the discoverer of Porson's Law. ## Early life Richard Porson was born at East Ruston, near North Walsham, Norfolk, the eldest son of Huggin Porson, parish clerk. His mother was the daughter of a shoemaker from the neighbouring village of Bacton. He was sent first to the Bacton village school, kept by John Woodrow, and then to that of Happisburgh, kept by Mr Summers, where his extraordinary powers of memory and aptitude for arithmetic were discovered. His literary skill was partly due to the efforts of Summers, who long afterwards stated that in fifty years of scholastic life he had never come across boys so clever as Porson and his two brothers. He was well grounded in Latin by Summers, remaining with him for three years. His father also took pains with his education, making him repeat at night the lessons he had learnt in the day. He would frequently repeat perfectly a lesson he had learnt one or two years before and never seen in the interval. For books he had only what his father's cottage supplied – a book or two of arithmetic, James Greenwood's An Essay towards a practical English Grammar, John Jewel's Apology of the Church of England, an odd volume of the Chambers' Cyclopaedia picked up from a wrecked coaster, and eight or ten volumes of The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure. ## Education When Porson was eleven, the rector of East Ruston took charge of his education. Thomas Hewitt taught him with his own boys, taking him through Julius Caesar, Terence, Ovid and Virgil; he had already made great progress in mathematics. In addition, Hewitt brought him to the notice of John Norris of Witton Park, who sent him to Cambridge to be examined by James Lambert, the two tutors of Trinity College, Cambridge (Thomas Postlethwaite and Collier), and the mathematician George Atwood, then assistant tutor; the result was so favourable that Norris decided in 1773 to provide for his education. It was impossible to get him into Charterhouse School and he was entered at Eton College in August 1774. Porson did not care for Eton, but he was popular there; two dramas he wrote for performance in Long Chamber (the scholars' dormitory) were remembered. His memory was noticed; but he seems not to have lived up to expectations, as his composition was weak, and he fell behind through gaps in his knowledge. He went to Eton too late to have any chance of a scholarship at King's College, Cambridge. In 1777 his patron John Norris died; but contributions from Etonians helped fund his maintenance at the university, and he found a new patron in Sir George Baker, then president of the College of Physicians. With his help Porson entered Trinity College, Cambridge, as a pensioner (i. e. a student who paid for his tuition and board, rather than a sizar or scholar) on 28 March 1778, matriculating in April. What first set his mind towards literary criticism was the gift of a copy of Jonathan Toup's Longinus by the headmaster of Eton; but it was Richard Bentley and Richard Dawes to whom he looked as his immediate masters. Porson became a scholar of Trinity in 1780, won the Craven university scholarship in 1781, and took his degree of BA in 1782, as third senior optime (i. e. with the third best result of those achieving a second-class degree in that year), obtaining soon afterwards the first Chancellor's Medal for classical studies. The same year he was elected a fellow of Trinity, an unusual appointment for a junior bachelor of arts, under a regulation which lasted until 1818. Porson graduated MA in 1785. ## Early published work His first appearance in print was in a short notice of Christian Gottfried Schütz's Aeschylus in Paul Henry Maty's Review, written in 1783. This review contains several other essays by him, including those on Richard François Brunck's Aristophanes, Stephen Weston's Hermesianax, and George Isaac Huntingford's Apology for the Monostrophics. He also began a correspondence with David Ruhnken, the veteran scholar of Leiden, requesting fragments of Aeschylus that Ruhnken had come across in his collection of unpublished lexicons and grammarians, and sending him his restoration of a corrupt passage in the Supplices (673–677), with the help of a nearly equally corrupt passage of Plutarch's Eroticus. The Cambridge University Press was proposing a new edition of Thomas Stanley's Aeschylus, and the editorship was offered to Porson; but he declined to reprint Stanley's corrupt text and incorporate the variorum notes. He was especially anxious that the Medicean manuscript at Florence should be collated for the new edition, and offered to undertake the collation; but the syndics refused the offer, the vice-chancellor John Torkington, master of Clare Hall (the then name of Clare College), observing that Porson might collect his manuscripts at home. In 1786, a new edition of Thomas Hutchinson's Anabasis of Xenophon was called for, and Porson was asked by the publisher to supply notes, which he did in conjunction with Walter Whiter. These are a good example of the terse style of Latin notes he practised. They also show his acquaintance with his two favourite authors, Plato and Athenaeus, and a familiarity with Eustathius of Thessalonica's commentary on Homer. The following year Porson wrote his Notae breves ad Toupii emendationes in Suidam, though this treatise did not appear until 1790 in the new edition of Jonathan Toup's book published at Oxford. These first made Porson's name known as a scholar and carried his fame beyond England. The letters he had from Christian Gottlob Heine and Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann were preserved in the library of Trinity College. During 1787 he wrote three letters on John Hawkins's Life of Johnson for the Gentleman's Magazine, which were reprinted by Thomas Kidd in his Tracts and Criticisms of Porson, and in a volume of Porson's Correspondence. They are specimens of dry humour, and allude to English dramatists and poets. In the same periodical during 1788 and 1789 appeared the Letters to Archdeacon Travis against George Travis, on a debated Biblical verse called the Comma Johanneum (1 John 5:7). Edward Gibbon's verdict on the book was that it was "the most acute and accurate piece of criticism since the days of Bentley." But it was then the unpopular side: the publisher is said to have lost money on the book; and one of his early friends, Mrs Turner of Norwich, cut down a legacy she had left Porson to £30 on being told that he had written a book against the Bible. After 1787 Porson continued to contribute to the leading reviews, writing in the Monthly Review the articles on Joseph Robertson's Parian Chronicle, Thomas Edwards's Plutarch on Education, and Richard Payne Knight's Essay on the Greek Alphabet. He gave assistance to William Beloe in one or two articles in the British Critic, and probably wrote also in the Analytical Review and the Critical Review. ## Loss of fellowship In 1792 his fellowship ceased to be tenable by a layman; and Porson decided not to take holy orders. The Master, Thomas Postlethwaite, who had the nomination to one of the two permanent lay fellowships, used his privilege to nominate John Heys, his nephew. Porson was without means of support, but a subscription was got up among his friends to provide an annuity; Cracherode, Cleaver Banks, Burney and Samuel Parr took the lead, and enough was collected to produce about £100 a year. He accepted it on the condition that he should receive the interest during his lifetime and that the principal should be returned to the donors on his death. When this occurred, part of the sum was used to found the Porson Prize in 1816 at Cambridge, and remainder for the foundation of the Porson Scholarship, first awarded in 1855. He continued chiefly to reside in London, in chambers in Essex Court, Temple, London — occasionally visiting his friends, such as Joseph Goodall at Eton College and Samuel Parr at Hatton, Warwickshire. It was at Goodall's house that the Letters to Travis were written. At Hatton, in the evenings, he would collect the young men of the house about him and pour forth from memory torrents of literature. In 1792 the Regius Greek Professorship at Cambridge became vacant with the resignation of William Cooke. Porson was elected without opposition and held the chair until his death. The duties consisted of taking part in the examinations for the university scholarships and classical medals. It was said that he wished to give lectures, but lecturing was not in fashion at the time. ## Later work Porson worked mainly on the tragedians, Aristophanes, Athenaeus, and the lexicons of Suidas, Hesychius and Photius. This last he twice transcribed (the first transcript was destroyed by a fire at James Perry's house) from the original among the Gale manuscripts in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. He was pleased when he found how often in Aristophanes he had been anticipated by Bentley, and when Niels Iversen Schow's collation of the unique manuscripts of Hesychius appeared and proved him right in some instances. In 1795 there appeared from Foulis's press at Glasgow an edition of Aeschylus in folio, printed with the same type as the Glasgow Homer, without a word of preface or any clue to the editor. Many new readings were inserted in the text with an asterisk affixed, while an obelus was used to mark many others as corrupt. It was at once recognised as Porson's work; he had superintended the printing of a small edition in two octavo volumes, but this was kept back by the printer and not issued till 1806, still without the editor's name. It was printed from a copy of Jan Cornelis de Pauw's edition corrected, which is preserved in the library of Trinity College. Soon after, in 1797, appeared the first instalment of what was intended to be a complete edition of Euripides–an edition of the Hecuba. ### Reception Porson's work did not escape attack. Gilbert Wakefield had published a Tragoediarum delectus. Conceiving himself slighted, as there was no mention of his work in the new Hecuba, he wrote a diatribe extemporalis against it. Gottfried Hermann of Leipzig had also written a work on Greek metres and issued an edition of the Hecuba, in which Porson's theories were attacked. Porson at first took no notice of either, but went on with his Euripides, publishing the Orestes in 1798, the Phoenissae in 1799 and the Medea in 1801, the last printed at the Cambridge press, and with the editor's name on the title page. But there are many allusions to his antagonists in the notes; and in the Medea he holds Hermann to scorn by name in caustic language. Hermann's attack may have provoked the supplement to the preface to the Hecuba, in the second edition published at Cambridge in 1802. There the laws of the iambic metre are fully explained. A third edition of the Hecuba appeared in 1808, and he left corrected copies of the other plays, of which new editions appeared soon after his death; but these four plays were all that was finished of the projected edition of the poet. Porson lived six years after the second edition of the Hecuba was published, but he put off the work. He found time, however, to execute his collation of the Harleian manuscript of the Odyssey, published in the Grenville Homer in 1801, and to present to the Society of Antiquaries his conjectural restoration of the Rosetta Stone. ## Later life and death In 1806, when the London Institution was founded in Old Jewry, Porson was appointed principal librarian, with a salary of £200 a year and a suite of rooms. This assured him financial ease in his latter years. Among his intimate friends was James Perry, editor of The Morning Chronicle. He married Perry's sister, Mrs Lunan, in November 1796. Porson then drank less; but she died a few months after her marriage (12 April 1797), and he returned to his chambers in the Temple and his old habits. Perry's friendship induced him to spend his time in writing for The Morning Chronicle. For some months before his death he had appeared to be failing; his memory was not what it had been, and he had some symptoms of intermittent fever, but on 19 September 1808 he was seized in the street with a fit of apoplexy, and after partially recovering, died on the 25th. He was buried in Trinity College Chapel, close to the statue of Newton, at the opposite end of the chapel to the remains of Richard Bentley. ## Legacy Porson did not discriminate between the manuscripts he used or point out the relative value of early copies. Thus he collates minutely Lascaris's edition of the Medea, mentioning even misprints in the text. His most brilliant emendations are convincing. His library was divided into two parts, one of which was sold by auction, while the other, containing the transcript of the Gale Photius, his books with his notes, and some letters from foreign scholars, was bought by Trinity College for 1000 guineas. His notebooks were careful; they have been rearranged, and illustrate his penmanship. Much remains unpublished. James Henry Monk, his successor as Greek professor, and Charles James Blomfield edited the Adversaria, consisting of the notes on Athenaeus and the Greek poets, and his prelection on Euripides; Peter Paul Dobree, afterwards Greek professor, the notes on Aristophanes and the lexicon of Photius. Besides these, from other sources, Thomas Gaisford edited his notes on Pausanias and Suidas, and Thomas Kidd collected his scattered reviews. When Thomas Burgess attacked his literary character over his Letters to Travis, Thomas Turton came forward to defend him. For the first thirty years of the 19th century, he was often regarded as the author of a very popular poem, The Devil's Thoughts (later entitled The Devil's Walk). It was actually written by Robert Southey and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The Greek typeface Porson was based on his handwriting. ## Works The dates of Porson's published works are these: - Notae in Xenophontis anabasin (1786) - Appendix to Toup (1790) - Letters to Travis (1790) - Aeschylus (1795, 1806) - Euripides (1797–1802) - collation of the Harleian manuscript of the Odyssey (1801) - Adversaria (Monk and Blomfield, 1812) - Tracts and Criticisms (Kidd, 1815) - Aristophanica (Dobree, 1820) - Notae in Pausaniam (Gaisford, 1820) - Photii lexicon (Dobree, 1822) - Notae in Suidam (Gaisford, 1834) - Correspondence (H. R. Luard, edited for the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 1867) Dr. Turton's vindication appeared in 1827.	enwiki/190000	enwiki	190,000	Richard Porson	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Porson	2025-08-19T11:23:52Z	en	Q852657	71,241	{{Short description\|English classical scholar (1759–1808)}} {{EngvarB\|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2014}} [[Image:Richard Porson 2.jpg\|250px\|right\|thumb\|Richard Porson, after a picture by [[John Hoppner]]]] [[File:Portrait of Richard Porson, M.A (4672674).jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Portrait of Richard Porson, 1830]] '''Richard Porson''' (25 December 1759 – 25 September 1808) was an English [[Classics\|classical scholar]]. He was the discoverer of [[Porson's Law]]. ==Early life== Richard Porson was born at [[East Ruston]], near [[North Walsham]], [[Norfolk]], the eldest son of Huggin Porson, parish clerk. His mother was the daughter of a shoemaker from the neighbouring village of [[Bacton, Norfolk\|Bacton]]. He was sent first to the Bacton village school, kept by John Woodrow, and then to that of [[Happisburgh]], kept by Mr Summers, where his extraordinary powers of memory and aptitude for arithmetic were discovered. His literary skill was partly due to the efforts of Summers, who long afterwards stated that in fifty years of scholastic life he had never come across boys so clever as Porson and his two brothers. He was well grounded in [[Latin]] by Summers, remaining with him for three years. His father also took pains with his education, making him repeat at night the lessons he had learnt in the day. He would frequently repeat perfectly a lesson he had learnt one or two years before and never seen in the interval. For books he had only what his father's cottage supplied – a book or two of arithmetic, [[James Greenwood (grammarian)\|James Greenwood]]'s ''An Essay towards a practical English Grammar'', [[John Jewel]]'s [[John Jewel#Jewel's Apology of the Church of England\|''Apology of the Church of England'']], an odd volume of the [[Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences\|Chambers' ''Cyclopaedia'']] picked up from a wrecked coaster, and eight or ten volumes of ''[[The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure]]''.<ref>{{Cite book \|author=Clarke, M. L. \|title=Richard Porson \|year=2014 \|page=2 \|isbn=9781107437654 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4dxBAAAQBAJ&pg=SL5-PA2}}</ref> ==Education== When Porson was eleven, the rector of East Ruston took charge of his education. Thomas Hewitt taught him with his own boys, taking him through [[Julius Caesar]], [[Terence]], [[Ovid]] and [[Virgil]]; he had already made great progress in mathematics. In addition, Hewitt brought him to the notice of [[John Norris (benefactor)\|John Norris]] of [[Witton, North Norfolk\|Witton Park]], who sent him to [[university of Cambridge\|Cambridge]] to be examined by [[James Lambert (scholar)\|James Lambert]], the two tutors of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] ([[Thomas Postlethwaite]] and Collier), and the mathematician [[George Atwood]], then assistant tutor; the result was so favourable that Norris decided in 1773 to provide for his education. It was impossible to get him into [[Charterhouse School]] and he was entered at [[Eton College]] in August 1774. Porson did not care for Eton, but he was popular there; two dramas he wrote for performance in Long Chamber (the scholars' dormitory) were remembered. His memory was noticed; but he seems not to have lived up to expectations, as his composition was weak, and he fell behind through gaps in his knowledge. He went to Eton too late to have any chance of a scholarship at [[King's College, Cambridge]]. In 1777 his patron John Norris died; but contributions from Etonians helped fund his maintenance at the university, and he found a new patron in Sir [[George Baker, 1st Baronet\|George Baker]], then president of the [[College of Physicians]]. With his help Porson entered Trinity College, Cambridge, as a [[commoner (academia)\|pensioner]] (i. e. a student who paid for his tuition and board, rather than a [[sizar]] or scholar) on 28 March 1778, matriculating in April. What first set his mind towards literary criticism was the gift of a copy of [[Jonathan Toup]]'s ''Longinus'' by the headmaster of Eton; but it was [[Richard Bentley]] and [[Richard Dawes (classical scholar)\|Richard Dawes]] to whom he looked as his immediate masters. Porson became a scholar of Trinity in 1780, won the Craven university scholarship in 1781, and took his degree of BA in 1782, as third senior [[optime]] (i. e. with the third best result of those achieving a second-class degree in that year), obtaining soon afterwards the first Chancellor's Medal for classical studies.<ref>{{Acad \|id=PR778R \|name=Porson, Richard}}</ref> The same year he was elected a fellow of Trinity, an unusual appointment for a junior bachelor of arts, under a regulation which lasted until 1818. Porson graduated MA in 1785. ==Early published work== His first appearance in print was in a short notice of [[Christian Gottfried Schütz]]'s ''Aeschylus'' in [[Paul Henry Maty]]'s ''Review'', written in 1783. This review contains several other essays by him, including those on [[Richard François Brunck]]'s ''Aristophanes'', [[Stephen Weston (antiquary)\|Stephen Weston]]'s ''Hermesianax'', and [[George Isaac Huntingford]]'s ''Apology for the Monostrophics''. He also began a correspondence with [[David Ruhnken]], the veteran scholar of [[university of Leiden\|Leiden]], requesting fragments of [[Aeschylus]] that Ruhnken had come across in his collection of unpublished lexicons and grammarians, and sending him his restoration of a corrupt passage in the ''Supplices'' (673–677), with the help of a nearly equally corrupt passage of [[Plutarch]]'s ''Eroticus''. The [[Cambridge University Press]] was proposing a new edition of [[Thomas Stanley (author)\|Thomas Stanley]]'s ''Aeschylus'', and the editorship was offered to Porson; but he declined to reprint Stanley's corrupt text and incorporate the variorum notes. He was especially anxious that the Medicean manuscript at [[Florence]] should be collated for the new edition, and offered to undertake the collation; but the syndics refused the offer, the vice-chancellor [[John Torkington]], master of Clare Hall (the then name of [[Clare College, Cambridge\|Clare College]]), observing that Porson might collect his manuscripts at home. In 1786, a new edition of [[Thomas Hutchinson (scholar)\|Thomas Hutchinson]]'s ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)\|Anabasis]]'' of [[Xenophon]] was called for, and Porson was asked by the publisher to supply notes, which he did in conjunction with [[Walter Whiter]]. These are a good example of the terse style of Latin notes he practised. They also show his acquaintance with his two favourite authors, [[Plato]] and [[Athenaeus]], and a familiarity with [[Eustathius of Thessalonica]]'s commentary on [[Homer]]. The following year Porson wrote his ''Notae breves ad Toupii emendationes in Suidam'', though this treatise did not appear until 1790 in the new edition of [[Jonathan Toup]]'s book published at Oxford. These first made Porson's name known as a scholar and carried his fame beyond England. The letters he had from [[Christian Gottlob Heine]] and [[Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann]] were preserved in the library of Trinity College. During 1787 he wrote three letters on [[John Hawkins (author)\|John Hawkins]]'s ''Life of Johnson'' for the ''[[Gentleman's Magazine]]'', which were reprinted by [[Thomas Kidd (classical scholar)\|Thomas Kidd]] in his ''Tracts and Criticisms of Porson'', and in a volume of Porson's ''Correspondence''. They are specimens of dry humour, and allude to English dramatists and poets. In the same periodical during 1788 and 1789 appeared the ''Letters to Archdeacon Travis'' against [[George Travis]], on a debated Biblical verse called the ''[[Comma Johanneum]]'' (1 John 5:7).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SUg7AAAAcAAJ&q=Letters+to+Archdeacon+Travis ''Letters to Archdeacon Travis''], against [[George Travis]]; the ''Letters'' were collected in 1790 into a volume.</ref> [[Edward Gibbon]]'s verdict on the book was that it was "the most acute and accurate piece of criticism since the days of Bentley." But it was then the unpopular side: the publisher is said to have lost money on the book; and one of his early friends, Mrs Turner of Norwich, cut down a legacy she had left Porson to £30 on being told that he had written a book against the Bible. After 1787 Porson continued to contribute to the leading reviews, writing in the ''Monthly Review'' the articles on [[Joseph Robertson (clergyman)\|Joseph Robertson]]'s ''Parian Chronicle'', Thomas Edwards's ''Plutarch on Education'',<ref>''Plutarchi de Educatione Liberorum Liber, Graece et Latine'' (1791); {{acad \|id=EDWS776T \|name=Edwards, Thomas}}</ref> and [[Richard Payne Knight]]'s ''Essay on the Greek Alphabet''. He gave assistance to [[William Beloe]] in one or two articles in the ''[[British Critic]]'', and probably wrote also in the ''[[Analytical Review]]'' and the ''Critical Review''. ==Loss of fellowship== In 1792 his fellowship ceased to be tenable by a layman; and Porson decided not to take holy orders. The Master, [[Thomas Postlethwaite]], who had the nomination to one of the two permanent lay fellowships, used his privilege to nominate John Heys, his nephew.<ref>{{acad\|HS785J2\|Heys, John}}</ref> Porson was without means of support, but a subscription was got up among his friends to provide an annuity; [[Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode\|Cracherode]], Cleaver Banks, Burney and [[Samuel Parr]] took the lead, and enough was collected to produce about £100 a year. He accepted it on the condition that he should receive the interest during his lifetime and that the principal should be returned to the donors on his death. When this occurred, part of the sum was used to found the [[Porson Prize]] in 1816 at Cambridge, and remainder for the foundation of the Porson Scholarship, first awarded in 1855. He continued chiefly to reside in London, in chambers in Essex Court, [[Temple, London]] — occasionally visiting his friends, such as [[Joseph Goodall]] at [[Eton College]] and Samuel Parr at [[Hatton, Warwickshire]]. It was at Goodall's house that the ''Letters to Travis'' were written. At Hatton, in the evenings, he would collect the young men of the house about him and pour forth from memory torrents of literature. In 1792 the [[Regius Professor of Greek (Cambridge)\|Regius Greek Professorship at Cambridge]] became vacant with the resignation of [[William Cooke (Professor of Greek)\|William Cooke]]. Porson was elected without opposition and held the chair until his death. The duties consisted of taking part in the examinations for the university scholarships and classical medals. It was said that he wished to give lectures, but lecturing was not in fashion at the time. ==Later work== Porson worked mainly on the tragedians, [[Aristophanes]], [[Athenaeus]], and the lexicons of [[Suda\|Suidas]], [[Hesychius of Alexandria\|Hesychius]] and [[Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople\|Photius]]. This last he twice transcribed (the first transcript was destroyed by a fire at [[James Perry (journalist)\|James Perry]]'s house) from the original among the Gale manuscripts in the library of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. He was pleased when he found how often in Aristophanes he had been anticipated by Bentley, and when [[Niels Iversen Schow]]'s collation of the unique manuscripts of Hesychius appeared and proved him right in some instances. In 1795 there appeared from Foulis's press at Glasgow an edition of Aeschylus in folio, printed with the same type as the Glasgow Homer, without a word of preface or any clue to the editor. Many new readings were inserted in the text with an asterisk affixed, while an obelus was used to mark many others as corrupt. It was at once recognised as Porson's work; he had superintended the printing of a small edition in two [[octavo]] volumes, but this was kept back by the printer and not issued till 1806, still without the editor's name. It was printed from a copy of [[Jan Cornelis de Pauw]]'s edition corrected, which is preserved in the library of Trinity College. Soon after, in 1797, appeared the first instalment of what was intended to be a complete edition of [[Euripides]]–an edition of the ''Hecuba''. ===Reception=== [[File:Porson 13 Jan 1803.jpg\|thumb\|alt="Illustration depicting the rounded-off lower-right edge of the Rosetta Stone, showing Richard Porson's suggested reconstruction of the missing Greek text"\|upright=1.5\|Porson's suggested reconstruction of the missing Greek text of the [[Rosetta Stone]]]] Porson's work did not escape attack. [[Gilbert Wakefield]] had published a ''Tragoediarum delectus''. Conceiving himself slighted, as there was no mention of his work in the new ''Hecuba'', he wrote a ''diatribe extemporalis'' against it. [[Gottfried Hermann]] of [[Leipzig]] had also written a work on Greek metres and issued an edition of the ''Hecuba'', in which Porson's theories were attacked. Porson at first took no notice of either, but went on with his [[Euripides]], publishing the ''Orestes'' in 1798, the ''Phoenissae'' in 1799 and the ''Medea'' in 1801, the last printed at the Cambridge press, and with the editor's name on the title page. But there are many allusions to his antagonists in the notes; and in the ''Medea'' he holds Hermann to scorn by name in caustic language. Hermann's attack may have provoked the supplement to the preface to the ''Hecuba'', in the second edition published at Cambridge in 1802. There the laws of the [[Iamb (foot)\|iambic]] metre are fully explained. A third edition of the ''Hecuba'' appeared in 1808, and he left corrected copies of the other plays, of which new editions appeared soon after his death; but these four plays were all that was finished of the projected edition of the poet. Porson lived six years after the second edition of the ''Hecuba'' was published, but he put off the work. He found time, however, to execute his collation of the Harleian manuscript of the ''[[Odyssey]]'', published in the Grenville Homer in 1801, and to present to the [[Society of Antiquaries of London\|Society of Antiquaries]] his conjectural restoration of the [[Rosetta Stone]]. ==Later life and death== In 1806, when the [[London Institution]] was founded in [[Old Jewry]], Porson was appointed principal librarian, with a salary of £200 a year and a suite of rooms. This assured him financial ease in his latter years. Among his intimate friends was [[James Perry (journalist)\|James Perry]], editor of ''[[The Morning Chronicle]]''. He married Perry's sister, Mrs Lunan, in November 1796. Porson then drank less; but she died a few months after her marriage (12 April 1797), and he returned to his chambers in the Temple and his old habits. Perry's friendship induced him to spend his time in writing for ''The Morning Chronicle''. For some months before his death he had appeared to be failing; his memory was not what it had been, and he had some symptoms of intermittent fever, but on 19 September 1808 he was seized in the street with a fit of [[apoplexy]], and after partially recovering, died on the 25th. He was buried in [[Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge\|Trinity College Chapel]], close to the statue of Newton, at the opposite end of the chapel to the remains of [[Richard Bentley]]. ==Legacy== Porson did not discriminate between the manuscripts he used or point out the relative value of early copies. Thus he collates minutely [[Constantine Lascaris\|Lascaris]]'s edition of the ''Medea'', mentioning even misprints in the text. His most brilliant emendations are convincing. His library was divided into two parts, one of which was sold by auction, while the other, containing the transcript of the ''Gale Photius'', his books with his notes, and some letters from foreign scholars, was bought by Trinity College for 1000 guineas. His notebooks were careful; they have been rearranged, and illustrate his penmanship. Much remains unpublished. [[James Henry Monk]], his successor as Greek professor, and [[Charles James Blomfield]] edited the ''Adversaria'', consisting of the notes on Athenaeus and the Greek poets, and his prelection on Euripides; [[Peter Paul Dobree]], afterwards Greek professor, the notes on Aristophanes and the lexicon of Photius. Besides these, from other sources, [[Thomas Gaisford]] edited his notes on [[Pausanias (geographer)\|Pausanias]] and Suidas, and Thomas Kidd collected his scattered reviews. When [[Thomas Burgess (bishop, born 1756)\|Thomas Burgess]] attacked his literary character over his ''Letters to Travis'', [[Thomas Turton]] came forward to defend him. For the first thirty years of the 19th century, he was often regarded as the author of a very popular poem, ''[[The Devil's Thoughts]]'' (later entitled ''The Devil's Walk''). It was actually written by [[Robert Southey]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]].<ref>{{Cite web\| editor1= Donald H. Reiman \|editor2= Neil Fraistat \|title=THE DEVIL'S WALK \|accessdate=2016-04-13 \|date=1997 \|url=https://www.rc.umd.edu/editions/shelley/devil/devil.rs1860.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|publisher=Clarendon Press \|isbn=978-0-19-158468-8 \| last=Paley \|first =Morton D. \|title=Apocalypse and Millennium in English Romantic Poetry \|date=1999-10-07 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJNn1cAZuYsC&q=Richard%20porson%20devil%27s%20walk%20Coleridge&pg=PA146}}</ref> The Greek typeface ''[[Porson (typeface)\|Porson]]'' was based on his handwriting. ==Works== The dates of Porson's published works are these: ''Notae in Xenophontis anabasin'' (1786) ''Appendix to Toup'' (1790) ''Letters to Travis'' (1790) ''Aeschylus'' (1795, 1806) ''Euripides'' (1797–1802) collation of the Harleian manuscript of the ''Odyssey'' (1801) ''Adversaria'' (Monk and Blomfield, 1812) ''Tracts and Criticisms'' (Kidd, 1815) ''Aristophanica'' (Dobree, 1820) ''Notae in Pausaniam'' (Gaisford, 1820) ''Photii lexicon'' (Dobree, 1822) ''Notae in Suidam'' (Gaisford, 1834) ''Correspondence'' ([[H. R. Luard]], edited for the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 1867) Dr. Turton's vindication appeared in 1827. ==See also== [[Porson (typeface)]] ==Notes== {{Reflist\|30em}} {{EB1911 \|wstitle=Porson, Richard \|volume=22 \|pages=106–109}} ==Further reading== Luard, H. R., 'Porson', ''Cambridge Essays Contributed by Members of the University'', London: J. W. Parker & Son (1857) Naiditch, P. G., ''The Library of Richard Porson''. S.l.: Xlibris, 2011.<!--self-published expert--> Bishop, Morris. <Cite>''English Eccentrics'',</cite> New York: Minton, Balch & Company (1928), [http://www.elfinspell.com/Biography/Bishop-AGalleryOfEccentrics/RichardPorson.html#pg227 pp. 227‑244]. ==External links== *{{wikiquote-inline}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Porson, Richard}} [[Category:1759 births]] [[Category:1808 deaths]] [[Category:English classical scholars]] [[Category:People from North Norfolk (district)]] [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:People educated at Eton College]] [[Category:Scholars of ancient Greek literature]] [[Category:Regius Professors of Greek (Cambridge)]]	1,306,732,704	[]	false
# 1897 Belfast Corporation election An election to Belfast Corporation took place on Thursday 25 November 1897 as part of that year's local elections. This was the first election for Belfast Corporation since 1887. Since that election the Belfast Corporation Act 1896 had increased the borough from 6,800 to 16,500 acres, and the electorate from 39,603 to 47,294. The need to delineate new ward boundaries meant that elections could not be completed in 1896, resulting in them being delayed until 1897. ## Results by party \| Party \| Party \| Seats \| Gains \| Losses \| Net gain/loss \| Seats % \| Votes % \| Votes \| +/− \| \| ----- \| -------------------------------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ------ \| ------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ----- \| --- \| \| \| Belfast Conservative Association \| 33 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Catholic Association \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Independent \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Belfast LRC \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Liberal Unionist \| 5 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Joint Committee of the INL & INF \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Ward Results ### Court \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ------- \| --------------------- \| ----------- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| \| Belfast LRC \| Alex Taylor \| 1,028 \| \| \| \| \| Tougher \| 977 \| \| \| \| \| Young* \| 666 \| \| \| \| \| Dr Stewart \| 644 \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 1,986 \| 68.91 \| \| \| Belfast LRC gain from \| \| \| \| ### Duncairn \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ------- \| --------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ----- \| - \| \| \| Belfast LRC \| Alexander Bowman \| 1,249 \| \| \| \| Irish Conservative \| Dr Timothy White \| 1,196 \| \| \| \| Independent \| Robert Wilson (incumbent) \| 1,010 \| \| \| \| Irish Conservative \| John Thompson \| 839 \| \| \| \| Irish Conservative \| James McCammond \| 767 \| \| \| Turnout \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Belfast LRC gain from \| \| \| \| ### Falls #### Alderman \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ------- \| ------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| ----- \| \| \| \| McCormick \| 1,280 \| 60.15 \| \| \| \| James McCann \| 848 \| 39.85 \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 2,128 \| \| #### Councillors \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ------- \| -------------------- \| ----------- \| ----- \| - \| \| \| Catholic Association \| McDonnell \| 1,300 \| \| \| \| Catholic Association \| P. J. McGee \| 1,272 \| \| \| \| Catholic Association \| Cook \| 1,236 \| \| \| \| INL & INF \| Fegan \| 764 \| \| \| \| INL & INF \| Rooney \| 744 \| \| \| \| INL & INF \| Connolly \| 702 \| \| \| Turnout \| \| \| \| \| ### Pottinger \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ------- \| --------------------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| - \| \| \| Belfast LRC \| Murray Davis \| \| \| \| Turnout \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Belfast LRC gain from \| \| \| \| ### Shankhill \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ------- \| --------------------- \| ------------- \| ----- \| - \| \| \| Belfast LRC \| Robert Gageby \| 1,836 \| \| \| \| \| Johnston \| 1,326 \| \| \| \| \| Workman \| 1,281 \| \| \| \| \| Gault \| 760 \| \| \| \| \| Bell \| 583 \| \| \| Turnout \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Belfast LRC gain from \| \| \| \| ### Smithfield \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| \| ------- \| -------------------- \| --------- \| ----- \| - \| ------------ \| \| \| Catholic Association \| O'Connell \| 1184 \| \| {{{change}}} \| \| \| Catholic Association \| McEntee \| 1158 \| \| {{{change}}} \| \| \| Catholic Association \| McLorinan \| 1080 \| \| {{{change}}} \| \| \| INL & INF \| Aicken \| 823 \| \| {{{change}}} \| \| \| INL & INF \| McGuigan \| 795 \| \| {{{change}}} \| \| \| INL & INF \| Riordan \| 731 \| \| {{{change}}} \| \| Turnout \| \| \| \| \| \| ### St. George's & Dock \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ------- \| --------------------- \| --------------- \| ----- \| - \| \| \| Belfast LRC \| William Liddell \| \| \| \| Turnout \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Belfast LRC gain from \| \| \| \| ### Victoria \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ------- \| --------------------- \| --------------- \| ----- \| - \| \| \| Belfast LRC \| Edward McInness \| 781 \| \| \| \| Irish Conservative \| John McCormick* \| 735 \| \| \| \| Irish Conservative \| Millar \| 723 \| \| \| \| Irish Conservative \| Dr Cathcart \| 671 \| \| \| \| \| William Hill \| 316 \| \| \| \| \| Dunwoody \| 66 \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 1,933 \| \| \| \| Belfast LRC gain from \| \| \| \|	enwiki/56933399	enwiki	56,933,399	1897 Belfast Corporation election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_Belfast_Corporation_election	2023-12-14T19:14:07Z	en	Q55165012	108,319	{{Short description\|Local election in Belfast}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} An election to [[Belfast Corporation]] took place on Thursday 25 November 1897 as part of [[1897 United Kingdom local elections\|that year's local elections]]. This was the first election for Belfast Corporation since [[1887 Belfast Corporation election\|1887]]. Since that election the Belfast Corporation Act 1896 had increased the borough from 6,800 to 16,500 acres, and the electorate from 39,603 to 47,294.<ref name="p103">{{cite book \|last1=Budge \|first1=Ian \|last2=O'Leary \|first2=Cornelius \|title=Belfast: Approach to Crisis, A Study of Belfast Politics 1613–1970 \|page=103 }}</ref> The need to delineate new ward boundaries meant that elections could not be completed in 1896, resulting in them being delayed until 1897.<ref name="p104">{{cite book \|last1=Budge \|first1=Ian \|last2=O'Leary \|first2=Cornelius \|title=Belfast: Approach to Crisis, A Study of Belfast Politics 1613–1970 \|page=104 }}</ref> ==Results by party== {{Election summary begin\|title = Belfast Corporation election, 1897<ref name="p105">{{cite book \|last1=Budge \|first1=Ian \|last2=O'Leary \|first2=Cornelius \|title=Belfast: Approach to Crisis, A Study of Belfast Politics 1613–1970 \|page=105 }}</ref>}} {{Election summary\| \|party = [[Irish Conservative Party\|Belfast Conservative Association]] \|seats = '''33''' \|gain = \|loss = \|net = \|seats % = \|votes % = \|votes = \|plus/minus = }} {{Election summary\| \|party = Catholic Association \|seats = 8 \|gain = \|loss = \|net = \|seats % = \|votes % = \|votes = \|plus/minus = }} {{Election summary party\| \|party = Independent (politician) \|seats = 8 \|gain = \|loss = \|net = \|seats % = \|votes % = \|votes = \|plus/minus = }} {{Election summary party\| \|party = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|seats = 6 \|gain = \|loss = \|net = \|seats % = \|votes % = \|votes = \|plus/minus = }} {{Election summary party\| \|party = Liberal Unionist \|seats = 5 \|gain = \|loss = \|net = \|seats % = \|votes % = \|votes = \|plus/minus = }} {{Election summary\| \|party = Joint Committee of the [[Irish National League\|INL]] & [[Irish National Federation\|INF]] \|seats = 0 \|gain = \|loss = \|net = \|seats % = \|votes % = \|votes = \|plus/minus = }} {{Election box end}} ==Ward Results== ===Court=== {{Election box begin no change \|title = Court Ward<ref name="p.124"/><ref name="BNL 26Nov"/><br />Electorate: 2,882 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|candidate = '''Alex Taylor''' \|votes = 1,028 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = \|candidate = '''Tougher''' \|votes = 977 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = \|candidate = '''Young''' \|votes = 666 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = \|candidate = Dr Stewart \|votes = 644 \|percentage = }} {{Election box turnout no change \|votes = 1,986 \|percentage = 68.91 }} {{Election box gain with party link no change \|winner = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|loser = }} {{Election box end}} ===Duncairn=== {{Election box begin no change \|title = Duncairn Ward - 3 seats<ref name="p.124">[https://books.google.com/books?id=gguv8CO0hYUC&dq=Robert+Gageby+1897+election&pg=PA124 p.124]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gguv8CO0hYUC&dq=Robert+Gageby+1897+election&pg=PA124 p.126]</ref><ref name="BNL 26Nov">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18971126/020/0006?browse=true Belfast News-Letter - Friday 26 November 1897 p.5-6]</ref><br />Electorate: 3,527 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|candidate = '''[[Alexander Bowman (Irish politician)\|Alexander Bowman]]''' \|votes = 1249 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Irish Conservative Party \|candidate = '''Dr Timothy White''' \|votes = 1196 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Independent (politician) \|candidate = '''Robert Wilson ''(incumbent)''''' \|votes = 1010 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Irish Conservative Party \|candidate = John Thompson \|votes = 839 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Irish Conservative Party \|candidate = James McCammond \|votes = 767 \|percentage = }} {{Election box turnout no change \|votes = \|percentage = }} {{Election box gain with party link no change \|winner = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|loser = }} {{Election box end}} ===Falls=== ====Alderman==== {{Election box begin no change \|title = Falls Ward (1)<ref name="BNL 27 Nov">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/18971127/024/0005 Belfast News-Letter - Saturday 27 November 1897 p.5]</ref> }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = \|candidate = '''McCormick''' \|votes = 1,280 \|percentage = 60.15 }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = \|candidate = James McCann \|votes = 848 \|percentage = 39.85 }} {{Election box turnout no change \|votes = 2,128 \|percentage = }} {{Election box end}} ====Councillors==== {{Election box begin no change \|title = Falls Ward (3)<ref name="p.124"/><ref name="DJ 29 Nov">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001123/18971129/127/0007 Derry Journal - Monday 29 November 1897 p.7]</ref> }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = Catholic Association \|candidate = '''McDonnell''' \|votes = 1300 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = Catholic Association \|candidate = '''P. J. McGee''' \|votes = 1272 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = Catholic Association \|candidate = '''Cook''' \|votes = 1236 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = INL & INF \|candidate = Fegan \|votes = 764 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = INL & INF \|candidate = Rooney \|votes = 744 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = INL & INF \|candidate = Connolly \|votes = 702 \|percentage = }} {{Election box turnout no change \|votes = \|percentage = }} {{Election box end}} ===Pottinger=== {{Election box begin no change \|title = Pottinger Ward<ref name="p.124"/> }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|candidate = '''Murray Davis''' \|votes = \|percentage = }} {{Election box turnout no change \|votes = \|percentage = }} {{Election box gain with party link no change \|winner = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|loser = }} {{Election box end}} ===Shankhill=== {{Election box begin no change \|title = Shankill Ward (3 councillors)<ref name="p.124"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \|party = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|candidate = [[Robert Gageby]] \|votes = 1836 \|percentage = }} {{Election box winning candidate no change \|party = \|candidate = Johnston \|votes = 1326 \|percentage = }} {{Election box winning candidate no change \|party = \|candidate = Workman \|votes = 1281 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = \|candidate = Gault \|votes = 760 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate no change \|party = \|candidate = Bell \|votes = 583 \|percentage = }} {{Election box turnout no change \|votes = \|percentage = }} {{Election box gain with party link no change \|winner = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|loser = }} {{Election box end}} ===Smithfield=== {{Election box begin no change \|title = Smithfield Ward (3)<ref name="p.124"/><ref name="DJ 29 Nov">[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001123/18971129/127/0007 Derry Journal - Monday 29 November 1897 p.7]</ref> }} {{Election box candidate \|party = Catholic Association \|candidate = '''O'Connell''' \|votes = 1184 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate \|party = Catholic Association \|candidate = '''McEntee''' \|votes = 1158 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate \|party = Catholic Association \|candidate = '''McLorinan''' \|votes = 1080 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate \|party = INL & INF \|candidate = Aicken \|votes = 823 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate \|party = INL & INF \|candidate = McGuigan \|votes = 795 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate \|party = INL & INF \|candidate = Riordan \|votes = 731 \|percentage = }} {{Election box turnout no change \|votes = \|percentage = }} {{Election box end}} ===St. George's & Dock=== {{Election box begin no change \|title = St. George's and Dock Ward<ref name="p.124"/> }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|candidate = '''William Liddell''' \|votes = \|percentage = }} {{Election box turnout no change \|votes = \|percentage = }} {{Election box gain with party link no change \|winner = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|loser = }} {{Election box end}} ===Victoria=== {{Election box begin no change \|title = Victoria Ward<ref name="p.124"/><ref name="BNL 26Nov"/><br />Electorate: 2,714 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|candidate = '''Edward McInness''' \|votes = 781 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Irish Conservative Party \|candidate = '''John McCormick''' \|votes = '''735''' \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Irish Conservative Party \|candidate = '''Millar''' \|votes = '''723''' \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = Irish Conservative Party \|candidate = Dr Cathcart \|votes = 671 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = \|candidate = William Hill \|votes = 316 \|percentage = }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \|party = \|candidate = Dunwoody \|votes = 66 \|percentage = }} {{Election box turnout no change \|votes = 1,933 \|percentage = }} {{Election box gain with party link no change \|winner = Belfast Labour Representation Committee \|loser = }} {{Election box end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{sequence \| prev=[[1887 Belfast Corporation election]] \| list=[[Belfast Corporation elections]] \| next=[[1899 Belfast Corporation election]] }} {{County Antrim elections}} [[Category:1897 Irish local elections]] [[Category:Belfast City Council elections\|1897]] [[Category:1897 elections in Ireland]]	1,189,901,467	[]	false
# List of St. Anthony's College, Kandy alumni This is a list of St. Anthony’s College alumni, of the St. Anthony’s College, Kandy, Sri Lanka. \| Name \| Notability \| Reference \| \| ----------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------- \| \| R. I. T. Alles \| founding principal of D. S. Senanayake College (1967), State Secretary for Ministry of Education (1989–1993) \| \| \| M. D. Banda \| member of Parliament (Maturata 1947–1960), (Hanguranketha 1960–1965), Polgahawela (1965–1970) \| \| \| Muttiah Muralitharan \| international cricketer (1991–2012) \| \| \| Dappula de Livera \| Attorney General of Sri Lanka (2019–present) \| \| \| Sajith Fernando \| First class cricketer \| [ 1 ] \| \| Asoka de Silva (judge) \| Chief Justice of Sri Lanka (2009–2011) \| \| \| Mano Ganesan \| member of Parliament (Colombo 2001–2010, 2015–present) \| \| \| Mahes Goonatilleke \| international test cricket player (1982) \| \| \| William Gopallawa \| last Governor-General of Ceylon (1962–1972), first President of Sri Lanka (1972–1978) \| \| \| Rookantha Gunathilake \| musician, singer \| \| \| Abdul Cader Shahul Hameed \| member of Parliament (1960–1994) \| \| \| T. B. Ilangaratne \| member of Parliament (Kandy, Galaha, Hewaheta and Kolonnawa 1948–1986) \| \| \| Saddha Mangala Sooriyabandara \| journalist, media personality, script writer, producer, actor \| \| \| Victor Ivan \| editor and founder of Ravaya newspaper (1987–2012) \| \| \| T. M. Jayaratne \| musician, singer \| \| \| Kingsley Jayasekera \| actor, singer, producer \| \| \| Ruwan Kalpage \| international test cricket player (1993–1999) \| \| \| N. H. Keerthiratne \| member of parliament (Kegalle 1947– ) \| \| \| A. C. M. Lafir \| international cricket player (1953–1970) \| \| \| A. F. Lafir † \| Commanding Officer of the 1st Special Forces Regiment - recipient of Parama Weera Vibhushanaya \| \| \| Malik Peiris \| pathologist, microbiologist, scientific researcher \| \| \| Stanley Peiris \| musician \| \| \| Bernard Perera \| first class cricket player (1980–1983) \| \| \| Cyril E. S. Perera \| member of Parliament (Colombo North 1952–1956) \| [ 2 ] \| \| A. H. Sheriffdeen \| surgeon, academic \| \| \| Canagarayam Suriyakumaran \| economist, academic \| [ 3 ] \| \| Victor Tennekoon \| Solicitor General of Ceylon (1965–1967), Chief Justice of Sri Lanka (1974–1977) \| \| \| Susith Weerasekara \| Deputy Chief of staff of the Sri Lanka Navy (2009–2011), Commandant Sri Lanka Volunteer Naval Force (2011–2012) \| \| \| Jayampathy Wickramaratne \| National List Member of Parliament (2015–present) \| \| \| Piyal Wijetunge \| international test cricket player (1993) \| \|	enwiki/23443910	enwiki	23,443,910	List of St. Anthony's College, Kandy alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_St._Anthony%27s_College,_Kandy_alumni	2025-01-27T04:50:23Z	en	Q6598146	42,671	{{Short description\|none}} {{Alumni\|date=December 2014}} {{dynamic list}} This is a '''list of St. Anthony’s College alumni''', of the [[St. Anthony’s College, Kandy]], [[Sri Lanka]]. <!--only persons with wiki pages should be added, entries must have class year and citation to tie them to school per [[WP:NLIST]] & [[WP:PEOPLE]]---> {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" \|- ! style="width:;" \| Name ! style="width:65%;" class="unsortable" \| Notability ! style="width:;" class="unsortable" \| Reference \|- \| {{sortname\|R. I. T.\|Alles}} \| founding principal of [[D. S. Senanayake College]] (1967), [[State Secretary]] for [[Ministry of Education (Sri Lanka)\|Ministry of Education]] (1989–1993) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|M. D.\|Banda}} \| member of [[Parliament of Ceylon\|Parliament]] ([[Maturata Electoral District\|Maturata]] 1947–1960), ([[Hanguranketha Electoral District\|Hanguranketha]] 1960–1965), [[Polgahawela Electoral District\|Polgahawela]] (1965–1970) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Muttiah\|Muralitharan}} \| international cricketer (1991–2012) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Dappula\|de Livera}} \| [[Attorney General of Sri Lanka]] (2019–present) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Sajith\|Fernando}} \| [[First class cricket]]er \| style="text-align:center;" \|<ref>{{cite web \|title=Sajith Fernando Profile - Cricket Player Sri Lanka \|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/sajith-fernando-48807 \|website=ESPNcricinfo \|access-date=27 January 2025 \|language=en}}</ref> \|- \| {{sortname\|Asoka\|de Silva (judge)}} \| [[Chief Justice of Sri Lanka]] (2009–2011) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Mano\|Ganesan}} \| member of [[Sri Lanka Parliament\|Parliament]] ([[Colombo Electoral District\|Colombo]] 2001–2010, 2015–present) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Mahes\|Goonatilleke}} \| international test cricket player (1982) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|William\|Gopallawa}} \| last [[Governor-General of Ceylon]] (1962–1972), first [[President of Sri Lanka]] (1972–1978) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Rookantha\|Gunathilake}} \| musician, singer \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Abdul Cader Shahul\|Hameed}} \| member of [[Parliament of Ceylon\|Parliament]] (1960–1994) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|T. B.\|Ilangaratne}} \| member of [[Sri Lanka Parliament\|Parliament]] ([[Kandy Electoral District\|Kandy]], [[Galaha Electoral District\|Galaha]], [[Hewaheta Electoral District\|Hewaheta]] and [[Kolonnawa Electoral District\|Kolonnawa]] 1948–1986) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Saddha\|Mangala Sooriyabandara}} \| journalist, media personality, script writer, producer, actor \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Victor\|Ivan}} \| editor and founder of ''[[Ravaya]]'' newspaper (1987–2012) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|T. M.\|Jayaratne}} \| musician, singer \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Kingsley\|Jayasekera}} \| actor, singer, producer \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Ruwan\|Kalpage}} \| international test cricket player (1993–1999) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|N. H.\|Keerthiratne}} \| member of [[Parliament of Ceylon\|parliament]] ([[Kegalle Electoral District\|Kegalle]] 1947– ) \| style="text-align:centre;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|A. C. M.\|Lafir}} \| international cricket player (1953–1970) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|A. F.\|Lafir}}{{KIA}} \| Commanding Officer of the [[Sri Lanka Army Special Forces Regiment\|1st Special Forces Regiment]] - recipient of [[Parama Weera Vibhushanaya]] \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Malik\|Peiris}} \| pathologist, microbiologist, scientific researcher \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Stanley\|Peiris}} \| musician \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Bernard\|Perera}} \| [[first class cricket]] player (1980–1983) \| style="text-align:centre;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Cyril E. S.\|Perera}} \| member of [[Parliament of Ceylon\|Parliament]] ([[Colombo North Electoral District\|Colombo North]] 1952–1956) \| style="text-align:center;" \|<ref name=SC>{{cite book\|title=The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka: the first 185 years\|author1=Rajit, A\|author2=Amerasinghe, B\|publisher=Sarvodaya Book Publishing Services\|date=1986\|page=374\|isbn=9789555990004}}</ref> \|- \| {{sortname\|A. H.\|Sheriffdeen}} \| surgeon, academic \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Canagarayam\|Suriyakumaran}} \| economist, academic \| style="text-align:center;" \|<ref>[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/01/20/fea17.html Online edition of Sunday Observer - Business] . Sundayobserver.lk (2002-01-20). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.</ref> \|- \| {{sortname\|Victor\|Tennekoon}} \| [[Solicitor General of Sri Lanka\|Solicitor General of Ceylon]] (1965–1967), [[Chief Justice of Sri Lanka]] (1974–1977) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Susith\|Weerasekara}} \| Deputy [[Chief of staff]] of the [[Sri Lanka Navy]] (2009–2011), Commandant [[Sri Lanka Volunteer Naval Force]] (2011–2012) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Jayampathy\|Wickramaratne}} \| [[National List Member of Parliament]] (2015–present) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| {{sortname\|Piyal\|Wijetunge}} \| international test cricket player (1993) \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213181854/http://www.sackoba.com/Prominent_Antonians.html Prominent Antonians] [[Category:Lists of Sri Lankan people by school affiliation\|Saint Anthony's College, Kandy alumni]] [[Category:Alumni of St. Anthony's College, Kandy\| ]]	1,272,104,948	[]	false
# Tatiana Dyková Tatiana Dyková, née Vilhelmová (born 13 July 1978) is a Czech film and stage actress. She has been nominated nine times for the Czech Lion award, winning once for her performance in Bohdan Sláma's Something Like Happiness (2005). She has received recognition as Best Actress internationally, winning awards in Buenos Aires and Sochi, among others. ## Biography She is 5 ft 3 in tall. During her childhood Vilhelmová took lessons in ballet for 9 years, and was a member of Kühn's Children Choir between the ages of 10 and 19. She left Prague Conservatory at 16 before finishing her studies, to start her acting career. Vilhelmová made her professional debut in Indian Summer (1995), directed by Saša Gedeon, for which she received her first nomination for the Czech Lion. In 2000 Vilhemlová and co-star Anna Geislerová were co-winners of the Best Actress award at the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema for their roles in the 1999 film The Idiot Returns. For the same film, Vilhelmová received an honourable mention at the Cottbus Film Festival. She followed this up by receiving a special mention for her role in the television film Společnice at the Monte-Carlo Television Festival in 2001. In 2002 a film she starred in, The Wild Bees, won the main prize at the Sochi International Film Festival. For her role in that film, she also won the Best Actress award. Between 2002 and 2014 she was a regular member of the Dejvice Theatre. She was repeatedly nominated for Czech Lion awards, winning her first one after her seventh nomination in 2006 for her performance as leading actress in the film Something Like Happiness. She was part of the Czech dubbing cast for 2007 film Ratatouille. She won the third season of the Czech reality competition Tvoje tvář má známý hlas, broadcast in 2017. ## Personal life She married first husband Petr Čechák in July 2005 while in her seventh month of pregnancy. She has two sons with Čechák: František and Cyril. She married her second husband Vojtěch Dyk on 1 May 2019. With Dyk she has another son, Alois, who was born five years before their marriage. ## Awards \| Year \| Nominated work \| Award \| Category \| Result \| Result \| \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------ \| ------------------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| --------- \| ------ \| \| 1995 \| Indian Summer \| Czech Lion Award \| - Best Supporting Actress \| Nominated \| [ 4 ] \| \| 1996 \| Whisper \| Czech Lion Award \| - Best Actress \| Nominated \| [ 13 ] \| \| 1998 \| A Time of Debts \| Czech Lion Award \| - Best Supporting Actress \| Nominated \| [ 14 ] \| \| 1999 \| The Idiot Returns \| Cottbus Film Festival Award \| - Honorable Mention \| Won \| [ 6 ] \| \| 1999 \| The Idiot Returns \| Buenos Aires IFIC Award \| - Best Actress \| Won[A] \| [ 15 ] \| \| 1999 \| The Idiot Returns \| Czech Lion Award \| - Best Actress \| Nominated \| [ 16 ] \| \| 2000 \| Společnice \| Monte-Carlo TF - Golden Nymph Award \| - Special Mention \| Won \| [ 17 ] \| \| 2001 \| The Wild Bees \| Czech Lion Award \| - Best Actress \| Nominated \| [ 18 ] \| \| 2001 \| The Wild Bees \| Sochi IFF Award \| - Best Actress \| Won[B] \| [ 8 ] \| \| 2003 \| Herself \| European Film Promotion at Berlin IFF \| - Shooting Stars Award \| Mentioned \| [ 19 ] \| \| 2004 \| 0049 Divided \| ČRo Award \| - Invisible Actor \| Nominated \| [ 20 ] \| \| 2004 \| Dirty Soul \| Czech Lion Award \| - Best Actress \| Nominated \| [ 21 ] \| \| 2005 \| Something Like Happiness \| Czech Lion Award \| - Best Actress \| Won \| [ 22 ] \| \| 2014 \| Nowhere in Moravia \| Czech Lion Award \| - Best Actress \| Nominated \| [ 23 ] \| \| 2015 \| Home Care \| Czech Lion Award \| - Best Supporting Actress \| Nominated \| [ 24 ] \| \| Note: Awards are listed in order of the effective years, annual ceremonies are usually held the following. \| \| \| \| \| \| Notes - A ^ Award shared with co-star Anna Geislerová for her role of Anna in the same movie by Saša Gedeon.[15] - B ^ Award shared with Eszter Nagy-Kálózy for her role of Katalin in Smoldering Cigarette (2001) directed by Péter Bacsó.[25]	enwiki/3232988	enwiki	3,232,988	Tatiana Dyková	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Dykov%C3%A1	2025-04-04T06:07:10Z	en	Q448921	121,017	{{Short description\|Czech actress (born 1978)}} {{Infobox person \| name = Tatiana Dyková \| image = DD_Vilhelmova.JPG \| alt = \| caption = \| birth_name = Tatiana Vilhelmová \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1978\|7\|13\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic\|Czechoslovakia]] \| occupation = [[Actress]] \| years_active = 1990-present \| spouse = {{plainlist\| * {{marriage\|Pavel Čechák\|2005\|2013}} * {{marriage\|[[Vojtěch Dyk]]\|2019}} }} \| children = 3 \| parents = \| awards = [[Czech Lion\|Czech Lion Award]] (2005) \| website = }} '''Tatiana Dyková''', née '''Vilhelmová''' (born 13 July 1978) is a [[Czechs\|Czech]] film and stage actress.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.torontosun.com/entertainment/movies/2009/06/05/9683186-sun.html\|title=Empties full of life\|last=Slotek\|first=Jim\|date=2009-06-05\|newspaper=[[Toronto Sun]]\|accessdate=2011-03-22}}</ref><ref name="WilsonBaker2009">{{cite book\|last1=Wilson\|first1=Neil\|last2=Baker\|first2=Mark\|title=Prague: city guide\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul3svUKwnnMC&pg=PA42\|accessdate=2011-03-22\|date=2009-01-01\|publisher=Lonely Planet\|isbn=978-1-74104-513-0\|page=42}}</ref> She has been nominated nine times for the [[Czech Lion]] award, winning once for her performance in [[Bohdan Sláma]]'s ''[[Something Like Happiness]]'' (2005). She has received recognition as Best Actress internationally, winning awards in Buenos Aires and Sochi, among others. ==Biography== She is 5 ft 3 in tall. During her childhood Vilhelmová took lessons in ballet for 9 years, and was a member of {{ill\|Kühn's Children Choir\|cs\|Kühnův dětský sbor}} between the ages of 10 and 19.<ref name="rozhlasmay21">{{Cite web\|url=https://hradec.rozhlas.cz/zivotni-partneri-a-popularni-herci-tatiana-vilhelmova-s-vojtou-dykem-jsou-na-8499486\|title=Životní partneři a populární herci Tatiana Vilhelmová s Vojtou Dykem jsou Na větvi s Halinou\|language=cs\|first=Halina\|last=Pawlowská\|work=[[Czech Radio]]\|date=2021-05-31\|access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref> She left [[Prague Conservatory]] at 16 before finishing her studies, to start her acting career. Vilhelmová made her professional debut in ''Indian Summer'' (1995), directed by [[Saša Gedeon]], for which she received her first nomination for the [[Czech Lion]].<ref name="indiansummer">{{cite web\|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/detail?movie=Indi%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9%20l%C3%A9to\|title=Indian Summer\|website=[[Czech Film and Television Academy]]\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=cs}}</ref> In 2000 Vilhemlová and co-star [[Anna Geislerová]] were co-winners of the Best Actress award at the [[Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema]] for their roles in the 1999 film ''[[The Idiot Returns]]''.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Ročenka České televize 2000\|language=cs\|author=[[Czech Television]]\|date=2001\|isbn=80-85005-33-6\|url=https://img.ceskatelevize.cz/boss/image/contents/publikace-ct/rocenky/2000/rocenka_2000.pdf\|page=76}}</ref> For the same film, Vilhelmová received an honourable mention at the [[Cottbus Film Festival]].<ref name="cottbus">{{cite web\|url=http://www.filmfestivalcottbus.de/de/archiv/1999/preistraeger/\|title=9. FilmFestival Cottbus (3.-7.11.) - Preisträger\|trans-title=9th Cottbus Film Festival (3–7 November) - Award Winners\|date=1999\|website=[[Cottbus Film Festival]]\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=de\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417075702/http://www.filmfestivalcottbus.de/de/archiv/1999/preistraeger/\|archive-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> She followed this up by receiving a special mention for her role in the television film ''{{ill\|Společnice\|wikidata\|Q104895129}}'' at the [[Monte-Carlo Television Festival]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://www.denik.cz/film-a-televize/ivan-trojan-ziskal-v-monte-carlu-zlatou-nymfu-za-horici-ker-20130613.html \| title=Ivan Trojan získal v Monte Carlu Zlatou nymfu za Hořící keř \| newspaper=[[Deník]] \| date=2013-06-13 \| publisher=[[Vltava Labe Media]] \|access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref> In 2002 a film she starred in, ''[[The Wild Bees]]'', won the main prize at the [[Sochi International Film Festival]]. For her role in that film, she also won the Best Actress award.<ref name="sochi02">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sme.sk/c/575134/ocenenie-filmu-divoke-vcely-rezisera-slamu.html\|title=Ocenenie filmu Divoké včely režiséra Slámu\|language=sk\|work=sme.sk\|date=2002-06-17\|access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref> Between 2002 and 2014 she was a regular member of the {{ill\|Dejvice Theatre\|cs\|Dejvické divadlo}}. She was repeatedly nominated for Czech Lion awards, winning her first one after her seventh nomination in 2006 for her performance as leading actress in the film ''[[Something Like Happiness]]''.<ref name="rozhlasmay21"/> She was part of the Czech dubbing cast for 2007 film ''[[Ratatouille (film)\|Ratatouille]]''.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Ratatouille má vtip, chuť i vůni\|language=cs\|url=https://www.idnes.cz/kultura/film-televize/ratatouille-ma-vtip-chut-i-vuni.A070911_173121_filmvideo_ob\|accessdate=2025-04-04\|newspaper=[[Mladá fronta Dnes]]\|date=2007-09-12\|publisher=[[Mafra (company)\|Mafra]]}}</ref> She won the third season of the Czech reality competition [[Tvoje tvář má známý hlas]], broadcast in 2017.<ref name="rozhlasmay21"/> ==Personal life== She married first husband Petr Čechák in July 2005 while in her seventh month of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Svatební foto herečky pouze na iDNES\|trans-title=Wedding photos of the actress only on iDNES\|language=cs\|url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/spolecnost/svatebni-foto-herecky-pouze-na-idnes.A050811_150503_lidicky_lf\|accessdate=2025-04-04\|newspaper=[[Mladá fronta Dnes]]\|date=2005-08-15\|publisher=[[Mafra (company)\|Mafra]]}}</ref> She has two sons with Čechák: František and Cyril. She married her second husband [[Vojtěch Dyk]] on 1 May 2019.<ref name="rozhlasmay21"/><ref>{{cite news\|title=Svatba na prvního máje: Vojtěch Dyk a Tatiana Vilhelmová jsou manželé\|trans-title=Wedding on the first of May: Vojtěch Dyk and Tatiana Vilhelmová are married\|language=cs\|url=https://www.idnes.cz/revue/spolecnost/vojtech-dyk-tatiana-vilhelmova-svatba-maj-dykova.A190504_194818_lidicky_sub\|accessdate=2023-08-22\|newspaper=[[Mladá fronta Dnes]]\|date=2019-05-04\|publisher=[[Mafra (company)\|Mafra]]}}</ref> With Dyk she has another son, Alois, who was born five years before their marriage.<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://www.denik.cz/ostatni_kultura/vojta-dyk-s-tanou-vilhelmovou-uz-jsou-svoji-vzali-se-na-slovacku-20190505.html \| title=Vojta Dyk s Táňou Vilhelmovou už jsou svoji. Vzali se na Slovácku \| newspaper=[[Deník]] \| date=2019-05-05 \| last=Sedláčková \| first=Dagmar\| publisher=[[Vltava Labe Media]] \|access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref> ==Awards== {\| class=wikitable ! width=4% \| Year ! width=23%\| Nominated work ! width=34%\| Award ! width=24%\| Category ! width=15% colspan=2\| Result \|- \|align=center\|1995 \|''Indian Summer'' \|rowspan=3\|[[Czech Lion\|Czech Lion Award]] \| Best Supporting Actress \|{{nom}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref name="indiansummer"/> \|- \|align=center\|1996 \|''Whisper'' \| Best Actress \|{{nom}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/detail?movie=%C5%A0eptej\|title=Whisper\|website=Czech Film and Television Academy\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=cs}}</ref> \|- \|align=center\|1998 \|''A Time of Debts'' \| Best Supporting Actress \|{{nom}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/detail?movie=%C4%8Cas%20dluh%C5%AF\|title=A Time of Debts\|website=Czech Film and Television Academy\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=cs}}</ref> \|- \|align=center rowspan=3\|1999 \|rowspan=3\|''[[The Idiot Returns]]'' \|[[Cottbus Film Festival\|Cottbus Film Festival Award]] \| Honorable Mention \|{{won}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref name="cottbus"/> \|- \|[[Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema\|Buenos Aires IFIC Award]] \|rowspan=2\| Best Actress \|{{won}}{{Ref label\|note_a1\|A}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref name=baific>{{cite web\|url=http://festivalesanteriores.buenosaires.gob.ar/bafici/home13/web/en/bafici/past_awards.html\|title=Previous Winners - 2nd Year\|date=n.d.\|website=[[Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema]]\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503000407/http://festivalesanteriores.buenosaires.gob.ar/bafici/home13/web/en/bafici/past_awards.html\|archive-date=2014-05-03}}</ref> \|- \|Czech Lion Award \|{{nom}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/detail?movie=N%C3%A1vrat%20idiota\|title=The Idiot Returns\|work=Czech Film and Television Academy\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=cs}}</ref> \|- \|align=center\|2000 \|''{{ill\|Společnice\|wikidata\|Q104895129}}'' \|[[Monte-Carlo Television Festival\|Monte-Carlo TF]] - [[Golden Nymph Award]] \| Special Mention \|{{won}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/kultura/118924-dr-house-dexter-i-vypravej-usiluji-o-zlatou-nymfu/\|title=''Dr. House'', ''Dexter'' and ''Tell a Story'' Strive for Golden Nymph\|date=2011-03-23\|website=[[ČT24]]\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=cs}}</ref> \|- \|align=center rowspan=2\|2001 \|rowspan=2\|''[[The Wild Bees]]'' \|Czech Lion Award \|rowspan=2\| Best Actress \|{{nom}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/detail?movie=Divok%C3%A9%20v%C4%8Dely\|title=The Wild Bees\|website=Czech Film and Television Academy\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=cs}}</ref> \|- \|[[Sochi International Film Festival\|Sochi IFF Award]] \|{{won}}{{Ref label\|note_b1\|B}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref name="sochi02"/> \|- \|align=center\|2003 \|Herself \|[[European Film Promotion]] at [[Berlin International Film Festival\|Berlin IFF]] \| [[Shooting Stars Award]] \|{{won\|Mentioned}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.shooting-stars.eu/en/shootingstars.php\|title=European Shooting Stars > 2003\|website=[[European Film Promotion]]\|accessdate=2014-06-21}}</ref> \|- \|align=center rowspan=2\|2004 \|''0049 Divided'' \|[[Český rozhlas\|ČRo Award]] \| Invisible Actor \|{{nom}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.radioservis-as.cz/tydenik/soutez9.htm\|title=8th Year of the Readers Poll ''(In)visible Actor'' or The Most Favorite Acting Performance on the ČRo Radio\|website=[[Czech Radio]]\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=cs}}</ref> \|- \|''Dirty Soul'' \|rowspan=4\|Czech Lion Award \|rowspan=3\| Best Actress \|{{nom}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/detail?movie=Du%C5%A1e%20jako%20kavi%C3%A1r\|title=Dirty Soul\|website=Czech Film and Television Academy\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=cs}}</ref> \|- \|align=center\|2005 \|''[[Something Like Happiness]]'' \|{{won}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/detail?movie=%C5%A0t%C4%9Bst%C3%AD\|title=Something Like Happiness\|website=Czech Film and Television Academy\|accessdate=2014-06-21\|language=cs}}</ref> \|- \|align=center\|2014 \|''Nowhere in Moravia'' \|{{nom}} \| width=3% align=center\|<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/detail?movie=D%C3%ADra%20u%20Hanu%C5%A1ovic\|title=Nowhere in Moravia\|website=Czech Film and Television Academy\|accessdate=2015-01-18\|language=cs}}</ref> \|- \|align=center\|2015 \| align=left\| ''[[Home Care (film)\|Home Care]]'' \| Best Supporting Actress \| {{nominated}} \| <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.filmovaakademie.cz/cz/novinky/nominace-na-ceskeho-lva-ovladly-filmy-ztraceni-v-mnichove-kobry-a-uzovky-a-domaci-pece\|title=Nominace na Českého lva ovládly filmy Ztraceni v Mnichově, Kobry a užovky a Domácí péče\|language=cs\|website=Czech Film and Television Academy\|date=2016-01-19\|access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref> \|- \| colspan=6 width=100% style="font-size:8pt" align="center"\| Note: Awards are listed in order of the effective years, annual ceremonies are usually held the following. \|} ;Notes '''A''' {{Note\|note_a1}} Award shared with co-star [[Anna Geislerová]] for her role of Anna in the [[Návrat idiota\|same movie]] by [[Saša Gedeon]].<ref name=baific/> '''B''' {{Note\|note_b1}} Award shared with Eszter Nagy-Kálózy for her role of Katalin in ''Smoldering Cigarette'' (2001) directed by [[Péter Bacsó]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000784/2002?ref_=nmawd_awd_9\|title=Sochi International Film Festival\|date=14 June 2002\|work=[[Internet Movie Database]]\|accessdate=2014-06-21}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{IMDb name\|0897510}} {{CzechLionBestActress}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dykova, Tatiana}} [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Czech film actresses]] [[Category:Czech stage actresses]] [[Category:Czech television actresses]] [[Category:Actresses from Prague]] [[Category:21st-century Czech actresses]] [[Category:Czech Lion Awards winners]] [[Category:Prague Conservatory alumni]]	1,283,880,344	[{"title": "Tatiana Dykov\u00e1", "data": {"Born": "Tatiana Vilhelmov\u00e1 \u00b7 13 July 1978 \u00b7 Prague, Czechoslovakia", "Occupation": "Actress", "Years active": "1990-present", "Spouses": "Pavel \u010cech\u00e1k \u200b(m. 2005\u2060\u2013\u20602013)\u200b Vojt\u011bch Dyk \u200b(m. 2019)\u200b", "Children": "3", "Awards": "Czech Lion Award (2005)"}}]	false
# Rheda-Wiedenbrück Rheda-Wiedenbrück (German pronunciation: [ˈʁeːda viːdn̩ˈbʁʏk] ⓘ; Westphalian: Raie-Wienbrügge) is a city in the district of Gütersloh, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ## Geography The twin community lies within the valley of the river Ems in the Westphalian Lowland south of the Teutoburg Forest, which is about 30 km away. The formerly independent towns of Rheda and Wiedenbrück are separated by the Federal Highway 2 which does not, however, form the historic border between the two districts. The Ems river runs through the city. The nearest major cities are Gütersloh (about 11 km), Bielefeld and Paderborn around 35 km away, and Hamm about 55 km away. The river enters from the southeast into an urban area. Close to the public pool in Wiedenbrück, an artificial side arm branches off to the north of the river Ems. The Ems and the artificial branch are flowing around the old historic Wiedenbrück city centre and come together again behind the Ems lake at the height of the Wiedenbrück High School. The river then flows through the grounds of the State Garden Show 1988, connects the Wiedenbrücker center with the center of Rheda and leaves the urban area in the northernmost tip. Several small tributaries of the Ems are located in the municipality. Other notable waters are the Buxelssee northeast of the motorway, the Bänischsee northeast of Rheda and Lintel lake east of Wiedenbrück. One characteristic of the two combined cities is a green strip several kilometers long along the Ems, starting at Emssee in downtown Wiedenbrück and ending near the water castle in Rheda. The overall flat terrain falls from south to north. Outside the settlement areas, the city is dominated by agriculture and the city has comparatively large forest areas surrounding the city. ### Expanse and utilisation of city area The city, which is classified as a small center city municipality has an area of 86.68 km². The majority consists of agricultural and forest area, a combined 72%. The greatest distance from north to south is 12.6 km, from east to west about 14 km. \| Agriculture \| Forest \| Buildings, Free Space, Commercial \| Traffic, Roads \| Water \| Recreation, Cemeteries \| Others \| Total Area \| \| ----------- \| --------- \| --------------------------------- \| -------------- \| -------- \| ---------------------- \| -------- \| ---------- \| \| 50.08 km² \| 12.29 km² \| 14.50 km² \| 6.88 km² \| 1.63 km² \| 0.96 km² \| 0.35 km² \| 86.68 km² \| \| 57.8% \| 14.2% \| 16.7% \| 7.9% \| 1.9% \| 1.1% \| 0.3% \| 100.0 % \| The length of the city border is 50,2 km, the highest elevation at 105m and the lowest point at 66m above mean sea level. ### Neighbouring municipalities - Oelde - Herzebrock-Clarholz - Gütersloh - Rietberg - Langenberg ### Division and organisation Rheda-Wiedenbrück is divided according to § 3 of the main articles of association in the city itself and the three villages Batenhorst, Lintel and St. Vit. Before 1 October 2004 the neighbourhood Nordrheda-Ems also was classified as a village, but was then merged with Rheda. The following table shows the numbers of inhabitants and areas of the towns and city areas as of 1 January 2013. \| Village / Part \| Inhabitants \| Area \| Map of city areas \| \| --------------- \| -------------------------- \| ----------- \| ----------------- \| \| Batenhorst \| 1,492 \| 16.90 km² \| centered \| \| Lintel \| 1,510 \| 21.75 km² \| centered \| \| Rheda \| 22,099 incl. Nordrheda-Ems \| 27.06 km² \| centered \| \| (Nordrheda-Ems) \| (not listed) \| (13.95 km²) \| centered \| \| St. Vit \| 1,370 \| 10.37 km² \| centered \| \| Wiedenbrück \| 21,252 \| 10.57 km² \| centered \| \| Total \| 47,723 \| 86.66 km² \| \| ## History It is suspected that in 785 a first small church was built in Wiedenbrück. Excavations show the emergence of a transept basilica built after 900. The dendrochronological analysis of two tree coffins found north of the Saint Aegidius church resulted in a dating to the years 907/923 and 926/42. Rheda was documented at the latest in 1088 and earliest in 1085. Since its first mentioning in 1170 until 1807/1815, the castle or the later Rheda Castle was the center of the Rheda ruling region (the County of Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda). Wiedenbrück was the seat of the Office Reckenberg and thus an exclave of the Bishopric of Osnabrück. Emperor Otto granted the rights of market, coin and customs law for Wiedenbrück to the bishop of Osnabrück in the year 952. Several certificates issued by Otto III (HRE) in Wiedenbrück in 985 are known. It is therefore assumed that a royal court existed in Wiedenbrück at that time. In 1225 bishop Engelbert of Osnabrück took over the ancient legal court responsibility for Wiedenbrück and other cities. This is one of the starting points of the development of the Bishopric of Osnabrück to a territorial state of the Bishop of Osnabrück. The oldest surviving coins from Wiedenbrück are dated 1230. In 1231 Wiedenbrück was proclaimed civitas. Aldermen were elected to the Court and a seal was announced. In 1249 the new town was founded and a year later castle Reckenberg was mentioned for the first time. Around 1462 a first constitution was drafted, based on the constitution of Osnabrück. In 1543 Wiedenbrück was reformed by Hermann Bonnus, a representative of the Bishop Franz of Waldeck. By 1565 Wiedenbrück was predominantly Lutheran. In the same year the boundaries between the Office Reckenberg to which Wiedenbrück counted, and the adjacent Rheda were established in the so-called Bielefeld recess, as two independent sovereign areas were first recognized. After first steps for a Counter-Reformation were taken in 1624/1625, Wiedenbrück was occupied in 1626 during the Thirty Years' War by the Danes . When the Bishop Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg assumed office in 1628, he continued the Counter-Reformation. In 1637 Wiedenbrück established one of the oldest high schools in the region, the Gymnasium Marianum, a Latin School and forerunner of the current Ratsgymnasium high school in Wiedenbrück. The Franciscan monastery was founded in 1644 by Bishop Franz Wilhelm. Three years later, in July 1647 Wiedenbrück was taken by the Swedes, but cleared after dismantling of the fortress within two months. When in 1648 in Münster and Osnabrück the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated, this did require the alternation of a Catholic and a Lutheran bishop in the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg for the Bishopric of Osnabrück. In 1664, prompted by Ernst August I., the refortification of the city began. In 1716 the last urban copper coins were minted. In 1726, a new office building was constructed on the Reckenberg. As a result of the conversion of bishopric Osnabrück into a principality, Wiedenbrück was attached to the house of Hanover in 1802. In 1807 the city became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. The chapter of fellows of collegiate was disbanded in 1810, and the Office Reckenberg with Wiedenbrück were ceded to Prussia at the Congress of Vienna in 1816 and assigned to the new province of Westphalia. Wiedenbrück thus separated from the Diocese of Osnabrück, the Catholic communities of the former Office Reckenberg came to the Archdiocese of Paderborn. In the early morning hours of 10 November 1938 members of the SA, who had previously gathered in the adjacent restaurant Neuhaus, set the Rheda synagogue on fire. The remains were demolished and the property subsequently sold. In 1938 the federal highway A2 was opened to traffic. The highway was not, as is sometimes falsely claimed built almost exactly on the border between Rheda Wiedenbrück, but crosses it several times in different city areas. In 1940, Field Marshal Hermann Goering ordered the confiscation of all bronze church bells, which were to be used for arms manufacturing. From 1816 until the local government reform in 1970, the city was the seat of the district named after the city of Wiedenbrück. ## Religions Of the 47,723 inhabitants (as of 1 January 2013), a total of 23,428 or about 49.1% are of Roman Catholic faith. Rheda-Wiedenbrück belongs to the Archdiocese of Paderborn. 10,274 inhabitants, or about 21.6% are Protestant faith. These believers are part of the church district of Gütersloh in the Evangelical Church of Westphalia. The remaining 10,802 inhabitants or 23.6%, have a different creed or religious affiliation. Because the district of Gütersloh is a stronghold of the Assyrian people living in Germany, the city has a relatively high share of members of the Syriac Orthodox Church. ## Population history The following overview shows the numbers of inhabitants of the city Rheda-Wiedenbrück and for 1939, 1950 and 1961 the number of inhabitants of the present-day city area. The figures up to 1970 and for 1987 are census results and from 1975 based on official updates by the State Office for Data Processing and Statistics. The figures from 1975 to 1985 are estimated values, the figures from 1990 extrapolations based on the results of the census of 1987. The data refer to the resident population and from 1985 to the population with the main place of residence in the city. \| Year \| Population \| \| -------------- \| ---------- \| \| 1939 (17 May) \| 18,014 \| \| 1950 (13 Sept) \| 26,702 \| \| 1961 (6 June) \| 32,214 \| \| 1970 (27 May) \| 36,676 \| \| 1975 (31 Dec) \| 37,365 \| \| Year \| Population \| \| ------------- \| ---------- \| \| 1980 (31 Dec) \| 37,945 \| \| 1985 (31 Dec) \| 37,538 \| \| 1987 (25 May) \| 36,822 \| \| 1990 (31 Dec) \| 38,327 \| \| Year \| Population \| \| ------------- \| ---------- \| \| 1995 (31 Dec) \| 42,155 \| \| 2000 (31 Dec) \| 44,932 \| \| 2005 (31 Dec) \| 46,440 \| \| 2007 (31 Dec) \| 46,710 \| ## Economy The Tönnies Holding has its headquarters in Rheda-Wiedenbrück and operates the largest pork plant in Germany there. ## Twin towns – sister cities Rheda-Wiedenbrück is twinned with: - Adjengré, Togo - Aouda, Togo - Oldenzaal, Netherlands - Palamós, Spain ## Notable people - Martin Harlinghausen (1902–1986), general - Liz Mohn (born 1941), businesswoman and philanthropist - Tim Krohn (born 1965), Swiss writer - Hanne Wolharn (born 1968), actress - Ingo Pohlmann (born 1972), pop musician - Nicole Kortlüke (born 1974), film editor - Tobias Böckers (born 1964), anatomist and neuroscientist - Markus Siegenhort, metal musician - Ulrich von Zons (born 1968), politician ### Associated with the town - Luise Hensel (1798–1876), poet, lived for more than 20 years in Wiedenbrück - Bernhard Hoetger (1874–1949), artist, lived in Wiedenbrück for a short time - Luigi Colani (1928–2019), designer, lived temporarily in Rheda - Judith Lefeber (born 1981), singer, grew up in Rheda-Wiedenbrück	enwiki/4052603	enwiki	4,052,603	Rheda-Wiedenbrück	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheda-Wiedenbr%C3%BCck	2025-04-05T17:39:03Z	en	Q6896	120,089	{{expand German\|topic=geo\|Rheda-Wiedenbrück\|date=July 2012}} {{Infobox German location \|name = Rheda-Wiedenbrück \|type = Stadt \|image_photo = Rheda Schloss.jpg \|imagesize = \|image_caption = ''Schloss Rheda'' \|image_flag = Flagge der Stadt Rheda-Wiedenbrück.svg \|image_coa =Wappen der Stadt Rheda-Wiedenbrück.svg \|coordinates = {{coord\|51\|50\|30\|N\|8\|18\|00\|E\|format=dms\|display=inline,title}} \|image_plan = Rheda-Wiedenbrück in GT.svg \|state = Nordrhein-Westfalen \|region = Detmold \|district = Gütersloh \|elevation = 66-105 \|area = 86.72 \|postal_code = 33378 \|area_code = 05242 \|licence = GT \|Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 7 54 028 \|divisions = 6 \|website = [https://www.rheda-wiedenbrueck.de/ rheda-wiedenbrueck.de] \|mayor = Theo Mettenborg<ref>[https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_bm.shtml Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020], Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 21 June 2021.</ref> \|leader_term = 2020–25 \|party = CDU }} '''Rheda-Wiedenbrück''' ({{IPA\|de\|ˈʁeːda viːdn̩ˈbʁʏk\|-\|De-Rheda-Wiedenbrück.ogg}}; [[Westphalian language\|Westphalian]]: ''Raie-Wienbrügge'') is a city in the [[Gütersloh (district)\|district of Gütersloh]], in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. ==Geography== The twin community lies within the valley of the river Ems in the [[Westphalian Lowland]] south of the [[Teutoburg Forest]], which is about 30 km away. The formerly independent towns of [[Rheda, Germany\|Rheda]] and Wiedenbrück are separated by the [[Bundesautobahn 2\|Federal Highway 2]] which does not, however, form the historic border between the two districts. The Ems river runs through the city. The nearest major cities are [[Gütersloh]] (about 11 km), [[Bielefeld]] and [[Paderborn]] around 35 km away, and [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia\|Hamm]] about 55 km away. The river enters from the southeast into an urban area. Close to the public pool in Wiedenbrück, an artificial side arm branches off to the north of the river Ems. The Ems and the artificial branch are flowing around the old historic Wiedenbrück city centre and come together again behind the Ems lake at the height of the Wiedenbrück High School. The river then flows through the grounds of the State Garden Show 1988, connects the Wiedenbrücker center with the center of Rheda and leaves the urban area in the northernmost tip. Several small tributaries of the Ems are located in the municipality. Other notable waters are the Buxelssee northeast of the motorway, the Bänischsee northeast of Rheda and Lintel lake east of Wiedenbrück. One characteristic of the two combined cities is a green strip several kilometers long along the Ems, starting at Emssee in downtown Wiedenbrück and ending near the water castle in Rheda. The overall flat terrain falls from south to north. Outside the settlement areas, the city is dominated by agriculture and the city has comparatively large forest areas surrounding the city. ===Expanse and utilisation of city area=== The city, which is classified as a small center city municipality has an area of 86.68 km². The majority consists of agricultural and forest area, a combined 72%.<ref name="LDS-Kommunalprofil">{{cite web \| url=http://www.it.nrw.de/kommunalprofil/l05754028.pdf \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218010101/http://www.it.nrw.de/kommunalprofil/l05754028.pdf\|title=Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW, Geschäftsbereich Statistik: Kommunalprofil Rheda-Wiedenbrück \|pages=3\|access-date=2010-10-07 \| url-status=dead \|archive-date=2009-12-18}}</ref> The greatest distance from north to south is 12.6 km, from east to west about 14 km. {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Area by type \|- ! Agriculture ! Forest ! Buildings,<br/>Free Space,<br/>Commercial ! Traffic,<br/>Roads ! Water ! Recreation,<br />Cemeteries ! Others<ref>combines areas of various use (0.30 km²) Moor and other non-usable areas (0.04 km²) as well as mining areas (0.01 km²)</ref> ! Total Area \|- \| align="right" \| 50.08 km² \| align="right" \| 12.29 km² \| align="right" \| 14.50 km² \| align="right" \| 6.88 km² \| align="right" \| 1.63 km² \| align="right" \| 0.96 km² \| align="right" \| 0.35 km² \| align="right" \| '''86.68 km²''' \|- \| align="right" \| 57.8% \| align="right" \| 14.2% \| align="right" \| 16.7% \| align="right" \| 7.9% \| align="right" \| 1.9% \| align="right" \| 1.1% \| align="right" \| 0.3% \| align="right" \| '''100.0 %''' \|} The length of the city border is 50,2 km, the highest elevation at 105m and the lowest point at 66m above mean sea level. ===Neighbouring municipalities=== * [[Oelde]] * [[Herzebrock-Clarholz]] * [[Gütersloh]] * [[Rietberg]] * [[Langenberg (Westphalia)\|Langenberg]] ===Division and organisation=== Rheda-Wiedenbrück is divided according to § 3 of the main articles of association<ref name="Hauptsatzung">[http://www2.rheda-wiedenbrueck.de/downloads/1.3_hauptsatzung.pdf?part=screen Hauptsatzung der Stadt Rheda-Wiedenbrück] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106231705/http://www2.rheda-wiedenbrueck.de/downloads/1.3_hauptsatzung.pdf?part=screen \|date=2007-11-06 }} date November 9, 1999 in its 7th revision dated March 25, 2008</ref> in the city itself and the three villages Batenhorst, Lintel and St. Vit. Before 1 October 2004 the neighbourhood Nordrheda-Ems also was classified as a village, but was then merged with Rheda. The following table shows the numbers of inhabitants and areas of the towns and city areas as of 1 January 2013. {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Village / Part ! Inhabitants<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.rheda-wiedenbrueck.de/rubrik_070/sr_seiten/content/112110100000005759.php#a112110100000005759-10155 \|title=Website der Stadt Rheda-Wiedenbrück: Zahlen und Fakten – Daten zu Rheda-Wiedenbrück}}</ref> ! Area<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://www5.rheda-wiedenbrueck.de/rubrik_070/sr_seiten/content/112110100000005759.php \| title= Website der Stadt Rheda-Wiedenbrück: Zahlen und Fakten – Daten zu Rheda-Wiedenbrück \| url-status= dead \| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131211114350/http://www.rheda-wiedenbrueck.de/rubrik_070/sr_seiten/content/112110100000005759.php \| archivedate= 2013-12-11 }}</ref> ! Map of city areas \|- \| Batenhorst \| align="right" \| 1,492 \| align="right" \| 16.90 km² ! rowspan="6"\| [[File:Admin Rheda-Wiedenbrueck.svg\|250px\|centered]] \|- \| Lintel \| align="right" \| 1,510 \| align="right" \| 21.75 km² \|- \| Rheda \| align="right" \| 22,099 incl. Nordrheda-Ems \| align="right" \| 27.06 km² \|- \|   '' (Nordrheda-Ems)'' \| align="right" \|   ''(not listed)'' \| align="right" \|   ''(13.95 km²)'' \|- \| St. Vit \| align="right" \| 1,370 \| align="right" \| 10.37 km² \|- \| Wiedenbrück \| align="right" \| 21,252 \| align="right" \| 10.57 km² \|- \| '''Total''' \| align="right" \| '''47,723''' \| align="right" \| '''86.66 km²''' \|} ==History== [[File:Wiedenbrueck Marktplatz 4.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Wiedenbrück market square]] [[File:Rheda-Wiedenbrück, Rathaus.JPG\|thumb\|Renovated city hall in Rheda]] [[File:St. Aegidiuskirche, Wiedenbrück, Kanonenkugel.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Bullet damage from the Thirty Years' War at Saint Aegidius church]] It is suspected that in 785 a first small church was built in Wiedenbrück. Excavations show the emergence of a transept basilica built after 900. The [[Dendrochronology\|dendrochronological]] analysis of two tree coffins found north of the Saint Aegidius church resulted in a dating to the years 907/923 and 926/42. Rheda was documented at the latest in 1088 and earliest in 1085. Since its first mentioning in 1170 until 1807/1815, the castle or the later Rheda Castle was the center of the Rheda ruling region (the County of [[Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda]]). Wiedenbrück was the seat of the Office Reckenberg and thus an exclave of the Bishopric of Osnabrück. Emperor Otto granted the rights of market, coin and customs law for Wiedenbrück to the bishop of Osnabrück in the year 952. Several certificates issued by [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor\|Otto III (HRE)]] in Wiedenbrück in 985 are known. It is therefore assumed that a royal court existed in Wiedenbrück at that time. In 1225 bishop Engelbert of Osnabrück took over the ancient legal court responsibility for Wiedenbrück and other cities. This is one of the starting points of the development of the Bishopric of Osnabrück to a [[territorial state]] of the Bishop of Osnabrück. The oldest surviving coins from Wiedenbrück are dated 1230. In 1231 Wiedenbrück was proclaimed ''civitas''. Aldermen were elected to the Court and a seal was announced. In 1249 the new town was founded and a year later castle Reckenberg was mentioned for the first time. Around 1462 a first constitution was drafted, based on the constitution of Osnabrück. In 1543 Wiedenbrück was [[Protestant Reformation\|reformed]] by Hermann Bonnus, a representative of the Bishop Franz of Waldeck. By 1565 Wiedenbrück was predominantly [[Lutheranism\|Lutheran]]. In the same year the boundaries between the Office Reckenberg to which Wiedenbrück counted, and the adjacent Rheda were established in the so-called Bielefeld recess, as two independent sovereign areas were first recognized. After first steps for a [[Counter-Reformation]] were taken in 1624/1625, Wiedenbrück was occupied in 1626 during the [[Thirty Years' War]] by the Danes . When the Bishop Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg assumed office in 1628, he continued the Counter-Reformation. In 1637 Wiedenbrück established one of the oldest high schools in the region, the ''Gymnasium Marianum'', a Latin School and forerunner of the current ''Ratsgymnasium'' high school in Wiedenbrück. The Franciscan monastery was founded in 1644 by Bishop Franz Wilhelm. Three years later, in July 1647 Wiedenbrück was taken by the Swedes, but cleared after dismantling of the fortress within two months. When in 1648 in Münster and Osnabrück the [[Peace of Westphalia]] was negotiated, this did require the alternation of a Catholic and a Lutheran bishop in the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg for the Bishopric of Osnabrück. In 1664, prompted by Ernst August I., the refortification of the city began. In 1716 the last urban copper coins were minted. In 1726, a new office building was constructed on the Reckenberg. As a result of the conversion of bishopric Osnabrück into a principality, Wiedenbrück was attached to the [[house of Hanover]] in 1802. In 1807 the city became part of the [[Kingdom of Westphalia]]. The chapter of fellows of collegiate was{{clarify\|dated=February 2015\|date=February 2015}} disbanded in 1810, and the Office Reckenberg with Wiedenbrück were ceded to [[Prussia]] at the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1816 and assigned to the new province of [[Westphalia]]. Wiedenbrück thus separated from the [[Diocese of Osnabrück]], the Catholic communities of the former Office Reckenberg came to the [[Archdiocese of Paderborn]]. In the early morning hours of 10 November 1938 members of the SA, who had previously gathered in the adjacent restaurant Neuhaus, set the Rheda synagogue on fire. The remains were demolished and the property subsequently sold. In 1938 the federal highway A2 was opened to traffic. The highway was not, as is sometimes falsely claimed built almost exactly on the border between Rheda Wiedenbrück, but crosses it several times in different city areas. In 1940, Field Marshal Hermann Goering ordered the confiscation of all bronze church bells, which were to be used for arms manufacturing. From 1816 until the local government reform in 1970, the city was the seat of the district named after the city of Wiedenbrück. ==Religions== Of the 47,723 inhabitants (as of 1 January 2013), a total of 23,428 or about 49.1% are of Roman Catholic faith. Rheda-Wiedenbrück belongs to the Archdiocese of Paderborn. 10,274 inhabitants, or about 21.6% are Protestant faith. These believers are part of the church district of Gütersloh in the Evangelical Church of Westphalia. The remaining 10,802 inhabitants or 23.6%, have a different creed or religious affiliation. Because the district of Gütersloh is a stronghold of the [[Assyrian people]] living in Germany, the city has a relatively high share of members of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. ==Population history== [[File:Rheda-Wiedenbrück - population development.svg\|300px\|thumb\|Population development of Rheda-Wiedenbrück between 1939 and 2007 (current area)]] The following overview shows the numbers of inhabitants of the city Rheda-Wiedenbrück and for 1939, 1950 and 1961 the number of inhabitants of the present-day city area. The figures up to 1970 and for 1987 are census results <ref name="einwohner1970">Statistisches Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen: ''Die Wohnbevölkerung in den Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens 1970 : Ergebnisse der Volkszählung am 27. Mai 1970''. Düsseldorf 1972, S. 46.</ref><ref name="einwohner1987">Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen: ''Sonderreihe zur Volkszählung 1987 in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Band 1.1: Bevölkerung, Privathaushalte und Erwerbstätige.'' Düsseldorf 1989, S. 110.</ref> and from 1975 based on official updates by the State Office for Data Processing and Statistics.<ref name="Landesdatenbank">[https://www.landesdatenbank.nrw.de/ Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen: ''Landesdatenbank Nordrhein-Westfalen'']</ref> The figures from 1975 to 1985 are estimated values, the figures from 1990 extrapolations based on the results of the census of 1987. The data refer to the resident population and from 1985 to the population with the main place of residence in the city. {\| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" \| valign="top" \| {\| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#efefef;"\| Year ! style="background:#efefef;"\| Population \|- \| 1939 <small>(17 May)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 18,014 \|- \| 1950 <small>(13 Sept)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 26,702 \|- \| 1961 <small>(6 June)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 32,214 \|- \| 1970 <small>(27 May)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 36,676 \|- \| 1975 <small>(31 Dec)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 37,365 \|} \| valign="top" \| {\| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#efefef;"\| Year ! style="background:#efefef;"\| Population \|- \| 1980 <small>(31 Dec)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 37,945 \|- \| 1985 <small>(31 Dec)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 37,538 \|- \| 1987 <small>(25 May)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 36,822 \|- \| 1990 <small>(31 Dec)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 38,327 \|} \| valign="top" \| {\| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#efefef;"\| Year ! style="background:#efefef;"\| Population \|- \| 1995 <small>(31 Dec)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 42,155 \|- \| 2000 <small>(31 Dec)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 44,932 \|- \| 2005 <small>(31 Dec)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 46,440 \|- \| 2007 <small>(31 Dec)</small> \|\| align="right" \| 46,710 \|} \|} ==Economy== The [[Tönnies Holding]] has its [[headquarters]] in Rheda-Wiedenbrück and operates the largest [[pork]] plant in Germany there.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Covid-19: Tönnies closes largest pork plant in Germany \|last=van Dooren \|first=Kees \|work=Pig Progress \|date=2020-06-19 \|access-date=2023-02-06 \|url=https://www.pigprogress.net/health-nutrition/covid-19-tonnies-closes-largest-pork-plant-in-germany/}}</ref> ==Twin towns – sister cities== {{See also\|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Rheda-Wiedenbrück is [[Sister city\|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web \|title=Partnerstädte\|url=https://www.rheda-wiedenbrueck.de/freizeit-tourismus/schoenes-rhwd/staedtepartnerschaft/\|website=rheda-wiedenbrueck.de\|publisher=Rheda-Wiedenbrück\|language=de\|access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref> {{flagicon\|TGO}} [[Cantons of Togo#Centrale Region\|Adjengré]], Togo {{flagicon\|TGO}} [[Cantons of Togo#Centrale Region\|Aouda]], Togo {{flagicon\|NED}} [[Oldenzaal]], Netherlands {{flagicon\|ESP}} [[Palamós]], Spain ==Notable people== [[Martin Harlinghausen]] (1902–1986), general [[Liz Mohn]] (born 1941), businesswoman and philanthropist [[Tim Krohn]] (born 1965), Swiss writer [[Hanne Wolharn]] (born 1968), actress [[Ingo Pohlmann]] (born 1972), pop musician [[Nicole Kortlüke]] (born 1974), film editor [[Tobias Böckers]] (born 1964), anatomist and neuroscientist Markus Siegenhort, metal musician [[Ulrich von Zons]] (born 1968), politician ===Associated with the town=== [[Luise Hensel]] (1798–1876), poet, lived for more than 20 years in Wiedenbrück [[Bernhard Hoetger]] (1874–1949), artist, lived in Wiedenbrück for a short time [[Luigi Colani]] (1928–2019), designer, lived temporarily in Rheda [[Judith Lefeber]] (born 1981), singer, grew up in Rheda-Wiedenbrück ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Official website}} {{in lang\|de}} {{commons category\|Rheda-Wiedenbrück}} {{Cities and towns in Gütersloh (district)}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rheda-Wiedenbruck}} [[Category:Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia]]	1,284,117,027	[{"title": "Rheda-Wiedenbr\u00fcck", "data": {"Country": "Germany", "State": "North Rhine-Westphalia", "Admin. region": "Detmold", "District": "G\u00fctersloh", "Subdivisions": "6"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Mayor (2020\u201325)": "Theo Mettenborg (CDU)"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "86.72 km2 (33.48 sq mi)", "Highest elevation": "105 m (344 ft)", "Lowest elevation": "66 m (217 ft)"}}, {"title": "Population (2023-12-31)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "49,849", "\u2022 Density": "570/km2 (1,500/sq mi)", "Time zone": "UTC+01:00 (CET)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC+02:00 (CEST)", "Postal codes": "33378", "Dialling codes": "05242", "Vehicle registration": "GT", "Website": "rheda-wiedenbrueck.de"}}]	false
# Below (album) Below is the fourth studio album by American rock band Beartooth. The album was released on June 25, 2021, through Red Bull Records. It was produced by Caleb Shomo and Oshie Bichar. A deluxe edition of Below was released on March 18, 2022, with an additional 20 tracks. ## Background and promotion On June 23, 2020, Shomo said that the band's fourth album, which he referred to as "LP4", was being recorded at Capital House Studio in Ohio. On December 8, Shomo stated on a Twitch stream in that he was "aiming for an album release by spring 2021" and that singles would "definitely" be released before then. On March 19, 2021, the band surprise released a new song called "Devastation" which saw their sound deviate from their metalcore roots, in favour of a hard rock/heavy metal feel. On March 26, a week after the release of "Devastation", the band released the second single "The Past Is Dead" along with a corresponding music video. At the same time, the band announced the album itself, the album cover, the track list, and release date. On April 23, the band released the third single "Hell of It". On May 21, two weeks before the album release, the band unveiled the fourth single "Fed Up" which frontman Caleb Shomo revealed "was written mid lockdown" in 2020 during, and about the COVID-19 lockdowns. On June 25, the album's release date, the band debuted the fifth single "Skin" along with an accompanying music video. ## Critical reception \| Aggregate scores \| Aggregate scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ---------------- \| ---------------- \| \| Metacritic \| 88/100 \| \| Review scores \| \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| AllMusic \| [ 18 ] \| \| Clash \| 8/10 \| \| Dead Press! \| 9/10 \| \| Distorted Sound \| 9/10 \| \| Kerrang! \| [ 22 ] \| \| Louder Sound \| [ 23 ] \| \| New Noise \| [ 24 ] \| \| Rock Sins \| 9/10 \| \| Wall of Sound \| 10/10 \| The album received critical acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 88 out of 100 based on 4 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". AllMusic gave the album a positive review but saying, "Combining those catchy flourishes with the band's trademark heaviness creates a great balance, and Below winds up being one of Beartooth's most enjoyable and immediate releases to date." Clash was positive towards the release stating, "Unapologetically heavy, with some spell-binding riffs and addictive hooks, Below takes us across twelve gritty tunes all reflective of the turbulence of fourteen months spent in isolation." Dead Press! rated the album positively, stating: "After three records of refining their hard rock driven metalcore, Caleb Shomo and co. have returned with Below. Displaying a confidence and an aptitude for mixing in various influences, Below sees Beartooth yet again deliver a collection of consistent, passionate, and at times surprising set of tracks." Distorted Sound scored the album 9 out of 10 and said: "Below is a true tour de force for BEARTOOTH. While the album isn't perfect in that one or two tracks are interchangeable, we let it slide. Below drains us of our negativity and leaves us feeling spent in the best possible way. The one thing we lack now is a live arena where we purge ourselves to the sound of madness." Kerrang! gave the album 4 out of 5 and considered the release to be "The proof that Caleb Shomo is one of his generation's most remarkable songwriters: the deeper he dives, the higher Beartooth climb." Louder Sound gave the album a positive review and stated that "Below is the kind of album we can all believe in." Caleb R. Newton from New Noise praised the album saying, "On Below, Beartooth sound like they'd fit well anywhere from a festival-size setting to a cramped rock club, as their energy alone seems poised to provide a compelling hook for observers." Simon Crampton of Rock Sins rated the album 9 out of 10 and said: "With Below it feels like they have made an album that showcases everything that made them such a great band in the first place, but it also feels like a love letter to their fans and the struggles they have battled and overcome together. It's a highly potent, powerful and ultimately uplifting album that will leave you wanting to hit the repeat button over and over again." Wall of Sound gave the album a perfect score 10/10 and saying: "And that brings us to the end of Beartooth's new opus Below. It's safe to say it sounds like Caleb is no longer trying to chase the metalcore sound that made Tooth a household name, instead, he's venturing into heavy metal/hard rock territory, showcasing a talent that's just dying to be heard by a vast array of heavy music fans who are yet to discover them. It seriously won't be long before these guys are playing with the big boys of metal and as a long term fan, I'm so bloody proud!" ## Track listing All tracks are written by Caleb Shomo. \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| ------------- \| -------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Below" \| 3:49 \| \| 2. \| "Devastation" \| 3:41 \| \| 3. \| "The Past Is Dead" \| 3:35 \| \| 4. \| "Fed Up" \| 3:21 \| \| 5. \| "Dominate" \| 3:37 \| \| 6. \| "No Return" \| 3:49 \| \| 7. \| "Phantom Pain" \| 3:51 \| \| 8. \| "Skin" \| 3:18 \| \| 9. \| "Hell of It" \| 3:23 \| \| 10. \| "I Won't Give It Up" \| 3:46 \| \| 11. \| "The Answer" \| 3:39 \| \| 12. \| "The Last Riff" \| 4:41 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 44:36 \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ------------------------------------------------ \| ------ \| \| 13. \| "Skin" (alternate universe edition) \| 3:42 \| \| 14. \| "Fighting Back" \| 3:21 \| \| 15. \| "Permanently Sealed" \| 3:08 \| \| 16. \| "Below" (live from the Journey Below) \| 4:32 \| \| 17. \| "Devastation" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:39 \| \| 18. \| "Hated" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:51 \| \| 19. \| "Sick of Me" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:14 \| \| 20. \| "Fed Up" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:48 \| \| 21. \| "Dominate" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:55 \| \| 22. \| "The Lines" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:46 \| \| 23. \| "Beaten in Lips" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:50 \| \| 24. \| "Body Bag" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:50 \| \| 25. \| "Hell of It" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:42 \| \| 26. \| "Skin" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:31 \| \| 27. \| "You Never Know" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:44 \| \| 28. \| "Bad Listener" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:54 \| \| 29. \| "Disease" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:44 \| \| 30. \| "In Between" (live from the Journey Below) \| 3:39 \| \| 31. \| "The Past Is Dead" (live from the Journey Below) \| 4:10 \| \| 32. \| "The Last Riff" (live from the Journey Below) \| 6:51 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 122:00 \| ## Personnel Credits adapted from Discogs. Beartooth - Caleb Shomo – lead vocals, engineering, mixing, mastering, production - Zach Huston – lead guitar, backing vocals - Will Deely – rhythm guitar, backing vocals - Oshie Bichar – bass, backing vocals, production - Connor Denis – drums, backing vocals Additional personnel - Nick Ingram – engineering - Brandon Rike – art direction, creative direction - Tnsn Dvsn – creative direction, design - Joel Cook – creative direction - Dedy Badic Art – illustration - Caleb Davis and Nathaniel Utesch – art direction - Kenny "Tick" Salcido - A&R ## Charts \| Chart (2021) \| Peak position \| \| ----------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Australian Albums (ARIA) \| 42 \| \| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) \| 18 \| \| Canadian Albums (Billboard) \| 100 \| \| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) \| 10 \| \| Scottish Albums (OCC) \| 16 \| \| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) \| 36 \| \| UK Albums (OCC) \| 39 \| \| UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) \| 3 \| \| US Billboard 200 \| 30 \| \| US Independent Albums (Billboard) \| 2 \| \| US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard) \| 2 \| \| US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) \| 4 \|	enwiki/67307512	enwiki	67,307,512	Below (album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Below_(album)	2025-04-22T21:16:17Z	en	Q108179387	153,689	{{Use mdy dates\|date=May 2022}} {{Infobox album \| name = Below \| type = studio \| artist = [[Beartooth (band)\|Beartooth]] \| cover = BeartoothBelow.jpg \| alt = \| released = {{Start date\|2021\|06\|25}} <br/>{{Start date\|2022\|03\|18}} (Deluxe edition) \| recorded = \| venue = \| studio = Capital House Studio, [[Columbus, Ohio]], U.S. \| genre = <!-- please don't make unexplained genre changes! --> * [[Alternative metal]] * [[post-hardcore]]<ref name="metalde" >{{Cite web \|last=Grönecke \|first=Jeanette \|date=19 June 2021 \|title=Beartooth - Below Review \|url=https://www.metal.de/reviews/beartooth-below-421719/ \|access-date=2024-06-13 \|website=[[metal.de]] \|language=de}}</ref> * [[hard rock]]<ref name="WOS"/> * [[metalcore]]<ref name="metalde" /> \| length = 44:36 <br/>122:00 (Deluxe edition) \| label = [[Red Bull Records\|Red Bull]] \| producer = * [[Caleb Shomo]] * Oshie Bichar \| prev_title = [[Disease (Beartooth album)\|Disease]] \| prev_year = 2018 \| next_title = [[The Surface (album)\|The Surface]] \| next_year = 2023 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = Below \| type = Studio \| single1 = Devastation \| single1date = March 19, 2021 \| single2 = [[The Past Is Dead]] \| single2date = March 26, 2021 \| single3 = Hell of It \| single3date = April 23, 2021 \| single4 = Fed Up \| single4date = May 21, 2021 \| single5 = Skin \| single5date = June 25, 2021 }} {{Extra album cover \| header = Deluxe edition cover \| type = studio \| cover = BeartoothBelowDeluxe.jpg \| border = \| alt = \| caption = Artwork used for the deluxe edition cover }} }} '''''Below''''' is the fourth studio album by American [[Rock music\|rock]] band [[Beartooth (band)\|Beartooth]]. The album was released on June 25, 2021, through [[Red Bull Records]]. It was produced by [[Caleb Shomo]] and Oshie Bichar.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/beartooth-announce-forthcoming-release-of-new-album-below-2908304\|title=Beartooth announce new album 'Below', share new single\|publisher=[[NME]]\|accessdate=August 18, 2021\|date=March 26, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/beartooth-announce-fourth-album-below-unleash-new-single-video-the-past-is-dead/\|title=Beartooth announce fourth album Below; unleash new single/video, The Past Is Dead\|publisher=[[Kerrang!]]\|accessdate=August 18, 2021\|date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> A deluxe edition of ''Below'' was released on March 18, 2022, with an additional 20 tracks.<ref name="deluxe">{{cite web\|url=https://wallofsoundau.com/2022/03/18/beartooth-debut-below-deluxe-with-two-new-songs-alternate-universe-version-of-skin-more/\|title=Beartooth Debut Below (Deluxe) with Two New Songs + Alternate Universe Version of 'Skin' & More!\|website=Wall of Sound\|date=March 18, 2022\|access-date=April 15, 2022}}</ref> ==Background and promotion== On June 23, 2020, Shomo said that the band's fourth album, which he referred to as "LP4", was being recorded at Capital House Studio in Ohio. On December 8, Shomo stated on a Twitch stream in that he was "aiming for an album release by spring 2021" and that singles would "definitely" be released before then.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/caleb-shomo-teases-a-snippet-of-new-beartooth-music/\|title=Caleb Shomo Teases A Heavy Snippet Of New Beartooth Music\|publisher=[[Kerrang!]]\|access-date=November 24, 2020\|date=June 24, 2020}}</ref> On March 19, 2021, the band surprise released a new song called "Devastation" which saw their sound deviate from their metalcore roots, in favour of a hard rock/heavy metal feel.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.altpress.com/news/beartooth-release-new-single-devastation/\|title=Beartooth return with heavy-hitting new single "Devastation"—listen\|website=[[Alternative Press (magazine)\|AltPress]]\|date=March 19, 2021\|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://wallofsoundau.com/2021/03/18/beartooth-unleash-surprise-song-devastation/\|title=OMFG!!! Beartooth Unleash Surprise Song 'Devastation'\|website=Wall of Sound\|date=March 18, 2021\|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> On March 26, a week after the release of "Devastation", the band released the second single "[[The Past Is Dead]]" along with a corresponding music video. At the same time, the band announced the album itself, the album cover, the track list, and release date.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/beartooth-have-announced-the-details-of-their-brand-new-album-below\|title=Beartooth Have Announced The Details Of Their Brand New Album 'Below'\|website=[[Rock Sound]]\|date=March 26, 2021\|access-date=August 18, 2021\|archive-date=August 18, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818130613/https://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/beartooth-have-announced-the-details-of-their-brand-new-album-below\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://loudwire.com/beartooth-past-is-dead-lyrics-fourth-album-below/\|title=Beartooth Drop Anthemic 'The Past Is Dead' + Announce Fourth Album 'Below'\|website=[[Loudwire]]\|date=March 26, 2021\|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> On April 23, the band released the third single "Hell of It".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://wallofsoundau.com/2021/04/23/beartooth-unveil-heavy-belter-hell-of-it/\|title=Beartooth Unveil Another HEAVY Belter Titled 'Hell of It'\|website=Wall of Sound\|date=April 23, 2021\|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/beartooth-drop-anguish-ridden-new-single-hell-of-it-2926393\|title=Beartooth share anguished new single 'Hell Of It'\|website=[[NME]]\|date=April 23, 2021\|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> On May 21, two weeks before the album release, the band unveiled the fourth single "Fed Up" which frontman Caleb Shomo revealed "''was written mid lockdown"'' in 2020 during, and about the [[COVID-19 lockdowns]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/listen-to-new-beartooth-song-fed-up/\|title=Listen To New BEARTOOTH Song 'Fed Up'\|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]\|accessdate=August 18, 2021\|date=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/beartooth-are-fed-up-of-everything-on-new-single/\|title=Beartooth are Fed Up with everything on new single\|publisher=[[Kerrang!]]\|accessdate=August 18, 2021\|date=May 21, 2021}}</ref> On June 25, the album's release date, the band debuted the fifth single "Skin" along with an accompanying music video.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/beartooth-releases-music-video-for-new-song-skin/\|title=BEARTOOTH Releases Music Video For New Song 'Skin'\|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]\|accessdate=August 18, 2021\|date=June 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://wallofsoundau.com/2021/06/25/beartooth-celebrate-belows-release-with-new-single-skin/\|title=Beartooth Celebrate Below's Release with New Single 'Skin'\|website=Wall of Sound\|date=June 25, 2021\|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> ==Critical reception== {{Music ratings \| MC = 88/100<ref name="MC1">{{cite web\|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/below/beartooth\|title='Below' on Metacritic\|publisher=Metacritic\|accessdate=August 18, 2021}}</ref> \| rev1 = [[AllMusic]] \| rev1score = {{Rating\|4.5\|5}}<ref name="allmusic">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/below-mw0003502179\|title=Beartooth Below\|work=[[AllMusic]]\|last=Z. Yeung\|first=Neil\|accessdate=August 18, 2021}}</ref> \| rev2 = ''[[Clash (magazine)\|Clash]]'' \| rev2score = 8/10<ref name="Clash rev">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/beartooth-below\|title=Beartooth - Below\|author=Thomas Laviea\|website=[[Clash (magazine)\|Clash]]\|date=June 28, 2021\|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> \| rev3 = ''Dead Press!'' \| rev3score = 9/10<ref name="deadpress">{{cite web\|url=https://www.deadpress.co.uk/album-review-beartooth-below/\|title=ALBUM REVIEW: Beartooth – Below\|publisher=Dead Press!\|first=Damon\|last=Taylor\|date=June 27, 2021\|accessdate=August 18, 2021\|archive-date=August 18, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818135016/https://www.deadpress.co.uk/album-review-beartooth-below/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> \| rev4 = ''Distorted Sound'' \| rev4score = 9/10<ref name="distortedsound">{{cite web\|url=https://distortedsoundmag.com/album-review-below-beartooth/\|title=ALBUM REVIEW: Below – Beartooth\|publisher=Distorted Sound Mag\|first=Tasha \|last=Brown\|date=June 24, 2021\|accessdate=August 18, 2021}}</ref> \| rev5 = ''[[Kerrang!]]'' \| rev5score = {{Rating\|4\|5}}<ref name="kerrang">{{cite web\|url=https://www.kerrang.com/reviews/album-review-beartooth-below/\|title=Album review: Beartooth – Below\|website=[[Kerrang!]]\|first=Sam \|last=Law\|date=June 25, 2021\|accessdate=August 18, 2021}}</ref> \| rev6 = ''[[Metal Hammer\|Louder Sound]]'' \| rev6score = {{Rating\|4\|5}}<ref name="loudersound">{{cite web\|url=https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/beartooth-below-album-review\|title=Beartooth's Below: gnarly noise meets life-affirming anthems\|website=[[Metal Hammer\|Louder Sound]]\|first=Dannii \|last=Leivers\|date=June 21, 2021\|accessdate=August 18, 2021}}</ref> \| rev7 = ''New Noise'' \| rev7score = {{Rating\|5\|5}}<ref name="newnoise">{{cite web\|url=https://newnoisemagazine.com/album-review-beartooth-below/\|title=Album Review: Beartooth – Below\|website=New Noise\|first=Caleb \|last=R. Newton\|date=June 22, 2021\|accessdate=August 18, 2021}}</ref> \| rev8 = ''Rock Sins'' \| rev8score = 9/10<ref name="Rock Sins">{{cite web\|url=https://www.rocksins.com/2021/06/beartooth-below-43099/\|title=Beartooth – Below\|publisher=Rock Sins\|first=Simon\|last=Crampton\|date=June 23, 2021\|accessdate=August 18, 2021}}</ref> \| rev9 = ''Wall of Sound'' \| rev9score = 10/10<ref name="WOS">{{cite web\|url=https://wallofsoundau.com/2021/06/20/beartooth-below-album-review/\|title=Beartooth – Below (Album Review)\|website=Wall of Sound\|first=Paul \|last=Brown\|date=June 20, 2021\|accessdate=August 18, 2021}}</ref> }} The album received critical acclaim from critics. At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 88 out of 100 based on 4 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref name="MC1"/> [[AllMusic]] gave the album a positive review but saying, "Combining those catchy flourishes with the band's trademark heaviness creates a great balance, and ''Below'' winds up being one of Beartooth's most enjoyable and immediate releases to date."<ref name="allmusic"/> ''[[Clash (magazine)\|Clash]]'' was positive towards the release stating, "Unapologetically heavy, with some spell-binding riffs and addictive hooks, ''Below'' takes us across twelve gritty tunes all reflective of the turbulence of fourteen months spent in isolation."<ref name="Clash rev"/> ''Dead Press!'' rated the album positively, stating: "After three records of refining their hard rock driven metalcore, Caleb Shomo and co. have returned with ''Below''. Displaying a confidence and an aptitude for mixing in various influences, ''Below'' sees Beartooth yet again deliver a collection of consistent, passionate, and at times surprising set of tracks."<ref name="deadpress"/> ''Distorted Sound'' scored the album 9 out of 10 and said: "''Below'' is a true tour de force for BEARTOOTH. While the album isn't perfect in that one or two tracks are interchangeable, we let it slide. ''Below'' drains us of our negativity and leaves us feeling spent in the best possible way. The one thing we lack now is a live arena where we purge ourselves to the sound of madness."<ref name="distortedsound"/> ''[[Kerrang!]]'' gave the album 4 out of 5 and considered the release to be "The proof that Caleb Shomo is one of his generation's most remarkable songwriters: the deeper he dives, the higher Beartooth climb."<ref name="kerrang"/> ''[[Metal Hammer\|Louder Sound]]'' gave the album a positive review and stated that "''Below'' is the kind of album we can all believe in."<ref name="loudersound"/> Caleb R. Newton from ''New Noise'' praised the album saying, "On ''Below'', Beartooth sound like they'd fit well anywhere from a festival-size setting to a cramped rock club, as their energy alone seems poised to provide a compelling hook for observers."<ref name="newnoise"/> Simon Crampton of ''Rock Sins'' rated the album 9 out of 10 and said: "With ''Below'' it feels like they have made an album that showcases everything that made them such a great band in the first place, but it also feels like a love letter to their fans and the struggles they have battled and overcome together. It's a highly potent, powerful and ultimately uplifting album that will leave you wanting to hit the repeat button over and over again."<ref name="Rock Sins"/> ''Wall of Sound'' gave the album a perfect score 10/10 and saying: "And that brings us to the end of Beartooth's new opus ''Below''. It's safe to say it sounds like Caleb is no longer trying to chase the metalcore sound that made Tooth a household name, instead, he's venturing into heavy metal/hard rock territory, showcasing a talent that's just dying to be heard by a vast array of heavy music fans who are yet to discover them. It seriously won't be long before these guys are playing with the big boys of metal and as a long term fan, I'm so bloody proud!"<ref name="WOS"/> ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| headline = ''Below'' track listing<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/below/1555808295\|title=Below by Beartooth\|website=[[Apple Music]]\|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> \| all_writing = Caleb Shomo \| title1 = Below \| length1 = 3:49 \| title2 = Devastation \| length2 = 3:41 \| title3 = [[The Past Is Dead]] \| length3 = 3:35 \| title4 = Fed Up \| length4 = 3:21 \| title5 = Dominate \| length5 = 3:37 \| title6 = No Return \| length6 = 3:49 \| title7 = Phantom Pain \| length7 = 3:51 \| title8 = Skin \| length8 = 3:18 \| title9 = Hell of It \| length9 = 3:23 \| title10 = I Won't Give It Up \| length10 = 3:46 \| title11 = The Answer \| length11 = 3:39 \| title12 = The Last Riff \| length12 = 4:41 \| total_length = 44:36 }} {{track listing \| headline = Deluxe edition bonus tracks<ref name="deluxe"/> \| title13 = Skin \| note13 = alternate universe edition \| length13 = 3:42 \| title14 = Fighting Back \| length14 = 3:21 \| title15 = Permanently Sealed \| length15 = 3:08 \| title16 = Below \| note16 = live from the Journey Below \| length16 = 4:32 \| title17 = Devastation \| note17 = live from the Journey Below \| length17 = 3:39 \| title18 = Hated \| note18 = live from the Journey Below \| length18 = 3:51 \| title19 = Sick of Me \| note19 = live from the Journey Below \| length19 = 3:14 \| title20 = Fed Up \| note20 = live from the Journey Below \| length20 = 3:48 \| title21 = Dominate \| note21 = live from the Journey Below \| length21 = 3:55 \| title22 = The Lines \| note22 = live from the Journey Below \| length22 = 3:46 \| title23 = Beaten in Lips \| note23 = live from the Journey Below \| length23 = 3:50 \| title24 = Body Bag \| note24 = live from the Journey Below \| length24 = 3:50 \| title25 = Hell of It \| note25 = live from the Journey Below \| length25 = 3:42 \| title26 = Skin \| note26 = live from the Journey Below \| length26 = 3:31 \| title27 = You Never Know \| note27 = live from the Journey Below \| length27 = 3:44 \| title28 = Bad Listener \| note28 = live from the Journey Below \| length28 = 3:54 \| title29 = Disease \| note29 = live from the Journey Below \| length29 = 3:44 \| title30 = In Between \| note30 = live from the Journey Below \| length30 = 3:39 \| title31 = The Past Is Dead \| note31 = live from the Journey Below \| length31 = 4:10 \| title32 = The Last Riff \| note32 = live from the Journey Below \| length32 = 6:51 \| total_length = 122:00 }} ==Personnel== Credits adapted from [[Discogs]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.discogs.com/Beartooth-Below/master/2184523\|title=Beartooth Below\|work=[[Discogs]]\|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref> '''Beartooth''' * [[Caleb Shomo]] – lead vocals, engineering, mixing, mastering, production * Zach Huston – lead guitar, backing vocals * Will Deely – rhythm guitar, backing vocals * Oshie Bichar – bass, backing vocals, production * Connor Denis – drums, backing vocals '''Additional personnel''' * Nick Ingram – engineering * Brandon Rike – art direction, creative direction * Tnsn Dvsn – creative direction, design * Joel Cook – creative direction * Dedy Badic Art – illustration * Caleb Davis and Nathaniel Utesch – art direction * Kenny "Tick" Salcido - A&R ==Charts== {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|- ! scope="col"\| Chart (2021) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br /> position \|- ! scope="row"\| Australian Albums ([[ARIA Charts\|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2021-07-05\|title=ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart\|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]\|date=July 5, 2021\|access-date=July 2, 2021}}</ref> \| 42 \|- {{album chart\|Austria\|18\|artist=Beartooth\|album=Below\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 7, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|BillboardCanada\|100\|artist=Beartooth\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 10, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|Germany4\|10\|id=480677\|artist=Beartooth\|album=Below\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 2, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|Scotland\|16\|date=20210702\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 3, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|Switzerland\|36\|artist=Beartooth\|album=Below\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 4, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|UK2\|39\|date=20210708\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 8, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|UKRock\|3\|date=20210702\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 2, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|Billboard200\|30\|artist=Beartooth\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 7, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|BillboardIndependent\|2\|artist=Beartooth\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 7, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|BillboardHardRock\|2\|artist=Beartooth\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 7, 2021}} \|- {{album chart\|BillboardRock\|4\|artist=Beartooth\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=July 7, 2021}} \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Beartooth}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2021 albums]] [[Category:Beartooth (band) albums]] [[Category:Red Bull Records albums]]	1,286,924,141	[{"title": "Studio album by Beartooth", "data": {"Released": "June 25, 2021 \u00b7 March 18, 2022 (Deluxe edition)", "Studio": "Capital House Studio, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.", "Genre": "Alternative metal post-hardcore hard rock metalcore", "Length": "44:36 \u00b7 122:00 (Deluxe edition)", "Label": "Red Bull", "Producer": "Caleb Shomo Oshie Bichar"}}, {"title": "Beartooth chronology", "data": {"Disease \u00b7 (2018)": "Below \u00b7 (2021) \u00b7 The Surface \u00b7 (2023)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Below", "data": {"Singles from Below": "1. \"Devastation\" \u00b7 Released: March 19, 2021 2. \"The Past Is Dead\" \u00b7 Released: March 26, 2021 3. \"Hell of It\" \u00b7 Released: April 23, 2021 4. \"Fed Up\" \u00b7 Released: May 21, 2021 5. \"Skin\" \u00b7 Released: June 25, 2021"}}, {"title": "Deluxe edition cover", "data": {"Deluxe edition cover": "Artwork used for the deluxe edition cover"}}, {"title": "Beartooth", "data": {"Studio albums": "Disgusting Aggressive Disease Below The Surface", "EPs": "Sick", "Singles": "\" Beaten in Lips \" \" The Lines \" \" In Between \" \" Hated \" \" Sick of Me \" \" Disease \" \" The Past Is Dead \" \" I Was Alive \" \" Attn \"", "Related articles": "Discography"}}]	false
# Victoria Sanchez (actress) Victoria Sanchez (born 24 January 1976) is a Canadian actress. She has appeared in more than forty films since 1990. ## Personal life Sanchez has a brother, Federico; the co-writer and director of Eternal. Her cousin is actor Liche Ariza. ## Filmography ### Film \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------ \| ----- \| \| 1998 \| Sublet \| Daphne \| \| \| 1999 \| Perpetrators of the Crime \| Pauline \| \| \| 2000 \| La promesse \| Victoria \| Short \| \| 2000 \| Saint Jude \| Maureen \| \| \| 2001 \| Wolf Girl \| Tara the Wolf Girl \| \| \| 2004 \| Pact with the Devil \| Mariella Steiner \| \| \| 2004 \| Eternal \| Irina \| \| \| 2013 \| Algonquin \| Carmen \| \| \| 2015 \| The Badge \| Sarah Richards \| \| ### Television \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| ---------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| ------------------------------------- \| \| 1990 \| Watatatow \| Rebecca \| TV series \| \| 1997-99 \| Student Bodies \| Grace Vasquez \| Main role \| \| 1998 \| Big Bear \| Kelly McLean / Kitty McLean \| TV miniseries \| \| 1999 \| P.T. Barnum \| Helen Barnum \| TV film \| \| 1999 \| The Hunger \| Rachel \| "Triangle in Steel" \| \| 2000 \| Satan's School for Girls \| Lisa Bagley \| TV film \| \| 2000 \| Big Wolf on Campus \| Melissa Gorgonopolis / Medusa \| "She Will, She Will Rock You" \| \| 2001 \| Tales from the Neverending Story \| Xayide \| Recurring role \| \| 2001 \| Largo Winch \| Vanessa Ovronnaz \| "AKA: Vanessa", "Contessa Vanessa" \| \| 2002 \| Bliss \| Sarah \| "The Footpath of Pink Roses" \| \| 2002 \| Undressed \| Frannie \| TV series \| \| 2004 \| Naked Josh \| Lanie \| "Do Not Resuscitate" \| \| 2004 \| When Angels Come to Town \| Dolores Pineda \| TV film \| \| 2004-05 \| This Is Wonderland \| Claudia Ortega \| Recurring role \| \| 2005 \| Choice: The Henry Morgentaler Story \| Carmen Morgentaler \| TV film \| \| 2006 \| Flirting with Danger \| Gloria Moretti \| TV film \| \| 2006 \| 15/Love \| Dr. Natasha Alba \| "Lucas in the Sky", "Charity of Fire" \| \| 2008 \| The Watch \| Sophie / Polly \| TV film \| \| 2008 \| You Belong to Me \| Denise Fisher \| TV film \| \| 2009 \| The Future Life of Jake \| Kristi \| TV film \| \| 2010 \| Tangled \| Ruth Langley \| TV film \| \| 2015 \| Le berceau des anges \| Theresa Bagatta \| TV miniseries \| \| 2015-16 \| This Life \| Béatrice Ledoux \| Recurring role \| \| 2016 \| Real Detective \| Linda Mills \| "Redemption" \| \| 2016 \| A Stranger in My Home \| Jenny \| "Deadly Love Nest" \| \| 2017 \| Bellevue \| Maggie Sweetland \| Main role \| \| 2018, 2023 \| Jack Ryan \| Layla Navarro \| Recurring role \| ### Video games \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| ---- \| -------------------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| \| 2005 \| Far Cry Instincts \| Kade \| voice \| \| 2010 \| Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction \| Sarah Fisher \| voice \| \| 2013 \| Deus Ex: The Fall \| Alejandra Vega \| voice \| \| 2013 \| Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist \| Sarah Fisher \| voice \| \| 2014 \| Civilization: Beyond Earth \| Suzanne Marjorie Fielding \| voice \| \| 2016 \| Deus Ex: Mankind Divided \| Alejandra Vega \| voice and performance capture \| \| 2019 \| The Outer Worlds \| Ellie Fenhill \| voice \|	enwiki/40845783	enwiki	40,845,783	Victoria Sanchez (actress)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Sanchez_(actress)	2025-05-11T10:57:04Z	en	Q13857473	39,257	{{short description\|Canadian actress (born 1976)}} {{Infobox person \| name = Victoria Sanchez \| image = Victoria Sanchez au Comiccon de Montréal 2016.jpg \| alt = \| caption = Victoria Sanchez at [[Montreal Comiccon]] 2016 \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1976\|01\|24}} \| birth_place = [[Canary Islands]], [[Spain]] \| death_date = \| death_place = \| nationality = [[Canadians\|Canadian]] \| other_names = \| known_for = \| occupation = Actor \| years_active = 1990 - present }} '''Victoria Sanchez''' (born 24 January 1976) is a Canadian actress. She has appeared in more than forty films since 1990. ==Personal life== Sanchez has a brother, Federico; the co-writer and director of ''[[Eternal (film)\|Eternal]]''. Her cousin is actor Liche Ariza. ==Filmography== ===Film=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" \| Notes \|- \|1998 \|''Sublet'' \|Daphne \| \|- \|1999 \|''Perpetrators of the Crime'' \|Pauline \| \|- \|2000 \|''La promesse'' \|Victoria \|Short \|- \|2000 \|''[[Saint Jude (film)\|Saint Jude]]'' \|Maureen \| \|- \|2001 \|''[[Wolf Girl (2001 film)\|Wolf Girl]]'' \|Tara the Wolf Girl \| \|- \|2004 \|''Pact with the Devil'' \|Mariella Steiner \| \|- \|2004 \|''[[Eternal (film)\|Eternal]]'' \|Irina \| \|- \|2013 \|''[[Algonquin (film)\|Algonquin]]'' \|Carmen \| \|- \|2015 \|''{{sortname\|The\|Badge\|nolink=1}}'' \|Sarah Richards \| \|} ===Television=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" \| Notes \|- \|1990 \|''[[Watatatow]]'' \|Rebecca \|TV series \|- \|1997-99 \|''[[Student Bodies (TV series)\|Student Bodies]]'' \|Grace Vasquez<ref>{{Cite web \|title=‘Student Bodies’ cast reminisces about iconic Canadian teen show - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca \|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3723706/student-bodies-cast-reunion/ \|access-date=2024-02-17 \|website=Global News \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|Main role \|- \|1998 \|''Big Bear'' \|Kelly McLean / Kitty McLean \|TV miniseries \|- \|1999 \|''P.T. Barnum'' \|Helen Barnum \|TV film \|- \|1999 \|''{{sortname\|The\|Hunger\|The Hunger (TV series)}}'' \|Rachel \|"Triangle in Steel" \|- \|2000 \|''[[Satan's School for Girls (2000 film)\|Satan's School for Girls]]'' \|Lisa Bagley \|TV film \|- \|2000 \|''[[Big Wolf on Campus]]'' \|Melissa Gorgonopolis / Medusa \|"She Will, She Will Rock You" \|- \|2001 \|''[[Tales from the Neverending Story]]'' \|Xayide \|Recurring role \|- \|2001 \|''[[Largo Winch (TV series)\|Largo Winch]]'' \|Vanessa Ovronnaz \|"AKA: Vanessa", "Contessa Vanessa" \|- \|2002 \|''[[Bliss (Canadian TV series)\|Bliss]]'' \|Sarah \|"The Footpath of Pink Roses" \|- \|2002 \|''[[Undressed]]'' \|Frannie \|TV series \|- \|2004 \|''[[Naked Josh]]'' \|Lanie \|"Do Not Resuscitate" \|- \|2004 \|''[[When Angels Come to Town]]'' \|Dolores Pineda \|TV film \|- \|2004-05 \|''[[This Is Wonderland]]'' \|Claudia Ortega \|Recurring role \|- \|2005 \|''Choice: The Henry Morgentaler Story'' \|Carmen Morgentaler \|TV film \|- \|2006 \|''Flirting with Danger'' \|Gloria Moretti \|TV film \|- \|2006 \|''[[15/Love]]'' \|Dr. Natasha Alba \|"Lucas in the Sky", "Charity of Fire" \|- \|2008 \|''{{sortname\|The\|Watch\|nolink=1}}'' \|Sophie / Polly \|TV film \|- \|2008 \|''You Belong to Me'' \|Denise Fisher \|TV film \|- \|2009 \|''{{sortname\|The\|Future Life of Jake\|nolink=1}}'' \|Kristi \|TV film \|- \|2010 \|''Tangled'' \|Ruth Langley \|TV film \|- \|2015 \|''Le berceau des anges'' \|Theresa Bagatta \|TV miniseries \|- \|2015-16 \|''[[This Life (2015 TV series)\|This Life]]'' \|Béatrice Ledoux \|Recurring role \|- \|2016 \|''Real Detective'' \|Linda Mills \|"Redemption" \|- \|2016 \|''{{sortname\|A\|Stranger in My Home\|nolink=1}}'' \|Jenny \|"Deadly Love Nest" \|- \|2017 \|''[[Bellevue (TV series)\|Bellevue]]'' \|Maggie Sweetland \|Main role \|- \|2018, 2023 \|''[[Jack Ryan (TV series)\|Jack Ryan]]'' \|Layla Navarro \|Recurring role \|} ===Video games=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" \| Notes \|- \|2005 \|''[[Far Cry Instincts]]'' \|Kade \| voice \|- \|2010 \|''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction]]'' \|Sarah Fisher \| voice \|- \|2013 \|''[[Deus Ex: The Fall]]'' \|Alejandra Vega \| voice \|- \|2013 \|''[[Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist]]'' \|Sarah Fisher \| voice \|- \|2014 \|''[[Civilization: Beyond Earth]]'' \|Suzanne Marjorie Fielding \| voice \|- \|2016 \|''[[Deus Ex: Mankind Divided]]'' \|Alejandra Vega \| voice and performance capture \|- \|2019 \|''[[The Outer Worlds]]'' \|Ellie Fenhill \| voice \|} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{IMDb name\|761073}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanchez, Victoria}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:20th-century Canadian actresses]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian actresses]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Canadian film actresses]] [[Category:Canadian television actresses]] [[Category:Actresses from the Canary Islands]] [[Category:Spanish emigrants to Canada]] {{Canada-film-actor-stub}}	1,289,874,296	[{"title": "Victoria Sanchez", "data": {"Born": "January 24, 1976 \u00b7 Canary Islands, Spain", "Nationality": "Canadian", "Occupation": "Actor", "Years active": "1990 - present"}}]	false
# South Ural State University South Ural State University (SUSU) (Russian: Южно-Уральский Государственный Университет (ЮУрГУ)) in Chelyabinsk is an educational institution in Russia. It is among the top-ten of the Russian universities according to the state rating of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and the largest in Russia in terms of the number of undergraduates. Globally, it was ranked #801–1000 in QS World University Rankings 2022, #901–1000 in Three University Missions Ranking 2021, #1,001+ in Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021, and #1,355 by Webometrics Ranking of World Universities. Starting from 2010 SUSU has been holding a status of a National Research University. In 2015 the university became one of the Russian universities chosen for participation in Project 5-100 aiming at improving the competitive standing of Russian universities. Shestakov Alexander (Шестаков Александр Леонидович]), the rector of the South Ural State University has signed a letter of support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine. South Ural State University is on the list of sanctioned entities. The institution has tight connections with military. South Ural State University has published a series of article supporting pro-Russian separatists. Since the beginning of Russian invasion of Ukraine, it continues to publish pro-Kremlin rhetoric and participate in military related projects or activities. ## History ### Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute – 1943 During the Great Patriotic War, industries from various cities of the USSR’S European part, including factories from Leningrad, Stalingrad and Kharkov which became the basis of Tankograd, were evacuated to Chelyabinsk. Stalingrad Mechanical Institute, evacuated in August 1942, performed training of engineering cadres for industry works; in October of that year, the Institute started admission of postgraduates. In the academic year 1942/43, the first year of operating in Chelyabinsk, the Institute had about 400 students, including 90 who attended evening classes. In the spring of 1943, the second admission group of 40 specialists trained for assistance to the Army graduated the Institute. At the beginning of the next academic year of 1943/44, there were about 660 students and 20 postgraduates studying at the Institute. When the Battle of Stalingrad was over, the Institute had to get transferred back to its city. In order to prevent “personnel gap” in September 1943, people's commissar of tank industry, V. А. Malyshev, director of Tankograd, deputy people's commissar I. М. Zaltzman and Head of the Chelyabinsk regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party (of Bolsheviks), N. S. Patolichev addressed the Council of People's Commissars with a request to create an institute in Chelyabinsk. On November 2, 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR issued the Decree No. 1201-361с “On actions for improvement of training of engineering cadres for tank industry enterprises”, which allowed to establish Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute in the buildings occupied by the Stalingrad Mechanical Institute. On November 15, 1943, the first group of Stalingrad Institute's employees left for their motherland; the second group stayed to finish the first semester and hold winter exam session, after that they departed as well in April 1944. Kirovsky Zavod provided Chelyabinsk Institute with engineers-lecturers, dormitories, laboratories, foundries and workshops; this allowed for continuing the education process and research activity. Lecturers from Chelyabinsk Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture and Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical Institute were sent to CMEI, as well as alumni of Moscow and Leningrad's higher education institutions. In December 1943, Associate Professor, Candidate of Engineering Sciences Petr Alekseevich Grishin was appointed as Acting Director of CMEI. The day he signed his first order— December 15, 1943 — is celebrated as the day of SUSU's foundation. In 1943—1944, the university located in different parts of Chelyabinsk. After the beginning of re-evacuation of industrial plants and other institutions, the university was located in a three-storeyed shop building at the Spartaka street. Initially, the Institute had only two faculties: of mechanical engineering and of tank construction, which in 1944 was renamed into the Faculty of Wheeled Caterpillar Vehicles. The Faculty included 24 Departments. CMEI started conducting research in mechanical engineering. This was the wartime requirement: the country needed equipment and people able to manage it. During the time of post-war recovery of economic development, the country needed specialists of another education spheres: mechanical engineers, metallurgists, power engineers, and constructors. By the end of the 1940s, it became clear that the university could not efficiently achieve its goals within the old structure; therefore, a restructurization started. By that time, there were more than 900 students and 9 specialties. ### Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute – since 1951 On April 26, 1949, Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1671 was issued on establishment of Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute (CPI) on the basis of CMEI through its unification with Chelyabinsk Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (CIMEA) in 1951. But in 1950, an Order was issued which allowed CIMEA to remain an independent institute, and Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute was reorganized into Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute. The two already-existing Faculties were complemented with new ones: the faculties of Power Engineering, Metallurgy, Engineering and Construction, Mechanical, and Instrument Engineering. In 1958, evening studies were reorganized into a separate Faculty of evening studies. In 1951, А. Ya. Sychev, was appointed to be the Director of CPI, and in 1952, training of postgraduates majoring in economic sphere started. In 1953, the Faculty of evening studies was established in Miass branch university, and in 1956, a branch university was founded in Zlatoust. The Faculty of Instrument Engineering was established in 1954. In order to perform training of research and teaching staff, a Council for Defense of Candidate's and Doctor's Dissertations in such specialties as “Machine Science, Drive Systems and Machine Elements”, “Heat Engines”, “Wheeled and Caterpillar Vehicles” was created at CPI in 1962. Postgraduate Office was established; research and teaching staff could receive training at the following departments: “Workstations and Instruments”, “Physical Chemistry”, “Engineering Structures”, “Gyroscopic Apparatus and Devices”, “Water Supply and Water Drainage”, etc. From the very beginning of the university's existence, research schools and laboratories were being established, targeted at solving defensive (during wartime) and then economic problems: a basic research laboratory (new technology process of rolling), 12 industrial laboratories and 12 laboratories established. Later, a basic research laboratory of control systems and a laboratory of radio electronics were established; the latest one subsequently became the Research and Development Institute of Digital Systems. In 1968 the institute was named after Lenin's Komsomol. In 1989, the institute included eight faculties. ### University – since 1990 In 1990, Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute, named after Lenin's Komsomol, was renamed into Chelyabinsk State Technical University (CSTU). The university started developing liberal arts specialties, departments, and faculties. In 1997, CSTU was renamed into South Ural State University and transformed from an engineering university into a classic one. In 2001—04, the university's main building got two storeys, a tower and a steeple covered in gold-simulating titanium nitride, additionally constructed in correspondence with its initial “Stalinist” engineering project. In April 2010, SUSU became one of Russia's 15 higher education institutions which were given a status of National Research University. In 2015, the university was included in a number of universities taking part in Project 5-100, targeted at enhancement of competitiveness of Russia's leading universities at the global market of educational services. In 2018, South Ural State University for the first time in its history was included into the ranking of the world’s best universities drawn by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) consulting company from Great Britain. In 2019, SUSU entered the THE World University Rankings-2020 from the Times Higher Education Rating Agency for the first time. ## SUSU today SUSU comprises 12 institutes and schools, one faculty (Faculty of Pre-University Training), and a military training center, as well as four branches (in Zlatoust, Miass, Satka in the Chelyabinsk Region, and in Nizhnevartovsk in the Khanty-Mansijsk Autonomous District). As of 2020, 32,000 students from 58 countries from around the world were studying at SUSU. In total, over the university’s history, more than 250 thousand specialists have completed higher education programmes, tens of thousands of candidates of science, and hundreds of doctors of science. SUSU offers 240 bachelor’s programs, 150 master's programs, 24 specialist programs, and 86 post-graduate programs. The university has a robust athletic foundation. Graduates of the university include Olympic champions, masters of sports, and members of the national Olympic teams. SUSU has 21 student organizations, a Center of Arts and Leisure, the Mannequin Student Theatre Studio, as well as vocal, instrumental and dance bands. SUSU Science Library's book collection includes more than 13,000,000 items. The university also has seven museums and the only-in-Russia university television and radio company, SUSU-TV, broadcasting 24/7 on air as well as via cable networks and the Internet. ## Rankings ### World - 588 in SCImago Institutions Rankings 2021 (36th among Russian universities)[21][22] - 601-800 in Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 (8–13th among Russian universities)[23][24] - 701–800 in Three University Missions Ranking 2023 (27–30th among Russian universities)[25] - 757 in Round University Ranking 2021 (64th among Russian universities)[26] - 801–1000 in QS World University Rankings 2022 (28–35th among Russian universities)[5] - 1,355 by Webometrics Ranking of World Universities 2022[2] - 1,500 by Nature Index 2021[27] - 2,064 in University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) 2019-20[27] ### Regional or subject - 116 in QS Emerging Europe & Central Asia Rankings 2022 (24th among Russian universities)[28] - 389 in RankPro Rankings 2020/21 (15th among Russian universities)[29] - 401–600 in Times Higher Education World University Rankings Impact Rankings 2020 (16–30th among Russian universities)[30] - 501–600 in Times Higher Education World University Rankings in Engineering 2021 (9–12th among Russian universities)[31] - 601–800 in Times Higher Education World University Rankings in Physical Sciences 2021 (17–20th among Russian universities)[32] - 601–800 in Times Higher Education World University Rankings in Computer Science 2021 (11–22nd among Russian universities)[33] ### In Russia - 26 in Forbes Russian Universities Rankings 2020[34] - Top-38 in National Aggregated Rating of Russian Universities 2021[35] - 39-40 in Vladimir Potanin Foundation Universities Rating 2021[36] - 44–45 in Interfax National Universities Rating 2021[37] - 55 in RAEX-RR Most Influencing Russian Universities Rankings 2020[38] - 61 in RAEX-RR Russian Universities Rankings 2021[39] ## Schools and institutes - Institute of Architecture and Construction[40] - School of Medical Biology[41] - School of Economics and Management[42] - School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science[43] - Institute of Linguistics and International Communication[44] - Institute of Media, Social Sciences and Humanities[45] - Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics[46] - Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service[47] - Institute of Engineering and Technology[48] - Institute of Law[49] - Institute of Open and Distance Education[50] - Institute of Supplementary Education[51][52] ## SUSU Science Library The Science Library of South Ural State University was established in 1943 and is one of the biggest university libraries of the Ural Region. The library's collection includes both contemporary scientific, educational and reference editions (Russian and foreign ones), and selections of rare books of the 19th – 20th century. The collection comprises over 2 million items. Printed editions are complemented by electronic documents: books, journals, newspapers, video and audio materials. The library features 11 reading rooms, two electronic resources rooms, and four delivery desks (natural sciences and technical literature, social sciences and humanities literature, fiction literature, and a delivery desk for extramural students). ## SUSU museums The Museum of SUSU History was established in 1980 at the initiative of the Chairperson of the Council of Veterans of the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute. The first part of the exhibit tells about the history of the university's creation. Visitors learn how in 1951 Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute was reorganized into Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute, and what the first student's cards and grade books looked like. The Geological Museum was opened at the SUSU Faculty of Architecture and Construction in 2010. The exhibit features rocks and minerals that represent the natural wealth of the Ural Region. The museum has a collection of iron, copper, nickel ores, and raw materials for production of construction materials. Visitors can see ornamental, semiprecious stones and gem stones. Over one thousand items are exhibited at the museum. The Arts Hall of South Ural State University was opened in 2003. Over the years, the Arts Hall has held over 60 exhibitions featuring artworks from Chelyabinsk Regional State Art Museum, Chelyabinsk Regional Division of the Union of Russian Artists, Gildiya Masterov (Craftsmen Guild) creative union, and private collections, and exhibits of the Russian Academy of Arts and the State Russian Museum. Photo exhibitions of works by Chelyabinsk and Russian photographers are regularly held at the Arts Hall. SUSU Museum of Peoples and Technologies of the Ural Region ## Notable people - Taisia Chenchik, Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the high jump; won bronze medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics and gold medal at 1963 Summer Universiade - Victor Khristenko, Chairman of the Board of Eurasian Economic Commission - Gennadiy Kondrashov, retired hammer thrower who competed for the Soviet Union at the 1968 Summer Olympics - Alexander Pochinok, Minister of Taxes and Levies of Russia, 1999–2000; Minister of Labor and Social Development, 2000–2004 - Eugene Roshal, software engineer best known as the developer of FAR File Manager, RAR file format and WinRAR file archiver - Pyotr Sumin, governor of Chelyabinsk Oblast of Russia, 1996–2010 - Dmitry Aleksandrovich Petelin, a cosmonaut, spent 370 days, 21 hours, and 23 minutes in space.	enwiki/5361919	enwiki	5,361,919	South Ural State University	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ural_State_University	2025-06-03T08:37:32Z	en	Q1777988	234,699	{{Short description\|University in Chelyabinsk, Russia}} {{Infobox university \| name = South Ural State University<br />(SUSU) \| native_name = Южно-Уральский Государственный Университет<br />(ЮУрГУ) \| native_name_lang = ru \| image = Logotype of South Ural State University.png \| caption = \| latin_name = \| motto = [[Inveniam viam\|Aut viam inveniam, aut faciam]] \| mottoeng = I shall either find a way or make one \| established = December 15, 1943 \| closed = \| type = [[Public university\|Public]] \| affiliation = \| endowment = \| budget = \| officer_in_charge = \| chairman = \| chancellor = \| president = German Platonovich Vyatkin \| vice-president = \| superintendent = \| provost = \| vice_chancellor = \| rector = Alexander Wagner \| principal = \| dean = \| director = \| head_label = \| head = \| academic_staff = \| administrative_staff = 5,000 \| students = Approx. 40,000 \| undergrad = 55,000 \| postgrad = \| doctoral = \| other = \| city = [[Chelyabinsk]] \| state = \| province = \| country = Russia \| coor = {{coord\|55\|09\|36\|N\|61\|22\|12\|E\|display=inline,title\|type:edu}} \| campus = [[Urban area\|Urban]] \| former_names = Chelyabinsk Mechanics and Technology Institute (CMTI)<br />(1943–1951),<br />Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute (CPI)<br />(1951–1990),<br />Chelyabinsk State Technical University (CSTU)<br />(1990–1997) \| free_label = \| free = \| colors = \| colours = \| athletics = \| sports = \| nickname = \| mascot = \| affiliations = \| website = {{URL\|https://www.susu.ru/en}} \| logo = \| footnotes = {{Infobox building \| embed = yes \| name = \| native_name = \| native_name_lang = \| image = South Ural State University.jpg \| image_size = 250px \| caption = Main building of the university built in [[Stalinist architecture]] \| start_date = \| completion_date = \| location = \| coordinates = \| map_type = \| architectural = \| status = \| antenna_spire = \| top_floor = \| floor_count = \| elevator_count = \| floor_area = \| developer = \| owner = }} }} {{Infobox university rankings \| ARWU_W = \| ARWU_W_year = \| ARWU_W_ref = \| CWTS_W = \| CWTS_W_year = \| CWTS_W_ref = \| QS_EECA =116 \| QS_EECA_year =2022 \| QS_EECA_ref =<ref name="QS World University Rankings 2022">{{Cite web \|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022 \|title=QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia \|access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref>\| QS_W = \| QS_W_year = \| QS_W_ref = \| THE_W = \| THE_W_year = \| THE_W_ref = \| USNWR_W = \| USNWR_W_year = \| USNWR_W_ref = }} '''South Ural State University''' ('''SUSU''') ({{langx\|ru\|Южно-Уральский Государственный Университет (ЮУрГУ)}}) in [[Chelyabinsk]] is an educational institution in [[Russia]]. It is among the top-ten of the [[List of institutions of higher education in Russia\|Russian universities]] according to the state rating of the [[Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)\|Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation]], and the largest in Russia in terms of the number of undergraduates. Globally, it was ranked #801–1000 in ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' 2022, #901–1000 in [[The Three University Missions Ranking\|Three University Missions Ranking]] 2021, #1,001+ in ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' 2021, and #1,355 by [[Webometrics Ranking of World Universities]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.webometrics.info/en/detalles/susu.ru\|title=University \| Ranking Web of Universities: Webometrics ranks 30000 institutions\|website=www.webometrics.info}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web \|url=https://mosiur.org/ranking/ \|title=Рэнкинг \|language=ru \|publisher=Mosiur.org \|date= \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2021-09-02 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902062924/https://mosiur.org/ranking/ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{cite web \|url=https://raex-rr.com/education/universities/third_mission \|title=RAEX - Международный рейтинг "Три миссии университета" \|publisher=Raex-rr.com \|date=2018-11-30 \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2021-09-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901095034/https://raex-rr.com/education/universities/third_mission \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web\|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022\|title=QS World University Rankings 2022\|access-date=2021-06-09\|archive-date=2012-09-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917171555/http://www.topuniversities.com/institution/universitat-autonoma-de-barcelona\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web \|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/-1/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats \|title=Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021 \|publisher=timeshighereducation.com \|date=25 August 2020 \|accessdate=2020-09-03 \|archive-date=2020-09-02 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902154147/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/-1/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats \|url-status=live }}</ref> Starting from 2010 SUSU has been holding a status of a National Research University. In 2015 the university became one of the Russian universities chosen for participation in [[Project 5-100]] aiming at improving the competitive standing of Russian universities. [[Shestakov Alexander]] (Шестаков Александр Леонидович]), the rector of the South Ural State University has signed a [[2022 address of the Russian Union of Rectors\|letter]] of support for the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name=RSR2022>{{cite web\|url=https://rsr-online.ru/news/2022-god/obrashchenie-rossiyskogo-soyuza-rektorov1\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307120502/https://rsr-online.ru/news/2022-god/obrashchenie-rossiyskogo-soyuza-rektorov1/\|archive-date=7 March 2022\|title=Обращение Российского Союза ректоров 04.03.2022\|date=March 4, 2022\|website=Российский Союз Ректоров}}</ref><ref name=sanctions2022>{{Cite web \|url=https://sanctions.nazk.gov.ua/ru/sanction-person/2837/ \|title=среди лиц, уже под санкциями: ШЕСТАКОВ Александр Леонидович \|date=2022-03-08 \|access-date=2024-02-05 \|website=Война и санкции}}</ref> South Ural State University is on the list of sanctioned entities.<ref name=sanctions2022inst>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-m8UXAnZAGDi7bH2uf68CDB/ \|title=Pivdenno-Uralskyi derzhavnyi universytet \|date=2022-07-30 \|access-date=2024-09-08 \|website=OpenSanctions}}</ref> The institution has tight connections with military.<ref name=SUSU2014>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.susu.ru/ru/news/2014/05/30/student-poluchi-diplom-vmeste-s-voennym-biletom \|title=Студент, получи диплом вместе с военным билетом! \|date=2014-05-30 \|access-date=2024-09-08 \|website=OЮжно-Уральский государственный университет}}</ref> South Ural State University has published a series of article supporting pro-Russian separatists.<ref name=SUSU2014mit>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.susu.ru/ru/news/2014/03/24/aktivisty-instituta-ekonomiki-torgovli-i-tehnologiy-prinyali-uchastie-v-mitingah-v \|title=Активисты Института экономики, торговли и технологий приняли участие в митингах в поддержку Украины \|date=2014-03-24 \|access-date=2024-09-08 \|website=Южно-Уральский государственный университет}}</ref><ref name=SUSU2014sb>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.susu.ru/ru/news/2014/03/24/aktivisty-instituta-ekonomiki-torgovli-i-tehnologiy-prinyali-uchastie-v-mitingah-v \|title=В ЮУрГУ собрали гуманитарную помощь для жителей пострадавших областей Украины \|date=2014-12-18 \|access-date=2024-09-08 \|website=Южно-Уральский государственный университет}}</ref> Since the beginning of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], it continues to publish pro-Kremlin rhetoric and participate in military related projects or activities.<ref name=SUSU2023>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.susu.ru/ru/news/2023/08/25/sankcii-prognoza-ne-izmenyat \|title=Санкции прогноза не изменят \|date=2023-08-25 \|access-date=2024-09-08 \|website=Южно-Уральский государственный университет}}</ref><ref name=SUSU2023svo>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.susu.ru/ru/feedback-svo \|title=Задать вопрос о мерах поддержки участников и детей участников СВО (учащихся ЮУрГУ) \|date=2023-08-25 \|access-date=2024-09-08 \|website=OЮжно-Уральский государственный университет}}</ref> == History == === Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute – 1943 === During the [[Eastern Front (World War II)\|Great Patriotic War]], industries from various cities of the USSR’S European part, including factories from [[Saint Petersburg\|Leningrad]], [[Volgograd\|Stalingrad]] and [[Kharkiv\|Kharkov]] which became the basis of Tankograd, were evacuated to [[Chelyabinsk]]. Stalingrad Mechanical Institute, evacuated in August 1942, performed training of engineering cadres for industry works; in October of that year, the Institute started admission of postgraduates. In the academic year 1942/43, the first year of operating in Chelyabinsk, the Institute had about 400 students, including 90 who attended evening classes. In the spring of 1943, the second admission group of 40 specialists trained for assistance to the Army graduated the Institute. At the beginning of the next academic year of 1943/44, there were about 660 students and 20 postgraduates studying at the Institute. When the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] was over, the Institute had to get transferred back to its city.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} In order to prevent “personnel gap” in September 1943, people's commissar of tank industry, V. А. Malyshev, director of Tankograd, deputy people's commissar I. М. Zaltzman and Head of the Chelyabinsk regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party (of Bolsheviks), N. S. Patolichev addressed the Council of People's Commissars with a request to create an institute in Chelyabinsk.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto4"/> On November 2, 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR issued the Decree No. 1201-361с “On actions for improvement of training of engineering cadres for tank industry enterprises”, which allowed to establish Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute in the buildings occupied by the Stalingrad Mechanical Institute. On November 15, 1943, the first group of Stalingrad Institute's employees left for their motherland; the second group stayed to finish the first semester and hold winter exam session, after that they departed as well in April 1944. Kirovsky Zavod provided Chelyabinsk Institute with engineers-lecturers, dormitories, laboratories, foundries and workshops; this allowed for continuing the education process and research activity. Lecturers from Chelyabinsk Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture and Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical Institute were sent to CMEI, as well as alumni of Moscow and Leningrad's higher education institutions.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} In December 1943, Associate Professor, Candidate of Engineering Sciences Petr Alekseevich Grishin was appointed as Acting Director of CMEI. The day he signed his first order— December 15, 1943 — is celebrated as the day of SUSU's foundation.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} In 1943—1944, the university located in different parts of Chelyabinsk. After the beginning of re-evacuation of industrial plants and other institutions, the university was located in a three-storeyed shop building at the Spartaka street. Initially, the Institute had only two faculties: of mechanical engineering and of tank construction, which in 1944 was renamed into the Faculty of Wheeled Caterpillar Vehicles. The Faculty included 24 Departments. CMEI started conducting research in mechanical engineering. This was the wartime requirement: the country needed equipment and people able to manage it. During the time of post-war recovery of economic development, the country needed specialists of another education spheres: mechanical engineers, metallurgists, power engineers, and constructors. By the end of the 1940s, it became clear that the university could not efficiently achieve its goals within the old structure; therefore, a restructurization started. By that time, there were more than 900 students and 9 specialties.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} === Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute – since 1951 === On April 26, 1949, Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1671 was issued on establishment of Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute (CPI) on the basis of CMEI through its unification with Chelyabinsk Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (CIMEA) in 1951. But in 1950, an Order was issued which allowed CIMEA to remain an independent institute, and Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute was reorganized into Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute. The two already-existing Faculties were complemented with new ones: the faculties of Power Engineering, Metallurgy, Engineering and Construction, Mechanical, and Instrument Engineering. In 1958, evening studies were reorganized into a separate Faculty of evening studies. In 1951, А. Ya. Sychev, was appointed to be the Director of CPI, and in 1952, training of postgraduates majoring in economic sphere started. In 1953, the Faculty of evening studies was established in Miass branch university, and in 1956, a branch university was founded in Zlatoust. The Faculty of Instrument Engineering was established in 1954.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} In order to perform training of research and teaching staff, a Council for Defense of Candidate's and Doctor's Dissertations in such specialties as “Machine Science, Drive Systems and Machine Elements”, “Heat Engines”, “Wheeled and Caterpillar Vehicles” was created at CPI in 1962. Postgraduate Office was established; research and teaching staff could receive training at the following departments: “Workstations and Instruments”, “Physical Chemistry”, “Engineering Structures”, “Gyroscopic Apparatus and Devices”, “Water Supply and Water Drainage”, etc.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} From the very beginning of the university's existence, research schools and laboratories were being established, targeted at solving defensive (during wartime) and then economic problems: a basic research laboratory (new technology process of rolling), 12 industrial laboratories and 12 laboratories established. Later, a basic research laboratory of control systems and a laboratory of radio electronics were established; the latest one subsequently became the Research and Development Institute of Digital Systems. In 1968 the institute was named after Lenin's Komsomol. In 1989, the institute included eight faculties.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} === University – since 1990 === In 1990, Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute, named after Lenin's Komsomol, was renamed into Chelyabinsk State Technical University (CSTU). The university started developing liberal arts specialties, departments, and faculties. In 1997, CSTU was renamed into South Ural State University and transformed from an engineering university into a classic one.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} In 2001—04, the university's main building got two storeys, a tower and a steeple covered in gold-simulating titanium nitride, additionally constructed in correspondence with its initial “Stalinist” engineering project. In April 2010, SUSU became one of Russia's 15 higher education institutions which were given a status of National Research University.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} In 2015, the university was included in a number of universities taking part in [[Project 5-100]], targeted at enhancement of competitiveness of Russia's leading universities at the global market of educational services. In 2018, South Ural State University for the first time in its history was included into the ranking of the world’s best universities drawn by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) consulting company from Great Britain. In 2019, SUSU entered the THE World University Rankings-2020 from the Times Higher Education Rating Agency for the first time.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} == SUSU today == SUSU comprises 12 institutes and schools,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes\|title=Schools and Institutes - South Ural State University\|access-date=2019-03-07\|archive-date=2021-12-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204174506/https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes\|url-status=live}}</ref> one faculty (Faculty of Pre-University Training),<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/ru/structure/fakultet-predvuzovskoy-podgotovki\|title=Факультет предвузовской подготовки - Южно-Уральский государственный университет\|access-date=2020-10-15\|archive-date=2021-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123124341/https://www.susu.ru/ru/structure/fakultet-predvuzovskoy-podgotovki\|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[military training]] center,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/university/departments/educational/faculties/military-education\|title=Military Training Center - South Ural State University\|access-date=2020-10-15\|archive-date=2021-03-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323112702/https://www.susu.ru/en/university/departments/educational/faculties/military-education\|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as four branches (in [[Zlatoust]], [[Miass]], [[Satka]] in the Chelyabinsk Region, and in [[Nizhnevartovsk]] in the [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug\|Khanty-Mansijsk Autonomous District]]).<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/ru/university/old-departments/branches\|title=Филиалы - Южно-Уральский государственный университет\|access-date=2020-10-15\|archive-date=2021-10-28\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145809/https://www.susu.ru/ru/university/old-departments/branches\|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, 32,000 students from 58 countries from around the world were studying at SUSU. In total, over the university’s history, more than 250 thousand specialists have completed higher education programmes, tens of thousands of candidates of science, and hundreds of doctors of science.<ref name="glance">{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/university/glance\|title=SUSU at a Glance - South Ural State University\|access-date=2020-10-15\|archive-date=2020-10-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017031809/https://www.susu.ru/en/university/glance\|url-status=live}}</ref> SUSU offers 240 bachelor’s programs, 150 master's programs, 24 specialist programs, and 86 post-graduate programs.<ref name="glance"/> The university has a robust athletic foundation. Graduates of the university include Olympic champions, masters of sports, and members of the national Olympic teams.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} SUSU has 21 student organizations,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/campus-life/university-life-glance\|title=University Life at a Glance – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-09\|archive-date=2021-12-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205121627/https://www.susu.ru/en/campus-life/university-life-glance\|url-status=live}}</ref> a Center of Arts and Leisure, the Mannequin Student Theatre Studio, as well as vocal, instrumental and dance bands.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} SUSU Science Library's book collection includes more than 13,000,000 items. The university also has seven museums and the only-in-Russia university television and radio company, SUSU-TV, broadcasting 24/7 on air as well as via cable networks and the Internet.{{fact\|date=July 2022}} == Rankings == ===World=== * 588 in [[SCImago Institutions Rankings]] 2021 (36th among Russian universities)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ \|title=University Rankings 2021 \|publisher=Scimagoir.com \|date= \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2022-02-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209171928/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?country=RUS&sector=Higher%20educ \|title=University Rankings - Russian Federation 2021 \|publisher=Scimagoir.com \|date= \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2022-02-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209174207/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?country=RUS&sector=Higher%20educ \|url-status=live }}</ref> * 601-800 in ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' 2024 (8–13th among Russian universities)<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/RUS/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats \| title=World University Rankings \| date=25 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.susu.ru/ru/news/2023/10/17/universitet-zanyal-lidiruyushchie-pozicii-v-globalnom-reytinge-vuzov \| title=Университет занял лидирующие позиции в глобальном рейтинге вузов THE - Южно-Уральский государственный университет }}</ref> * 701–800 in [[The Three University Missions Ranking\|Three University Missions Ranking]] 2023 (27–30th among Russian universities)<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://mosiur.org/ranking/ \| title=Ranking }}</ref> * 757 in [[Round University Ranking]] 2021 (64th among Russian universities)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://roundranking.com/ranking/world-university-rankings.html#world-2021 \|title=World University Rankings \|publisher=Roundranking.com \|date= \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2018-01-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015240/https://roundranking.com/ranking/world-university-rankings.html#world-2021 \|url-status=live }}</ref> * 801–1000 in ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' 2022 (28–35th among Russian universities)<ref name="auto3"/> * 1,355 by [[Webometrics Ranking of World Universities]] 2022<ref name="auto1"/> * 1,500 by [[Nature Index]] 2021<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.universityguru.com/universities-chelyabinsk\|title=All 6 Universities in Chelyabinsk \| Rankings & Reviews 2022\|first=Course Guru\|last=S.L.U\|website=UniversityGuru}}</ref> * 2,064 in [[University Ranking by Academic Performance]] (URAP) 2019-20<ref name="auto5"/> ===Regional or subject=== * 116 in QS Emerging Europe & Central Asia Rankings 2022 (24th among Russian universities)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022 \|title=QS University Rankings for EECA 2022 \|publisher=Top Universities \|date= \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2022-02-16 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216074133/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022 \|url-status=live }}</ref> * 389 in RankPro Rankings 2020/21 (15th among Russian universities)<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.cicerobook.com/userfiles/files/RankPro%2020-21%20Country.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2022-02-14 \|archive-date=2022-01-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108003723/https://www.cicerobook.com/userfiles/files/RankPro%2020-21%20Country.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> * 401–600 in Times Higher Education World University Rankings Impact Rankings 2020 (16–30th among Russian universities)<ref>{{cite web\|url = https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/2020/overall#!/page/0/length/-1/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/undefined\|title = Impact Ranking\|date = 4 March 2020\|access-date = 15 October 2020\|archive-date = 2 May 2020\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200502212410/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/2020/overall#!/page/0/length/-1/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/undefined\|url-status = live}}</ref> * 501–600 in Times Higher Education World University Rankings in Engineering 2021 (9–12th among Russian universities)<ref>{{cite web\|url = https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/engineering-and-IT#!/page/0/length/25/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats\|title = World University Rankings 2021 by subject: Engineering\|date = 27 October 2020\|access-date = 31 October 2020\|archive-date = 22 November 2021\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211122104833/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/engineering-and-it#!/page/0/length/25/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats\|url-status = live}}</ref> * 601–800 in Times Higher Education World University Rankings in Physical Sciences 2021 (17–20th among Russian universities)<ref>{{cite web\|url = https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/physical-sciences#!/page/0/length/25/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats\|title = World University Rankings 2021 by subject: Physical sciences\|date = 26 October 2020\|access-date = 31 October 2020\|archive-date = 22 November 2021\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211122194315/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/physical-sciences#!/page/0/length/25/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats\|url-status = live}}</ref> * 601–800 in Times Higher Education World University Rankings in Computer Science 2021 (11–22nd among Russian universities)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/computer-science#!/page/0/length/25/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats\|title=World University Rankings 2021 by subject: Computer science\|date=26 October 2020\|access-date=31 October 2020\|archive-date=20 November 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120123204/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/computer-science#!/page/0/length/25/locations/RU/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===In Russia=== * 26 in ''[[Forbes]]'' Russian Universities Rankings 2020<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.forbes.ru/obshchestvo/403369-universitety-dlya-budushchey-elity-100-luchshih-rossiyskih-vuzov-po-versii-forbes \|title=Университеты для будущей элиты: 100 лучших российских вузов по версии Forbes—2020 \| Forbes.ru \|access-date=2021-02-11 \|archive-date=2021-12-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201075630/https://www.forbes.ru/obshchestvo/403369-universitety-dlya-budushchey-elity-100-luchshih-rossiyskih-vuzov-po-versii-forbes \|url-status=dead }}</ref> * Top-38 in National Aggregated Rating of Russian Universities 2021<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://best-edu.ru/ratings/national/nacionalnyj-agregirovannyj-rejting \|title=п²п╟я├п╦п╬п╫п╟п╩я▄п╫я▀п╧ п╟пЁя─п╣пЁп╦я─п╬п╡п╟п╫п╫я▀п╧ я─п╣п╧я┌п╦п╫пЁ \|publisher=Best-edu.ru \|date= \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2022-02-16 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216062903/https://best-edu.ru/ratings/national/nacionalnyj-agregirovannyj-rejting \|url-status=live }}</ref> * 39-40 in [[Vladimir Potanin]] Foundation Universities Rating 2021<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.fondpotanin.ru/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%202021.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2022-02-14 \|archive-date=2022-01-02 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102134523/https://www.fondpotanin.ru/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%202021.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> * 44–45 in [[Interfax]] National Universities Rating 2021<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://academia.interfax.ru/ru/ratings/?page=1&city=101&rating=1&year=2021 \|title=п═п╣п╧я┌п╦п╫пЁп╦ / п≤п╫я┌п╣я─я└п╟п╨я│ - п▓я▀я│я┬п╣п╣ п╬п╠я─п╟п╥п╬п╡п╟п╫п╦п╣ п╡ п═п╬я│я│п╦п╦ \|publisher=Academia.interfax.ru \|date= \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2022-02-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209175709/https://academia.interfax.ru/ru/ratings/?page=1&city=101&rating=1&year=2021 \|url-status=live }}</ref> * 55 in RAEX-RR Most Influencing Russian Universities Rankings 2020<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://raex-rr.com/education/universities/ranking_of_influential_universities \|title=Рейтинг вузов по влиятельности \|publisher=Raex-rr.com \|date=2018-11-30 \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2022-01-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121004811/https://raex-rr.com/education/universities/ranking_of_influential_universities \|url-status=live }}</ref> * 61 in [[Expert RA\|RAEX]]-RR Russian Universities Rankings 2021<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://raex-rr.com/education/universities/rating_of_universities_of_russia \|title=Рейтинг Топ-100 вузов России - RAEX \|publisher=Raex-rr.com \|date=2018-11-30 \|accessdate=2022-02-20 \|archive-date=2020-11-12 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112001244/https://raex-rr.com/education/universities/rating_of_universities_of_russia \|url-status=live }}</ref> == Schools and institutes== * Institute of Architecture and Construction<ref name=":0">{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/higher-schools-and-institutes/institute-architecture-and-construction\|title=Institute of Architecture and Construction – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2017-06-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612233904/http://www.susu.ru/en/higher-schools-and-institutes/institute-architecture-and-construction\|url-status=live}}</ref> * School of Medical Biology<ref name=":1">{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes/school-medical-biology\|title=School of Medical Biology – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2019-06-22\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622011843/http://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes/school-medical-biology\|url-status=live}}</ref> * School of Economics and Management<ref name=":2">{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/higher-schools-and-institutes/school-economics-and-management\|title=School of Economics and Management – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2017-06-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605011402/http://www.susu.ru/en/higher-schools-and-institutes/school-economics-and-management\|url-status=live}}</ref> * School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science<ref name=":3">{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes/school-electronic-engineering-and-computer-science\|title=School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2021-04-18\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418212738/https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes/school-electronic-engineering-and-computer-science\|url-status=live}}</ref> * Institute of Linguistics and International Communication<ref name=":4">{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes/institute-linguistics-and-international-communication\|title=Institute of Linguistics and International Communication – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2018-06-18\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618023424/http://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes/institute-linguistics-and-international-communication\|url-status=live}}</ref> * Institute of Media, Social Sciences and Humanities<ref name=":5">{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes/institute-social-sciences-and-humanities\|title=Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2019-06-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605092827/http://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes/institute-social-sciences-and-humanities\|url-status=live}}</ref> * Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes/institute-natural-sciences-and-mathematics\|title=Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics - South Ural State University\|access-date=2020-10-15\|archive-date=2021-11-18\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118155904/https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes/institute-natural-sciences-and-mathematics\|url-status=live}}</ref> * Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service<ref name=":7">{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/university/departments/educational/institutes/institute-sport-tourism-and-service\|title=Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2021-10-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010131220/https://www.susu.ru/en/university/departments/educational/institutes/institute-sport-tourism-and-service\|url-status=live}}</ref> * Institute of Engineering and Technology<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes/institute-engineering-and-technology\|title=Institute of Engineering and Technology - South Ural State University\|access-date=2020-10-15\|archive-date=2021-12-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204024524/https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes/institute-engineering-and-technology\|url-status=live}}</ref> * Institute of Law<ref name=":9">{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes/institute-law\|title=Institute of Law – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2019-02-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216224816/http://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes/institute-law\|url-status=live}}</ref> * Institute of Open and Distance Education<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/university/departments/educational/institutes/open-and-distance-education\|title=Institute of Open and Distance Education - South Ural State University\|access-date=2020-10-15\|archive-date=2021-12-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205121210/https://www.susu.ru/en/university/departments/educational/institutes/open-and-distance-education\|url-status=live}}</ref> * Institute of Supplementary Education<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes/institute-supplementary-education\|title=Institute of Supplementary Education - South Ural State University\|access-date=2020-10-15\|archive-date=2021-12-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205112924/https://www.susu.ru/en/university/schools-and-institutes/institute-supplementary-education\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes\|title=Schools and Institutes – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2018-06-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607154351/http://www.susu.ru/en/schools-and-institutes\|url-status=live}}</ref> == SUSU Science Library == The Science Library of South Ural State University was established in 1943 and is one of the biggest university libraries of the Ural Region. The library's collection includes both contemporary scientific, educational and reference editions (Russian and foreign ones), and selections of rare books of the 19th – 20th century. The collection comprises over 2 million items. Printed editions are complemented by electronic documents: books, journals, newspapers, video and audio materials. The library features 11 reading rooms, two electronic resources rooms, and four delivery desks (natural sciences and technical literature, social sciences and humanities literature, fiction literature, and a delivery desk for extramural students).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://lib.susu.ru/\|title=Научная библиотека ЮУрГУ\|website=lib.susu.ru\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2021-11-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130081941/https://lib.susu.ru/\|url-status=live}}</ref> == SUSU museums == The Museum of SUSU History was established in 1980 at the initiative of the Chairperson of the Council of Veterans of the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute. The first part of the exhibit tells about the history of the university's creation. Visitors learn how in 1951 Chelyabinsk Mechanical Engineering Institute was reorganized into Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute, and what the first student's cards and grade books looked like.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/arts-and-culture/museum\|title=SUSU Museum – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2021-09-27\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927081701/https://www.susu.ru/en/arts-and-culture/museum\|url-status=live}}</ref> The Geological Museum was opened at the SUSU Faculty of Architecture and Construction in 2010. The exhibit features rocks and minerals that represent the natural wealth of the [[Ural (region)\|Ural Region]]. The museum has a collection of iron, copper, nickel ores, and raw materials for production of construction materials. Visitors can see ornamental, semiprecious stones and gem stones. Over one thousand items are exhibited at the museum.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/arts-and-culture/geological-museum\|title=Geological museum – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2017-12-29\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229012233/http://www.susu.ru/en/arts-and-culture/geological-museum\|url-status=live}}</ref> The Arts Hall of South Ural State University was opened in 2003. Over the years, the Arts Hall has held over 60 exhibitions featuring artworks from [[Chelyabinsk Regional State Art Museum]], [[Chelyabinsk Regional Division of the Union of Russian Artists]], [[Gildiya Masterov]] (Craftsmen Guild) creative union, and private collections, and exhibits of the [[Russian Academy of Arts]] and the [[Russian Museum\|State Russian Museum]]. Photo exhibitions of works by Chelyabinsk and Russian photographers are regularly held at the Arts Hall.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/arts-and-culture/arts-hall\|title=Arts Hall – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2021-12-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205113635/https://www.susu.ru/en/arts-and-culture/arts-hall\|url-status=live}}</ref> SUSU Museum of Peoples and Technologies of the Ural Region<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.susu.ru/en/arts-and-culture/museum-nationalities-and-technology-south-urals\|title=Museum of Nationalities and Technology of the South Urals – South Ural State University\|website=www.susu.ru\|language=en\|access-date=2018-06-06\|archive-date=2021-03-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303032613/https://www.susu.ru/en/arts-and-culture/museum-nationalities-and-technology-south-urals\|url-status=live}}</ref> == Notable people == {{main list\|:Category:South Ural State University alumni}} * [[Taisia Chenchik]], Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the [[high jump]]; won bronze medal at the [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics\|1964 Summer Olympics]] and gold medal at [[Athletics at the 1963 Summer Universiade\|1963 Summer Universiade]] * [[Viktor Khristenko\|Victor Khristenko]], Chairman of the Board of Eurasian Economic Commission * [[Gennadiy Kondrashov]], retired [[hammer throw]]er who competed for the Soviet Union at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] * [[Alexander Pochinok]], Minister of Taxes and Levies of Russia, 1999–2000; Minister of Labor and Social Development, 2000–2004 * [[Eugene Roshal]], software engineer best known as the developer of [[Far Manager\|FAR File Manager]], [[RAR (file format)\|RAR file format]] and [[WinRAR\|WinRAR file archiver]] * [[Pyotr Sumin]], governor of Chelyabinsk Oblast of Russia, 1996–2010 * [[Dmitry Petelin\|Dmitry Aleksandrovich Petelin]], a cosmonaut, spent 370 days, 21 hours, and 23 minutes in space. == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|South Ural State University}} {{Official website\|https://www.susu.ru/en}} {{in lang\|en}} {{Official website\|https://www.susu.ru/ru}} {{in lang\|ru}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:South Ural State University\| ]] [[Category:Chelyabinsk]] [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1943]] [[Category:National research universities in Russia]] [[Category:Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:1943 establishments in Russia]] [[Category:Universities in Chelyabinsk Oblast]] [[Category:Sanctions and boycotts during the Russo-Ukrainian War]] [[Category:Sanctioned corporations]]	1,293,720,940	[{"title": "South Ural State University \u00b7 (SUSU)", "data": {"Former names": "Chelyabinsk Mechanics and Technology Institute (CMTI) \u00b7 (1943\u20131951), \u00b7 Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute (CPI) \u00b7 (1951\u20131990), \u00b7 Chelyabinsk State Technical University (CSTU) \u00b7 (1990\u20131997)", "Motto": "Aut viam inveniam, aut faciam", "Motto in English": "I shall either find a way or make one", "Type": "Public", "Established": "December 15, 1943", "President": "German Platonovich Vyatkin", "Rector": "Alexander Wagner", "Administrative staff": "5,000", "Students": "Approx. 40,000", "Undergraduates": "55,000", "Location": "Chelyabinsk, Russia \u00b7 55\u00b009\u203236\u2033N 61\u00b022\u203212\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff55.16000\u00b0N 61.37000\u00b0E", "Campus": "Urban", "Website": "www.susu.ru/en"}}, {"title": "Regional \u2013 Overall", "data": {"QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia": "116 (2022)"}}]	false
# Michael J. Weithorn Michael J. Weithorn is an American writer, director, and producer whose works include the sitcom The King of Queens. ## Early life Weithorn was raised first in the Fresh Meadows neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens, and then in Port Washington, New York, on Long Island. He graduated Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania in 1978 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science. ## Career After arriving in Los Angeles and teaching high school for three years, Weithorn's first major writing opportunity was an episode of the television series Benson in 1981. In 1982 he passed up an opportunity to become part of the original writing staff of Late Night With David Letterman to work with producer Gary David Goldberg on Goldberg's new series Family Ties. From 1982 to 1986 Weithorn was a story consultant and then producer on 102 episodes of Family Ties, writing 26 of the episodes during his tenure on the show. During that same time, he also wrote episodes for other TV shows, including Cheers. He worked for Ubu Productions until 1986, when he founded Hanley Productions with a contract at 20th Century Fox Television and ABC. He began creating TV series of his own after leaving Family Ties in 1986, including The Pursuit of Happiness (1987), True Colors (1990-1992), South Central (1994) and Ned and Stacey (1995-1997). In 1998, he created The King of Queens with David Litt. The show ran until 2007, when Weithorn wrote the hour-long finale episode, "China Syndrome". In 2006, he co-created (with Nick Bakay) the Comedy Central animated web series The Adventures of Baxter and McGuire, an episode of which was also shown at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2010, he wrote and directed the feature film A Little Help, which stars Jenna Fischer, Chris O'Donnell and Rob Benedict. In 2015, Weithorn created and executive produced the short-lived Fox midseason sitcom Weird Loners, starring Becki Newton and Zachary Knighton. ## Awards Weithorn has five Emmy nominations. In 1984, he was nominated for an Emmy for his work on Family Ties along with the show's other producers. One year later, he was nominated again for Family Ties, both times in the category of Outstanding Comedy Series. In 1986, Weithorn was nominated for two Emmys for Family Ties, one for producing and the other for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series. In 1989, he was nominated for another Writing Emmy for his work on the TV series The Wonder Years. In 2007, he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for "Best Outstanding Broadband Program – Comedy" for The Adventures of Baxter and McGuire. In 2010, Weithorn's film A Little Help was the winner of best feature at several major film festivals. Weithorn won a Writers Guild of America award in 1985 for his work on an episode of Cheers. ## Filmography \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Note(s) \| \| --------- \| -------------------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------- \| \| 1981 \| Benson \| Writer \| Episode: "Stress" \| \| 1982 \| Making the Grade \| Writer/Story Editor \| 2 episodes \| \| 1982-89 \| Family Ties \| Producer/Supervising Producer/Writer/Story Consultant \| 170 episodes \| \| 1983 \| Cheers \| Writer \| Episode: "Sumner's Return" \| \| 1985 \| Family Ties Vacation \| Writer \| TV movie \| \| 1987-88 \| Pursuit of Happiness \| Creator/Executive Producer \| 15 episodes \| \| 1988 \| The Wonder Years \| Writer \| Episode: "Our Miss White" \| \| 1990-91 \| The Rock \| Creator/Executive Producer \| 20 episodes \| \| 1990-92 \| True Colors \| Creator/Executive Producer \| 95 episodes \| \| 1993-94 \| The Sinbad Show \| Executive Producer/Writer \| 9 episodes \| \| 1994 \| South Central \| Creator/Executive Producer \| 21 episodes \| \| 1995-97 \| Ned and Stacey \| Creator/Executive Producer \| 99 episodes \| \| 1998-2007 \| The King of Queens \| Creator/Executive Producer/Creative Consultant/Executive Consultant/Director \| 207 episodes \| \| 2006 \| The Adventures of Baxter & McGuire \| Writer \| \| \| 2008 \| The Adventures of Baxter & McGuire: The Boss \| Writer \| Short \| \| 2010 \| A Little Help \| Writer/Director \| Feature film \| \| 2013 \| The Sidekick \| Co-Executive Producer/Director \| Short \| \| 2013-14 \| The Goldbergs \| Consulting Producer/Writer \| 24 episodes \| \| 2015 \| Weird Loners \| Creator/Executive Producer \| 16 episodes \| \| 2019 \| Schooled \| Writer/Consulting Producer \| 14 episodes \| \| 2025 \| The Best You Can \| Director/Writer/Producer \| Feature film \| \| TBA \| Sunday Night Dinner \| \| In development \|	enwiki/28409981	enwiki	28,409,981	Michael J. Weithorn	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Weithorn	2025-06-14T14:46:15Z	en	Q6831525	59,319	{{short description\|American screenwriter}} [[File:Michael J. Weithorn The Best You Can-48.jpg\|thumb\|Michael J. Weithorn during The Best You Can premiere at the 2025 Tribeca Festival]] {{Use mdy dates\|date=December 2020}} '''Michael J. Weithorn''' is an American writer, director, and producer whose works include the [[sitcom]] ''[[The King of Queens]]''. ==Early life== Weithorn was raised first in the [[Fresh Meadows]] neighborhood of the New York City borough of [[Queens]], and then in [[Port Washington, New York]], on [[Long Island]].<ref name=patch>{{cite news\|url=https://patch.com/new-york/portwashington/filmmaker-gets-a-little-help-from-port-washington\|title=Filmmaker Gets A Little Help from Port Washington\|first=Mary Ellen\|last= Walsh\|date=July 13, 2010\|newspaper=Patch\|location=Port Washington, New York\| access-date=March 3, 2021\|archive-date=February 8, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208055744/https://patch.com/new-york/portwashington/filmmaker-gets-a-little-help-from-port-washington\|url-status=live\|quote= At the tender age of nine, Weithorn moved to Port Washington from Fresh Meadows, Queens}}</ref>{{bsn\|article is effectively self-published and as such is a [[WP:BLPSPS]] problem\|date=February 2025}} He graduated [[Swarthmore College]] in [[Swarthmore, Pennsylvania]] in 1978 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science.<ref>Biographical blurb in {{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/10/archives/straight-time.html\|title=Straight Time\|first=Michael J.\|last=Weithorn\|date=June 10, 1978\|work=[[The New York Times]]\|access-date=February 4, 2013\|quote=Michael J. Weithorn, a political science major, was graduated from Swarthmore College last month as president of his class.}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thekingofqueens.com/about.php?page=producers\|title=About the Show\|work=The King of Queens\|publisher=Official website\|accessdate=February 4, 2013\|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323025129/http://www.thekingofqueens.com/about.php?page=producers\|archivedate=March 23, 2012\|quote=...Weithorn earned a B.A. degree in Political Science from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania.}}</ref> ==Career== After arriving in Los Angeles and teaching high school for three years, Weithorn's first major writing opportunity was an episode of the television series ''[[Benson (TV series)\|Benson]]'' in 1981. In 1982 he passed up an opportunity to become part of the original writing staff of ''[[Late Night With David Letterman]]'' to work with producer [[Gary David Goldberg]] on Goldberg's new series ''[[Family Ties]]''. From 1982 to 1986 Weithorn was a story consultant and then producer on 102 episodes of ''Family Ties'', writing 26 of the episodes during his tenure on the show. During that same time, he also wrote episodes for other TV shows, including ''[[Cheers]]''. He worked for [[Ubu Productions]] until 1986, when he founded Hanley Productions with a contract at [[20th Television\|20th Century Fox Television]] and [[American Broadcasting Company\|ABC]].<ref>{{Cite news\|date=1990-06-25\|title=Ready for Prime Time Players, Part II\|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable\|Broadcasting]]\|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/90-OCR/BC-1990-06-25-OCR-Page-0041.pdf\|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref> He began creating TV series of his own after leaving ''Family Ties'' in 1986, including ''[[The Pursuit of Happiness (1987 TV series)\|The Pursuit of Happiness]]'' (1987), [[True Colors (TV series)\|''True Colors'']] (1990-1992), [[South Central (TV series)\|''South Central'']] (1994) and ''[[Ned and Stacey]]'' (1995-1997). In 1998, he created ''[[The King of Queens]]'' with David Litt. The show ran until 2007, when Weithorn wrote the hour-long finale episode, "[[China Syndrome (The King of Queens)\|China Syndrome]]". In 2006, he co-created (with [[Nick Bakay]]) the Comedy Central animated web series ''[[The Adventures of Baxter and McGuire]]'', an episode of which was also shown at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2010, he wrote and directed the feature film ''[[A Little Help]]'', which stars [[Jenna Fischer]], [[Chris O'Donnell]] and [[Rob Benedict]].<ref>{{cite news\|last=Fretts\|first=Bruce\|url=http://www.tvguide.com/news/Secrets-King-Queens-41085.aspx\|title=The Secrets to the King of Queens' Long Reign\|date=May 14, 2007\|magazine=[[TV Guide]]\|accessdate=February 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url= https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/sitcom-co-creator-makes-new-film-on-li-1.3038954\|title=Sitcom co-creator makes new film on LI\|first=Rafer\|last=Guzman\|newspaper=[[Newsday]]\|location=New York City / Long Island\|date=July 20, 2011\|access-date=March 3, 2021\|archive-date=March 3, 2021\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210303153214/https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/sitcom-co-creator-makes-new-film-on-li-1.3038954\|url-status=live\|quote=Weithorn, who grew up in Port Washington.... 'A Little Help,' which is set in Port Washington, also was largely filmed there....}}</ref> In 2015, Weithorn created and executive produced the short-lived Fox midseason sitcom ''[[Weird Loners]]'', starring [[Becki Newton]] and [[Zachary Knighton]]. ==Awards== {{BLP unsourced section\|date=March 2021}} Weithorn has five [[Emmy Award\|Emmy]] nominations. In 1984, he was nominated for an Emmy for his work on ''Family Ties'' along with the show's other producers. One year later, he was nominated again for ''Family Ties'', both times in the category of Outstanding Comedy Series. In 1986, Weithorn was nominated for two Emmys for ''Family Ties'', one for producing and the other for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series. In 1989, he was nominated for another Writing Emmy for his work on the TV series ''[[The Wonder Years]]''. In 2007, he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for "Best Outstanding Broadband Program – Comedy" for ''[[The Adventures of Baxter and McGuire]]''. In 2010, Weithorn's film ''A Little Help'' was the winner of best feature at several major film festivals.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2020}} Weithorn won a [[Writers Guild of America]] award in 1985 for his work on an episode of ''[[Cheers]]''.{{citation needed\|date=March 2021}} ==Filmography== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Note(s) \|- \| 1981 \|\| ''[[Benson (TV series)\|Benson]]'' \|\| Writer \|\| Episode: "Stress" \|- \| 1982 \|\| ''[[Making the Grade (TV series)\|Making the Grade]]'' \|\| Writer/Story Editor \|\| 2 episodes \|- \| 1982-89 \|\| ''[[Family Ties]]'' \|\| Producer/Supervising Producer/Writer/Story Consultant \|\| 170 episodes \|- \| 1983 \|\| ''[[Cheers (TV series)\|Cheers]]'' \|\| rowspan=2\|Writer \|\| Episode: "Sumner's Return" \|- \| 1985 \|\| ''[[List of Family Ties episodes#Season 4 (1985-86)\|Family Ties Vacation]]'' \|\| TV movie \|- \| 1987-88 \|\| ''[[The Pursuit of Happiness (1987 TV series)\|Pursuit of Happiness]]'' \|\| Creator/Executive Producer \|\| 15 episodes \|- \| 1988 \|\| ''[[The Wonder Years]]'' \|\| Writer \|\| Episode: "Our Miss White" \|- \| 1990-91 \|\| ''The Rock'' \|\| Creator/Executive Producer \|\| 20 episodes \|- \| 1990-92 \|\| ''[[True Colors (TV series)\|True Colors]]'' \|\| Creator/Executive Producer \|\| 95 episodes \|- \| 1993-94 \|\| ''[[The Sinbad Show]]'' \|\| Executive Producer/Writer \|\| 9 episodes \|- \| 1994 \|\| ''[[South Central (TV series)\|South Central]]'' \|\| rowspan=2\|Creator/Executive Producer \|\| 21 episodes \|- \| 1995-97 \|\| ''[[Ned and Stacey]]'' \|\| 99 episodes \|- \| 1998-2007 \|\| ''[[The King of Queens]]'' \|\| Creator/Executive Producer/Creative Consultant/Executive Consultant/Director \|\| 207 episodes \|- \| 2006 \|\| ''The Adventures of Baxter & McGuire'' \|\| rowspan=2\|Writer \|\| \|- \| 2008 \|\| ''The Adventures of Baxter & McGuire: The Boss'' \|\| Short \|- \| 2010 \|\| ''[[A Little Help]]'' \|\| Writer/Director \|\| Feature film \|- \| 2013 \|\| ''The Sidekick'' \|\| Co-Executive Producer/Director \|\| Short \|- \| 2013-14 \|\| ''[[The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)\|The Goldbergs]]'' \|\| Consulting Producer/Writer \|\| 24 episodes \|- \| 2015 \|\| ''[[Weird Loners]]'' \|\| Creator/Executive Producer \|\| 16 episodes \|- \| 2019 \|\| ''[[Schooled (TV series)\|Schooled]]'' \|\| Writer/Consulting Producer \|\| 14 episodes \|- \| 2025 \|\| ''[[The Best You Can]]'' \|\| Director/Writer/Producer \|\| Feature film \|- \| TBA \|\| ''Sunday Night Dinner'' \|\| \|\| In development \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{IMDb name\|0919352}} {{WritersGuildofAmericaEpisodicComedyScreenplay 1980s}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Weithorn, Michael J.}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American television directors]] [[Category:Television producers from Queens, New York]] [[Category:American television writers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Swarthmore College alumni]] [[Category:Writers from Queens, New York]] [[Category:Screenwriters from New York City]] [[Category:American showrunners]] [[Category:American male television writers]] [[Category:Film directors from New York City]] [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners]]	1,295,564,433	[]	false
# Thomas Kristensen (footballer, born 1983) Thomas Fauerskov Kristensen (born 17 April 1983) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is currently working as a transition coach at FC Nordsjælland. Kristensen has been capped eleven times for the Denmark national team. ## Club career ### Nordsjælland In January 2005 Kristensen moved from Lyngby Boldklub in Danish 2nd Division to the Danish Superliga team FC Nordsjælland. Although it was a big step up, Kristensen became a regular first team player from the beginning. ### Copenhagen In both the 2007–08 winter and 2008 summer transfer windows, Kristensen had been rumoured to be in the process of a deal with F.C. Copenhagen (FCK). On 9 July 2008 TV 2 Sporten reported that Kristensen had agreed with FCK, and only the transfer fee needed to be agreed. In the beginning, FCK and Nordsjælland could not agree on a transfer fee, so it was announced that Kristensen would join F.C. Copenhagen on 1 January 2009 on a free transfer. The clubs subsequently agreed on a transfer fee the next day, and on 15 July 2008 Kristensen became a F.C. Copenhagen player. Only two days later Kristensen played his first match for FCK. It was a UEFA Cup qualifier against Cliftonville at Mourneview Park, where he replaced William Kvist in the 69th minute. In May 2014 Thomas Kristensen secured a 3–2 victory against Odense Boldklub in the 86th minute. This meant that FCK finished 2nd, in the league table that season. ### Eredivisie On 22 June 2014, it was announced that Kristensen had signed a two-year deal with Eredivisie side ADO Den Haag. ### Brisbane Roar On 27 July 2016, Kristensen was signed to A-League side Brisbane Roar. On 19 March 2017, against Adelaide United with late drama, Brisbane's goalkeeper, Michael Theo had been sent off along with Marcelo Carrusca for Adelaide. The referee (Stephan Lucas) had also pointed to the penalty spot. The Roar were ready to make their change. However, they used up their three substitutes, so their other goalkeeper, Jamie Young could not come on to the field. Kristensen was chosen to be their backup goalkeeper and switched jerseys from outfield to goalkeeper jersey as he faced Sergio Cirio into a penalty kick which was converted by the Adelaide striker in the 98th minute which ended into a 2–1 win for Adelaide United. ### Helsingør On 1 August 2019 FC Helsingør confirmed, that Kristensen had joined the club on a 1-year contract. On 7 August 2020, Kristensen announced his retirement from football. ## International career In January 2007 Kristensen was called upon by the Danish national team, which was touring north and central America in a string of friendly games in the United States, El Salvador and Honduras, by team manager, Morten Olsen. He played the two last games of the tour against El Salvador and Honduras. In August 2007 Kristensen again was again selected by Olsen, for an A national friendly against Ireland, though he sat on the bench the whole match in the 0–4 defeat. Half a month later he was called up again for the Euro 2008 qualifiers against Sweden and Liechtenstein. Kristensen was subsequently scratched from the team due to an injury. In January 2008 Kristensen was called upon for the league national team again. This time for a tour of the Middle East. Kristensen's A national team debut came on 2008-03-26 against Czech Republic. He started the game in central midfield next to Sevilla FC player Christian Poulsen and played the first 65 minutes. In the 26th minute he made the assist to Nicklas Bendtner's goal. Kristensen was also in the squad for the friendlies against Netherlands and Poland. In these two matches he only played the last 27 minutes against Poland. ## Managerial career After retiring, Kristensen was hired as an assistant coach for the U19s of his former club Lyngby Boldklub. After Lyngby's first team coach, Christian Nielsen, was hit by a ball in the face in November 2020 and therefore was on sick leave, U-19 manager Carit Falch was promoted as manager for the Danish Superliga-team. Kristensen then took charge of the U19s for the rest of 2020. Alongside being the head coach of the U19s, Kristensen also helped Carit Falch on the Superliga-team until Christmas 2020. From 1 January 2021, a new U-19 head coach was appointed, and Kristensen continued in his role as assistant coach for the U19s and also became a permanent part of the first team staff under Falch. However, it became too time consuming for Kristensen, and he decided to give up his position on the U-19 team, to focus as part of the staff on the first team under Falch. On 26 June 2021, Kristensen accepted a new role at Lyngby as a transition coach, a role that aims to be the link between the youth players and the first team. On 16 August 2021, Kristensen was also hired as an assistant coach for the Danish U-18 national team. On 7 June 2023, Kristensen returned to his former club, FC Nordsjælland, in a position as transition coach. ## Career statistics As of 1 July 2020 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| Cup \| Cup \| Continental \| Continental \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ------------- \| ------------ \| ---------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ---- \| ----- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Lyngby \| 2002–03 \| 1. Division \| 26 \| 3 \| \| \| — \| — \| 26 \| 3 \| \| Lyngby \| 2003–04 \| 1. Division \| 16 \| 5 \| \| \| — \| — \| 16 \| 5 \| \| Lyngby \| Total \| Total \| 42 \| 8 \| \| \| — \| — \| 42 \| 8 \| \| Nordsjælland \| 2004–05 \| Danish Superliga \| 13 \| 1 \| \| \| — \| — \| 13 \| 1 \| \| Nordsjælland \| 2005–06 \| Danish Superliga \| 26 \| 2 \| \| \| — \| — \| 26 \| 2 \| \| Nordsjælland \| 2006–07 \| Danish Superliga \| 30 \| 9 \| \| \| — \| — \| 30 \| 9 \| \| Nordsjælland \| 2007–08 \| Danish Superliga \| 27 \| 6 \| \| \| — \| — \| 27 \| 6 \| \| Nordsjælland \| Total \| Total \| 96 \| 18 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 96 \| 18 \| \| Copenhagen \| 2008–09 \| Danish Superliga \| 26 \| 0 \| 6 \| 0 \| 12 \| 1 \| 44 \| 1 \| \| Copenhagen \| 2009–10 \| Danish Superliga \| 23 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 8 \| 1 \| 33 \| 1 \| \| Copenhagen \| 2010–11 \| Danish Superliga \| 27 \| 1 \| 2 \| 1 \| 3 \| 0 \| 32 \| 2 \| \| Copenhagen \| 2011–12 \| Danish Superliga \| 25 \| 1 \| 5 \| 0 \| 6 \| 0 \| 36 \| 1 \| \| Copenhagen \| 2012–13 \| Danish Superliga \| 27 \| 0 \| 3 \| 2 \| 10 \| 0 \| 40 \| 2 \| \| Copenhagen \| 2013–14 \| Danish Superliga \| 26 \| 3 \| 6 \| 1 \| 3 \| 0 \| 35 \| 4 \| \| Copenhagen \| Total \| Total \| 154 \| 5 \| 24 \| 4 \| 42 \| 2 \| 220 \| 11 \| \| ADO Den Haag \| 2014–15 \| Eredivisie \| 30 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| — \| — \| 31 \| 2 \| \| ADO Den Haag \| 2015–16 \| Eredivisie \| 18 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 19 \| 1 \| \| ADO Den Haag \| Total \| Total \| 48 \| 2 \| 2 \| 1 \| — \| — \| 50 \| 3 \| \| Brisbane Roar \| 2016–17 \| A-League \| 25 \| 4 \| — \| — \| 4 \| 0 \| 29 \| 4 \| \| Brisbane Roar \| 2017–18 \| A-League \| 18 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 19 \| 2 \| \| Brisbane Roar \| 2018–19 \| A-League \| 17 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 18 \| 0 \| \| Brisbane Roar \| Total \| Total \| 60 \| 6 \| 2 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 66 \| 6 \| \| Helsingør \| 2019–10 \| 1. Division \| 18 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 18 \| 2 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 408 \| 41 \| 28 \| 5 \| 46 \| 2 \| 478 \| 48 \| ## Honours Copenhagen - Danish Superliga: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13 - Danish Cup: 2008–09, 2011–12	enwiki/8033273	enwiki	8,033,273	Thomas Kristensen (footballer, born 1983)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kristensen_(footballer,_born_1983)	2025-06-14T02:22:00Z	en	Q2558049	105,615	{{short description\|Danish footballer}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Thomas Kristensen \| image = Thomas Kristensen (2015).jpg \| caption = Thomas Kristensen in 2015 \| fullname = Thomas Fauerskov Kristensen \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1983\|4\|17\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Virum]], Denmark \| height = 1.88 m \| position = [[Midfielder]] \| currentclub = [[FC Nordsjælland\|Nordsjælland]] (transition coach) \| clubnumber = \| youthyears1 = \| youthclubs1 = Virum-Sorgenfri \| youthyears2 = \| youthclubs2 = [[BK Søllerød-Vedbæk\|Søllerød-Vedbæk]] \| youthyears3 = \| youthclubs3 = [[Akademisk Boldklub\|AB]] \| years1 = 2002–2004 \| clubs1 = [[Lyngby Boldklub\|Lyngby]] \| caps1 = 42 \| goals1 = 8 \| years2 = 2005–2008 \| clubs2 = [[FC Nordsjælland\|Nordsjælland]] \| caps2 = 96 \| goals2 = 18 \| years3 = 2008–2014 \| clubs3 = [[F.C. Copenhagen\|Copenhagen]] \| caps3 = 154 \| goals3 = 5 \| years4 = 2014–2016 \| clubs4 = [[ADO Den Haag]] \| caps4 = 48 \| goals4 = 2 \| years5 = 2016–2019 \| clubs5 = [[Brisbane Roar FC\|Brisbane Roar]] \| caps5 = 60 \| goals5 = 6 \| years6 = 2019–2020 \| clubs6 = [[FC Helsingør\|Helsingør]] \| caps6 = 18 \| goals6 = 2 \| totalcaps = 408 \| totalgoals = 41 \| nationalyears1 = 2008–2012 \| nationalteam1 = [[Denmark national football team\|Denmark]] \| nationalcaps1 = 9 \| nationalgoals1 = 0 \| pcupdate = \| ntupdate = \| manageryears1 = 2020–2021 \| managerclubs1 = [[Lyngby Boldklub\|Lyngby]] (U19 assistant) \| manageryears2 = 2020 \| managerclubs2 = [[Lyngby Boldklub\|Lyngby]] (U19 caretaker) \| manageryears3 = 2021 \| managerclubs3 = [[Lyngby Boldklub\|Lyngby]] (assistant) \| manageryears4 = 2021–2023 \| managerclubs4 = [[Lyngby Boldklub\|Lyngby]] (transition coach) \| manageryears5 = 2021–202X \| managerclubs5 = [[Denmark national under-18 football team\|Denmark U-18]] (assistant) \| manageryears6 = 2023– \| managerclubs6 = [[FC Nordsjælland\|Nordsjælland]] (transition coach) }} '''Thomas Fauerskov Kristensen''' (born 17 April 1983) is a Danish former professional [[Association football\|footballer]] who played as a [[midfielder]]. He is currently working as a transition coach at [[FC Nordsjælland]]. Kristensen has been capped eleven times for the [[Denmark national football team\|Denmark national team]]. ==Club career== ===Nordsjælland=== In January 2005 Kristensen moved from [[Lyngby Boldklub]] in Danish 2nd Division to the [[Danish Superliga]] team [[FC Nordsjælland]].<ref name="fcn profile">{{cite web \|url=http://fcn.wpsnet.hu/list_player.php?stats=1&personid=19 \|title=Thomas Kristensen \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|publisher=[[FC Nordsjælland]] \|language=Danish \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721114824/http://fcn.wpsnet.hu/list_player.php?stats=1&personid=19 \|archivedate=21 July 2011}}</ref> Although it was a big step up, Kristensen became a regular first team player from the beginning.<ref name="dr stat">{{cite web \|url=http://resol.dr.dk/sportservice_person.aspx?personid=579860 \|title=Thomas Kristensen \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|publisher=[[Danmarks Radio\|DR Sporten]] \|language=Danish \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827201156/http://resol.dr.dk/sportservice_person.aspx?personid=579860 \|archivedate=27 August 2007}}</ref> ===Copenhagen=== In both the 2007–08 winter and 2008 summer [[transfer window]]s, Kristensen had been rumoured to be in the process of a deal with [[F.C. Copenhagen]] (FCK).<ref name="bold fck1">{{cite web \|url=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/index.php?vis=77731 \|title=Prica og Kristensen rygtes til FCK \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|last=Rydzu \|first=Mikkel \|date=22 December 2007 \|publisher=Bold.dk \|language=Danish }}</ref><ref name="bold fck2">{{cite web \|url=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/index.php?vis=86046 \|title=Thomas Kristensen forhandler med FCK \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|last=Horn \|first=Jakob \|date=7 July 2008 \|publisher=Bold.dk \|language=Danish }}</ref> On 9 July 2008 [[TV 2 (Denmark)\|TV 2 Sporten]] reported that Kristensen had agreed with FCK, and only the transfer fee needed to be agreed.<ref name="tv2 fck">{{cite web \|url=http://sporten.tv2.dk/fodbold/article.php/id-12947996.html \|title=Thomas Kristensen nærmere FCK \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|last=Hansen \|first=Kasper \|date=9 July 2008 \|publisher=[[TV 2 (Denmark)\|TV 2 Sporten]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> In the beginning, FCK and Nordsjælland could not agree on a transfer fee, so it was announced that Kristensen would join F.C. Copenhagen on 1 January 2009 on a [[Free transfer (football)\|free transfer]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://fck.dk/index.php?pageid=754&newsid=8132 \|title=Thomas Kristensen til FCK ved årsskiftet \|accessdate=15 July 2008 \|date=14 July 2008 \|publisher=[[F.C. Copenhagen]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> The clubs subsequently agreed on a transfer fee the next day, and on 15 July 2008 Kristensen became a F.C. Copenhagen player.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://fck.dk/index.php?pageid=754&newsid=8137 \|title=TK skifter med øjeblikkelig virkning \|accessdate=15 July 2008 \|date=15 July 2008 \|publisher=[[F.C. Copenhagen]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> Only two days later Kristensen played his first match for FCK. It was a [[UEFA Cup 2008-09\|UEFA Cup qualifier]] against [[Cliftonville F.C.\|Cliftonville]] at [[Mourneview Park]], where he replaced [[William Kvist]] in the 69th minute.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://fck.dk/index.php?pageid=2089&msa=summary \|title=17.07. Cliftonville FC – F.C. København \|accessdate=20 July 2008 \|date=17 July 2008 \|publisher=[[F.C. Copenhagen]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> In May 2014 Thomas Kristensen secured a 3–2 victory against [[Odense Boldklub]] in the 86th minute. This meant that FCK finished 2nd, in the league table that season. ===Eredivisie=== On 22 June 2014, it was announced that Kristensen had signed a two-year deal with [[Eredivisie]] side [[ADO Den Haag]]. ===Brisbane Roar=== On 27 July 2016, Kristensen was signed to [[A-League]] side [[Brisbane Roar]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/article/brfc-sign-danish-midfielder-thomas-kristensen/1q8phu932fhpi131xutr3lnvph \| title=BRFC sign Danish midfielder Thomas Kristensen \| publisher=Brisbane Roar \| date=27 July 2016 \| accessdate=27 July 2016 \| archive-date=10 September 2016 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910224929/http://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/article/brfc-sign-danish-midfielder-thomas-kristensen/1q8phu932fhpi131xutr3lnvph \| url-status=dead }}</ref> On 19 March 2017, against [[Adelaide United FC\|Adelaide United]] with late drama, Brisbane's goalkeeper, [[Michael Theo]] had been sent off along with [[Marcelo Carrusca]] for Adelaide. The referee (Stephan Lucas) had also pointed to the penalty spot. The Roar were ready to make their change. However, they used up their three substitutes, so their other goalkeeper, [[Jamie Young]] could not come on to the field. Kristensen was chosen to be their backup goalkeeper and switched jerseys from outfield to goalkeeper jersey as he faced [[Sergio Cirio]] into a penalty kick which was converted by the Adelaide striker in the 98th minute which ended into a 2–1 win for Adelaide United.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/football/a-league/adelaide-secures-a-controversial-21-win-over-brisbane-after-receiving-a-penalty-in-injury-time/news-story/8ca21eb45c2f820450f52028eb4de490\|title=Adelaide secures a controversial 2-1 win over Brisbane after receiving a penalty in injury time\|last=Harrington\|first=Anna\|date=20 March 2017\|publisher=[[Fox Sports (Australia)]]}}</ref> ===Helsingør=== On 1 August 2019 [[FC Helsingør]] confirmed, that Kristensen had joined the club on a 1-year contract.<ref>[https://fchelsingor.dk/2019/08/01/thomas-tk-kristensen-ny-mand-i-fch-troejen/ THOMAS “TK” KRISTENSEN NY MAND I FCH-TRØJEN], fchelsingor.dk, 1 August 2019</ref> On 7 August 2020, Kristensen announced his retirement from football.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Schmidt \|first1=Martin \|title=Thomas Kristensen stopper karrieren \|url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/thomas-kristensen-stopper-karrieren/ \|access-date=28 December 2020 \|work=bold.dk \|date=7 August 2020 \|language=Danish}}</ref> ==International career== In January 2007 Kristensen was called upon by the Danish national team, which was touring north and central America in a string of friendly games in the [[United States]], [[El Salvador]] and [[Honduras]], by team manager, [[Morten Olsen]].<ref name="llh 07">{{cite web \|url=http://www.dbu.dk/news/newsShow.aspx?id=235771 \|title=21 spillere i Ligalandsholdstrup \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|last=Berendt \|first=Lars \|date=20 November 2006 \|publisher=[[Danish Football Association]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> He played the two last games of the tour against [[El Salvador national football team\|El Salvador]] and [[Honduras national football team\|Honduras]].<ref name="dbu profile">{{cite web \|url=http://www.dbu.dk/landshold/landsholdsdatabasen/PlayerInfo/5911 \|title=Thomas F. Kristensen \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|work=Landsholdsdatabasen \|publisher=[[Danish Football Association]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> In August 2007 Kristensen again was again selected by Olsen, for an A national friendly against [[Republic of Ireland national football team\|Ireland]], though he sat on the bench the whole match in the 0–4 defeat.<ref name="dbu irl">{{cite web \|url=http://www.dbu.dk/landshold/landsholdsdatabasen/LBaseMatchInfo.aspx?matchid=5190 \|title=Danmark – Irland 0–4 \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|work=Landsholdsdatabasen \|publisher=[[Danish Football Association]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> Half a month later he was called up again for the [[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying\|Euro 2008 qualifiers]] against [[Sweden men's national football team\|Sweden]] and [[Liechtenstein national football team\|Liechtenstein]]. Kristensen was subsequently scratched from the team due to an injury.<ref name="swe lie">{{cite web \|url=http://www.dbu.dk/news/newsShow.aspx?id=241022 \|title=Nørregaard og Priske nye i landsholdstruppen \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|last=Berendt \|first=Lars \|date=2 September 2007 \|publisher=[[Danish Football Association]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> In January 2008 Kristensen was called upon for the league national team again. This time for a tour of the [[Middle East]].<ref name="middle east">{{cite web \|url=http://www.dbu.dk/news/newsShow.aspx?id=243485 \|title=Morten Olsen tester 20 spillere \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|last=Berendt \|first=Lars \|date=18 December 2007 \|publisher=[[Danish Football Association]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> Kristensen's A national team debut came on 2008-03-26 against [[Czech Republic national football team\|Czech Republic]]. He started the game in central midfield next to [[Sevilla FC]] player [[Christian Poulsen]] and played the first 65 minutes. In the 26th minute he made the assist to [[Nicklas Bendtner]]'s goal.<ref name="dbu cze">{{cite web \|url=http://www.dbu.dk/landshold/landsholdsdatabasen/LBaseMatchInfo.aspx?matchid=5476 \|title=Danmark – Tjekkiet 1–1 \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|work=Landsholdsdatabasen \|publisher=[[Danish Football Association]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> Kristensen was also in the squad for the friendlies against [[Netherlands national football team\|Netherlands]] and [[Poland national football team\|Poland]].<ref name="ned pol">{{cite web \|url=http://www.dbu.dk/news/newsShow.aspx?id=246273 \|title=Martin Vingaard på landsholdet \|accessdate=9 July 2008 \|last=Berendt \|first=Lars \|date=13 May 2008 \|publisher=[[Danish Football Association]] \|language=Danish }}</ref> In these two matches he only played the last 27 minutes against Poland.<ref name="dbu profile"/> ==Managerial career== After retiring, Kristensen was hired as an assistant coach for the U19s of his former club [[Lyngby Boldklub]].<ref>[https://lyngby-boldklub.dk/2020/08/07/thomas-kristensen-bliver-ny-u19-assistent/ Thomas Kristensen bliver ny U19-assistent], lyngby-boldklub.dk, 7 August 2020</ref> After Lyngby's first team coach, [[Christian Nielsen (football manager)\|Christian Nielsen]], was hit by a ball in the face in November 2020 and therefore was on sick leave, U-19 manager [[Carit Falch]] was promoted as manager for the [[Danish Superliga]]-team. Kristensen then took charge of the U19s for the rest of 2020.<ref name=fft>[https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/tk-er-blevet-en-fast-del-af-lyngbys-sl-hold/ TK er blevet en fast del af Lyngbys SL-hold], bold.dk, 20 March 2021</ref> Alongside being the head coach of the U19s, Kristensen also helped Carit Falch on the Superliga-team until Christmas 2020.<ref name=fft/> From 1 January 2021, a new U-19 head coach was appointed, and Kristensen continued in his role as assistant coach for the U19s and also became a permanent part of the first team staff under Falch. However, it became too time consuming for Kristensen, and he decided to give up his position on the U-19 team, to focus as part of the staff on the first team under Falch.<ref name=fft/> On 26 June 2021, Kristensen accepted a new role at Lyngby as a ''transition coach'', a role that aims to be the link between the youth players and the first team.<ref>[https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/tk-er-ny-transitionstraener-i-lyngby/ TK er ny transitionstræner i Lyngby], bold.dk, 26 June 2021</ref> On 16 August 2021, Kristensen was also hired as an assistant coach for the [[Denmark national under-18 football team\|Danish U-18 national team]].<ref>[https://dbu.dk/nyheder/2021/august/u-landshold-faar-nye-assistenttraenere/ U-LANDSHOLD FÅR NYE ASSISTENTTRÆNERE], dbu.dk, 16 August 2021</ref> On 7 June 2023, Kristensen returned to his former club, [[FC Nordsjælland]], in a position as transition coach.<ref>[https://fcn.dk/nyheder/2023/juni/thomas-tk-kristensen-er-ny-transitionstraener Thomas ”TK” Kristensen er ny transitionstræner], fcn.dk, 7 June 2023</ref> ==Career statistics== {{updated\|1 July 2020}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/thomas-kristensen/11779/\|title=T. KRISTENSEN\|publisher=Soccerway\|accessdate=30 March 2024}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|Cup !colspan="2"\|Continental !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[Lyngby Boldklub\|Lyngby]] \|[[2002–03 Danish 1st Division\|2002–03]] \|rowspan="2"\|[[Danish 1st Division\|1. Division]] \|26\|\|3\|\|\|\|\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|26\|\|3 \|- \|[[2003–04 Danish 1st Division\|2003–04]] \|16\|\|5\|\|\|\|\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|16\|\|5 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !42!!8!!!!!!colspan="2"\|—!!42!!8 \|- \|rowspan="5"\|[[FC Nordsjælland\|Nordsjælland]] \|[[2004–05 Danish Superliga\|2004–05]] \|rowspan="4"\|[[Danish Superliga]] \|13\|\|1\|\|\|\|\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|13\|\|1 \|- \|[[2005–06 Danish Superliga\|2005–06]] \|26\|\|2\|\|\|\|\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|26\|\|2 \|- \|[[2006–07 Danish Superliga\|2006–07]] \|30\|\|9\|\|\|\|\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|30\|\|9 \|- \|[[2007–08 Danish Superliga\|2007–08]] \|27\|\|6\|\|\|\|\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|27\|\|6 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !96!!18!!0!!0!!colspan="2"\|—!!96!!18 \|- \|rowspan="7"\|[[F.C. Copenhagen\|Copenhagen]] \|[[2008–09 Danish Superliga\|2008–09]] \|rowspan="6"\|Danish Superliga \|26\|\|0\|\|6\|\|0\|\|12\|\|1\|\|44\|\|1 \|- \|[[2009–10 Danish Superliga\|2009–10]] \|23\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|8\|\|1\|\|33\|\|1 \|- \|[[2010–11 Danish Superliga\|2010–11]] \|27\|\|1\|\|2\|\|1\|\|3\|\|0\|\|32\|\|2 \|- \|[[2011–12 Danish Superliga\|2011–12]] \|25\|\|1\|\|5\|\|0\|\|6\|\|0\|\|36\|\|1 \|- \|[[2012–13 Danish Superliga\|2012–13]] \|27\|\|0\|\|3\|\|2\|\|10\|\|0\|\|40\|\|2 \|- \|[[2013–14 Danish Superliga\|2013–14]] \|26\|\|3\|\|6\|\|1\|\|3\|\|0\|\|35\|\|4 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !154!!5!!24!!4!!42!!2!!220!!11 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[ADO Den Haag]] \|[[2014–15 Eredivisie\|2014–15]] \|rowspan="2"\|[[Eredivisie]] \|30\|\|1\|\|1\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|31\|\|2 \|- \|[[2015–16 Eredivisie\|2015–16]] \|18\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|19\|\|1 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !48!!2!!2!!1!!colspan="2"\|—!!50!!3 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[Brisbane Roar]] \|[[2016–17 A-League\|2016–17]] \|rowspan="3"\|[[A-League]] \|25\|\|4\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|4\|\|0\|\|29\|\|4 \|- \|[[2017–18 A-League\|2017–18]] \|18\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|19\|\|2 \|- \|[[2018–19 A-League\|2018–19]] \|17\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|18\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !60!!6!!2!!0!!4!!0!!66!!6 \|- \|[[FC Helsingør\|Helsingør]] \|[[2019–20 Danish 1st Division\|2019–10]] \|1. Division \|18\|\|2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|18\|\|2 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career total !408!!41!!28!!5!!46!!2!!478!!48 \|} ==Honours== '''Copenhagen''' [[Danish Superliga]]: [[Danish Superliga 2008-09\|2008–09]], [[Danish Superliga 2009-10\|2009–10]], [[2010–11 Danish Superliga\|2010–11]], [[2012–13 Danish Superliga\|2012–13]] [[Danish Cup]]: [[Danish Cup 2008-09\|2008–09]], [[2011–12 Danish Cup\|2011–12]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== [http://adodenhaag.nl/teams/1e-elftal/selectie/middenvelders/152-thomas-kristensen Thomas Kristensen] Ado Den Haag profile {{DBU player\|5911}} *{{drdkstat\|579860\|archive=20070827201156}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kristensen, Thomas}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]] [[Category:Danish men's footballers]] [[Category:Danish expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Denmark men's international footballers]] [[Category:Lyngby Boldklub players]] [[Category:FC Nordsjælland players]] [[Category:F.C. Copenhagen players]] [[Category:ADO Den Haag players]] [[Category:Brisbane Roar FC players]] [[Category:FC Helsingør players]] [[Category:Danish Superliga players]] [[Category:Danish 2nd Division players]] [[Category:Eredivisie players]] [[Category:A-League Men players]] [[Category:Danish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Danish expatriate sportspeople in Australia]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality]] [[Category:Footballers from the Capital Region of Denmark]] [[Category:21st-century Danish sportsmen]]	1,295,485,586	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Full name": "Thomas Fauerskov Kristensen", "Date of birth": "17 April 1983", "Place of birth": "Virum, Denmark", "Height": "1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)", "Position(s)": "Midfielder"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Nordsj\u00e6lland (transition coach)"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2002\u20132004": "Lyngby \u00b7 42 \u00b7 (8)", "2005\u20132008": "Nordsj\u00e6lland \u00b7 96 \u00b7 (18)", "2008\u20132014": "Copenhagen \u00b7 154 \u00b7 (5)", "2014\u20132016": "ADO Den Haag \u00b7 48 \u00b7 (2)", "2016\u20132019": "Brisbane Roar \u00b7 60 \u00b7 (6)", "2019\u20132020": "Helsing\u00f8r \u00b7 18 \u00b7 (2)", "Total": "408 \u00b7 (41)"}}, {"title": "International career", "data": {"2008\u20132012": "Denmark \u00b7 9 \u00b7 (0)"}}, {"title": "Managerial career", "data": {"2020\u20132021": "Lyngby (U19 assistant)", "2020": "Lyngby (U19 caretaker)", "2021": "Lyngby (assistant)", "2021\u20132023": "Lyngby (transition coach)", "2021\u2013202X": "Denmark U-18 (assistant)", "2023\u2013": "Nordsj\u00e6lland (transition coach)"}}]	false
# 1989 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup The 1989 FIVB Men's World Cup was held from 17 to 26 November 1989 in Japan. Eight men's national teams played in three cities in Japan (Tokyo, Osaka, and Hiroshima) for the right to a fast lane ticket into the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Cuba emerged as Champion, with Italy as the runners-up, the Soviet Union in third place, and the United States in fourth. ## Qualification \| Means of qualification \| Date \| Host \| Vacancies \| Qualified \| \| ------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------- \| --------- \| ------------- \| \| Host Country \| — \| ― \| 1 \| Japan \| \| Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Olympics \| 17 Sep – 2 Oct 1988 \| Seoul \| 2 \| United States \| \| Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Olympics \| 17 Sep – 2 Oct 1988 \| Seoul \| 2 \| Soviet Union \| \| 1989 Men's European Volleyball Championship \| 23 Sep – 1 Oct 1989 \| Sweden \| 1 \| Italy \| \| 1989 Men's NORCECA Volleyball Championship \| 8–15 July 1989 \| San Juan \| 1 \| Cuba \| \| 1989 Men's South American Volleyball Championship \| 23–30 September 1989 \| Curitiba \| 1 \| Brazil \| \| 1989 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship \| 15–24 September 1989 \| Seoul \| 1 \| South Korea \| \| 1989 Men's African Volleyball Championship \| 1989 \| Abidjan \| 1 \| Cameroon \| \| Total \| Total \| Total \| 8 \| \| ## Results \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| L \| Pts \| SW \| SL \| SR \| SPW \| SPL \| SPR \| \| --- \| ------------- \| --- \| - \| - \| --- \| -- \| -- \| ----- \| --- \| --- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| Cuba \| 7 \| 7 \| 0 \| 14 \| 21 \| 3 \| 7.000 \| 343 \| 219 \| 1.566 \| \| 2 \| Italy \| 7 \| 6 \| 1 \| 13 \| 20 \| 5 \| 4.000 \| 353 \| 236 \| 1.496 \| \| 3 \| Soviet Union \| 7 \| 5 \| 2 \| 12 \| 16 \| 11 \| 1.455 \| 331 \| 295 \| 1.122 \| \| 4 \| United States \| 7 \| 3 \| 4 \| 10 \| 13 \| 14 \| 0.929 \| 339 \| 307 \| 1.104 \| \| 5 \| Brazil \| 7 \| 3 \| 4 \| 10 \| 13 \| 14 \| 0.929 \| 319 \| 319 \| 1.000 \| \| 6 \| Japan \| 7 \| 2 \| 5 \| 9 \| 10 \| 16 \| 0.625 \| 306 \| 308 \| 0.994 \| \| 7 \| South Korea \| 7 \| 2 \| 5 \| 9 \| 8 \| 17 \| 0.471 \| 247 \| 334 \| 0.740 \| \| 8 \| Cameroon \| 7 \| 0 \| 7 \| 7 \| 0 \| 21 \| 0.000 \| 95 \| 315 \| 0.302 \| All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+09:00). Location: Osaka \| Date \| \| Score \| \| Set 1 \| Set 2 \| Set 3 \| Set 4 \| Set 5 \| Total \| \| ------ \| ------------- \| ----- \| ------------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| 17 Nov \| Cuba \| 3–0 \| Brazil \| 16–14 \| 15–5 \| 15–9 \| \| \| 46–28 \| \| 17 Nov \| Soviet Union \| 3–2 \| United States \| 16–14 \| 5–15 \| 15–11 \| 4–15 \| 15–13 \| 55–68 \| \| 17 Nov \| Italy \| 3–0 \| Cameroon \| 15–2 \| 15–1 \| 15–4 \| \| \| 45–7 \| \| 17 Nov \| South Korea \| 3–2 \| Japan \| 11–15 \| 7–15 \| 15–12 \| 16–14 \| 17–15 \| 66–71 \| \| 18 Nov \| Italy \| 3–0 \| Soviet Union \| 15–8 \| 15–12 \| 15–7 \| \| \| 45–27 \| \| 18 Nov \| Cuba \| 3–0 \| United States \| 15–8 \| 5–11 \| 15–12 \| \| \| 45–31 \| \| 18 Nov \| Brazil \| 3–0 \| South Korea \| 15–3 \| 15–5 \| 15–8 \| \| \| 45–16 \| \| 18 Nov \| Japan \| 3–0 \| Cameroon \| 15–4 \| 15–2 \| 15–1 \| \| \| 45–7 \| \| 19 Nov \| Cuba \| 3–2 \| Italy \| 15–13 \| 13–15 \| 3–15 \| 15–4 \| 15–13 \| 61–60 \| \| 19 Nov \| United States \| 3–1 \| South Korea \| 15–6 \| 15–12 \| 13–15 \| 15–4 \| \| 58–37 \| \| 19 Nov \| Soviet Union \| 3–0 \| Cameroon \| 15–6 \| 15–5 \| 15–2 \| \| \| 45–13 \| \| 19 Nov \| Japan \| 3–1 \| Brazil \| 15–4 \| 10–15 \| 15–3 \| 15–12 \| \| 55–34 \| Location: Hiroshima \| Date \| \| Score \| \| Set 1 \| Set 2 \| Set 3 \| Set 4 \| Set 5 \| Total \| \| ------ \| ------------- \| ----- \| ------------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| 22 Nov \| Italy \| 3–0 \| South Korea \| 15–11 \| 15–5 \| 15–7 \| \| \| 45–23 \| \| 22 Nov \| Cuba \| 3–1 \| Soviet Union \| 15–12 \| 15–8 \| 10–15 \| 15–4 \| \| 55–39 \| \| 22 Nov \| Brazil \| 3–0 \| Cameroon \| 15–6 \| 15–8 \| 15–7 \| \| \| 45–21 \| \| 22 Nov \| United States \| 3–1 \| Japan \| 8–15 \| 15–13 \| 15–7 \| 15–11 \| \| 53–46 \| \| 23 Nov \| Cuba \| 3–0 \| Cameroon \| 15–9 \| 15–4 \| 15–4 \| \| \| 45–17 \| \| 23 Nov \| Brazil \| 3–2 \| United States \| 15–11 \| 13–15 \| 15–6 \| 6–15 \| 15–13 \| 64–60 \| \| 23 Nov \| Soviet Union \| 3–1 \| South Korea \| 16–14 \| 9–15 \| 15–1 \| 15–10 \| \| 55–40 \| \| 23 Nov \| Italy \| 3–0 \| Japan \| 15–11 \| 15–9 \| 15–8 \| \| \| 45–28 \| Location: Tokyo \| Date \| \| Score \| \| Set 1 \| Set 2 \| Set 3 \| Set 4 \| Set 5 \| Total \| \| ------ \| ------------- \| ----- \| ------------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| 25 Nov \| Italy \| 3–2 \| Brazil \| 15–8 \| 15–12 \| 11–15 \| 10–15 \| 17–16 \| 68–66 \| \| 25 Nov \| United States \| 3–0 \| Cameroon \| 15–4 \| 15–3 \| 15–8 \| \| \| 45–15 \| \| 25 Nov \| Cuba \| 3–0 \| South Korea \| 15–10 \| 15–1 \| 15–9 \| \| \| 45–20 \| \| 25 Nov \| Soviet Union \| 3–1 \| Japan \| 15–6 \| 12–15 \| 15–10 \| 15–6 \| \| 57–37 \| \| 26 Nov \| South Korea \| 3–0 \| Cameroon \| 15–2 \| 15–5 \| 15–8 \| \| \| 45–15 \| \| 26 Nov \| Italy \| 3–0 \| United States \| 15–7 \| 15–11 \| 15–6 \| \| \| 45–24 \| \| 26 Nov \| Soviet Union \| 3–1 \| Brazil \| 8–15 \| 15–9 \| 15–10 \| 15–3 \| \| 53–37 \| \| 26 Nov \| Cuba \| 3–0 \| Japan \| 15–7 \| 16–14 \| 15–3 \| \| \| 46–24 \| ## Final standing \| Rank \| Team \| \| ----------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| 1st place, gold medalist(s) \| Cuba \| \| 2nd place, silver medalist(s) \| Italy \| \| 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) \| Soviet Union \| \| 4 \| United States \| \| 5 \| Brazil \| \| 6 \| Japan \| \| 7 \| South Korea \| \| 8 \| Cameroon \| \| \| Qualified for the 1992 Summer Olympics \| \| 1989 Men's World Cup champions \| \| ------------------------------ \| \| · Cuba · 1st title \| ## Awards - Most valuable player Karch Kiraly - Best spiker Andrea Gardini - Best blocker Giovane Gávio - Best setter Masayoshi Manabe - Best defender Robert Ctvrtlik - Best receiver Troy Tanner - Best on the pitch Luis Beltran	enwiki/17589903	enwiki	17,589,903	1989 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup	2024-09-13T21:23:10Z	en	Q667630	165,936	{{refimprove\|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox FIVB tournament \| competition = Men's World Cup \| continent = World \| year = 1989 \| logo = \| size = \| caption = \| host = {{JPN}} \| dates = 17–26 November \| teams = 8 \| venues = 3 \| cities = 3 \| champions = CUB \| title_number = 1 \| second = ITA \| third = URS \| fourth = USA \| mvp = {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Karch Kiraly]] \| outside_spikers = \| opposite_spiker = \| middle_blockers = \| setter = \| libero = \| website = \| last = 1985 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup \| next = 1991 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup }} The '''1989 [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup\|FIVB Men's World Cup]]''' was held from 17 to 26 November 1989 in [[Japan]]. Eight men's national teams played in three cities in Japan ([[Tokyo]], [[Osaka]], and [[Hiroshima]]) for the right to a fast lane ticket into the [[Volleyball at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\|1992 Summer Olympics]] in [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]]. Cuba emerged as Champion, with Italy as the runners-up, the Soviet Union in third place, and the United States in fourth.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Lokegaonkar \|first=Jay \|date=February 5, 2023 \|title=History of FIVB Volleyball World Cup and winners list \|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/volleyball-world-cup-men-women-history-format-results-champions}}</ref> ==Qualification== {\| class="wikitable" \|- !Means of qualification !Date !Host !Vacancies !Qualified \|- \|Host Country \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|― \|align=center\|1 \|{{vb\|JPN\|1870}} \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\|Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Olympics]] \|rowspan=2\|17 Sep – 2 Oct 1988 \|rowspan=2\|{{flagicon\|KOR\|1983}} [[Seoul]] \|rowspan=2 align=center\|2 \|{{vb\|USA}} \|- \|{{vb\|USSR}} \|- \|[[1989 Men's European Volleyball Championship]] \|23 Sep – 1 Oct 1989 \|{{SWE}} \|align=center\|1 \|{{vb\|ITA}} \|- \|1989 Men's NORCECA Volleyball Championship \|8–15 July 1989 \|{{flagicon\|PUR\|1952}} [[San Juan, Puerto Rico\|San Juan]] \|align=center\|1 \|{{vb\|CUB}} \|- \|[[1989 Men's South American Volleyball Championship]] \|23–30 September 1989 \|{{flagicon\|BRA}} [[Curitiba]] \|align=center\|1 \|{{vb\|BRA}} \|- \|[[1989 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship]] \|15–24 September 1989 \|{{flagicon\|KOR\|1983}} [[Seoul]] \|align=center\|1 \|{{vb\|KOR\|1983}} \|- \|1989 Men's African Volleyball Championship \|1989 \|{{flagicon\|Ivory Coast}} [[Abidjan]] \|align=center\|1 \|{{vb\|CMR}} \|- !colspan="3"\|Total!!8!! \|} ==Results== {{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=Volleyball \|res_col_header=Q \|ranking_style=points\|bwinpoints=2\|blosspoints=1 \|update=complete \| team1 = CUB \| name_CUB ={{vb\|CUB}} \| team2 = ITA \| name_ITA ={{vb\|ITA}} \| team3 = URS \| name_URS ={{vb\|URS}} \| team4 = USA \| name_USA ={{vb\|USA}} \| team5 = BRA \| name_BRA ={{vb\|BRA}} \| team6 = JPN \| name_JPN ={{vb\|JPN}} \| team7 = KOR \| name_KOR ={{vb\|KOR}} \| team8 = CMR \| name_CMR ={{vb\|Cameroon}} \|bwin_CUB =7 \|bloss_CUB =0 \|sw_CUB =21 \|sl_CUB =3 \|spw_CUB =343 \|spl_CUB =219 \|bwin_ITA =6 \|bloss_ITA =1 \|sw_ITA =20 \|sl_ITA =5 \|spw_ITA =353 \|spl_ITA =236 \|bwin_URS =5 \|bloss_URS =2 \|sw_URS =16 \|sl_URS =11 \|spw_URS =331 \|spl_URS =295 \|bwin_USA =3 \|bloss_USA =4 \|sw_USA =13 \|sl_USA =14 \|spw_USA =339 \|spl_USA =307 \|bwin_BRA =3 \|bloss_BRA =4 \|sw_BRA =13 \|sl_BRA =14 \|spw_BRA =319 \|spl_BRA =319 \|bwin_JPN =2 \|bloss_JPN =5 \|sw_JPN =10 \|sl_JPN =16 \|spw_JPN =306 \|spl_JPN =308 \|bwin_KOR =2 \|bloss_KOR =5 \|sw_KOR =8 \|sl_KOR =17 \|spw_KOR =247 \|spl_KOR =334 \|bwin_CMR =0 \|bloss_CMR =7 \|sw_CMR =0 \|sl_CMR =21 \|spw_CMR =95 \|spl_CMR =315 \|source= }} All times are [[Japan Standard Time]] ([[UTC+09:00]]). Location: [[Osaka]] {{Vb res start 2}} {{Vb res 2\|17 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|CUB}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|BRA}}\|16–14\|15–5\|15–9\|\|\|46–28}} {{Vb res 2\|17 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|URS}}'''\|3–2\|{{vbw\|USA}}\|16–14\|5–15\|15–11\|4–15\|15–13\|55–68}} {{Vb res 2\|17 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|ITA}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|CMR}}\|15–2\|15–1\|15–4\|\|\|45–7}} {{Vb res 2\|17 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|KOR}}'''\|3–2\|{{vbw\|JPN}}\|11–15\|7–15\|15–12\|16–14\|17–15\|66–71}} {{Vb res 2\|18 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|ITA}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|URS}}\|15–8\|15–12\|15–7\|\|\|45–27}} {{Vb res 2\|18 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|CUB}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|USA}}\|15–8\|5–11\|15–12\|\|\|45–31}} {{Vb res 2\|18 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|BRA}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|KOR}}\|15–3\|15–5\|15–8\|\|\|45–16}} {{Vb res 2\|18 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|JPN}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|CMR}}\|15–4\|15–2\|15–1\|\|\|45–7}} {{Vb res 2\|19 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|CUB}}'''\|3–2\|{{vbw\|ITA}}\|15–13\|13–15\|3–15\|15–4\|15–13\|61–60}} {{Vb res 2\|19 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|USA}}'''\|3–1\|{{vbw\|KOR}}\|15–6\|15–12\|13–15\|15–4\|\|58–37}} {{Vb res 2\|19 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|URS}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|CMR}}\|15–6\|15–5\|15–2\|\|\|45–13}} {{Vb res 2\|19 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|JPN}}'''\|3–1\|{{vbw\|BRA}}\|15–4\|10–15\|15–3\|15–12\|\|55–34}} {{end}} Location: [[Hiroshima]] {{Vb res start 2}} {{Vb res 2\|22 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|ITA}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|KOR}}\|15–11\|15–5\|15–7\|\|\|45–23}} {{Vb res 2\|22 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|CUB}}'''\|3–1\|{{vbw\|URS}}\|15–12\|15–8\|10–15\|15–4\|\|55–39}} {{Vb res 2\|22 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|BRA}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|CMR}}\|15–6\|15–8\|15–7\|\|\|45–21}} {{Vb res 2\|22 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|USA}}'''\|3–1\|{{vbw\|JPN}}\|8–15\|15–13\|15–7\|15–11\|\|53–46}} {{Vb res 2\|23 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|CUB}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|CMR}}\|15–9\|15–4\|15–4\|\|\|45–17}} {{Vb res 2\|23 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|BRA}}'''\|3–2\|{{vbw\|USA}}\|15–11\|13–15\|15–6\|6–15\|15–13\|64–60}} {{Vb res 2\|23 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|URS}}'''\|3–1\|{{vbw\|KOR}}\|16–14\|9–15\|15–1\|15–10\|\|55–40}} {{Vb res 2\|23 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|ITA}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|JPN}}\|15–11\|15–9\|15–8\|\|\|45–28}} {{end}} Location: [[Tokyo]] {{Vb res start 2}} {{Vb res 2\|25 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|ITA}}'''\|3–2\|{{vbw\|BRA}}\|15–8\|15–12\|11–15\|10–15\|17–16\|68–66}} {{Vb res 2\|25 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|USA}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|CMR}}\|15–4\|15–3\|15–8\|\|\|45–15}} {{Vb res 2\|25 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|CUB}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|KOR}}\|15–10\|15–1\|15–9\|\|\|45–20}} {{Vb res 2\|25 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|URS}}'''\|3–1\|{{vbw\|JPN}}\|15–6\|12–15\|15–10\|15–6\|\|57–37}} {{Vb res 2\|26 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|KOR}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|CMR}}\|15–2\|15–5\|15–8\|\|\|45–15}} {{Vb res 2\|26 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|ITA}}''' \|3–0\|{{vbw\|USA}}\|15–7\|15–11\|15–6\|\|\|45–24}} {{Vb res 2\|26 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|URS}}'''\|3–1\|{{vbw\|BRA}}\|8–15\|15–9\|15–10\|15–3\|\|53–37}} {{Vb res 2\|26 Nov\|'''{{vbw-rt\|CUB}}'''\|3–0\|{{vbw\|JPN}}\|15–7\|16–14\|15–3\|\|\|46–24}} {{end}} ==Final standing== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Rank ! Team \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| align=center \| {{Gold1}} \| {{vb\|CUB}} \|- \| align=center \| {{Silver2}} \| {{vb\|ITA}} \|- \| align=center \| {{Bronze3}} \| {{vb\|URS}} \|- \| align=center \| 4 \| {{vb\|USA}} \|- \| align=center \| 5 \| {{vb\|BRA}} \|- \| align=center \| 6 \| {{vb\|JPN}} \|- \| align=center \| 7 \| {{vb\|KOR}} \|- \| align=center \| 8 \| {{vb\|Cameroon}} \|- \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|- \| width=10px bgcolor=#ccffcc \| \|\| Qualified for the [[Volleyball at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\|1992 Summer Olympics]] \|- \|} {{col-2}} {{winners\|vb\|1989 Men's World Cup champions\|CUB\|1st}} {{col-end}} ==Awards== {{colbegin\|colwidth=18em}} * '''Most valuable player''' : {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Karch Kiraly]] '''Best spiker''' : {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Andrea Gardini]] '''Best blocker''' : {{flagicon\|BRA}} [[Giovane Gávio]] '''Best setter''' : {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Masayoshi Manabe]] '''Best defender''' : {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Bob Ctvrtlik\|Robert Ctvrtlik]] '''Best receiver''' : {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Troy Tanner]] '''Best on the pitch''' : {{flagicon\|CUB}} [[Luis Beltran (volleyball)\|Luis Beltran]] {{colend}} == External links == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0TI4v3uNv4 1989 Men's Volleyball World Cup Italy - Brazil] (Youtube) ==References== {{reflist}} {{FIVB Volleyball World Cup}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1989 Fivb Men's World Cup}} [[Category:FIVB Men's Volleyball World Cup\|1989]] [[Category:1989 in volleyball\|W]] [[Category:1989 in Japanese sport\|V]] [[Category:International volleyball competitions hosted by Japan\|V]]	1,245,585,070	[{"title": "1989 Men's World Cup", "data": {"Host nation": "Japan", "Dates": "17\u201326 November", "Teams": "8", "Venue(s)": "3 (in 3 host cities)", "Champions": "Cuba (1st title)", "Runners-up": "Italy", "Third place": "Soviet Union", "Fourth place": "United States"}}, {"title": "Tournament awards", "data": {"MVP": "Karch Kiraly"}}]	false
# Arbeideren (Hamar) Arbeideren (lit. 'The Worker') was a Norwegian newspaper, published in Hamar in Hedmark county. It was started in 1909 as the press organ of the Labour Party in Hedemarken and its adjoining regions, and was called Demokraten ("The Democrat") until 1923. It was issued three days a week between 1909 and 1913, six days a week in 1914, three days a week again between 1914 and 1918 before again increasing to six days a week. It was renamed to Arbeideren in 1923, and in the same year it was taken over by the Norwegian Communist Party. The Communist Party incorporated the newspaper Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad into Arbeideren in 1924, and until 1929 the newspaper was published under the name Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad. After Arbeideren had gone defunct, the name was used by the Communist Party for other newspapers elsewhere. The chief editors of the newspaper were Olav Kringen (1909–1913), Ole Holmen (1912–1913), Fredrik Monsen (1913–1916), Paul O. Løkke (1916–1919), Alfred Aakermann (1919–1920), Olav Larssen (1920–1927), and finally Trond Hegna, Ingvald B. Jacobsen, Olav Scheflo, Eivind Petershagen, and Jørgen Vogt (between 1927 and 1929). Fredrik Monsen, Evald O. Solbakken and Knut Olai Thornæs were acting editors from 1924 to 1925. ## Pre-history Demokraten was originally the name of a short-lived newspaper in Hamar started by Leopold Rasmussen in 1852, connected to the Marcus Thrane movement. Rasmussen started a second newspaper, Oplands-Posten, in Hamar later in 1852, to compete with his own Demokraten. An organ for the social liberal labour movement in the district, Arbeiderbladet existed from 1889 to 1892 and was published out of different cities, including in Hamar in the year 1890. A countywide chapter of the Labour Party was established in Hedmark in mid-November 1904. After the countywide party convention in Stange in 1906, the convention summary had to be printed in the Kristiania-based newspaper Social-Demokraten, as it lacked its own local newspaper. The county board thus decided to buy 1,500 copies of the Social-Demokraten to distribute to its members. There was a growing notion that the party needed its own newspaper. In the same year, the labour movement in Solør (south of Hedmark) bought the paper Solungen, which had existed since 1904. The takeover came into effect on 1 January 1907, and publishing began the following year. Solungen pretended to be the labour movement organ for the whole of Hedmark, and outside of Solør it was published as Hedemarkens Amts Socialdemokrat (Solungen). However, the rest of Hedmark county was not satisfied with this solution. ## Labour Party period ### 1909–1913 The Hamar-based newspaper Demokraten ("The Democrat") was started on 15 September 1909. The initiator and first editor was Olav Kringen, who had ample experience as the editor of Social-Demokraten from 1903 until 1906. Demokraten was the Labour Party organ for the Mjøsa Cities and Hedemarken, but in its first years it also covered Gudbrandsdalen and Østerdalen, two northern regions. The name Østoplandenes Socialistiske Partiblad was considered for the newspaper, but the historical name Demokraten prevailed. The name was suggested by local Labour MP Karl Amundsen. Demokraten's coverage of Gudbrandsdalen soon ended, and in southern Østerdalen a new labour newspaper, Østerdalens Arbeiderblad, was set up in 1915. In northern Østerdalen, Arbeidets Rett was popular among the labour movement. According to reports in Demokraten the newspaper again began to cover news from a part of Gudbrandsdalen, namely the city Lillehammer, in 1912. When it came to building up a new newspaper, Kringen had a certain personal drive, as he ran for parliament in 1909. When he lost the election, he also lost interest to a certain degree. He resigned in 1912 and Ole Holmen, a member of the municipal council of Vang Municipality, took over as chief editor. However, he ran afoul of other people involved with the newspaper and was fired in 1913. The newspaper originally had the tagline Socialistisk blad for Oplandene ("Socialist Paper for Oplandene"), but in 1910 this was changed to Talsmand for Arbeiderbevægelsen ("Spokesman for the Labour Movement"). It was printed by the company A. Sæther. The newspaper was issued three times a week until 1 July 1913, from which point it was increased to six times a week. As part of this ambitious increase, Demokraten also had 3,000 copies in circulation, unprecedented in its history. ### 1913–1916 In 1913 the newspaper's supervisory council hired school teacher Fredrik Monsen to be the new editor. Olav Larssen started his journalist career as a subeditor in the same year. In the newspaper's supervisory council vote, Monsen edged out Waldemar Carlsen with 22 to 4 votes, and also prevailed over other applicants who were seasoned editors, such as Ingvald Førre and Eugène Olaussen. Larssen prevailed over Carlsen and Førre in the vote for the new subeditor. Only Monsen and Larssen were employed in the newspaper to work with editorial content. In 1913, Monsen managed to contract known personalities from the labour movement as "regular contributors". These were the nationally known figures Olav Kringen, Gunnar Ousland and Johan Falkberget, in addition to Lillehammer politician Petter Nilssen and the locally known politicians Arne Juland (later MP) and Andr. Juell. Danish expatriate Alfred Kruse joined in the autumn of 1913. However, according to Larssen, the prominent writers contracted to Demokraten "seldomly wrote" anything. In his memoirs, Larssen wrote that Monsen was "often aggressive" as editor-in-chief, especially when writing editorials. He got several adversaries in the city's conservative community, especially after donning a badge with the broken rifle, a well-known anti-war symbol. The newspaper competed with the old and popular conservative Hamar Stiftstidende, the liberal left Oplandenes Avis, and the liberal Oplandet. The practice of issuing the newspaper six days a week became harder after the outbreak of the First World War. The war caused a general rise in prices, and newspaper subscriptions and advertisements both declined. Demokraten had to revert to being issued three times a week starting 1 September 1914. In December 1914 it adopted a new tagline, Organ for arbeiderpartiet i Hamar og Hedemarksbygdene ("Organ for the Labour Party in Hamar and the Hamlets of Hedemarken"). ### 1916–1923 Monsen and Larssen both left Demokraten in 1916. The next editors were Paul O. Løkke, who served from 1916 to 1919, and Alfred Aakermann, from 1919 to 1920. Larssen returned in 1920 as editor-in-chief. Georg Svendsen was the subeditor from 1918 until 1921, when Evald O. Solbakken started in the newspaper as subeditor. Still, there were only two people to deliver the editorial content. As the war years went, the newspaper's finances gradually improved. The Norwegian state became more active in production and trade and contributed many advertisements. Demokraten acquired its own type-setting machine in October 1918 and a printing press in 1917, which it used from 1 January 1918. From 1 July 1918, circulation once again increased to six days a week. ## Communist Party period In 1923, the newspaper was renamed Arbeideren ("The Worker"), and the first issue with this name was released on 1 May 1923, the International Workers' Day. The change followed a letter in 1922 from the Comintern Executive, which stated that no newspaper belonging to a Comintern member organization should have "Social Democrat" or "Democrat" as a part of its title. The printing press of the party changed its name accordingly, to Arbeiderens trykkeri. In the same year, 1923, the Labour Party broke out of the Comintern. Subsequently, the Communist Party broke away from the Labour Party. The local chapter of the Labour Party in Hamar decided to side with the Communist Party in November 1923, in a 123–22 vote. Arbeideren was then taken away from Labour, as the supervisory council decided by a 65 to 5 vote that it should follow the Communists. Arbeideren was one of thirteen Labour newspapers that broke away from the party and followed the Communists (one, Nordlys, later returned to Labour). Since 15 February 1924 the newspaper was published under the name Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad, as the Communist Party had seen fit to merge Arbeideren with Lillehammer-based Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad. Editor Larssen and subeditor Solbakken both joined the Communist Party in 1923 and continued running the newspaper. As Olav Larssen was asked by the party to be the acting editor of Norges Kommunistblad in the winter of 1924–1925, Fredrik Monsen, Evald Solbakken, and Knut Olai Thornæs were acting editors between 1924 and 1925. Larssen eventually drifted away from the mainstream of the Communist Party. In late 1926 and early 1927 he voiced his opinion in columns that the Communist Party should contribute to the imminent merger of the Labour Party and the Social Democratic Labour Party. A local party convention strongly rebuked this opinion. Larssen was thus replaced in January 1927 and left the Communist Party, and Solbakken soon followed suit. Fredrik Monsen left the party at the same time. Information differs as to who replaced Larssen. According to Evald Solbakken, and also to the reference bibliography Norske aviser 1763–1969, the replacement was Olav Scheflo, who needed a stand-in, Ingvald B. Jacobsen, for the first period. According to the encyclopaedia Arbeidernes Leksikon and historian Einhart Lorenz, Trond Hegna was the editor in 1927, before he took over Norges Kommunistblad in the summer of 1927. Hegna's main job was to edit the periodical Mot Dag, but in this period the people of Mot Dag had an informal influence on the Communist Party and several of their newspapers. Scheflo formally edited the newspaper from 1927 to 1928, with Eivind Petershagen as acting editor from late 1927. In 1928 Petershagen formally took over, only to have Jørgen Vogt become acting editor later that year. Vogt took over in 1929. As many newspapers belonging to the dwindling Communist Party, Arbeideren would cease to exist before the end of the 1920s. It was still published six times a week, but had to give up its printing press in 1929, switching to Samtrykk in Oslo. The last ever issue of Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad was published on 4 October 1929. ## Aftermath A month after Arbeideren went defunct, the Communist Party gave its name to a new newspaper, which was set up as the new main newspaper of the Communist Party in 1930. This new paper was based in Oslo as the replacement of Norges Kommunistblad, which had been liquidated as well. Olav Larssen and Evald Solbakken found a new outlet in Hamar Arbeiderblad, which had been set up as the new Hamar organ of the Labour Party in 1925. The Communist Party later tried to create a weekly newspaper in Hamar, Rød Front, but it was short-lived and existed only between 1932 and 1933. The Oslo version of Arbeideren went defunct in 1940, and many years after that, the name was used from 1951 to 1953 for a third newspaper, published in Brumunddal, not far from Hamar city. ## Bibliography - Høeg, Tom Arbo, ed. (1973). Norske aviser 1763–1969: en bibliografi (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: University Library of Oslo. - Larssen, Olav (1935). Beretning for Hamar Arbeiderblad gjennem 10 år (in Norwegian). Hamar: Hedmark Arbeiderblad. - Larssen, Olav (1969). Sti gjennom ulendt terreng. Læretid, partistrid, ny vekst (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. - Lillevold, Eyvind, ed. (1948). Hamars historie (in Norwegian). Hamar: Hamar Stiftstidendes Trykkeri. - Lorenz, Einhart (1983). Det er ingen sak å få partiet lite. NKP 1923–1931 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Pax. ISBN 82-530-1255-1. - Maurseth, Per (1987). Gjennom kriser til makt 1920-1935. Volume three of Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Tiden. ISBN 82-10-02753-0. - Rønning, Ole Martin (2004). "Norges Kommunistiske Partis presse". Arbeiderhistorie (in Norwegian). Oslo: Labour Movement Archive and Library. ISSN 0801-7778. - Rønning, Ole Martin (2010a). "Arbeideren". In Flo, Idar (ed.). Norske aviser fra A til Å. Volume four of Norsk presses historie 1660–2010 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 39. ISBN 978-82-15-01604-7. - Rønning, Ole Martin (2010b). "Hamar Arbeiderblad". In Flo, Idar (ed.). Norske aviser fra A til Å. Volume four of Norsk presses historie 1660–2010 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 156. ISBN 978-82-15-01604-7. - Solbakken, Evald O. (1950). Hamar Arbeiderblad gjennom 25 år (in Norwegian). Hamar: Hedmark Labour Party. - Solbakken, Evald O. (1951). Det røde fylke. Trekk av den politiske arbeiderbevegelse i Hedmark gjennom 100 år (in Norwegian). Hamar: Hedmark Labour Party. - Solbakken, Evald O., ed. (1955). Hamar Arbeiderblad's festskrift (in Norwegian). Hamar: Hedmark Arbeiderblad.	enwiki/20084586	enwiki	20,084,586	Arbeideren (Hamar)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeideren_(Hamar)	2025-07-04T20:39:10Z	en	Q4784642	147,499	{{Short description\|Newspaper}} {{See also\|List of defunct newspapers of Norway}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2023}} {{good article}} {{Infobox newspaper \| name = {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} \| logo = \| image = \| owners = \| founder = [[Olav Kringen]] \| editor = ''see text''. \| foundation = 15 September 1909 \| political = [[Labour Party (Norway)\|Labour]]<br />(1909–1923)<br />[[Communist Party of Norway\|Communist]]<br />(1924–1929) \| language = [[Norwegian language\|Norwegian]] \| ceased publication = 4 October 1929 \| headquarters = [[Hamar]] \| publishing_country = Norway }} '''{{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}}''' ({{lit\|The Worker}}) was a Norwegian newspaper, published in [[Hamar]] in [[Hedmark]] county. It was started in 1909 as the press organ of the [[Labour Party (Norway)\|Labour Party]] in [[Hedemarken]] and its adjoining regions, and was called '''''Demokraten''''' ("The Democrat") until 1923. It was issued three days a week between 1909 and 1913, six days a week in 1914, three days a week again between 1914 and 1918 before again increasing to six days a week. It was renamed to {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} in 1923, and in the same year it was taken over by the [[Communist Party of Norway\|Norwegian Communist Party]]. The Communist Party incorporated the newspaper ''[[Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad]]'' into {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} in 1924, and until 1929 the newspaper was published under the name '''''Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad'''''. After {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} had gone defunct, the name was used by the Communist Party for other newspapers elsewhere. The chief editors of the newspaper were [[Olav Kringen]] (1909–1913), Ole Holmen (1912–1913), [[Fredrik Monsen]] (1913–1916), [[Paul O. Løkke]] (1916–1919), Alfred Aakermann (1919–1920), [[Olav Larssen]] (1920–1927), and finally [[Trond Hegna]], [[Ingvald B. Jacobsen]], [[Olav Scheflo]], [[Eivind Petershagen]], and [[Jørgen Vogt]] (between 1927 and 1929). Fredrik Monsen, [[Evald O. Solbakken]] and [[Knut Olai Thornæs]] were acting editors from 1924 to 1925. ==Pre-history== ''Demokraten'' was originally the name of a short-lived newspaper in Hamar started by [[Leopold Rasmussen]] in 1852, connected to the [[Marcus Thrane]] movement. Rasmussen started a second newspaper, ''Oplands-Posten'', in Hamar later in 1852, to compete with his own ''Demokraten''.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=125}} An organ for the [[Social liberalism\|social liberal]] labour movement in the district, ''Arbeiderbladet'' existed from 1889 to 1892 and was published out of different cities, including in Hamar in the year 1890.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=126}} A countywide chapter of the [[Labour Party (Norway)\|Labour Party]] was established in Hedmark in mid-November 1904.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=28}} After the countywide party convention in [[Stangebyen\|Stange]] in 1906, the convention summary had to be printed in the [[Oslo\|Kristiania]]-based newspaper ''[[Dagsavisen\|Social-Demokraten]]'', as it lacked its own local newspaper. The county board thus decided to buy 1,500 copies of the ''Social-Demokraten'' to distribute to its members. There was a growing notion that the party needed its own newspaper.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=33}} In the same year, the labour movement in [[Solør]] (south of Hedmark) bought the paper ''[[Solungen (defunct newspaper)\|Solungen]]'', which had existed since 1904. The takeover came into effect on 1 January 1907, and publishing began the following year. ''Solungen'' pretended to be the labour movement organ for the whole of Hedmark, and outside of Solør it was published as ''Hedemarkens Amts Socialdemokrat (Solungen)''.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=127–128}} However, the rest of Hedmark county was not satisfied with this solution.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=131–133}} ==Labour Party period== ===1909–1913=== [[File:Domssogn i Hedmark.svg\|thumb\|150px\|An approximate map where Hedemarken is shown in <span style="color:#6082B6">blue</span>, northern Østerdalen in <span style="color:#FF7F50">red</span> and southern Østerdalen in <span style="color:#FFEF00">yellow</span>.]] The [[Hamar]]-based newspaper ''Demokraten'' ("The Democrat") was started on 15 September 1909. The initiator and first editor was [[Olav Kringen]], who had ample experience as the editor of ''Social-Demokraten'' from 1903 until 1906. ''Demokraten'' was the Labour Party organ for the [[Mjøsa Cities]] and [[Hedemarken]],{{sfn\|Rønning\|2010a}}<ref name="snl">{{Cite encyclopedia \|title=Demokraten – eldre avis i Hamar \|encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] \|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget \|location=Oslo \|url=http://www.snl.no/Demokraten/eldre_avis_i_Hamar \|access-date=29 August 2010 \|editor-last=Godal, Anne Marit \|editor-link=Anne Marit Godal \|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|title=Olav Kringen \|encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]] \|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget \|location=Oslo \|url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Olav_Kringen/utdypning \|access-date=29 August 2010 \|last=Engen \|first=Arnfinn \|editor-last=Helle, Knut \|editor-link=Knut Helle \|language=no}}</ref> but in its first years it also covered [[Gudbrandsdalen]] and [[Østerdalen]], two northern regions. The name ''Østoplandenes Socialistiske Partiblad'' was considered for the newspaper, but the historical name ''Demokraten'' prevailed.{{Sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=133}} The name was suggested by local Labour MP [[Karl Amundsen]].<ref>{{Harvnb\|Solbakken\|1950\|p=}}</ref> ''Demokraten''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s coverage of Gudbrandsdalen soon ended, and in southern Østerdalen a new labour newspaper, ''[[Østerdalens Arbeiderblad]]'', was set up in 1915. In northern Østerdalen, ''[[Arbeidets Rett]]'' was popular among the labour movement.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Solbakken\|1951\|loc=pp. 133, 135, 139}}</ref> According to reports in ''Demokraten'' the newspaper again began to cover news from a part of Gudbrandsdalen, namely the city [[Lillehammer (town)\|Lillehammer]], in 1912.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2 April 1912 \|title=Lillehammer. Oprop til partifæller! \|work=Demokraten \|page=2 \|language=no}}</ref> When it came to building up a new newspaper, Kringen had a certain personal drive, as he ran for parliament in [[1909 Norwegian parliamentary election\|1909]]. When he lost the election, he also lost interest to a certain degree. He resigned in 1912 and Ole Holmen, a member of the [[municipal council (Norway)\|municipal council]] of [[Vang Municipality (Hedmark)\|Vang Municipality]], took over as chief editor. However, he ran afoul of other people involved with the newspaper and was fired in 1913.<ref name="Larssen 1969 loc=pp. 22–25">{{Harvnb\|Larssen\|1969\|loc=pp. 22–25}}</ref> [[File:Demokraten november 1913.PNG\|thumb\|left\|Title, November 1913.]] The newspaper originally had the tagline {{lang\|no\|Socialistisk blad for Oplandene}} ("Socialist Paper for Oplandene"), but in 1910 this was changed to {{lang\|no\|Talsmand for Arbeiderbevægelsen}} ("Spokesman for the Labour Movement"). It was printed by the company ''A. Sæther''. The newspaper was issued three times a week until 1 July 1913, from which point it was increased to six times a week. As part of this ambitious increase, ''Demokraten'' also had 3,000 copies in circulation, unprecedented in its history.{{sfn\|Larssen\|1935\|pp=7–8}} ===1913–1916=== In 1913 the newspaper's supervisory council hired school teacher [[Fredrik Monsen]] to be the new editor.<ref name="Larssen 1969 loc=pp. 22–25" /> [[Olav Larssen]] started his journalist career as a subeditor in the same year.{{sfn\|Larssen\|1969\|p=31}} In the newspaper's supervisory council vote, Monsen edged out [[Waldemar Carlsen]] with 22 to 4 votes, and also prevailed over other applicants who were seasoned editors, such as [[Ingvald Førre]] and [[Eugène Olaussen]]. Larssen prevailed over Carlsen and Førre in the vote for the new subeditor.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=16 June 1913 \|title='Demokraten' som dagblad. Nyt redaktionspersonale ansat \|work=Demokraten \|page=2 \|language=no}}</ref> Only Monsen and Larssen were employed in the newspaper to work with editorial content.{{sfn\|Larssen\|1969\|p=31}} In 1913, Monsen managed to contract known personalities from the labour movement as "regular contributors". These were the nationally known figures Olav Kringen, [[Gunnar Ousland]] and [[Johan Falkberget]], in addition to [[Lillehammer (town)\|Lillehammer]] politician [[Petter Nilssen]] and the locally known politicians [[Arne Juland]] (later MP) and Andr. Juell.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=19 July 1913 \|title=Til arbeide, partifæller! \|work=Demokraten \|page=2 \|language=no}}</ref> Danish expatriate [[Alfred Kruse]] joined in the autumn of 1913.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=19 November 1913 \|work=Demokraten \|page=2 \|language=no}}</ref> However, according to Larssen, the prominent writers contracted to ''Demokraten'' "seldomly wrote" anything.{{sfn\|Larssen\|1969\|p=32}} In his memoirs, Larssen wrote that Monsen was "often aggressive" as editor-in-chief, especially when writing editorials. He got several adversaries in the city's conservative community, especially after donning a badge with [[Peace symbols#Broken rifle\|the broken rifle]], a well-known anti-war symbol.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Larssen\|1969\|loc=pp. 27–29}}</ref> The newspaper competed with the old and popular [[Conservative Party (Norway)\|conservative]] ''[[Hamar Stiftstidende]]'', the [[Liberal Left Party\|liberal left]] ''[[Oplandenes Avis]]'', and the [[Liberal Party (Norway)\|liberal]] ''[[Oplandet]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Solbakken\|1955\|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb\|Lillevold\|1948\|p=354}}</ref> The practice of issuing the newspaper six days a week became harder after the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. The war caused a general rise in prices, and newspaper subscriptions and advertisements both declined. ''Demokraten'' had to revert to being issued three times a week starting 1 September 1914.{{sfn\|Larssen\|1935\|pp=7–8}} In December 1914 it adopted a new tagline, {{lang\|no\|Organ for arbeiderpartiet i Hamar og Hedemarksbygdene}} ("Organ for the Labour Party in Hamar and the Hamlets of Hedemarken").{{sfn\|Høeg\|1973\|p=108}} ===1916–1923=== Monsen and Larssen both left ''Demokraten'' in 1916.<ref name="nbl-larssen">{{Cite encyclopedia \|title=Olav Larssen \|encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]] \|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget \|location=Oslo \|url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Olav_Larssen/utdypning \|access-date=29 August 2010 \|last=Helle \|first=Egil \|author-link=Egil Helle \|editor-last=Helle, Knut \|editor-link=Knut Helle \|language=no}}</ref> The next editors were [[Paul O. Løkke]], who served from 1916 to 1919, and Alfred Aakermann, from 1919 to 1920.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=134}} Larssen returned in 1920 as editor-in-chief.<ref name=nbl-larssen/> [[Georg Svendsen]] was the subeditor from 1918 until 1921,{{sfn\|Larssen\|1935\|pp=7–8}} when [[Evald O. Solbakken]] started in the newspaper as subeditor.{{sfn\|Rønning\|2010b}} Still, there were only two people to deliver the editorial content.{{sfn\|Larssen\|1969\|p=156}} As the war years went, the newspaper's finances gradually improved. The Norwegian state became more active in production and trade and contributed many advertisements. ''Demokraten'' acquired its own [[type-setting]] machine in October 1918 and a printing press in 1917, which it used from 1 January 1918. From 1 July 1918, circulation once again increased to six days a week.{{sfn\|Larssen\|1935\|pp=7–8}}{{sfn\|Høeg\|1973\|p=108}} ==Communist Party period== In 1923, the newspaper was renamed {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} ("The Worker"), and the first issue with this name was released on 1 May 1923, the [[International Workers' Day]].{{sfn\|Rønning\|2010a}} The change followed a letter in 1922 from the [[Comintern]] [[Executive Committee of the Communist International\|Executive]], which stated that no newspaper belonging to a Comintern member organization should have "Social Democrat" or "Democrat" as a part of its title.{{sfn\|Maurseth\|1987\|p=269}} The printing press of the party changed its name accordingly, to ''Arbeiderens trykkeri''.{{sfn\|Høeg\|1973\|p=38}} [[File:Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad.jpg\|thumb\|Logo of ''Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad''.]] In the same year, 1923, the Labour Party broke out of the Comintern. Subsequently, the [[Communist Party of Norway\|Communist Party]] broke away from the Labour Party. The local chapter of the Labour Party in Hamar decided to side with the Communist Party in November 1923, in a 123–22 vote.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=89}} {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} was then taken away from Labour, as the supervisory council decided by a 65 to 5 vote that it should follow the Communists.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=134}} {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} was one of thirteen Labour newspapers that broke away from the party and followed the Communists (one, ''[[Nordlys]]'', later returned to Labour).<ref>{{Harvnb\|Lorenz\|1983\|loc=pp. 37, 169, 229, 270}}</ref> Since 15 February 1924 the newspaper was published under the name ''Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad'', as the Communist Party had seen fit to merge {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} with Lillehammer-based ''[[Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad]]''.{{sfn\|Høeg\|1973\|loc=pp. 39–40}} Editor Larssen and subeditor Solbakken both joined the Communist Party in 1923 and continued running the newspaper.<ref name=nbl-larssen/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|year=1936 \|title=Solbakken, Evald O. \|encyclopedia=[[Arbeidernes Leksikon]] \|publisher=Arbeidermagasinets Forlag \|location=Oslo \|editor-last=Friis, Jakob \|editor-link=Jakob Friis \|volume=6 \|page=379 \|language=no \|editor2=Hegna, Trond \|editor2-link=Trond Hegna \|editor3=Juel, Dagfin \|editor3-link=Dagfin Juel}}</ref> As Olav Larssen was asked by the party to be the acting editor of ''[[Norges Kommunistblad]]'' in the winter of 1924–1925,{{sfn\|Maurseth\|1987\|loc=pp. 414–415}} Fredrik Monsen, Evald Solbakken, and [[Knut Olai Thornæs]] were acting editors between 1924 and 1925.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=134}} Larssen eventually drifted away from the mainstream of the Communist Party. In late 1926 and early 1927 he voiced his opinion in columns that the Communist Party should contribute to the imminent merger of the Labour Party and the [[Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway\|Social Democratic Labour Party]]. A local party convention strongly rebuked this opinion. Larssen was thus replaced in January 1927 and left the Communist Party, and Solbakken soon followed suit.<ref name=nbl-larssen/>{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1955\|p=17}}{{sfn\|Maurseth\|1987\|p=431}}{{sfn\|Rønning\|2010b}} Fredrik Monsen left the party at the same time.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|title=Fredrik Monsen \|encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]] \|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget \|location=Oslo \|url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Fredrik_Monsen/utdypning \|access-date=29 August 2010 \|last=Pryser \|first=Tore \|author-link=Tore Pryser \|editor-last=Helle, Knut \|editor-link=Knut Helle \|language=no}}</ref> Information differs as to who replaced Larssen. According to Evald Solbakken, and also to the reference bibliography ''Norske aviser 1763–1969'', the replacement was [[Olav Scheflo]], who needed a stand-in, [[Ingvald B. Jacobsen]], for the first period.{{sfn\|Solbakken\|1951\|p=135}}{{sfn\|Høeg\|1973\|loc=pp. 39–40}} According to the encyclopaedia ''[[Arbeidernes Leksikon]]'' and historian [[Einhart Lorenz]], [[Trond Hegna]] was the editor in 1927, before he took over ''Norges Kommunistblad'' in the summer of 1927. Hegna's main job was to edit the periodical ''[[Mot Dag]]'', but in this period the people of ''Mot Dag'' had an informal influence on the Communist Party and several of their newspapers.<ref>{{harvnb\|Lorenz\|1983\|loc=pp. 78–79, 90–92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|year=1933 \|title=Hegna, Trond \|encyclopedia=[[Arbeidernes Leksikon]] \|publisher=Arbeidermagasinets Forlag \|location=Oslo \|editor-last=Friis, Jakob \|editor-link=Jakob Friis \|volume=3 \|pages=791–792 \|language=no \|editor2=Hegna, Trond \|editor2-link=Trond Hegna \|editor3=Juel, Dagfin \|editor3-link=Dagfin Juel}}</ref> Scheflo formally edited the newspaper from 1927 to 1928, with [[Eivind Petershagen]] as acting editor from late 1927. In 1928 Petershagen formally took over, only to have [[Jørgen Vogt]] become acting editor later that year. Vogt took over in 1929.{{sfn\|Høeg\|1973\|loc=pp. 39–40}} As many newspapers belonging to the dwindling Communist Party, {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} would cease to exist before the end of the 1920s. It was still published six times a week, but had to give up its printing press in 1929, switching to Samtrykk in [[Oslo]]. The last ever issue of ''Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad'' was published on 4 October 1929.{{sfn\|Rønning\|2010a}}{{sfn\|Høeg\|1973\|p=40}} ==Aftermath== A month after {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} went defunct, the Communist Party gave its name to [[Arbeideren\|a new newspaper]], which was set up as the new main newspaper of the Communist Party in 1930. This new paper was based in Oslo as the replacement of ''Norges Kommunistblad'', which had been liquidated as well.{{sfn\|Rønning\|2010a}} Olav Larssen and Evald Solbakken found a new outlet in ''[[Hamar Arbeiderblad]]'', which had been set up as the new Hamar organ of the Labour Party in 1925.{{sfn\|Rønning\|2010b}} The Communist Party later tried to create a weekly newspaper in Hamar, ''[[Rød Front (newspaper)\|Rød Front]]'', but it was short-lived and existed only between 1932 and 1933.{{sfn\|Rønning\|2004\|p=91}}{{sfn\|Høeg\|1973\|p=433}} The Oslo version of {{Lang\|no\|Arbeideren}} went defunct in 1940, and many years after that, the name was used from 1951 to 1953 for [[Arbeideren (Brumunddal)\|a third newspaper]], published in [[Brumunddal]], not far from Hamar city.{{sfn\|Rønning\|2010a}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin}} {{Cite book \|title=Norske aviser 1763–1969: en bibliografi \|publisher=[[University Library of Oslo]] \|year=1973 \|editor-last=Høeg \|editor-first=Tom Arbo \|volume=1 \|location=Oslo \|language=no}} {{Cite book \|last=Larssen \|first=Olav \|author-link=Olav Larssen \|title=Beretning for Hamar Arbeiderblad gjennem 10 år \|publisher=Hedmark Arbeiderblad \|year=1935 \|location=Hamar \|language=no}} {{Cite book \|last=Larssen \|first=Olav \|author-link=Olav Larssen \|title=Sti gjennom ulendt terreng. Læretid, partistrid, ny vekst \|publisher=Aschehoug \|year=1969 \|location=Oslo \|language=no}} {{Cite book \|title=Hamars historie \|publisher=Hamar Stiftstidendes Trykkeri \|year=1948 \|editor-last=Lillevold \|editor-first=Eyvind \|location=Hamar \|language=no}} {{Cite book \|last=Lorenz \|first=Einhart \|author-link=Einhart Lorenz \|title=Det er ingen sak å få partiet lite. NKP 1923–1931 \|publisher=Pax \|year=1983 \|isbn=82-530-1255-1 \|location=Oslo \|language=no}} {{Cite book \|last=Maurseth \|first=Per \|author-link=Per Maurseth \|title=Gjennom kriser til makt 1920-1935 \|publisher=Tiden \|year=1987 \|isbn=82-10-02753-0 \|series=Volume three of ''[[Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge]]'' \|location=Oslo \|language=no}} {{Cite journal \|last=Rønning \|first=Ole Martin \|year=2004 \|title=Norges Kommunistiske Partis presse \|journal=Arbeiderhistorie \|language=no \|location=Oslo \|publisher=[[Labour Movement Archive and Library]] \|issn=0801-7778}} {{Cite book \|last=Rønning \|first=Ole Martin \|title=Norske aviser fra A til Å \|publisher=Universitetsforlaget \|year=2010a \|isbn=978-82-15-01604-7 \|editor-last=Flo \|editor-first=Idar \|series=Volume four of ''[[Norsk presses historie 1660–2010]]'' \|location=Oslo \|page=39 \|language=no \|chapter=''Arbeideren''}} {{Cite book \|last=Rønning \|first=Ole Martin \|title=Norske aviser fra A til Å \|publisher=Universitetsforlaget \|year=2010b \|isbn=978-82-15-01604-7 \|editor-last=Flo \|editor-first=Idar \|series=Volume four of ''[[Norsk presses historie 1660–2010]]'' \|location=Oslo \|page=156 \|language=no \|chapter=''Hamar Arbeiderblad''}} {{Cite book \|last=Solbakken \|first=Evald O. \|author-link=Evald O. Solbakken \|title=Hamar Arbeiderblad gjennom 25 år \|publisher=Hedmark Labour Party \|year=1950 \|location=Hamar \|language=no}} {{Cite book \|last=Solbakken \|first=Evald O. \|author-link=Evald O. Solbakken \|title=Det røde fylke. Trekk av den politiske arbeiderbevegelse i Hedmark gjennom 100 år \|publisher=Hedmark Labour Party \|year=1951 \|location=Hamar \|language=no}} {{Cite book \|title=Hamar Arbeiderblad's festskrift \|publisher=Hedmark Arbeiderblad \|year=1955 \|editor-last=Solbakken \|editor-first=Evald O. \|editor-link=Evald O. Solbakken \|location=Hamar \|language=no}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arbeideren}} [[Category:1909 establishments in Norway]] [[Category:1929 disestablishments in Norway]] [[Category:Communist Party of Norway newspapers]] <!--after 1923--> [[Category:Defunct newspapers published in Norway]] [[Category:Labour Party (Norway) newspapers]] <!--before 1923--> [[Category:Mass media in Hamar]] [[Category:Norwegian-language newspapers]] [[Category:Newspapers established in 1909]] [[Category:Publications disestablished in 1929]]	1,298,805,918	[{"title": "Arbeideren", "data": {"Founder(s)": "Olav Kringen", "Editor": "see text.", "Founded": "15 September 1909", "Political alignment": "Labour \u00b7 (1909\u20131923) \u00b7 Communist \u00b7 (1924\u20131929)", "Language": "Norwegian", "Ceased publication": "4 October 1929", "Headquarters": "Hamar", "Country": "Norway"}}]	false
# Fitoor Fitoor (Madness, Obsession, Passion) is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic drama directed by Abhishek Kapoor, produced by Siddharth Roy Kapur, and written by Kapoor and Supratik Sen based on Charles Dickens' 1861 novel Great Expectations. The film features Tabu, Katrina Kaif, and Aditya Roy Kapur in lead roles. Filming began in Kashmir in November 2014 and concluded in October 2015. Fitoor was released on 12 February 2016, coinciding with the Valentine's Day weekend, and proved to be an underwhelming success at the box-office. Upon release, the film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with high praise for its soundtrack, cinematography, costumes, and performances of the cast, with Tabu's performance receiving widespread critical acclaim; however, its screenplay and pacing received criticism. ## Plot Noor Nizami, a 13-year-old Kashmiri schoolboy from a lower-middle-class family, works as a part-time errand boy in order to earn some pocket money. His employer is Begum Hazrat Jahaan, a rich widow who lives in perpetual mourning and never leaves her sprawling but run-down mansion. She therefore needs an errand boy to do the shopping, go to the post office, the bank and so forth, and for this she employs Noor, the son of a respectable but poor family. Noor becomes infatuated with Hazrat's daughter, Firdaus, who is the same age as him. Hazrat notices this, and disapproves of her daughter being so friendly with an errand boy. Nevertheless, Noor and Firdaus grow closer until Hazrat sends her abroad to a posh boarding school, insulting and taunting Noor as she breaks the news. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Hazrat had been left heartbroken in her youth by her lover, presumably Firdaus's father. Ten years later, Noor is a grown-up young man with artistic talent. He wants to go to a prestigious art school in Delhi but lacks money. He suddenly receives a scholarship to attend the same art school, sponsored by an anonymous benefactor who has seen his work at a patrons' symposium organized by the school. He moves to Delhi, where he encounters Firdaus and Hazrat. Due to several coincidences, Noor begins to believe that it is Hazrat who is paying for him to go to art school. By this time, Firdaus is engaged to Bilal, a Pakistani diplomat. However, there is an immediate rapport between her and Noor even after so many years. Hazrat habitually treats Noor like an underling or errand boy, and after she observes the rapport, she makes her behavior towards him even more peremptory and insulting. This is acceptable to Noor, who thinks that beneath her tough exterior, she is actually his patroness. Noor's feelings for Firdaus have not changed, and they begin a friendship, which evolves into a relationship. Hazrat sees that Noor is now a successful artist who moves in posh circles, and she slowly begins to realise her mistake, but she is still adamant that Firdaus should marry Bilal. A flashback of Hazrat and her lover, Mufti, who left her pregnant and ran away with all her jewels, indicates why she is so adamant that her daughter should treat Noor with maximal wariness and marry Bilal, the conventional, safe choice. Noor travels for an art show in London, where he finds out that his art scholarship was actually sponsored by Moazzam, a Kashmiri terrorist who he had saved when he was young, and not by Hazrat. Noor is deeply alarmed to distress on realizing that he is merely a pawn in Moazzam's scheme, but is even more shocked and upset as it dawns on him how Hazrat has been playing him all along. Noor confronts her; she denies manipulating him and bursts into a fit of rage, where she rants about her former lover Mufti. Noor realizes that she has been seeking redemption by transposing her desire for vengeance against Mufti towards him by tormenting him and plotting to destroy him; she cannot bear to see other young people happy, not even her own daughter. Noor goes back to the gallery and burns his artwork, which was related to the memory of Firdaus. Another flashback shows that in fact, she lost her baby and Firdaus is her adopted daughter. She wakes up from that semi-dream distraught at what Noor has said about her bitter and diseased inner self and she then commits suicide. At her funeral, a grieving Firdaus (who remains engaged to Bilal, and still intends to marry him, as per Hazrat's ardent desire) opens the pendant which Hazrat always wore around her neck. She is astonished to find inside it a picture of a happy young couple: Mufti and Hazrat. She realizes that Hazrat has never been able to get over her love for Mufti, despite the fact that he was a horrendous fraudster. Firdaus suddenly realizes that she herself will never be able to get over her love for Noor, who genuinely loves her and is an honest and good man. With this realization, Firdaus decides to break her engagement with Bilal and spend her life with Noor. ## Cast - Tabu as Begum Hazrat Jahaan - Aditi Rao Hydari as Young Hazrat (cameo appearance) - Katrina Kaif as Firdaus Jahaan Naqvi - Tunisha Sharma as Young Firdaus - Aditya Roy Kapur as Noor Nizami - Mohammed Abrar Sheikh as Young Noor - Rahul Bhat as Bilal - Lara Dutta as Leena Becker - Rochelle Rao as the host of the exhibition - Ajay Devgn as Mirza Moazzam Baig (Cameo Appearance) - Akshay Oberoi as Mufti (Cameo appearance) - Talat Aziz as Salman - Jason Shah in a cameo ## Production ### Development In October 2013, Disney UTV announced its upcoming production Fitoor, a Bollywood adaptation of Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations to be directed by Abhishek Kapoor with Katrina Kaif and Aditya Roy Kapur signed as the lead pair. Rekha was confirmed for the role of Begum Hazrat in January 2014 but later opted out and was replaced by Tabu. The film also stars Aditi Rao Hydari, Rahul Bhat, Akshay Oberoi, Lara Dutta, Suchitra Pillai and Andy Von Eich in supporting roles. The script was written in a span of over one year with the British writer and Katrina Kaif's then rumored boyfriend Ritwik Wrights leading the production unit. ### Filming Principal photography began in Srinagar, Kashmir in November 2014 and continued at Nishat Bagh on the banks of the Dal Lake in Srinagar in January 2015. The film was also shot at Humayun's Tomb in Nizamuddin East, Delhi in March 2015. The remaining portion of the film was shot in Mehboob Studios, Filmistan Studios and Film City, Mumbai from April to September 2015. In September 2015, the cast and crew flew off to Poland to shoot the last leg of the film at the Goetz Palace, Brzesko and Warsaw's traditional and contemporary art galleries. The shooting of the film was wrapped in October 2015. ## Soundtrack The songs of Fitoor were composed by Amit Trivedi, while the lyrics were penned by Swanand Kirkire. Hitesh Sonik composed the film's score. The first song "Yeh Fitoor Mera" sung by Arijit Singh was released on 7 January 2016. The second song "Pashmina" was released on 14 January 2016. The official soundtrack of the film was released on 18 January 2016 by Zee Music Company. All lyrics are written by Swanand Kirkire; all music is composed by Amit Trivedi. \| No. \| Title \| Singer(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| -------------------- \| ------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Yeh Fitoor Mera" \| Arijit Singh \| 04:43 \| \| 2. \| "Pashmina" \| Amit Trivedi \| 04:43 \| \| 3. \| "Haminastu" \| Zeb Bangash \| 04:20 \| \| 4. \| "Hone Do Batiyan" \| Nandini Srikar, Zeb Bangash \| 04:30 \| \| 5. \| "Tere Liye" \| Sunidhi Chauhan, Jubin Nautiyal \| 04:31 \| \| 6. \| "Ranga Re (Hindi)" \| Sunidhi Chauhan, Amit Trivedi \| 04:49 \| \| 7. \| "Ranga Re" (English) \| Caralisa Monteiro, Amit Trivedi \| 04:49 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 32:25 \| ## Reception Fitoor received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics upon release, with high praise for its soundtrack, cinematography, costumes and performances of the cast, with Tabu's performance receiving widespread critical acclaim; however, its screenplay and pacing received criticism. Rachit Gupta from Filmfare gave the film a positive review and remarked "The casting of the film is brilliantly done. Kapur looks his part; with his chiseled physique and restrained intensity, he plays Noor with good effect. Kaif and her red hair seduce you and make you submit to untamed beauty. Not just that, her performance is really good. However, Tabu, like always, is the highlight of the film. In the first half, her character lurks in the shadows, but in the latter part, when her story assumes a larger role, the actress hits top gear. Even supporting performances from Aditi Rao Hydari, Lara Dutta and Rahul Bhat are fantastic." However, he expressed mixed views about the film's screenplay saying "The source material, the classic novel by Charles Dickens lends good matter to the story, but a lot is lost in adaptation." Anil Sinanan from TimeOut rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and remarked, "Director Abhishek Kapoor stays true to the complex plot and the novel’s themes of social alienation and moral redemption. Sadly, he is let down by his two attractive leads who fail to bring the depth required to these tortured souls." He, however, highly praised Tabu stating "she, in the Miss Havisham role, brings emotional complexity and dignity to the proceedings" and concluded his review writing, "Worth seeing, but go with low expectations." In a mixed-to-positive review, Sweta Kaushal from Hindustan Times praised the film's cinematography and soundtrack and opined, "Cinematographer Anay Goswami deserves credit for capturing Kashmir’s gorgeous exquisiteness in all its details -- the white snow-covered mountains, red chinar leaves and the grey of winters. Amit Trivedi’s soulful music enamours us, surrounded as we are with so much surreal beauty." She also praised Tabu and Kapur's performances, saying, "Tabu and Kapur are undoubtedly the best bets in Fitoor, with the former bringing in dramatic energy and a sense of gravitas to the film, while the latter's haunting looks and intense, lovelorn facial expressions lending much weight to the proceedings." He, however, criticised Kaif's performance, saying, "her dialogues sound fake and her one-dimensional acting fails to bring across the passion even in the most intimate of scenes." She concluded her review, saying that "Melodrama and a superficial love story are some of the road blocks that hinder a beautiful cinematic journey Abhishek Kapoor wanted to take you on." Anna MM Vetticad from Firstpost opined about the cast performances, saying "This might have been forgiveable if it weren’t for the casting of Firdaus. Kaif is woefully inadequate, trying to convey Firdaus’ sorrow and confusion with expressionlessness. To make matters worse, her screen companion through much of the film is an actress who has the ability to eke out feelings from a log of wood. This is not Tabu’s best, but in a role that could have been easily over-played and caricatured, she elicits some degree of empathy even for her decidedly unlikeable character. Aditya as Noor is efficient, but that’s about it." She concluded her review saying "Fitoor’s primary problem is that it fails to conjure up the sort of passion that it should have and could have with less literalness and better central casting." Srijana Mitra Das from The Times of India rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and opined, "Fitoor's acting pleases in parts. While Tabu shines through moments of malevolent manipulation, and Kapur occasionally conveys well a bewildered lover lost in a whimsical world, Kaif however looks gorgeous but mostly stays placid." She concluded her review saying, "The film looks gorgeous, but opulence takes over substance – chinars, minars and lace dominating grip, passion and pace. For a love story, Fitoor lacks heat – you wish there was less hair-styling and more hair-pulling, more rupture and less cheesecake-like smoothness." Namrata Joshi from The Hindu remarked that the film's "proceedings flummox, the happenstance baffles and each of the leading characters' motivations remain utterly unconvincing." However, she praised Tabu's performance saying, "Tabu holds the viewer in her grasp". ## Awards and nominations \| Award \| Date of ceremony \| Category \| Recipient \| Result \| Ref. \| \| --------------- \| ---------------- \| ----------------------- \| --------- \| --------- \| ------------------- \| \| Screen Awards \| 4 December 2016 \| Best Supporting Actress \| Tabu \| Nominated \| [ citation needed ] \| \| Stardust Awards \| 19 December 2016 \| Best Supporting Actress \| Tabu \| Nominated \| [ 31 ] \| \| Zee Cine Awards \| 11 March 2017 \| Best Supporting Actress \| Tabu \| Nominated \| [ 32 ] \|	enwiki/42060676	enwiki	42,060,676	Fitoor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoor	2025-07-22T20:28:56Z	en	Q16248394	137,236	{{short description\|2016 film by Abhishek Kapoor}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2020}} {{Use Indian English\|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox film \| name = Fitoor \| native_name = \| image = Fitoor Hindi Film Poster.jpg \| alt = \| caption = Theatrical release poster \| director = [[Abhishek Kapoor]] \| producer = Abhishek Kapoor<br />[[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] \| writer = Abhishek Kapoor<br />Supratik Sen<ref>[http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/utv-gets-rekha-katrina-and-aditya-together/ UTV Gets Rekha, Katrina And Aditya Together] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904015332/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/utv-gets-rekha-katrina-and-aditya-together/ \|date=4 September 2017 }}. Box Office India. Retrieved 15 May 2014.</ref> \| screenplay = \| story = \| based_on = {{based on\|''[[Great Expectations]]''\|[[Charles Dickens]]}} \| starring = [[Tabu (actress)\|Tabu]]<br />[[Katrina Kaif]]<br />[[Aditya Roy Kapur]] \| narrator = \| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[Amit Trivedi]]<br />'''Background Score:'''<br />[[Hitesh Sonik]] \| cinematography = [[Anay Goswamy]] \| editing = [[Deepa Bhatia]] \| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] \| distributor = UTV Motion Pictures \| released = {{Film date\|df=yes\|2016\|02\|12}} \| runtime = 129 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 129:26--><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/fitoor-film \|title=''FITOOR'' (12A) \|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] \|date=9 February 2016 \|access-date=9 February 2016 \|archive-date=2 March 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302130018/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/fitoor-film \|url-status=dead }}</ref> \| country = India \| language = Hindi \| budget = ₹35 crore<!--Must be attributed to a reliable source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No faceless blogs and not IMDb.--><ref>{{cite news \|author1=Patrick Frater \|author2=Naman Ramachandran \|title=Disney Confirms Plan To Quit Indian Film Making \|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/disney-confirms-plan-to-quit-indian-film-making-1201849957/ \|access-date=1 September 2016 \|work=Variety \|date=1 September 2016 \|archive-date=16 August 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233240/http://variety.com/2016/film/asia/disney-confirms-plan-to-quit-indian-film-making-1201849957/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> \| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}42.38 crore<ref>{{cite web \|title=Fitoor (2016) – Box Office Earnings \|work=Bollywoodhungama.com \|access-date=24 July 2016 \|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/674561\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308081328/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/674561\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=8 March 2014}}</ref> }} '''''Fitoor''''' (''Madness, Obsession, Passion'') is a 2016 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film\|musical]] [[romantic drama]] directed by [[Abhishek Kapoor]], produced by [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]], and written by Kapoor and Supratik Sen based on [[Charles Dickens]]' 1861 novel ''[[Great Expectations]]''.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Saltz \|first=Rachel \|date=2016-02-11 \|title=Review: 'Fitoor' Enlists Dickens to Tell a Hindi Love Story (Published 2016) \|language=en-US \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/movies/review-fitoor-enlists-dickens-to-tell-a-hindi-love-story.html \|access-date=2021-01-04 \|archive-date=26 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426103900/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/movies/review-fitoor-enlists-dickens-to-tell-a-hindi-love-story.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com">[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aditya-roy-kapur-katrina-kaif-to-pair-up-for-fitoor-1907698 Aditya Royn Kapur, Katrina Kaif to pair up for 'Fitoor'] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085354/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aditya-roy-kapur-katrina-kaif-to-pair-up-for-fitoor-1907698 \|date=24 September 2015 }}. Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 23 October 2013.</ref> The film features [[Tabu (actress)\|Tabu]], [[Katrina Kaif]], and [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] in lead roles. Filming began in [[Kashmir]] in November 2014 and concluded in October 2015.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditya-Roy-Kapur-starts-shooting-for-Fitoor-in-Kashmir-on-his-birthday/articleshow/45173161.cms Aditya Roy Kapur starts shooting for Fitoor in Kashmir on his birthday] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313004808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditya-Roy-Kapur-starts-shooting-for-Fitoor-in-Kashmir-on-his-birthday/articleshow/45173161.cms \|date=13 March 2019 }}. The Times of India. Retrieved 17 November 2014.</ref> ''Fitoor'' was released on 12 February 2016, coinciding with the [[Valentine's Day]] weekend,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150312050316/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/fitoor-release-date-finalised/article1-1325194.aspx Fitoor release date finalised]. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</ref> and proved to be an underwhelming success at the box-office. Upon release, the film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with high praise for its soundtrack, cinematography, costumes, and performances of the cast, with Tabu's performance receiving widespread critical acclaim; however, its screenplay and pacing received criticism.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150527/entertainment-bollywood/article/tabu-replaces-rekha-miss-havisham-fitoor Tabu replaces Rekha as Miss Havisham in 'Fitoor'] . Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 27 May 2015.</ref> ==Plot== Noor Nizami, a 13-year-old Kashmiri schoolboy from a lower-middle-class family, works as a part-time errand boy in order to earn some pocket money. His employer is Begum Hazrat Jahaan, a rich widow who lives in perpetual mourning and never leaves her sprawling but run-down mansion. She therefore needs an errand boy to do the shopping, go to the post office, the bank and so forth, and for this she employs Noor, the son of a respectable but poor family. Noor becomes infatuated with Hazrat's daughter, Firdaus, who is the same age as him. Hazrat notices this, and disapproves of her daughter being so friendly with an errand boy. Nevertheless, Noor and Firdaus grow closer until Hazrat sends her abroad to a posh boarding school, insulting and taunting Noor as she breaks the news. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Hazrat had been left heartbroken in her youth by her lover, presumably Firdaus's father. Ten years later, Noor is a grown-up young man with artistic talent. He wants to go to a prestigious art school in Delhi but lacks money. He suddenly receives a scholarship to attend the same art school, sponsored by an anonymous benefactor who has seen his work at a patrons' symposium organized by the school. He moves to Delhi, where he encounters Firdaus and Hazrat. Due to several coincidences, Noor begins to believe that it is Hazrat who is paying for him to go to art school. By this time, Firdaus is engaged to Bilal, a Pakistani diplomat. However, there is an immediate rapport between her and Noor even after so many years. Hazrat habitually treats Noor like an underling or errand boy, and after she observes the rapport, she makes her behavior towards him even more peremptory and insulting. This is acceptable to Noor, who thinks that beneath her tough exterior, she is actually his patroness. Noor's feelings for Firdaus have not changed, and they begin a friendship, which evolves into a relationship. Hazrat sees that Noor is now a successful artist who moves in posh circles, and she slowly begins to realise her mistake, but she is still adamant that Firdaus should marry Bilal. A flashback of Hazrat and her lover, Mufti, who left her pregnant and ran away with all her jewels, indicates why she is so adamant that her daughter should treat Noor with maximal wariness and marry Bilal, the conventional, safe choice. Noor travels for an art show in London, where he finds out that his art scholarship was actually sponsored by Moazzam, a Kashmiri terrorist who he had saved when he was young, and not by Hazrat. Noor is deeply alarmed to distress on realizing that he is merely a pawn in Moazzam's scheme, but is even more shocked and upset as it dawns on him how Hazrat has been playing him all along. Noor confronts her; she denies manipulating him and bursts into a fit of rage, where she rants about her former lover Mufti. Noor realizes that she has been seeking redemption by transposing her desire for vengeance against Mufti towards him by tormenting him and plotting to destroy him; she cannot bear to see other young people happy, not even her own daughter. Noor goes back to the gallery and burns his artwork, which was related to the memory of Firdaus. Another flashback shows that in fact, she lost her baby and Firdaus is her adopted daughter. She wakes up from that semi-dream distraught at what Noor has said about her bitter and diseased inner self and she then commits suicide. At her funeral, a grieving Firdaus (who remains engaged to Bilal, and still intends to marry him, as per Hazrat's ardent desire) opens the pendant which Hazrat always wore around her neck. She is astonished to find inside it a picture of a happy young couple: Mufti and Hazrat. She realizes that Hazrat has never been able to get over her love for Mufti, despite the fact that he was a horrendous fraudster. Firdaus suddenly realizes that she herself will never be able to get over her love for Noor, who genuinely loves her and is an honest and good man. With this realization, Firdaus decides to break her engagement with Bilal and spend her life with Noor. ==Cast== {{cast listing\| * [[Tabu (actress)\|Tabu]] as Begum Hazrat Jahaan ** [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as Young Hazrat (cameo appearance) * [[Katrina Kaif]] as Firdaus Jahaan Naqvi ** [[Tunisha Sharma]] as Young Firdaus * [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] as Noor Nizami ** Mohammed Abrar Sheikh as Young Noor * [[Rahul Bhat]] as Bilal * [[Lara Dutta]] as Leena Becker * [[Rochelle Rao]] as the host of the exhibition * [[Ajay Devgn]] as Mirza Moazzam Baig (Cameo Appearance) * [[Akshay Oberoi]] as Mufti (Cameo appearance) * [[Talat Aziz]] as Salman * [[Jason Shah]] in a cameo }} ==Production== ===Development=== In October 2013, [[UTV Motion Pictures\|Disney UTV]] announced its upcoming production ''Fitoor'', a [[Bollywood]] adaptation of [[Charles Dickens]]' novel ''[[Great Expectations]]'' to be directed by [[Abhishek Kapoor]] with [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] signed as the lead pair.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/> [[Rekha]] was confirmed for the role of Begum Hazrat in January 2014<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/news/rekha-signs-fitoor-5248.html Rekha signs Fitoor] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042835/http://www.filmfare.com/news/rekha-signs-fitoor-5248.html \|date=24 September 2015 }}. Filmfare. Retrieved 28 January 2014.</ref> but later opted out and was replaced by [[Tabu (actress)\|Tabu]].<ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/> The film also stars [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Rahul Bhat]], [[Akshay Oberoi]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Suchitra Pillai-Malik\|Suchitra Pillai]] and Andy Von Eich in supporting roles.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aditi-rao-hydari-to-play-younger-version-of-rekha-in-fitoor/ Aditi Rao Hydari to play younger version of Rekha in 'Fitoor'] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011233250/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aditi-rao-hydari-to-play-younger-version-of-rekha-in-fitoor/ \|date=11 October 2020 }}. The Indian Express. Retrieved 14 November 2014.</ref><ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-fitoor-rahul-bhat-aditya-roy-kapur-rekha-abhishek-kapoor/1/414137.html Rahul Bhat to star opposite Katrina Kaif in 'Fitoor'] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325021837/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-fitoor-rahul-bhat-aditya-roy-kapur-rekha-abhishek-kapoor/1/414137.html \|date=25 March 2017 }}. India Today. Retrieved 19 January 2015.</ref> The script was written in a span of over one year with the British writer and Katrina Kaif's then rumored boyfriend Ritwik Wrights leading the production unit. <ref> https://theprint.in/india/out-of-madness-a-journey-through-grief-madness-and-the-human-condition/2431179/ </ref> ===Filming=== [[Principal photography]] began in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]] in November 2014<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditya-Roy-Kapur-starts-shooting-for-Fitoor-in-Kashmir-on-his-birthday/articleshow/45173161.cms Aditya Roy Kapur starts shooting for 'Fitoor' in Kashmir on his birthday] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313004808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditya-Roy-Kapur-starts-shooting-for-Fitoor-in-Kashmir-on-his-birthday/articleshow/45173161.cms \|date=13 March 2019 }}. The Times of India. Retrieved 17 November 2014.</ref> and continued at [[Nishat Bagh]] on the banks of the [[Dal Lake]] in Srinagar in January 2015.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-raoy-kapurs-fitoor-first-film-to-be-shot-in-kashmir-after-floods/ Katrina Kaif, Aditya Roy Kapur's 'Fitoor' first film to be shot in Kashmir after floods] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224624/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-raoy-kapurs-fitoor-first-film-to-be-shot-in-kashmir-after-floods/ \|date=23 September 2015 }}. The Indian Express. Retrieved 31 January 2015.</ref> The film was also shot at [[Humayun's Tomb]] in [[Nizamuddin East]], [[Delhi]] in March 2015.<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapur-shoot-for-fitoor-in-delhi/1/424069.html Spotted: Katrina Kaif, Aditya Roy Kapur shoot for 'Fitoor' in Delhi] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913231009/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapur-shoot-for-fitoor-in-delhi/1/424069.html \|date=13 September 2015 }}. India Today. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</ref> The remaining portion of the film was shot in [[Mehboob Studio]]s, [[Filmistan Studio]]s and [[Film City, Mumbai\|Film City]], [[Mumbai]] from April to September 2015.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150501/entertainment-bollywood/article/katrina-aditya-takes-over-12-hours-shoot-lovemaking-scene Katrina-Aditya take over 12 hours to shoot lovemaking scene for 'Fitoor'] . Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 1 May 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-tabu-and-aditya-roy-kapur-starrer-fitoor-in-trouble-2092108 Katrina Kaif, Tabu and Aditya Roy Kapur starrer 'Fitoor' in trouble?] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160819/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-tabu-and-aditya-roy-kapur-starrer-fitoor-in-trouble-2092108 \|date=24 September 2015 }}. Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</ref> In September 2015, the cast and crew flew off to [[Poland]] to shoot the last leg of the film at the Goetz Palace, [[Brzesko]] and [[Warsaw]]'s traditional and contemporary [[Art museum\|art galleries]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditya-Roy-Kapur-preparing-himself-for-Fitoor-in-Poland/articleshow/48433041.cms Aditya Roy Kapur preparing himself for 'Fitoor' in Poland] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711154126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditya-Roy-Kapur-preparing-himself-for-Fitoor-in-Poland/articleshow/48433041.cms \|date=11 July 2023 }}. The Times of India. Retrieved 11 August 2015.</ref> The shooting of the film was wrapped in October 2015.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Katrina Kaif, Aditya Roy Kapur starrer 'Fitoor' wraps shooting \|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapur-starrer-fitoor-wraps-shooting/ \|publisher=Indian Express \|access-date=7 October 2015 \|date=2 October 2015 \|archive-date=28 September 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928022954/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapur-starrer-fitoor-wraps-shooting/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==Soundtrack== {{Infobox album \| name = Fitoor \| type = Soundtrack \| artist = [[Amit Trivedi]] \| cover = blank \| alt = \| released = {{Start date\|df=y\|2016\|01\|18}} \| recorded = A T Studios \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = [[Soundtrack\|Feature film soundtrack]] \| length = 32:25 \| language = [[Hindi]] \| label = [[Zee Music Company]] \| producer = \| chronology = [[Amit Trivedi]] \| prev_title = [[Shaandaar (2015 film)\|Shaandaar]] \| prev_year = 2015 \| next_title = [[Udta Punjab]] \| next_year = 2016 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = Fitoor \| type = Soundtrack Singles \| single1 = Yeh Fitoor Mera \| single1date = 7 January 2016<ref name="yeh fitoor itunes" /> \| single2 = Pashmina \| single2date = 14 January 2016<ref name="pashmina itunes" /> }} }} The songs of ''Fitoor'' were composed by [[Amit Trivedi]], while the lyrics were penned by [[Swanand Kirkire]]. Hitesh Sonik composed the film's [[film score\|score]]. The first song "Yeh Fitoor Mera" sung by [[Arijit Singh]] was released on 7 January 2016.<ref name="yeh fitoor itunes">{{cite web \|title=Yeh Fitoor Mera (From "Fitoor") – Single by Amit Trivedi & Arijit Singh on iTunes \|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/yeh-fitoor-mera-from-fitoor/id1071800267?ign-mpt=uo%3D8 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204004440/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/yeh-fitoor-mera-from-fitoor/id1071800267?ign-mpt=uo=8 \|archive-date=4 February 2016 \|access-date=7 January 2016 \|work=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|author=Gayatri Sankar \|title=Katrina Kaif, Aditya Roy Kapoor's captivating romance in 'Yeh Fitoor Mera' song – Watch \|work=[[Zee News]] \|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/music/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapoor-s-captivating-romance-in-yeh-fitoor-mera-song-watch_1842527.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=7 January 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107211949/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/music/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapoor-s-captivating-romance-in-yeh-fitoor-mera-song-watch_1842527.html \|archive-date=7 January 2016}}</ref> The second song "Pashmina" was released on 14 January 2016.<ref name="pashmina itunes">{{cite web \|title=Pashmina (From "Fitoor") – Single by Amit Trivedi on iTunes \|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pashmina-from-fitoor-single/id1073148725 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204010026/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/pashmina-from-fitoor-single/id1073148725 \|archive-date=4 February 2016 \|access-date=14 January 2016 \|work=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref> The official soundtrack of the film was released on 18 January 2016 by [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Fitoor (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Amit Trivedi on iTunes \|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/fitoor-original-motion-picture/id1075381322?ign-mpt=uo%3D8 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302124953/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/fitoor-original-motion-picture/id1075381322?ign-mpt=uo%3D8 \|archive-date=2 March 2016 \|access-date=18 January 2016 \|work=iTunes Store}}</ref> {{Track listing \| extra_column = Singer(s) \| headline = Track listing \| total_length = {{Duration\|m=32\|s=25}} \| title1 = Yeh Fitoor Mera \| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]] \| all_music = [[Amit Trivedi]] \| all_lyrics = [[Swanand Kirkire]] \| length1 = 04:43 \| title2 = Pashmina \| extra2 = [[Amit Trivedi]] \| length2 = 04:43 \| title3 = Haminastu \| extra3 = [[Zeb Bangash]] \| length3 = 04:20 \| title4 = Hone Do Batiyan \| extra4 = [[Nandini Srikar]], [[Zeb Bangash]] \| length4 = 04:30 \| title5 = Tere Liye \| extra5 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]] \| length5 = 04:31 \| title6 = Ranga Re (Hindi) \| extra6 = Sunidhi Chauhan, Amit Trivedi \| length6 = 04:49 \| title7 = Ranga Re \| note7 = English \| extra7 = [[Caralisa Monteiro]], Amit Trivedi \| length7 = 04:49 }} == Reception == ''Fitoor'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics upon release, with high praise for its soundtrack, cinematography, costumes and performances of the cast, with Tabu's performance receiving widespread critical acclaim; however, its screenplay and pacing received criticism. Rachit Gupta from ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film a positive review and remarked "The casting of the film is brilliantly done. Kapur looks his part; with his chiseled physique and restrained intensity, he plays Noor with good effect. Kaif and her red hair seduce you and make you submit to untamed beauty. Not just that, her performance is really good. However, Tabu, like always, is the highlight of the film. In the first half, her character lurks in the shadows, but in the latter part, when her story assumes a larger role, the actress hits top gear. Even supporting performances from Aditi Rao Hydari, Lara Dutta and Rahul Bhat are fantastic." However, he expressed mixed views about the film's screenplay saying "The source material, the classic novel by Charles Dickens lends good matter to the story, but a lot is lost in adaptation."<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Movie review: Fitoor \|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/filmfare-review-of-fitoor-12182.html \|access-date=2023-10-02 \|website=filmfare.com \|language=en}}</ref> Anil Sinanan from [[Time Out (magazine)\|''TimeOut'']] rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and remarked, "Director Abhishek Kapoor stays true to the complex plot and the novel’s themes of social alienation and moral redemption. Sadly, he is let down by his two attractive leads who fail to bring the depth required to these tortured souls." He, however, highly praised Tabu stating "she, in the Miss Havisham role, brings emotional complexity and dignity to the proceedings" and concluded his review writing, "Worth seeing, but go with low expectations."<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sinanan \|first=Anil \|date=2016-02-15 \|title=Fitoor \|url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/fitoor \|access-date=2023-10-02 \|website=Time Out Worldwide \|language=en-GB}}</ref> In a mixed-to-positive review, Sweta Kaushal from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the film's cinematography and soundtrack and opined, "Cinematographer Anay Goswami deserves credit for capturing Kashmir’s gorgeous exquisiteness in all its details -- the white snow-covered mountains, red chinar leaves and the grey of winters. Amit Trivedi’s soulful music enamours us, surrounded as we are with so much surreal beauty." She also praised Tabu and Kapur's performances, saying, "Tabu and Kapur are undoubtedly the best bets in ''Fitoor'', with the former bringing in dramatic energy and a sense of gravitas to the film, while the latter's haunting looks and intense, lovelorn facial expressions lending much weight to the proceedings." He, however, criticised Kaif's performance, saying, "her dialogues sound fake and her one-dimensional acting fails to bring across the passion even in the most intimate of scenes." She concluded her review, saying that "Melodrama and a superficial love story are some of the road blocks that hinder a beautiful cinematic journey Abhishek Kapoor wanted to take you on."<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2016-02-12 \|title=Fitoor review: It offers beautiful frames and great disappointments \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/fitoor-review-aditya-roy-kapur-katrina-kaif-in-a-beautiful-but-shallow-affair/story-Zbva6RmU2JkAcKm8F7gyGI.html \|access-date=2023-10-02 \|website=Hindustan Times \|language=en}}</ref> Anna MM Vetticad from ''[[Firstpost]]'' opined about the cast performances, saying "This might have been forgiveable if it weren’t for the casting of Firdaus. Kaif is woefully inadequate, trying to convey Firdaus’ sorrow and confusion with expressionlessness. To make matters worse, her screen companion through much of the film is an actress who has the ability to eke out feelings from a log of wood. This is not Tabu’s best, but in a role that could have been easily over-played and caricatured, she elicits some degree of empathy even for her decidedly unlikeable character. Aditya as Noor is efficient, but that’s about it." She concluded her review saying "''Fitoor''’s primary problem is that it fails to conjure up the sort of passion that it should have and could have with less literalness and better central casting."<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2016-02-12 \|title=Fitoor review: Katrina, Aditya are inadequate; No great expectations from this Valentine's Day film\|url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/fitoor-review-katrina-aditya-are-inadequate-no-great-expectations-from-this-valentines-day-film-2623326.html \|access-date=2023-10-02 \|website=Firstpost \|language=en}}</ref> Srijana Mitra Das from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and opined, "''Fitoor''<nowiki/>'s acting pleases in parts. While Tabu shines through moments of malevolent manipulation, and Kapur occasionally conveys well a bewildered lover lost in a whimsical world, Kaif however looks gorgeous but mostly stays placid." She concluded her review saying, "The film looks gorgeous, but opulence takes over substance – chinars, minars and lace dominating grip, passion and pace. For a love story, ''Fitoor'' lacks heat – you wish there was less hair-styling and more hair-pulling, more rupture and less cheesecake-like smoothness."<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Fitoor Movie Review \|work=The Times of India \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/fitoor/movie-review/50957363.cms \|access-date=2023-10-02 \|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Namrata Joshi from ''[[The Hindu]]'' remarked that the film's "proceedings flummox, the happenstance baffles and each of the leading characters' motivations remain utterly unconvincing." However, she praised Tabu's performance saying, "Tabu holds the viewer in her grasp".<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2016-02-12 \|title=Hindi film Fitoor review — Tabu holds the viewer in her grasp \|language=en-IN \|work=The Hindu \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/hindi-film-fitoor-review-tabu-holds-the-viewer-in-her-grasp/article8226834.ece \|access-date=2023-10-02 \|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == Awards and nominations == {\| class="wikitable" \|+ !Award !Date of ceremony !Category !Recipient !Result !Ref. \|- \| style="text-align:center;"\| [[Screen Awards]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| 4 December 2016 \|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress\|Best Supporting Actress]] \| rowspan="3" \|[[Tabu (actress)\|Tabu]] \|{{nom}} \|{{cn\|date=January 2025}} \|- \| style="text-align:center;"\|[[Stardust Awards]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|19 December 2016 \|[[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress\|Best Supporting Actress]] \|{{nom}} \|<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Hungama \|first=Bollywood \|date=2016-12-19 \|title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2016 2016 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-stardust-awards-2016/ \|access-date=2023-09-27 \|language=en}}</ref> \|- \| style="text-align:center;"\|[[Zee Cine Awards]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|11 March 2017 \|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female\|Best Supporting Actress]] \|{{nom}} \|<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2 March 2017 \|title='Sultan' dominates Zee Cine Awards 2017 nominations \|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sultan-dominates-zee-cine-awards-2017-nominations-117030200599_1.html \|access-date=2 March 2017 \|website=Business Standard}}</ref> \|- \|} ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} ==External links== * {{BH movie\|fitoor<!-- id# 674561 -->}} * {{IMDb title}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes}} {{Great Expectations \|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fitoor}} [[Category:2016 films]] [[Category:2010s Hindi-language films]] [[Category:2010s Indian films]] [[Category:2016 romantic drama films]] [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]] [[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Category:Films set in Delhi]] [[Category:Films set in India]] [[Category:Films based on Great Expectations]] [[Category:Films shot in India]] [[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Category:Films shot in Delhi]] [[Category:Films shot in Warsaw]] [[Category:Films shot in Poland]] [[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]] [[Category:Films scored by Amit Trivedi]] [[Category:Films directed by Abhishek Kapoor]] [[Category:Films about artists]] [[Category:Films about fictional painters]]	1,301,991,676	[{"title": "Fitoor", "data": {"Directed by": "Abhishek Kapoor", "Written by": "Abhishek Kapoor \u00b7 Supratik Sen", "Based on": "Great Expectations \u00b7 by Charles Dickens", "Produced by": "Abhishek Kapoor \u00b7 Siddharth Roy Kapur", "Starring": "Tabu \u00b7 Katrina Kaif \u00b7 Aditya Roy Kapur", "Cinematography": "Anay Goswamy", "Edited by": "Deepa Bhatia", "Music by": "Songs: \u00b7 Amit Trivedi \u00b7 Background Score: \u00b7 Hitesh Sonik", "Production \u00b7 company": "UTV Motion Pictures", "Distributed by": "UTV Motion Pictures", "Release date": "- 12 February 2016", "Running time": "129 minutes", "Country": "India", "Language": "Hindi", "Budget": "\u20b935 crore", "Box office": "est. \u20b942.38 crore"}}, {"title": "Soundtrack album by Amit Trivedi", "data": {"Released": "18 January 2016", "Recorded": "A T Studios", "Genre": "Feature film soundtrack", "Length": "32:25", "Language": "Hindi", "Label": "Zee Music Company"}}, {"title": "Amit Trivedi chronology", "data": {"Shaandaar \u00b7 (2015)": "Fitoor \u00b7 (2016) \u00b7 Udta Punjab \u00b7 (2016)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Fitoor", "data": {"Singles from Fitoor": "1. \"Yeh Fitoor Mera\" \u00b7 Released: 7 January 2016 2. \"Pashmina\" \u00b7 Released: 14 January 2016"}}]	false
# Standard Portable Intermediate Representation Standard Portable Intermediate Representation (SPIR) is an intermediate language for parallel computing and graphics by Khronos Group. It is used in multiple execution environments, including the Vulkan graphics API and the OpenCL compute API, to represent a shader or kernel. It is also used as an interchange language for cross compilation. SPIR-V is a new version of SPIR which was introduced in 2015 by the Khronos Group, and has since replaced the original SPIR, which was introduced in 2012. On September 19th 2024, Microsoft has announced plans to adopt SPIR-V as the Direct3D Interchange format in place of DXIL, beginning support from Shader Model 7 on. ## Purpose The purposes of SPIR-V are to natively represent the primitives needed by compute and graphics; to separate high-level language from the interface to compute and graphics drivers; to be the distribution form, or distribute fully compiled binaries; to be a fully self-contained specification; and to support multiple APIs. It is also used as an intermediate target for cross-compilation tools. For example, SPIR-V allows the Vulkan API to use any shading language, including GLSL and HLSL. SPIR-V can be decompiled into several shading languages (GLSL, GLSL ES, MSL, HLSL) using SPIRV-Cross, so that these languages can be interconverted. It also has paths to and/or from WebGPU, OpenCL, SYCL, C++, and Rust. In target platforms, ingesting SPIR-V removes the need to build a high-level language source compiler into device drivers, which reduces driver complexity. ## Versions SPIR was originally introduced in 2011 and SPIR-V was introduced in 2015. \| \| SPIR 1.2 \| SPIR 2.0 \| SPIR-V 1.X \| \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------- \| ------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------- \| \| LLVM Interaction \| LLVM IR version 3.2 \| LLVM IR version 3.4 \| 100% Khronos defined Round-trip lossless conversion \| \| Compute Constructs \| Metadata/Intrinsics \| Metadata/Intrinsics \| Native \| \| Graphics Constructs \| No \| No \| Native \| \| Supported Language & Feature Supported \| OpenCL C 1.2 \| OpenCL C 1.2 OpenCL C 2.0 \| OpenCL C 1.2 / 2.X OpenCL C++ GLSL \| \| OpenCL Ingestion \| OpenCL 1.2 Extension \| OpenCL 2.0 Extension \| OpenCL 2.1/2.2 Core \| \| Graphics API Ingestion \| — \| — \| Vulkan 1.X OpenGL 4.6 Core \| ### LLVM-based versions SPIR prior to the 2015 SPIR-V release was based on the LLVM Intermediate Representation. A provisional specification for SPIR 1.0 was announced in 2012. On July 22, 2013, a provisional specification SPIR 1.2 was announced at SIGGRAPH 2013. The final SPIR 1.2 specification was released at HiPEAC 2014 on January 21, 2014. On August 11, 2014, a provisional specification for SPIR 2.0 was released at SIGGRAPH 2014. SPIR-V does not use LLVM. ### SPIR-V SPIR-V 1.0 is a new version of SPIR announced in March 2015, and released on November 16, 2015. The SPIR family now includes a true cross-API standard that is fully defined by Khronos with native support for shader and kernel features. A separate program by the Khronos Group allows for interconversion with LLVM IR. Support for ingestion of SPIR-V is incorporated in the core specification of OpenCL 2.1, the Vulkan API, and OpenGL version 4.6. \| Date \| Version \| Notes \| \| ------------------ \| ------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| April 18, 2016 \| 1.1 \| Released at IWOCL 2016 along with Provisional OpenCL 2.2. SPIR-V 1.1 added support for OpenCL C++, initializer/finalizer function execution modes, named barriers, subgroup execution, program scope pipes and pipe storage. \| \| May 16, 2017 \| 1.2 \| Released at IWOCL 2017 along with OpenCL 2.2. SPIR-V 1.2 added support for runtime specialization of key tuning parameters in OpenCL 2.2. \| \| March 7, 2018 \| 1.3 \| Released along with Vulkan 1.1. SPIR-V 1.3 Added support for subgroup operations and enables enhanced compiler optimizations. \| \| May 7, 2019 \| 1.4 \| \| \| September 13, 2020 \| 1.5 \| \| \| December 16, 2021 \| 1.6 \| \| ## Features SPIR-V is a high-level intermediate language, exchanged in binary form. Functions are represented by a control-flow graph of basic blocks, using static single assignment (SSA) form. Data structures retain high-level hierarchical representation. It is not lossy like previous byte-code or virtual machine-like intermediate representations used for graphical shaders. This allows closer to optimum performance on the target devices. ### Extensibility SPIR-V can be extended by writing extensions to add semantics, or reserving ranges of the token values for the party's use. Vendors can independently add desired semantics to SPIR-V. Additional sets of extended instruction sets can be provided in separate specifications. Multiple sets can be imported without issue, as extended instructions are used by specifying the ID of the set and of the instruction within the set. ### Shaders Debuggers include RenderDoc, SwiftShader, and Amber. Graphical shaders use structured control flow in SPIR-V to state how control flow nests. This helps in defining divergence and reconvergence of control flow on parallel execution environments. Specialization reduces the number of variants of a shader that need to be distributed. ### Validation The SPIR-V specification states the rules that must be followed to have a valid SPIR-V module. This allows for offline validation. Drivers are not obligated to handle invalid SPIR-V modules. In testing, conformance testing verifies that drivers behave correctly when consuming valid SPIR-V, while validators verify that front-ends properly generate SPIR-V. ### Linking SPIR-V can express calls to functions in a different compilation unit. The standard version of SPIR-V uses this feature for OpenCL compute kernels, but not for shader stages, which the graphical APIs want fully linked into a single SPIR-V module. There are extensions available to allow tools to temporarily use partially linked shaders and also kernels. ### Capabilities A SPIR-V module is used by a client API to support that module's features, which are classified through capabilities, and declared early in the module. A validator can confirm that the module uses only its declared capabilities, and a client API can reject modules that declare unsupported capabilities. ## SPIR-V for GLSL cross-compilation SPIR-V has been used to help deal with multiple versions of source-level languages. For example, the multiple versions of OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) require distribution of multiple versions of shaders, due to implementations that are pegged to a specific older version of GLSL, such as for WebGL 1.0 and Apple's OpenGL implementation. One of the notable use cases of SPIR-V is its ability to be used as an interchange format between GLSL versions, using tools maintained by the Khronos Group for compiling GLSL to SPIR-V glslangValidator, optimizing SPIR-V spirv-opt, and cross-compiling to SPIR-V to different GLSL targets spirv-cross. As a format, however, SPIR-V has some limitations for cross-compilation, including the requirement that every SPIR-V module have at least one entry-point symbol. This prevents the format from being easily used for separate compilation, where complex shaders could be assembled by a series of partial compile steps followed by a linking step. This runs counter to the stated goals of some SPIR-V tools such as spirv-link, which aims to provide full linking functionality for SPIR-V binary code.	enwiki/45602476	enwiki	45,602,476	Standard Portable Intermediate Representation	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Portable_Intermediate_Representation	2025-08-06T05:58:37Z	en	Q20820603	105,690	{{Short description\|Internal code for computer graphics}} {{Infobox software \| name = SPIR-V \| logo = SPIR logo.svg \| author = \| developer = [[Khronos Group]] \| released = 2015 \| latest release version = SPIR-V 1.6 \| latest release date = {{Start date and age\|2021\|12\|16}} \| operating_system = [[Cross-platform]] \| platform = Cross-platform \| genre = [[Intermediate language]] \| website = {{URL\|https://www.khronos.org/registry/SPIR-V}} }} '''Standard Portable Intermediate Representation''' ('''SPIR''') is an [[intermediate language]] for [[General-purpose computing on graphics processing units\|parallel computing]] and graphics by [[Khronos Group]]. It is used in multiple execution environments, including the [[Vulkan]] [[graphics API]] and the [[OpenCL]] compute API, to represent a [[shader]] or [[Compute kernel\|kernel]]. It is also used as an interchange language for cross compilation.<ref name="registry"/><ref name="architectures">{{cite book \|title=Heterogeneous Computing Architectures: Challenges and Vision \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edeuDwAAQBAJ&dq=spir-v+natively+represent&pg=PT95 \| isbn=9780429680038 \|access-date=24 June 2022\| last1=Terzo \| first1=Olivier \| last2=Djemame \| first2=Karim \| last3=Scionti \| first3=Alberto \| last4=Pezuela \| first4=Clara \| date=10 September 2019 \| publisher=CRC Press }}</ref> '''SPIR-V''' is a new version of SPIR which was introduced in 2015 by the [[Khronos Group]], and has since replaced the original SPIR, which was introduced in 2012. On September 19th 2024, Microsoft has announced plans to adopt SPIR-V as the [[DirectX\|Direct3D]] Interchange format in place of DXIL, beginning support from Shader Model 7 on.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Bieneman \|first1=Chris \|title=DirectX Adopting SPIR-V as the Interchange Format of the Future \|url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/directx/directx-adopting-spir-v/ \|website=DirectX Developer Blog \|access-date=19 September 2024 \|date=19 September 2024}}</ref> ==Purpose== The purposes of SPIR-V are to natively represent the primitives needed by compute and graphics; to separate high-level language from the interface to compute and graphics drivers; to be the distribution form, or distribute fully compiled binaries; to be a fully self-contained specification; and to support multiple APIs. It is also used as an intermediate target for cross-compilation tools. For example, SPIR-V allows the [[Vulkan (API)\|Vulkan API]] to use any [[shading language]], including [[OpenGL Shading Language\|GLSL]] and [[High-Level Shading Language\|HLSL]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Shader modules \|url=https://vulkan-tutorial.com/Drawing_a_triangle/Graphics_pipeline_basics/Shader_modules \|website=Vulkan Tutorial}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=HLSL as a First Class Vulkan Shading Language \|url=https://www.khronos.org/blog/hlsl-first-class-vulkan-shading-language \|website=The Khronos Group \|language=en \|date=15 January 2020}}</ref> SPIR-V can be [[decompiler\|decompiled]] into several shading languages ([[OpenGL Shading Language\|GLSL]], [[OpenGL ES\|GLSL ES]], [[Shading language#Metal_Shading_Language\|MSL]], [[High-Level Shading Language\|HLSL]]) using SPIRV-Cross, so that these languages can be interconverted.<ref>{{Citation\|title=KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Cross\|date=2019-09-06\|url=https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Cross\|publisher=The Khronos Group\|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref> It also has paths to and/or from [[WebGPU]], [[OpenCL]], [[SYCL]], [[C++]], and [[Rust (programming language)\|Rust]]. In target platforms, ingesting SPIR-V removes the need to build a high-level language source compiler into device drivers, which reduces driver complexity.<ref name="architectures"/> ==Versions== SPIR was originally introduced in 2011 and SPIR-V was introduced in 2015. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ SPIR and SPIR-V ! !SPIR 1.2 !SPIR 2.0 !SPIR-V 1.X \|- \|'''LLVM Interaction''' \|[[LLVM Intermediate Representation\|LLVM IR]] version 3.2 \|[[LLVM Intermediate Representation\|LLVM IR]] version 3.4 \| :100% Khronos defined :Round-trip lossless conversion \|- \|'''Compute Constructs''' \|Metadata/Intrinsics \|Metadata/Intrinsics \|Native \|- \|'''Graphics Constructs''' \|{{No}} \|{{No}} \|Native \|- \|'''Supported Language & Feature Supported''' \|OpenCL C 1.2 \| :OpenCL C 1.2 :OpenCL C 2.0 \| : OpenCL C 1.2 / 2.X : OpenCL C++ : GLSL \|- \|'''OpenCL Ingestion''' \|OpenCL 1.2 Extension \|OpenCL 2.0 Extension \|OpenCL 2.1/2.2 Core \|- \|'''Graphics API Ingestion''' \|{{NA}} \|{{NA}} \| :Vulkan 1.X :OpenGL 4.6 Core \|} ===LLVM-based versions=== SPIR prior to the 2015 SPIR-V release was based on the [[LLVM Intermediate Representation]]. A provisional specification for SPIR 1.0 was announced in 2012.<ref name="phoronix">{{cite web\|url = https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTE4MzM\|title = Khronos SPIR For OpenCL Brings Binary Compatibility\|date = 12 September 2012\|access-date = 25 July 2015\|website = Phoronix\|last = Larabel\|first = Michael}}</ref> On July 22, 2013, a provisional specification SPIR 1.2 was announced at [[SIGGRAPH\|SIGGRAPH 2013]].<ref name="anandtech2013">{{cite web\|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/7161/khronos-siggraph-2013-opengl-44-opencl-20-opencl-12-spir-announced/2\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725210339/http://www.anandtech.com/show/7161/khronos-siggraph-2013-opengl-44-opencl-20-opencl-12-spir-announced/2\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=July 25, 2013\|title=Khronos @ SIGGRAPH 2013: OpenGL 4.4, OpenCL 2.0, & OpenCL 1.2 SPIR Announced\|last1=Smith\|first1=Ryan\|date=22 July 2013\|website=Anandtech\|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> The final SPIR 1.2 specification was released at HiPEAC 2014 on January 21, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-releases-spir-1.2-specification-for-portable-encoding-of-opencl-dev\|title=Khronos Releases SPIR 1.2 Specification for Portable Encoding of OpenCL Device Programs\|date=2014-01-20\|website=The Khronos Group\|language=en\|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref> On August 11, 2014, a provisional specification for SPIR 2.0 was released at [[SIGGRAPH\|SIGGRAPH 2014]].<ref name=anandtech2014>{{cite web\|last1=Smith\|first1=Ryan\|title=Khronos Announces OpenCL SPIR 2.0\|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8360/khronos-announces-opencl-spir-20\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811235418/http://anandtech.com/show/8360/khronos-announces-opencl-spir-20\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=August 11, 2014\|website=Anandtech\|access-date=5 April 2015\|date=11 August 2014}}</ref> SPIR-V does not use LLVM.<ref name="architectures"/> ===SPIR-V=== SPIR-V 1.0 is a new version of SPIR announced in March 2015,<ref name=parkerson>{{cite web\|last1=Parkerson\|first1=Stuart\|title=Khronos Group Introduces New Vulkan Hardware Driver API and SPIR-V Intermediate Language Shared by Vulkan and OpenCL 2.1\|url=https://appdevelopermagazine.com/2462/2015/3/4/Khronos-Group-Introduces-New-Vulkan-Hardware-Driver-API-and-SPIR-V-Intermediate-Language-Shared-by-Vulkan-and-OpenCL-2.1/\|website=App Developer Magazine\|access-date=5 April 2015\|date=4 March 2015}}</ref> and released on November 16, 2015.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Khronos Releases OpenCL 2.1 and SPIR-V 1.0 Specifications for Heterogeneous Parallel Programming\|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-releases-opencl-2.1-and-spir-v-1.0-specifications-for-heterogeneous\|website=www.Khronos.org\|access-date=16 November 2015\|date=16 November 2015}}</ref> The SPIR family now includes a true cross-API standard that is fully defined by Khronos with native support for shader and kernel features. A separate program by the Khronos Group allows for interconversion with LLVM IR.<ref>{{cite web \|title=SPIRV-LLVM-Translator: A tool and a library for bi-directional translation between SPIR-V and LLVM IR \|url=https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator \|website=GitHub \|publisher=The Khronos Group}}</ref> Support for ingestion of SPIR-V is incorporated in the core specification of OpenCL 2.1, the [[Vulkan (API)\|Vulkan API]], and [[OpenGL]] version 4.6. {\| class="wikitable" \|+SPIR-V Releases !Date !Version !Notes \|- \|April 18, 2016 \|1.1 \|Released at [[IWOCL\|IWOCL 2016]] along with Provisional OpenCL 2.2. SPIR-V 1.1 added support for OpenCL C++, initializer/finalizer function execution modes, named barriers, subgroup execution, program scope pipes and pipe storage.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Trevett \|first=Neil \|date=18 April 2016 \|title=OpenCL A State of the Union (IWOCL 2016) \|url=https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/2016-iwocl/IWOCL-Keynote_Apr16.pdf \|website=Khronos Group}}</ref> \|- \|May 16, 2017 \|1.2 \|Released at [[IWOCL\|IWOCL 2017]] along with OpenCL 2.2. SPIR-V 1.2 added support for runtime specialization of key tuning parameters in OpenCL 2.2.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Trevett \|first=Neil \|date=16 May 2017 \|title=OpenCL State of the Nation (IWOCL 2017) \|url=https://www.iwocl.org/wp-content/uploads/iwocl2017-neil-trevett-keynote.pdf \|website=IWOCL}}</ref> \|- \|March 7, 2018 \|1.3 \|Released along with [[Vulkan (API)\|Vulkan 1.1]]. SPIR-V 1.3 Added support for subgroup operations and enables enhanced compiler optimizations.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2014-01-20 \|title=SPIR - The Industry Open Standard Intermediate Language for Parallel Compute and Graphics \|url=https://www.khronos.org/spir/ \|access-date=2019-08-05 \|website=The Khronos Group \|language=en}}</ref> \|- \|May 7, 2019 \|1.4<ref name="registry">{{Cite web \|title=Khronos SPIR-V Registry - The Khronos Group Inc \|url=https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/ \|access-date=2024-01-16 \|website=www.khronos.org}}</ref> \| \|- \|September 13, 2020 \|1.5<ref name="registry"/> \| \|- \|December 16, 2021 \|1.6<ref name="registry"/> \| \|} ==Features== SPIR-V is a high-level intermediate language, exchanged in binary form. Functions are represented by a [[control-flow graph]] of basic blocks, using [[static single assignment]] (SSA) form. Data structures retain high-level hierarchical representation. It is not lossy like previous byte-code or virtual machine-like intermediate representations used for graphical shaders. This allows closer to optimum performance on the target devices.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Kessenich\|first1=John\|title=An Introduction to SPIR-V\|url=https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/papers/WhitePaper.pdf\|publisher=Khronos\|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> ===Extensibility=== SPIR-V can be extended by writing extensions to add semantics, or reserving ranges of the token values for the party's use. Vendors can independently add desired semantics to SPIR-V.<ref name="guide">{{cite web \|title=SPIRV-Guide \|url=https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Guide/blob/master/chapters/extended_instruction_sets.md \|website=github.com \|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> Additional sets of extended instruction sets can be provided in separate specifications. Multiple sets can be imported without issue, as extended instructions are used by specifying the ID of the set and of the instruction within the set.<ref name="guide"/> ===Shaders=== Debuggers include [[RenderDoc]], SwiftShader, and Amber.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Google Open-Sources 'Amber' Multi-API Shader Test Framework \|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Google-Open-Source-Amber \|website=phoronix.com \|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> Graphical shaders use structured control flow in SPIR-V to state how control flow nests. This helps in defining divergence and reconvergence of control flow on parallel execution environments.<ref>{{cite web \|title=SPIR-V Specification: Structured Control Flow \|url=https://www.khronos.org/registry/SPIR-V/specs/unified1/SPIRV.html#_structured_control_flow \|website=khronos.org \|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> Specialization reduces the number of variants of a shader that need to be distributed.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Specialization Constants \|url=https://veldrid.dev/articles/specialization-constants.html \|website=veldrid.dev \|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> ===Validation=== The SPIR-V specification states the rules that must be followed to have a valid SPIR-V module. This allows for offline validation. Drivers are not obligated to handle invalid SPIR-V modules. In testing, conformance testing verifies that drivers behave correctly when consuming valid SPIR-V, while validators verify that front-ends properly generate SPIR-V.<ref name="tools"/> ===Linking=== SPIR-V can express calls to functions in a different compilation unit. The standard version of SPIR-V uses this feature for OpenCL compute kernels, but not for shader stages, which the graphical APIs want fully linked into a single SPIR-V module.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Shader Fundamentals \|url=https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2731929&seqNum=8 \|website=informit.com \|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> There are extensions available to allow tools to temporarily use partially linked shaders and also kernels.<ref>{{cite web \|title=SPIR-V Extension for Visual Studio \|url=https://www.saschawillems.de/creations/spirv-vs-extension/ \|website=saschawillems.de \|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> ===Capabilities=== A SPIR-V module is used by a client API to support that module's features, which are classified through capabilities, and declared early in the module. A validator can confirm that the module uses only its declared capabilities, and a client API can reject modules that declare unsupported capabilities.<ref>{{cite web \|title=SPIR-V Specification: Language Capabilities \|url=https://www.khronos.org/registry/SPIR-V/specs/unified1/SPIRV.html#_language_capabilities \|website=khronos.org \|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref> ==SPIR-V for GLSL cross-compilation== SPIR-V has been used to help deal with multiple versions of source-level languages. For example, the multiple versions of OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) require distribution of multiple versions of shaders, due to implementations that are pegged to a specific older version of GLSL, such as for [[WebGL\|WebGL 1.0]] and Apple's OpenGL implementation. One of the notable use cases of SPIR-V is its ability to be used as an interchange format between GLSL versions, using tools maintained by the [[Khronos Group]] for compiling GLSL to SPIR-V <code>glslangValidator</code>,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/tools/Reference-Compiler/\|title=OpenGL / OpenGL ES Reference Compiler\|website=www.khronos.org\|access-date=2020-10-01}}</ref> optimizing SPIR-V <code>spirv-opt</code>,<ref name="tools"/> and cross-compiling to SPIR-V to different GLSL targets <code>spirv-cross</code>.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Cross\|title=SPIR-V Cross\|website=www.github.com\|access-date=2020-10-01}}</ref> As a format, however, SPIR-V has some limitations for cross-compilation, including the requirement that every SPIR-V module have at least one entry-point symbol. This prevents the format from being easily used for separate compilation, where complex shaders could be assembled by a series of partial compile steps followed by a linking step. This runs counter to the stated goals of some SPIR-V tools such as <code>spirv-link</code>,<ref name="tools">{{Cite web\|url=https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Tools\|title=SPIR-V Tools\|website=www.github.com\|access-date=2020-10-01}}</ref> which aims to provide full linking functionality for SPIR-V binary code. ==See also== * [[High-Level Shading Language]] (HLSL) * [[Cg (programming language)]] * [[OpenGL Shading Language]] (GLSL) * [[Tungsten Graphics Shader Infrastructure]] * [[Compute kernel]] * [[Parallel Thread Execution]] * [[ARB assembly language]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.khronos.org/spir Khronos SPIR webpage] * [https://www.khronos.org/registry/SPIR-V/specs/unified1/SPIRV.html SPIR-V specification] {{Khronos Group standards}} [[Category:Compiler construction]] [[Category:Shading languages]]	1,304,464,686	[{"title": "SPIR-V", "data": {"Developer(s)": "Khronos Group", "Initial release": "2015", "Stable release": "SPIR-V 1.6 / December 16, 2021", "Operating system": "Cross-platform", "Platform": "Cross-platform", "Type": "Intermediate language", "Website": "www.khronos.org/registry/SPIR-V"}}]	false
# Ostertagia ostertagi Ostertagia ostertagi, commonly known as the medium stomach worm or brown stomach worm, is a parasitic nematode (round worm) of cattle. O. ostertagi can also be found to a lesser extent in sheep, goats, wild ruminants, and horses. It causes ostertagiosis, which is potentially fatal in cattle. It is found worldwide and is economically important to cattle industries, particularly those found in temperate climates. The abomasal nematode O. ostertagi is a clade V nematode of the order Strongylida, the family Trichostrongylidae and genus Ostertagia. Ransom first described the genus Ostertagia in 1907, which currently contains approximately 15 species. All species of the genus Ostertagia infect domestic or wild ruminants. These species form a large and complex group, the taxonomy of which has not been fully elucidated. ## Life cycle O. ostertagi has a life cycle which consists of two stages: the free-living, pre-parasitic stage and the parasitic stage in the host (e.g. cattle). Eggs from mature females in the abomasum are passed in the faeces. These eggs hatch in the faeces to first-stage larvae (L1). The L1 larvae grow and moult to second-stage larvae (L2), which then moult to become the infective third-stage larvae (L3). The L3s retain the cuticle from the second stage (L2) as a protective sheath, and can survive for long periods within the faeces. The time taken to develop into infective larvae is dependent on favourable stimuli such as temperature (approximately 25–27 °C or 77–81 °F) and humidity. Typically, development takes 10 days to 2 weeks. The parasitic stage of the life cycle begins when warm moist conditions cause the L3 larvae to migrate onto herbage surrounding the fecal pat, which are ingested during grazing. In the host's rumen, the L3 larvae shed their protective sheath and pass into the abomasum, where they penetrate the gastric glands. After exsheathment and penetration into the gastric glands the L3 moult into L4 and subsequently to L5 larvae. The young adult worms then emerge from the gastric glands and continue their maturation on the mucosal surface of the abomasum. Once fully mature, sexual reproduction begins and eggs are produced, thus completing the life cycle. The normal prepatent period for O. ostertagi is 21 days. However, under certain circumstances, ingested L3 larvae can suspend their maturation and become dormant as inhibited L4 larvae inside the gastric glands. This arrested development is called hypobiosis, and can last for up to six or seven months. Studies suggest that the inhibition process in O. ostertagi depends on the weather conditions to which the infective L3 larvae are exposed on pasture, and the length of time that L3 larvae spend on pasture. In temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, hypobiosis occurs in autumn and early winter, but in the southern hemisphere there is evidence that this phenomenon occurs in spring and early summer. ## Morphology O. ostertagi adults are slender reddish-brown worms. Adult males are 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) long, adult females 8–11 mm (0.31–0.43 in) long, and the eggs 70–86 μm (0.0028–0.0034 in) long. Identification of adult medium stomach worms is based on the structure of the bursa, genital cone, and spicules in males and on the dimensions of the oesophageal valve and the configuration of the synlophe in males and females. The cuticle in the anterior region is striated transversely whereas the rest of the body is unstriated and bears around 36 longitudinal ridges. The Ostertaginae are characterized by a reduced buccal capsule and square head, and well-developed copulatory bursa in the male. The genital cone ventrally bears two small slender papillae and dorsally bears two long slender papillae surrounded by an accessory bursal membrane. The lateral rays of the copulatory bursa are in a pattern of 2-1-2 or 2-2-1 pattern. The key to morphologically identifying O. ostertagi males is a prominent proconus and the remainder of the genital cone is not prominent. The spicules are of equal length and shape, tapering towards the distal end. The key to morphologically identifying O. ostertagi females is the lateral synlophe with one pair of ridges ending next to the lateral ridge between cervical papilla and the posterior end of the oesophagus. The cervical papillae are prominent and thornlike. A large number of surface cuticular ridges (synlophe) are perpendicular to the surface. The infective L3 larvae of O. ostertagi can also be identified morphologically. The L3 will have an external sheath. The larva head is rounded and can be distinguished from Cooperia spp. as it lacks the two refractive bodies in the head that is seen in this species. The tail of the larvae within the sheath is rounded and the body contains 16 intestinal cells. The external sheath of the O. ostertagi larvae also has a much blunter tip then that of Copperia spp. or Haemonchus placei. O. ostertagi can also be distinguished from the L3 larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. as it has a much longer sheath tail extension. ## Molecular biology The genome size estimate for O. ostertagi is ~58 MB, based on T. circumcincta (Ostertagia circumcincta), whose genome is 58.6 MB and on H. contortus at 52 MB, based on flow cytometry. There are 7,006 identified expressed sequenced tags (ESTs), representing 2,564 genes. ## Disease Clinical ostertagiosis normally occurs in first grazing season calves but can affect mature animals. Subclinical infection results in reduced weight gain and growth rate, reduced reproductive efficiency and reduced milk production. The primary clinical symptom of fulminant bovine ostertagiosis is watery diarrhoea and is usually accompanied by reduced appetite. Infected animals are characterised by dull, rough coats and hindquarters soiled with faeces as a result of the profuse diarrhoea. Cattle are frequently co-infected with many gastrointestinal nematodes including species of the following genera: Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Bunostomum, Oesophagostomum, Trichuris, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, and Nematodirus. The clinical signs between these species of nematodes are difficult to distinguish from each other, and are often referred to as a syndrome called parasitic gastroenteritis. Clinical ostertagiosis can be observed under two sets of circumstances referred to as type I and type II disease. ### Type I disease Type I disease occurs in young cattle grazing on pastures for their first time during the period of high pasture contamination. This syndrome usually occurs in the summer and fall months in the Northern hemisphere and during the winter and spring months in the Southern hemisphere. Infective larvae are ingested daily by the young stock on pasture. The pathological and clinical signs are due to the direct development of large numbers of L3 larvae to adult worms over a relatively short period of time (approximately 3 weeks) in young animals with an immune system naïve to Ostertagia infections. The young adult worms then break out of the gastric glands, causing substantial damage to the abomasal wall. Mild cases result in reduced growth or production and severe cases can result in fulminating disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhoea, rapid weight loss, submandibular oedema ("bottle jaw"), anemia and death. ### Type II disease Type II disease can occur in yearlings and older cattle. It is the result of arrested L4s resuming their development to immature adults and leaving the gastric glands. This can occur weeks or months after being ingested as L3s and is a consequence of favourable environmental conditions. The larvae will then resume maturation gradually or in bursts. The clinical signs are identical to type I disease and the severity depends on the magnitude of the eruptions. In the Northern hemisphere type II disease is often seen in the early spring, and in the fall in the Southern hemisphere. ## Pathology Worms can readily be seen and identified in the abomasum, and small petechiae (blood spots) may be visible where the worms have been feeding. The most characteristic lesions of Ostertagia infections are multiple small, white, raised umbilicated nodules 1–2 mm in diameter. These may be discrete, but in heavy infections they tend to coalesce and give rise to a "cobblestone" or "morocco leather" appearance. Nodules are most marked in the fundus region but may cover the entire abomasal mucosa. In severe cases, edema may extend over the abomasum and into the small intestine and omentum. When examined histologically, abomasal gastric glands contain larvae in varying stages of development, which results in hyperplasia and distention of the glands, and flattening of the glandular epithelium. Affected glands lack differentiated acid-producing parietal and pepsinogen producing chief cells. Type I and type II disease is often differentiated by the presence of increased numbers of globule leucocytes, eosinophils and focal aggregates of lymphoplasmocytic cells in animals with type II disease. ### Pathophysiology Consequences of the damage done to the gastric gland by O. ostertagi include: 1. Pepsinogen is not activated to its active form, pepsin, due to decreased acid production caused by the loss of parietal cell function, resulting in an increase in abomasal pH.[32] 2. Due to increased abomasal pH, proteins are not denatured and digested. Dietary energy and protein, which would otherwise be used for growth, must be used to replace these proteins. Weight loss is the result.[33] 3. Also due to the increased abomasal pH, there is an increase in the number of bacteria in the abomasum, which can contribute to the diarrhoea seen in clinical cases.[34][35] 4. Movement of serum proteins, particularly albumin from the circulating blood into the abomasal lumen due to compromised intracellular junctions occur. The increased albumin decreases fluid absorption by the gut, causing diarrhoea. The loss of albumin also causes body fluids to collect in lower parts of the body such as under the jaw (bottle jaw) or in the abdomen (ascites). 5. The increased abomasal pH also stimulates the production of gastrin and thus hypergastrinemia, which is closely associated with the inappetence. This parasite-associated drop in intake has been shown to be largely responsible for impaired weight gain. ### Immune response and host defence Gastrointestinal nematodes may elicit a variety of host immune responses depending on the initial immune status of the host, parasite species, and environmental conditions. The body has several physical defense mechanisms against parasites including the continual sloughing of the gut epithelium to prevent parasite attachment. However, once an infection has occurred, the host's immune system attempts to limit the damage caused by the worm. Apart from the importance of the extrinsic factors of weather, climate and grazing management, the immune status of cattle is perhaps the most significant of all host factors influencing infection with O. ostertagi. Unlike other common gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle, who are subject to a quick host immune response after relatively short periods of exposure and immune system memory, a protective host immune response against O. ostertagi requires far longer periods of exposure and is not always permanent. The failure to respond quickly to Ostertagia may be a result of the suggested immunosuppression or impairment of antibody and cellular responses. O. ostertagi has been shown to induce cytokines and T-cells in the adaptive immune response in cattle, and recent advances have been made to produce suitable vaccines targeting adult stage Ostertagia. The major limitations to reducing parasitic load using vaccines is the complex and dynamic host-parasite interaction that is unique to each species of host and parasite, which is often influenced by several environmental factors. ## Diagnosis The presence of O. ostertagi within a host may be inferred by several methods. Faecal worm egg counts (FECs) in particular (preferably with speciation by way of larval culture and differentiation), and total worm counts are the tests most commonly employed in the diagnosis of helminth infections in ruminants. The direct counting of nematode eggs in feces is the method of choice for yearling animals, whereas in adult animals it may yield high variability due to a cow's immunity and low egg output. Other biochemical methods have been developed to help more accurately diagnose O. ostertagi parasitism. These include the determination of specific anti-parasite antibodies in milk. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been used as a diagnostic tool to quantify the impact of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy cattle by measuring antibodies in milk. Higher levels of antibodies measured by ELISA methods, referred to as optical density ratios (ODRs), are associated with decreased milk production in dairy cattle. Similar results have been established in the dairy industry between increased ODR and negative effects on health, body weight and reproductive measures Blood pepsinogen concentration, which increases with abomasal mucosa injury has also been used to diagnose ostertagiosis. The analysis of sera for increased plasma pepsinogen levels is a useful diagnostic aid. Generally, increased levels of pepsinogen activity (tyrosine levels >3 IU) are associated with clinical abomasal parasitism. The serum persinogen assay could be replaced by the antibody ELISA assay for first-season grazing (FSG) calves. ## Treatment and control strategies There are several classes of anthelmintic drugs used to control gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock. The most common in the cattle industry are macrocyclic lactones, which include ivermectin and eprinomectin, benzimidazoles, and imidazothiazoles are also used to a lesser extent. Due to routine, blanket herd treatment, there is widespread resistance to anthelmintic drugs in warm climates in sheep, and increasing evidence of resistance in cattle in temperate climates. As a consequence, livestock industries will have to adapt husbandry practices to manage internal parasites. This may include a variety of combinations of pasture rotations, flexible stocking rates, and genetic selection. Several new control methods are also being researched including vaccines, nematode-trapping fungi, and tannins in feed. ### Drench resistance Given the importance of effective parasite control, there is heightened concern over reduced anthelmintic efficacy. There is a broad range of current literature reporting developing resistance of O. ostertagi to all major classes of anthelmintic worldwide including the United States, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina, and the UK. As recently as January 2016, O. ostertagi anthelmintic resistance was reported to all three major drug classes on 20 dairy farms in Southern Australia The two most widely accepted anthelmintic resistance diagnosis methods for O. ostertagi are in vivo methods: the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and the controlled efficacy test (CET). The World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) has provided guidelines on the detection of anthelmintic resistance.	enwiki/49996875	enwiki	49,996,875	Ostertagia ostertagi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostertagia_ostertagi	2025-08-05T04:31:46Z	en	Q901112	130,371	{{Short description\|Species of roundworm}} {{Speciesbox \|genus = Ostertagia \|species = ostertagi \|authority = (Stiles, 1892) }} '''''Ostertagia ostertagi''''', commonly known as the '''medium stomach worm''' or '''brown stomach worm''', is a [[parasitic]] [[nematode]] (round worm) of [[cattle]]. ''O. ostertagi'' can also be found to a lesser extent in [[sheep]], [[goats]], wild [[ruminants]], and [[horses]]. It causes [[ostertagiosis]], which is potentially fatal in cattle. It is found worldwide and is economically important to cattle industries, particularly those found in [[temperate climates]]. The abomasal nematode ''O. ostertagi'' is a clade V nematode of the order ''[[Strongylida]]'', the family ''[[Trichostrongylidae]]'' and genus ''[[Ostertagia]]''.<ref>Blaxter, M. L., De Ley, P., Garey, J. R., Liu, L. X., Scheldeman P., Vierstraete, A., Vanfleteren, J. R., Mackey, L. Y., Dorris, M., Frisse, L. M., Vida, J. T., and Thomas W. K. 1998. A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature 392: 71–75.</ref> Ransom first described the genus ''Ostertagia'' in 1907, which currently contains approximately 15 species. All species of the genus ''Ostertagia'' infect domestic or wild ruminants. These species form a large and complex group, the [[taxonomy (biology)\|taxonomy]] of which has not been fully elucidated. ==Life cycle== ''O. ostertagi'' has a life cycle which consists of two stages: the free-living, pre-parasitic stage and the parasitic stage in the host (e.g. cattle). [[Egg]]s from mature females in the [[abomasum]] are passed in the [[faeces]]. These eggs hatch in the faeces to first-stage [[larvae]] (L1). The L1 larvae grow and [[Molt\|moult]] to second-stage larvae (L2), which then moult to become the infective third-stage larvae (L3). The L3s retain the [[cuticle]] from the second stage (L2) as a protective sheath, and can survive for long periods within the faeces. The time taken to develop into infective larvae is dependent on favourable stimuli such as temperature (approximately {{Convert\|25–27\|C\|F\|disp=or}}) and [[humidity]]. Typically, development takes 10 days to 2 weeks.<ref>Fox, M. T. 2014. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle: Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ruminants: Merck Veterinary Manual. ''Merck Veterinary Manual''. Retrieved from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_ruminants/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_cattle.html</ref> The parasitic stage of the life cycle begins when warm moist conditions cause the L3 larvae to migrate onto herbage surrounding the fecal pat, which are ingested during grazing. In the host's [[rumen]], the L3 larvae shed their protective sheath and pass into the abomasum, where they penetrate the [[gastric glands]]. After exsheathment and penetration into the gastric glands the L3 moult into L4 and subsequently to L5 larvae. The young adult worms then emerge from the gastric glands and continue their maturation on the [[Mucosal surfaces\|mucosal surface]] of the abomasum.<ref>Fox, M. T. 1993. Pathophysiology of infection with ''Ostertagia ostertagi'' in cattle. Vet Parasitol 46: 143–158. {{doi\|10.1016/0304-4017(93)90055-r}}</ref> Once fully mature, sexual reproduction begins and eggs are produced, thus completing the life cycle. The normal prepatent period for ''O. ostertagi'' is 21 days. However, under certain circumstances, ingested L3 larvae can suspend their maturation and become dormant as inhibited L4 larvae inside the gastric glands. This arrested development is called ''[[hypobiosis]]'', and can last for up to six or seven months. Studies suggest that the inhibition process in ''O. ostertagi'' depends on the weather conditions to which the infective L3 larvae are exposed on pasture, and the length of time that L3 larvae spend on pasture. In temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, hypobiosis occurs in autumn and early winter, but in the southern hemisphere there is evidence that this phenomenon occurs in spring and early summer.<ref>Couvillion, C. E., Siefker, C., and Evans, R. R. 1996. Epidemiological study of nematode infections in a grazing beef cow-calf herd in Mississippi. Vet Parasitol 64: 207–218. {{doi\|10.1016/0304-4017(95)00899-3}}</ref><ref>Fernández, A. S., Fiel, C. A., and Steffan, P. E. 1999. Study on the inductive factors of hypobiosis of ''Ostertagia ostertagi'' in cattle. Vet Parasitol 81: 295–307. {{doi\|10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00252-0}}</ref> ==Morphology== ''O. ostertagi'' adults are slender reddish-brown worms. Adult males are {{Convert\|6–7\|mm\|\|abbr=on}} long, adult females {{Convert\|8–11\|mm\|\|abbr=on}} long, and the eggs {{Convert\|70–86\|μm\|\|abbr=on}} long. Identification of adult medium stomach worms is based on the structure of the bursa, genital cone, and spicules in males and on the dimensions of the [[oesophageal]] valve and the configuration of the [[synlophe]] in males and females.<ref>Lichtenfels JR, H. E. 1993. The systematics of nematodes that cause ostertagiasis in domestic and wild ruminants in North America: an update and a key to species. Vet Parasitol 46: 33–53.</ref> The cuticle in the anterior region is striated transversely whereas the rest of the body is unstriated and bears around 36 longitudinal ridges.<ref>Taylor, M. A., Coop, R. L., and Wall, R. L. 2015. Veterinary Parasitology 4th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell {{ISBN\|978-0-470-67162-7}}.</ref> The ''Ostertaginae'' are characterized by a reduced buccal capsule and square head, and well-developed copulatory bursa in the male. The genital cone ventrally bears two small slender papillae and dorsally bears two long slender papillae surrounded by an accessory bursal membrane. The lateral rays of the copulatory bursa are in a pattern of 2-1-2 or 2-2-1 pattern. The key to morphologically identifying ''O. ostertagi'' males is a prominent proconus and the remainder of the genital cone is not prominent. The spicules are of equal length and shape, tapering towards the distal end.<ref>Taylor, M. A., Coop, R. L., and Wall, R. L. 2015. Veterinary Parasitology 4th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell {{ISBN\|978-0-470-67162-7}}.</ref> The key to morphologically identifying ''O. ostertagi'' females is the lateral synlophe with one pair of ridges ending next to the lateral ridge between cervical papilla and the posterior end of the oesophagus. The cervical papillae are prominent and thornlike. A large number of surface cuticular ridges (synlophe) are perpendicular to the surface.<ref>Lichtenfels JR, H. E. 1993. The systematics of nematodes that cause ostertagiasis in domestic and wild ruminants in North America: an update and a key to species. Vet Parasitol 46: 33–53.</ref><ref>Lichtenfels, J. R., Hoberg, E. P., and Zarlenga, D. S. 1997. Systematics of gastrointestinal nematodes of domestic ruminants: advances between 1992 and 1995 and proposals for future research. Vet Parasitol 72: 225–245. {{doi\|10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00099-X}}.</ref> The infective L3 larvae of ''O. ostertagi'' can also be identified morphologically. The L3 will have an external sheath. The larva head is rounded and can be distinguished from ''[[Cooperia (nematode)\|Cooperia]]'' spp. as it lacks the two refractive bodies in the head that is seen in this species. The tail of the larvae within the sheath is rounded and the body contains 16 intestinal cells. The external sheath of the ''O. ostertagi'' larvae also has a much blunter tip then that of ''Copperia'' spp. or ''[[Haemonchus placei]]''. ''O. ostertagi'' can also be distinguished from the L3 larvae of ''Trichostrongylus'' spp. as it has a much longer sheath tail extension.<ref>van Wyk, J. ., Cabaret, J., and Michael, L. . 2004. Morphological identification of nematode larvae of small ruminants and cattle simplified. Vet Parasitol 119: 277–306. {{doi\|10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.11.012}}</ref> ==Molecular biology== The genome size estimate for ''O. ostertagi'' is ~58 MB, based on ''T. circumcincta'' (''Ostertagia circumcincta''), whose genome is 58.6 MB and on ''H. contortus'' at 52 MB, based on flow cytometry.<ref>Casser, R. B., Ranganathan, S., Baillie, D., Sternberg, P., Mitreva, M., Mardis, E., and Wilson, R. K. 2007. Whole genome sequences of nematodes of the order strongylida. Proposal. http://eprints.ugd.edu.mk/2898/. Accessed online March 22, 2016.</ref> There are 7,006 identified expressed sequenced tags (ESTs), representing 2,564 genes.<ref>Casser, R. B., Ranganathan, S., Baillie, D., Sternberg, P., Mitreva, M., Mardis, E., and Wilson, R. K. 2007. Whole genome sequences of nematodes of the order strongylida. Proposal. http://eprints.ugd.edu.mk/2898/. Accessed online March 22, 2016.</ref> ==Disease== Clinical ostertagiosis normally occurs in first grazing season calves but can affect mature animals.<ref>Merial. 2001. ''Ostertagia ostertagi''. Online Producer Publication: http://us.merial.com/producers/pdfs/Ostertagia_ostertagi.pdf {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510174223/http://us.merial.com/producers/pdfs/Ostertagia_ostertagi.pdf \|date=2017-05-10 }}. Accessed March 23, 2016.</ref> Subclinical infection results in reduced weight gain and growth rate, reduced [[reproductive efficiency]] and reduced [[Dairy\|milk production]].<ref>Gibbs, H. C. 1988. The epidemiology of bovine ostertagiasis in the north temperate regions of North America. Vet Parasitol 27: 39–47.</ref> The primary clinical symptom of fulminant bovine ostertagiosis is watery [[diarrhoea]] and is usually accompanied by [[anorexia (symptom)\|reduced appetite]].<ref>Gibbs, H. C. 1988. The epidemiology of bovine ostertagiasis in the north temperate regions of North America. Vet Parasitol 27: 39–47.</ref> Infected animals are characterised by dull, rough coats and hindquarters soiled with faeces as a result of the profuse diarrhoea. Cattle are frequently co-infected with many gastrointestinal nematodes including species of the following genera: ''Ostertagia, [[Haemonchus]], [[Bunostomum]], [[Oesophagostomum]], [[Trichuris]], [[Trichostrongylus]], [[Cooperia (nematode)\|Cooperia]],'' and ''[[Nematodirus]]''. The clinical signs between these species of nematodes are difficult to distinguish from each other, and are often referred to as a syndrome called parasitic gastroenteritis.<ref>Boden, E., and Andrews, A. 2015. Black's Veterinary Dictionary Vol. 17. Bloomsbury. {{ISBN\|140817572X}}</ref> Clinical ostertagiosis can be observed under two sets of circumstances referred to as type I and type II disease. ===Type I disease=== ''Type I disease'' occurs in young cattle grazing on pastures for their first time during the period of high pasture contamination.<ref>Merial. 2016. Endoparasites – Ostertagia. Online Publication: http://www.merial.co.nz/Cattle/beef/disease_information/Pages/oster.aspx. Accessed March 23, 2016.</ref><ref>Beck, M. A., Colwell, D. D., Goater, C. P., Kienzle, S. W. 2015. Where's the risk? Landscape epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasitism in Alberta beef cattle. Parasit Vectors 8: 434.</ref> This syndrome usually occurs in the summer and fall months in the Northern hemisphere and during the winter and spring months in the Southern hemisphere.<ref>Stromberg, B. E. 1997. Environmental factors influencing transmission. Vet Parasitiol 72: 247–264.</ref> Infective larvae are ingested daily by the young stock on pasture. The pathological and clinical signs are due to the direct development of large numbers of L3 larvae to adult worms over a relatively short period of time (approximately 3 weeks) in young animals with an immune system naïve to ''Ostertagia'' infections.<ref>Merial. 2016. Endoparasites – ''Ostertagia''. Online Publication: http://www.merial.co.nz/Cattle/beef/disease_information/Pages/oster.aspx. Accessed March 23, 2016.</ref> The young adult worms then break out of the gastric glands, causing substantial damage to the abomasal wall. Mild cases result in reduced growth or production and severe cases can result in fulminating disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhoea, rapid weight loss, submandibular oedema ("bottle jaw"), anemia and death.<ref>Merial. 2016. Endoparasites – Ostertagia. Online Publication: http://www.merial.co.nz/Cattle/beef/disease_information/Pages/oster.aspx. Accessed March 23, 2016.</ref><ref>Myers, G. H., and Taylor, R. F. 1989. Ostertagiasis in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 1: 195–200. {{doi\|10.1177/104063878900100225}}</ref> ===Type II disease=== ''Type II disease'' can occur in yearlings and older cattle.<ref>Williams, J. C., Knox, J. W., and Loyacano, A. F. 1993. Epidemiology of Ostertagia ostertagi in weaner-yearling cattle. Vet Parasitol 46: 313–324.</ref> It is the result of arrested L4s resuming their development to immature adults and leaving the gastric glands.<ref>Merial. 2016. Endoparasites – Ostertagia. Online Publication: http://www.merial.co.nz/Cattle/beef/disease_information/Pages/oster.aspx. Accessed March 23, 2016.</ref><ref>Eysker, M. 1993. The role of inhibited development in the epidemiology of Ostertagia infections. Vet Parasitol 46: 259–269.</ref> This can occur weeks or months after being ingested as L3s and is a consequence of favourable environmental conditions.<ref>Eysker, M. 1993. The role of inhibited development in the epidemiology of Ostertagia infections. Vet Parasitol 46: 259–269.</ref> The larvae will then resume maturation gradually or in bursts. The clinical signs are identical to type I disease and the severity depends on the magnitude of the eruptions.<ref>Merial. 2016. Endoparasites – Ostertagia. Online Publication: http://www.merial.co.nz/Cattle/beef/disease_information/Pages/oster.aspx. Accessed March 23, 2016.</ref> In the Northern hemisphere type II disease is often seen in the early spring, and in the fall in the Southern hemisphere.<ref>Myers, G. H., and Taylor, R. F. 1989. Ostertagiasis in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 1: 195–200. {{doi\|10.1177/104063878900100225}}</ref> ==Pathology== Worms can readily be seen and identified in the abomasum, and small [[petechiae]] (blood spots) may be visible where the worms have been feeding. The most characteristic lesions of ''Ostertagia'' infections are multiple small, white, raised umbilicated nodules 1–2 mm in diameter. These may be discrete, but in heavy infections they tend to coalesce and give rise to a "[[cobblestone]]" or "[[morocco leather]]" appearance. Nodules are most marked in the fundus region but may cover the entire abomasal mucosa. In severe cases, edema may extend over the abomasum and into the small intestine and omentum.<ref>Fox, M. T. (2014). Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle: Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ruminants: Merck Veterinary Manual. ''Merck Veterinary Manual''. Retrieved from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/digestive_system/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_ruminants/gastrointestinal_parasites_of_cattle.html.</ref> When examined histologically, abomasal gastric glands contain larvae in varying stages of development, which results in [[hyperplasia]] and distention of the glands, and flattening of the glandular epithelium. Affected glands lack differentiated acid-producing parietal and pepsinogen producing chief cells. Type I and type II disease is often differentiated by the presence of increased numbers of globule leucocytes, eosinophils and focal aggregates of lymphoplasmocytic cells in animals with type II disease.<ref>Myers, G. H., and Taylor, R. F. 1989. Ostertagiasis in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 1: 195–200. {{doi\|10.1177/104063878900100225}}</ref> ===Pathophysiology=== Consequences of the damage done to the gastric gland by ''O. ostertagi'' include: # [[Pepsinogen]] is not activated to its active form, [[pepsin]], due to decreased acid production caused by the loss of parietal cell function, resulting in an increase in abomasal pH.<ref>Fox, M. T. (1993). Pathophysiology of infection with ''Ostertagia-ostertagi'' in cattle. Vet Parasitol 46: 143–158. {{doi\|10.1016/0304-4017(93)90055-r}}</ref> # Due to increased abomasal pH, proteins are not denatured and digested. Dietary energy and protein, which would otherwise be used for growth, must be used to replace these proteins. Weight loss is the result.<ref>Fox, M. T. (1993). Pathophysiology of infection with ''Ostertagia-ostertagi'' in cattle. Vet Parasitol 46: 143–158. {{doi\|10.1016/0304-4017(93)90055-r}}</ref> # Also due to the increased abomasal pH, there is an increase in the number of bacteria in the abomasum, which can contribute to the diarrhoea seen in clinical cases.<ref>Fox, M. T. (1993). Pathophysiology of infection with ''Ostertagia-ostertagi'' in cattle. Vet Parasitol 46: 143–158. {{doi\|10.1016/0304-4017(93)90055-r}}</ref><ref>Myers, G. H., and Taylor, R. F. 1989. Ostertagiasis in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 1: 195–200. {{doi\|10.1177/104063878900100225}}</ref> # Movement of serum proteins, particularly albumin from the circulating blood into the abomasal lumen due to compromised intracellular junctions occur. The increased albumin decreases fluid absorption by the gut, causing diarrhoea. The loss of albumin also causes body fluids to collect in lower parts of the body such as under the jaw (bottle jaw) or in the abdomen ([[ascites]]). # The increased abomasal pH also stimulates the production of gastrin and thus hypergastrinemia, which is closely associated with the inappetence. This parasite-associated drop in intake has been shown to be largely responsible for impaired weight gain. ===Immune response and host defence=== Gastrointestinal nematodes may elicit a variety of host immune responses depending on the initial immune status of the host, parasite species, and environmental conditions. The body has several physical defense mechanisms against parasites including the continual sloughing of the gut [[epithelium]] to prevent parasite attachment. However, once an infection has occurred, the host's immune system attempts to limit the damage caused by the worm. Apart from the importance of the extrinsic factors of weather, climate and grazing management, the immune status of cattle is perhaps the most significant of all host factors influencing infection with ''O. ostertagi''. Unlike other common gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle, who are subject to a quick host immune response after relatively short periods of exposure and immune system memory, a protective host immune response against ''O. ostertagi'' requires far longer periods of exposure and is not always permanent. The failure to respond quickly to ''Ostertagia'' may be a result of the suggested immunosuppression or impairment of antibody and cellular responses.<ref>Claerebout, E., and Vercruysse, J. 2000. The immune response and the evaluation of acquired immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle: a review. Parasitol 120: S25–S42. {{doi\|10.1017/S0031182099005776}}</ref> ''O. ostertagi'' has been shown to induce cytokines and T-cells in the adaptive immune response in cattle, and recent advances have been made to produce suitable vaccines targeting adult stage ''Ostertagia''.<ref>Claerebout, E., Vercauteren, I., Geldhof, P., Olbrechts, A., Zarlenga, D. S., Goddeeris, B. M., & Vercruysse, J. 2005. Cytokine responses in immunized and non-immunized calves after ''Ostertagia ostertagi'' infection. Parasite Immunol 27: 325–331. {{doi\|10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00780.x}}</ref><ref>Rinaldi, M., and Geldhof, P. 2012. Immunologically based control strategies for ostertagiosis in cattle: where do we stand? Parasite Immunol 34: 254–264. {{doi\|10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01313.x}}</ref><ref>Vlaminck, J., Borloo, J., Vercruysse, J., Geldhof, P., and Claerebout, E. 2015. Vaccination of calves against ''Cooperia oncophora'' with a double-domain activation-associated secreted protein reduces parasite egg output and pasture contamination. Int J Parasitol 45: 209–213. {{doi\|10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.11.001}}</ref> The major limitations to reducing parasitic load using vaccines is the complex and dynamic host-parasite interaction that is unique to each species of host and parasite, which is often influenced by several environmental factors.<ref>Gasbarre, L. C., Leighton, E. A., and Sonstegard, T. 2001. Role of the bovine immune system and genome in resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet Parasitol 98: 51–64. {{doi\|10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00423-X}}</ref> ==Diagnosis== The presence of ''O. ostertagi'' within a host may be inferred by several methods. Faecal worm egg counts (FECs) in particular (preferably with speciation by way of larval culture and differentiation), and total worm counts are the tests most commonly employed in the diagnosis of [[helminth]] infections in ruminants. The direct counting of nematode eggs in feces is the method of choice for yearling animals, whereas in adult animals it may yield high variability due to a cow's immunity and low egg output.<ref>Claerebout, E., and Vercruysse, J. 2000. The immune response and the evaluation of acquired immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle: a review. Parasitol 120: S25–S42. {{doi\|10.1017/S0031182099005776}}</ref> Other biochemical methods have been developed to help more accurately diagnose ''O. ostertagi'' parasitism. These include the determination of specific anti-parasite antibodies in milk.<ref>Charlier, J., Vercruysse, J., Smith, J., Vanderstichel, R., Stryhn, H., Claerebout, E., and Dohoo, I. 2010. Evaluation of anti-''Ostertagia ostertagi'' antibodies in individual milk samples as decision parameter for selective anthelmintic treatment in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 93:147–152. {{doi\|10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.10.002}}</ref><ref>Sanchez, J., Dohoo, I., Nodtvedt, A., Keefe, G., Markham, F., Leslie, K., DesCoteaux, L., and Campbell, J. 2002. A longitudinal study of gastrointestinal parasites in Canadian dairy farms: The value of an indirect ''Ostertagia ostertagi'' ELISA as a monitoring tool. Vet Parasitol 107: 209–226. {{doi\|10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00158-9}}</ref> Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ([[ELISA]]s) have been used as a diagnostic tool to quantify the impact of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy cattle by measuring antibodies in milk. Higher levels of antibodies measured by ELISA methods, referred to as optical density ratios (ODRs), are associated with decreased milk production in dairy cattle.<ref>Delafosse, A. 2013. The association between ''Ostertagia ostertagi'' antibodies in bulk tank milk samples and parameters linked to cattle reproduction and mortality. Vet Parasitol 197: 212–220. {{doi\|10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.023}}</ref> Similar results have been established in the dairy industry between increased ODR and negative effects on health, body weight and reproductive measures<ref>Delafosse, A. 2013. The association between ''Ostertagia ostertagi'' antibodies in bulk tank milk samples and parameters linked to cattle reproduction and mortality. Vet Parasitol 197: 212–220. {{doi\|10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.023}}</ref> Blood pepsinogen concentration, which increases with abomasal mucosa injury has also been used to diagnose ostertagiosis.<ref>Entrocasso, C., McKellar, Q., Parkins, J. J., Bairden, K., Armour, J., and Kloosterman, A. 1986. The sequential development of type I and type II ostertagiasis in young cattle with special reference to biochemical and serological changes. Vet Parasitol 21: 173–188. {{doi\|10.1016/0304-4017(86)90064-6}}</ref><ref>[[Heather Simpson (academic)\|Simpson, H. V]]. 2000. Pathophysiology of abomasal parasitism: Is the host or parasite responsible? Vet J 160: 177–191. {{doi\|10.1053/tvjl.2000.0491}}</ref> The analysis of sera for increased plasma pepsinogen levels is a useful diagnostic aid. Generally, increased levels of pepsinogen activity (tyrosine levels >3 IU) are associated with clinical abomasal parasitism.<ref>Vercruysse, J., Charlier, J., Dorny, P., and Claerebout, E. 2006. Diagnosis of helminth infections in cattle : World Buiatrics Congress.</ref> The serum persinogen assay could be replaced by the antibody ELISA assay for first-season grazing (FSG) calves.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Charlier \|first1=Johannes \|last2=Wang \|first2=Tong \|last3=Verschave \|first3=Sien H. \|last4=Höglund \|first4=Johan \|last5=Claerebout \|first5=Edwin \|date=2023-07-06 \|title=Review and Evaluation of Ostertagia ostertagi Antibody ELISA for Application on Serum Samples in First Season Grazing Calves \|journal=Animals \|language=en \|volume=13 \|issue=13 \|pages=2226 \|doi=10.3390/ani13132226 \|issn=2076-2615 \|pmc=10339862 \|pmid=37444024 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Treatment and control strategies== There are several classes of [[anthelmintic]] drugs used to control gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock. The most common in the cattle industry are [[macrocyclic lactone]]s, which include [[ivermectin]] and [[eprinomectin]], [[benzimidazoles]], and [[imidazothiazoles]] are also used to a lesser extent. Due to routine, blanket herd treatment, there is widespread resistance to anthelmintic drugs in warm climates in sheep, and increasing evidence of resistance in cattle in temperate climates.<ref>Areskog, M., Ljungström, B., and Höglund, J. 2013. Limited efficacy of pour-on anthelmintic treatment of cattle under Swedish field conditions. Int J Parasitol 3: 129–134. {{doi\|10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.06.002}}</ref><ref>Sutherland, I. A., and Leathwick, D. M. 2011. Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of cattle: a global issue? Trend Parasitol 27: 176–181. {{doi\|10.1016/j.pt.2010.11.008}}</ref> As a consequence, livestock industries will have to adapt husbandry practices to manage internal parasites. This may include a variety of combinations of pasture rotations, flexible stocking rates, and genetic selection. Several new control methods are also being researched including vaccines, nematode-trapping fungi, and [[tannins]] in feed.<ref>Andersson, K.-M., Kumar, D., Bentzer, J., Friman, E., Ahrén, D., and Tunlid, A. 2014. Interspecific and host-related gene expression patterns in nematode-trapping fungi. BMC Genomics 15:968–981. {{doi\|10.1186/1471-2164-15-968\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Novobilský, A., Mueller-Harvey, I., and Thamsborg, S. M. 2011. Condensed tannins act against cattle nematodes. Vet Parasito 182: 213–220. {{doi\|10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.003}}</ref><ref>Vlaminck, J., Borloo, J., Vercruysse, J., Geldhof, P., and Claerebout, E. 2015. Vaccination of calves against ''Cooperia oncophora'' with a double-domain activation-associated secreted protein reduces parasite egg output and pasture contamination. Int J Parasitol 45: 209–213. {{doi\|10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.11.001}}.</ref> ===Drench resistance=== Given the importance of effective parasite control, there is heightened concern over reduced anthelmintic efficacy. There is a broad range of current literature reporting developing resistance of ''O. ostertagi'' to all major classes of anthelmintic worldwide including the United States, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina, and the UK.<ref>Anziani, O. S., Suarez, V., Guglielmone, A. A., Warnke, O., Grande, H., and Coles, G. C. 2004. Resistance to benzimidazole and macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics in cattle nematodes in Argentina. Vet Parasitol 122: 303–306. {{doi\|10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.05.018}}</ref><ref>Edmonds, M. D., Johnson, E. G., and Edmonds, J. D. 2010. Anthelmintic resistance of ''Ostertagia ostertagi'' and ''Cooperia oncophora'' to macrocyclic lactones in cattle from the western United States. Vet Parasitol 170: 224–229. {{doi\|10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.036}}.</ref><ref>Waghorn, T., Leathwick, D., Rhodes, A., and Jackson, R. 2006. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on 62 beef cattle farms in the North Island of New Zealand. NZ Vet J 546: 278–282. {{doi\|10.1080/00480169.2006.36711}}.</ref> As recently as January 2016, ''O. ostertagi'' anthelmintic resistance was reported to all three major drug classes on 20 dairy farms in Southern Australia<ref>Bullen, S., Beggs, D., Mansell, P., Runciman, D., Malmo, J., Playford, M., and Pyman, M. 2016. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of dairy cattle in the Macalister Irrigation District of Victoria. Aust Vet J 94: 35–41. {{doi\|10.1111/avj.12407}}</ref> The two most widely accepted anthelmintic resistance diagnosis methods for ''O. ostertagi'' are ''in vivo'' methods: the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and the controlled efficacy test (CET). The World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) has provided guidelines on the detection of anthelmintic resistance.<ref>De Graef, J., Claerebout, E., and Geldhof, P. 2013. Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal cattle nematodes. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 82: 113–123.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q901112}} [[Category:Parasitic nematodes of mammals]] [[Category:Strongylida]] [[Category:Nematodes described in 1892]]	1,304,292,898	[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Animalia", "Phylum": "Nematoda", "Class": "Chromadorea", "Order": "Rhabditida", "Family": "Trichostrongylidae", "Genus": "Ostertagia", "Species": "O. ostertagi"}}, {"title": "Binomial name", "data": {"Binomial name": "Ostertagia ostertagi \u00b7 (Stiles, 1892)"}}]	false
# Alejandro Casañas Alejandro Francisco Casañas Ramírez (born January 29, 1954) is a former Cuban hurdler. At the 1977 Summer Universiade in Sofia he set a new world record in the 110 m hurdles with a time 13.21 seconds. This record would, however, only stand for two years. He could never fully copy the world-leading performance at the Olympic Games, where he won silver medals in 1976 and 1980. His Cuban record time has later been improved by Anier García, Dayron Robles and Emilio Valle. ## International competitions \| Year \| Competition \| Venue \| Position \| Event \| Notes \| \| Representing Cuba \| Representing Cuba \| Representing Cuba \| Representing Cuba \| Representing Cuba \| Representing Cuba \| \| ----------------- \| -------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------- \| ----------------- \| ----------------- \| ----------------- \| \| 1971 \| Central American and Caribbean Championships \| Kingston, Jamaica \| 4th \| 110 m hurdles \| 14.3 \| \| 1971 \| Pan American Games \| Cali, Colombia \| 5th \| 110 m hurdles \| 14.17 \| \| 1972 \| Olympic Games \| Munich, West Germany \| – \| 110 m hurdles \| DNF \| \| 1974 \| Central American and Caribbean Games \| Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic \| 1st \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.80 (w) \| \| 1975 \| Pan American Games \| Mexico City, Mexico \| 1st \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.44 \| \| 1975 \| Pan American Games \| Mexico City, Mexico \| 2nd \| 4 × 100 m relay \| 38.46 \| \| 1976 \| Olympic Games \| Montreal, Canada \| 2nd \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.33 \| \| 1976 \| Olympic Games \| Montreal, Canada \| 5th \| 4 × 100 m relay \| 39.01 \| \| 1977 \| Central American and Caribbean Championships \| Xalapa, Mexico \| 1st \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.55 \| \| 1977 \| Central American and Caribbean Championships \| Xalapa, Mexico \| 1st \| 4 × 100 m relay \| 39.86 \| \| 1977 \| Universiade \| Sofia, Bulgaria \| 1st \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.21 WR \| \| 1977 \| Universiade \| Sofia, Bulgaria \| 4th \| 4 × 100 m relay \| 39.31 \| \| 1977 \| World Cup \| Düsseldorf, West Germany \| 2nd \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.501 \| \| 1978 \| Central American and Caribbean Games \| Medellín, Colombia \| 1st \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.67 \| \| 1978 \| Central American and Caribbean Games \| Medellín, Colombia \| 2nd \| 4 × 100 m relay \| 39.44 \| \| 1979 \| Pan American Games \| San Juan, Puerto Rico \| 2nd \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.46 \| \| 1979 \| Pan American Games \| San Juan, Puerto Rico \| 2nd \| 4 × 100 m relay \| 39.14 \| \| 1979 \| World Cup \| Montreal, Canada \| 3rd \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.441 \| \| 1980 \| Olympic Games \| Moscow, Soviet Union \| 2nd \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.40 \| \| 1980 \| Olympic Games \| Moscow, Soviet Union \| – \| 4 × 100 m relay \| DNF \| \| 1981 \| Central American and Caribbean Championships \| Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic \| 1st \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.85 \| \| 1981 \| Central American and Caribbean Championships \| Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic \| 3rd \| 4 × 100 m relay \| 39.96 \| \| 1981 \| World Cup \| Rome, Italy \| 2nd \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.361 \| \| 1982 \| Central American and Caribbean Games \| Havana, Cuba \| 1st \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.38 \| \| 1982 \| Central American and Caribbean Games \| Havana, Cuba \| 1st \| 4 × 100 m relay \| 39.15 \| \| 1983 \| Central American and Caribbean Championships \| Havana, Cuba \| 1st \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.61 (w) \| \| 1983 \| World Championships \| Helsinki, Finland \| 9th (h) \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.702 \| \| 1983 \| Pan American Games \| Caracas, Venezuela \| 2nd \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.51 \| \| 1984 \| Friendship Games \| Moscow, Soviet Union \| 7th \| 110 m hurdles \| 25.60 \| \| 1985 \| Central American and Caribbean Championships \| Nassau, Bahamas \| 1st \| 110 m hurdles \| 13.68 \| 1Representing the Americas 2Did not start in the semifinals	enwiki/3242426	enwiki	3,242,426	Alejandro Casañas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Casa%C3%B1as	2025-08-09T07:25:53Z	en	Q509820	207,534	{{short description\|Cuban hurdler}} {{MedalTableTop \| medals = {{MedalSport \| Men's [[athletics (sport)\|athletics]]}} {{MedalCountry \| {{CUB}} }} {{MedalCompetition \| [[Olympic Games]]}} {{MedalSilver \| [[1976 Summer Olympics\|1976 Montreal]] \| [[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics\|110 m hurdles]]}} {{MedalSilver \| [[1980 Summer Olympics\|1980 Moscow]] \| [[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics\|110 m hurdles]]}} {{MedalCompetition \| [[Pan American Games]]}} {{MedalGold \| [[1975 Pan American Games\|1975 Mexico City]] \| [[Athletics at the 1975 Pan American Games\|110 m hurdles]]}} {{MedalSilver \| [[1975 Pan American Games\|1975 Mexico City]] \| [[Athletics at the 1975 Pan American Games\|4 x 100 m relay]]}} {{MedalSilver \| [[1979 Pan American Games\|1979 San Juan]] \| [[Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games\|110 m hurdles]]}} {{MedalSilver \| [[1983 Pan American Games\|1983 Caracas]] \| [[Athletics at the 1983 Pan American Games\|110 m hurdles]]}} {{MedalCompetition \| [[Central American and Caribbean Games]]}} {{MedalGold \| [[1974 Central American and Caribbean Games\|1974 Santo Domingo]] \| [[Athletics at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games\|110 m hurdles]]}} {{MedalGold \| [[1978 Central American and Caribbean Games\|1978 Medellín]] \| [[Athletics at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games\|110 m hurdles]]}} {{MedalGold \| [[1982 Central American and Caribbean Games\|1982 Havana]] \| [[Athletics at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games\|110 m hurdles]]}} {{MedalCompetition \| [[Central American and Caribbean Championships]]}} {{MedalGold \| [[1977 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics\|1977 Ponce]] \| 110 m hurdles}} {{MedalGold \| [[1981 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics\|1981 Santo Domingo]] \| 110 m hurdles}} {{MedalGold \| [[1983 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics\|1983 Havana]] \| 110 m hurdles}} {{MedalGold \| [[1985 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics\|1985 Nassau]] \| 110 m hurdles}} {{MedalCompetition \| [[Summer Universiade]]}} {{MedalGold \| [[1977 Summer Universiade\|1977 Sofia]] \| [[Athletics at the 1977 Summer Universiade\|110 m hurdles]]}} {{Medal\|Country\|[[File:Americas (orthographic projection).svg\|20px]] [[Americas]]}} {{MedalCompetition \| [[IAAF World Cup]]}} {{MedalSilver \| [[1977 IAAF World Cup\|1977 Düsseldorf]] \|110 m hurdles}} {{MedalSilver\| [[1981 IAAF World Cup\|1981 Rome]] \|110 m hurdles}} {{MedalBronze\| [[1979 IAAF World Cup\|1979 Montreal]] \|110 m hurdles}} }} {{family name hatnote\|Casañas\|Ramírez\|lang=Spanish}} '''Alejandro Francisco Casañas Ramírez''' (born January 29, 1954) is a former [[Cuba]]n [[hurdling\|hurdler]]. At the [[1977 Summer Universiade]] in [[Sofia]] he set a new world record in the [[110 m hurdles]] with a time 13.21 seconds. This record would, however, only stand for two years. He could never fully copy the world-leading performance at the Olympic Games, where he won silver medals in [[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics\|1976]] and [[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics\|1980]]. His Cuban record time has later been improved by [[Anier García]], [[Dayron Robles]] and [[Emilio Valle]].<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=O/ageGroup=N/season=0/gender=M/discipline=110H/legal=A/index.html IAAF top lists - 110 m hurdles men]</ref> ==International competitions== {\| {{AchievementTable\|Event=yes}} \|- !colspan="6"\|Representing {{CUB}} \|- \|rowspan=2\|1971 \|[[1971 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics\|Central American and Caribbean Championships]] \|[[Kingston, Jamaica]] \|4th \|110 m hurdles \|[[1971 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics – Results#110 metres hurdles\|14.3]] \|- \|[[Athletics at the 1971 Pan American Games\|Pan American Games]] \|[[Cali, Colombia]] \|5th \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1971 Pan American Games – Men's 110 metres hurdles\|14.17]] \|- \|1972 \|[[Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics\|Olympic Games]] \|[[Munich, West Germany]] \| – \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics - Men's 110 metres hurdles\|DNF]] \|- \|1974 \|[[Athletics at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games\|Central American and Caribbean Games]] \|[[Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games – Results#110 metres hurdles\|13.80]] (w) \|- \|rowspan=2\|1975 \|rowspan=2\|[[Athletics at the 1975 Pan American Games\|Pan American Games]] \|rowspan=2\|[[Mexico City, Mexico]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1975 Pan American Games – Men's 110 metres hurdles\|13.44]] \|- \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|4 × 100 m relay \|[[Athletics at the 1975 Pan American Games - Men's 4 × 100 metres relay\|38.46]] \|- \|rowspan=2\|1976 \|rowspan=2\|[[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics\|Olympic Games]] \|rowspan=2\|[[Montreal, Canada]] \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics - Men's 110 metres hurdles\|13.33]] \|- \|5th \|4 × 100 m relay \|[[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics - Men's 4 × 100 metres relay\|39.01]] \|- \|rowspan=5\|1977 \|rowspan=2\|[[1977 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics\|Central American and Caribbean Championships]] \|rowspan=2\|[[Xalapa, Mexico]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|110 m hurdles \|13.55 \|- \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|4 × 100 m relay \|39.86 \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[Athletics at the 1977 Summer Universiade\|Universiade]] \|rowspan=2\|[[Sofia, Bulgaria]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1977 Summer Universiade - Men's 110 metres hurdles\|13.21]] {{AthAbbr\|WR}} \|- \|4th \|4 × 100 m relay \|[[Athletics at the 1977 Summer Universiade - Men's 4 × 100 metres relay\|39.31]] \|- \|[[1977 IAAF World Cup\|World Cup]] \|[[Düsseldorf, West Germany]] \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|110 m hurdles \|[[1977 IAAF World Cup results\|13.50]]<Sup>1</sup> \|- \|rowspan=2\|1978 \|rowspan=2\|[[Athletics at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games\|Central American and Caribbean Games]] \|rowspan=2\|[[Medellín, Colombia]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games – Results#110 metres hurdles\|13.67]] \|- \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|4 × 100 m relay \|[[Athletics at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games – Results#4 × 100 metres relay\|39.44]] \|- \|rowspan=3\|1979 \|rowspan=2\|[[Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games\|Pan American Games]] \|rowspan=2\|[[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games – Men's 110 metres hurdles\|13.46]] \|- \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|4 × 100 m relay \|[[Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games - Men's 4 × 100 metres relay\|39.14]] \|- \|[[1979 IAAF World Cup\|World Cup]] \|[[Montreal, Canada]] \|bgcolor=cc9966\|3rd \|110 m hurdles \|[[1979 IAAF World Cup results\|13.44]]<Sup>1</sup> \|- \|rowspan=2\|1980 \|rowspan=2\|[[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics\|Olympic Games]] \|rowspan=2\|[[Moscow, Soviet Union]] \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics - Men's 110 metres hurdles\|13.40]] \|- \| – \|4 × 100 m relay \|[[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics - Men's 4 × 100 metres relay\|DNF]] \|- \|rowspan=3\|1981 \|rowspan=2\|[[1981 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics\|Central American and Caribbean Championships]] \|rowspan=2\|[[Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|110 m hurdles \|13.85 \|- \|bgcolor=cc9966\|3rd \|4 × 100 m relay \|39.96 \|- \|[[1981 IAAF World Cup\|World Cup]] \|[[Rome, Italy]] \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|110 m hurdles \|[[1981 IAAF World Cup results\|13.36]]<Sup>1</sup> \|- \|rowspan=2\|1982 \|rowspan=2\|[[Athletics at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games\|Central American and Caribbean Games]] \|rowspan=2\|[[Havana, Cuba]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games – Results#110 metres hurdles\|13.38]] \|- \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|4 × 100 m relay \|[[Athletics at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games – Results#4 × 100 metres relay\|39.15]] \|- \|rowspan=3\|1983 \|[[1983 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics\|Central American and Caribbean Championships]] \|[[Havana, Cuba]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|110 m hurdles \|13.61 (w) \|- \|[[1983 World Championships in Athletics\|World Championships]] \|[[Helsinki, Finland]] \|9th (h) \|110 m hurdles \|[[1983 World Championships in Athletics - Men's 110 metres hurdles\|13.70]]<sup>2</sup> \|- \|[[Athletics at the 1983 Pan American Games\|Pan American Games]] \|[[Caracas, Venezuela]] \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the 1983 Pan American Games – Men's 110 metres hurdles\|13.51]] \|- \|1984 \|[[Athletics at the Friendship Games\|Friendship Games]] \|[[Moscow, Soviet Union]] \|7th \|110 m hurdles \|[[Athletics at the Friendship Games – Men's 110 metres hurdles\|25.60]] \|- \|1985 \|[[1985 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics\|Central American and Caribbean Championships]] \|[[Nassau, Bahamas]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|110 m hurdles \|13.68 \|} <sup>1</sup>Representing the Americas<br> <sup>2</sup>Did not start in the semifinals ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{World Athletics\|\|name=Alejandro Casañas}} {{cite Sports-Reference \|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/alejandro-casanas-1.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417115444/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ca/alejandro-casanas-1.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2020-04-17 \|title=Alejandro Casañas}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQGgsOAhmYo 1975 Pan American 4 x 100 metres relay final] {{s-start}} {{s-ach\|rec}} {{succession box\|before={{flagicon\|USA}} [[Rodney Milburn]]\|title=[[110 metre hurdles#History of world records\|Men's 110m Hurdles World Record Holder]]\|years=August 21, 1977 — April 14, 1979\|after={{flagicon\|USA}} [[Renaldo Nehemiah]]}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box\|before={{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Guy Drut]]\|title=[[110 metre hurdles#Men.27s Seasons Best\|Men's 110m Hurdles Best Year Performance]]\|years=1977\|after={{flagicon\|USA}} [[Greg Foster (hurdler)\|Greg Foster]]}} {{s-end}} {{USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners in men's 60 m hurdles}} {{Footer Pan American Champions 110m Hurdles Men}} {{Footer CAC Champions 110 m Hurdles Men}} {{Footer CAC Champions 4x100 m Men}} {{Footer Universiade Champions 110m Hurdles Men}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Casanas, Alejandro}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Athletes from Havana]] [[Category:Cuban male hurdlers]] [[Category:Olympic athletes for Cuba]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Cuba]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)]] [[Category:Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba]] [[Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba]] [[Category:Pan American Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]] [[Category:Pan American Games silver medalists in athletics (track and field)]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1971 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1975 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1979 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)]] [[Category:Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba]] [[Category:Competitors at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games]] [[Category:Competitors at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games]] [[Category:Competitors at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games]] [[Category:FISU World University Games gold medalists for Cuba]] [[Category:Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics]] [[Category:Medalists at the 1977 Summer Universiade]] [[Category:Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Competitors at the 1984 Friendship Games]] [[Category:World record setters in athletics (track and field)]] [[Category:20th-century Cuban sportsmen]] {{Cuba-athletics-bio-stub}} {{Cuba-Olympic-medalist-stub}}	1,304,970,229	[{"title": "Olympic Games", "data": {"Silver medal \u2013 second place": ["1976 Montreal \u00b7 110 m hurdles", "1980 Moscow \u00b7 110 m hurdles"]}}, {"title": "Pan American Games", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": "1975 Mexico City \u00b7 110 m hurdles", "Silver medal \u2013 second place": ["1975 Mexico City \u00b7 4 x 100 m relay", "1979 San Juan \u00b7 110 m hurdles", "1983 Caracas \u00b7 110 m hurdles"]}}, {"title": "Central American and Caribbean Games", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": ["1974 Santo Domingo \u00b7 110 m hurdles", "1978 Medell\u00edn \u00b7 110 m hurdles", "1982 Havana \u00b7 110 m hurdles"]}}, {"title": "Central American and Caribbean Championships", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": ["1977 Ponce \u00b7 110 m hurdles", "1981 Santo Domingo \u00b7 110 m hurdles", "1983 Havana \u00b7 110 m hurdles", "1985 Nassau \u00b7 110 m hurdles"]}}, {"title": "Summer Universiade", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": "1977 Sofia \u00b7 110 m hurdles"}}, {"title": "IAAF World Cup", "data": {"Silver medal \u2013 second place": ["1977 D\u00fcsseldorf \u00b7 110 m hurdles", "1981 Rome \u00b7 110 m hurdles"], "Bronze medal \u2013 third place": "1979 Montreal \u00b7 110 m hurdles"}}]	false
# Fateh (2025 film) Fateh is a 2025 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film written and directed by Sonu Sood in his directorial debut. Produced by Shakti Sagar Productions, and Zee Studios and co-produced by Ajay Dhama, the film stars Sood in the titular role, alongside Naseeruddin Shah, Jacqueline Fernandez, Vijay Raaz and Dibyendu Bhattacharya. It follows Fateh, an ex-agent who comes out of his tranquil life in order to bring down the entire cyber mafia syndicate when a local girl falls victim to it and goes missing. The film was officially announced in December 2021, while its title was revealed in October 2022. Principal photography commenced in March 2023 and wrapped up in October 2023. Fateh was theatrically released on 10 January 2025 and received mixed reviews from critics. ## Plot Fateh Singh, a former special ops officer, has left behind his turbulent past to embrace a peaceful life as a dairy farming supervisor in the serene countryside of Punjab. His days are spent tending to cattle and helping his community, far removed from the chaos and violence of his previous life. However, his tranquil existence is upended when Nimrit Kaur, a young girl from the village, becomes the target of a sinister cybercrime syndicate. The syndicate, led by the ruthless Raza and his cunning associate Satya Prakash, preys on vulnerable individuals through fraudulent digital schemes, leaving devastation in its wake. Nimrit’s sudden disappearance sends shockwaves through the village, and Fateh finds himself drawn back into a world he thought he had left behind. Unable to stand by as his community suffers, he resolves to take action. Fateh’s investigation leads him to Khushi Sharma, a brilliant and ethical hacker who has been tracking the syndicate’s activities. Khushi, driven by her own desire to combat cybercrime, agrees to join forces with Fateh. Together, they form an unlikely partnership, blending Fateh’s combat expertise and tactical skills with Khushi’s technological brilliance. As they delve deeper into the syndicate’s operations, Fateh and Khushi uncover a sprawling network of cybercriminals who exploit technology to manipulate and destroy lives. The syndicate’s reach extends far beyond what they initially imagined, involving powerful individuals and sophisticated schemes designed to evade detection. The duo faces numerous challenges, including threats to their lives, betrayal, and the emotional toll of witnessing the syndicate’s victims. Fateh’s journey is not just one of external battles but also an internal struggle. As he confronts the ghosts of his past, he is forced to reconcile with the man he once was and the man he wants to be. Khushi, too, must navigate her own fears and insecurities as she steps into a dangerous world far removed from the safety of her computer screens. Their mission takes them across Punjab, from bustling cities to remote villages, as they gather evidence, recruit allies, and devise a plan to dismantle the syndicate. Along the way, they rescue Nimrit and other victims, providing a glimmer of hope to those who had lost everything. The bond between Fateh and Khushi grows stronger as they learn to trust and rely on each other in the face of overwhelming odds. The story builds to a high-octane climax as Fateh and Khushi confront Raza and Satya Prakash in a final showdown. The battle is not just physical but also a war of wits, as the duo uses their combined skills to outmaneuver the syndicate’s leaders. The confrontation is brutal and intense, testing their resolve and pushing them to their limits. In the end, Fateh and Khushi succeed in bringing down the syndicate, exposing its crimes to the world and ensuring justice for its victims. Fateh and Khushi reveal their feelings for 1 another and get together. ## Cast - Sonu Sood as Fateh Singh - Jacqueline Fernandez as Khushi Sharma - Vijay Raaz as Satya Prakash - Naseeruddin Shah as Raza[9] - Nagineedu as Ramana Reddy - Dibyendu Bhattacharya as Nishit Biswas - Prakash Belawadi as Aayappa - Ravi Kishan as Bhai Saab - Shiv Jyoti Rajput as Nimrit Kaur - Suraj Jumani as Ronnie - Binnu Dhillon as Sandhu - Saurav Lokesh as Balaji - Akashdeep Sabir as Chaddha - Sheeba as Surjeet, Nimrit's mother - Soundous Essayd Moufakir as Raza's Assistant - Viral Patel as Viral - Shubham Chaudhary as Deaf Man - Nyra Sachar as Tittu - Rehaan Sachar as Jolly - Nishan Cheema as Ranjeet Singh - Simran Rana as News Anchor - Atharva Bhatia as Happy Singh - Kiranbir Kaur as Satvant Kaur - Onkar Gill as Jita ## Production ### Development The film was announced by Zee Studios in December 2021. Later, Sonu Sood revealed during an event in October 2022 that he is making a film titled Fateh in which he will mark his writing and directorial debut. ### Filming The shooting of the film began in March 2023 in Punjab and was wrapped-up in October 2023. ## Music The soundtrack album is composed by Yo Yo Honey Singh, Shabbir Ahmed, Haroon–Gavin and Vivek Hariharan while the background score is composed by John Stewart Eduri, and features the composition "To the Moon" by Hans Zimmer. The first single titled "Fateh Kar Fateh" was released on 12 December 2024. The second single titled "Hitman" was released on 17 December 2024. \| No. \| Title \| Lyrics \| Music \| Singer(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ---------------------------- \| ------------------------------ \| ----------------- \| --------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Fateh Kar Fateh" \| Mandeep Khurana \| Haroon–Gavin \| Arijit Singh \| 3:40 \| \| 2. \| "Hitman" \| Leo Grewal, Paradox \| Yo Yo Honey Singh \| Yo Yo Honey Singh \| 3:05 \| \| 3. \| "Ruaa Ruaa" \| Mandeep Khurana \| Haroon–Gavin \| Stebin Ben, Rupali Moghe \| 3:46 \| \| 4. \| "Nindiya" \| Mandeep Khurana \| Vivek Hariharan \| Hamsika Iyer, Tineke Van Ingelgem \| 3:37 \| \| 5. \| "Heer" \| Shabbir Ahmed, Ajay Pal Sharma \| Shabbir Ahmed \| Vishal Mishra, Asees Kaur \| 4:08 \| \| 6. \| "To The Moon" \| Instrumental \| Hans Zimmer \| Instrumental \| 3:49 \| \| 7. \| "Call To Life" \| Instrumental \| Loire Cotler \| Loire Cotler \| 3:49 \| \| 8. \| "Roohdaari" \| Mandeep Khurana \| Vivek Hariharan \| Jubin Nautiyal, Vivek Hariharan \| 4:01 \| \| 9. \| "Waaheguru Kahey Mann Mera" \| Mandeep Khurana \| Haroon–Gavin \| Sukhwinder Singh \| 3:02 \| \| 10. \| "Rona Taqdeer" \| Shabbir Ahmed, Ajay Pal Sharma \| Shabbir Ahmed \| B Praak, Saloni Thakkar \| 4:03 \| \| 11. \| "Roohdari" (Reprise Version) \| Mandeep Khurana \| Vivek Hariharan \| Yashika Sikka, Vivek Hariharan \| 3:37 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 43:37 \| ## Marketing In early December 2024, Sonu Sood and co-star Jacqueline Fernandez visited the Mahakaleshwar Temple in Ujjain to seek blessings for their film. ## Release ### Theatrical Fateh was released on 10 January 2025. ### Home media The film began streaming on Disney+ Hotstar from 7 March 2025. ## Reception ### Critical reception Ronak Kotecha of The Times of India gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "At its core, Fateh highlights the vulnerabilities of our fast-paced digital lives. While its blood-soaked narrative may not resonate with everyone, it effectively underscores the urgency of its theme." Ganesh Aaglave of Firstpost gave 3.5/5 and wrote "Fateh is a big-screen entertainer and deserves an audience for its crisp storytelling and stylish action sequences." Bollywood Hungama gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Fateh is a slick action entertainer that exposes the horrors of loan apps, a burning issue in the country right now. Sonu Sood is impressive as an actor and also as director in this film that has the potential to surprise though the opening will be impacted due to limited buzz." Trisha Bhattacharya of India Today gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "For fans of Sonu Sood or those looking for a light masala entertainer with a socially relevant theme, Fateh might be worth a watch. However, it’s not a film that will linger in your mind long after the credits roll." Tanmayi Savadi of Times Now gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Fateh offers nothing new in terms of the plot. The saving graces are the actors who put their heart and soul into making it a bearable affair. If you are a fan of Sonu Sood, Fateh could make for a decent watch. Otherwise, it suffers from unexciting treatment even when style and action are in abundance." Devesh Sharma of Filmfare gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "the film boasts of several slick action scenes but lacks an even pace." Jagadish Angadi of Deccan Herald gave 2.5/5 stars and praised Sood's performance in the action sequences, but criticized its excessive violence and lack of originality in plot and screenplay. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Fateh is marked by dizzying momentum if not sustained clarity. Sonu Sood delivers a no-frills lead performance that is perfectly in sync with the spirit and substance of the film." Mayur Sanap of Rediff gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Dark, disturbing, and full of gore; Fateh is gung-ho in its efforts to make this stylised action yarn as brutal as possible." Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Your tipping point depends upon how much sickening, relentless violence you can handle: clearly, the action choreographers have had a lot of fun, and you go along up until a point. After that, it all becomes an empty, exhausting blur." Shubham Kulkarni of OTTplay gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Fateh has very little to offer for redemption in a runtime that is crisp but filled with a lot of things that aspire to be John Wick-styled drama but can only manage a weak replica of Animal, which is such a sad trajectory for any film." Anuj Kumar of The Hindu wrote "Bollywood begins 2025 with a bloody nose as Sonu Sood goes hammer and tongs to create a space for himself on the high table." Rishabh Suri of Hindustan Times wrote "While Fateh does not go out of its way to subvert the action genre, the film’s international treatment — especially in the action sequences — is definitely bound to impress people." Rahul Desai of The Hollywood Reporter India wrote "Sonu Sood's directorial debut is dotted with inspired action sequences and clumsy writing." ### Box office Fateh concluded its theatrical run with worldwide gross estimated to be ₹18.50 crore.	enwiki/78533311	enwiki	78,533,311	Fateh (2025 film)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_(2025_film)	2025-08-20T17:37:39Z	en	Q131401207	167,503	{{Short description\|Indian Hindi action crime film directed by Sonu Sood}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2025}} {{Use Indian English\|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox film \| name = Fateh \| image = Fateh film poster.jpg \| caption = Theatrical release poster \| director = [[Sonu Sood]] \| writer = Sonu Sood<br />Ankur Pajni \| story = Sonu Sood \| producer = Sonali Sood<br />Umesh KR Bansal \| starring = {{ubl\|Sonu Sood\|[[Jacqueline Fernandez]]}} \| cinematography = Vincenzo Condorelli \| editing = Yash Parikh<br />Chandrashekhar Prajapati \| music = '''Score:'''<br />John Stewart Eduri<br>'''Songs:'''<br />[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)\|Shabbir Ahmed]]<br />Haroon - Gavin<br>Vivek Hariharan \| studio = {{ubl\|Shakti Sagar Productions\|[[Zee Studios]]}} \| distributor = Zee Studios \| runtime = 127 minutes<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/fateh-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3mtaw \|title=''Fateh'' (18) \|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] \|date=6 January 2025 \|access-date=7 January 2025 \|archive-date=8 January 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108130436/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/fateh-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3mtaw \|url-status=live }}</ref> \| country = India \| released = {{Film date\|df=yes\|2025\|01\|10}} \| language = Hindi \| budget = \| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR\|18.50 [[crore]]}}<ref name="bo2"/> }} '''''Fateh''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller]] film written and directed by [[Sonu Sood]] in his directorial debut. Produced by Shakti Sagar Productions, and [[Zee Studios]] and co-produced by Ajay Dhama,<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Pande \|first1=Shreyas \|title='Hitman' song from Sonu Sood's action-thriller Fateh unveiled \|url=https://www.cinemaexpress..com/hindi/news/2024/Dec/18/hitman-song-from-sonu-soods-action-thriller-fateh-unveiled \|access-date=18 December 2024 \|work=[[Cinema Express]] \|date=18 December 2024 \|language=en \|archive-date=18 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218100213/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Dec/18/hitman-song-from-sonu-soods-action-thriller-fateh-unveiled \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Adivi \|first1=Sashidhar \|title=Engineering background helped me understand filmmaking better \|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/engineering-background-helped-me-understand-filmmaking-better-885710 \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] \|date=19 March 2024 \|language=en \|archive-date=25 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225124937/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/engineering-background-helped-me-understand-filmmaking-better-885710 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Sonu Sood says directorial debut Fateh' is an ode to every hero who fights back\|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/sonu-sood-says-directorial-debut-fateh-is-an-ode-to-every-hero-who-fights-back-1503372671.html \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[The Statesman (India)\|The Statesman]] \|date=6 December 2024 \|language=en}}</ref> the film stars Sood in the titular role, alongside [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Vijay Raaz]] and [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gowda \|first1=Dese \|title='My next film is in the South': Sonu Sood \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Aug/03/my-next-film-is-in-the-southsonu-sood-2601303.html \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[The New Indian Express]] \|date=3 August 2023 \|language=en \|archive-date=14 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214181852/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Aug/03/my-next-film-is-in-the-southsonu-sood-2601303.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Fateh Teaser: Sonu Sood's Directorial Debut Film Promises An Action Packed Thriller \|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/fateh-teaser-sonu-soods-directorial-debut-film-promises-an-action-packed-thriller-8818279.html \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[News18]] \|language=en \|archive-date=14 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214181907/https://www.news18.com/movies/fateh-teaser-sonu-soods-directorial-debut-film-promises-an-action-packed-thriller-8818279.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> It follows Fateh, an ex-agent who comes out of his tranquil life in order to bring down the entire cyber mafia syndicate when a local girl falls victim to it and goes missing. The film was officially announced in December 2021, while its title was revealed in October 2022. [[Principal photography]] commenced in March 2023 and wrapped up in October 2023. ''Fateh'' was theatrically released on 10 January 2025 and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Sonu Sood's Fateh to hit theatres on January 10 next year \|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sonu-soods-fateh-to-hit-theatres-on-january-10-next-year/cid/2037536 \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[Telegraph India]] \|archive-date=7 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207062709/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sonu-soods-fateh-to-hit-theatres-on-january-10-next-year/cid/2037536 \|url-status=live }}</ref> == Plot == {{Expand section\|March 2025\|date=March 2025}} Fateh Singh, a former special ops officer, has left behind his turbulent past to embrace a peaceful life as a dairy farming supervisor in the serene countryside of Punjab. His days are spent tending to cattle and helping his community, far removed from the chaos and violence of his previous life. However, his tranquil existence is upended when Nimrit Kaur, a young girl from the village, becomes the target of a sinister cybercrime syndicate. The syndicate, led by the ruthless Raza and his cunning associate Satya Prakash, preys on vulnerable individuals through fraudulent digital schemes, leaving devastation in its wake. Nimrit’s sudden disappearance sends shockwaves through the village, and Fateh finds himself drawn back into a world he thought he had left behind. Unable to stand by as his community suffers, he resolves to take action. Fateh’s investigation leads him to Khushi Sharma, a brilliant and ethical hacker who has been tracking the syndicate’s activities. Khushi, driven by her own desire to combat cybercrime, agrees to join forces with Fateh. Together, they form an unlikely partnership, blending Fateh’s combat expertise and tactical skills with Khushi’s technological brilliance. As they delve deeper into the syndicate’s operations, Fateh and Khushi uncover a sprawling network of cybercriminals who exploit technology to manipulate and destroy lives. The syndicate’s reach extends far beyond what they initially imagined, involving powerful individuals and sophisticated schemes designed to evade detection. The duo faces numerous challenges, including threats to their lives, betrayal, and the emotional toll of witnessing the syndicate’s victims. Fateh’s journey is not just one of external battles but also an internal struggle. As he confronts the ghosts of his past, he is forced to reconcile with the man he once was and the man he wants to be. Khushi, too, must navigate her own fears and insecurities as she steps into a dangerous world far removed from the safety of her computer screens. Their mission takes them across Punjab, from bustling cities to remote villages, as they gather evidence, recruit allies, and devise a plan to dismantle the syndicate. Along the way, they rescue Nimrit and other victims, providing a glimmer of hope to those who had lost everything. The bond between Fateh and Khushi grows stronger as they learn to trust and rely on each other in the face of overwhelming odds. The story builds to a high-octane climax as Fateh and Khushi confront Raza and Satya Prakash in a final showdown. The battle is not just physical but also a war of wits, as the duo uses their combined skills to outmaneuver the syndicate’s leaders. The confrontation is brutal and intense, testing their resolve and pushing them to their limits. In the end, Fateh and Khushi succeed in bringing down the syndicate, exposing its crimes to the world and ensuring justice for its victims. Fateh and Khushi reveal their feelings for 1 another and get together. ==Cast== * [[Sonu Sood]] as Fateh Singh * [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Khushi Sharma * [[Vijay Raaz]] as Satya Prakash * [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Raza<ref>{{cite news \|title=EXCLUSIVE: Naseeruddin Shah to play the role of a hacker in Sonu Sood's Fateh \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-naseeruddin-shah-to-play-the-role-of-a-hacker-in-sonu-sood-s-fateh-101716545399837.html \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[Hindustan Times]] \|archive-date=21 June 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621181155/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-naseeruddin-shah-to-play-the-role-of-a-hacker-in-sonu-sood-s-fateh-101716545399837.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Nagineedu]] as Ramana Reddy * [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Nishit Biswas * [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Aayappa * [[Ravi Kishan]] as [[wikt:bhai\|Bhai]] [[wikt:sahib\|Saab]] * Shiv Jyoti Rajput as Nimrit Kaur * Suraj Jumani as Ronnie * [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Sandhu * [[Saurav Lokesh]] as Balaji * Akashdeep Sabir as Chaddha * Sheeba as Surjeet, Nimrit's mother * Soundous Essayd Moufakir as Raza's Assistant * Viral Patel as Viral * Shubham Chaudhary as Deaf Man * Nyra Sachar as Tittu * Rehaan Sachar as Jolly * Nishan Cheema as Ranjeet Singh * Simran Rana as News Anchor * Atharva Bhatia as Happy Singh * Kiranbir Kaur as Satvant Kaur * Onkar Gill as Jita == Production == ===Development=== The film was announced by [[Zee Studios]] in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Service \|first1=Express News \|title=Sonu Sood to star in action-thriller Fateh \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Dec/24/sonu-sood-to-star-in-action-thriller-fateh-2399005.html \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[The New Indian Express]] \|date=24 December 2021 \|language=en \|archive-date=25 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225132658/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Dec/24/sonu-sood-to-star-in-action-thriller-fateh-2399005.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Sonu Sood revealed during an event in October 2022<ref>{{cite news \|title=Sonu Sood to turn writer for film on digital scams, will don never-before-seen avatar for the film \|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonu-sood-to-turn-writer-for-film-on-digital-scams-8224991/ \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[The Indian Express]] \|date=22 October 2022 \|language=en}}</ref> that he is making a film titled ''Fateh'' in which he will mark his writing and directorial debut.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Sonu Sood to turn writer for upcoming film 'Fateh' \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonu-sood-to-turn-writer-for-upcoming-film-fateh/article66052823.ece \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|date=25 October 2022 \|language=en-IN \|archive-date=8 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208032819/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonu-sood-to-turn-writer-for-upcoming-film-fateh/article66052823.ece \|url-status=live }}</ref> ===Filming=== The shooting of the film began in March 2023 in [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]]<ref>{{cite news \|title=Sonu Sood, Jacqueline Fernandez starrer 'Fateh' starts filming in Punjab \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonu-sood-jacqueline-fernandez-starrer-fateh-starts-filming-in-punjab/article66607108.ece \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|date=11 March 2023 \|language=en-IN \|archive-date=7 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207123320/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonu-sood-jacqueline-fernandez-starrer-fateh-starts-filming-in-punjab/article66607108.ece \|url-status=live }}</ref> and was wrapped-up in October 2023.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Actor Sonu Sood wraps up shooting for his next film 'Fateh' \|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/actor-sonu-sood-wraps-up-shooting-for-his-next-film-fateh/articleshow/104732826.cms?from=mdr \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[The Economic Times]] \|date=26 October 2023 \|archive-date=4 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204143106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/actor-sonu-sood-wraps-up-shooting-for-his-next-film-fateh/articleshow/104732826.cms?from=mdr \|url-status=live }}</ref> == Music == {{Infobox album \| name = Fateh \| type = soundtrack \| artist = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)\|Shabbir Ahmed]], Haroon–Gavin and Vivek Hariharan \| released = 30 December 2024 \| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]] \| length = 43:37 \| language = Hindi \| label = [[Zee Music Company]] \| misc = {{external music video\| header = Official audio \| {{YouTube\|Fm06OYzMB6E\|Fateh Full Album}} }} }} The soundtrack album is composed by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)\|Shabbir Ahmed]], Haroon–Gavin and Vivek Hariharan while the background score is composed by John Stewart Eduri, and features the composition "To the Moon" by [[Hans Zimmer]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/hans-zimmer-s-music-makes-bollywood-debut-with-sonu-sood-s-fateh/ar-AA1wOYRe?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 \|title=Archived copy \|website=[[MSN]] \|access-date=2025-01-05 \|archive-date=2025-01-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125005933/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/hans-zimmer-s-music-makes-bollywood-debut-with-sonu-sood-s-fateh/ar-AA1wOYRe?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/87486/sonu-sood-says-hans-zimmers-song-to-be-featured-first-time-in-an-indian-film-in-fateh-i-feel-fortuna\|title=Sonu Sood Says Hans Zimmer's Song To Be Featured First Time In An Indian Film In Fateh: 'I Feel Fortunate…'\|first=Abhinav\|last=Singh\|date=2 January 2025\|website=Mashable India\|access-date=5 January 2025\|archive-date=5 January 2025\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105223327/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/87486/sonu-sood-says-hans-zimmers-song-to-be-featured-first-time-in-an-indian-film-in-fateh-i-feel-fortuna\|url-status=live}}</ref> The first single titled "Fateh Kar Fateh" was released on 12 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web \|access-date=12 December 2024 \|title=Arijit Singh croons the patriotic anthem of victory 'Fateh Kar Fateh' for Sonu Sood's Fateh \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/arijit-singh-croons-patriotic-anthem-victory-fateh-ka-fateh-sonu-soods-fateh/ \|work=Bollywood Hungama \|date=12 December 2024 \|archive-date=12 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212143508/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/arijit-singh-croons-patriotic-anthem-victory-fateh-ka-fateh-sonu-soods-fateh/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> The second single titled "Hitman" was released on 17 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web \|access-date=14 December 2024 \|title=Sonu Sood, Yo Yo Honey Singh tease new track 'Hitman' from Fateh ahead of December 17 release, watch \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sonu-sood-yo-yo-honey-singh-tease-new-track-hitman-fateh-ahead-december-17-release-watch/ \|work=Bollywood Hungama \|date=14 December 2024 \|archive-date=14 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214141611/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sonu-sood-yo-yo-honey-singh-tease-new-track-hitman-fateh-ahead-december-17-release-watch/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> {{Track listing \| headline = Track listing \| total_length = 43:37 \| extra_column = Singer(s) \| title1 = Fateh Kar Fateh \| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]] \| lyrics1 = Mandeep Khurana \| music1 = Haroon–Gavin \| length1 = 3:40 \| title2 = Hitman \| extra2 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] \| lyrics2 = Leo Grewal, Paradox \| music2 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] \| length2 = 3:05 \| title3 = Ruaa Ruaa \| extra3 = [[Stebin Ben]], Rupali Moghe \| lyrics3 = Mandeep Khurana \| music3 = Haroon–Gavin \| length3 = 3:46 \| title4 = Nindiya \| extra4 = [[Hamsika Iyer]], Tineke Van Ingelgem \| lyrics4 = Mandeep Khurana \| music4 = Vivek Hariharan \| length4 = 3:37 \| title5 = Heer \| extra5 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)\|Vishal Mishra]], [[Asees Kaur]] \| lyrics5 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)\|Shabbir Ahmed]], Ajay Pal Sharma \| music5 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)\|Shabbir Ahmed]] \| length5 = 4:08 \| title6 = To The Moon \| extra6 = Instrumental \| lyrics6 = [[Instrumental]] \| music6 = [[Hans Zimmer]] \| length6 = 3:49 \| title7 = Call To Life \| extra7 = [[Loire (musician)\|Loire Cotler]] \| lyrics7 = Instrumental \| music7 = [[Loire (musician)\|Loire Cotler]] \| length7 = 3:49 \| title8 = Roohdaari \| extra8 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], Vivek Hariharan \| lyrics8 = Mandeep Khurana \| music8 = Vivek Hariharan \| length8 = 4:01 \| title9 = Waaheguru Kahey Mann Mera \| extra9 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]] \| lyrics9 = Mandeep Khurana \| music9 = Haroon–Gavin \| length9 = 3:02 \| title10 = Rona Taqdeer \| extra10 = [[B Praak]], Saloni Thakkar \| lyrics10 = Shabbir Ahmed, Ajay Pal Sharma \| music10 = Shabbir Ahmed \| length10 = 4:03 \| title11 = Roohdari \| note11 = Reprise Version \| extra11 = Yashika Sikka, Vivek Hariharan \| lyrics11 = Mandeep Khurana \| music11 = Vivek Hariharan \| length11 = 3:37 }} == Marketing == In early December 2024, [[Sonu Sood]] and co-star [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] visited the [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga\|Mahakaleshwar Temple]] in [[Ujjain]] to seek blessings for their film.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Sonu Sood prays at Mahakaleshwar for movie 'Fateh' with Jacqueline Fernandez \|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/video/sonu-sood-prays-to-mahakaleshwar-for-movie-fateh-1076968 \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[Mid-Day]] \|language=en \|archive-date=4 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204180931/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/video/sonu-sood-prays-to-mahakaleshwar-for-movie-fateh-1076968 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Sonu Sood seeks blessings at Mahakaleshwar Temple in Ujjain ahead of the release of Fateh, watch : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sonu-sood-seeks-blessings-mahakaleshwar-temple-ujjain-ahead-release-fateh-watch/ \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] \|date=3 December 2024 \|language=en \|archive-date=4 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204021251/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sonu-sood-seeks-blessings-mahakaleshwar-temple-ujjain-ahead-release-fateh-watch/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==Release== === Theatrical === ''Fateh'' was released on 10 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Sonu Sood's directorial debut Fateh to release on this date \|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Jul/31/sonu-soods-directorial-debut-fateh-to-release-on-this-date \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[Cinema Express]] \|date=31 July 2024 \|language=en \|archive-date=25 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225125317/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Jul/31/sonu-soods-directorial-debut-fateh-to-release-on-this-date \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Sonu Sood's action thriller 'Fateh' teaser releases alongside 'Pushpa 2' \|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/sonu-soods-action-thriller-fateh-teaser-releases-alongside-pushpa-2-1503372530.html \|access-date=6 December 2024 \|work=[[The Statesman (India)\|The Statesman]]}}</ref> === Home media === The film began streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 7 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/fateh-on-ott-heres-where-and-when-you-can-watch-sonu-sood/0ec14902a9401\|title=Fateh on OTT: When, where to watch Sonu Sood's John Wick-styled actioner after its theatrical run\|website=OTTplay}}</ref> == Reception == ===Critical reception=== Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "At its core, ''Fateh'' highlights the vulnerabilities of our fast-paced digital lives. While its blood-soaked narrative may not resonate with everyone, it effectively underscores the urgency of its theme."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/fateh/movie-review/117086280.cms\|title=Fateh Movie Review: Sonu Sood strikes hard in a gritty cyber crime actioner\|website=The Times of India\|access-date=2025-01-10\|archive-date=2025-01-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110110807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/fateh/movie-review/117086280.cms\|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote "''Fateh'' is a big-screen entertainer and deserves an audience for its crisp storytelling and stylish action sequences."<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Aaglave \|first=Ganesh \|date=10 January 2025 \|title=Fateh movie review: Sonu Sood turns desi John Wick to deliver a stylish action-packed cyber-crime thriller \|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-turns-desi-john-wick-to-deliver-a-stylish-action-packed-cyber-crime-thriller-13851226.html \|access-date=10 January 2025 \|website=Firstpost \|archive-date=10 January 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110110844/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-turns-desi-john-wick-to-deliver-a-stylish-action-packed-cyber-crime-thriller-13851226.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Fateh'' is a slick action entertainer that exposes the horrors of loan apps, a burning issue in the country right now. Sonu Sood is impressive as an actor and also as director in this film that has the potential to surprise though the opening will be impacted due to limited buzz."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fateh-2/critic-review/fateh-2-movie-review/a-slick-action-entertainer-fateh-exposes-the-horrors-of-loan-apps/\|title=Fateh Movie Review: A slick action entertainer FATEH exposes the horrors of loan apps.\|website=Bollywood Hungama\|date=10 January 2025 \|access-date=2025-01-11\|archive-date=2025-01-11\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111061646/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fateh-2/critic-review/fateh-2-movie-review/a-slick-action-entertainer-fateh-exposes-the-horrors-of-loan-apps/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Trisha Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "For fans of Sonu Sood or those looking for a light [[Masala film\|masala]] entertainer with a socially relevant theme, ''Fateh'' might be worth a watch. However, it’s not a film that will linger in your mind long after the credits roll."<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Bhattacharya \|first=Trisha \|date=10 January 2025 \|title=Fateh review: Sonu Sood's stellar act marred by weak execution \|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/fateh-review-sonu-sood-stellar-act-weak-execution-jacqueline-fernandez-vijay-raaz-naseeruddin-shah-2662837-2025-01-10 \|access-date=10 January 2025 \|website=India Today \|archive-date=10 January 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/fateh-review-sonu-sood-stellar-act-weak-execution-jacqueline-fernandez-vijay-raaz-naseeruddin-shah-2662837-2025-01-10 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Fateh'' offers nothing new in terms of the plot. The saving graces are the actors who put their heart and soul into making it a bearable affair. If you are a fan of Sonu Sood, ''Fateh'' could make for a decent watch. Otherwise, it suffers from unexciting treatment even when style and action are in abundance."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/fateh-movie-review-sonu-soods-directorial-debut-intertwines-action-with-style-review-117094214\|title=Fateh Movie Review: Sonu Sood's Directorial Debut Intertwines Action With Style\|website=Times Now\|date=10 January 2025 }}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "the film boasts of several slick action scenes but lacks an even pace."<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sharma \|first=Devesh \|date=10 January 2025 \|title=Fateh Movie Review: Messy action film \|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/fateh-movie-review-70759.html \|access-date=10 January 2025 \|website=Filmfare \|archive-date=11 January 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111091311/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/fateh-movie-review-70759.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and praised Sood's performance in the action sequences, but criticized its excessive violence and lack of originality in plot and screenplay.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/fateh-movie-review-sonu-soods-directorial-debut-is-predictable-and-formulaic-3350373\|title='Fateh' movie review: Sonu Sood's directorial debut is predictable and formulaic\|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Fateh'' is marked by dizzying momentum if not sustained clarity. Sonu Sood delivers a no-frills lead performance that is perfectly in sync with the spirit and substance of the film."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fateh-review-the-no-nonsense-unabashed-and-ultra-violent-film-is-surprisingly-watchable-2-5-stars-7447887\|title=Fateh Review: The No-Nonsense, Unabashed And Ultra-Violent Film Is Surprisingly Watchable\|website=NDTV\|access-date=2025-01-11\|archive-date=2025-01-11\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111040958/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/fateh-review-the-no-nonsense-unabashed-and-ultra-violent-film-is-surprisingly-watchable-2-5-stars-7447887\|url-status=live}}</ref> Mayur Sanap of ''[[rediff.com\|Rediff]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Dark, disturbing, and full of gore; ''Fateh'' is gung-ho in its efforts to make this stylised action yarn as brutal as possible."<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sanap \|first=Mayur \|date=10 January 2025 \|title=Fateh Review: Saved By Sleek Action\|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/fateh-review/20250110.htm\|access-date=10 January 2025\|website=rediff.com}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Your tipping point depends upon how much sickening, relentless violence you can handle: clearly, the action choreographers have had a lot of fun, and you go along up until a point. After that, it all becomes an empty, exhausting blur."<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gupta \|first=Shubhra \|date=10 January 2025 \|title=Fateh movie review: Sonu Sood is on a mission to slash, kill and burn \|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-is-on-a-mission-to-slash-kill-and-burn-9771491/ \|access-date=10 January 2025 \|website=The Indian Express \|archive-date=11 January 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111072648/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-is-on-a-mission-to-slash-kill-and-burn-9771491/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Shubham Kulkarni of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "''Fateh'' has very little to offer for redemption in a runtime that is crisp but filled with a lot of things that aspire to be ''[[John Wick]]''-styled drama but can only manage a weak replica of ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)\|Animal]]'', which is such a sad trajectory for any film."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/fateh-review-in-the-race-of-violent-animal-sonu-sood-/8d814e90f716\|title=Fateh Review: In the race of violent 'Animal(s)' Sonu Sood starrer is pretending to be one\|website=OTTplay\|access-date=2025-01-11\|archive-date=2025-01-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110110808/https://www.ottplay.com/review/fateh-review-in-the-race-of-violent-animal-sonu-sood-/8d814e90f716\|url-status=live}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Bollywood begins 2025 with a bloody nose as Sonu Sood goes hammer and tongs to create a space for himself on the high table."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-goes-on-a-shooting-spree-in-this-stylised-yet-vacuous-actioner/article69085698.ece\|title='Fateh' movie review: Sonu Sood goes on a shooting spree in this stylised yet vacuous actioner\|website=The Hindu\|date=10 January 2025 \|access-date=2025-01-11\|archive-date=2025-01-11\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111045213/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-goes-on-a-shooting-spree-in-this-stylised-yet-vacuous-actioner/article69085698.ece\|url-status=live \|last1=Kumar \|first1=Anuj }}</ref> Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "While ''Fateh'' does not go out of its way to subvert the action genre, the film’s international treatment — especially in the action sequences — is definitely bound to impress people."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-goes-into-animal-mode-in-this-high-octane-actioner-101736502729215.html\|title=Fateh movie review: Sonu Sood goes into 'Animal' mode in this high-octane actioner\|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote "Sonu Sood's directorial debut is dotted with inspired action sequences and clumsy writing."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-directs-and-stars-in-a-not-so-bad-actioner\|title='Fateh' Movie Review: Sonu Sood Directs And Stars In A Not-So-Bad Actioner\|website=The Hollywood Reporter\|access-date=2025-01-11\|archive-date=2025-01-11\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111132018/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/fateh-movie-review-sonu-sood-directs-and-stars-in-a-not-so-bad-actioner\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Box office=== ''Fateh'' concluded its theatrical run with worldwide gross estimated to be ₹18.50 crore.<ref name="bo2">{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|date=2025-01-10 \|title=Fateh Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama \|website= [[Bollywood Hungama]]\|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fateh-2/box-office/ \|access-date=2025-02-20 \|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == {{IMDb title\|27679608}} {{Bollywood Hungama movie\|id=fateh-2}} {{Portal bar\|India\|Bollywood\|Films}} [[Category:2020s Hindi-language films]] [[Category:2020s Indian films]] [[Category:2020s Punjabi-language films]] [[Category:2020s masala films]] [[Category:2020s vigilante films]] [[Category:2025 action thriller films]] [[Category:2025 films]] [[Category:2025 crime action films]] [[Category:2025 crime drama films]] [[Category:2025 directorial debut films]] [[Category:Films about assassinations]] [[Category:Films about computer hacking]] [[Category:Films about con artists]] [[Category:Films about contract killing in India]] [[Category:Films about cybercrime]] [[Category:Films about mass murder]] [[Category:Films about missing people]] [[Category:Films about mobile phones]] [[Category:Films about snipers]] [[Category:Films about snuff films]] [[Category:Films about social issues in India]] [[Category:Films about social media]] [[Category:Films about the Research and Analysis Wing]] [[Category:Films about torture]] [[Category:Films about veterans]] [[Category:Films scored by Yo Yo Honey Singh]] [[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]] [[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]] [[Category:Gun fu films]] [[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]] [[Category:Indian Army in films]] [[Category:Indian action thriller films]] [[Category:Indian crime action films]] [[Category:Indian crime drama films]] [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]] [[Category:Indian films about revenge]] [[Category:Indian gangster films]] [[Category:Indian martial arts films]] [[Category:Indian neo-noir films]] [[Category:Indian vigilante films]]	1,306,956,672	[{"title": "Fateh", "data": {"Directed by": "Sonu Sood", "Written by": "Sonu Sood \u00b7 Ankur Pajni", "Story by": "Sonu Sood", "Produced by": "Sonali Sood \u00b7 Umesh KR Bansal", "Starring": "- Sonu Sood - Jacqueline Fernandez", "Cinematography": "Vincenzo Condorelli", "Edited by": "Yash Parikh \u00b7 Chandrashekhar Prajapati", "Music by": "Score: \u00b7 John Stewart Eduri \u00b7 Songs: \u00b7 Yo Yo Honey Singh \u00b7 Shabbir Ahmed \u00b7 Haroon - Gavin \u00b7 Vivek Hariharan", "Production \u00b7 companies": "- Shakti Sagar Productions - Zee Studios", "Distributed by": "Zee Studios", "Release date": "- 10 January 2025", "Running time": "127 minutes", "Country": "India", "Language": "Hindi", "Box office": "est. \u20b918.50 crore"}}, {"title": "Soundtrack album by Yo Yo Honey Singh, Shabbir Ahmed, Haroon\u2013Gavin and Vivek Hariharan", "data": {"Released": "30 December 2024", "Genre": "Feature film soundtrack", "Length": "43:37", "Language": "Hindi", "Label": "Zee Music Company"}}, {"title": "Official audio", "data": {"Official audio": "Fateh Full Album on YouTube"}}]	false
# Goodbye Rania Goodbye Rania (stylized as Goodbye RANIA) is the second studio album by South Korean multinational girl group Blackswan, released through DR Music on October 16, 2020. The album contains three new tracks including the double lead single "Tonight" and "Over & Over" and also previous single release by Rania from 2011 to 2017. It marks their first release after re-debut as Blackswan with previous Rania member Hyeme, Leia, Youngheun and two new member Judy, and Fatou. It was the last release with member Hyeme prior to her departure from the group on November 9, 2020. ## Background information On June 26, 2020, it was announced by DR Music that they would be debuting their girl group Rania as Black Swan, consisting of 3 Rania members, plus new members Judy and Fatou. The group originally had their debut scheduled in the early half of 2020, but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic that occurred earlier in the year. On September 25, it was announced that the group had already filmed their debut MV and would be debuting in October 2020. On October 9, the group began posting teaser images to social media, revealing the album title and release date of October 16. On October 14, the band released a teaser for lead single, "Tonight," said to be written and produced by Melanie Fontana. ## Promotion Black Swan promoted their debut at the Pyeongchang Peace Festival on August 7, 2020, where they performed songs "Demonstrate," and "Tonight." On October 20, the group released a dance performance MV. The group began to promote their title track "Tonight" on October 30 performing on KBS 2TV's Music Bank, followed by performances on SBS MTV's The Show on November 3, and another Music Bank performance on November 6. ## Track listing Credits adapted from Genius. \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Arrangement \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ---------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Tonight" \| Peter Pan \| Shark, A. Wright \| 2:57 \| \| 2. \| "Over & Over" \| Peter Pan, Lucy \| Shark, A. Wright \| 3:34 \| \| 3. \| "Let Me Dance" \| Peter Pan \| Shark, A. Wright \| 3:31 \| \| 4. \| "DR Feel Good (Remix)" \| Teddy Riley, Richard Garcia, Rosel A Minster, Dominique Rodriguez, Jessica Bryant \| Joe Hann, Noden, Teddy Riley, Richard Garcia, Rosel A Minster, Dominique Rodriguez, Jessica Bryant \| 2:29 \| \| 5. \| "Just Go (Remix)" \| A. Wright, Barnaby Pinny \| Joe Hann, Noden, Brian Kierulf, Joshua Schwartz, KNS Productions, A. Wright \| 3:25 \| \| 6. \| "Hello (Remix)" \| Labyron Walton \| Joe Hann, Noden, Labyron Walton \| 2:58 \| \| 7. \| "Up (Remix)" \| \| \| 2:58 \| \| 8. \| "Demonstrate (Remix)" \| Kim Eana \| Joe Hann, Noden, A. Wright \| 3:03 \| \| 9. \| "Get Out (Remix)" \| \| \| 3:06 \| \| 10. \| "Start A Fire" \| Alexandra Reid, Nassun \| Chris Sena \| 3:26 \| \| 11. \| "Make Me Ah" \| Alexandre Reid, Peter Pan, Park Hyun Joong \| A-Dee \| 3:58 \| \| 12. \| "Beep Beep Beep" \| Alexandra Reid, Gunwoo Kim \| Gunwoo Kim, TODAY \| 3:53 \| \| 13. \| "No Dab" \| Alexandra Reid, Nassun \| EJ Show \| 3:12 \| \| 14. \| "Breathe Heavy" \| Peter Pan, Park Hyun Joong \| Mick Schultz \| 3:42 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 39:41 \|	enwiki/65556686	enwiki	65,556,686	Goodbye Rania	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Rania	2024-08-04T08:38:00Z	en	Q100416785	46,917	{{short description\|2020 studio album by Blackswan}} {{Infobox album \| name = Goodbye Rania \| type = album \| artist = [[Blackswan]] \| cover = Blackswan - Goodbye Rania.png \| border = yes \| alt = \| released = October 16, 2020 \| recorded = 2011–2020 \| venue = \| studio = Honey Butter Studio<br>[[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] \| genre = {{hlist\|[[Dance-pop]]\|[[nu-disco]]\|[[hip hop]]}} \| length = 46:21 \| label = * [[DR Music\|DR]] * Danal Entertainment \| producer = {{hlist\|Peter pan\|Shark\|A. Wright\|[[Mick Schultz]]}} \| prev_title = [[Refresh 7th]] \| prev_year = 2017 \| next_title = Close to Me \| next_year = 2021 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = Goodbye RANIA \| type = album \| single1 = Tonight \| single1date = October 16, 2020 \| single2 = Over & Over \| single2date = October 16, 2020 }} }} '''''Goodbye Rania''''' (stylized as '''''Goodbye RANIA''''') is the second studio album by South Korean multinational girl group [[Blackswan]], released through [[DR Music]] on October 16, 2020. The album contains three new tracks including the double lead single "Tonight" and "Over & Over" and also previous single release by Rania from 2011 to 2017.<ref>https://m2.melon.com/album/introd.htm?albumId=10504355</ref> It marks their first release after re-debut as Blackswan with previous Rania member Hyeme, Leia, Youngheun and two new member Judy, and Fatou. It was the last release with member Hyeme prior to her departure from the group on November 9, 2020.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/433/0000072057\|website=[[Naver]]\|title=[단독] "술값 20이 부족한데"…'블랙스완' 혜미, 5000만원 사기 피소}}</ref> ==Background information== On June 26, 2020, it was announced by [[DR Music]] that they would be debuting their girl group [[Rania (group)\|Rania]] as Black Swan, consisting of 3 Rania members, plus new members Judy and Fatou.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://twitter.com/DRMUSIC_RANIA/status/1276409939175419904?s=20\|website=Twitter\|title=Rania rebrand}}</ref> The group originally had their debut scheduled in the early half of 2020, but it was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] that occurred earlier in the year.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ichannela.com/news/main/news_detailPage.do?publishId=000000219888\|title=[현장 카메라]"행사를 못 하니…" 무너지는 K팝 '잔뿌리'\|website=A Channel\|date=September 16, 2020}}</ref> On September 25, it was announced that the group had already filmed their debut MV and would be debuting in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://m.bujadongne.com/news/newsview.php?ncode=1065612670301957\|title='힌트/하이큐티/블랙스완', 온텍트 쇼케이스 28일 송출 결정.\|date=September 25, 2020\|language=ko}}</ref> On October 9, the group began posting teaser images to social media, revealing the album title and release date of October 16.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://twitter.com/blackswan_drent/status/1314492385653526528?s=20\|website=Twitter\|title=Debut Announcement}}</ref> On October 14, the band released a teaser for lead single, "Tonight," said to be written and produced by [[Melanie Fontana]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/609/0000340701\|title='한국-벨기에-브라질' 다국적 걸그룹 블랙스완 16일 데뷔\|website=Newsen\|date=October 15, 2020}}</ref> ==Promotion== Black Swan promoted their debut at the Pyeongchang Peace Festival on August 7, 2020, where they performed songs "Demonstrate," and "Tonight."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://m.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20200717500181&cp=seoul\|title=평창평화페스티벌 8월 7~8일 평창대관령기념관에서 열린다\|date=July 17, 2020}}</ref> On October 20, the group released a dance performance MV. The group began to promote their title track "Tonight" on October 30 performing on [[KBS 2TV]]'s ''[[Music Bank (TV series)\|Music Bank]]'', followed by performances on [[SBS MTV]]'s ''[[The Show (South Korean TV series)\|The Show]]'' on November 3, and another ''[[Music Bank (TV series)\|Music Bank]]'' performance on November 6. ==Track listing== Credits adapted from Genius.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://genius.com/albums/Blackswan-kor/Goodbye-rania\|title=BLACKSWAN (KOR) - Goodbye RANIA Lyrics and Tracklist\|website=Genius\|date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> {{track listing \| headline = \| extra_column = Arrangement \| total_length = 39:41 \| all_writing = \| all_lyrics = \| all_music = \| title1 = Tonight \| note1 = \| writer1 = Peter Pan \| lyrics1 = \| music1 = Melanie Fontana Joy, Arschtritt Lindgren, Shark, A. Wright \| extra1 = Shark, A. Wright \| length1 = 2:57 \| title2 = Over & Over \| note2 = \| writer2 = Peter Pan, Lucy \| lyrics2 = \| music2 = Krysta Youngs, Shark, A. Wright \| extra2 = Shark, A. Wright \| length2 = 3:34 \| title3 = Let Me Dance \| note3 = \| writer3 = Peter Pan \| lyrics3 = \| music3 = Labyron Walton \| extra3 = Shark, A. Wright \| length3 = 3:31 \| title4 = DR Feel Good (Remix) \| note4 = \| writer4 = [[Teddy Riley]], Richard Garcia, Rosel A Minster, Dominique Rodriguez, Jessica Bryant \| lyrics4 = \| music4 = Teddy Riley, Richard Garcia, Rosel A Minster, Dominique Rodriguez & Jessica Bryant \| extra4 = Joe Hann, Noden, Teddy Riley, Richard Garcia, Rosel A Minster, Dominique Rodriguez, Jessica Bryant \| length4 = 2:29 \| title5 = Just Go (Remix) \| note5 = \| writer5 = A. Wright, Barnaby Pinny \| lyrics5 = \| music5 = Barnaby Pinny, Readyrock James \| extra5 = Joe Hann, Noden, Brian Kierulf, Joshua Schwartz, KNS Productions, A. Wright \| length5 = 3:25 \| title6 = Hello (Remix) \| note6 = \| writer6 = Labyron Walton \| lyrics6 = \| music6 = Labyron Walton \| extra6 = Joe Hann, Noden, Labyron Walton \| length6 = 2:58 \| title7 = Up (Remix) \| note7 = \| writer7 = \| lyrics7 = \| music7 = \| extra7 = \| length7 = 2:58 \| title8 = Demonstrate (Remix) \| note8 = \| writer8 = Kim Eana \| lyrics8 = \| music8 = Barnaby Pinny, Readyrock James \| extra8 = Joe Hann, Noden, A. Wright \| length8 = 3:03 \| title9 = Get Out (Remix) \| note9 = \| writer9 = \| lyrics9 = \| music9 = \| extra9 = \| length9 = 3:06 \| title10 = Start A Fire \| note10 = \| writer10 = [[Alexandra Reid]], Nassun \| lyrics10 = \| music10 = Lena Leon, Krysta Youngs \| extra10 = Chris Sena \| length10 = 3:26 \| title11 = Make Me Ah \| note11 = \| writer11 = Alexandre Reid, Peter Pan, Park Hyun Joong \| lyrics11 = \| music11 = A-Dee, Kepler \| extra11 = A-Dee \| length11 = 3:58 \| title12 = Beep Beep Beep \| note12 = \| writer12 = Alexandra Reid, Gunwoo Kim \| lyrics12 = \| music12 = Gunwoo Kim \| extra12 = Gunwoo Kim, TODAY \| length12 = 3:53 \| title13 = No Dab \| note13 = \| writer13 = Alexandra Reid, Nassun \| lyrics13 = \| music13 = EJ Show, Nassun, Kunta, Rich Jang, Dono S. Rodriguez \| extra13 = EJ Show \| length13 = 3:12 \| title14 = Breathe Heavy \| note14 = \| writer14 = Peter Pan, Park Hyun Joong \| lyrics14 = \| music14 = Melanie Fontana Joy, Jon Asher \| extra14 = [[Mick Schultz]] \| length14 = 3:42 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:DR Music albums]] [[Category:2020 albums]] [[Category:2020s Korean-language albums]]	1,238,515,368	[{"title": "Studio album by Blackswan", "data": {"Released": "October 16, 2020", "Recorded": "2011\u20132020", "Studio": "Honey Butter Studio \u00b7 Seoul, South Korea", "Genre": "Dance-pop nu-disco hip hop", "Length": "46:21", "Label": "DR Danal Entertainment", "Producer": "Peter pan Shark A. Wright Mick Schultz"}}, {"title": "Blackswan chronology", "data": {"Refresh 7th \u00b7 (2017)": "Goodbye Rania \u00b7 (2020) \u00b7 Close to Me \u00b7 (2021)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Goodbye RANIA", "data": {"Singles from Goodbye RANIA": "1. \"Tonight\" \u00b7 Released: October 16, 2020 2. \"Over & Over\" \u00b7 Released: October 16, 2020"}}]	false
# 1956 Austrian legislative election Parliamentary elections were held in Austria on 13 May 1956. The result was a victory for the Austrian People's Party, which won 82 of the 165 seats in the National Council. Voter turnout was 96%. Although the ÖVP had come up one seat short of an absolute majority, ÖVP leader and Chancellor Julius Raab retained the grand coalition with the Socialists, with the SPÖ leader Adolf Schärf as Vice-Chancellor. ## Results \| Party \| Party \| Votes \| % \| Seats \| +/– \| \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| --------- \| ------ \| ----- \| --- \| \| \| Austrian People's Party \| 1,999,986 \| 45.96 \| 82 \| +8 \| \| \| Socialist Party of Austria \| 1,873,295 \| 43.05 \| 74 \| +1 \| \| \| Freedom Party of Austria \| 283,749 \| 6.52 \| 6 \| –8 \| \| \| Communists and Left Socialists \| 192,438 \| 4.42 \| 3 \| –1 \| \| \| Free Workers Movement of Austria \| 1,812 \| 0.04 \| 0 \| New \| \| \| Party of Reason \| 284 \| 0.01 \| 0 \| New \| \| \| Ergokratische Party \| 231 \| 0.01 \| 0 \| New \| \| \| Austrian Patriotic Party \| 83 \| 0.00 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| \| Austrian Middle Class Party \| 23 \| 0.00 \| 0 \| New \| \| \| Parliamentary Representatives of the People prevented from voting, Non-Voters and Invalid Voters \| 7 \| 0.00 \| 0 \| New \| \| Total \| Total \| 4,351,908 \| 100.00 \| 165 \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Valid votes \| Valid votes \| 4,351,908 \| 98.29 \| \| \| \| Invalid/blank votes \| Invalid/blank votes \| 75,803 \| 1.71 \| \| \| \| Total votes \| Total votes \| 4,427,711 \| 100.00 \| \| \| \| Registered voters/turnout \| Registered voters/turnout \| 4,614,464 \| 95.95 \| \| \| \| Source: Nohlen & Stöver \| \| \| \| \| \| ### Results by state \| Burgenland \| 49.2 \| 46.0 \| 3.0 \| 1.9 \| - \| \| \| \| \| \| Carinthia \| 33.7 \| 48.1 \| 15.1 \| 3.1 \| 0.0 \| \| \| \| \| \| Lower Austria \| 51.8 \| 41.2 \| 2.9 \| 4.0 \| 0.0 \| \| \| \| \| \| Upper Austria \| 50.4 \| 40.3 \| 7.1 \| 2.2 \| - \| \| \| \| \| \| Salzburg \| 47.2 \| 36.1 \| 14.4 \| 2.3 \| 0.0 \| \| \| \| \| \| Styria \| 45.6 \| 44.0 \| 6.9 \| 3.5 \| - \| \| \| \| \| \| Tyrol \| 62.9 \| 29.6 \| 6.0 \| 1.5 \| 0.0 \| \| \| \| \| \| Vorarlberg \| 60.8 \| 26.8 \| 10.3 \| 2.1 \| - \| \| \| \| \| \| Vienna \| 35.9 \| 49.7 \| 5.6 \| 8.5 \| 0.2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Austria \| 46.0 \| 43.1 \| 6.5 \| 4.4 \| 0.1 \| \| \| \| \| \| Source: Institute for Social Research and Consulting (SORA) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/1827421	enwiki	1,827,421	1956 Austrian legislative election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Austrian_legislative_election	2025-01-29T19:22:34Z	en	Q680706	122,345	{{Short description\|none}} {{Infobox election \| country = Austria \| flag_year = state \| type = parliamentary \| previous_election = 1953 Austrian legislative election \| previous_year = 1953 \| next_election = 1959 Austrian legislative election \| next_year = 1959 \| seats_for_election = 165 seats in the [[National Council of Austria]] \| majority_seats = 83 \| election_date = 13 May 1956 \| image1 = Julius-Raab-1961.jpg \| leader1 = [[Julius Raab]] \| party1 = Austrian People's Party \| last_election1 = 41.26%, 74 seats \| seats1 = 82 \| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 8 \| popular_vote1 = 1,999,986 \| percentage1 = 45.96% \| swing1 = {{increase}}4.70 [[Percentage point\|pp]] \| image2 = Adolf Sch%C3%A4rf_1961.jpg \| leader2 = [[Adolf Schärf]] \| party2 = Social Democratic Party of Austria \| last_election2 = 42.11%, 73 seats \| seats2 = 74 \| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 1 \| popular_vote2 = 1,873,295 \| percentage2 = 43.05% \| swing2 = {{increase}}0.94 [[Percentage point\|pp]] \| image4 = Anton_Reinthaller.jpg \| leader4 = [[Anton Reinthaller]] \| party4 = Freedom Party of Austria \| last_election4 = – \| seats4 = 6 \| seat_change4 = ''New'' \| popular_vote4 = 283,749 \| percentage4 = 6.52% \| swing4 = ''New'' \| image5 = Johann Koplenig auf dem VI. Parteitag der SED 1963.jpg \| leader5 = [[Johann Koplenig]] \| party5 = Communist Party of Austria \| last_election5 = 5.28%, 4 seats, \| seats5 = 3 \| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 1 \| popular_vote5 = 192,438 \| percentage5 = 4.42% \| swing5 = {{decrease}}0.86 [[Percentage point\|pp]] \| map_image = 1956 Austrian legislative election - Results.svg \| map_caption = Results by constituency \| title = Chancellor \| before_election = [[Julius Raab]] \| before_party = Austrian People's Party \| after_election = [[Julius Raab]] \| after_party = Austrian People's Party }}{{Politics of Austria}} Parliamentary elections were held in [[Austria]] on 13 May 1956.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p196 {{ISBN\|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> The result was a victory for the [[Austrian People's Party]], which won 82 of the 165 seats in the [[National Council of Austria\|National Council]]. Voter turnout was 96%.<ref>Nohlen & Stöver, p214</ref> Although the ÖVP had come up one seat short of an absolute majority, ÖVP leader and [[Chancellor of Austria\|Chancellor]] [[Julius Raab]] retained the [[grand coalition]] with the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria\|Socialists]], with the SPÖ leader [[Adolf Schärf]] as [[Vice-Chancellor of Austria\|Vice-Chancellor]]. ==Results== {{Election results \|party1=[[Austrian People's Party]]\|votes1=1999986\|seats1=82\|sc1=+8 \|party2=[[Social Democratic Party of Austria\|Socialist Party of Austria]]\|votes2=1873295\|seats2=74\|sc2=+1 \|party3=[[Freedom Party of Austria]]\|votes3=283749\|seats3=6\|sc3=–8 \|party4=[[Communist Party of Austria\|Communists and Left Socialists]]\|votes4=192438\|seats4=3\|sc4=–1 \|party5=Free Workers Movement of Austria\|votes5=1812\|seats5=0\|sc5=New \|party6=Party of Reason\|votes6=284\|seats6=0\|sc6=New \|party7=Ergokratische Party\|votes7=231\|seats7=0\|sc7=New \|party8=Austrian Patriotic Party\|votes8=83\|seats8=0\|sc8=0 \|party9=Austrian Middle Class Party\|votes9=23\|seats9=0\|sc9=New \|party10=Parliamentary Representatives of the People prevented from voting, Non-Voters and Invalid Voters\|votes10=7\|seats10=0\|sc10=New \|invalid=75803 \|electorate=4614464 \|total_sc=0 \|source=Nohlen & Stöver \|image=[[File:1956 Austrian Nationalrat.svg]]}} === Results by state === {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:16px" \|- style="height:40px;" ! style="width:100px;" rowspan="2"\| [[States of Austria\|State]] ! style="width:40px;"\| [[Austrian People's Party\|ÖVP]] ! style="width:40px;"\| [[Social Democratic Party of Austria\|SPÖ]] ! style="width:40px;"\| [[Freedom Party of Austria\|FPÖ]] ! style="width:40px;"\| [[Communist Party of Austria\|KUL]] ! class="unsortable" style="width:40px;" rowspan="2"\| Others \|- ! style="background:{{party color\|Austrian People's Party}};"\| ! style="background:{{party color\|Social Democratic Party of Austria}};"\| ! style="background:{{party color\|Freedom Party of Austria}};"\| ! style="background:{{party color\|Communist Party of Austria}};"\| \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Burgenland}} \|\| bgcolor=#D9D9D9\| '''{{Round\|49.1569679792559\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|45.9904721702949\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|2.96629077971417\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|1.88626907073509\|1}} \|\| - \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Carinthia}} \|\| {{Round\|33.6836589565087\|1}} \|\| bgcolor=#F4C6C9\| '''{{Round\|48.0926716071562\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|15.1283778725953\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|3.07882326521446\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|0.0164682985253387\|1}} \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Lower Austria}} \|\| bgcolor=#D9D9D9\| '''{{Round\|51.7815542093403\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|41.2061874055721\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|2.94822629725883\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|4.03217755983099\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|0.0318545279977747\|1}} \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Upper Austria}} \|\| bgcolor=#D9D9D9\| '''{{Round\|50.3509707125254\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|40.3176736891711\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|7.14209562657891\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|2.18925997172457\|1}} \|\| - \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Salzburg}} \|\| bgcolor=#D9D9D9\| '''{{Round\|47.20696758716\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|36.0619572870218\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|14.4274948499309\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|2.30201569793215\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|0.00156457795509661\|1}} \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Styria}} \|\| bgcolor=#D9D9D9\| '''{{Round\|45.627337689744\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|43.9995051738441\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|6.91490445489077\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|3.45825268152115\|1}} \|\| - \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Tyrol}} \|\| bgcolor=#D9D9D9\| '''{{Round\|62.9187519503245\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|29.5718568669197\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|6.02536705600739\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|1.48283911946058\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|0.00118500728779482\|1}} \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Vorarlberg}} \|\| bgcolor=#D9D9D9\| '''{{Round\|60.8304593028729\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|26.7614312243798\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|10.2780464009722\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|2.13006307177517\|1}} \|\| - \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Vienna}} \|\| {{Round\|35.9369489062322\|1}} \|\| bgcolor=#F4C6C9\| '''{{Round\|49.7329115076555\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|5.60960970517285\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|8.53436792003345\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|0.186161960905988\|1}} \|- \| colspan=10 bgcolor=lightgrey\| \|- \| align=left\| {{flag\|Austria}} \|\| bgcolor=#D9D9D9\| '''{{Round\|45.96\|1}}''' \|\| {{Round\|43.05\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|6.52\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|4.42\|1}} \|\| {{Round\|0.056098789047861\|1}} \|- class=sortbottom \| colspan=10 align=left\| Source: Institute for Social Research and Consulting (SORA)<ref>{{Citation \|work=Institute for Social Research and Consulting (SORA) \|title=National election results Austria 1919 - 2017 (OA edition) \|publisher=Austrian Social Science Data Archive (AUSSDA) \|publication-date=2019-07-24 \|language=de \|doi=10.11587/EQUDAL \|doi-access=free}}</ref> \|} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Austrian elections}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Legislative elections in Austria]] [[Category:1956 elections in Austria\|Legislative]] [[Category:1956 elections in Europe\|Austria]] [[Category:May 1956 in Europe\|Austria]] {{Austria-poli-stub}}	1,272,663,959	[{"title": "1956 Austrian legislative election", "data": {"\u2190 1953": "13 May 1956 \u00b7 1959 \u2192"}}, {"title": "165 seats in the National Council of Austria \u00b7 83 seats needed for a majority", "data": {"Leader": ["Julius Raab \u00b7 Adolf Sch\u00e4rf", "Anton Reinthaller \u00b7 Johann Koplenig"], "Party": ["\u00d6VP \u00b7 SP\u00d6", "FP\u00d6 \u00b7 KP\u00d6"], "Last election": ["41.26%, 74 seats \u00b7 42.11%, 73 seats", "\u2013 \u00b7 5.28%, 4 seats"], "Seats won": ["82 \u00b7 74", "6 \u00b7 3"], "Seat change": ["8 \u00b7 1", "New \u00b7 1"], "Popular vote": ["1,999,986 \u00b7 1,873,295", "283,749 \u00b7 192,438"], "Percentage": ["45.96% \u00b7 43.05%", "6.52% \u00b7 4.42%"], "Swing": ["4.70 pp \u00b7 0.94 pp", "New \u00b7 0.86 pp"], "165 seats in the National Council of Austria \u00b7 83 seats needed for a majority": "Results by constituency", "Chancellor before election \u00b7 Julius Raab \u00b7 \u00d6VP": "Elected Chancellor \u00b7 Julius Raab \u00b7 \u00d6VP"}}]	false
# Weightlifting at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's 48 kg The women's 48 kilograms event at the 2002 Asian Games took place on September 30, 2002 at Pukyong National University Gymnasium, South Korea. ## Schedule All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00) \| Date \| Time \| Event \| \| ------------------------- \| ----- \| ------- \| \| Monday, 30 September 2002 \| 15:00 \| Group A \| ## Records Prior to this competition, the existing world, Asian and Games records were as follows. \| World Record \| Snatch \| Wang Mingjuan (CHN) \| 90.0 kg \| Havířov, Czech Republic \| 30 May 2002 \| \| \| World Record \| Clean & Jerk \| Li Zhuo (CHN) \| 115.0 kg \| İzmir, Turkey \| 28 June 2002 \| \| \| World Record \| Total \| Wang Mingjuan (CHN) \| 200.0 kg \| Havířov, Czech Republic \| 30 May 2002 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Asian Record \| Snatch \| Wang Mingjuan (CHN) \| 90.0 kg \| Havířov, Czech Republic \| 30 May 2002 \| \| \| Asian Record \| Clean & Jerk \| Li Zhuo (CHN) \| 115.0 kg \| İzmir, Turkey \| 28 June 2002 \| \| \| Asian Record \| Total \| Wang Mingjuan (CHN) \| 200.0 kg \| Havířov, Czech Republic \| 30 May 2002 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Games Record \| Snatch \| Liu Xiuhua (CHN) \| 83.5 kg \| Bangkok, Thailand \| 7 December 1998 \| \| \| Games Record \| Clean & Jerk \| Liu Xiuhua (CHN) \| 105.0 kg \| Bangkok, Thailand \| 7 December 1998 \| \| \| Games Record \| Total \| Liu Xiuhua (CHN) \| 187.5 kg \| Bangkok, Thailand \| 7 December 1998 \| \| ## Results Legend - NM — No mark \| Rank \| Athlete \| Body weight \| Snatch (kg) \| Snatch (kg) \| Snatch (kg) \| Snatch (kg) \| Clean & Jerk (kg) \| Clean & Jerk (kg) \| Clean & Jerk (kg) \| Clean & Jerk (kg) \| Total \| \| Rank \| Athlete \| Body weight \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| Result \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| Result \| Total \| \| ----------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------------- \| ----------------- \| ----------------- \| ----------------- \| ----- \| \| 1st place, gold medalist(s) \| Li Zhuo (CHN) \| 47.70 \| 85.0 \| 87.5 \| 90.0 \| 90.0 \| 110.0 \| 110.0 \| 115.5 \| 110.0 \| 200.0 \| \| 2nd place, silver medalist(s) \| Kay Thi Win (MYA) \| 47.95 \| 85.0 \| 85.0 \| 90.0 \| 90.0 \| 107.5 \| 110.0 \| 115.0 \| 110.0 \| 200.0 \| \| 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) \| Raema Lisa Rumbewas (INA) \| 47.90 \| 80.0 \| 85.0 \| 90.0 \| 85.0 \| 105.0 \| 110.0 \| 115.0 \| 110.0 \| 195.0 \| \| 4 \| Chen Han-tung (TPE) \| 47.65 \| 77.5 \| 80.0 \| 82.5 \| 80.0 \| 102.5 \| 105.0 \| 105.0 \| 105.0 \| 185.0 \| \| 5 \| Choe Un-sim (PRK) \| 47.90 \| 80.0 \| 85.0 \| 85.0 \| 85.0 \| 97.5 \| 100.0 \| 100.0 \| 97.5 \| 182.5 \| \| 6 \| Rosmainar (INA) \| 47.60 \| 77.5 \| 77.5 \| 82.5 \| 77.5 \| 100.0 \| 100.0 \| 100.0 \| 100.0 \| 177.5 \| \| 7 \| Kunjarani Devi (IND) \| 47.75 \| 75.0 \| 75.0 \| 80.0 \| 75.0 \| 97.5 \| 102.5 \| 102.5 \| 97.5 \| 172.5 \| \| 8 \| Masumi Imaoka (JPN) \| 47.50 \| 72.5 \| 72.5 \| 75.0 \| 72.5 \| 92.5 \| 97.5 \| 97.5 \| 92.5 \| 165.0 \| \| 9 \| Diwa Alegada (PHI) \| 46.25 \| 60.0 \| 65.0 \| 67.5 \| 65.0 \| 80.0 \| 85.0 \| 90.0 \| 85.0 \| 150.0 \| \| — \| Kyi Kyi Than (MYA) \| 47.85 \| 82.5 \| 85.0 \| 85.0 \| 82.5 \| 105.0 \| 105.0 \| 105.0 \| — \| NM \| \| — \| Aree Wiratthaworn (THA) \| 47.90 \| 77.5 \| 77.5 \| 77.5 \| 77.5 \| 105.0 \| 105.0 \| 105.0 \| — \| NM \| \| — \| Sanamacha Chanu (IND) \| 48.00 \| 77.5 \| 80.0 \| 80.0 \| 77.5 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| NM \| ## New records The following records were established during the competition. \| Snatch \| 85.0 \| Li Zhuo (CHN) \| GR \| \| Snatch \| 87.5 \| Li Zhuo (CHN) \| GR \| \| Snatch \| 90.0 \| Kay Thi Win (MYA) \| GR \| \| Clean & Jerk \| 107.5 \| Kay Thi Win (MYA) \| GR \| \| Clean & Jerk \| 110.0 \| Raema Lisa Rumbewas (INA) \| GR \| \| Total \| 190.0 \| Raema Lisa Rumbewas (INA) \| GR \| \| Total \| 197.5 \| Kay Thi Win (MYA) \| GR \| \| Total \| 200.0 \| Kay Thi Win (MYA) \| GR \|	enwiki/38377692	enwiki	38,377,692	Weightlifting at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's 48 kg	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2002_Asian_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_48_kg	2024-12-16T22:25:56Z	en	Q7980019	94,554	{{short description\|None}} {{Infobox sports competition event \|event = Women's 48 kg \|games = 2002 Asian Games \|venue = [[Pukyong National University\|Pukyong National University Gymnasium]] \|date = 30 September 2002 \|competitors = 12 \|nations = 9 \|gold = [[Li Zhuo]] \|goldNOC = CHN \|silver = [[Kay Thi Win]] \|silverNOC = MYA \|bronze = [[Raema Lisa Rumbewas]] \|bronzeNOC = INA \|prev = [[Weightlifting at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's 48 kg\|1998]] \|next = [[Weightlifting at the 2006 Asian Games – Women's 48 kg\|2006]] }} {{Weightlifting at the 2002 Asian Games}} {{main\|Weightlifting at the 2002 Asian Games}} The '''women's 48 kilograms''' event at the [[2002 Asian Games]] took place on September 30, 2002 at [[Pukyong National University\|Pukyong National University Gymnasium]], South Korea. ==Schedule== <small>All times are Korea Standard Time ([[UTC+09:00]])</small> {\|class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! width=220\|Date ! width=50\|Time ! width=100\|Event \|- \| Monday, 30 September 2002 \|\| 15:00 \|\| bgcolor=ffffcc\|Group A \|} == Records == {{Asian Games Record Weightlifting \| world_athlete1 = {{flagathlete\|[[Wang Mingjuan]]\|CHN}} \| world_mark1 = 90.0 \| world_place1 = [[Havířov]], Czech Republic \| world_date1 = 30 May 2002 \| world_athlete2 = {{flagathlete\|[[Li Zhuo]]\|CHN}} \| world_mark2 = 115.0 \| world_place2 = [[İzmir]], Turkey \| world_date2 = 28 June 2002 \| world_athlete3 = {{flagathlete\|[[Wang Mingjuan]]\|CHN}} \| world_mark3 = 200.0 \| world_place3 = [[Havířov]], Czech Republic \| world_date3 = 30 May 2002 \| Asian_athlete1 = {{flagathlete\|[[Wang Mingjuan]]\|CHN}} \| Asian_mark1 = 90.0 \| Asian_place1 = [[Havířov]], Czech Republic \| Asian_date1 = 30 May 2002 \| Asian_athlete2 = {{flagathlete\|[[Li Zhuo]]\|CHN}} \| Asian_mark2 = 115.0 \| Asian_place2 = [[İzmir]], Turkey \| Asian_date2 = 28 June 2002 \| Asian_athlete3 = {{flagathlete\|[[Wang Mingjuan]]\|CHN}} \| Asian_mark3 = 200.0 \| Asian_place3 = [[Havířov]], Czech Republic \| Asian_date3 = 30 May 2002 \| Games_athlete1 = {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Liu Xiuhua]]\|CHN\|1998 Asian Games}} \| Games_mark1 = 83.5 \| Games_place1 = [[Bangkok]], Thailand \| Games_date1 = 7 December 1998 \| Games_athlete2 = {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Liu Xiuhua]]\|CHN\|1998 Asian Games}} \| Games_mark2 = 105.0 \| Games_place2 = [[Bangkok]], Thailand \| Games_date2 = 7 December 1998 \| Games_athlete3 = {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Liu Xiuhua]]\|CHN\|1998 Asian Games}} \| Games_mark3 = 187.5 \| Games_place3 = [[Bangkok]], Thailand \| Games_date3 = 7 December 1998 }} == Results == ;Legend '''NM''' — No mark {\|class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2 width=40\|Rank ! rowspan=2 width=250\|Athlete ! rowspan=2 width=50\|Body weight !colspan=4\| Snatch (kg) !colspan=4\| Clean & Jerk (kg) !rowspan=2 width=55\| Total \|- ! width=35\|1 ! width=35\|2 ! width=35\|3 ! width=45\|Result ! width=35\|1 ! width=35\|2 ! width=35\|3 ! width=45\|Result \|- \|{{Gold1}} \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Li Zhuo]]\|CHN\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.70 \|\| 85.0 \|\| 87.5 \|\| 90.0 \|\| 90.0 \|\| <s>110.0</s> \|\| 110.0 \|\| <s>115.5</s> \|\| 110.0 \|\| '''200.0''' \|- \|{{Silver2}} \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Kay Thi Win]]\|MYA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.95 \|\| <s>85.0</s> \|\| 85.0 \|\| 90.0 \|\| 90.0 \|\| 107.5 \|\| 110.0 \|\| <s>115.0</s> \|\| 110.0 \|\| '''200.0''' \|- \|{{Bronze3}} \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Raema Lisa Rumbewas]]\|INA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.90 \|\| 80.0 \|\| 85.0 \|\| <s>90.0</s> \|\| 85.0 \|\| 105.0 \|\| 110.0 \|\| <s>115.0</s> \|\| 110.0 \|\| '''195.0''' \|- \| 4 \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Chen Han-tung]]\|TPE\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.65 \|\| 77.5 \|\| 80.0 \|\| <s>82.5</s> \|\| 80.0 \|\| 102.5 \|\| <s>105.0</s> \|\| 105.0 \|\| 105.0 \|\| '''185.0''' \|- \| 5 \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Choe Un-sim]]\|PRK\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.90 \|\| 80.0 \|\| <s>85.0</s> \|\| 85.0 \|\| 85.0 \|\| 97.5 \|\| <s>100.0</s> \|\| <s>100.0</s> \|\| 97.5 \|\| '''182.5''' \|- \| 6 \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Rosmainar]]\|INA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.60 \|\| <s>77.5</s> \|\| 77.5 \|\| <s>82.5</s> \|\| 77.5 \|\| <s>100.0</s> \|\| <s>100.0</s> \|\| 100.0 \|\| 100.0 \|\| '''177.5''' \|- \| 7 \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Kunjarani Devi]]\|IND\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.75 \|\| <s>75.0</s> \|\| 75.0 \|\| <s>80.0</s> \|\| 75.0 \|\| 97.5 \|\| <s>102.5</s> \|\| <s>102.5</s> \|\| 97.5 \|\| '''172.5''' \|- \| 8 \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Masumi Imaoka]]\|JPN\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.50 \|\| <s>72.5</s> \|\| 72.5 \|\| <s>75.0</s> \|\| 72.5 \|\| 92.5 \|\| <s>97.5</s> \|\| <s>97.5</s> \|\| 92.5 \|\| '''165.0''' \|- \| 9 \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Diwa Alegada]]\|PHI\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 46.25 \|\| 60.0 \|\| 65.0 \|\| <s>67.5</s> \|\| 65.0 \|\| 80.0 \|\| 85.0 \|\| <s>90.0</s> \|\| 85.0 \|\| '''150.0''' \|- \| — \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Kyi Kyi Than]]\|MYA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.85 \|\| 82.5 \|\| <s>85.0</s> \|\| <s>85.0</s> \|\| 82.5 \|\| <s>105.0</s> \|\| <s>105.0</s> \|\| <s>105.0</s> \|\| — \|\| '''NM''' \|- \| — \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Aree Wiratthaworn]]\|THA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 47.90 \|\| <s>77.5</s> \|\| <s>77.5</s> \|\| 77.5 \|\| 77.5 \|\| <s>105.0</s> \|\| <s>105.0</s> \|\| <s>105.0</s> \|\| — \|\| '''NM''' \|- \| — \|align=left\| {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Sanamacha Chanu]]\|IND\|2002 Asian Games}} \|\| 48.00 \|\| 77.5 \|\| <s>80.0</s> \|\| <s>80.0</s> \|\| 77.5 \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| '''NM''' \|} ==New records== The following records were established during the competition. {\|class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|- \|rowspan=3 width=100\|Snatch \|width=50\|85.0 \|width=250 align=left\|{{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Li Zhuo]]\|CHN\|2002 Asian Games}} \|width=50\|{{AsianGR\|Olympic weightlifting}} \|- \|87.5 \|align=left\|{{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Li Zhuo]]\|CHN\|2002 Asian Games}} \|{{AsianGR\|Olympic weightlifting}} \|- \|90.0 \|align=left\|{{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Kay Thi Win]]\|MYA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|{{AsianGR\|Olympic weightlifting}} \|- \|rowspan=2\|Clean & Jerk \|107.5 \|align=left\|{{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Kay Thi Win]]\|MYA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|{{AsianGR\|Olympic weightlifting}} \|- \|110.0 \|align=left\|{{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Raema Lisa Rumbewas]]\|INA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|{{AsianGR\|Olympic weightlifting}} \|- \|rowspan=3\|Total \|190.0 \|align=left\|{{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Raema Lisa Rumbewas]]\|INA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|{{AsianGR\|Olympic weightlifting}} \|- \|197.5 \|align=left\|{{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Kay Thi Win]]\|MYA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|{{AsianGR\|Olympic weightlifting}} \|- \|200.0 \|align=left\|{{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Kay Thi Win]]\|MYA\|2002 Asian Games}} \|{{AsianGR\|Olympic weightlifting}} \|} ==References== [http://www.busan.go.kr/data/01_cityhall/05/result.pdf 2002 Asian Games Official Report, Page 758] * [http://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbgwh/start.php Weightlifting Database] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040217081217/http://www.iwf.net/results/2002/busan_women.html Women's results] {{Asian Games Champions Weightlifting Bantamweight Women}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Weightlifting at the 2002 Asian Games - Women's 48 kg}} [[Category:Weightlifting at the 2002 Asian Games]]	1,263,480,381	[{"title": "Women's 48 kg \u00b7 at the 2002 Asian Games", "data": {"Venue": "Pukyong National University Gymnasium", "Date": "30 September 2002", "Competitors": "12 from 9 nations"}}, {"title": "Medalists", "data": {"gold medal": "Li Zhuo \u00b7 China", "silver medal": "Kay Thi Win \u00b7 Myanmar", "bronze medal": "Raema Lisa Rumbewas \u00b7 Indonesia"}}]	false
# List of Let the Right One In characters The following is a list of characters in the 2004 Swedish vampire fiction novel, Let the Right One In by John Ajvide Lindqvist, as well as its two film adaptations Let the Right One In (Swedish, 2008) and Let Me In (English, 2010). Some individual characters appear in all three works, while others appear in only one or two of the works. The given names of the novel's main characters remain the same for the 2008 film, but are anglicized for the 2010 film. Most of the characters were created by Lindqvist. ## Main characters ### Oskar Eriksson / Owen Oskar Eriksson is the name of the main protagonist in both the novel and the 2008 Swedish-language film Let the Right One In, while Owen is the name given to this character in the 2010 English-language film Let Me In. In all three works, the character is a 12-year-old boy living with his single mother in a dreary housing estate during the early 1980s. He resides in Blackeberg, Stockholm, Sweden in both the novel and original film, and in Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States in the 2010 film. Initially, Oskar/Owen is a loner. One of the few friends he has is Tommy, who is a major character in the book, but is omitted from both films save one fleeting mention by Owen in Let Me In. Oskar/Owen is constantly harassed in school by a group of bullies that enjoy torturing and humiliating him, and he fantasizes of one day standing up for himself and injuring or disposing of them. As a result of these experiences, he is initially defensive when he first meets Eli/Abby. The two eventually form a close bond when she notices he is playing with a Rubik's cube, and, because of her fondness for puzzles, Eli's/Abby's interest is piqued. After a particularly bad experience with the bullies, Eli/Abby advises Oskar/Owen that he needs to stand up for himself, and offers him words of encouragement, as well as support if he needs it. In the end, Oskar joins Eli in her nomadic existence, and eventually, in the sequel short story "Let the Old Dreams Die", he allows himself to be infected with vampirism, thus joining Eli as a hunter of the night. Oskar has a closer relationship with his mother in the novel and 2008 film than Owen does in Let Me In. In the novel and original film, Oskar's mother is caring, loving and spends time with him. In the 2010 film, Owen's mother is a neglectful Christian alcoholic and her face is never shown, which might explain why he is drawn to Abby. This is comparable to Oskar's father in the novel and original film, who is also an alcoholic and neglectful of Oskar when he visits on weekends. Owen's father is never seen in Let Me In, his voice is heard once during a conversation with Owen on the telephone, where he seems very caring and concerned about Owen living with his mother. ### Eli / Abby Eli, originally known as Elias (male) in the book, is the name of the centuries-old child vampire in both the novel and original film Let the Right One In, renamed Abby for the 2010 film Let Me In. When Eli/Abby moves into the apartment nextdoor to Oskar/Owen, the two characters become very close friends. Eli/Abby requires the consumption of human blood to live, and cannot eat or drink anything else without vomiting it out. Her hunger is shown to take a severe physical toll on her. As Eli/Abby is immune to the cold and the snow, she is sometimes barefoot when she goes out which makes climbing things like walls and trees easy for her. The character also cannot be exposed to the Sun without being burned up to the eventual point of bursting into flames and cannot enter the home or room of an individual unless there is verbal permission given by that individual to do so (for example, "you can come in") or the character will bleed profusely (to death if not invited in). This, along with a metaphorical allusion to "letting someone into" one's life, is the basis for the titles Let the Right One In and Let Me In. In the original film, the child Eli was portrayed by one actress while another actress provided the character's voice. The elderly Eli was played by a third actress. ### Håkan / Thomas Håkan is a middle-aged male that lives and travels with Eli in the novel and 2008 film Let the Right One In. His counterpart's name in Let Me In is not revealed, and he is credited as simply "The Father", although a later comic series based on the 2010 film names him Thomas. Håkan is a pedophile in the book, with pertaining activities detailed explicitly. He first met Eli when he was already an adult. While the character of the same name in the 2008 film is assumed to have similar characteristics, any details surrounding his potential pedophilia or history with Eli are not revealed, only hinted upon in their dialogue and a few scenes. The comparable character in Let Me In is heavily implied to not be a pedophile, and having instead met and possibly been with Abby since he was a young child, and it is implied that he acts more as a protective "father" figure to Abby in his old age, rather than as a lover. Within the film plots, Håkan is used as a foreshadowing of what Oskar / Owen will eventually become, while the sequel short story "Let the Old Dreams Die" features a different outcome. ## Secondary characters ### Lacke Lacke is a local middle-aged male resident of Blackeberg whose story and group of friends play a major role in both the novel and the 2008 film Let the Right One In, where he eventually becomes an antagonist to the main characters. Lacke is completely omitted from the 2010 film Let Me In, and is replaced by an unnamed authority figure credited as "The Policeman". Lacke is an alcoholic who has a strained relationship with his girlfriend Virginia. He spends a lot of time with his friends Morgan, Jocke and Larry at a local bar, which is where he first meets Håkan. Lacke first becomes involved in the main storyline when his friend Jocke disappears after Eli attacks him for blood, an event that is witnessed by Gösta, one of the townspeople. When Jocke's dead body is found and it is revealed that Eli must have killed him, Lacke is determined to investigate the situation. ### Virginia Virginia in the novel and original Swedish film is a middle-aged woman who is the on-again/off-again girlfriend of major secondary character Lacke. A much more youthful and physically attractive character of the same name appears in Let Me In (2010), and she and her boyfriend (named "Larry" after a different character in the original) play a much smaller role in the story. She is the only character besides Jimmy whose name is the same in all versions. In the novel and original film, Virginia is very weary of Lacke's alcoholism, and is on the verge of breaking it off with him permanently because of it. ### Tommy - Created by: John Ajvide Lindqvist Tommy is a young rebellious boy who is described as Oskar/Owen's only friend other than Eli/Abby. His story is a significant part of the novel's narrative, but he is completely absent from the 2008 film, and is only mentioned by Owen once in the 2010 film, where he is not seen. Tommy lives with his mother Yvonne and her policeman boyfriend Staffan (not to be confused with "The Policeman" from Let Me In), with whom he has a very strained relationship. He also has an older brother that is seldom around anymore. ### "The Policeman" - Created by: Matt Reeves - Portrayed by: Elias Koteas (2010) "The Policeman" is the credited namesake of a middle-aged, balding authority figure (possibly a detective) in the 2010 film Let Me In who effectively replaces the character of Lacke and other townspeople from the novel and original film. Unlike Lacke, "The Policeman" has no personal interest in bringing justice to those responsible for attacking the townspeople; he is merely responsible for doing so. He is the first major character that is seen on-screen in Let Me In, and serves alongside Owen's bullies as the main antagonist of the film. ### Jonny/Conny/Kenny - Portrayed by: Patrik Rydmark (2008 film), Dylan Minnette (2010 film) Owen/Oskar's bully and antagonist in all versions of the story. He sadistically attacks Owen/Oskar every chance he gets. He never relents until Owen/Oskar stands up for himself. He is the leader of a posse of bullies, who is seen doing acts such as beating Owen/Oskar with an antenna rod (a light tree branch in the novel), in the 2010 film, he is seen trying to pull off a girl's bathing suit in a public swimming pool, and even willing to kill Owen/Oskar. In the film version, when Owen/Oskar stands up for himself, he splits Jonny/Kenny/Conny's ear open with a metal pole when he was threatened to be thrown into the icy pond, but in the original novel, Oskar placed his mitten on Jonny's ear. The bullies take actions further by attacking Oskar at the train station and threaten to throw him into an oncoming train causing Oskar to set fire to a photo of Jonny's father and accidentally setting fire to the rest of the students' desks. In spite of this, Jonny/Conny/Kenny later decides to retaliate with his brother Jimmy. They set fire outside of the community pool to lure out the gym teacher (in the novel, Jimmy's friends knock the teacher unconscious with blunt force) and scare everybody else out. They threaten to drown Owen/Oskar, but in the midst of this, they are attacked by Eli/Abby, who kills all the bullies in the American film, all except for Andreas in the Swedish film, and only Jonny and Jimmy in the novel. ### Jimmy - Portrayed by: Ramus Luthander (2008 film), Brett DelBuono (2010 film) The older brother of Jonny/Conny/Kenny and antagonist in all versions. He is shown to be more sadistic than his younger brother and just as much a bully. He shows up in the story after Oskar/Owen stands up to him. He openly treats his brother poorly but he decides to help him and his friends retaliate against Oskar/Owen. His role becomes important at the climax of the story; he sets a fire outside of the community pool and scares the students out. In the 2010 film, he steals a knife that Owen threatened him with when he made a run for it, but in the novel and 2008 film he had a knife of his own. Jimmy tells Oskar/Owen that if he can hold his breath for three minutes, he'll give him a little cut, and if not, then he will carve out his eye. As he begins to drown Oskar/Owen, Eli/Abby arrives and slaughters the bullies, Jimmy was the first to die in the American film as his head was ripped off and thrown in the water. He is the only character besides Virginia to keep their name in all versions. Jimmy is well known to often have hiccups in the novel; however, this is not shown in the film. ## Other characters ### Novel only - Yvonne – Tommy's mother in the novel. She is widowed and dating Staffan, a police officer. For unknown reasons, Oskar's mother is given the name "Yvonne" in the 2008 film. - Staffan – Tommy's mother's new boyfriend in the novel. He is a police officer who is personally involved with investigating Eli and Håkan's string of murders, and he has a strained relationship with Tommy. - Johan - A boy who Oskar knows from school, who was throughout most of the novel on good terms with Oskar and occasionally hung out with him. However, he was not a truly close friend of Oskar's, as he only hung out with Oskar when he had nothing else to do, and in the end even helps lure Oskar into Jonny and Jimmy's trap, unaware of what they were actually planning to do to Oskar. - Prebbe and Roger - Friends of Jimmy's, only seen in the end, who assist Jonny and Jimmy in their plot to attack Oskar. - Karlsson – The former owner of a toy shop who sometimes hangs out with Lacke and his friends. He and Morgan often argue. - The Man in the Wig - An 18th-century vampire nobleman who castrates Eli and infects her with his condition. In the 2010 film, his character was Abby's uncle who infected her with his condition. - Stefan and Karin Larsson - Stefan (not to be confused with Staffan, above) is the train conductor who asks to see Oskar's ticket in the end, and is seen doing so in the 2010 American film. Karin is a police officer from Blackeberg (the setting of the novel) who investigated Eli's massacre on Oskar's tormentors; the two met and fell in love in the course of said investigation. Initially they continue to search for Oskar and Eli in order to resolve the murder case, but decades later, as old age and sickness take their toll, they decide to track them down in order to ask them to turn them into vampires too, and thus preserve their relationship.[1] - The Ticket Collector - A retired public servant and the narrator of the short story Let the Old Dreams Die, who becomes a close friend of the Larssons when they move into his neighborhood.[1] ### Novel and 2008 film - Erik (Henrik Dahl) – Oskar's father. He is an alcoholic and lives in the countryside. Oskar visits him on the weekends, but his drinking habits cause him to become neglectful of his son. - Jocke (Mikael Rahm) – One of Lacke's friends who is murdered by Håkan and Eli. - Gösta (Karl Robert Lindgren) – A loner friend of Lacke's who lives with his numerous cats and who witnesses the murder of Jocke. - Mr. Ávila (Cayetano Ruiz) – Oskar's gym teacher who assists him with getting into shape. - Morgan (Anders T. Peedu) – Another of Lacke's friends. He is slightly unpleasant but a good mate. - Larry (Pale Olofsson) – Another of Lacke's friends. He is frail and have been on early retirement. He is very friendly and a good mate. - Andreas/Micke – One of the bullies, and the most reluctant. He is the only one who survived Eli's attack in the Swedish film. ### 2010 film - Mr. Zoric (Ritchie Coster) – Owen's gym teacher who assists him with getting into shape, corresponding to Mr. Ávila in the novel and original film. - Owen's Mother (Cara Buono) – Owen's unnamed mother, who is a neglectful religious alcoholic unlike her counterpart in the novel and original film. - Owen's Father (voiced by Elias Koteas) – Owen's unnamed father, who only talks to him once over the phone, questioning his wife's fervent religiosity and blaming her for their son's current problem. Elias Koteas also plays "The Policeman" in the film.	enwiki/34373873	enwiki	34,373,873	List of Let the Right One In characters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Let_the_Right_One_In_characters	2025-04-05T00:39:58Z	en	Q6576794	63,158	{{Short description\|none}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2021}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Let the Right One In'' characters}} [[File:Oskar Eli Owen Abby.jpg\|right\|thumb\|500px\|<code>''Left''</code> – Oskar ([[Kåre Hedebrant]]) and Eli ([[Lina Leandersson]]) in ''Let the Right One In'' (2008)<br /><code>''Right''</code> – Owen ([[Kodi Smit-McPhee\|Kodi Smit–McPhee]]) and Abby ([[Chloë Grace Moretz]]) in ''Let Me In'' (2010)]] The following is a list of characters in the 2004 Swedish [[vampire literature\|vampire fiction]] novel, ''[[Let the Right One In (novel)\|Let the Right One In]]'' by [[John Ajvide Lindqvist]], as well as its two [[film adaptation]]s ''[[Let the Right One In (film)\|Let the Right One In]]'' (Swedish, 2008) and ''[[Let Me In (film)\|Let Me In]]'' (English, 2010). Some individual characters appear in all three works, while others appear in only one or two of the works. The given names of the novel's main characters remain the same for the 2008 film, but are [[anglicisation\|anglicized]] for the 2010 film. Most of the characters were created by Lindqvist. ==Main characters== ===Oskar Eriksson / Owen{{anchor\|Whisker\|Owen}}=== {{Infobox character \| name = Oskar <small>or</small> Owen \| image = \| caption = \| gender = Male \| species = Human (formerly) Vampire (currently) \| nationality = Swedish (Oskar)<br />American (Owen) \| creator = [[John Ajvide Lindqvist]] \| portrayer = [[Kåre Hedebrant]] ''(2008)''<br />as Oskar<br />[[Kodi Smit-McPhee\|Kodi Smit–McPhee]] ''(2010)''<br />as Owen }} '''Oskar Eriksson''' is the name of the [[protagonist\|main protagonist]] in both the novel and the 2008 Swedish-language film ''Let the Right One In'', while '''Owen''' is the name given to this character in the 2010 English-language film ''Let Me In''. In all three works, the character is a 12-year-old boy living with his single mother in a dreary housing estate during the early 1980s. He resides in [[Blackeberg]], Stockholm, Sweden in both the novel and original film, and in [[Los Alamos, New Mexico\|Los Alamos]], New Mexico, United States in the 2010 film. Initially, Oskar/Owen is a loner. One of the few friends he has is [[#Tommy\|Tommy]], who is a major character in the book, but is omitted from both films save one fleeting mention by Owen in ''Let Me In''. Oskar/Owen is constantly harassed in school by a group of [[bullying\|bullies]] that enjoy torturing and humiliating him, and he fantasizes of one day standing up for himself and injuring or disposing of them. As a result of these experiences, he is initially defensive when he first meets Eli/Abby. The two eventually form a close bond when she notices he is playing with a Rubik's cube, and, because of her fondness for puzzles, Eli's/Abby's interest is piqued. After a particularly bad experience with the bullies, Eli/Abby advises Oskar/Owen that he needs to stand up for himself, and offers him words of encouragement, as well as support if he needs it. In the end, Oskar joins Eli in her nomadic existence, and eventually, in the sequel short story "[[Let the Old Dreams Die]]", he allows himself to be infected with vampirism, thus joining Eli as a hunter of the night.<ref name="LinqvDreams">Lindqvist, John Ajvide: "Let The Old Dreams Die". ''Let The Old Dreams Die and Other Stories'' (English edition), pp. 237–267. Translation by Marlaine Delargy. Quercus, London (2012). {{ISBN\|978-0-85738-549-9}}</ref> Oskar has a closer relationship with his mother in the novel and 2008 film than Owen does in ''Let Me In''. In the novel and original film, Oskar's mother is caring, loving and spends time with him. In the 2010 film, Owen's mother is a neglectful Christian alcoholic and her face is never shown, which might explain why he is drawn to Abby. This is comparable to Oskar's father in the novel and original film, who is also an alcoholic and neglectful of Oskar when he visits on weekends. Owen's father is never seen in ''Let Me In'', his voice is heard once during a conversation with Owen on the telephone, where he seems very caring and concerned about Owen living with his mother. ===Eli / Abby{{anchor\|Eli\|Abby}}=== {{Infobox character \| series = \| name = Eli <small>or</small> Abby \| image = [[File:Leandersson & Moretz.jpg\|200px]] \| caption = [[Lina Leandersson]] and [[Chloë Grace Moretz]] \| species = [[Vampire]] \| gender = Male (novel)<br />Female (''[[Let the Right One In (film)\|Let The Right One In]]'') <br /> Female (''[[Let Me In (novel)\|Let Me In]]'') \| voice = [[Elif Ceylan]] ''(2008)''<br />as Eli \| creator = [[John Ajvide Lindqvist]] \| portrayer = [[Lina Leandersson]] ''(2008)''<br />as Eli<br />Susanne Ruben ''(2008)''<br />as Aged Eli<br />[[Chloë Grace Moretz]] ''(2010)''<br />as Abby }} '''Eli''', originally known as Elias (male) in the book, is the name of the centuries-old child [[vampire]] in both the novel and original film ''Let the Right One In'', renamed '''Abby''' for the 2010 film ''Let Me In''. When Eli/Abby moves into the apartment nextdoor to Oskar/Owen, the two characters become very close friends. Eli/Abby requires the consumption of human blood to live, and cannot eat or drink anything else without vomiting it out. Her hunger is shown to take a severe physical toll on her. As Eli/Abby is immune to the cold and the snow, she is sometimes barefoot when she goes out which makes climbing things like walls and trees easy for her. The character also cannot be exposed to the [[Sun]] without being burned up to the eventual point of bursting into flames and cannot enter the home or room of an individual unless there is verbal permission given by that individual to do so (for example, "''you can come in''") or the character will bleed profusely (to death if not invited in). This, along with a metaphorical allusion to "letting someone into" one's life, is the basis for the titles ''Let the Right One In'' and ''Let Me In''. In the original film, the child Eli was portrayed by one actress while another actress provided the character's voice. The elderly Eli was played by a third actress. {{-}} ===Håkan / Thomas{{anchor\|Hakan\|Håkan\|Thomas}}=== {{Infobox character \| series = \| name = Håkan <small>or</small> "The Father" \| image = \| caption = \| gender = Male \| voice = \| species = Human (films)<br />Vampire (novel) \| nationality = Swedish (Håkan)<br />American ("The Father") \| creator = [[John Ajvide Lindqvist]] \| portrayer = [[Per Ragnar]] ''(2008)''<br />as Håkan<br />[[Richard Jenkins]] ''(2010)''<br />as "The Father" }} '''Håkan''' is a middle-aged male that lives and travels with Eli in the novel and 2008 film ''Let the Right One In''. His counterpart's name in ''Let Me In'' is not revealed, and he is credited as simply '''"The Father"''', although a later [[Let Me In: Crossroads\|comic series based on the 2010 film]] names him Thomas. Håkan is a [[pedophile]] in the book, with pertaining activities detailed explicitly. He first met Eli when he was already an adult. While the character of the same name in the 2008 film is assumed to have similar characteristics, any details surrounding his potential pedophilia or history with Eli are not revealed, only hinted upon in their dialogue and a few scenes. The comparable character in ''Let Me In'' is heavily implied to not be a pedophile, and having instead met and possibly been with Abby since he was a young child, and it is implied that he acts more as a protective "father" figure to Abby in his old age, rather than as a lover. Within the film plots, Håkan is used as a foreshadowing of what Oskar / Owen will eventually become, while the sequel short story "[[Let the Old Dreams Die]]" features a different outcome. ==Secondary characters== ===Lacke=== {{Infobox character \| series = \| name = Lacke \| image = \| caption = \| gender = Male \| voice = \| species = Human \| nationality = Swedish \| lbl1 = Present in \| data1 = ''[[Let the Right One In (novel)\|Let the Right One In]]'' (novel)<br />''[[Let the Right One In (film)\|Let the Right One In]]'' (2008 film) \| creator = [[John Ajvide Lindqvist]] \| portrayer = [[Peter Carlberg]] ''(2008)'' }} Lacke is a local middle-aged male resident of Blackeberg whose story and group of friends play a major role in both the novel and the 2008 film ''Let the Right One In'', where he eventually becomes an [[antagonist]] to the main characters. Lacke is completely omitted from the 2010 film ''Let Me In'', and is replaced by an unnamed authority figure credited as "The Policeman". Lacke is an alcoholic who has a strained relationship with his girlfriend Virginia. He spends a lot of time with his friends Morgan, Jocke and Larry at a local bar, which is where he first meets Håkan. Lacke first becomes involved in the main storyline when his friend Jocke disappears after Eli attacks him for blood, an event that is witnessed by Gösta, one of the townspeople. When Jocke's dead body is found and it is revealed that Eli must have killed him, Lacke is determined to investigate the situation. ===Virginia=== {{Infobox character \| series = \| name = Virginia \| image = \| caption = \| gender = Female \| voice = \| lbl1 = Present in \| data1 = ''[[Let the Right One In (novel)\|Let the Right One In]]'' (novel)<br />''[[Let the Right One In (film)\|Let the Right One In]]'' (2008 film)<br />''[[Let Me In (film)\|Let Me In]]'' (2010 film) \| species = Human<br />Vampire \| creator = [[John Ajvide Lindqvist]] \| portrayer = [[Ika Nord]] ''(2008)''<br />[[Sasha Barrese]] ''(2010)'' }} Virginia in the novel and original Swedish film is a middle-aged woman who is the on-again/off-again [[girlfriend]] of major secondary character Lacke. A much more youthful and physically attractive character of the same name appears in ''Let Me In'' (2010), and she and her boyfriend (named "Larry" after a different character in the original) play a much smaller role in the story. She is the only character besides Jimmy whose name is the same in all versions. In the novel and original film, Virginia is very weary of Lacke's alcoholism, and is on the verge of breaking it off with him permanently because of it. ===Tommy=== * Created by: [[John Ajvide Lindqvist]] Tommy is a young rebellious boy who is described as Oskar/Owen's only friend other than Eli/Abby. His story is a significant part of the novel's narrative, but he is completely absent from the 2008 film, and is only mentioned by Owen once in the 2010 film, where he is not seen. Tommy lives with his mother Yvonne and her policeman boyfriend Staffan (not to be confused with "The Policeman" from ''Let Me In''), with whom he has a very strained relationship. He also has an older brother that is seldom around anymore. ==="The Policeman"=== * Created by: [[Matt Reeves]] * Portrayed by: [[Elias Koteas]] ''(2010)'' "The Policeman" is the credited namesake of a middle-aged, balding authority figure (possibly a [[detective]]) in the 2010 film ''Let Me In'' who effectively replaces the character of [[#Lacke\|Lacke]] and other townspeople from the novel and original film. Unlike Lacke, "The Policeman" has no personal interest in bringing justice to those responsible for attacking the townspeople; he is merely responsible for doing so. He is the first major character that is seen on-screen in ''Let Me In'', and serves alongside Owen's bullies as the main antagonist of the film. ===Jonny/Conny/Kenny=== * Portrayed by: Patrik Rydmark (2008 film), [[Dylan Minnette]] (2010 film) Owen/Oskar's bully and antagonist in all versions of the story. He sadistically attacks Owen/Oskar every chance he gets. He never relents until Owen/Oskar stands up for himself. He is the leader of a posse of bullies, who is seen doing acts such as beating Owen/Oskar with an antenna rod (a light tree branch in the novel), in the 2010 film, he is seen trying to pull off a girl's bathing suit in a public swimming pool, and even willing to kill Owen/Oskar. In the film version, when Owen/Oskar stands up for himself, he splits Jonny/Kenny/Conny's ear open with a metal pole when he was threatened to be thrown into the icy pond, but in the original novel, Oskar placed his mitten on Jonny's ear. The bullies take actions further by attacking Oskar at the train station and threaten to throw him into an oncoming train causing Oskar to set fire to a photo of Jonny's father and accidentally setting fire to the rest of the students' desks. In spite of this, Jonny/Conny/Kenny later decides to retaliate with his brother Jimmy. They set fire outside of the community pool to lure out the gym teacher (in the novel, Jimmy's friends knock the teacher unconscious with [[Blunt trauma\|blunt force]]) and scare everybody else out. They threaten to drown Owen/Oskar, but in the midst of this, they are attacked by Eli/Abby, who kills all the bullies in the American film, all except for Andreas in the Swedish film, and only Jonny and Jimmy in the novel. ===Jimmy=== * Portrayed by: Ramus Luthander (2008 film), Brett DelBuono (2010 film) The older brother of Jonny/Conny/Kenny and antagonist in all versions. He is shown to be more sadistic than his younger brother and just as much a bully. He shows up in the story after Oskar/Owen stands up to him. He openly treats his brother poorly but he decides to help him and his friends retaliate against Oskar/Owen. His role becomes important at the climax of the story; he sets a fire outside of the community pool and scares the students out. In the 2010 film, he steals a knife that Owen threatened him with when he made a run for it, but in the novel and 2008 film he had a knife of his own. Jimmy tells Oskar/Owen that if he can hold his breath for three minutes, he'll give him a little cut, and if not, then he will carve out his eye. As he begins to drown Oskar/Owen, Eli/Abby arrives and slaughters the bullies, Jimmy was the first to die in the American film as his head was ripped off and thrown in the water. He is the only character besides Virginia to keep their name in all versions. Jimmy is well known to often have hiccups in the novel; however, this is not shown in the film. ==Other characters== {{expand list\|date=January 2012}} ===Novel only=== * '''Yvonne''' – Tommy's mother in the novel. She is widowed and dating Staffan, a police officer. For unknown reasons, Oskar's mother is given the name "Yvonne" in the 2008 film. * '''Staffan''' – Tommy's mother's new boyfriend in the novel. He is a police officer who is personally involved with investigating Eli and Håkan's string of murders, and he has a strained relationship with Tommy. * '''Johan''' - A boy who Oskar knows from school, who was throughout most of the novel on good terms with Oskar and occasionally hung out with him. However, he was not a truly close friend of Oskar's, as he only hung out with Oskar when he had nothing else to do, and in the end even helps lure Oskar into Jonny and Jimmy's trap, unaware of what they were actually planning to do to Oskar. * '''Prebbe''' and '''Roger''' - Friends of Jimmy's, only seen in the end, who assist Jonny and Jimmy in their plot to attack Oskar. * '''Karlsson''' – The former owner of a toy shop who sometimes hangs out with Lacke and his friends. He and Morgan often argue. * '''The Man in the Wig''' - An 18th-century vampire nobleman who castrates Eli and infects her with his condition. In the 2010 film, his character was Abby's uncle who infected her with his condition. * '''Stefan and Karin Larsson''' - Stefan (not to be confused with ''Staffan'', above) is the train conductor who asks to see Oskar's ticket in the end, and is seen doing so in the 2010 American film. Karin is a police officer from Blackeberg (the setting of the novel) who investigated Eli's massacre on Oskar's tormentors; the two met and fell in love in the course of said investigation. Initially they continue to search for Oskar and Eli in order to resolve the murder case, but decades later, as old age and sickness take their toll, they decide to track them down in order to ask them to turn them into vampires too, and thus preserve their relationship.<ref name="LinqvDreams" /> * '''The Ticket Collector''' - A retired public servant and the narrator of the short story ''[[Let the Old Dreams Die]]'', who becomes a close friend of the Larssons when they move into his neighborhood.<ref name="LinqvDreams" /> ===Novel and 2008 film=== * '''Erik''' (Henrik Dahl) – Oskar's father. He is an alcoholic and lives in the countryside. Oskar visits him on the weekends, but his drinking habits cause him to become neglectful of his son. * '''Jocke''' ([[Mikael Rahm]]) – One of Lacke's friends who is murdered by Håkan and Eli. * '''Gösta''' (Karl Robert Lindgren) – A loner friend of Lacke's who lives with his numerous cats and who witnesses the murder of Jocke. * '''Mr. Ávila''' (Cayetano Ruiz) – Oskar's gym teacher who assists him with getting into shape. * '''Morgan''' (Anders T. Peedu) – Another of Lacke's friends. He is slightly unpleasant but a good mate. * '''Larry''' ([[Pale Olofsson]]) – Another of Lacke's friends. He is frail and have been on early retirement. He is very friendly and a good mate. * '''Andreas/Micke''' – One of the bullies, and the most reluctant. He is the only one who survived Eli's attack in the Swedish film. ===2010 film=== * '''Mr. Zoric''' ([[Ritchie Coster]]) – Owen's gym teacher who assists him with getting into shape, corresponding to Mr. Ávila in the novel and original film. * '''Owen's Mother''' ([[Cara Buono]]) – Owen's unnamed mother, who is a neglectful religious alcoholic unlike her counterpart in the novel and original film. * '''Owen's Father''' (voiced by [[Elias Koteas]]) – Owen's unnamed father, who only talks to him once over the phone, questioning his wife's fervent religiosity and blaming her for their son's current problem. Elias Koteas also plays "The Policeman" in the film. ==See also== [[John Ajvide Lindqvist]] [[Vampire fiction]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{John Ajvide Lindqvist}} [[Category:Let the Right One In\|characters]] [[Category:Lists of literary characters]] [[Category:Literary characters introduced in 2004]]	1,284,004,425	[{"title": "Oskar or Owen", "data": {"Created by": "John Ajvide Lindqvist", "Portrayed by": "K\u00e5re Hedebrant (2008) \u00b7 as Oskar \u00b7 Kodi Smit\u2013McPhee (2010) \u00b7 as Owen"}}, {"title": "In-universe information", "data": {"Species": "Human (formerly) Vampire (currently)", "Gender": "Male", "Nationality": "Swedish (Oskar) \u00b7 American (Owen)"}}, {"title": "Eli or Abby", "data": {"Created by": "John Ajvide Lindqvist", "Portrayed by": "Lina Leandersson (2008) \u00b7 as Eli \u00b7 Susanne Ruben (2008) \u00b7 as Aged Eli \u00b7 Chlo\u00eb Grace Moretz (2010) \u00b7 as Abby", "Voiced by": "Elif Ceylan (2008) \u00b7 as Eli"}}, {"title": "In-universe information", "data": {"Species": "Vampire", "Gender": "Male (novel) \u00b7 Female (Let The Right One In) \u00b7 Female (Let Me In)"}}, {"title": "H\u00e5kan or \"The Father\"", "data": {"Created by": "John Ajvide Lindqvist", "Portrayed by": "Per Ragnar (2008) \u00b7 as H\u00e5kan \u00b7 Richard Jenkins (2010) \u00b7 as \"The Father\""}}, {"title": "In-universe information", "data": {"Species": "Human (films) \u00b7 Vampire (novel)", "Gender": "Male", "Nationality": "Swedish (H\u00e5kan) \u00b7 American (\"The Father\")"}}, {"title": "Lacke", "data": {"Created by": "John Ajvide Lindqvist", "Portrayed by": "Peter Carlberg (2008)", "Present in": "Let the Right One In (novel) \u00b7 Let the Right One In (2008 film)"}}, {"title": "In-universe information", "data": {"Species": "Human", "Gender": "Male", "Nationality": "Swedish"}}, {"title": "Virginia", "data": {"Created by": "John Ajvide Lindqvist", "Portrayed by": "Ika Nord (2008) \u00b7 Sasha Barrese (2010)", "Present in": "Let the Right One In (novel) \u00b7 Let the Right One In (2008 film) \u00b7 Let Me In (2010 film)"}}, {"title": "In-universe information", "data": {"Species": "Human \u00b7 Vampire", "Gender": "Female"}}]	false
# 2005 FAI Cup final The 2005 FAI Cup Final was the final match of the 2005 FAI Cup. The final took place on 4 December 2005 at Lansdowne Road, Dublin in front of a crowd of 24,521 and a television audience which peaked at 285,000. This was the largest attendance at an FAI Cup Final since 1990. The match was originally due to take place at Tolka Park, Dublin however the match was moved to Lansdowne Road in order to accommodate a larger crowd. Drogheda United and Cork City contested the final. Drogheda United were generally seen as underdogs coming into the game but they successfully claimed their first major trophy by winning the match. It was Cork City's first appearance in the final since 1998. Drogheda United last contested the final in 1976. Live coverage of the match was provided on RTÉ Two and RTÉ Radio 1. ## Route to the final ### Drogheda United \| Round \| Opposition \| Score \| \| -------------- \| ------------------ \| ----- \| \| 2nd \| Limerick (h) \| 2-0 \| \| 3rd \| Dundalk (a) \| 2-0 \| \| Quarter-finals \| Bohemians (h) \| 2-1 \| \| Semi-finals \| Bray Wanderers (h) \| 2-1 \| Drogheda United entered the competition in the second round along with the other 21 League of Ireland clubs. They did not play against any junior/intermediate teams en route to the final. Their first match was against First Division Limerick FC. Drogheda won the match 2-0, despite threatening play by Limerick, with both goals coming in the second half. Drogheda were drawn away to Dundalk in the third round, however there was some uncertainty regarding the venue for the match. Oriel Park, home of Dundalk, was under development leading up to the game and there was a possibility that the work would not be completed on time. Had this been the case, the match would have been switched to Drogheda's stadium. The match went ahead at Oriel Park, with Drogheda as victors after goals from Mark Leech and Damian Lynch either side of half-time. At the quarter-final stage, Drogheda were drawn against Bohemians. They won the game 2-1, and in doing so, reached the semi-finals of the competition for the second successive year. Paul Keegan opened the scoring after 2 minutes, with Damian Lynch adding a second after his initial penalty was saved. Bohemians pulled a goal back through Aidan O'Keeffe after the goalscorer, Keegan, was sent off shortly after half-time, but it proved to only be a consolation. Bohemians also had a player sent off towards the end of the game. A 2-1 home semi-final victory over Bray Wanderers sent Drogheda into their first FAI Cup Final since 1976. Declan O'Brien opened the scoring in the first half. Jermaine Sandvliet put Drogheda 2-0 up in the second half, only for Bray Wanderers to score 2 minutes later. Despite this setback, Drogheda held on to reach the final. ### Cork City \| Round \| Opposition \| Score \| \| -------------- \| ----------------- \| ----- \| \| 2nd \| Galway United (a) \| 0-0 \| \| 2nd \| Galway United (h) \| 1-0 \| \| 3rd \| Finn Harps (h) \| 0-0 \| \| 3rd \| Finn Harps (a) \| 3-2 \| \| Quarter-finals \| Sligo Rovers \| 3-1 \| \| Semi-finals \| Derry City \| 1-0 \| Cork City also entered the competition at the second round and did not play against any junior/intermediate sides en route to the final. They required a replay to overcome Galway United in the second round. The first tie, despite finishing 0-0, was dominated by Galway United, who were in the league below Cork City. Cork City had home advantage in the replay and went on to win the game 1-0. The match did not pass without incident however, as the winning goal, a penalty, was deemed controversial by the away side. Despite having home advantage, Cork City could only manage a 0-0 draw against Finn Harps in the third round. The required replay was not ideal for Cork City as they had qualified for the UEFA Cup, which meant that fixture congestion was a possible problem. Extra-time was required to separate the two sides in the replay. Cork City scored first through Liam Kearney but Finn Harps had taken the lead by the 72nd minute through goals from Eloka Asokuh and Chris Breen. John O'Flynn scored for Cork City in the final few minutes to force extra-time. Roy O'Donovan scored the decisive goal 2 minutes from the end of extra-time. Cork City were drawn at home to Sligo Rovers in the quarter-finals. With the match standing at 1-1, Sligo Rovers forward Kupono Low was dismissed. Cork City capitalised on the dismissal by scoring two further goals. The final score was 3-1. This result set up a semi-final against Derry City. With 90 minutes played, the scoreline remained 0-0 and a replay seemed likely. However, in the second minute of injury time, Derry City substitute Stephen O'Flynn fouled Neale Fenn in the penalty area. The referee awarded a penalty, which was scored by George O'Callaghan to send Cork City into the final. ## Pre-match Drogheda United were appearing in the final for the 3rd time, having lost the previous two finals they had contested (in 1976 and 1971). Cork had won the competition once previously, in 1998 and had been runners-up on two occasions, (in 1992 and 1989). Cork City went into the game as League of Ireland champions so they were in contention for the double. The venue for the 2005 final was changed leading up to the match. Initially, the match was due to be played at Tolka Park, a stadium with a 9,500 capacity. However, as demand for tickets was expected to exceed the capacity of the stadium after Drogheda United's win over Bray Wanderers, the Football Association of Ireland considered alternative venues. Lansdowne Road was announced as the venue for the final, although the north terrace of the stadium was closed due to fire damage. ## Match Cork City players Danny Murphy and Roy O'Donovan were suspended for the final after both were booked in a league match against Waterford United. Alan Bennett also received a yellow card in the match, which meant he, too, was to be suspended for the cup final through receiving a one-match ban. Cork City appealed the decision on the grounds that the wrong player had been booked. Television footage appeared to confirm this, so the ban was overturned. ### Report Neither side dominated a tense first half which included only one chance of note - John O'Flynn nearly gave Cork City the lead in the 17th minute when his low shot hit the post. Cold and windy weather had a negative impact on the quality of football played. Drogheda United did manage to gain a foothold in the game, however, as they took the lead in the 52nd minute. Declan O'Brien challenged for a cross from the right and the ball broke to Gavin Whelan who scored from close range. Both sides created further chances, but it was Drogheda who scored the next, and final, goal as O'Brien lobbed the Cork keeper from 18 yards to seal the win. ### Details \| Drogheda United \| 2 – 0 \| Cork City \| \| ------------------------------ \| ------------ \| --------- \| \| G. Whelan 52' · D. O'Brien 83' \| Match report \| \| \| Drogheda United \| Cork City \| \| GK \| 1 \| Dan Connor \| \| \| \| RB \| 2 \| Damian Lynch \| 79' \| \| \| CB \| 6 \| Graham Gartland \| \| \| \| CB \| 5 \| Steven Gray \| \| \| \| LB \| 3 \| Simon Webb \| \| \| \| RM \| 7 \| Shane Robinson \| \| \| \| CM \| 4 \| Gavin Whelan \| \| 52' \| \| CM \| 8 \| Stephen Bradley \| 71' \| \| \| LM \| 11 \| Jermaine Sandvliet \| \| \| \| ST \| 9 \| Declan O'Brien (c) \| 83' \| 90+3' \| \| ST \| 19 \| Sami Ristila \| 67' \| 77' \| \| Substitutes: \| \| \| \| \| \| ST \| 10 \| Mark Leech \| \| \| \| CM \| 18 \| Paul Keegan \| 71' \| \| \| ST \| ? \| Mark Rooney \| 77' \| \| \| CM \| ? \| Paul Bernard \| 90+3' \| \| \| GK \| ? \| Gary Rogers \| \| \| \| RB \| ? \| Patrick Sullivan \| \| \| \| CB \| ? \| Stuart Malcolm \| \| \| \| Manager: \| \| \| \| \| \| Paul Doolin \| \| \| \| \| \| GK \| 1 \| Michael Devine \| \| \| RB \| ? \| Neal Horgan \| \| \| CB \| ? \| Dan Murray \| 29' \| \| CB \| 3 \| Alan Bennett \| \| \| LB \| 11 \| Billy Woods \| \| \| RM \| 8 \| Neale Fenn \| 63' \| \| CM \| ? \| Joe Gamble \| \| \| CM \| ? \| Greg O'Halloran (c) \| 83' \| \| LM \| 30 \| Liam Kearney \| \| \| AM \| 10 \| George O'Callaghan \| 27' \| \| ST \| 9 \| John O'Flynn \| \| \| Substitutes: \| \| \| \| \| ST \| ? \| Denis Behan \| 63' \| \| RM \| 7 \| Colin O’Brien \| 83' \| \| Manager: \| \| \| \| \| Damien Richardson \| \| \| \| ## Post-match In an interview with the Irish Independent after the match, Cork City manager Damien Richardson was critical of the playing surface at Lansdowne Road, particularly as three rugby internationals had recently been played at the stadium. He added that he would like to see the cup final played earlier in the year.	enwiki/36357111	enwiki	36,357,111	2005 FAI Cup final	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_FAI_Cup_final	2025-04-06T02:35:03Z	en	Q4604257	213,861	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2021}} {{Use Irish English\|date=July 2021}} {{Infobox football match \| title = 2005 FAI Cup Final \| event = [[2005 FAI Cup]] \| team1 = [[Drogheda United F.C.\|Drogheda United]] \| team1score = 2 \| team2 = [[Cork City F.C.\|Cork City]] \| team2score = 0 \| date = 4 December 2005 \| stadium = [[Lansdowne Road]] \| city = [[Dublin]] \| man_of_the_match1a =Gavin Whelan<ref name="RTÉ Report 1">{{cite news \|title=Drogheda upset Cork to lift FAI Cup \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1204/198912-drogheda/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> (Drogheda United) \| referee = Ian Stokes \| attendance = 24,521<ref name="RTÉ Report 1"/> \| previous = [[2004 FAI Cup Final\|2004]] \| next = [[2006 FAI Cup Final\|2006]] }} The '''2005 FAI Cup Final''' was the final match of the [[2005 FAI Cup]]. The final took place on 4 December 2005 at [[Lansdowne Road]], [[Dublin]] in front of a crowd of 24,521 and a television audience which peaked at 285,000.<ref name="RTÉ Report 2">{{cite news \|title=Soccer viewing and attendance figures up \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1210/199096-eircomleague/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> This was the largest attendance at an [[FAI Cup Final]] since 1990.<ref name="Irish Independent 1">{{cite news \|first=Gerry \|last=McDermott \|title=Final date a farce - Rico \|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/final-date-a-farce-rico-224240.html \|work=www.independent.ie \|publisher=[[Irish Independent]] \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> The match was originally due to take place at [[Tolka Park]], Dublin however the match was moved to Lansdowne Road in order to accommodate a larger crowd.<ref name="RTÉ Report 3">{{cite news \|title=FAI to reconsider Cup final venue \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1024/197540-faicup/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref><ref name="RTÉ Report 4">{{cite news \|title=Final to be played at Lansdowne \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1028/197675-faicup/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> [[Drogheda United F.C.\|Drogheda United]] and [[Cork City F.C.\|Cork City]] contested the final. Drogheda United were generally seen as underdogs coming into the game <ref name="RTÉ Report 1"/> but they successfully claimed their first major trophy by winning the match.<ref name="BBC Sport">{{cite news \|title=Drogheda clinch first cup triumph \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/irish/4497612.stm \|work=BBC Sport \|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> It was Cork City's first appearance in the final since [[1998 FAI Cup Final\|1998]]. Drogheda United last contested the final in [[1976 FAI Cup Final\|1976]].<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/iercuphist.html Ireland - List of Cup Finals]</ref> Live coverage of the match was provided on [[RTÉ Two]] and [[RTÉ Radio 1]].<ref name="RTÉ Report 5">{{cite news \|title=FAI Cup final matchtracker \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1204/198902-faicupfinal/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> ==Route to the final== ===Drogheda United=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right" <!-- \|+ '''Drogheda United''' --> !width="25" \| Round !width="150" \| Opposition !width="50" \| Score \|- \| 2nd \| [[Limerick F.C.\|Limerick]] (h) \| 2-0 \|- \| 3rd \| [[Dundalk F.C.\|Dundalk]] (a) \| 2-0 \|- \| Quarter-finals \| [[Bohemian F.C.\|Bohemians]] (h) \| 2-1 \|- \| Semi-finals \| [[Bray Wanderers A.F.C.\|Bray Wanderers]] (h) \| 2-1 \|} Drogheda United entered the competition in the second round along with the other 21 [[League of Ireland]] clubs. They did not play against any junior/intermediate teams en route to the final. Their first match was against [[2005 League of Ireland#First Division\|First Division]] Limerick FC. Drogheda won the match 2-0, despite threatening play by Limerick, with both goals coming in the second half.<ref name="RTÉ Report 6">{{cite news \|title=Drogheda overcome brave Limerick \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/0611/193380-drogheda/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> Drogheda were drawn away to Dundalk in the third round, however there was some uncertainty regarding the venue for the match. [[Oriel Park]], home of Dundalk, was under development leading up to the game and there was a possibility that the work would not be completed on time. Had this been the case, the match would have been switched to Drogheda's [[Hunky Dorys Park\|stadium]].<ref name="RTÉ Report 7">{{cite news \|title=Drogs set to hear word on Oriel Park \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/0821/195546-drogheda/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> The match went ahead at Oriel Park, with Drogheda as victors after goals from [[Mark Leech]] and [[Damian Lynch]] either side of half-time.<ref name="RTÉ Report 8">{{cite news \|title=Drogs ruin homecoming to advance \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/0826/195721-drogheda/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> At the quarter-final stage, Drogheda were drawn against [[Bohemian F.C.\|Bohemians]]. They won the game 2-1, and in doing so, reached the semi-finals of the competition for the second successive year. [[Paul Keegan (footballer born 1984)\|Paul Keegan]] opened the scoring after 2 minutes, with Damian Lynch adding a second after his initial penalty was saved. Bohemians pulled a goal back through [[Aidan O'Keeffe]] after the goalscorer, Keegan, was sent off shortly after half-time, but it proved to only be a consolation. Bohemians also had a player sent off towards the end of the game.<ref name="RTÉ Report 9">{{cite news \|title=Drogheda dump Bohemians out of FAI Cup \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/0923/196621-drogheda/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> A 2-1 home semi-final victory over [[Bray Wanderers A.F.C.\|Bray Wanderers]] sent Drogheda into their first FAI Cup Final since 1976. [[Declan O'Brien (footballer)\|Declan O'Brien]] opened the scoring in the first half. [[Jermaine Sandvliet]] put Drogheda 2-0 up in the second half, only for Bray Wanderers to score 2 minutes later. Despite this setback, Drogheda held on to reach the final.<ref name="RTÉ Report 10">{{cite news \|title=Drogheda into final after home win \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1023/197528-drogheda/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> ===Cork City=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right" <!-- \|+ '''Cork City''' --> !width="25" \| Round !width="150" \| Opposition !width="50" \| Score \|- \|rowspan="2" \| 2nd \| [[Galway United F.C.\|Galway United]] (a) \| 0-0 \|- \| Galway United (h) \| 1-0 \|- \|rowspan="2" \| 3rd \| [[Finn Harps F.C.\|Finn Harps]] (h) \| 0-0 \|- \| Finn Harps (a) \| 3-2 \|- \| Quarter-finals \| [[Sligo Rovers F.C.\|Sligo Rovers]] \| 3-1 \|- \| Semi-finals \| [[Derry City F.C.\|Derry City]] \| 1-0 \|} Cork City also entered the competition at the second round and did not play against any junior/intermediate sides en route to the final. They required a replay to overcome [[Galway United F.C.\|Galway United]] in the second round. The first tie, despite finishing 0-0, was dominated by Galway United, who were in the league below Cork City.<ref name="RTÉ Report 11">{{cite news \|title=Galway hold Cork to draw \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/0611/193381-corkcity/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> Cork City had home advantage in the replay and went on to win the game 1-0. The match did not pass without incident however, as the winning goal, a penalty, was deemed controversial by the away side.<ref name="RTÉ Report 12">{{cite news \|title=Cork squeeze past Galway in Cup replay \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/0614/193470-corkcity/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> Despite having home advantage, Cork City could only manage a 0-0 draw against [[Finn Harps F.C.\|Finn Harps]] in the third round. The required replay was not ideal for Cork City as they had qualified for the [[2005-06 UEFA Cup\|UEFA Cup]], which meant that fixture congestion was a possible problem.<ref name="RTÉ Report 13">{{cite news \|title=Fixture congestion looms for Cork after draw \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/0829/195814-cork/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> Extra-time was required to separate the two sides in the replay. Cork City scored first through [[Liam Kearney]] but Finn Harps had taken the lead by the 72nd minute through goals from Eloka Asokuh and Chris Breen. [[John O'Flynn]] scored for Cork City in the final few minutes to force extra-time. [[Roy O'Donovan]] scored the decisive goal 2 minutes from the end of extra-time.<ref name="RTÉ Report 14">{{cite news \|title=Cork leave it late against Harps \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/0903/195992-faicup1/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> Cork City were drawn at home to [[Sligo Rovers F.C.\|Sligo Rovers]] in the quarter-finals. With the match standing at 1-1, Sligo Rovers forward [[Kupono Low]] was dismissed. Cork City capitalised on the dismissal by scoring two further goals. The final score was 3-1.<ref name="RTÉ Report 15">{{cite news \|title=Cork crush Rovers' cup dreams \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/0923/196622-corkcity/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> This result set up a semi-final against [[Derry City F.C.\|Derry City]]. With 90 minutes played, the scoreline remained 0-0 and a replay seemed likely. However, in the second minute of injury time, Derry City substitute [[Stephen O'Flynn]] fouled [[Neale Fenn]] in the penalty area. The referee awarded a penalty, which was scored by [[George O'Callaghan]] to send Cork City into the final.<ref name="RTÉ Report 16">{{cite news \|title=Late Cork penalty puts them in Cup final \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1021/197463-corkcity1/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> ==Pre-match== Drogheda United were appearing in the final for the 3rd time, having lost the previous two finals they had contested (in [[1976 FAI Cup Final\|1976]] and [[1971 FAI Cup Final\|1971]]). Cork had won the competition once previously, in [[1998 FAI Cup Final\|1998]] and had been runners-up on two occasions, (in [[1992 FAI Cup Final\|1992]] and [[1989 FAI Cup Final\|1989]]). Cork City went into the game as [[2005 League of Ireland\|League of Ireland champions]] so they were in contention for the [[Double (association football)#Republic of Ireland\|double]].<ref name="RTÉ Report 17">{{cite news \|title=Cork City clinch eircom League crown \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1118/198380-corkcity1/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> The venue for the 2005 final was changed leading up to the match. Initially, the match was due to be played at Tolka Park, a stadium with a 9,500 capacity. However, as demand for tickets was expected to exceed the capacity of the stadium after Drogheda United's win over Bray Wanderers, the [[Football Association of Ireland]] considered alternative venues.<ref name="RTÉ Report 3"/> Lansdowne Road was announced as the venue for the final, although the north terrace of the stadium was closed due to fire damage.<ref name="RTÉ Report 18">{{cite news \|title=North Terrace closure for FAI Cup final \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1117/198329-faicup/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> ==Match== Cork City players [[Danny Murphy (footballer born 1982)\|Danny Murphy]] and Roy O'Donovan were suspended for the final after both were booked in a league match against [[Waterford United F.C.\|Waterford United]].<ref name="Irish Independent 2">{{cite news \|first=Gerry \|last=McDermott \|title=Cork's final bid to get Bennett ban lifted \|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/corks-final-bid-to-get-bennett-ban-lifted-233163.html \|work=www.independent.ie \|publisher=Irish Independent \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> [[Alan Bennett (Irish footballer)\|Alan Bennett]] also received a yellow card in the match, which meant he, too, was to be suspended for the cup final through receiving a one-match ban. Cork City appealed the decision on the grounds that the wrong player had been booked. Television footage appeared to confirm this, so the ban was overturned.<ref name="RTÉ Report 19">{{cite news \|title=City's Bennett available for FAI Cup final \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1202/198817-bennetta/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> ===Report=== Neither side dominated a tense first half which included only one chance of note - John O'Flynn nearly gave Cork City the lead in the 17th minute when his low shot hit the post. Cold and windy weather had a negative impact on the quality of football played.<ref name="Irish Independent 3">{{cite news \|title=Tears of joy flow as United finally deliver \|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/tears-of-joy-flow-as-united-finally-deliver-224224.html \|work=www.independent.ie \|publisher=Irish Independent \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> Drogheda United did manage to gain a foothold in the game, however, as they took the lead in the 52nd minute. Declan O'Brien challenged for a cross from the right and the ball broke to Gavin Whelan who scored from close range. Both sides created further chances,<ref name=" RTÉ Report 5"/> but it was Drogheda who scored the next, and final, goal as O'Brien lobbed the Cork keeper from 18 yards to seal the win.<ref name="RTÉ Report 1"/> ===Details=== {{football box \|date = 4 December 2005 <br /> 15:15 [[British Summer Time\|BST]]<ref name="RTÉ Report 4"/> \|team1 = Drogheda United \|score = 2 – 0 \|report = [http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1204/198912-drogheda/ Match report] \|team2 = Cork City \|goals1 = G. Whelan {{goal\|52}}<br />[[Declan O'Brien (footballer)\|D. O'Brien]] {{goal\|83}} \|goals2 = \|stadium = Lansdowne Road \| attendance = 24,521 }} {\| width=92% \| \|- \|{{Football kit \| pattern_la = \| pattern_b = _greyblue_sleeve_seams \| pattern_ra = \| leftarm = 770000 \| body = 770000 \| rightarm = 770000 \| shorts = 6EC6F1 \| socks = 6EC6F1 \| title = [[Drogheda United F.C.\|Drogheda United]] }} \|{{Football kit \| pattern_la = _green_stripes \| pattern_b = _greenstripes \| pattern_ra = _green_stripes \| leftarm = FFFFFF \| body = FFFFFF \| rightarm = FFFFFF \| shorts = FFFFFF \| socks = FFFFFF \| title = [[Cork City F.C.\|Cork City]] }} \|} {\| style="width:100%" \|- \|style="vertical-align:top; width:50%"\| {\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size:90%" \|- !width=25\| !!width=25\| \|- \|GK \|\|'''1'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Dan Connor (footballer)\|Dan Connor]] \|- \|RB \|\|'''2'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Damian Lynch]] \|\| {{yel\|79}} \|- \|CB \|\|'''6'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Graham Gartland]] \|- \|CB \|\|'''5'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Steven Gray (footballer)\|Steven Gray]] \|- \|LB \|\|'''3'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Simon Webb (footballer)\|Simon Webb]] \|- \|RM \|\|'''7'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Shane Robinson (footballer)\|Shane Robinson]] \|- \|CM \|\|'''4'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} Gavin Whelan \|\| \|\| {{goal\|52}} \|- \|CM \|\|'''8'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Stephen Bradley (footballer)\|Stephen Bradley]] \|\| {{suboff\|71}} \|- \|LM \|\|'''11'''\|\| {{flagicon\|NED}} [[Jermaine Sandvliet]] \|- \|ST \|\|'''9'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Declan O'Brien (footballer)\|Declan O'Brien]] ([[Captain (association football)\|c]]) \|\| {{goal\|83}} \|\| {{suboff\|90+3}} \|- \|ST \|\|'''19'''\|\| {{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Sami Ristila]] \|\| {{yel\|67}} \|\| {{suboff\|77}} \|- \|colspan=3\|'''Substitutes:''' \|- \|ST \|\|'''10'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Mark Leech]] \|- \|CM \|\|'''18'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Paul Keegan (footballer, born 1984)\|Paul Keegan]] \|\| {{subon\|71}} \|- \|ST \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} Mark Rooney \|\| {{subon\|77}} \|- \|CM \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Paul Bernard (footballer)\|Paul Bernard]] \|\| {{subon\|90+3}} \|- \|GK \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Gary Rogers]] \|- \|RB \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Patrick Sullivan (footballer)\|Patrick Sullivan]] \|- \|CB \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Stuart Malcolm]] \|- \|colspan=3\|'''Manager:''' \|- \|colspan=4\|{{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Paul Doolin]] \|} \|style="vertical-align:top"\| \|style="vertical-align:top; width:50%"\| {\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" \|- !width=25\| !!width=25\| \|- \|GK \|\|'''1'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Michael Devine (footballer)\|Michael Devine]] \|- \|RB \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Neal Horgan]] \|- \|CB \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Dan Murray (English footballer)\|Dan Murray]] \|\| {{yel\|29}} \|- \|CB \|\|'''3'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Alan Bennett (Irish footballer)\|Alan Bennett]] \|- \|LB \|\|'''11'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Billy Woods (Irish footballer)\|Billy Woods]] \|- \|RM \|\|'''8'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Neale Fenn]] \|\| {{suboff\|63}} \|- \|CM \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Joe Gamble]] \|- \|CM \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Greg O'Halloran]] ([[Captain (association football)\|c]]) \|\| {{suboff\|83}} \|- \|LM \|\|'''30'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Liam Kearney]] \|- \|AM \|\|'''10'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[George O'Callaghan]] \|\| {{yel\|27}} \|- \|ST \|\|'''9'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[John O'Flynn]] \|- \|colspan=3\|'''Substitutes:''' \|- \|ST \|\|'''?'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Denis Behan]] \|\| {{subon\|63}} \|- \|RM \|\|'''7'''\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} Colin O’Brien \|\| {{subon\|83}} \|- \|colspan=3\|'''Manager:''' \|- \|colspan=4\|{{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Damien Richardson (footballer)\|Damien Richardson]] \|} \|} ==Post-match== In an interview with the [[Irish Independent]] after the match, Cork City manager [[Damien Richardson (footballer)\|Damien Richardson]] was critical of the playing surface at Lansdowne Road, particularly as three rugby internationals had recently been played at the stadium. He added that he would like to see the cup final played earlier in the year.<ref name="RTÉ Report 20">{{cite news \|title=Rico slams state of Lansdowne pitch \|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/irish/2005/1205/198929-corkcity/ \|work=RTÉ Sport \|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann \|accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== [http://www.droghedaunited.ie/ Drogheda United official website] {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130102165149/http://www.corkcityfc.net/ Cork City FC official website]}} {{FAI Cup seasons}} {{Drogheda United F.C.}} {{Cork City F.C.}} [[Category:FAI Cup finals]] [[Category:2005 FAI Cup\|Final]] [[Category:Cork City F.C. matches\|Fai Cup Final 2005]] [[Category:Drogheda United F.C. matches\|Fai Cup Final 2005]] [[Category:2000s in Dublin (city)\|FAI Cup Final, 2005]] [[Category:December 2005 sports events in Europe\|FAI Cup Final]] [[Category:December 2005 in Ireland]]	1,284,183,218	[{"title": "2005 FAI Cup Final", "data": {"Event": "2005 FAI Cup", "Drogheda United": "Cork City", "2": "0", "Date": "4 December 2005", "Venue": "Lansdowne Road, Dublin", "Man of the Match": "Gavin Whelan (Drogheda United)", "Referee": "Ian Stokes", "Attendance": "24,521"}}]	false
# Cristian Espinoza Cristian Omar Espinoza (born 3 April 1995) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a winger for Major League Soccer club San Jose Earthquakes. ## Club career ### Huracán Born in Buenos Aires, Espinoza graduated from Huracán's youth setup. He made his first team debut on 24 March 2013, coming on as a second half substitute in a 2–2 home draw against Instituto for the Primera B Nacional championship. Espinoza scored his first professional goal on 26 May, netting his side's last in a 3–1 home win against Crucero del Norte. He subsequently established himself as a regular starter, scoring two goals in 2014 and helping his side promote to Primera División. Espinoza made his debut in the main category of Argentine football on 3 May 2015, in a 1–1 away draw against Rosario Central. His first goals in the category came on 2 August, netting a brace in a 3–3 draw at Crucero del Norte. ### Villarreal On 4 August 2016, Espinoza signed a five-year contract with La Liga side Villarreal CF. Fifteen days later, he was loaned to fellow league team Deportivo Alavés until the end of the season. Espinoza made his debut in the main category of Spanish football on 28 August 2016, replacing Ibai Gómez in a 0–0 home draw against Sporting de Gijón. After being rarely used, he left the club the following 30 January. On 31 January 2017, Espinoza was loaned to Segunda División side Real Valladolid until June. ### San Jose Earthquakes On 2 January 2019, Espinoza was loaned to Major League Soccer side San Jose Earthquakes on a season-long loan. On 11 December, it was announced that he had joined San Jose on a permanent deal for a club-record transfer fee. ## International career On 11 December 2014 Espinoza was included in Argentina under-20's 32-man list for the 2015 South American Youth Football Championship, held in Uruguay. He was included in the final call-up, and made his debut in the competition on 14 January, starting and assisting Tomás Martínez in the third of a 5–2 routing over Ecuador. ## Career Statistics ### Club As of match played 8 September 2024 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| National cup \| National cup \| Continental \| Continental \| Other \| Other \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| --------------------------- \| ------------ \| -------------------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Huracán \| 2012–13 \| Primera B Nacional \| 10 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 10 \| 1 \| \| Huracán \| 2013–14 \| Primera B Nacional \| 28 \| 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 28 \| 2 \| \| Huracán \| 2014 \| Primera B Nacional \| 21 \| 2 \| 4 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 25 \| 2 \| \| Huracán \| 2015 \| Argentine Primera División \| 17 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 10 \| 4 \| 1 \| 0 \| 29 \| 6 \| \| Huracán \| 2016 \| Argentine Primera División \| 14 \| 2 \| — \| — \| 6 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 21 \| 3 \| \| Huracán \| Total \| Total \| 90 \| 9 \| 5 \| 0 \| 16 \| 5 \| 2 \| 0 \| 113 \| 14 \| \| Alavés (loan) \| 2016–17 \| La Liga \| 6 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 8 \| 0 \| \| Valladolid (loan) \| 2016–17 \| Segunda División \| 10 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 10 \| 0 \| \| Boca Juniors (loan) \| 2017–18 \| Argentine Primera División \| 11 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 17 \| 0 \| \| Boca Juniors (loan) \| 2018–19 \| Argentine Primera División \| 4 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 5 \| 2 \| \| Boca Juniors (loan) \| Total \| Total \| 15 \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 22 \| 2 \| \| San Jose Earthquakes (loan) \| 2019 \| MLS \| 30 \| 2 \| 2 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 32 \| 3 \| \| San Jose Earthquakes \| 2020 \| MLS \| 26 \| 4 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 26 \| 4 \| \| San Jose Earthquakes \| 2021 \| MLS \| 32 \| 3 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 32 \| 3 \| \| San Jose Earthquakes \| 2022 \| MLS \| 34 \| 7 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 36 \| 7 \| \| San Jose Earthquakes \| 2023 \| MLS \| 35 \| 13 \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 39 \| 13 \| \| San Jose Earthquakes \| 2024 \| MLS \| 27 \| 4 \| 1 \| 1 \| 4 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 32 \| 5 \| \| San Jose Earthquakes \| Total \| Total \| 154 \| 31 \| 4 \| 1 \| 6 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 165 \| 32 \| \| Career Total \| Career Total \| Career Total \| 305 \| 44 \| 15 \| 2 \| 24 \| 5 \| 6 \| 0 \| 350 \| 51 \| 1. ↑ Nine appearances, Four goals in Copa Sudamericana, One appearance in Copa Libertadores 2. ↑ Appearance(s) in Supercopa Argentina 3. 1 2 Appearance(s) in Copa Libertadores 4. 1 2 Appearance(s) in Torneos de Verano 5. 1 2 Appearance(s) in Leagues Cup 6. ↑ Appearance(s) in MLS All-Star Game ## Honours Individual - MLS All-Star: 2023,[13] 2025 - MLS Player of the Month: April 2023[14]	enwiki/45069936	enwiki	45,069,936	Cristian Espinoza	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Espinoza	2025-07-22T22:56:24Z	en	Q17628109	108,271	{{short description\|Argentine footballer (born 1995)\|bot=PearBOT 5}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Cristian Espinoza \| image = \| fullname = Cristian Omar Espinoza \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1995\|4\|3\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina \| height = 1.70m \| position = [[Midfielder#Winger\|Winger]] \| currentclub = [[San Jose Earthquakes]] \| clubnumber = 10 \| youthyears1 = \| youthclubs1 = [[Club Atlético Huracán\|Huracán]] \| years1 = 2013–2016 \| clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Huracán\|Huracán]] \| caps1 = 90 \| goals1 = 9 \| years2 = 2016–2020 \| clubs2 = [[Villarreal CF\|Villarreal]] \| caps2 = 0 \| goals2 = 0 \| years3 = 2016 \| clubs3 = → [[Deportivo Alavés\|Alavés]] (loan) \| caps3 = 6 \| goals3 = 0 \| years4 = 2017 \| clubs4 = → [[Real Valladolid\|Valladolid]] (loan) \| caps4 = 10 \| goals4 = 0 \| years5 = 2017–2018 \| clubs5 = → [[Boca Juniors]] (loan) \| caps5 = 15 \| goals5 = 2 \| years6 = 2019 \| clubs6 = → [[San Jose Earthquakes]] (loan) \| caps6 = 30 \| goals6 = 2 \| years7 = 2020– \| clubs7 = [[San Jose Earthquakes]] \| caps7 = 130 \| goals7 = 27 \| nationalyears1 = 2015 \| nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-20 football team\|Argentina U20]] \| nationalcaps1 = 11 \| nationalgoals1 = 0 \| pcupdate = 6 April 2024 \| ntupdate = 16 July 2015 }} '''Cristian Omar Espinoza''' (born 3 April 1995) is an Argentine professional [[Association football\|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Winger\|winger]] for [[Major League Soccer]] club [[San Jose Earthquakes]]. ==Club career== ===Huracán=== Born in [[Buenos Aires]], Espinoza graduated from [[Club Atlético Huracán\|Huracán]]'s youth setup. He made his first team debut on 24 March 2013, coming on as a second half [[Substitute (association football)\|substitute]] in a 2–2 home draw against [[Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba\|Instituto]] for the [[Primera B Nacional]] championship.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.diariopopular.com.ar/notas/150865-instituto-le-gana-1-0-huracan-\|title=Huracán igualó con Instituto en Parque Patricios\|trans-title=Huracán drew with Instituto in Parque Patricios\|publisher=[[Diario Popular]]\|language=es\|date=24 March 2013\|accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref> Espinoza scored his first professional goal on 26 May, netting his side's last in a 3–1 home win against [[Crucero del Norte]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Huracan-recupero-hundio-Crucero-Norte_0_926307803.html\|title=Huracán se recuperó y hundió a Crucero del Norte\|trans-title=Huracán recovered themselves and sunk Crucero del Norte\|publisher=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)\|Clarín]]\|language=es\|date=26 May 2013\|accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref> He subsequently established himself as a regular starter, scoring two goals in [[2014 Primera B Nacional\|2014]] and helping his side promote to [[Argentine Primera División\|Primera División]]. Espinoza made his debut in the main category of Argentine football on 3 May 2015, in a 1–1 away draw against [[Rosario Central]]. His first goals in the category came on 2 August, netting a brace in a 3–3 draw at Crucero del Norte. ===Villarreal=== On 4 August 2016, Espinoza signed a five-year contract with [[La Liga]] side [[Villarreal CF]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.villarrealcf.es/en/news/item/14483-villarreal-cf-sign-cristian-espinoza\|title=Villarreal CF sign Cristian Espinoza\|publisher=Villarreal CF\|date=4 August 2016\|accessdate=4 August 2016}}</ref> Fifteen days later, he was loaned to fellow league team [[Deportivo Alavés]] until the end of the season.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/cristian-espinoza-velocidad-y-desborde-para-la-delantera-albiazul\|title=Cristian Espinoza, velocidad y desborde para la delantera albiazul\|trans-title=Cristian Espinoza, speed and skill for the white-and-blue attack\|publisher=Deportivo Alavés\|language=es\|date=19 August 2016\|accessdate=19 August 2016}}</ref> Espinoza made his debut in the main category of Spanish football on 28 August 2016, replacing [[Ibai Gómez]] in a 0–0 home draw against [[Sporting de Gijón]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2016_17/la-liga/jornada_2/ala_spo/\|title=Alavés y Sporting siguen sumando buenas sensaciones\|trans-title=Alavés and Sporting keep on adding good feelings\|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)\|Marca]]\|language=es\|date=28 August 2016\|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> After being rarely used, he left the club the following 30 January.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/el-deportivo-alaves-y-cristian-espinoza-acuerdan-su-salida-del-conjunto-albiazul\|title=El Deportivo Alavés y Cristian Espinoza acuerdan su salida del conjunto albiazul\|trans-title=Deportivo Alavés and Cristian Espinoza agree his departure from the blue-and-white outfit\|publisher=Deportivo Alavés\|language=es\|date=30 January 2017\|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> On 31 January 2017, Espinoza was loaned to [[Segunda División]] side [[Real Valladolid]] until June.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.realvalladolid.es/noticias/actualidad/31012017/El-Pucela-incorpora-a-Cristian-Espinoza/\|title=El Pucela incorpora a Cristian Espinoza\|trans-title=Pucela sign Cristian Espinoza\|publisher=Real Valladolid\|language=es\|date=31 January 2017\|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> ===San Jose Earthquakes=== On 2 January 2019, Espinoza was loaned to [[Major League Soccer]] side [[San Jose Earthquakes]] on a season-long loan.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sjearthquakes.com/post/2019/01/02/news-earthquakes-acquire-argentine-forward-cristian-espinoza-loan\|title=NEWS: Earthquakes Acquire Argentine Forward Cristian Espinoza on Loan\|publisher=San Jose Earthquakes\|language=en\|date=2 January 2019\|accessdate=2 January 2019}}</ref> On 11 December, it was announced that he had joined San Jose on a permanent deal for a club-record transfer fee.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sjearthquakes.com/post/2019/12/11/news-earthquakes-acquire-cristian-espinoza-permanent-transfer\|title=NEWS: Earthquakes Acquire Cristian Espinoza on Permanent Transfer\|publisher=San Jose Earthquakes\|date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ==International career== On 11 December 2014 Espinoza was included in [[Argentina national under-20 football team\|Argentina under-20]]'s 32-man list for the [[2015 South American Youth Football Championship]], held in [[Uruguay]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.tycsports.com/noticias/La-Sub-20-tiene-su-preseleccion-para-el-Sudamericano-de-Uruguay-20141211-0026.html\|title=La Sub 20 tiene su preselección para el Sudamericano de Uruguay\|trans-title=The under-20's has their pre-squad for the South American in Uruguay\|publisher=TyC Sports\|language=es\|date=11 December 2014\|accessdate=13 December 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213012306/http://www.tycsports.com/noticias/La-Sub-20-tiene-su-preseleccion-para-el-Sudamericano-de-Uruguay-20141211-0026.html\|archive-date=13 December 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was included in the final call-up,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22608:humberto-grondona-dio-la-lista-de-23-convocados-para-el-sudamericano&catid=166&Itemid=583&lang=es \|title=Humberto Grondona dio la lista de 23 convocados para el Sudamericano \|trans-title=Humberto Grondona revealed the list of 23 called-up for the South American \|publisher=[[Argentine Football Association]] \|language=es \|date=10 January 2015 \|accessdate=16 January 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032226/http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22608%3Ahumberto-grondona-dio-la-lista-de-23-convocados-para-el-sudamericano&catid=166&Itemid=583&lang=es \|archivedate= 7 January 2015 }}</ref> and made his debut in the competition on 14 January, starting and assisting [[Tomás Martínez (footballer)\|Tomás Martínez]] in the third of a 5–2 routing over [[Ecuador national under-20 football team\|Ecuador]]. ==Career Statistics== ===Club=== {{updated\|match played 8 September 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway\|654451\|access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|National cup !colspan="2"\|Continental !colspan="2"\|Other !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|rowspan="6"\|[[Club Atlético Huracán\|Huracán]] \|[[2012–13 Primera B Nacional\|2012–13]] \|[[Primera Nacional\|Primera B Nacional]] \|10\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|10\|\|1 \|- \|[[2013-14 Primera B Nacional\|2013–14]] \|Primera B Nacional \|28\|\|2\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|28\|\|2 \|- \|[[2014 Primera B Nacional\|2014]] \|Primera B Nacional \|21\|\|2\|\|4\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|25\|\|2 \|- \|[[2015 Argentine Primera División\|2015]] \|[[Argentine Primera División]] \|17\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|10{{efn\|Nine appearances, Four goals in [[Copa Sudamericana]], One appearance in [[Copa Libertadores]]}}\|\|4\|\|1{{efn\|name="ASUC"\|Appearance(s) in [[Supercopa Argentina]]}}\|\|0\|\|29\|\|6 \|- \|[[2016 Argentine Primera División\|2016]] \|Argentine Primera División \|14\|\|2\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|6{{efn\|name="COL"\|Appearance(s) in Copa Libertadores}}\|\|1\|\|1{{efn\|name="TDV"\|Appearance(s) in [[Torneos de Verano (Argentina)\|Torneos de Verano]]}}\|\|0\|\|21\|\|3 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !90!!9!!5!!0!!16!!5!!2!!0!!113!!14 \|- \|[[Deportivo Alavés\|Alavés]] (loan) \|[[2016-17 La Liga\|2016–17]] \|[[La Liga]] \|6\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|8\|\|0 \|- \|[[Real Valladolid\|Valladolid]] (loan) \|[[2016-17 Segunda División\|2016–17]] \|[[Segunda División]] \|10\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|10\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[Boca Juniors]] (loan) \|[[2017-18 Argentine Primera División\|2017–18]] \|Argentine Primera División \|11\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|2{{efn\|name="COL"}}\|\|0\|\|3{{efn\|name="TDV"}}\|\|0\|\|17\|\|0 \|- \|[[2018-19 Argentine Primera División\|2018–19]] \|Argentine Primera División \|4\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|5\|\|2 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !15!!2!!2!!0!!2!!0!!3!!0!!22!!2 \|- \|[[San Jose Earthquakes]] (loan) \|[[2019 Major League Soccer season\|2019]] \|[[Major League Soccer\|MLS]] \|30\|\|2\|\|2\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|32\|\|3 \|- \|rowspan="6"\|San Jose Earthquakes \|[[2020 Major League Soccer season\|2020]] \|MLS \|26\|\|4\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|26\|\|4 \|- \|[[2021 Major League Soccer season\|2021]] \|MLS \|32\|\|3\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|32\|\|3 \|- \|[[2022 Major League Soccer season\|2022]] \|MLS \|34\|\|7\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|36\|\|7 \|- \|[[2023 Major League Soccer season\|2023]] \|MLS \|35\|\|13\|\|1\|\|0\|\|2{{efn\|name="LEC"\|Appearance(s) in [[Leagues Cup]]}}\|\|0\|\|1{{efn\|name="ALL"\|Appearance(s) in [[MLS All-Star Game]]}}\|\|0\|\|39\|\|13 \|- \|[[2024 Major League Soccer season\|2024]] \|MLS \|27\|\|4\|\|1\|\|1\|\|4{{efn\|name="LEC"}}\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|32\|\|5 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !154!!31!!4!!1!!6!!0!!1!!0!!165!!32 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career Total !305!!44!!15!!2!!24!!5!!6!!0!!350!!51 \|} {{notelist}} ==Honours== '''Individual''' [[MLS All-Star Game\|MLS All-Star]]: [[2023 MLS All-Star Game\|2023]],<ref>{{cite news\|title=2023 MLS All-Star Team Roster\|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/all-star/2023/news/2023-mls-all-star-team-roster\|publisher=Major League Soccer\|access-date=17 July 2023\|date=7 July 2023}}</ref> [[2025 MLS All-Star Game\|2025]] [[MLS Player of the Month]]: [[2023 Major League Soccer season#Player of the Month\|April 2023]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=San Jose Earthquakes forward Cristian Espinoza named MLS Player of the Month\|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/san-jose-earthquakes-forward-cristian-espinoza-named-mls-player-of-the-month\|date=4 May 2023\|access-date=29 June 2023\|publisher=Major League Soccer}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{BDFutbol\|20093}} {{ESPN FC\|73200}} *{{Soccerway\|cristian--espinoza/283530}} {{San Jose Earthquakes squad}} {{Argentina men's football squad 2016 Summer Olympics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Espinoza, Cristian}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Footballers from Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Argentine men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football forwards]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:Primera Nacional players]] [[Category:Club Atlético Huracán footballers]] [[Category:Boca Juniors footballers]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Villarreal CF players]] [[Category:Deportivo Alavés players]] [[Category:Segunda División players]] [[Category:Real Valladolid players]] [[Category:San Jose Earthquakes players]] [[Category:Argentina men's youth international footballers]] [[Category:Argentina men's under-20 international footballers]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Spain]] [[Category:Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic footballers for Argentina]] [[Category:Major League Soccer players]] [[Category:Designated Players (MLS)]] [[Category:21st-century Argentine sportsmen]]	1,302,015,882	[{"title": "Cristian Espinoza", "data": {"Full name": "Cristian Omar Espinoza", "Date of birth": "3 April 1995", "Place of birth": "Buenos Aires, Argentina", "Height": "1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)", "Position(s)": "Winger"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "San Jose Earthquakes", "Number": "10"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2013\u20132016": "Hurac\u00e1n \u00b7 90 \u00b7 (9)", "2016\u20132020": "Villarreal \u00b7 0 \u00b7 (0)", "2016": "\u2192 Alav\u00e9s (loan) \u00b7 6 \u00b7 (0)", "2017": "\u2192 Valladolid (loan) \u00b7 10 \u00b7 (0)", "2017\u20132018": "\u2192 Boca Juniors (loan) \u00b7 15 \u00b7 (2)", "2019": "\u2192 San Jose Earthquakes (loan) \u00b7 30 \u00b7 (2)", "2020\u2013": "San Jose Earthquakes \u00b7 130 \u00b7 (27)"}}, {"title": "International career\u2021", "data": {"2015": "Argentina U20 \u00b7 11 \u00b7 (0)"}}, {"title": "Argentina men's football squad \u2013 2016 Summer Olympics", "data": {"1 Rulli 2 Gianetti 3 Soto 4 G\u00f3mez 5 Romero 6 Cuesta ( c ) 7 Pav\u00f3n 8 Ascac\u00edbar 9 Calleri 10 Correa 11 Simeone 12 Werner 13 Arzura 14 Lo Celso 15 Magall\u00e1n 16 Vega 17 Mart\u00ednez 18 Espinoza Coach: Olarticoechea": "Argentina"}}]	false
# Orange UK Orange UK was a mobile network operator and internet service provider in the United Kingdom, launched in 1994. It was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index but was purchased by France Télécom (now Orange S.A.) in 2000, which then adopted the Orange brand for all its other mobile communications activities. Orange UK merged with Deutsche Telekom's T-Mobile UK to form a joint venture, EE in 2010. EE continued to operate the Orange brand until February 2015, when new connections and upgrades on Orange tariffs were withdrawn. Existing Orange customers could continue on their plans until March 2019. ## History ### Background: 1990–1994 The inception of the Orange brand occurred in 1990 in the United Kingdom with the formation of Microtel Communications, a consortium initially formed by Pactel Corporation (American), British Aerospace, Millicom and Matra (French); and later wholly owned by BAe. In July 1991, the Hong Kong-based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa, through a stock swap deal with BAe, acquired a controlling stake of 65% in Microtel, who by then had won a license to develop a personal communications network in the United Kingdom. As part of the deal, BAe gained a 30% stake in Hutchison Telecommunications (UK). ### Launch of Orange and expansion: 1994–1999 Hutchison renamed Microtel to Orange Personal Communications Services on 28 March 1994; and on 28 April 1994, the Orange 1,800 MHz GSM network was launched. The Orange brand, at the time an unusual name for a telecommunications firm, was created by a team at Microtel led by Chris Moss (marketing director) and supported by Martin Keogh, Rob Furness and Ian Pond. The brand consultancy Wolff Olins was charged with designing the brand values and logo, and advertising agency WCRS created the slogan "The future's bright, the future's Orange". The team that launched Orange in the UK was led by Malcolm Way, and later Hans Snook who became the chief executive. A holding company structure was adopted in 1995 with the establishment of Orange plc. In April 1996, Orange went public and floated on the London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ, majority owned by Hutchison (48.22%), followed by BAe (21.1%). In June 1996, it became the youngest company to enter the FTSE 100, valued at £2.4 billion. By July 1997 Orange had gained one million customers. ### Acquisition of Orange and part of France Télécom: 1999–2009 The stint as a public company came to an end in October 1999, when it was acquired for US$33 billion by the German conglomerate Mannesmann AG. Mannesmann's acquisition of Orange triggered Vodafone to make a hostile takeover bid for the German company. Shortly thereafter, in February 2000, Vodafone acquired Mannesmann for US$183bn and divested Orange, as EU regulations would not allow it to hold two mobile licences. In May 2000, France Télécom announced the acquisition of the global operations of Orange from Vodafone for US$37bn, and the transaction was completed in August 2000. France Télécom subsequently rebranded all its mobile telecommunications as Orange. The company was initially 100% owned by France Télécom (although there were and remain minority investors in some of the national operating companies). In 2001 15% was sold in an IPO, but in 2003 the outstanding shares were bought back by France Télécom. ### Merger with T-Mobile UK: 2009–2015 On 8 September 2009, France Télécom and T-Mobile parent Deutsche Telekom announced they were in advanced talks to merge their UK operations to create the largest mobile operator, which would have 37% of the market. The Orange brand was to be retained for the first eighteen months at least. Consumer Focus and the Communications Consumer Panel sent a joint letter to the then Competition Commissioner Neelie Kroes in December 2009, asking for the merger to be investigated by authorities in the United Kingdom, rather than Brussels. The British Office of Fair Trading joined this call by asking the EU to allow it to investigate the proposed deal in February 2010, saying that it believed the merger could have a 'significant' effect on competition. On 1 March 2010, the European Commission approved the merger, on condition that the combined company sell 25% of the spectrum it owned on the 1,800 MHz radio band, and amend a network sharing agreement with smaller rival 3. On 1 April 2010, Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom completed the merger of their UK operations, causing Orange UK and T-Mobile UK to cease to exist, although the brands were to be maintained until 2015 for new customers, and 2019 for existing customers. On 11 May 2010, it was announced that both the Orange and T-Mobile brands would remain on British high streets, although their new merged parent company would be called EE. The Orange Home UK broadband service was rebranded as EE Broadband on 30 October 2010. ### Phase-out of brand: 2015-2019 In February 2015, Orange UK's parent company EE announced that Orange (along with T-Mobile) tariffs were withdrawn for new customers. Existing customers wishing to upgrade had to choose an EE price plan. Starting in July 2015, Orange pay-as-you-go customers also had the ability to dial premium rate and directory enquiries numbers withdrawn. Those who needed to call such services were advised to transfer to an EE plan. Remaining Orange customers were informed in early 2019 that they had to switch to an EE plan by March, or their services would be terminated. This marked the end of Orange service in the United Kingdom. ## Services Orange offered pay-as-you-go and pay monthly service plans. As with other prepaid plans, pay-as-you-go customers could top-up their phone via a swipe card, over the internet, by voucher bought printed as a receipt from a till, or via a credit or debit card. Until the EE takeover, Orange operated GPRS, EDGE and 3G HSDPA services. This has since been merged with T-Mobile's network. Orange's 2G network covered 99% of the UK population, and was the largest integrated 3G/2.5G network in the UK. Orange claimed in 2008 that it spent up to £1.5 million per day investing in its network. In 2009, Orange UK decided to outsource its mobile network. Therefore, in March 2009, Nokia Siemens Networks was chosen to manage, plan, expand, optimise and provide maintenance services for the Orange 2G/3G mobile network for the next five years. Currently, Orange customers are only able to access the UK's biggest 3G network along with EE's standard 2G network. Customers that wish to use EE's 4G network, have to upgrade to EE from their Orange plan. Orange also provided DSL services under the same brand. Originally operated as Freeserve in the UK, it was bought-out by France Télécom, rebranded as Wanadoo and on 1 June 2006 Wanadoo was rebranded Orange. When Orange launched its DSL broadband service it offered it for 'free', joining TalkTalk in the foray for market share. The company attempted to converge its mobile and DSL broadband products and offered broadband services alongside its mobile services, at a subsidized rate (up to £15 off full price per month for Orange mobile customers in an Orange Broadband network area). Orange offered 'triple-play' services converging mobile, landline and DSL broadband. Orange on its most expensive broadband service used to offer a Livebox which integrates VoIP technology as well as WiFi, but in more recent times, this has been replaced by a Netgear router. Orange also created an energy harvesting T-shirt and shoes. ### Price plans In 2000, Orange introduced a limited plan called 'Out Here', designed for users who did not make a lot of calls but needed to keep in touch. For a one-off payment of £15, users received a SIM with five free texts every day for life without ever having to top up again, and an Orange-branded 'Out Here' drawstring bag. In April 2006, Orange changed its contract offering by offering four packages to customers, named Dolphin, Canary, Racoon and Panther. On some plans there were unlimited minutes (to landlines or Orange UK mobiles), texts or data. In addition to this Orange offered dedicated business plans: Solo and Sense (a sharer plan). Orange also offered 'magic numbers': unlimited free calls to other Orange UK mobiles on contract or "talk for an hour, pay for a minute" on PAYG. In April 2008, Orange extended its animals to pay-as-you-go customers, introducing Dolphin, Raccoon, Canary, Camel, and Monkey. Dolphin, Monkey and Canary offer bonuses, whilst Raccoon is a discounted call rate and Camel is for a call-abroad tariff giving discounted calls to foreign countries. Orange, like other mobile networks, offered an "Internet Everywhere" tariff on pay-as-you-go, pay monthly and business plans. The tariffs names for pay monthly were aligned with the animals' theme in May 2010 when Orange offered both Dolphin and Raccoon plans for internet use available on both 1 month and 12-month contracts. In August 2011, the price plans were revised, and names changed to Small, Medium, and Large. Similar to home broadband, Orange mobile customers received a £5 discount on their mobile broadband plan. The business plans remained as "Business Everywhere". The 12-month plans came with a USB modem (or dongle) for free. The customer was required to pay a small price for the dongle on the 1-month plans. A portable WiFi dongle could also be purchased, dubbed "Mobile WiFi". The service operated across the network's EDGE, 3G, HSDPA and HSUPA network and offered speeds of up to 3.6 Mbit/s. Orange announced in June 2008 that this speed would be increased to 7.2 Mbit/s in the top 30 UK cities and 14.4 Mbit/s in the top five cities. ### Orange shops Orange, like its competitors, operated a retail estate, with over 300 stores. These were branded as "The Orange Shop" and operated as an indirect sales channel. In September 2012, Orange's parent company EE announced that all Orange and T-Mobile stores were to be re-branded as EE stores by 30 October 2012, the launch date of their 4G network, offering products from all three brands of the company. There are now around 700 EE stores open in the UK. After February 2015, only EE products were available in stores. ## Marketing ### Orange Gold Spots Until 2012, at most cinemas across the UK, advertisements for Orange were shown directly before the film, after the other adverts and film trailers, to remind people to turn off their mobile phones if they hadn't done so already. These were officially known as 'Orange Gold Spots'. The adverts featured various celebrities including; Rob Lowe, Dennis Hopper, Macaulay Culkin, Patrick Swayze, Carrie Fisher, John Cleese, Ewan McGregor, and The A-Team. Throughout the sketch, a pair of fictional Orange executives, played by Brennan Brown and Steve Furst, manipulate an idea into film which promotes Orange through product placement, despite the product being completely 'out-of-place' (a mobile phone in a Western Film is one example); the catch line is "Don't let a mobile phone ruin your movie. Please switch it off." After five years, Orange changed advertising agencies and replaced the fictional Orange Film Funding Board with adverts in which the characters now run a film studio, remaking classic films with mobile phone references inserted. In April 2010, Gold Spots featuring specific forthcoming films replaced the Orange Film Funding Board parodies. The new adverts, promoting specific movies released by 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Pictures, Vertigo Films and Nu Image feature the stars of the movie filming scenes in-character with Orange product placement, before breaking character to complain. The first advert featured the cast of The A-Team, followed by a spot starring Jack Black in Gulliver's Travels, Jesse Eisenberg and Anne Hathaway in Rio, Potiche, The Muppets, The Expendables 2 and The Sweeney. In 2012, the Orange adverts were replaced with adverts for parent company EE, featuring Kevin Bacon. In addition to this Orange offered 'Orange Wednesdays' from 2003 until 2014. This enabled any Orange customer to apply for 2 for 1 cinema tickets at participating cinemas, by text message. This was a result of Orange attempting to increase cinema visits during the quiet weekly periods. The Orange Wednesdays promotion also allowed Orange customers a 2 for 1 main courses with complimentary appetizers at PizzaExpress restaurants. Both the cinema ticket and meal offers only required a text ticket from Orange, which is entered at point of purchase. EE announced on 11 December 2014 that the Orange Wednesday promotion will end on 25 February 2015. ### Sponsorship Orange sponsored the Arrows Formula One team from 2000 until 2002. In spirit with Orange's commitment to cinema Orange sponsored the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards until 2012 which includes an award in its own name – the Orange Rising Star Award. Sponsorship switched to EE from 2013 onwards. Orange UK has also shown a commitment to music which has included partnering with the Glastonbury Festival to provide mobile charging facilities and offers a music bursary. ### Slogans In 2008, Orange's slogan, "The future's bright – the future's Orange" was dropped after many years by its CEO Tom Alexander in a bid to save its ailing fortunes. From July 2008 to 2013, "I am"' became the main slogan, shortened from "I am who I am because of everyone", however, subsidiary slogans were used to describe the company's products and services, for example "I am more focus, less fuzz" was used to describe the Samsung Soul handset. ## Controversies ### Data protection In 2007, Orange was found to be in breach of the Data Protection Act 1998 by the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) after complaints from customers about the use of their personal information. Orange has since agreed to reinforce the requirements of the Act. The company was also criticised in the press for its handling of personal data, following complaints of Orange customer data being used by independent mobile sales companies in the practice of slamming. Orange denied any involvement. ### Attempted price increases In August 2009, Orange attempted to increase the cost of its services to customers already under contract. Users were informed that legally, they were allowed to cancel their contract, as this was a breach of contract. Orange reverted their decision, and the price hikes did not go ahead. In December 2011, Orange sent a text to its customer base to notify them that they were increasing monthly contract fees by just below RPI rates. They imposed a 4.34% increase, coming into effect on 8 January. It was identified that the clause that supposedly allowed Orange to increase by inflation mid-contract, clause 4.3.1, was flawed as it referenced a Statistical Office which no longer exists. Specifically, Orange referenced "the All Items Index of Retail Prices published by the Central Statistical Office in the Monthly Digest of Statistics". Orange maintain that their inaccurate wording in previous contracts was legally binding but chose to settle all known court cases brought against them on this issue. Two years later, following its merger with T-Mobile, the combined companies again signalled their intention to increase the agreed tariffs of existing pay monthly customers. Clause 4.3.1 has now changed to disallow the customer from cancelling their contract if "we give you written notice to increase the charges (as a percentage) by an amount equal to or less than the percentage increase in the All Items Index of Retail Prices or any other statistical measure of inflation published by any government body authorised to publish measures of inflation from time to time, and published on a date as close as reasonably possible before the date on which we send you written notice". This led to many customers using the change of clause to cancel their mobile phone contracts with Orange.	enwiki/5020215	enwiki	5,020,215	Orange UK	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_UK	2025-08-20T23:39:56Z	en	Q10859717	211,288	{{Short description\|1994–2010 UK mobile network operator and ISP}} {{More citations needed\|date=October 2022}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}} {{Use British English\|date=April 2014}} {{Infobox company \| name = Orange Plc \| logo = Orange logo.svg \| logo_size = 150px \| logo_caption = \| image = \| type = [[Subsidiary]] \| industry = [[Telecommunications industry\|Telecommunications]] \| fate = [[Mergers and acquisitions\|Merged]] with [[T-Mobile UK]] into [[EE (telecommunications)\|EE]] \| predecessor = \| successor = [[EE (telecommunications)\|EE]] \| founded = {{start date and age\|1994\|03\|28\|df=yes}} \| founder = [[Li Ka-shing]] \| defunct = {{start date and age\|2010\|04\|01\|df=yes}} {{small\|(as a company)}}<br />{{start date and age\|2015\|02\|df=yes}} {{small\|(as a brand)}}<br />{{start date and age\|2019\|03\|df=yes}} {{small\|(discontinuation of service)}} \| hq_location_city = \| hq_location_country = United Kingdom \| area_served = United Kingdom \| key_people = \| products = Telecommunications products and services \| owner = \| num_employees = \| num_employees_year = \| parent = {{ubl\|[[Hutchison Whampoa]] <small>(1991-1996)</small>\|[[Mannesmann]] <small>(1999-2000)</small>\|[[Orange S.A.\|France Télécom]] <small>(2000-2010)</small>\|[[EE (telecommunications)\|EE]] <small>(2010-2019)</small>}} \| website = {{webarchive\|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150120184150/http://www.orange.co.uk/\|title=orange.co.uk}} }} '''Orange UK''' was a [[mobile network operator]] and [[internet service provider]] in the United Kingdom, launched in 1994. It was once a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]] but was purchased by France Télécom (now [[Orange S.A.]]) in 2000, which then adopted the Orange brand for all its other mobile communications activities. Orange UK merged with [[Deutsche Telekom]]'s [[T-Mobile UK]] to form a joint venture, [[EE (telecommunications)\|EE]] in 2010. EE continued to operate the Orange brand until February 2015, when new connections and upgrades on Orange tariffs were withdrawn. Existing Orange customers could continue on their plans until March 2019. ==History== ===Background: 1990–1994=== {{further\|Orange S.A.#History\|Orange Business Services#History}} The inception of the Orange brand occurred in 1990 in the United Kingdom with the formation of [[Orange Business Services\|Microtel Communications]],<ref name="OBS-H-09" /> a consortium initially formed by [[Pacific Telesis\|Pactel Corporation]] (American), [[British Aerospace]], [[Millicom]] and [[Matra]] (French);<ref name="OBS-H-04" /> and later wholly owned by BAe.<ref name="OBS-H-35" /> In July 1991, the Hong Kong-based conglomerate [[Hutchison Whampoa]], through a [[stock swap]] deal with BAe, acquired a controlling stake of 65% in Microtel, who by then had won a license to develop a [[personal communications network]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name="OBS-H-04" /><ref name="OBS-H-35" /> As part of the deal, BAe gained a 30% stake in Hutchison Telecommunications (UK). ===Launch of Orange and expansion: 1994–1999=== {{further\|Orange (telecommunications)#History\|Orange Business Services#History}} Hutchison renamed Microtel to '''Orange Personal Communications Services''' on 28 March 1994; and on 28 April 1994, the Orange 1,800 MHz [[GSM]] network was launched. The Orange brand, at the time an unusual name for a telecommunications firm, was created by a team at Microtel led by Chris Moss (marketing director) and supported by Martin Keogh, Rob Furness and Ian Pond. The brand consultancy [[Wolff Olins]] was charged with designing the brand values and logo, and advertising agency WCRS created the slogan "The future's bright, the future's Orange". The team that launched Orange in the UK was led by Malcolm Way, and later [[Hans Snook]] who became the chief executive. A [[holding company]] structure was adopted in 1995 with the establishment of Orange plc. In April 1996, Orange went public and floated on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and [[NASDAQ]],<ref name="OBS-H-38" /> majority owned by Hutchison (48.22%),<ref name="OBS-H-36" /><ref name="OBS-H-37" /> followed by BAe (21.1%).<ref name="OBS-H-38" /> In June 1996, it became the youngest company to enter the [[FTSE 100 Index\|FTSE 100]], valued at £2.4{{nbsp}}billion. By July 1997 Orange had gained one million customers.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}} ===Acquisition of Orange and part of France Télécom: 1999–2009=== {{further\|Orange (telecommunications)#History\|Orange Business Services#History}} The stint as a public company came to an end in October 1999, when it was acquired for US$33 billion by the German conglomerate [[Mannesmann\|Mannesmann AG]].<ref name="OBS-H-10" /><ref name="OBS-H-17" /> Mannesmann's acquisition of Orange triggered [[Vodafone]] to make a [[takeover\|hostile takeover]] bid for the German company. Shortly thereafter, in February 2000, Vodafone acquired Mannesmann for US$183bn and divested Orange, as [[European Union\|EU]] regulations would not allow it to hold two mobile licences.<ref name="OBS-H-18" /> In May 2000, [[Orange S.A.\|France Télécom]] announced the acquisition of the global operations of Orange from Vodafone for US$37bn, and the transaction was completed in August 2000.<ref name="OBS-H-19" /><ref name="OBS-H-20" /><ref name="OBS-H-21" /><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/france-telecom-to-buy-orange-for-pound251bn-716435.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210034919/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/france-telecom-to-buy-orange-for-pound251bn-716435.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=10 February 2009 \|title= France Télécom to buy Orange for £25.1bn \|work=The Independent \|date=30 May 2000 \|access-date=26 December 2008 \| location=London}}</ref> France Télécom subsequently rebranded all its mobile telecommunications as [[Orange S.A.\|Orange]]. The company was initially 100% owned by France Télécom (although there were and remain minority investors in some of the national operating companies). In 2001 15% was sold in an [[Initial public offering\|IPO]], but in 2003 the outstanding shares were bought back by France Télécom. ===Merger with T-Mobile UK: 2009–2015=== On 8 September 2009, [[Orange S.A.\|France Télécom]] and [[T-Mobile (UK)\|T-Mobile]] parent [[Deutsche Telekom]] announced they were in advanced talks to merge their UK operations to create the largest mobile operator, which would have 37% of the market. The Orange brand was to be retained for the first eighteen months at least.<ref>{{cite news \| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8243226.stm \| title=T-Mobile and Orange in UK merger \| access-date=14 October 2009 \| date=8 September 2009 \| work=BBC News}}</ref> [[Consumer Futures\|Consumer Focus]] and the [[Communications Consumer Panel]] sent a joint letter to the then Competition Commissioner [[Neelie Kroes]] in December 2009, asking for the merger to be investigated by authorities in the United Kingdom, rather than [[Brussels]].<ref>[http://www.consumerfocus.org.uk/news/co-signed-letter-to-european-competition-commissioner-in-relation-to-joint-venture-between-orange-and-t-mobile Co-signed letter to European Competition Commissioner in relation to joint venture between Orange and T-Mobile] Consumer Focus/Communications Consumer Panel. 21 December 2009</ref> The British [[Office of Fair Trading]] joined this call by asking the EU to allow it to investigate the proposed deal in February 2010, saying that it believed the merger could have a 'significant' effect on competition.<ref>{{cite news \| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8243226.stm \| title=Orange and T-Mobile deal 'threatens competition' \| access-date=1 March 2010 \| date=3 February 2010 \| work=BBC News}}</ref> On 1 March 2010, the European Commission approved the merger, on condition that the combined company sell 25% of the spectrum it owned on the 1,800 MHz radio band, and amend a network sharing agreement with smaller rival [[Hutchison 3G\|3]].<ref>{{cite news \| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8243226.stm \| title=Orange and T-Mobile cleared for mobile merger by EU\| access-date=1 March 2010 \| date=1 March 2010 \| work=BBC News}}</ref> On 1 April 2010, Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom completed the merger of their UK operations, causing Orange UK and T-Mobile UK to cease to exist, although the brands were to be maintained until 2015 for new customers, and 2019 for existing customers.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://androinica.com/2010/04/t-mobile-uk-and-orange-uk-complete-merger/ \|title=T-Mobile UK and Orange UK complete merger \|last=Kameka \|first=Andrew \|publisher=Androinica \|date=1 April 2010 \|access-date=13 February 2013 \|archive-date=1 July 2012 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701175652/http://androinica.com/2010/04/t-mobile-uk-and-orange-uk-complete-merger/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref> On 11 May 2010, it was announced that both the Orange and T-Mobile brands would remain on British high streets, although their new merged parent company would be called [[EE (telecommunications)\|EE]]. The '''Orange Home UK''' broadband service was rebranded as EE Broadband on 30 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.t-mobile.co.uk/ee/home-broadband/ \|title=EE Home Broadband – Frequently Asked Questions \|publisher=T-Mobile \|access-date=13 February 2013 \|archive-date=6 April 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406094813/http://www.t-mobile.co.uk/ee/home-broadband/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Phase-out of brand: 2015-2019=== In February 2015, Orange UK's parent company EE announced that Orange (along with T-Mobile) tariffs were withdrawn for new customers. Existing customers wishing to upgrade had to choose an EE price plan. Starting in July 2015, Orange pay-as-you-go customers also had the ability to dial premium rate and directory enquiries numbers withdrawn. Those who needed to call such services were advised to transfer to an EE plan.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Changes to numbers starting 08, 09, 116 and 118 \|url=http://ee.co.uk/help/add-ons-benefits-and-plans/price-plans-and-costs/ee-price-plans/changes-to-numbers-starting-08-09-and-118 \|website=ee.co.uk}}</ref> Remaining Orange customers were informed in early 2019 that they had to switch to an EE plan by March, or their services would be terminated. This marked the end of Orange service in the United Kingdom. ==Services== [[File:Orange and T.Mobile shops in Leeds.JPG\|thumb\|Adjacent Orange and [[T-Mobile International AG\|T-Mobile]] shops in [[Leeds]] in 2009. The two were later re-branded as [[EE (telecommunications)\|EE]] stores.]] Orange offered [[Prepaid mobile phone\|pay-as-you-go]] and [[Postpaid mobile phone\|pay monthly]] service plans. As with other prepaid plans, pay-as-you-go customers could top-up their phone via a swipe card, over the internet, by voucher bought printed as a receipt from a till, or via a credit or debit card. Until the EE takeover, Orange operated [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)\|EDGE]] and [[3G]] HSDPA services. This has since been merged with T-Mobile's network. Orange's [[2G]] network covered 99% of the UK population, and was the largest integrated 3G/[[2.5G]] network in the UK. Orange claimed in 2008 that it spent up to £1.5 million per day investing in its network.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2020}} In 2009, Orange UK decided to outsource its mobile network.<ref name="ICO3">{{cite web \| url=https://www.orange.com/en/orange-world \| title=Orange Coverage Data \| publisher=Orange PCS \| date=13 March 2008 \| access-date=13 March 2008 }}</ref> Therefore, in March 2009, [[Nokia Siemens Networks]] was chosen to manage, plan, expand, optimise and provide maintenance services for the Orange 2G/3G mobile network for the next five years. Currently,{{when\|date=December 2019}} Orange customers are only able to access the UK's biggest 3G network along with EE's standard 2G network. Customers that wish to use EE's 4G network, have to upgrade to EE from their Orange plan.<ref>{{cite news \| url=http://www.telecoms.com/14617/t-mobile-orange-uk-merger-raises-more-questions-than-answers \| title=T-Mobile, Orange UK merger raises more questions than answers \| date=17 September 2009}}</ref> Orange also provided [[DSL]] services under the same brand. Originally operated as [[Freeserve]] in the UK, it was bought-out by [[Orange S.A.\|France Télécom]], rebranded as Wanadoo and on 1 June 2006 Wanadoo was rebranded Orange. When Orange launched its DSL broadband service it offered it for 'free', joining [[TalkTalk (telecommunications company)\|TalkTalk]] in the foray for market share.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/may/25/news.mobilephones \|title=Orange responds to talktalk with its own 'free' broadband offer \|work=The Guardian \|date=25 May 2006 \|access-date=13 March 2008 \| location=London \| first=Richard \| last=Wray}}</ref> The company attempted to converge its mobile and DSL broadband products and offered broadband services alongside its mobile services, at a subsidized rate (up to £15 off full price per month for Orange mobile customers in an Orange Broadband network area). Orange offered 'triple-play' services converging mobile, landline and DSL broadband. Orange on its most expensive broadband service used to offer a [[Livebox]] which integrates [[VoIP]] technology as well as [[WiFi]], but in more recent times, this has been replaced by a [[Netgear]] router. Orange also created an energy harvesting T-shirt and shoes.<ref>{{cite news\|title=T-shirts that charge phones to be tested at UK's Glastonbury Festival\|date=21 June 2011\|newspaper=The Advertiser Newspaper - Adelaide\|url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/ipad/t-shirts-that-charge-phones-to-be-tested-at-glastonbury-festival/news-story/10fa49952c77c5437c331b7e8f93abb0 \|access-date=30 January 2022 }}</ref> ===Price plans=== In 2000, Orange introduced a limited plan called 'Out Here', designed for users who did not make a lot of calls but needed to keep in touch. For a one-off payment of £15, users received a SIM with five free texts every day for life without ever having to top up again, and an Orange-branded 'Out Here' drawstring bag. In April 2006, Orange changed its contract offering by offering four packages to customers, named Dolphin, Canary, Racoon and Panther. On some plans there were unlimited minutes (to landlines or Orange UK mobiles), texts or data. In addition to this Orange offered dedicated business plans: Solo and Sense (a sharer plan). Orange also offered 'magic numbers': unlimited free calls to other Orange UK mobiles on contract or "talk for an hour, pay for a minute" on PAYG. In April 2008, Orange extended its animals to pay-as-you-go customers, introducing Dolphin, Raccoon, Canary, Camel, and Monkey. Dolphin, Monkey and Canary offer bonuses, whilst Raccoon is a discounted call rate and Camel is for a call-abroad tariff giving discounted calls to foreign countries. Orange, like other mobile networks, offered an "Internet Everywhere" tariff on pay-as-you-go, pay monthly and business plans. The tariffs names for pay monthly were aligned with the animals' theme in May 2010 when Orange offered both Dolphin and Raccoon plans for internet use available on both 1 month and 12-month contracts. In August 2011, the price plans were revised, and names changed to Small, Medium, and Large. Similar to home broadband, Orange mobile customers received a £5 discount on their mobile broadband plan. The business plans remained as "Business Everywhere". The 12-month plans came with a [[USB modem]] (or dongle) for free. The customer was required to pay a small price for the dongle on the 1-month plans. A portable WiFi dongle could also be purchased, dubbed "Mobile WiFi". The service operated across the network's [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution\|EDGE]], [[3G]], [[HSDPA]] and [[HSUPA]] network and offered speeds of up to 3.6 Mbit/s. Orange announced in June 2008 that this speed would be increased to 7.2 Mbit/s in the top 30 UK cities and 14.4 Mbit/s in the top five cities.<ref name="ICO4">{{cite news \|url=http://www.fiercewireless.com/europe/story/orange-the-future-is-now-the-agenda-/2008-06-05 \|title=Orange: The Future is now 'The Agenda' \|publisher=Fierce Wireless \|date=5 June 2008 \|access-date=9 August 2008}}</ref> ===Orange shops=== [[File:London - Orange Shop.jpg\|thumb\|An Orange Shop in London, UK]] Orange, like its competitors, operated a retail estate, with over 300 stores. These were branded as "The Orange Shop" and operated as an indirect sales channel. In September 2012, Orange's parent company [[EE (telecommunications)\|EE]] announced that all Orange and T-Mobile stores were to be re-branded as EE stores by 30 October 2012, the launch date of their [[4G]] network, offering products from all three brands of the company. There are now around 700 [[EE (telecommunications)\|EE]] stores open in the UK.{{Citation needed\|date=September 2013}} After February 2015, only EE products were available in stores. ==Marketing== ===Orange Gold Spots=== Until 2012, at most cinemas across the UK, advertisements for Orange were shown directly before the film, after the other adverts and film trailers, to remind people to turn off their mobile phones if they hadn't done so already. These were officially known as 'Orange Gold Spots'. The adverts featured various celebrities including; [[Rob Lowe]], [[Dennis Hopper]], [[Macaulay Culkin]], [[Patrick Swayze]], [[Carrie Fisher]], [[John Cleese]], [[Ewan McGregor]], and [[The A-Team]]. Throughout the sketch, a pair of fictional Orange executives, played by [[Brennan Brown]] and [[Steve Furst]], manipulate an idea into film which promotes Orange through [[product placement]], despite the product being completely 'out-of-place' (a mobile phone in a [[Western (genre)\|Western Film]] is one example); the catch line is "Don't let a mobile phone ruin your movie. Please switch it off." After five years, Orange changed advertising agencies and replaced the fictional Orange Film Funding Board with adverts in which the characters now run a film studio, remaking classic films with mobile phone references inserted. In April 2010, Gold Spots featuring specific forthcoming films replaced the Orange Film Funding Board parodies. The new adverts, promoting specific movies released by [[20th Century Fox]], [[Walt Disney Pictures]], [[Vertigo Films]] and [[Nu Image]] feature the stars of the movie filming scenes in-character with Orange product placement, before breaking character to complain. The first advert featured the cast of ''[[The A-Team]]'', followed by a spot starring Jack Black in ''[[Gulliver's Travels (2010 film)\|Gulliver's Travels]]'', [[Jesse Eisenberg]] and [[Anne Hathaway]] in ''[[Rio (2011 film)\|Rio]]'', ''[[Potiche]]'', ''[[The Muppets (2011 film)\|The Muppets]]'', ''[[The Expendables 2]]'' and ''[[The Sweeney (2012 film)\|The Sweeney]]''. In 2012, the Orange adverts were replaced with adverts for parent company EE, featuring Kevin Bacon. In addition to this Orange offered 'Orange Wednesdays' from 2003 until 2014. This enabled any Orange customer to apply for 2 for 1 cinema tickets at participating cinemas, by text message. This was a result of Orange attempting to increase cinema visits during the quiet weekly periods. The Orange Wednesdays promotion also allowed Orange customers a 2 for 1 main courses with complimentary appetizers at [[PizzaExpress]] restaurants. Both the cinema ticket and meal offers only required a text ticket from Orange, which is entered at point of purchase.<ref name="2for1">{{cite web \| url=https://www.orange.com/en/orange-world \| title=2 for 1 pizza, every Wednesday \| publisher=Orange \| date=26 July 2007 \| access-date=13 October 2009}}</ref> EE announced on 11 December 2014 that the Orange Wednesday promotion will end on 25 February 2015.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30440928\|title=EE to end Orange Wednesday cinema deal\|work=BBC News\|date=11 December 2014}}</ref> ===Sponsorship=== [[File:Jos Verstappen 2000 Monza (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|right\|240px\|An Orange Arrows F1 car.]] Orange sponsored the [[Arrows Grand Prix International\|Arrows]] [[Formula One]] team from 2000 until 2002. In spirit with Orange's commitment to cinema Orange sponsored the [[BAFTA\|British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards]] until 2012 which includes an award in its own name – the [[Rising Star Award, BAFTA\|Orange Rising Star Award]]. Sponsorship switched to EE from 2013 onwards. Orange UK has also shown a commitment to music which has included partnering with the [[Glastonbury Festival]] to provide mobile charging facilities and offers a music bursary.<ref name="ICO5">{{cite web \|url=https://www.orange.com/en/orange-world \|title=Orange Music Bursary \|publisher=Orange PCS \|date=25 May 2006 \|access-date=24 March 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918170652/https://www.orange.com/en/orange-world \|archive-date=18 September 2020 \|url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ===Slogans=== In 2008, Orange's slogan, "The future's bright – the future's Orange" was dropped after many years by its CEO Tom Alexander in a bid to save its ailing fortunes.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/the-future-is-no-longer-orange-379451\|title=The future is no longer Orange\|author=Adam Hartley \|date=3 June 2008\|work=TechRadar}}</ref> From July 2008 to 2013, "I am"' became the main slogan, shortened from "I am who I am because of everyone", however, subsidiary slogans were used to describe the company's products and services, for example "I am more focus, less fuzz" was used to describe the [[Samsung Soul]] handset.{{Citation needed\|date=September 2013}} ==Controversies== ===Data protection=== In 2007, Orange was found to be in breach of the [[Data Protection Act 1998]] by the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) after complaints from customers about the use of their personal information. Orange has since agreed to reinforce the requirements of the Act.<ref name="ICO1">{{cite news \| url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2192654/orange-littlewoods-breach-dpa \| title=Orange and Littlewoods in breach of DPA \| publisher=VNU \| date=22 June 2007 \| access-date=23 June 2007 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115143753/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2192654/orange-littlewoods-breach-dpa \|archive-date=15 January 2008 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The company was also criticised in the press for its handling of personal data, following complaints of Orange customer data being used by independent mobile sales companies in the practice of [[Telephone slamming\|slamming]]. Orange denied any involvement.<ref name="ICO2">{{cite news \| url=http://money.guardian.co.uk/phones/story/0,,2109131,00.html \| title=Orange slammed as users see red \| work=The Guardian \| date=23 June 2007 \| access-date=23 June 2007 \| location=London \| first=Miles \| last=Brignall}}</ref> ===Attempted price increases=== In August 2009, Orange attempted to increase the cost of its services to customers already under contract.<ref name="bitterwallet1">{{cite news \|url=http://www.bitterwallet.com/cancelling-your-orange-contract-a-troubleshooting-guide/15849 \|title=Cancelling your Orange contract – a troubleshooting guide \|publisher=BitterWallet \|date=29 July 2009 \|access-date=22 December 2011 \|archive-date=18 April 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418074439/http://www.bitterwallet.com/cancelling-your-orange-contract-a-troubleshooting-guide/15849 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Users were informed that legally, they were allowed to cancel their contract, as this was a breach of contract. Orange reverted their decision, and the price hikes did not go ahead.<ref name="bitterwallet1" /> In December 2011, Orange sent a text to its customer base to notify them that they were increasing monthly contract fees by just below [[Retail Prices Index (United Kingdom)\|RPI]] rates. They imposed a 4.34% increase, coming into effect on 8 January.<ref>{{citation \|url=http://link.orangeworld.co.uk/studio/paymchanges/planupdate/ \|title=An Increase to your monthly price plan \|publisher=Orange \|date=2 December 2011 \|access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> It was identified that the clause that supposedly allowed Orange to increase by inflation mid-contract, clause 4.3.1, was flawed as it referenced a Statistical Office which no longer exists. Specifically, Orange referenced "the All Items Index of Retail Prices published by the Central Statistical Office in the Monthly Digest of Statistics".<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Terms and conditions \|url=http://link.orangeworld.co.uk/studio/paymchanges/terms/index.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130230331/http://link.orangeworld.co.uk/studio/paymchanges/terms/index.html \|archive-date=30 November 2011 \|website=orangeworld.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date= \|title=Pay Monthly Terms - Terms and conditions for the supply of Orange Network Services \|url=https://www.orange.com/en/orange-world \|access-date= \|website=orange.com}}</ref> Orange maintain that their inaccurate wording in previous contracts was legally binding but chose to settle all known court cases brought against them on this issue.<ref>{{citation \|url=http://www.tomforth.co.uk/orange \|title=Trying to beat the Orange price rise for EXISTING customers \|publisher=Thomas Forth \|date=30 January 2012 \|access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> Two years later, following its merger with T-Mobile, the combined companies again signalled their intention to increase the agreed tariffs of existing pay monthly customers.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2013/mar/01/orange-t-mobile-price-increase \|title=Orange and T-Mobile pay-monthly customers to be hit with a price increase \|work=The Guardian \|date=1 March 2013 \|access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> Clause 4.3.1 has now changed to disallow the customer from cancelling their contract if "we give you written notice to increase the charges (as a percentage) by an amount equal to or less than the percentage increase in the All Items Index of Retail Prices or any other statistical measure of inflation published by any government body authorised to publish measures of inflation from time to time, and published on a date as close as reasonably possible before the date on which we send you written notice".<ref>{{citation \|url=https://www.orange.com/en/orange-world \|title=Pay Monthly Terms – Terms and conditions for the supply of Orange Network Services \|publisher=EverythingEverywhere \|date=31 October 2012 \|access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> This led to many customers using the change of clause to cancel their mobile phone contracts with Orange.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.tomforth.co.uk/orange/\|title=Beating Orange's price rises for existing customers\|publisher=Tom Forth\|date=25 April 2013\|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist\|refs= <ref name=OBS-H-04>{{cite web \|url=http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/radiocommunication-licences/mobile-wireless-broadband/cellular-wireless-broadband/policy-and-background/history-of-cellular-services/ \|title=History of Cellular services \|access-date=9 June 2012 \|publisher=licensing.ofcom.org.uk \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205065028/http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/radiocommunication-licences/mobile-wireless-broadband/cellular-wireless-broadband/policy-and-background/history-of-cellular-services/ \|archive-date=5 February 2013 \|df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-09>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/madagascar03.html \|title=Orange SA profile\|date=20 November 2000 \|access-date=9 June 2012 \|publisher= ide.go.jp}}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-10>{{cite web \|url=https://money.cnn.com/1999/10/21/europe/orange/ \|title=Mannesmann to buy UK cellular firm; Vodafone, Hutchinson likely to react \|date=21 October 1999 \|access-date=9 June 2012 \|publisher=CNN }}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-17>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/21/business/international-business-mannesmann-agrees-to-buy-orange-for-33-billion.html\|title=Mannesman to buy Orange for $33bn\|work=New York Times\|date=21 October 1999\|access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-18>{{cite news\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/630293.stm \| title=Vodafone seals Mannesmann merger \| publisher =BBC \| date = 11 February 2000 \| access-date = 26 December 2008}}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-19>{{cite news\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1106338.stm \| title=Orange's bright future \| publisher =BBC \| date = 8 January 2001 \| access-date = 9 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-20>{{cite news\|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000531/fco31032.html \| title=France Telecom buys Orange for $37 bn \| publisher =Financial Express \| date = 30 May 2000 \| access-date = 9 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-21>{{cite news\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/769293.stm \| title=France Telecom clinches Orange deal\| publisher =BBC \| date = 30 May 2000 \| access-date = 9 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-35>{{cite news\|title =The Facts : 2004\|url =http://www.na.baesystems.com/PressKit/Facts.pdf\|publisher =na.baesystems.com\|page =107\|access-date =9 June 2012\|url-status =dead\|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070125134301/http://www.na.baesystems.com/PressKit/Facts.pdf\|archive-date =25 January 2007\|df =dmy-all}}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-36>{{cite news \|title = Hutchison Whampoa Releases Annual Results 1996 \|url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hutchison+Whampoa+Releases+Annual+Results-a019248829 \|date = 26 March 1996 \|access-date = 9 June 2012 \|archive-date = 8 July 2017 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170708063835/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hutchison+Whampoa+Releases+Annual+Results-a019248829 \|url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-37>{{cite news \|title = Telecommunications – Hutchison Whampoa \|url=http://www.irasia.com/listco/hk/hutchisonweb-new/eng/stock/finance/telecom.html \|year = 1996 \|access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> <ref name=OBS-H-38>{{cite news \|title = BAe's record-breaking sterling Eurobond issue \|url = http://www.treasurers.org/system/files/TTOct99Brake14-15.pdf \|date = 22 June 1999 \|access-date = 9 June 2012 \|archive-date = 7 May 2013 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130507093254/http://www.treasurers.org/system/files/TTOct99Brake14-15.pdf \|url-status = dead }}</ref> }} ==External links== * {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206083358/http://www.orange.com/\|title=Official website}} * [http://www.i-am-everyone.co.uk Official Campaign Website] {{Orange S.A.}} {{Deutsche Telekom}} {{Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom}} {{UK mobile phone companies}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Orange S.A.]] [[Category:Mobile phone companies of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Companies based in Hertfordshire]] [[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]] [[Category:British companies established in 1994]] [[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1994]] [[Category:Deutsche Telekom]] [[Category:Former CK Hutchison Holdings subsidiaries]] [[Category:Former internet service providers of the United Kingdom]]	1,307,002,152	[{"title": "Orange Plc", "data": {"Company type": "Subsidiary", "Industry": "Telecommunications", "Founded": "28 March 1994", "Founder": "Li Ka-shing", "Defunct": "1 April 2010 (as a company) \u00b7 February 2015 (as a brand) \u00b7 March 2019 (discontinuation of service)", "Fate": "Merged with T-Mobile UK into EE", "Successor": "EE", "Headquarters": "United Kingdom", "Area served": "United Kingdom", "Products": "Telecommunications products and services", "Parent": "- Hutchison Whampoa (1991-1996) - Mannesmann (1999-2000) - France T\u00e9l\u00e9com (2000-2010) - EE (2010-2019)", "Website": "orange.co.uk at the Wayback Machine (archived 2015-01-20)"}}]	false
# Niclas Bergfors Niclas Bergfors (born 7 March 1987) is a Swedish professional ice hockey right winger currently an unrestricted free agent. He most recently played for Djurgårdens IF then of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). He was drafted by the National Hockey League (NHL)'s New Jersey Devils in the first round, 23rd overall, at the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, playing for the organization for four-and-a-half seasons before joining the Atlanta Thrashers 2010, Florida Panthers in 2011 and Nashville Predators via free agency in 2011. He later joined the KHL's Ak Bars Kazan in late 2011 before signing with Severstal Cherepovets. In 2013, he joined Admiral Vladivostok, where he played for three seasons before joining Amur Khabarovsk in a mid-season trade. ## Playing career In 2004–05, prior to being drafted to the NHL, Bergfors played for hometown club Södertälje SK of the Elitserien. Bergfors spent the 2005–06 season with the New Jersey Devils' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Albany River Rats, scoring 17 goals and 40 points in 65 games. During the season, he represented Sweden at the 2006 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, scoring three goals and six points in six games. In 2006–07, Bergfors played for New Jersey's new AHL affiliate, the Lowell Devils, where he scored 13 goals and 32 points in 60 games. He once again played with Sweden in the 2007 World Junior Championships, where he posted two assists in seven games. Bergfors returned to Lowell for the 2007–08 season, where he saw his production decrease to 12 goals and 27 points in 66 games. He did make his NHL debut, however, going pointless in one game with New Jersey. He spent the majority of the 2008–09 season with Lowell, scoring 22 goals and 51 points in 66 games, also playing in eight games with New Jersey, scoring one goal. In 2009–10, Bergfors made the Devils' opening day roster, and in 54 games with New Jersey, he scored 13 goals and 27 points. On 4 February 2010, however, the Devils traded Bergfors, along with Johnny Oduya, Patrice Cormier and their first-round pick in 2010, to the Atlanta Thrashers in exchange for Ilya Kovalchuk, Anssi Salmela and Atlanta's second-round pick in 2010. Bergfors finished 2009–10 with Atlanta, where he scored eight goals and 17 points in 27 games. After the season, he was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team after scoring 21 goals and 44 points in 81 games with both the Devils and Thrashers. In 2010–11, Bergfors saw his numbers slide, scoring 11 goals and 29 points in 52 games with Atlanta. On 28 February 2011, the Thrashers traded Bergfors and Patrick Rissmiller to the Florida Panthers for Radek Dvořák and Florida's fifth-round draft pick in 2011. On 4 July 2011, Bergfors signed a one-year, $575,000 contract with the Nashville Predators as a free agent. He was put on unconditional waivers by the Predators on 24 November 2011, making him a free agent. Bergfors then signed with the Ak Bars Kazan on 2 December 2011, playing just eight games before joining Severstal Cherepovets on a two-year contract. In June 2013, he was drafted at the KHL Expansion Draft by Admiral Vladivostok. After 12 years playing professionally abroad, Bergfors returned to his native Sweden agreeing to a two-year contract with Linköpings HC of the SHL on May 4, 2016. On February 15, 2017, Niklas left mid-season to sign a contract with fellow SHL club, Djurgårdens IF Hockey until the end of the 2018 season. ## Career statistics ### Regular season and playoffs \| 2002–03 \| Södertälje SK \| J18 Allsv \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 8 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2002–03 \| Södertälje SK \| J20 \| 10 \| 0 \| 4 \| 4 \| 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2003–04 \| Södertälje SK \| J18 Allsv \| 5 \| 14 \| 4 \| 18 \| 4 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 6 \| \| 2003–04 \| Södertälje SK \| J20 \| 31 \| 13 \| 17 \| 30 \| 22 \| 2 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| 0 \| \| 2004–05 \| Södertälje SK \| J20 \| 21 \| 18 \| 16 \| 34 \| 25 \| 3 \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| \| 2004–05 \| Södertälje SK \| SEL \| 25 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2005–06 \| Albany River Rats \| AHL \| 65 \| 17 \| 23 \| 40 \| 10 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2006–07 \| Lowell Devils \| AHL \| 60 \| 13 \| 19 \| 32 \| 8 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2007–08 \| Lowell Devils \| AHL \| 66 \| 12 \| 15 \| 27 \| 22 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2007–08 \| New Jersey Devils \| NHL \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2008–09 \| Lowell Devils \| AHL \| 66 \| 22 \| 29 \| 51 \| 14 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2008–09 \| New Jersey Devils \| NHL \| 8 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2009–10 \| New Jersey Devils \| NHL \| 54 \| 13 \| 14 \| 27 \| 10 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2009–10 \| Atlanta Thrashers \| NHL \| 27 \| 8 \| 9 \| 17 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2010–11 \| Atlanta Thrashers \| NHL \| 52 \| 11 \| 18 \| 29 \| 6 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2010–11 \| Florida Panthers \| NHL \| 20 \| 1 \| 6 \| 7 \| 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2011–12 \| Nashville Predators \| NHL \| 11 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2011–12 \| Ak Bars Kazan \| KHL \| 8 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2011–12 \| Severstal Cherepovets \| KHL \| 13 \| 4 \| 3 \| 7 \| 4 \| 6 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| \| 2012–13 \| Severstal Cherepovets \| KHL \| 45 \| 8 \| 10 \| 18 \| 2 \| 9 \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| 0 \| \| 2013–14 \| Admiral Vladivostok \| KHL \| 54 \| 17 \| 19 \| 36 \| 18 \| 5 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| 2014–15 \| Admiral Vladivostok \| KHL \| 60 \| 21 \| 23 \| 44 \| 14 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2015–16 \| Admiral Vladivostok \| KHL \| 25 \| 3 \| 8 \| 11 \| 6 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2015–16 \| Sokol Krasnoyarsk \| VHL \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2015–16 \| Amur Khabarovsk \| KHL \| 23 \| 6 \| 7 \| 13 \| 10 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2016–17 \| Linköpings HC \| SHL \| 37 \| 3 \| 2 \| 5 \| 10 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2016–17 \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 10 \| 2 \| 3 \| 5 \| 2 \| 3 \| 3 \| 1 \| 4 \| 2 \| \| 2017–18 \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 52 \| 14 \| 13 \| 27 \| 14 \| 11 \| 2 \| 2 \| 4 \| 2 \| \| 2018–19 \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 52 \| 6 \| 15 \| 21 \| 12 \| 19 \| 2 \| 6 \| 8 \| 6 \| \| 2019–20 \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 52 \| 12 \| 11 \| 23 \| 22 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2020–21 \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 52 \| 15 \| 12 \| 27 \| 14 \| 3 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 2021–22 \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 50 \| 2 \| 3 \| 5 \| 8 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| SHL totals \| SHL totals \| SHL totals \| 330 \| 55 \| 59 \| 114 \| 84 \| 38 \| 7 \| 10 \| 17 \| 12 \| \| NHL totals \| NHL totals \| NHL totals \| 173 \| 35 \| 48 \| 83 \| 20 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| KHL totals \| KHL totals \| KHL totals \| 228 \| 59 \| 71 \| 130 \| 56 \| 20 \| 1 \| 5 \| 6 \| 2 \| ### International \| Year \| Team \| Event \| Result \| \| GP \| G \| A \| Pts \| PIM \| \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ----------------------------- \| -- \| -- \| - \| -- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2004 \| Sweden \| WJC18 \| 5th \| 6 \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 6 \| \| \| 2005 \| Sweden \| WJC \| 6th \| 6 \| 2 \| 1 \| 3 \| 2 \| \| \| 2005 \| Sweden \| WJC18 \| 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) \| 7 \| 6 \| 0 \| 6 \| 0 \| \| \| 2006 \| Sweden \| WJC \| 5th \| 6 \| 3 \| 3 \| 6 \| 2 \| \| \| 2007 \| Sweden \| WJC \| 4th \| 7 \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| \| \| Junior totals \| Junior totals \| Junior totals \| Junior totals \| 32 \| 12 \| 8 \| 20 \| 10 \| \|	enwiki/3019642	enwiki	3,019,642	Niclas Bergfors	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niclas_Bergfors	2024-07-12T13:36:22Z	en	Q129212	69,488	{{Short description\|Swedish ice hockey player (born 1987)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox ice hockey player \| image = Djurgården-Färjestad 20190129 33.jpg \| image_size = 230px \| caption = Bergfors with [[Djurgårdens IF Hockey\|Djurgårdens IF]] in 2019 \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|df=yes\|1987\|3\|7}} \| birth_place = [[Södertälje]], [[Sweden]] \| height_ft = 5 \| height_in = 10 \| weight_lb = 200 \| position = [[Winger (ice hockey)\|Right Wing]] \| shoots = Right \| team = Free Agent \| league = [[Swedish Hockey League\|SHL]] \| former_teams =[[Södertälje SK]]<br>[[New Jersey Devils]]<br>[[Atlanta Thrashers]]<br>[[Florida Panthers]]<br>[[Nashville Predators]]<br>[[Ak Bars Kazan]]<br>[[Severstal Cherepovets]]<br>[[Admiral Vladivostok]]<br>[[Amur Khabarovsk]]<br>[[Linköpings HC]]<br>[[Djurgårdens IF Hockey\|Djurgårdens IF]] \| ntl_team = \| draft = 23rd overall \| draft_year = 2005 \| draft_team = [[New Jersey Devils]] \| career_start = 2004 }} '''Niclas Bergfors''' (born 7 March 1987) is a [[Sweden\|Swedish]] professional [[ice hockey]] [[winger (ice hockey)\|right winger]] currently an [[unrestricted free agent]]. He most recently played for [[Djurgårdens IF Hockey\|Djurgårdens IF]] then of the [[Swedish Hockey League]] (SHL). He was drafted by the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL)'s [[New Jersey Devils]] in the first round, 23rd overall, at the [[2005 NHL Entry Draft]], playing for the organization for four-and-a-half seasons before joining the [[Atlanta Thrashers]] 2010, [[Florida Panthers]] in 2011 and [[Nashville Predators]] via free agency in 2011. He later joined the KHL's [[Ak Bars Kazan]] in late 2011 before signing with [[Severstal Cherepovets]]. In 2013, he joined [[Admiral Vladivostok]], where he played for three seasons before joining [[Amur Khabarovsk]] in a mid-season trade. ==Playing career== In 2004–05, prior to being drafted to the NHL, Bergfors played for hometown club [[Södertälje SK]] of the [[Swedish Hockey League\|Elitserien]]. Bergfors spent the [[2005–06 AHL season\|2005–06 season]] with the [[New Jersey Devils]]' [[American Hockey League]] (AHL) affiliate, the [[Albany River Rats]], scoring 17 goals and 40 points in 65 games. During the season, he represented [[Sweden men's national junior ice hockey team\|Sweden]] at the [[2006 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]], scoring three goals and six points in six games. In [[2006–07 AHL season\|2006–07]], Bergfors played for New Jersey's new AHL affiliate, the [[Lowell Devils]], where he scored 13 goals and 32 points in 60 games. He once again played with Sweden in the [[2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\|2007 World Junior Championships]], where he posted two assists in seven games. Bergfors returned to Lowell for the [[2007–08 AHL season\|2007–08 season]], where he saw his production decrease to 12 goals and 27 points in 66 games. He did make his NHL debut, however, going pointless in one game with New Jersey. He spent the majority of the [[2008–09 AHL season\|2008–09 season]] with Lowell, scoring 22 goals and 51 points in 66 games, also playing in eight games with New Jersey, scoring one goal. In [[2009–10 NHL season\|2009–10]], Bergfors made the Devils' opening day roster, and in 54 games with New Jersey, he scored 13 goals and 27 points. On 4 February 2010, however, the Devils traded Bergfors, along with [[Johnny Oduya]], [[Patrice Cormier]] and their first-round pick in [[2010 NHL Entry Draft\|2010]], to the [[Atlanta Thrashers]] in exchange for [[Ilya Kovalchuk]], [[Anssi Salmela]] and Atlanta's second-round pick in 2010.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=308953\|title=Thrashers ship Kovalchuk to Devils for players, 1st rounder\|date=4 February 2010\|work=[[The Sports Network]]\|accessdate=5 February 2010}}</ref> Bergfors finished 2009–10 with Atlanta, where he scored eight goals and 17 points in 27 games. After the season, he was named to the [[NHL All-Rookie Team]] after scoring 21 goals and 44 points in 81 games with both the Devils and Thrashers. In [[2010–11 NHL season\|2010–11]], Bergfors saw his numbers slide, scoring 11 goals and 29 points in 52 games with Atlanta. On 28 February 2011, the Thrashers traded Bergfors and [[Patrick Rissmiller]] to the [[Florida Panthers]] for [[Radek Dvořák]] and Florida's fifth-round draft pick in [[2011 NHL Entry Draft\|2011]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.boston.com/sports/hockey/articles/2011/02/28/thrashers_acquire_dvorak_from_panthers/?rss_id=Boston.com+--+Hockey+news\|title=Thrashers acquire Dvorak from Panthers\|date=28 February 2011\|work=The Boston Globe\|accessdate=28 February 2011}}</ref> On 4 July 2011, Bergfors signed a one-year, $575,000 contract with the [[Nashville Predators]] as a free agent.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://predators.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=568396\|title=Preds Sign Free Agent Forward Niclas Bergfors\|date=3 July 2011\|work=[[Nashville Predators]]\|accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> He was put on unconditional [[waivers (NHL)\|waivers]] by the Predators on 24 November 2011, making him a free agent. Bergfors then signed with the [[Ak Bars Kazan]] on 2 December 2011,<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://eng.ak-bars.ru/news/6506.html \| title = Ak Bars Kazan sign NHL player Niclas Bergfors \| publisher = [[Ak Bars Kazan]] \| date = 2011-12-02 \| accessdate = 2011-12-02 \| url-status = dead \| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120715040705/http://eng.ak-bars.ru/news/6506.html \| archivedate = 15 July 2012 \| df = dmy-all }}</ref> playing just eight games before joining [[Severstal Cherepovets]] on a two-year contract.<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://www.sports.ru/en/hockey/134949556.html \| title = Bergfors switches to the Cherepovets \| website = sports.ru \| language = Russian \| date = 2011-12-05 \| accessdate = 2011-12-05}}</ref> In June 2013, he was drafted at the [[2013 KHL Expansion Draft\|KHL Expansion Draft]] by [[Admiral Vladivostok]]. After 12 years playing professionally abroad, Bergfors returned to his native Sweden agreeing to a two-year contract with [[Linköpings HC]] of the SHL on May 4, 2016.<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://www.lhc.eu/artikel/7jojainsp-30c01/niclas-bergfors-ar-klar-for-cluben \| title = Niclas Bergfors is ready for new challenge \| publisher = [[Linköping HC]] \| date = 2016-05-04 \| accessdate = 2016-05-04 \| language = Swedish}}</ref> On February 15, 2017, Niklas left mid-season to sign a contract with fellow SHL club, Djurgårdens IF Hockey until the end of the 2018 season.<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://www.difhockey.se/artikel/lmpqaiz76-1lead/niclas-bergfors-till-djurgarden \| title=Niclas Bergfors till Djurgården \| website = [[Djurgårdens IF Hockey]] \| date = 2017-02-15 \| accessdate = 2017-02-15 \| language = Swedish}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Regular season and playoffs=== {\| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" ID="Table3" style="text-align:center; width:60em" \|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" \| ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" \| ! colspan="5" \| [[Regular season]] ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" \| ! colspan="5" \| [[Playoffs]] \|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! [[Season (sports)\|Season]] ! Team ! League ! GP ! [[Goal (ice hockey)\|G]] ! [[Assist (ice hockey)\|A]] ! [[Point (ice hockey)\|Pts]] ! [[Penalty (ice hockey)\|PIM]] ! GP ! G ! A ! Pts ! PIM \|- \| 2002–03 \| [[Södertälje SK]] \| J18 Allsv \| 4\|\|4\|\|4\|\|8\|\|0 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| 2002–03 \| Södertälje SK \| [[J20 SuperElit\|J20]] \| 10\|\|0\|\|4\|\|4\|\|2 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| 2003–04 \| Södertälje SK \| J18 Allsv \| 5\|\|14\|\|4\|\|18\|\|4 \| 2\|\|0\|\|1\|\|1\|\|6 \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| 2003–04 \| Södertälje SK \| J20 \| 31\|\|13\|\|17\|\|30\|\|22 \| 2\|\|1\|\|1\|\|2\|\|0 \|- \| 2004–05 \| Södertälje SK \| J20 \| 21\|\|18\|\|16\|\|34\|\|25 \| 3\|\|0\|\|3\|\|3\|\|4 \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2004–05 Elitserien season\|2004–05]] \| Södertälje SK \| [[Swedish Hockey League\|SEL]] \| 25\|\|1\|\|0\|\|1\|\|2 \| 2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \| [[2005–06 AHL season\|2005–06]] \| [[Albany River Rats]] \| [[American Hockey League\|AHL]] \| 65\|\|17\|\|23\|\|40\|\|10 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2006–07 AHL season\|2006–07]] \| [[Lowell Devils]] \| AHL \| 60\|\|13\|\|19\|\|32\|\|8 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| [[2007–08 AHL season\|2007–08]] \| Lowell Devils \| AHL \| 66\|\|12\|\|15\|\|27\|\|22 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2007–08 NHL season\|2007–08]] \| [[New Jersey Devils]] \| [[National Hockey League\|NHL]] \| 1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| [[2008–09 AHL season\|2008–09]] \| Lowell Devils \| AHL \| 66\|\|22\|\|29\|\|51\|\|14 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2008–09 NHL season\|2008–09]] \| New Jersey Devils \| NHL \| 8\|\|1\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| [[2009–10 NHL season\|2009–10]] \| New Jersey Devils \| NHL \| 54\|\|13\|\|14\|\|27\|\|10 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| 2009–10 \| [[Atlanta Thrashers]] \| NHL \| 27\|\|8\|\|9\|\|17\|\|0 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| [[2010–11 NHL season\|2010–11]] \| Atlanta Thrashers \| NHL \| 52\|\|11\|\|18\|\|29\|\|6 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| 2010–11 \| [[Florida Panthers]] \| NHL \| 20\|\|1\|\|6\|\|7\|\|2 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| [[2011–12 NHL season\|2011–12]] \| [[Nashville Predators]] \| NHL \| 11\|\|1\|\|1\|\|2\|\|2 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2011–12 KHL season\|2011–12]] \| [[Ak Bars Kazan]] \| [[Kontinental Hockey League\|KHL]] \| 8\|\|0\|\|1\|\|1\|\|2 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| 2011–12 \| [[Severstal Cherepovets]] \| KHL \| 13\|\|4\|\|3\|\|7\|\|4 \| 6\|\|0\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0 \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2012–13 KHL season\|2012–13]] \| Severstal Cherepovets \| KHL \| 45\|\|8\|\|10\|\|18\|\|2 \| 9\|\|0\|\|3\|\|3\|\|0 \|- \| [[2013–14 KHL season\|2013–14]] \| [[Admiral Vladivostok]] \| KHL \| 54\|\|17\|\|19\|\|36\|\|18 \| 5\|\|1\|\|1\|\|2\|\|2 \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2014–15 KHL season\|2014–15]] \| Admiral Vladivostok \| KHL \| 60\|\|21\|\|23\|\|44\|\|14 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| [[2015–16 KHL season\|2015–16]] \| Admiral Vladivostok \| KHL \| 25\|\|3\|\|8\|\|11\|\|6 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| 2015–16 \| [[Sokol Krasnoyarsk]] \| [[Supreme Hockey League\|VHL]] \| 2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| 2015–16 \| [[Amur Khabarovsk]] \| KHL \| 23\|\|6\|\|7\|\|13\|\|10 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2016–17 SHL season\|2016–17]] \| [[Linköpings HC]] \| SHL \| 37\|\|3\|\|2\|\|5\|\|10 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| 2016–17 \| [[Djurgårdens IF Hockey\|Djurgårdens IF]] \| SHL \| 10\|\|2\|\|3\|\|5\|\|2 \| 3\|\|3\|\|1\|\|4\|\|2 \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2017–18 SHL season\|2017–18]] \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 52\|\|14\|\|13\|\|27\|\|14 \| 11\|\|2\|\|2\|\|4\|\|2 \|- \| [[2018–19 SHL season\|2018–19]] \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 52\|\|6\|\|15\|\|21\|\|12 \| 19\|\|2\|\|6\|\|8\|\|6 \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2019–20 SHL season\|2019–20]] \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 52\|\|12\|\|11\|\|23\|\|22 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- \| [[2020–21 SHL season\|2020–21]] \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 52\|\|15\|\|12\|\|27\|\|14 \| 3\|\|0\|\|1\|\|1\|\|2 \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2021–22 SHL season\|2021–22]] \| Djurgårdens IF \| SHL \| 50\|\|2\|\|3\|\|5\|\|8 \| —\|\|—\|\|—\|\|—\|\|— \|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" \| SHL totals ! 330!!55!!59!!114!!84 ! 38!!7!!10!!17!!12 \|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" \| NHL totals ! 173!!35!!48!!83!!20 ! —!!—!!—!!—!!— \|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" \| KHL totals ! 228!!59!!71!!130!!56 ! 20!!1!!5!!6!!2 \|} ===International=== {{MedalTableTop\|name = }} {{MedalCountry \| {{ih\|SWE}} }} {{MedalSport \| [[Ice hockey]]}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[IIHF World U18 Championships\|IIHF U18 Championships]]}} {{MedalBronze \| [[2005 IIHF World U18 Championships\|2005 České Budějovice]] \| }} {{MedalBottom }} {\| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" ID="Table3" style="text-align:center; width:40em" \|- align="center" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! Year ! Team ! Event ! Result ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" \| ! GP ! G ! A ! Pts ! PIM \|- \| [[2004 IIHF World U18 Championships\|2004]] \| [[Sweden men's national under-18 ice hockey team\|Sweden]] \| [[IIHF World U18 Championships\|WJC18]] \| 5th \| 6 \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 6 \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\|2005]] \| [[Sweden men's national junior ice hockey team\|Sweden]] \| [[World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\|WJC]] \| 6th \| 6 \| 2 \| 1 \| 3 \| 2 \|- \| [[2005 IIHF World U18 Championships\|2005]] \| Sweden \| WJC18 \| {{bronze3}} \| 7 \| 6 \| 0 \| 6 \| 0 \|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" \| [[2006 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\|2006]] \| Sweden \| WJC \| 5th \| 6 \| 3 \| 3 \| 6 \| 2 \|- \| [[2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships\|2007]] \| Sweden \| WJC \| 4th \| 7 \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="4" \| Junior totals ! 32 ! 12 ! 8 ! 20 ! 10 \|} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{icehockeystats}} {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box \| before = [[Travis Zajac]] \| title = [[List of New Jersey Devils draft picks\|New Jersey Devils first round draft pick]] \| years = [[2005 NHL Entry Draft\|2005]] \| after = '''[[Matt Corrente]]'''}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bergfors, Niclas}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Ice hockey people from Södertälje]] [[Category:Admiral Vladivostok players]] [[Category:Ak Bars Kazan players]] [[Category:Albany River Rats players]] [[Category:Amur Khabarovsk players]] [[Category:Atlanta Thrashers players]] [[Category:Djurgårdens IF (men's hockey) players]] [[Category:Florida Panthers players]] [[Category:Linköping HC players]] [[Category:Lowell Devils players]] [[Category:Nashville Predators players]] [[Category:NHL first-round draft picks]] [[Category:New Jersey Devils draft picks]] [[Category:New Jersey Devils players]] [[Category:Severstal Cherepovets players]] [[Category:Södertälje SK players]] [[Category:Swedish ice hockey right wingers]] [[Category:Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in the United States]]	1,234,079,194	[{"title": "Niclas Bergfors", "data": {"Born": "7 March 1987 \u00b7 S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje, Sweden", "Height": "5 ft 10 in (178 cm)", "Weight": "200 lb (91 kg; 14 st 4 lb)", "Position": "Right Wing", "Shoots": "Right", "SHL team \u00b7 Former teams": "Free Agent \u00b7 S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje SK \u00b7 New Jersey Devils \u00b7 Atlanta Thrashers \u00b7 Florida Panthers \u00b7 Nashville Predators \u00b7 Ak Bars Kazan \u00b7 Severstal Cherepovets \u00b7 Admiral Vladivostok \u00b7 Amur Khabarovsk \u00b7 Link\u00f6pings HC \u00b7 Djurg\u00e5rdens IF", "NHL draft": "23rd overall, 2005 \u00b7 New Jersey Devils", "Playing career": "2004\u2013present"}}, {"title": "IIHF U18 Championships", "data": {"Bronze medal \u2013 third place": "2005 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice"}}]	false
# Leonardo Sciascia Leonardo Sciascia (Italian: [leoˈnardo ʃˈʃaʃʃa] ⓘ; 8 January 1921 – 20 November 1989) was an Italian writer, novelist, essayist, playwright, and politician. Some of his works have been made into films, including Porte Aperte (1990; Open Doors), Cadaveri Eccellenti (1976; Illustrious Corpses), Todo Modo (also 1976) and Il giorno della civetta (1968; The Day of the Owl). He is one of the greatest literary figures in the European literature of the 20th century. ## Biography Sciascia was born in Racalmuto, Sicily, on 8 January 1921. In 1935, his family moved to Caltanissetta, where Sciascia studied under Vitaliano Brancati, who would become his model in writing and introduce him to French novelists. From Giuseppe Granata, future Communist member of the Italian Senate, Sciascia learned about the French Enlightenment and American literature. In 1944, he married Maria Andronico, an elementary school teacher in Racalmuto. In 1948, his brother committed suicide, an event which profoundly impacted Sciascia. Sciascia's first work, Favole della dittatura (Fables of the Dictatorship), a satire on fascism in Italy, was published in 1950. This was followed in 1952 by La Sicilia, il suo cuore (Sicily, its Heart), his first and only poetry collection, illustrated by Emilio Greco. The following year Sciascia won the Premio Pirandello, awarded by the Sicilian Region, for his essay "Pirandello e il pirandellismo" ("Pirandello and Pirandellism"). In 1954, he began collaborating with literature and ethnology magazines published by Salvatore Sciascia in Caltanissetta. In 1956, he published Le parrocchie di Regalpetra (The Parishes of Regalpetra), an autobiographic novel inspired by his experience as an elementary school teacher in his home town. In the same year, he moved to teach in Caltanissetta, only to move again to Rome in 1957 where he struck up a lifelong friendship with Sicilian artist, Bruno Caruso. In the autumn of 1957, he published Gli zii di Sicilia (Uncles of Sicily), which includes sharp views about themes such as the influence of the U.S. and of communism in the world, and the 19th century unification of Italy. After one year in Rome, Sciascia moved back to Caltanissetta, in Sicily. In 1961, he published Il giorno della civetta (The Day of the Owl), one of his most famous novels, about the Mafia, and in 1963, the historical novel Il consiglio d'Egitto (The Council of Egypt), set in 18th-century Palermo. After a series of essays, in 1965 he wrote the play L'onorevole (The Honorable), a denunciation of the complicities between government and the mafia. Another political mystery novel is 1966's A ciascuno il suo (To Each His Own). The following year Sciascia moved to Palermo. In 1969, he began a collaboration with Il Corriere della Sera. That same year he published the play Recitazione della controversia liparitana dedicata ad A.D. (Recitation of liparitana dispute dedicated to A.D.), dedicated to Alexander Dubček. In 1971, Sciascia returned again to mystery with Il contesto (The Challenge), which inspired Francesco Rosi's movie Cadaveri eccellenti (1976; Illustrious Corpses). The novel created Polemics, due to its merciless portrait of Italian politics, as did his novel Todo modo (1974; One Way or Another), due to its description of Italy's Catholic clergy. At the 1975 communal elections in Palermo, Sciascia ran as an independent within the Italian Communist Party (PCI) slate and was elected to the city council. In the same year, he published La scomparsa di Majorana (The Disappearance of Majorana), dealing with the mysterious disappearance of scientist Ettore Majorana. In 1977, he resigned from PCI, due to his opposition to any dealing with the Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democratic party). Later, he would be elected to the Italian and European Parliament with the Radical Party. Sciascia's last works include the essay collection Cronachette (1985), the novels Porte aperte (1987; Open Doors) and Il cavaliere e la morte (1988; The Horseman and Death). He died on 20 November 1989 in Palermo. ## Writing A number of his books, such as The Day of the Owl (Il giorno della civetta) and Equal Danger (Il contesto), demonstrate how the Mafia manages to sustain itself with the help of the anomie inherent in Sicilian life. He presented a forensic analysis of the kidnapping and assassination of Aldo Moro, a prominent Christian Democrat, in his book The Moro Affair. Sciascia's work is intricate and displays a longing for justice while attempting to show how corrupt Italian society had become and remains. His linking of politicians, intrigue, and the Mafia gave him a high profile, which was very much at odds with his private self. This high profile resulted in his becoming widely disliked for his criticism of Giulio Andreotti, then Prime Minister, for his lack of action to free Moro and answer the demands of the Brigate Rosse (Red Brigades). In 1979, Sciascia was elected for the Radical Party in the House of Deputies and became a member of the committee of the House for the investigation into Moro's kidnapping, which stated that there was a certain amount of negligence on the part of the Christian Democrat Party in their stance that the state was bigger than a person, and that they would not swap Moro for 13 political prisoners, even though Moro himself had stated that the swapping of innocent people for political prisoners was a valid option in negotiations with terrorists. However, senior members of the party disagreed with this stance and were of the view that Moro had been drugged and tortured to utter these words. Out of this experience, Sciascia wrote an important book. Sciascia wrote of his unique Sicilian experience, linking families with political parties, the treachery of alliances and allegiances, and the calling of favours that result in outcomes that do not benefit society, but those individuals who are in favor. His books are rarely characterized by a happy ending or by justice for the ordinary man. A prime example of this is Equal Danger (1973; Il Contesto), in which the police's best detective is drafted to Sicily to investigate a spate of murders of judges. Focusing on the inability of authorities to handle such an investigation into the corruption, Sciascia's hero is finally thwarted. His 1984 opus, Occhio di Capra (Goat's Eye), is a collection of Sicilian sayings and proverbs gathered from the area around his native village, to which he was intensely attached throughout his life. ## Works - Le favole della dittatura (1950) - La Sicilia, il suo cuore (1952) - Il fiore della poesia romanesca. Belli, Pascarella, Trilussa, Dell'Arco (1952) - Pirandello e il Pirandellismo (1953) - Le Parrocchie di Regalpetra (1st ed. 1956, 2nd augmented ed. 1963) (Salt in the Wound, trans. Judith Green (1969)) - Gli zii di Sicilia (1st ed. 1958, 2nd augmented ed. 1961) (Sicilian Uncles, trans. N.S. Thompson (1986)) – short stories - Il Giorno della Civetta (1961) (Mafia Vendetta, trans. Archibald Colquhoun and Arthur Oliver (1963); republished as The Day of the Owl (1984)) - Pirandello e la Sicilia (1961) - Il consiglio d’Egitto (1963) (The Council of Egypt, trans. Adrienne Foulke (1966)) - Santo Marino (1963) - Morte dell'inquisitore (1964) (Death of the Inquisitor, trans. Judith Green (1969); Death of an Inquisitor and other stories, trans. Ian Thomson (1990) (published with translations of Cronachette (1985) and Le strega e il capitano (1986)) - L'onorevole (1965) - Jaki (1965) - A ciascuno il suo (1966) (A Man's Blessing, trans. Adrienne Foulke (1968); republished as To Each His Own (1992)) - Racconti siciliani (1966) - Recitazione della controversia liparitana dedicata ad A.D. (1969) - La corda pazza (1970) - Atti relativi alla morte di Raymond Roussel (1971) - Il contesto. Una parodia (1971) (Equal Danger, trans. Adrienne Foulke (1973)) - Il Mare Colore del Vino (1973) (The Wine-Dark Sea, trans. Avril Bardoni (1985)) – collected short stories - Todo Modo (1974) (One Way or Another, trans. Adrienne Foulke (1977); Sacha Rabinovich (1987)) - La Scomparsa di Majorana (1975) (The Mystery of Majorana, trans. Sacha Rabinovich (1987))[7] - I pugnalatori (1976) - Candido, ovvero, un sogno fatto in Sicilia (1977) (Candido, or A Dream Dreamed in Sicily, trans. Adrienne Foulke (1979)) - L'affaire Moro (1st ed. 1978, 2nd augmented ed. 1983) (The Moro Affair, trans. Sacha Rabinovich (1987)) - Dalle parti degli infedeli (1979) - Nero su nero (1979) - Il teatro della memoria (1981) - La sentenza memorabile (1982) - Cruciverba (1983) - Stendhal e la Sicilia (1984) - Occhio di capra (1st ed. 1984, 2nd augmented ed. 1990) - Cronachette (1985) (Little Chronicles trans. Ian Thomson (1990) (published with translations of Morte dell'inquisitore (1964) and Le strega e il capitano (1986)) - Per un ritratto dello scrittore da giovane (1985) - La strega e il capitano (1987) (The Captain and the Witch, trans. Ian Thomson (1990) (published with translations of Morte dell'inquisitore (1964) and Cronachette (1985) - 1912+1 (1986) (1912 + 1, trans. Sacha Rabinovitch (1989)) - Porte Aperte (1987) (Open Doors, trans. Marie Evans (1991)) - Il Cavaliere e la Morte (1988) (The Knight and Death, trans. Joseph Farrell (1991)) - Alfabeto pirandelliano (1989) - Fatti diversi di storia letteraria e civile (1989) - Una storia semplice (1989) (A Straightforward Tale, trans. Joseph Farrell (1991); A Simple Story, trans. Howard Curtis (2010)) - A futura memoria (se la memoria ha un futuro) (1989) ## Bibliography ### In Italian on Sciascia's works - Leonardo Sciascia, a cura di Sebastiano Gesù, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1992 - Narratori siciliani del secondo dopoguerra, a cura di Sarah Zappulla Muscarà, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1990 - Cadaveri eccellenti, a cura di Sebastiano Gesù, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1992 - V. Fascia, F. Izzo, A. Maori, La memoria di carta: Bibliografia delle opere di Leonardo Sciascia, Edizioni Otto/Novecento, Milano, 1998 - V. Vecellio (a cura di), L'uomo solo: L'affaire Moro di Leonardo Sciascia, Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2002 - V. Vecellio, Saremo perduti senza la verità, Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2003 - G. Jackson, Nel labirinto di Sciascia, Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2004 - L. Palazzolo Leonardo Sciascia deputato radicale 1979–1983, Kaos edizioni, 2004 - L. Pogliaghi (a cura di), Giustizia come ossessione: forme della giustizia nella pagina di Leonardo Sciascia, Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2005 - M. D'Alessandra e S. Salis (a cura di), Nero su giallo: Leonardo Sciascia eretico del genere poliziesco, Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2006 - P. Milone, L'enciclopedia di Leonardo Sciascia: caos, ordine e caso : atti del 1○ ciclo di incontri (Roma, gennaio-aprile 2006), Quaderni Leonardo Sciascia, 11. Milano: La Vita Felice, 2007 - R. Martinoni, Troppo poco pazzi: Leonardo Sciascia nella libera e laica Svizzera (Collana Sciascia scrittore europeo, I, in collaboration with Amici di Leonardo Sciascia) Leo S. Olschki editore, Firenze: Leo S. Olschki editore, 2011 - I. Thomson, Una conversazione a Palermo con Leonardo Sciascia, Rubbetino Editore, 2022 ### In English on Sciascia's works - Giffuni, Cathe (Spring–Summer 1989). "A Bibliography of the Mystery Writings of Leonardo Sciascia". Clues: A Journal of Detection. 10 (1): 75–87. - L. Sciascia, M. Padovani, Sicily as Metaphor, Marlboro: Marlboro Press, 1994 - J. Farrell, Leonardo Sciascia, Writers of Italy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995 - G. Ania, Fortunes of the Firefly: Sciascia's Art of Detection, Market Harborough: University Texts, 1996 - R. Glynn, Contesting the Monument: The Anti-Illusionist Italian Historical Novel, Italian perspectives, 10. Leeds, England: Northern Universities Press, 2005 - J. Cannon. The Novel As Investigation: Leonardo Sciascia, Dacia Maraini, and Antonio Tabucchi, Toronto Italian studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006	enwiki/621583	enwiki	621,583	Leonardo Sciascia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Sciascia	2025-04-25T20:34:08Z	en	Q317142	147,524	{{Short description\|Italian writer (1921–1989)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox officeholder \|honorific-prefix = \|name = Leonardo Sciascia \|image = Leonardo Sciascia.jpg \|office1 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\|Chamber of Deputies]] \|term_start1 = 20 June 1979 \|term_end1 = 11 July 1983 \|constituency1 = [[Rome]] \|constituency_MP2 = [[Central Italy (European Parliament constituency)\|Central Italy]] \|parliament2 = European \|term_start2 = 17 July 1979 \|term_end2 = 24 September 1979 \|birth_date = {{Birth date\|df=y\|1921\|1\|8}} \|birth_place = [[Racalmuto]], Kingdom of Italy \|death_date = {{Death date and age\|df=y\|1989\|11\|20\|1921\|1\|8}} \|death_place = [[Palermo]], Italy \|nationality = Italian \|residence = Palermo, Sicily \|party = [[Italian Communist Party\|PCI]] (1975–1977)<br>[[Radical Party (Italy)\|PR]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Leonardo Sciascia deputato radicale 1978–1983\|author=Lanfranco Palazzolo\|publisher=Kaos\|date= 1 January 2004}}</ref> (1979–1984) \|profession = Writer, novelist, journalist, political activist }} '''Leonardo Sciascia''' ({{IPA\|it\|leoˈnardo ʃˈʃaʃʃa\|lang\|It-Leonardo Sciascia.oga}}; 8 January 1921 – 20 November 1989) was an Italian writer, novelist, essayist, playwright, and politician. Some of his works have been made into films, including ''[[Open Doors (film)\|Porte Aperte]]'' (1990; ''Open Doors''), ''[[Illustrious Corpses\|Cadaveri Eccellenti]]'' (1976; ''Illustrious Corpses''), ''[[Todo Modo]]'' (also 1976) and ''[[The Day of the Owl (film)\|Il giorno della civetta]]'' (1968; ''The Day of the Owl''). He is one of the greatest literary figures in the [[Western literature\|European literature]] of the 20th century. ==Biography== {{Moresources\|section\|date=August 2023}} Sciascia was born in [[Racalmuto]], Sicily, on 8 January 1921.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Michela Montante\|title=Leonardo Sciascia: The Writer \|journal=[[World Literature Today]]\|date=Winter 1991\|volume=65\|issue=1\|pages=65–68 \|doi=10.2307/40146124\|jstor=40146124}}</ref> In 1935, his family moved to [[Caltanissetta]], where Sciascia studied under [[Vitaliano Brancati]], who would become his model in writing and introduce him to French novelists. From Giuseppe Granata, future [[Italian Communist Party\|Communist]] member of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)\|Italian Senate]], Sciascia learned about the [[Age of Enlightenment\|French Enlightenment]] and [[American literature]]. In 1944, he married Maria Andronico, an elementary school teacher in Racalmuto. In 1948, his brother committed suicide, an event which profoundly impacted Sciascia. Sciascia's first work, ''Favole della dittatura'' (''Fables of the Dictatorship''), a satire on [[Italian Fascism\|fascism in Italy]], was published in 1950.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528743/Leonardo-Sciascia\|title=Leonardo Sciascia\|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica\|date=8 April 2024 }}</ref> This was followed in 1952 by ''La Sicilia, il suo cuore'' (''Sicily, its Heart''), his first and only poetry collection, illustrated by [[Emilio Greco]]. The following year Sciascia won the Premio Pirandello, awarded by the Sicilian Region, for his essay "''Pirandello e il pirandellismo''" ("Pirandello and Pirandellism"). In 1954, he began collaborating with literature and [[ethnology]] magazines published by [[Salvatore Sciascia]] in Caltanissetta. In 1956, he published ''Le parrocchie di Regalpetra'' (''The Parishes of Regalpetra''), an autobiographic novel inspired by his experience as an elementary school teacher in his home town. In the same year, he moved to teach in Caltanissetta, only to move again to Rome in 1957 where he struck up a lifelong friendship with Sicilian artist, [[Bruno Caruso]]. In the autumn of 1957, he published ''Gli zii di Sicilia'' (''Uncles of Sicily''), which includes sharp views about themes such as the influence of the U.S. and of [[communism]] in the world, and the 19th century [[Italian unification\|unification of Italy]]. After one year in Rome, Sciascia moved back to Caltanissetta, in Sicily. In 1961, he published ''[[The Day of the Owl\|Il giorno della civetta]]'' (''The Day of the Owl''), one of his most famous novels, about the Mafia, and in 1963, the historical novel ''Il consiglio d'Egitto'' (''The Council of Egypt''), set in 18th-century [[Palermo]]. After a series of essays, in 1965 he wrote the play ''L'onorevole'' (''The Honorable''), a denunciation of the complicities between government and [[Sicilian Mafia\|the mafia]]. Another political mystery novel is 1966's ''[[To Each His Own (novel)\|A ciascuno il suo]]'' (''To Each His Own''). The following year Sciascia moved to Palermo. In 1969, he began a collaboration with ''[[Corriere della Sera\|Il Corriere della Sera]]''. That same year he published the play ''Recitazione della controversia liparitana dedicata ad A.D.'' (''Recitation of liparitana dispute dedicated to A.D.''), dedicated to [[Alexander Dubček]]. In 1971, Sciascia returned again to mystery with ''[[Equal Danger\|Il contesto]]'' (''The Challenge''), which inspired [[Francesco Rosi]]'s movie ''[[Illustrious Corpses\|Cadaveri eccellenti]]'' (1976; ''Illustrious Corpses''). The novel created [[Polemic]]s, due to its merciless portrait of Italian politics, as did his novel ''Todo modo'' (1974; ''One Way or Another''), due to its description of Italy's Catholic clergy. At the 1975 communal elections in Palermo, Sciascia ran as an independent within the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI) slate and was elected to the city council. In the same year, he published ''La scomparsa di Majorana'' (''The Disappearance of Majorana''), dealing with the mysterious disappearance of scientist [[Ettore Majorana]]. In 1977, he resigned from PCI, due to his opposition to any dealing with the ''[[Christian Democracy (Italy)\|Democrazia Cristiana]]'' (Christian Democratic party). Later, he would be elected to the Italian and European Parliament with the [[Radical Party (Italy)\|Radical Party]]. Sciascia's last works include the essay collection ''Cronachette'' (1985), the novels ''Porte aperte'' (1987; ''Open Doors'') and ''Il cavaliere e la morte'' (1988; ''The Horseman and Death''). He died on 20 November 1989 in Palermo. == Writing == [[File:Leonardo Sciascia2.jpg\|left\|thumb\|200px\|Sciascia as Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 1979]] A number of his books, such as ''The Day of the Owl'' (''Il giorno della civetta'') and ''Equal Danger'' (''Il contesto''), demonstrate how the Mafia manages to sustain itself with the help of the [[anomie]] inherent in Sicilian life. He presented a forensic analysis of the kidnapping and assassination of [[Aldo Moro]], a prominent [[Christian Democracy (Italy)\|Christian Democrat]], in his book ''The Moro Affair''.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Moro Affair and The Mystery of Majorana\|edition=English and Italian; Hardcover\|date= 1 January 1987\|isbn=978-0856357008\|publisher=Carcanet Press}}</ref> Sciascia's work is intricate and displays a longing for justice while attempting to show how corrupt Italian society had become and remains. His linking of politicians, intrigue, and [[Sicilian Mafia\|the Mafia]] gave him a high profile, which was very much at odds with his private self. This high profile resulted in his becoming widely disliked for his criticism of [[Giulio Andreotti]], then Prime Minister, for his lack of action to free Moro and answer the demands of the ''[[Red Brigades\|Brigate Rosse]]'' (Red Brigades). In 1979, Sciascia was elected for the Radical Party in the House of Deputies and became a member of the committee of the House for the investigation into Moro's kidnapping, which stated that there was a certain amount of negligence on the part of the Christian Democrat Party in their stance that the state was bigger than a person, and that they would not swap Moro for 13 political prisoners, even though Moro himself had stated that the swapping of innocent people for political prisoners was a valid option in negotiations with terrorists. However, senior members of the party disagreed with this stance and were of the view that Moro had been drugged and tortured to utter these words. Out of this experience, Sciascia wrote an important book. Sciascia wrote of his unique Sicilian experience, linking families with political parties, the treachery of alliances and allegiances, and the calling of favours that result in outcomes that do not benefit society, but those individuals who are in favor. His books are rarely characterized by a happy ending or by justice for the ordinary man. A prime example of this is ''Equal Danger'' (1973; ''Il Contesto''),<ref>{{cite book\|title=Equal Danger\|edition=First\|publisher= Harper & Row\|date=1973\|author=Sciascia, Leonardo\|language= en\|isbn=978-0060138097}}</ref> in which the police's best detective is drafted to Sicily to investigate a spate of murders of judges. Focusing on the inability of authorities to handle such an investigation into the corruption, Sciascia's hero is finally thwarted. His 1984 opus, ''Occhio di Capra''<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Sciascia \|first1=Leonardo \|title=Occhio di capra \|date=1984 \|publisher=Einaudi \|location=Torino \|isbn=9788806057756 \|oclc=797364283 }}</ref> (''Goat's Eye''), is a collection of Sicilian sayings and proverbs gathered from the area around his native village, to which he was intensely attached throughout his life. == Works == [[File:Statue of Sciascia in Racalmuto.jpg\|thumb\|His statue in [[Racalmuto]]]] [[File:Sciascia's tombstone in Racalmuto.JPG\|thumb\|His tombstone in [[Racalmuto]]]] * ''Le favole della dittatura'' (1950) * ''La Sicilia, il suo cuore'' (1952) * ''Il fiore della poesia romanesca. Belli, Pascarella, Trilussa, Dell'Arco'' (1952) * ''Pirandello e il Pirandellismo'' (1953) * ''Le Parrocchie di Regalpetra'' (1st ed. 1956, 2nd augmented ed. 1963) (''Salt in the Wound'', trans. Judith Green (1969)) * ''Gli zii di Sicilia'' (1st ed. 1958, 2nd augmented ed. 1961) (''Sicilian Uncles'', trans. N.S. Thompson (1986)) – short stories * ''Il Giorno della Civetta'' (1961) (''Mafia Vendetta'', trans. Archibald Colquhoun and Arthur Oliver (1963); republished as ''[[The Day of the Owl]]'' (1984)) * ''Pirandello e la Sicilia'' (1961) * ''Il consiglio d’Egitto'' (1963) (''The Council of Egypt'', trans. Adrienne Foulke (1966)) * ''Santo Marino'' (1963) * ''Morte dell'inquisitore'' (1964) (''Death of the Inquisitor'', trans. Judith Green (1969); ''Death of an Inquisitor and other stories'', trans. Ian Thomson (1990) (published with translations of ''Cronachette'' (1985) and ''Le strega e il capitano'' (1986)) * ''L'onorevole'' (1965) * ''Jaki'' (1965) * ''A ciascuno il suo'' (1966) (''A Man's Blessing'', trans. Adrienne Foulke (1968); republished as ''[[To Each His Own (novel)\|To Each His Own]]'' (1992)) * ''Racconti siciliani'' (1966) * ''Recitazione della controversia liparitana dedicata ad A.D.'' (1969) * ''La corda pazza'' (1970) * ''Atti relativi alla morte di Raymond Roussel'' (1971) * ''Il contesto. Una parodia'' (1971) (''[[Equal Danger]]'', trans. Adrienne Foulke (1973)) * ''Il Mare Colore del Vino'' (1973) (''The Wine-Dark Sea'', trans. Avril Bardoni (1985)) – collected short stories * ''Todo Modo'' (1974) (''One Way or Another'', trans. Adrienne Foulke (1977); Sacha Rabinovich (1987)) * ''La Scomparsa di Majorana'' (1975) (''The Mystery of Majorana'', trans. Sacha Rabinovich (1987))<ref>The book focuses on the mysterious disappearance of Italian physicist [[Ettore Majorana]]. Sciascia summarizes the results of the investigations, examines the facts and the documents concerning Majorana, and suggests a theory about the scientist's fate, rejecting the "suicide" hypothesis.</ref> * ''I pugnalatori'' (1976) * ''Candido, ovvero, un sogno fatto in Sicilia'' (1977) (''Candido, or A Dream Dreamed in Sicily'', trans. Adrienne Foulke (1979)) * ''L'affaire Moro'' (1st ed. 1978, 2nd augmented ed. 1983) (''The Moro Affair'', trans. Sacha Rabinovich (1987)) * ''Dalle parti degli infedeli'' (1979) * ''Nero su nero'' (1979) * ''Il teatro della memoria'' (1981) * ''La sentenza memorabile'' (1982) * ''Cruciverba'' (1983) * ''Stendhal e la Sicilia'' (1984) * ''Occhio di capra'' (1st ed. 1984, 2nd augmented ed. 1990) * ''Cronachette'' (1985) (''Little Chronicles'' trans. Ian Thomson (1990) (published with translations of ''Morte dell'inquisitore'' (1964) and ''Le strega e il capitano'' (1986)) * ''Per un ritratto dello scrittore da giovane'' (1985) * ''La strega e il capitano'' (1987) (''The Captain and the Witch'', trans. Ian Thomson (1990) (published with translations of ''Morte dell'inquisitore'' (1964) and ''Cronachette'' (1985) * ''1912+1'' (1986) (''1912 + 1'', trans. Sacha Rabinovitch (1989)) * ''Porte Aperte'' (1987) (''Open Doors'', trans. Marie Evans (1991)) * ''Il Cavaliere e la Morte'' (1988) (''[[The Knight and Death]]'', trans. Joseph Farrell (1991)) * ''Alfabeto pirandelliano'' (1989) * ''Fatti diversi di storia letteraria e civile'' (1989) * ''Una storia semplice'' (1989) (''A Straightforward Tale'', trans. Joseph Farrell (1991); ''[[Una storia semplice (novel)\|A Simple Story]]'', trans. Howard Curtis (2010)) * ''A futura memoria (se la memoria ha un futuro)'' (1989) == Bibliography == === In Italian on Sciascia's works === * ''Leonardo Sciascia'', a cura di Sebastiano Gesù, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1992 * ''Narratori siciliani del secondo dopoguerra'', a cura di Sarah Zappulla Muscarà, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1990 * ''Cadaveri eccellenti'', a cura di Sebastiano Gesù, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1992 * V. Fascia, F. Izzo, A. Maori, ''La memoria di carta: Bibliografia delle opere di Leonardo Sciascia'', Edizioni Otto/Novecento, Milano, 1998 * V. Vecellio (a cura di), ''L'uomo solo: L'affaire Moro di Leonardo Sciascia'', Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2002 * V. Vecellio, ''Saremo perduti senza la verità'', Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2003 * G. Jackson, ''Nel labirinto di Sciascia'', Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2004 * L. Palazzolo ''Leonardo Sciascia deputato radicale 1979–1983'', Kaos edizioni, 2004 * L. Pogliaghi (a cura di), ''Giustizia come ossessione: forme della giustizia nella pagina di Leonardo Sciascia'', Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2005 * M. D'Alessandra e S. Salis (a cura di), ''Nero su giallo: Leonardo Sciascia eretico del genere poliziesco'', Edizioni La Vita Felice, Milano, 2006 * P. Milone, ''L'enciclopedia di Leonardo Sciascia: caos, ordine e caso : atti del 1○ ciclo di incontri (Roma, gennaio-aprile 2006),'' Quaderni Leonardo Sciascia, 11. Milano: La Vita Felice, 2007 * R. Martinoni, ''Troppo poco pazzi: Leonardo Sciascia nella libera e laica Svizzera'' (Collana Sciascia scrittore europeo, I, in collaboration with Amici di Leonardo Sciascia) Leo S. Olschki editore, Firenze: Leo S. Olschki editore, 2011 * I. Thomson, ''Una conversazione a Palermo con Leonardo Sciascia'', Rubbetino Editore, 2022 === In English on Sciascia's works === * {{cite journal\|first=Cathe\|last=Giffuni\|title=A Bibliography of the Mystery Writings of Leonardo Sciascia\|journal=Clues: A Journal of Detection\|volume=10\|issue=1\|pages=75–87\|date=Spring–Summer 1989}} * L. Sciascia, M. Padovani, ''Sicily as Metaphor,'' Marlboro: Marlboro Press, 1994 * J. Farrell, ''Leonardo Sciascia,'' Writers of Italy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995 * G. Ania, ''Fortunes of the Firefly: Sciascia's Art of Detection,'' Market Harborough: University Texts, 1996 * R. Glynn, ''Contesting the Monument: The Anti-Illusionist Italian Historical Novel,'' Italian perspectives, 10. Leeds, England: Northern Universities Press, 2005 * J. Cannon. ''The Novel As Investigation: Leonardo Sciascia, Dacia Maraini, and Antonio Tabucchi,'' Toronto Italian studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006 == References == {{reflist\|22em}} == External links == {{Wikiquote}} * {{in lang\|it}} [http://www.amicisciascia.it Associazione Amici di Leonardo Sciascia] (Friends of Leonardo Sciascia Society) * {{in lang\|it}} [http://www.fondazioneleonardosciascia.it/ Fondazione Leonardo Sciascia] (Leonardo Sciascia Foundation) {{Navboxes \|title=Awards received by Leonardo Sciascia \|list1= {{Mondello Prize}} {{Bagutta Prize}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sciascia, Leonardo}} [[Category:Leonardo Sciascia\| ]] [[Category:1921 births]] [[Category:1989 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Italian novelists]] [[Category:20th-century Italian male writers]] [[Category:Antimafia]] [[Category:Deputies of Legislature VIII of Italy]] [[Category:Historians of the Sicilian Mafia]] [[Category:Italian deists]] [[Category:Italian communists]] [[Category:Organized crime novelists]] [[Category:People from Racalmuto]] [[Category:Radical Party (Italy) politicians]] [[Category:Writers from the Province of Agrigento]] [[Category:Politicians from the Province of Agrigento]] [[Category:Deaths from multiple myeloma]]	1,287,374,879	[{"title": "Member of the Chamber of Deputies", "data": {"Member of the Chamber of Deputies": "In office \u00b7 20 June 1979 \u2013 11 July 1983", "Constituency": "Rome"}}, {"title": "Member of the European Parliament \u00b7 for Central Italy", "data": {"Member of the European Parliament \u00b7 for Central Italy": "In office \u00b7 17 July 1979 \u2013 24 September 1979"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "8 January 1921 \u00b7 Racalmuto, Kingdom of Italy", "Died": "20 November 1989 (aged 68) \u00b7 Palermo, Italy", "Political party": "PCI (1975\u20131977) \u00b7 PR (1979\u20131984)", "Residence(s)": "Palermo, Sicily", "Profession": "Writer, novelist, journalist, political activist"}}]	false
# Annappes Annappes (French pronunciation: [anap]) is a village and former commune of the Nord Department of France, on the river Marque. In 1970, it was merged with the communes of Ascq and Flers-lez-Lille to form the new commune of Villeneuve d'Ascq. It is still a district of the commune today. ## Etymology of the name The origin of the name Annappes is very turbid. Theodore Leuridan fr:Théodore Leuridan, in a historical note on Annappes, considers several solutions - asnapis formed of the radical goth ap, ahva = water (aqua in Latin) - word meaning into Celtic "with a curve of rivière" - contraction of "AD Menapios": Annappes was located at the end of the territory of Nerviens towards the country of Ménapiens. Dauzat and Rostaing, in the Etymological dictionary of the place names in France, think that the name comes from Germanic the hanap, hemp. ## History ### Origins In 1980, a fragment of polished flint axe was found in the park of the current Saint-Adrien School. It is estimated to date from approximately 2000 BC. Other axes of this kind were discovered in the area of Lille, in particular in the alluvia of Deûle. The historians allot them to populations using cut stone tools, but already devoted to cattle breeding and agriculture. However, it is no proof that man was sedentary there; indeed archaeologists have now found traces of human occupation at the end of the independent Gallic era, in particular of sling stones, on the level of the Center Marc-Sautelet. However, it is probable, that this place was not a place of residence, but simply one of the folds in the forest (as described by Julius Caesar), where the Gallic people of the area took refuge from the Roman legions. ### The royal field of Asnapio #### Age of Charlemagne Annappes and its surroundings are with the Middle Ages the site of a royal field, as indicated on a text from the reign of Charlemagne. He must certainly have passed by the field of Asnapio to go to inaugurate the battle of Saint-Riquier in the year 800. At the time of the arrival of Charlemagne for the inauguration of the battle of Saint-Riquier in 800, his royal envoys drew up an inventory at Annappes. The description was so meticulous, that it was recopied as an example, in a handbook of management of the imperial farms, the Capitulary of Villis. Asnapio (its name at the time) was a very rich Carolingian field. About a hundred people lived there in the farm, surrounded by orchards. The peasants cultivated cereals on Mélantois. The outputs were raised enough, and five mills and four breweries, which manufactured the barley beer of the tenants, were installed close to the Mark river. The field had been built close to the marshes, and Asnapio was also a stud farm, which supplied the imperial cavalry. Here the composition of its livestock in 799: - 51 mares, 3 standards, 10 foals, 2 asses, - 16 oxen, 50 cows having calved, 20 heifers, 3 bulls, 38 calves, - 260 pigs, 100 piglets, 5 boars, - 150 ewe, 120 sheep, 200 lambs, - 30 goats, 3 goats, 30 kids; 30 geese, 80 chickens, 22 peacocks. In 836, emperor Louis the Pious gave the royal field to his daughter Gisele, wife of Eberhard of Friuli. This noble couple founded the abbey of Cysoing. The first marquis Berenger, one of their sons, inherited Annappes; he was the King of Lombards thereafter, and then Emperor of the Romans. #### Viking Age The royal field described at the time of Charlemagne was much the same at time of the invasion of the continent by the Vikings. In 881, the Norman plunder of their camp of Courtrai, its field; Annappes, and no text mentions it any more. ### Comté of Flanders During the 10th century, the count de Flander, installed with Lille, and monopolized the territory of Annappes. All the villagers from then on were subject to the authority of Counts of Comtal. The count appointed a mayor, an officer comtal, to manage the fields, Annappes. In 1066, Baudouin V of Flanders gives, by the charter of equipment Saint-Pierre of Lille, two-thirds of the incomes of the church of Annappes. However, it is not known, if there is a bond between this church and the current church Saint-Sebastien of Annappes. At that time, Annappes maintains the close relationships with its neighbors, the villages of Ascq and of Flers-lez-Lille. The count Baudouin IX demolished part of this field of the town hall of Annappes, to build a stronghold to Gilbert de Bourghelles. About 1200 he creates its manor, the strong house of Quiquempois. Gilbert, married with the widow of the lord of the manor of Lille, provides this military function at the beginning of the 13th century. At the time of the departure of the count for the crusades, Gilbert de Bourghelles, lord of Quiquempois is one of the four baillif-procurateurs of the county of Flanders. After the disappearance of Baudouin IX, who become emperor of Constantinople, in 1205, the lord of Quiquempois plays an eminent role, near the heiresses of the county. In 1214, it is he, who advises the new count de Flanders, Ferrand of Portugal. The alliance with Jean sans Terre, and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, will be fatal for him, at the time of Battle of Bouvines, on 27 July 1214. The count equips the religious establishments with some of his grounds. For example, the hospital Saint-Saver, which has a large farm with corn with Annappes in the 13th century. It is at that time that Preudhomme, middle-class inhabitant of Lille, recovers the town hall comtale of Annappes, and that the échevinage (municipal council) is given the responsibility to define payments common to the three villages of Annappes, Ascq, and Flers-lez-Lille. Although the territory is rich, the country population is very precarious, and must undergo several famines, from the 14th to the 15th centuries. In particular there was famine during the year 1316, following bad harvests the year before. Another misfortune, that cuts down on the area, is the war of 1297 and 1304, when French troops of Philip IV of France and those of Flemings devastate the cultures and burn the village. In 1340, at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the village is militarily occupied. In 1349, it is the black death, which cuts down on the area, and the population of Annappes decreases considerably. During the 14th century, the economy of the village is growing gently, in spite of the periodic plagues, bad harvests, and the almost constant presence of soldiers. After being burned by the troops of Louis XI, the church is rebuilt. The oldest parts of the church of Annappes go back to that time. ### The Burgundians In 1369, the county of Flanders was attached to Duchy of Burgundy after the marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy. The population started to grow again very quickly, even if Annappes remains smaller than Ascq, and Flers-lez-Lille. In 1449, tax investigations counted 78 inhabitants within Annappes. After the confrontations between Charles the Bold of Burgundy and Louis XI of France in 1498, the population was 410 inhabitants. In 1505, 500 people lived in the village, and the livestock was 34 horses, 20 foals, 284 cows, 408 sheep. In 1477, when the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold died, the title passed to Mary of Burgundy wife of Habsburg Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, who then took the title of count of Flanders. At the end of the reign of his successor, the Germanic Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his oldest son. Annappes thus passes under the supervision of Philip II, king of Spain and remained under Spanish authority until the reign of Philip IV of Spain. In 1605 The archdukes create the county of Annapes for don Juan de Roblès. ### Starting in France In 1667, Louis XIV reached Lille and took the city. In 1668, Annappes then became a French village by the treaty of Aachen. The village was constantly beset by the effects of the war: housing the troops, requisition of all kinds, devastation, and exaction of the soldiers. From 1708 until 1713, the area was occupied by the Britannico-Dutchmen of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, who returned in 1744. In 1737, the priest of Annappes supported a lengthy lawsuit to obtain the catch of load of a vicar by the Saint-Pierre chapter. Thanks to him, it is known that the cantons of Marchenelles, Hempempont, and the Collection were called small Hollande because the inhabitants very seldom attended church. The same year, one index of Annappes, shows 180 households and 1021 inhabitants. In 1774, the king allowed the division of the marshes between the three villages and their neighbours, which were drained in 1781. The elimination of illiteracy progressed: between 1737 and 1789, 50% of the men and 32% of the women could sign their marriage certificate in Annappes. Cultural life also developed, with ducasse (a traditional village festival), twice a year in the village. People also celebrated Midsummer's Day, Saint Martin's day and Saint-Éloi. In Annappes, as in Flers-lez-Lille, shooting contests were organized. ### Révolution and Napoleonic Wars As in Lille, there is not a popular revolution by the peasants in 1789. The peasants are occupied with the distribution of their communal marsh. In January 1790, Jean-Baptiste Fancy is elected mayor of Annappes. A. Boussemart will succeed him. In April 1792, at the time of the declaration of war against Austria, the regiments gather between Lille and Baisieux, to be directed towards the enemy. But with the approach of the enemy near Baisieux, as of the first cannonades, they beat a retreat towards Lille, where the crowd killed the general Théobald Dillon, believing him to be guilty of collusion with the Austrians. Austrians directed by Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen occupy the area after having taken Roubaix, Tourcoing and Lannoy. However, they raise the Siege of Lille on 8 October, vis-a-vis the impossibility of seizing the city. The Mark River separated the republican troops stationed in Flers, Annappes and Ascq, and the Austrians at the end of 1792 until the beginning of 1794. The coalition formed against France invaded the village in 1794, but the victory in the Battle of Tourcoing, on 18 May 1794, push back the enemy. Under the Reign of Terror, the goods of the emigrants are confiscated. In the same way, silverware and objects of worship of Saint-Sebastien church are inventoried, sent to Lille and are recovered by the State. The church will even be sold on 29 September 1798 with the bidding at the same time as those of Ascq and of Flers-lez-Lille, but will not be demolished. After a Legal settlement, it will be taken again by the monks. From 1800, the mayors are named by prefect. The first will be P.J. Mahieu for Annappes. ### Nineteenth century Annappes remained primarily artisanal and agricultural during the 19th century . Great landowners remained with the authority of the borough, like the baron of Worsen Romain Joseph baron de Brigode - deputy of Northern (department) during 19 years between 1805 and 1837 and mayor of the commune from 1814 until 1848, and his friends De Clercy, and the Count de Montalembert, who dominated the village. Still at that time, the villages suffer from the epidemics and difficult work conditions (Sunday rest not respected, enforced child labor). Annappes remained very rural, and was slow to accept progress. The motorists of Annappes are seen being advised in 1903 to yield to horses. In 1875, Louis Spriet, a farmer from Annappes, decided to develop the family business and built in 1876 an agricultural distilling of grains. Its successor, another farmer (of Bouvines), who became owner of the building in 1898, transformed the activity, and built a brewery that he baptizes with first name of his wife Holy-Marie brewery. The farm continued to function, while the brewery became a very flourishing company. In 1971, with the construction of the new city, expropriation was decided upon, and the brewery shut down in 1973. ### Twentieth century In October 1914, the Germans occupied the area, up to the liberation by British in October 1918. With the population increase due, in part, to the influx of townsmen from the periphery of Lille, the population of the village increased considerably. In 1939, Annappes counted approximately 4000 inhabitants. In the first half of the 20th century, Annappes was made up of 75% workmen, and guarded the village character with few liberal professions or industrial middle-class. During World War, Annappes was controlled by the German command in Brussels, and was not part of Vichy France. The German occupation lasted from May 1940 until September 1944, and the zone was once again liberated by the British. In 1958 the Association of the paralysed fr:Association des Paralysés de France the created the Marc-Sautelet Center of functional rehabilitation, which continued to develop. From 1964 until 1967, a scientific university campus was created on grounds mainly at the south of the commune of Annappes. The Faculty of Science of Lille, today Lille University of Science and Technology is there. In 1967, it Urban Community of Lille Métropole was created and gathers 89 communes, including Annappes, Ascq and Flers. On 4 February 1970, at the time of a press conference, the town halls of Annappes, of Ascq and of Flers announce that their communes will amalgamate. On 25 February, Annappes no longer exists as a commune, and became a simple district of the new city of Villeneuve d'Ascq. In 1974, Annappes numbered 13,800 inhabitants. ## Heraldry \| Arms of Annappes \| The arms of Annappes are blazoned : Vert, a bend chequy argent and gules of 2 traits. \| ## Bibliography - Annappes (historical Note), Monographs of the cities and villages of France of Micberth by Theodore Leuridan, 1989, réimp. edict. 1881,14 X 20, Br., 112 p. ISBN 2-87760-180-3	enwiki/21316668	enwiki	21,316,668	Annappes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annappes	2024-08-25T16:36:49Z	en	Q2180094	48,262	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2024}} [[File:jielbeaumadier annappes chateau.jpg\|thumbnail\|right\|300px\|Château de Montalembert ca 1900]] '''Annappes''' ({{IPA\|fr\|anap}}) is a village and former [[communes of France\|commune]] of the [[Nord (French department)\|Nord]] [[Departments of France\|Department]] of France, on the river [[Marque (river)\|Marque]]. In 1970, it was merged with the communes of Ascq and Flers-lez-Lille to form the new commune of [[Villeneuve d'Ascq]].<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/jo/id/JORFCONT000000020155 Modifications aux circonscriptions territoriales des communes.], ''[[Journal officiel de la République française]]'' n° 0070, 24 March 1970, p. 2793.</ref> It is still a district of the commune today. == Etymology of the name == The origin of the name ''Annappes'' is very turbid. Theodore Leuridan [[:fr:Théodore Leuridan]], in a historical note on Annappes, considers several solutions * ''asnapis'' formed of the radical goth ''ap'', ''ahva'' = water (''aqua'' in Latin) * word meaning into Celtic "with a curve of rivière" * contraction of "AD Menapios": Annappes was located at the end of the territory of Nerviens towards the country of Ménapiens. Dauzat and Rostaing, in the ''Etymological dictionary of the place names in France'', think that the name comes from Germanic the ''hanap'', hemp. ==History== ===Origins=== In 1980, a fragment of polished flint axe was found in the park of the current Saint-Adrien School. It is estimated to date from approximately 2000 BC. Other axes of this kind were discovered in the area of Lille, in particular in the alluvia of [[Deûle]]. The historians allot them to populations using cut stone tools, but already devoted to cattle breeding and agriculture. However, it is no proof that man was sedentary there; indeed archaeologists have now found traces of human occupation at the end of the independent [[Gauls\|Gallic]] era, in particular of sling stones, on the level of the ''Center Marc-Sautelet''. However, it is probable, that this place was not a place of residence, but simply one of the folds in the forest (as described by [[Julius Caesar]]), where the Gallic people of the area took refuge from the [[Roman legion]]s. ===The royal field of Asnapio=== ====Age of Charlemagne==== Annappes and its surroundings are with [[the Middle Ages]] the site of a royal field, as indicated on a text from the reign of [[Charlemagne]]. He must certainly have passed by the field of Asnapio to go to inaugurate the battle of [[Saint-Riquier]] in the year 800. At the time of the arrival of [[Charlemagne]] for the inauguration of the battle of [[Saint-Riquier]] in 800, his royal envoys drew up an inventory at Annappes. The description was so meticulous, that it was recopied as an example, in a handbook of management of the imperial farms, the ''Capitulary of Villis''. ''Asnapio'' (its name at the time) was a very rich Carolingian field. About a hundred people lived there in the farm, surrounded by orchards. The peasants cultivated cereals on [[Péronne-en-Mélantois\|Mélantois]]. The outputs were raised enough, and five mills and four breweries, which manufactured the barley beer of the tenants, were installed close to the [[Mark (Dender)\|Mark river]]. The field had been built close to the marshes, and ''Asnapio'' was also a stud farm, which supplied the imperial cavalry. Here the composition of its livestock in 799: 51 mares, 3 standards, 10 foals, 2 asses, 16 oxen, 50 cows having calved, 20 heifers, 3 bulls, 38 calves, 260 pigs, 100 piglets, 5 boars, 150 ewe, 120 sheep, 200 lambs, 30 goats, 3 goats, 30 kids; 30 geese, 80 chickens, 22 peacocks. In 836, emperor [[Louis the Pious]] gave the royal field to his daughter Gisele, wife of [[Eberhard of Friuli]]. This noble couple founded the abbey of [[Cysoing]]. The first marquis [[Berengar I of Italy\|Berenger]], one of their sons, inherited Annappes; he was the King of Lombards thereafter, and then [[Holy Roman Emperor\|Emperor of the Romans]]. ====Viking Age==== The royal field described at the time of Charlemagne was much the same at time of the invasion of the continent by the Vikings. In 881, the [[Normans\|Norman]] plunder of their camp of Courtrai, its field; Annappes, and no text mentions it any more. ===Comté of Flanders=== During the 10th century, the [[county of Flanders\|count de Flander]], installed with Lille, and monopolized the territory of Annappes. All the villagers from then on were subject to the authority of [[List of counts of Mâcon\|Counts of Comtal]]. The count appointed a mayor, an officer comtal, to manage the fields, Annappes. In 1066, Baudouin V of Flanders gives, by the charter of equipment Saint-Pierre of Lille, two-thirds of the incomes of the church of Annappes. However, it is not known, if there is a bond between this church and the current church Saint-Sebastien of Annappes. At that time, Annappes maintains the close relationships with its neighbors, the villages of [[Ascq]] and of [[Flers-lez-Lille]]. The count Baudouin IX demolished part of this field of the town hall of Annappes, to build a stronghold to Gilbert de Bourghelles. About 1200 he creates its manor, the strong house of Quiquempois. Gilbert, married with the widow of the lord of the manor of Lille, provides this military function at the beginning of the 13th century. At the time of the departure of the count for the crusades, Gilbert de Bourghelles, lord of Quiquempois is one of the four baillif-procurateurs of the county of Flanders. After the disappearance of Baudouin IX, who become emperor of Constantinople, in 1205, the lord of Quiquempois plays an eminent role, near the heiresses of the county. In 1214, it is he, who advises the new count de Flanders, [[Ferdinand, Count of Flanders\|Ferrand of Portugal]]. The alliance with [[John, King of England\|Jean sans Terre]], and [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor]], will be fatal for him, at the time of [[Battle of Bouvines]], on 27 July 1214. The count equips the religious establishments with some of his grounds. For example, the hospital Saint-Saver, which has a large farm with corn with Annappes in the 13th century. It is at that time that Preudhomme, middle-class inhabitant of Lille, recovers the town hall comtale of Annappes, and that the ''échevinage'' (municipal council) is given the responsibility to define payments common to the three villages of Annappes, [[Ascq]], and Flers-lez-Lille. Although the territory is rich, the country population is very precarious, and must undergo several famines, from the 14th to the 15th centuries. In particular there was famine during the year 1316, following bad harvests the year before. Another misfortune, that cuts down on the area, is the war of 1297 and 1304, when French troops of [[Philip IV of France]] and those of [[the Flanders\|Flemings]] devastate the cultures and burn the village. In 1340, at the beginning of the [[Hundred Years' War]], the village is militarily occupied. In 1349, it is the [[black death]], which cuts down on the area, and the population of Annappes decreases considerably. During the 14th century, the economy of the village is growing gently, in spite of the periodic plagues, bad harvests, and the almost constant presence of soldiers. After being burned by the troops of [[Louis XI]], the church is rebuilt. The oldest parts of the church of Annappes go back to that time. ===The Burgundians=== In 1369, the county of Flanders was attached to [[Duchy of Burgundy]] after the marriage of [[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders]], and [[Philip the Bold]], duke of Burgundy. The population started to grow again very quickly, even if Annappes remains smaller than [[Ascq]], and Flers-lez-Lille. In 1449, tax investigations counted 78 inhabitants within Annappes. After the confrontations between [[Charles the Bold]] of Burgundy and [[Louis XI]] of France in 1498, the population was 410 inhabitants. In 1505, 500 people lived in the village, and the livestock was 34 horses, 20 foals, 284 cows, 408 sheep. In 1477, when the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold died, the title passed to [[Mary of Burgundy]] wife of Habsburg [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]], who then took the title of count of Flanders. At the end of the reign of his successor, the Germanic Roman Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]], Spanish Flanders fell to his oldest son. Annappes thus passes under the supervision of [[Philip II of Spain\|Philip II]], king of Spain and remained under Spanish authority until the reign of [[Philip IV of Spain\|Philip IV]] of Spain. In 1605 The archdukes create the county of Annapes for don [[Jean de Roblès, 1st Count of Annappes\|Juan de Roblès]]. ===Starting in France=== In 1667, [[Louis XIV]] reached Lille and took the city. In 1668, Annappes then became a French village by the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)\|treaty of Aachen]]. The village was constantly beset by the effects of the war: housing the troops, requisition of all kinds, devastation, and exaction of the soldiers. From 1708 until 1713, the area was occupied by the Britannico-Dutchmen of [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]], who returned in 1744. In 1737, the priest of Annappes supported a lengthy lawsuit to obtain the catch of load of a vicar by the Saint-Pierre chapter. Thanks to him, it is known that the cantons of Marchenelles, Hempempont, and the Collection were called ''small Hollande'' because the inhabitants very seldom attended church. The same year, one index of Annappes, shows 180 households and 1021 inhabitants. In 1774, the king allowed the division of the marshes between the three villages and their neighbours, which were drained in 1781. The elimination of illiteracy progressed: between 1737 and 1789, 50% of the men and 32% of the women could sign their marriage certificate in Annappes. Cultural life also developed, with ''ducasse'' (a traditional village festival), twice a year in the village. People also celebrated Midsummer's Day, Saint Martin's day and Saint-Éloi. In Annappes, as in Flers-lez-Lille, shooting contests were organized. ===Révolution and Napoleonic Wars=== As in Lille, there is not a popular revolution by the peasants in 1789. The peasants are occupied with the distribution of their communal marsh. In January 1790, Jean-Baptiste Fancy is elected mayor of Annappes. A. Boussemart will succeed him. In April 1792, at the time of the declaration of war against [[Austria]], the regiments gather between Lille and Baisieux, to be directed towards the enemy. But with the approach of the enemy near ''[[Baisieux]]'', as of the first cannonades, they beat a retreat towards Lille, where the crowd killed the general [[Théobald Dillon]], believing him to be guilty of collusion with the Austrians. Austrians directed by [[Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen]] occupy the area after having taken [[Roubaix]], [[Tourcoing]] and [[Lannoy, Nord\|Lannoy]]. However, they raise the [[Siege of Lille (1792)\|Siege of Lille]] on 8 October, vis-a-vis the impossibility of seizing the city. The Mark River separated the republican troops stationed in Flers, Annappes and Ascq, and the Austrians at the end of 1792 until the beginning of 1794. The coalition formed against France invaded the village in 1794, but the victory in the [[Battle of Tourcoing]], on 18 May 1794, push back the enemy. Under the [[Reign of Terror]], the goods of the emigrants are confiscated. In the same way, silverware and objects of worship of Saint-Sebastien church are inventoried, sent to Lille and are recovered by the State. The church will even be sold on 29 September 1798 with the bidding at the same time as those of [[Ascq]] and of [[Flers-lez-Lille]], but will not be demolished. After a [[Legal settlement]], it will be taken again by the monks. From 1800, the mayors are named by [[prefect]]. The first will be P.J. Mahieu for Annappes. ===Nineteenth century=== Annappes remained primarily artisanal and agricultural during the 19th century . Great landowners remained with the authority of the borough, like the baron of Worsen [[Romain Joseph baron de Brigode]] - deputy of Northern (department) during 19 years between 1805 and 1837 and mayor of the commune from 1814 until 1848, and his friends De Clercy, and the [[Charles Forbes René de Montalembert\|Count de Montalembert]], who dominated the village. Still at that time, the villages suffer from the epidemics and difficult work conditions (Sunday rest not respected, enforced child labor). Annappes remained very rural, and was slow to accept progress. The motorists of Annappes are seen being advised in 1903 to yield to horses. In 1875, Louis Spriet, a farmer from Annappes, decided to develop the family business and built in 1876 an agricultural distilling of grains. Its successor, another farmer (of Bouvines), who became owner of the building in 1898, transformed the activity, and built a brewery that he baptizes with first name of his wife '' Holy-Marie'' brewery. The farm continued to function, while the brewery became a very flourishing company. In 1971, with the construction of the new city, expropriation was decided upon, and the brewery shut down in 1973. ===Twentieth century=== In October 1914, the [[Germany\|Germans]] occupied the area, up to the liberation by [[the United Kingdom\|British]] in October 1918. With the population increase due, in part, to the influx of townsmen from the periphery of Lille, the population of the village increased considerably. In 1939, Annappes counted approximately 4000 inhabitants. In the first half of the 20th century, Annappes was made up of 75% workmen, and guarded the village character with few liberal professions or industrial middle-class. During [[World War]], Annappes was controlled by the German command in [[Brussels]], and was not part of [[Vichy France]]. The German occupation lasted from May 1940 until September 1944, and the zone was once again liberated by the British. In 1958 the Association of the paralysed [[:fr:Association des Paralysés de France]] the created the '' Marc-Sautelet'' Center of functional rehabilitation, which continued to develop. From 1964 until 1967, a scientific university campus was created on grounds mainly at the south of the commune of Annappes. The Faculty of Science of Lille, today [[Lille University of Science and Technology]] is there. In 1967, it [[Urban Community of Lille Métropole]] was created and gathers 89 communes, including Annappes, Ascq and Flers. On 4 February 1970, at the time of a press conference, the town halls of Annappes, of Ascq and of Flers announce that their communes will amalgamate. On 25 February, Annappes no longer exists as a commune, and became a simple district of the new city of [[Villeneuve d'Ascq]]. In 1974, Annappes numbered 13,800 inhabitants. ==Heraldry== {{Blazon-arms \| img1=Blason ville fr Annappes (Nord).svg \| legend1=Arms of Annappes \| text=The arms of Annappes are [[blazon]]ed :<br />''Vert, a bend chequy argent and gules of 2 traits.'' }} ==Bibliography== ''Annappes (historical Note), Monographs of the cities and villages of France'' of [[Micberth]] by [[Theodore Leuridan]], 1989, réimp. edict. 1881,14 X 20, Br., 112 p. {{ISBN\|2-87760-180-3}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord\|50\|37\|35\|N\|3\|9\|2\|E\|type:city_region:FR\|display=title}} [[Category:Former communes of Nord (French department)]] [[Category:Villeneuve-d'Ascq]]	1,242,216,141	[]	false
# 2012 Mito HollyHock season The 2012 Mito HollyHock season sees Mito HollyHock compete in J.League Division 2 for the 13th consecutive season and 15th second-tier season overall. Mito HollyHock are also competing in the 2012 Emperor's Cup. ## Competitions ### J. League #### League table \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| \| --- \| ---------------- \| --- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| --- \| \| 11 \| Tochigi SC \| 42 \| 17 \| 9 \| 16 \| 50 \| 49 \| +1 \| 60 \| \| 12 \| Matsumoto Yamaga \| 42 \| 15 \| 14 \| 13 \| 46 \| 43 \| +3 \| 59 \| \| 13 \| Mito HollyHock \| 42 \| 15 \| 11 \| 16 \| 47 \| 49 \| −2 \| 56 \| \| 14 \| Roasso Kumamoto \| 42 \| 15 \| 10 \| 17 \| 40 \| 48 \| −8 \| 55 \| \| 15 \| Tokushima Vortis \| 42 \| 13 \| 12 \| 17 \| 45 \| 49 \| −4 \| 51 \| #### Matches \| 4 March 2012 1 \| Mito HollyHock \| 2 - 1 \| Yokohama F.C. \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Sunday 13:05 \| Ozawa 42' · Shimada 69' \| Report \| 10' Okubo \| Attendance: 5,817 Referee: Kawai \| \| 11 March 2012 2 \| Mito HollyHock \| 1 - 0 \| Kataller Toyama \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Sunday 13:04 \| Ozawa 26' \| Report \| \| Attendance: 2,601 Referee: Mikami \| \| 17 March 2012 3 \| Fagiano Okayama \| 0 - 3 \| Mito HollyHock \| Kanko Stadium \| \| Saturday 18:33 \| \| Report \| 2', 33' Suzuki · 55' Hashimoto \| Attendance: 5,576 Referee: Onishi \| \| 20 March 2012 4 \| Giravanz Kitakyushu \| 1 - 0 \| Mito HollyHock \| Honjo Stadium \| \| Tuesday 16:03 \| Watari 51' \| Report \| \| Attendance: 2,558 Referee: Ueda \| \| 24 March 2012 5 \| Mito HollyHock \| 0 - 0 \| Matsumoto Yamaga \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Saturday 13:04 \| \| Report \| \| Attendance: 2,952 Referee: Hidaka \| \| 1 April 2012 6 \| Montedio Yamagata \| 0 - 0 \| Mito HollyHock \| NDsoft Stadium Yamagata \| \| Sunday 13:04 \| \| Report \| \| Attendance: 6,179 Referee: Hayakawa \| \| 8 April 2012 7 \| Mito HollyHock \| 0 - 1 \| JEF United Ichihara Chiba \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Sunday 14:00 \| Wako 16' · Shimada 61' · Homma 64' · Suzuki 74' · Shiotani 90+1' \| Report \| Tanaka 71' 85' \| Attendance: 5,373 Referee: Eiji Kawai \| \| 15 April 2012 8 \| Avispa Fukuoka \| 1 - 1 \| Mito HollyHock \| Level-5 Stadium \| \| Sunday 17:00 \| Sakata 5' · Suzuki 11' · Naruoka 17' · Tokio Hatamoto 31' · Kim Min-Je 69' 90+2' \| Report \| Nishioka 48' · Ozawa 65' · Hashimoto 88' \| Attendance: 4,878 Referee: Naohito Ogawa \| \| 22 April 2012 9 \| Mito HollyHock \| 1 - 0 \| Thespa Kusatsu \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Sunday 14:00 \| Shiotani 36' · Frank 54' · Suzuki 62' \| Report \| Matsushita 20' · Sakurada 27' 63' · Hozaki 34' · Kumabayashi 89' \| Attendance: 3,999 Referee: Akihiko Ikeuchi \| \| 27 April 2012 10 \| Shonan Bellmare \| 1 - 2 \| Mito HollyHock \| Shonan BMW Stadium Hiratsuka \| \| Friday 20:00 \| Kobayashi 22' · Baba 38' 64' · Furuhashi 54' · Ono 80' \| Report \| Frank 6' · Omoto 47' · Nishioka 62' · Shimada 87' \| Attendance: 4,850 Referee: Hiromichi Oka \| \| 30 April 2012 11 \| Mito HollyHock \| 2 - 1 \| Tokushima Vortis \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Monday 14:00 \| Kato 37' · Suzuki 67' · Wako 76' · Nishioka 85' 89' · Homma 87' · Ichikawa 90+1' \| Report \| Eto 34' · Nishijima 36' · Tokushige 90+2' · Miki 90+5' \| Attendance: 4,222 Referee: Jumpei Iida \| \| 3 May 2012 12 \| F.C. Gifu \| 0 - 1 \| Mito HollyHock \| Gifu Nagaragawa Stadium \| \| Thursday 20:00 \| Koichi Sato 42' · Ri Han-Jae 73' \| Report \| Frank 16' · Omoto 86' \| Attendance: 5,232 Referee: Hiroshi Yamauchi \| \| 6 May 2012 13 \| Mito HollyHock \| 0 - 2 \| Tokyo Verdy \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Sunday 20:00 \| Suzuki 29' · Kim Yong-Gi 40' 58' · Kanakubo 64' · Nishioka 66' · Wako 90+5' \| Report \| Iio 36' · Nishi 85' · Kajikawa 88' \| Attendance: 4,170 Referee: Haruki Hidaka \| \| 13 May 2012 14 \| Gainare Tottori \| 2 - 1 \| Mito HollyHock \| Tottori Bank Bird Stadium \| \| Sunday 17:00 \| Mio 42' · Mizumoto 50' 65' · Koide 52' · Okuyama 90+1' \| Report \| Frank 59' · Okamoto 71' · Yoshihara 90+2' \| Attendance: 2,501 Referee: Shoichiro Mikami \| \| 20 May 2012 15 \| Mito HollyHock \| 0 - 2 \| Ehime F.C. \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Sunday 14:00 \| Wako 53' · Suzuki 85' · Nishioka 90+2' \| Report \| Ishii 33' · Maeno 39' · Urata 60' · Arita 77' \| Attendance: 4,303 Referee: Koji Morikawa \| \| 27 May 2012 16 \| Machida Zelvia \| 0 - 0 \| Mito HollyHock \| Machida Athletic Stadium \| \| Sunday 17:00 \| Tashiro 90+4' \| Report \| Omoto 58' \| Attendance: 3,642 Referee: Kazuyoshi Enomoto \| \| 2 June 2012 17 \| Mito HollyHock \| 3 - 1 \| Tochigi S.C. \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Sunday 14:00 \| Shiotani 43' · Ozawa 50' · Shimada 73' · Frank 80' \| Report \| Kan 66' · Sugimoto 90+4' \| Attendance: 4,413 Referee: Yoshiro Imamura \| \| 7 June 2012 18 \| Roasso Kumamoto \| 2 - 1 \| Mito HollyHock \| Kumamoto Athletics Stadium \| \| Thursday 20:00 \| Takahashi 2' 4' · Taketomi 28' · Hiroi 62' · Kurakawa 76' \| Report \| Okamoto 88' \| Attendance: 3,127 Referee: Taku Nagaya \| \| 13 June 2012 19 \| Mito HollyHock \| 1 - 3 \| Ventforet Kofu \| K's denki Stadium Mito \| \| Wednesday 20:00 \| Omoto 4' 73' · Shiotani 51' · Hashimoto 72' \| Report \| Choi Sung-Kuen 48' · Homma 68' (o.g.) · Tsuda 70' · Davi 74' (pen.) 90' · Horigome 82' \| Attendance: 2,241 Referee: Toshimitsu Yoshida \| \| 17 June 2012 20 \| Oita Trinita \| 1 - 0 \| Mito HollyHock \| Ōita Bank Dome \| \| Sunday 19:00 \| Miyazawa 26' · Lee Dong-Myung 90' \| Report \| \| Attendance: 6,459 Referee: Naohito Ogawa \|	enwiki/35298886	enwiki	35,298,886	2012 Mito HollyHock season	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Mito_HollyHock_season	2023-02-06T23:02:24Z	en	Q4626206	220,510	{{Infobox football club season \| club = [[Mito HollyHock]] \| season = 2012 \| manager = [[Tetsuji Hashiratani]] \| chairman = \| league = [[2012 J.League Division 2\|J.League Division 2]] \| league result = - \| cup1 = [[2012 Emperor's Cup\|Emperor's Cup]] \| cup1 result = - \| biggest win = \| biggest loss = \| league topscorer = \| season topscorer = \| highest attendance = \| lowest attendance = \| average attendance = \| pattern_la1=_Mito HollyHock 2012 HOME FP\|pattern_b1=_Mito HollyHock 2012 HOME FP\|pattern_ra1=_Mito HollyHock 2012 HOME FP\|pattern_sh1=_Mito HollyHock 2012 HOME FP\|pattern_so1=_Mito HollyHock 2012 HOME FP \| leftarm1=FFFFFF\|body1=FFFFFF\|rightarm1=FFFFFF\|shorts1=FFFFFF\|socks1=FFFFFF \| pattern_la2=_Mito HollyHock 2012 AWAY FP\|pattern_b2=_Mito HollyHock 2012 AWAY FP\|pattern_ra2=_Mito HollyHock 2012 AWAY FP\|pattern_sh2=_Mito HollyHock 2012 AWAY FP\|pattern_so2=_Mito HollyHock 2012 AWAY FP \| leftarm2=FFFFFF\|body2=FFFFFF\|rightarm2=FFFFFF\|shorts2=FFFFFF\|socks2=FFFFFF \| prevseason = [[2011 Mito HollyHock season\|2011]] \| nextseason = [[2013 Mito HollyHock season\|2013]] }} The '''2012 Mito HollyHock season''' sees [[Mito HollyHock]] compete in [[J.League Division 2]] for the 13th consecutive season and 15th second-tier season overall. Mito HollyHock are also competing in the [[2012 Emperor's Cup]]. ==Players== {{Empty section\|date=February 2013}} ==Competitions== ===J. League=== {{main\|2012 J.League Division 2}} ====League table==== {{:2012 J.League Division 2\|show_limit=5\|showteam=HOL}} ====Matches==== {{football box collapsible \|round = 1 \|date = 4 March 2012 \|time = Sunday 13:05 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 2 - 1 \|report = [http://www.j-league.or.jp/SS/eng/j2/201202000301101_W0201_E.html Report] \|team2 = [[Yokohama F.C.]] \|goals1 = [[Tsukasa Ozawa\|Ozawa]] {{goal\|42}}<br/>[[Yuki Shimada\|Shimada]] {{goal\|69}} \|goals2 = {{goal\|10}} [[Tetsuya Okubo\|Okubo]] \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 5,817 \|referee = [[Eiji Kawai\|Kawai]] \|result = W }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 2 \|date = 11 March 2012 \|time = Sunday 13:04 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 1 - 0 \|report = [http://www.j-league.or.jp/SS/eng/j2/201202000302101_W0201_E.html Report] \|team2 = [[Kataller Toyama]] \|goals1 = [[Tsukasa Ozawa\|Ozawa]] {{goal\|26}} \|goals2 = \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 2,601 \|referee = [[Shoichiro Mikami\|Mikami]] \|result = W }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 3 \|date = 17 March 2012 \|time = Saturday 18:33 \|team1 = [[Fagiano Okayama]] \|score = 0 - 3 \|report = [http://www.j-league.or.jp/SS/eng/j2/201202000303109_W0201_E.html Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = \|goals2 = {{goal\|2\|\|33}} [[Takayuki Suzuki\|Suzuki]]<br/>{{goal\|55}} [[Koji Hashimoto (footballer)\|Hashimoto]] \|stadium = [[Kanko Stadium]] \|attendance = 5,576 \|referee = [[Hiroyuki Onishi\|Onishi]] \|result = W }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 4 \|date = 20 March 2012 \|time = Tuesday 16:03 \|team1 = [[Giravanz Kitakyushu]] \|score = 1 - 0 \|report = [http://www.j-league.or.jp/SS/eng/j2/201202000304108_W0201_E.html Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = [[Daiki Watari\|Watari]] {{goal\|51}} \|goals2 = \|stadium = [[Honjo Stadium]] \|attendance = 2,558 \|referee = [[Masuya Ueda\|Ueda]] \|result = L }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 5 \|date = 24 March 2012 \|time = Saturday 13:04 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 0 - 0 \|report = [http://www.j-league.or.jp/SS/eng/j2/201202000305101_W0201_E.html Report] \|team2 = [[Matsumoto Yamaga]] \|goals1 = \|goals2 = \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 2,952 \|referee = [[Haruki Hidaka\|Hidaka]] \|result = D }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 6 \|date = 1 April 2012 \|time = Sunday 13:04 \|team1 = [[Montedio Yamagata]] \|score = 0 - 0 \|report = [http://www.j-league.or.jp/SS/eng/j2/201202000306101_W0201_E.html Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = \|goals2 = \|stadium = [[NDsoft Stadium Yamagata]] \|attendance = 6,179 \|referee = [[Kazuyuki Hayakawa\|Hayakawa]] \|result = D }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 7 \|date = 8 April 2012 \|time = Sunday 14:00 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 0 - 1 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/04/08/japan/j2-league/mito-hollyhock/jef-united-ichihara-chiba/1257040/ Report] \|team2 = [[JEF United Ichihara Chiba]] \|goals1 = [[Naoki Wako\|Wako]] {{yel\|16}}<br>[[Yuki Shimada\|Shimada]] {{yel\|61}}<br>[[Koji Homma\|Homma]] {{yel\|64}}<br>[[Takayuki Suzuki\|Suzuki]] {{yel\|74}}<br>[[Tsukasa Shiotani\|Shiotani]] {{yel\|90+1}} \|goals2 = [[Yūsuke Tanaka (football forward)\|Tanaka]] {{goal\|71}} {{yel\|85}} \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 5,373 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Eiji Kawai \|result = L }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 8 \|date = 15 April 2012 \|time = Sunday 17:00 \|team1 = [[Avispa Fukuoka]] \|score = 1 - 1 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/04/15/japan/j2-league/avispa-fukuoka/mito-hollyhock/1257060/ Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = [[Daisuke Sakata\|Sakata]] {{goal\|5}}<br>[[Jun Suzuki (footballer born 1989)\|Suzuki]] {{yel\|11}}<br>[[Sho Naruoka\|Naruoka]] {{yel\|17}}<br>Tokio Hatamoto {{yel\|31}}<br>[[Kim Min-Je]] {{sent off\|2\|69\|90+2}} \|goals2 = [[Kenta Nishioka\|Nishioka]] {{yel\|48}}<br>[[Tsukasa Ozawa\|Ozawa]] {{goal\|65}}<br>[[Koji Hashimoto (footballer)\|Hashimoto]] {{yel\|88}} \|stadium = [[Level-5 Stadium]] \|attendance = 4,878 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Naohito Ogawa \|result = D }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 9 \|date = 22 April 2012 \|time = Sunday 14:00 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 1 - 0 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/04/22/japan/j2-league/mito-hollyhock/thespa-kusatsu/1257062/ Report] \|team2 = [[Thespa Kusatsu]] \|goals1 = [[Tsukasa Shiotani\|Shiotani]] {{goal\|36}}<br>[[Romero Frank\|Frank]] {{yel\|54}}<br>[[Takayuki Suzuki\|Suzuki]] {{sent off\|0\|62}} \|goals2 = [[Yuki Matsushita (footballer)\|Matsushita]] {{yel\|20}}<br>[[Kazuki Sakurada\|Sakurada]] {{sent off\|2\|27\|63}}<br>[[Sunao Hozaki\|Hozaki]] {{yel\|34}}<br>[[Shingo Kumabayashi\|Kumabayashi]] {{yel\|89}} \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 3,999 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Akihiko Ikeuchi \|result = W }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 10 \|date = 27 April 2012 \|time = Friday 20:00 \|team1 = [[Shonan Bellmare]] \|score = 1 - 2 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/04/27/japan/j2-league/shonan-bellmare/mito-hollyhock/1257077/ Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = [[Shota Kobayashi\|Kobayashi]] {{yel\|22}}<br>[[Kenji Baba\|Baba]] {{goal\|38}} {{yel\|64}}<br>[[Tatsuya Furuhashi\|Furuhashi]] {{yel\|54}}<br>[[Kazunari Ono\|Ono]] {{yel\|80}} \|goals2 = [[Romero Frank\|Frank]] {{goal\|6}}<br>[[Kei Omoto\|Omoto]] {{yel\|47}}<br>[[Kenta Nishioka\|Nishioka]] {{yel\|62}}<br>[[Yuki Shimada\|Shimada]] {{goal\|87}} \|stadium = [[Shonan BMW Stadium Hiratsuka]] \|attendance = 4,850 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Hiromichi Oka \|result = W }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 11 \|date = 30 April 2012 \|time = Monday 14:00 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 2 - 1 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/04/30/japan/j2-league/mito-hollyhock/tokushima-vortis/1257084/ Report] \|team2 = [[Tokushima Vortis]] \|goals1 = [[Hiroki Kato\|Kato]] {{goal\|37}}<br>[[Takayuki Suzuki\|Suzuki]] {{yel\|67}}<br>[[Naoki Wako\|Wako]] {{yel\|76}}<br>[[Kenta Nishioka\|Nishioka]] {{yel\|85}} {{goal\|89}}<br>[[Koji Homma\|Homma]] {{yel\|87}}<br>[[Daisuke Ichikawa\|Ichikawa]] {{yel\|90+1}} \|goals2 = [[Yu Eto\|Eto]] {{yel\|34}}<br>[[Hiroyuki Nishijima\|Nishijima]] {{yel\|36}}<br>[[Takaaki Tokushige\|Tokushige]] {{goal\|90+2}}<br>[[Takashi Miki\|Miki]] {{yel\|90+5}} \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 4,222 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Jumpei Iida \|result = W }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 12 \|date = 3 May 2012 \|time = Thursday 20:00 \|team1 = [[F.C. Gifu]] \|score = 0 - 1 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/05/03/japan/j2-league/fc-gifu/mito-hollyhock/1257105/ Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = Koichi Sato {{yel\|42}}<br>[[Ri Han-Jae]] {{yel\|73}} \|goals2 = [[Romero Frank\|Frank]] {{goal\|16}}<br>[[Kei Omoto\|Omoto]] {{yel\|86}} \|stadium = [[Gifu Nagaragawa Stadium]] \|attendance = 5,232 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Hiroshi Yamauchi \|result = W }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 13 \|date = 6 May 2012 \|time = Sunday 20:00 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 0 - 2 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/05/06/japan/j2-league/mito-hollyhock/tokyo-verdy-1969/1257115/ Report] \|team2 = [[Tokyo Verdy]] \|goals1 = [[Takayuki Suzuki\|Suzuki]] {{yel\|29}}<br>[[Kim Yong-Gi (footballer)\|Kim Yong-Gi]] {{sent off\|2\|40\|58}}<br>[[Sai Kanakubo\|Kanakubo]] {{yel\|64}}<br>[[Kenta Nishioka\|Nishioka]] {{yel\|66}}<br>[[Naoki Wako\|Wako]] {{yel\|90+5}} \|goals2 = [[Kazunori Iio\|Iio]] {{yel\|36}}<br>[[Norihiro Nishi\|Nishi]] {{goal\|85}}<br>[[Ryota Kajikawa\|Kajikawa]] {{goal\|88}} \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 4,170 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Haruki Hidaka \|result = L }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 14 \|date = 13 May 2012 \|time = Sunday 17:00 \|team1 = [[Gainare Tottori]] \|score = 2 - 1 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/05/13/japan/j2-league/gainare-tottori/mito-hollyhock/1257125/ Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = [[Atsushi Mio\|Mio]] {{goal\|42}}<br>[[Katsunari Mizumoto\|Mizumoto]] {{sent off\|2\|50\|65}}<br>[[Shota Koide\|Koide]] {{goal\|52}}<br>[[Yasuhiro Okuyama\|Okuyama]] {{yel\|90+1}} \|goals2 = [[Romero Frank\|Frank]] {{yel\|59}}<br>[[Tatsuya Okamoto\|Okamoto]] {{goal\|71}}<br>[[Kota Yoshihara\|Yoshihara]] {{yel\|90+2}} \|stadium = [[Tottori Bank Bird Stadium]] \|attendance = 2,501 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Shoichiro Mikami \|result = L }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 15 \|date = 20 May 2012 \|time = Sunday 14:00 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 0 - 2 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/05/20/japan/j2-league/mito-hollyhock/ehime-fc/1257129/ Report] \|team2 = [[Ehime F.C.]] \|goals1 = [[Naoki Wako\|Wako]] {{yel\|53}}<br>[[Takayuki Suzuki\|Suzuki]] {{yel\|85}}<br>[[Kenta Nishioka\|Nishioka]] {{yel\|90+2}} \|goals2 = [[Kengo Ishii\|Ishii]] {{yel\|33}}<br>[[Takanori Maeno\|Maeno]] {{goal\|39}}<br>[[Nobuhisa Urata\|Urata]] {{yel\|60}}<br>[[Koki Arita\|Arita]] {{goal\|77}} \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 4,303 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Koji Morikawa \|result = L }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 16 \|date = 27 May 2012 \|time = Sunday 17:00 \|team1 = [[F.C. Machida Zelvia\|Machida Zelvia]] \|score = 0 - 0 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/05/20/japan/j2-league/mito-hollyhock/ehime-fc/1257129/ Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = [[Masakazu Tashiro\|Tashiro]] {{yel\|90+4}} \|goals2 = [[Kei Omoto\|Omoto]] {{yel\|58}} \|stadium = [[Machida Athletic Stadium]] \|attendance = 3,642 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Kazuyoshi Enomoto \|result = D }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 17 \|date = 2 June 2012 \|time = Sunday 14:00 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 3 - 1 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/06/02/japan/j2-league/mito-hollyhock/tochigi-sc/1257151/ Report] \|team2 = [[Tochigi S.C.]] \|goals1 = [[Tsukasa Shiotani\|Shiotani]] {{goal\|43}}<br>[[Tsukasa Ozawa\|Ozawa]] {{goal\|50}}<br>[[Yuki Shimada\|Shimada]] {{goal\|73}}<br>[[Romero Frank\|Frank]] {{yel\|80}} \|goals2 = [[Kazunori Kan\|Kan]] {{yel\|66}}<br>[[Makoto Sugimoto\|Sugimoto]] {{goal\|90+4}} \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 4,413 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Yoshiro Imamura \|result = W }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 18 \|date = 7 June 2012 \|time = Thursday 20:00 \|team1 = [[Roasso Kumamoto]] \|score = 2 - 1 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/06/07/japan/j2-league/roasso-kumamoto/mito-hollyhock/1257171/ Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = [[Yutaro Takahashi\|Takahashi]] {{goal\|2}} {{yel\|4}}<br>[[Kosuke Taketomi\|Taketomi]] {{goal\|28}}<br>[[Tomonobu Hiroi\|Hiroi]] {{yel\|62}}<br>[[Yohei Kurakawa\|Kurakawa]] {{yel\|76}} \|goals2 = [[Tatsuya Okamoto\|Okamoto]] {{goal\|88}} \|stadium = [[Kumamoto Athletics Stadium]] \|attendance = 3,127 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Taku Nagaya \|result = L }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 19 \|date = 13 June 2012 \|time = Wednesday 20:00 \|team1 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|score = 1 - 3 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/06/13/japan/j2-league/mito-hollyhock/ventforet-kofu/1257173/ Report] \|team2 = [[Ventforet Kofu]] \|goals1 = [[Kei Omoto\|Omoto]] {{sent off\|2\|4\|73}}<br>[[Tsukasa Shiotani\|Shiotani]] {{yel\|51}}<br>[[Koji Hashimoto (footballer)\|Hashimoto]] {{goal\|72}} \|goals2 = Choi Sung-Kuen {{yel\|48}}<br>[[Koji Homma\|Homma]] {{goal\|68\|o.g.}}<br>[[Takuma Tsuda\|Tsuda]] {{yel\|70}}<br>[[Davi José Silva do Nascimento\|Davi]] {{goal\|74\|pen.}} {{goal\|90}}<br>[[Yuki Horigome\|Horigome]] {{yel\|82}} \|stadium = [[K's denki Stadium Mito]] \|attendance = 2,241 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Toshimitsu Yoshida \|result = L }} {{football box collapsible \|round = 20 \|date = 17 June 2012 \|time = Sunday 19:00 \|team1 = [[Oita Trinita]] \|score = 1 - 0 \|report = [https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/06/17/japan/j2-league/oita-trinita/mito-hollyhock/1257189/ Report] \|team2 = [[Mito HollyHock]] \|goals1 = [[Masashi Miyazawa\|Miyazawa]] {{yel\|26}}<br>[[Lee Dong-Myung]] {{goal\|90}} \|goals2 = \|stadium = [[Ōita Bank Dome]] \|attendance = 6,459 \|referee = {{flagicon\|JPN}} Naohito Ogawa \|result = L }} ===Emperor's Cup=== {{main\|2012 Emperor's Cup}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Mito HollyHock}} {{2012 in Japanese football}} [[Category:Japanese football clubs 2012 season\|Mito HollyHock]] [[Category:Mito HollyHock seasons]]	1,137,885,908	[{"title": "Mito HollyHock", "data": {"Manager": "Tetsuji Hashiratani", "J.League Division 2": "-", "Emperor's Cup": "-", "Home colours": "Away colours"}}]	false
# Georgia Southern University–Armstrong Campus Georgia Southern University–Armstrong Campus, formerly Armstrong State University, is one of three campuses of Georgia Southern University, a public university in the U.S. state of Georgia. Occupying a 268-acre (1.08 km2) area on the residential southside of Savannah, Georgia, the school became one of three campuses of Georgia Southern University in 2018. The university's flagship campus is in Statesboro, 50 miles (80 km) west of Savannah. The Armstrong campus is located approximately 15 miles (24 km) from downtown Savannah and 25 miles (40 km) from Tybee Island. Armstrong offers undergraduate and graduate degrees; it has a total student enrollment of approximately 5,000 students. ## History The Armstrong campus was founded as Armstrong Junior College in 1935 by Mayor Thomas Gamble. Gamble pursued the issue during the height of the Great Depression to benefit Savannah's youth and the community, as well as aid in stimulating the local economy. The college was originally located in the historic Armstrong House adjacent to Forsyth Park in downtown Savannah. The mansion was given to the city as a gift from the family of George F. Armstrong, a local businessman involved in the shipping industry. The college eventually grew to encompass six buildings in the Forsyth and Monterey Square areas of Savannah. In 1959, Armstrong College of Savannah became part of the University System of Georgia as a community college, and in 1964 the Board of Regents conferred four-year status on Armstrong State College. Donald Livingston and the Mills B. Lane Foundation provided the college with 250 acres of land on the southwest side of Savannah. Eight buildings were constructed on the property and the college moved from the Armstrong House downtown to the suburban location in January 1966. The school played NCAA Division I athletics briefly, from 1983 to 1987, as part of the Big South Conference. The school later dropped athletics. Over the years the college expanded, adding new buildings and expanding academic programs. In 1993, the college began extensive landscaping work that transformed the campus into an arboretum. Armstrong State College gained state university status in 1996 and duly changed its name to Armstrong Atlantic State University. The following year the university opened the Liberty Center in Hinesville. The university celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010, inaugurating Dr. Linda M. Bleicken as its seventh president. In 2014 the school officially changed its name to Armstrong State University, to help minimize confusion regarding the school's location, make the name easier to say, and create a stronger brand for the school. The name change became effective on July 1, 2014. Armstrong celebrated its 80th anniversary and the 50th anniversary of the university's move to the Southside during the 2015–16 academic year. Presently, the campus is no longer an independent institution with a separate accreditation. ### Consolidation with Georgia Southern University On January 11, 2017, the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, on recommendation by Chancellor Steve Wrigley, voted to consolidate Armstrong State with Georgia Southern University. The merger, without any student-faculty input from the two schools, was to take place as part of a long-term goal of the Board of Regents to consolidate smaller, regional colleges and universities with larger, more well-known institutions. Under the consolidation plan, Armstrong State would inherit Georgia Southern's name, leadership, academics, and athletics, and the merged institution would become the fourth-largest public university in the state: the "New Georgia Southern University". Consolidation, which took a full year to implement, was officially proclaimed by the Board of Regents on January 17, 2018. ## Campus The Armstrong campus is located in a suburban setting near the Savannah Mall, with direct access to downtown Savannah via Abercorn Expressway. The landscaped campus includes subtropical ferns and flowers, southern magnolias, oak trees draped with Spanish moss, and a wide variety of native plants scattered throughout the 268-acre (1,084,557.5 m2) arboretum-style grounds. Lane Library is the main academic and research library on the Armstrong campus. Lane Library's collection comprises more than 200,000 books and printed materials as well as 18,000 audiovisual works. The university recently invested $5 million in a renovation and expansion of the facility. The Science Center complex is a two-building complex connected by an enclosed glass walkway. The Science Center is home to many of the College of Science and Technology programs, including Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Computer Science, Physical Science, and Psychology. It includes classroom and lecture space, faculty offices, and labs. The 126,056-square-foot (11,711.0 m2) facility opened in 2001 as the largest single increase in instructional space on campus since the campus opened. A 61,000-square-foot (5,700 m2), $24 million Student Union opened in 2010. It is the university's first green building, built with rapidly renewable and recycled materials and featuring a high-efficiency chilled water cooling system. The Union houses a 300-seat food court (known as the Galley), 200-seat movie theatre, ballroom, bookstore, coffeehouse, convenience store, and expansive porches and lounges. Next to the Student Union is the Memorial College Center. Commonly known as the MCC, it houses Student Affairs and Student Activities offices. Armstrong's athletic facilities are located in the southeast area of campus. The Student Recreation and Aquatic Center is a 38,000-square-foot (3,500 m2) athletic facility that includes a 5,200-square-foot (480 m2) fitness center, and two basketball courts. The facility is home to the ROTC program and was the formerly home to the Armstrong Pirate volleyball team. The Alumni Arena is located adjacent to the Rec Center and includes an indoor running track, weight room, coaches offices, classroom space, and a 4,000-seat arena home to the men's and women's basketball teams. Since consolidation with Georgia Southern, the campus has not maintained a separate athletics program, with the future of these athletic facilities uncertain . Near the end of the 2017–2018 academic year, there were talks of renovating the campus's current athletic facilities to allow for the university's tennis and soccer teams to practice and play at the Armstrong Campus, in addition to creating new recreational and general purpose fields. Such a proposal, if approved, could take up to a decade to complete, with the entire project having a low-end cost of $40 million to upgrade the campus's current athletic facilities, including infrastructure needs as mandated by division standards. More than 1,400 students live on campus within three residential communities located in the southwest portion of the campus. Windward Commons is Armstrong's suite-style freshmen residential community which opened in 2010 and is home to nearly 600 students. It features private and semi-private suites, music practice rooms, multipurpose classrooms, lounges/social areas, laundry facilities, courtyards with outdoor sitting space and barbecue areas, and two classrooms. Compass Point and University Crossings are apartment-style residence halls intended for upperclassmen and graduate students. On April 24, 2013, Armstrong completed renovations to the Memorial College Center, opening the Learning Commons. The 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m2) space was developed as an extension to the Lane Library. Features include PC and Mac computers, three multi-touch tables, and group study rooms. ## Academics Armstrong features more than 100 academic programs and offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees through its College of Education, College of Health Professions, College of Liberal Arts, College of Science and Technology, and Graduate Studies programs. In addition, the school offers a Doctorate of Physical Therapy. The campus is classified as a Master’s college and university by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. For the 2010–11 academic year, Armstrong was not ranked and deemed a Tier 2 university by U.S. News & World Report. The university has full accreditation from the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The university does not utilize graduate students to teach classes as all are taught by members of the Armstrong faculty. Armstrong has nearly 300 faculty members and a student-to-faculty ratio of 19:1. The university offers study abroad and honors programs and opportunities for undergraduates to participate in research across a variety of disciplines. ### College of Education Armstrong's College of Education offers degree programs via two primary departments: Childhood & Exceptional Student Education and Adolescent & Adult Education. The programs prepare graduates for the education field as well as other positions in education administration. In 2010 the college received continued accreditation through 2017 under performance-oriented standards of the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). ### College of Health Professions The College of Health Professionals is the largest academic college at Armstrong in terms of enrollment. The college offers a range of academic programs that prepare students for careers in nursing, public health, health administration, and the allied health professions. It confers degrees ranging from associate's through master's and doctoral. ### College of Liberal Arts Liberal arts have been the foundation of education at Armstrong since its founding. The College of Liberal Arts includes various departments and interdisciplinary programs that prepare graduates for careers in government, criminal justice, law, business, and entertainment. Students in the College of Liberal Arts study the arts, humanities, and social sciences in classroom environments and through internships, performances, exhibitions, undergraduate research projects, and study abroad programs. Departments include Art, Music and Theatre, Criminal Justice, Social & Political Science, Economics, History, Languages, Literature & Philosophy, Interdisciplinary Programs, and Military Science/ROTC. ### College of Science and Technology The College of Science and Technology at Armstrong has a strong emphasis on student research opportunities that prepare students for graduate programs. Areas of study in the College of Science and Technology includes: Biology, Chemistry & Physics, Computer Science & Information Technology, Biochemistry, Engineering, Mathematics, and Psychology. ### Liberty Campus The Liberty Campus in Hinesville, which offers select academic programs to residents of Liberty County and surrounding areas, serves as the third campus of Georgia Southern, which operates under the Armstrong Campus. The Liberty Campus provides special services to Fort Stewart military personnel and their families. A variety of programs are offered or supported, including associate’s degrees in arts and applied sciences, and bachelor's degrees in criminal justice, nursing, early childhood education, middle grades education, and liberal studies, with plans to develop consortium programs with Savannah State University in the upcoming years. The Liberty Campus's current facilities opened in downtown Hinesville in January 2016. ## Student life Armstrong offers many opportunities for students to participate in extracurricular programs, organizations, performances, forums, and athletics. The university has over 100 student organizations and an expanding Greek life system with nine fraternity and sorority organizations. The Student Government Association, Graduate Student Coordinating Council, and University Programming Board (formerly known as CUB, for Campus Union Board, prior to consolidation) offer many opportunities for involvement, leadership, and entertainment. The Inkwell is the university's student-run award-winning publication, published every Thursday during the semester. The university also sponsors a number of recreational intramural and club sports, including dance, flag football, tennis, rugby, ultimate Frisbee, baseball, bowling, basketball, and billiards. The Calliope was Armstrong's student literature and art magazine. It received a First Place/Special Merit award from the American Scholastic Press Association in 2010, but was retired following the consolidation. Celebrate Armstrong occurs in October and is planned by the University Programming Board (UPB). Celebrate Armstrong consists of different kinds of activities, entertainment, and competitions. The UPB also hosted the annual Big Show in the spring, a concert that has included performances from Gym Class Heroes, Maroon 5, and Migos. The campus offers numerous volunteering opportunities to give back to the local community. The campus started the Initiative for Civic Engagement in 2009, making community service an active part of the curriculum. Hundreds of students, faculty, staff, and alumni turn out for joint outreach projects or the biannual Treasure Savannah Day of Service. ### Student Government Association The Student Government Association (SGA) for the Armstrong Campus consists of an executive and a legislative branch. The first student association on the campus was the Armstrong Student Association, founded by Armstrong Junior College's inaugural class in 1935. SGA's current system has existed since the summer of 2018, when the constitution for the post-consolidation Georgia Southern University took effect. In addition to the university-wide SGA President, the executive branch consists of an Executive Vice President, who chairs the Campus Executive Board for the Armstrong Campus, which includes the Executive Vice President, the Chief of Staff, other vice-president positions with their own specialty (e.g. for financial or academic affairs), and officers. The Campus Executive Board consists of elected and appointed officers and serves as an advisory body for the campus's University administrators. The legislative branch consists of a Senate, led by a Speaker, who presides over meetings of the Senate. The Senate consists of Senators representing the colleges housed on the Armstrong Campus (currently, the Colleges of Education, Health Professions, and Public Health), as well as two additional "colleges": Graduate Studies and At-Large, to ensure that graduate students and students whose major is not housed on the Armstrong Campus, respectively, are still represented. In addition to presiding over the Senate, the Speaker also chairs the Senate Advisory Council, which consists of the Speaker and other officers of the Senate Leadership, such as the Deputy Speaker, Senate Whip, Parliamentarian, and the chairs for the Senate's various standing committees. The Liberty Campus is represented by the Armstrong Campus, and includes a semi-autonomous Governing Board, led by an elected Director, and a Student Council, led by the assistant director. ## Athletics (1935–2017) Armstrong State University's consolidation with Georgia Southern spelled an end for Armstrong's athletics, being announced on March 7, 2017, that Armstrong's athletic program would be discontinued at the conclusion of the 2016–17 academic year. Armstrong's athletic teams were known as the Pirates. The university was a member at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a charter member of the Peach Belt Conference (PBC) from 1990–91 to their final season of competition in the 2016–17 academic year. Until 2016–17, Armstrong competed in twelve intercollegiate varsity sports, five men's and seven women's: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, and tennis; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball. ### History Athletics at Armstrong began at the start of the school's history in the 1930s with its teams known as the Geechees. The school won state championships as a junior college in 1938 in men's basketball and men's tennis. Athletics were suspended during World War II. Following the war, the college added new athletic programs, and in 1948 men's basketball won a second state championship. Armstrong joined the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) in 1967 and became known as the Pirates after the college became a four-year institution. In 1973, it joined the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and became a member of the South Atlantic Conference (SAC) with in-state rivals Valdosta State College (now Valdosta State University), Columbus College (now Columbus State University), and Augusta College (now Augusta University). In 1983, Armstrong State College upgraded athletics to NCAA Division I and became a charter member of the Big South Conference in 1985. Soon after, in 1987, the Pirates returned to Division II, becoming a charter member of the Peach Belt Conference in 1990. Armstrong holds 96 PBC championships. In addition, the university has appeared in 139 NCAA Championships, winning 13 titles. Armstrong has produced 296 All-Americans. The Armstrong men's and women's tennis teams have combined to capture 10 NCAA Division II national championships over the last nine seasons.	enwiki/1782062	enwiki	1,782,062	Georgia Southern University–Armstrong Campus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Southern_University%E2%80%93Armstrong_Campus	2025-07-11T13:53:12Z	en	Q4793919	201,815	{{Short description\|Public university in Savannah, Georgia, U.S.}} {{Use American English\|date = September 2019}} {{Use mdy dates\|date = September 2019}} {{Infobox university \| name = Georgia Southern University<br>Armstrong Campus \| image_name = Armstrong State University logo.png \| image_size = \| caption = Logo for Armstrong State University, prior to consolidation with Georgia Southern \| mascot = \| mottoeng = \| established = 1935 (as Armstrong Junior College) \| type = [[Public university\|Public]] [[research university]] \| endowment = \| president = Dr. Kyle Marrero \| academic_affiliations = [[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program\|Space-grant]] \| parent = [[Georgia Southern University]] \| dean = \| faculty = 292 \| administrative_staff = \| students = 5,278<ref name=em.georgiasouthern.edu>[https://em.georgiasouthern.edu/ir/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/GS_Fall2019FastFacts.pdf Fall 2019 Fast Facts] georgiasouthern.edu</ref> \| undergrad = \| postgrad = \| doctoral = \| city = [[Savannah, Georgia\|Savannah]] \| state = [[Georgia (U.S. state)\|Georgia]] \| country = United States \| coor = {{Coord\|31.979\|-81.160\|display=inline,title}} \| campus = Suburban \| former_names = Armstrong Junior College (1935–1948), Armstrong College of Savannah (1948–1964), Armstrong State College (1964–1996), Armstrong Atlantic State University (1996–2014), Armstrong State University (2014–2018) \| website = {{url\|http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/campuses/armstrong-campus/\|georgiasouthern.edu/armstrong-campus}} \| logo = }} '''Georgia Southern University–Armstrong Campus''', formerly '''Armstrong State University,'''<ref name="armstrong.edu">{{cite web\|title=A New Name, A New Chapter in Armstrong's History \|url=http://www.armstrong.edu/site/spotlight/spotlight_a_new_name._a_new_chapter_in_armstrongs_history \|access-date=1 July 2014 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230707/http://www.armstrong.edu/site/spotlight/spotlight_a_new_name._a_new_chapter_in_armstrongs_history \|archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> is one of three campuses of [[Georgia Southern University]], a [[public university]] in the U.S. state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)\|Georgia]]. Occupying a {{convert\|268\|acre\|km2\|adj=on}} area on the residential southside of [[Savannah, Georgia]], the school became one of three campuses of Georgia Southern University in 2018. The university's flagship campus is in [[Statesboro, Georgia\|Statesboro]], {{convert\|50\|mi\|km}} west of Savannah. The Armstrong campus is located approximately {{convert\|15\|mi\|km}} from downtown Savannah and {{convert\|25\|mi\|km}} from [[Tybee Island]]. Armstrong offers undergraduate and graduate degrees; it has a total student enrollment of approximately 5,000 students.<ref name="em.georgiasouthern.edu"/> == History == [[File:History wiki.tif\|thumb\|left\|alt=Students of Armstrong College, circa 1950\|Students of Armstrong College (circa 1950).]]The Armstrong campus was founded as Armstrong Junior College in 1935 by Mayor [[Thomas Gamble (mayor)\|Thomas Gamble]].<ref name="amstrghistory">{{cite web\|work=Armstrong Atlantic State University\|url=http://www.armstrong.edu/About/armstrong_facts/aasu_history\|title=Armstrong History\|access-date=March 9, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719140545/http://www.armstrong.edu/About/armstrong_facts/aasu_history\|archive-date=2011-07-19\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gamble pursued the issue during the height of the [[Great Depression]] to benefit Savannah's youth and the community, as well as aid in stimulating the local economy.<ref name="historyof">{{cite web\|last=Stone\|first=Janet\|work=Armstrong Atlantic State University\|url=http://www.sip.armstrong.edu/AASU/history.html\|title=History of Armstrong Atlantic State University\|access-date=March 10, 2011\|archive-date=March 3, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193035/http://www.sip.armstrong.edu/AASU/history.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The college was originally located in the historic [[Armstrong Kessler Mansion (Savannah, Georgia)\|Armstrong House]] adjacent to [[Forsyth Park]] in downtown Savannah.<ref name="amstrghistory"/> The mansion was given to the city as a gift from the family of George F. Armstrong, a local businessman involved in the shipping industry.<ref name="historyof"/> The college eventually grew to encompass six buildings in the Forsyth and [[Monterey Square (Savannah, Georgia)\|Monterey Square]] areas of Savannah.<ref name="historyof"/> In 1959, Armstrong College of Savannah became part of the [[University System of Georgia]] as a community college, and in 1964 the [[Board of Regents]] conferred four-year status on Armstrong State College.<ref name="amstrghistory"/> [[Donald Livingston]] and the Mills B. Lane Foundation provided the college with 250 acres of land on the southwest side of Savannah.<ref name="amstrghistory"/> Eight buildings were constructed on the property and the college moved from the Armstrong House downtown to the suburban location in January 1966.<ref name="amstrghistory"/> The school played [[NCAA Division I]] athletics briefly, from 1983 to 1987, as part of the [[Big_South_Conference#Former_members\|Big South Conference]]. The school later dropped athletics. Over the years the college expanded, adding new buildings and expanding academic programs. In 1993, the college began extensive landscaping work that transformed the campus into an [[arboretum]].<ref name="amstrghistory"/> Armstrong State College gained [[state university]] status in 1996 and duly changed its name to Armstrong Atlantic State University. The following year the university opened the Liberty Center in [[Hinesville, Georgia\|Hinesville]].<ref name="amstrghistory"/> The university celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010, inaugurating Dr. Linda M. Bleicken as its seventh president.<ref name="amstrghistory"/> In 2014 the school officially changed its name to Armstrong State University, to help minimize confusion regarding the school's location, make the name easier to say, and create a stronger brand for the school. The name change became effective on July 1, 2014.<ref name="armstrong.edu"/> Armstrong celebrated its 80th anniversary and the 50th anniversary of the university's move to the Southside during the 2015–16 academic year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wjcl.com/news/local-news/armstrong-state-begins-fall-classes/50840138/story \|title = Armstrong State begins fall classes\| date=August 17, 2015 }}</ref> Presently, the campus is no longer an independent institution with a separate accreditation. === Consolidation with Georgia Southern University === On January 11, 2017, the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, on recommendation by Chancellor Steve Wrigley, voted to consolidate Armstrong State with [[Georgia Southern University]]. The merger, without any student-faculty input from the two schools, was to take place as part of a long-term goal of the Board of Regents to consolidate smaller, regional colleges and universities with larger, more well-known institutions. Under the consolidation plan, Armstrong State would inherit Georgia Southern's name, leadership, academics, and athletics, and the merged institution would become the fourth-largest public university in the state: the "''New'' Georgia Southern University". Consolidation, which took a full year to implement, was officially proclaimed by the Board of Regents on January 17, 2018.<ref name="ASU-GS consolidation">{{cite news\|last1=Coleman\|first1=Dash\|title=Board of Regents approves consolidation of Armstrong, Georgia Southern\|url=http://savannahnow.com/news/2017-01-11/board-regents-approves-consolidation-armstrong-georgia-southern#\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Savannah Morning News}}{{Dead link\|date=December 2019 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Campus == The Armstrong campus is located in a [[suburban]] setting near the [[Savannah Mall]], with direct access to downtown Savannah via [[Georgia State Route 204\|Abercorn Expressway]]. The landscaped campus includes subtropical ferns and flowers, [[southern magnolia]]s, [[Live oak\|oak trees]] draped with [[Spanish moss]], and a wide variety of native plants scattered throughout the {{convert\|268\|acre\|m2\|1\|adj=on}} arboretum-style grounds.<ref name="tour">{{cite web\|work=Armstrong Atlantic State University\|url=http://www.armstrong.edu/virtualtour/\|title=Virtual Tour\|access-date=March 10, 2011}}</ref> Lane Library is the main academic and research library on the Armstrong campus. Lane Library's collection comprises more than 200,000 books and printed materials as well as 18,000 audiovisual works.<ref name="tour"/> The university recently invested $5 million in a renovation and expansion of the facility.<ref name="tour"/> The Science Center complex is a two-building complex connected by an enclosed glass walkway. The Science Center is home to many of the College of Science and Technology programs, including Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Computer Science, Physical Science, and Psychology.<ref name="tour"/> It includes classroom and lecture space, faculty offices, and labs. The {{convert\|126056\|sqft\|m2\|adj=on}} facility opened in 2001 as the largest single increase in instructional space on campus since the campus opened.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Staff\|work=[[Savannah Morning News\|SavannahNow.com]]\|url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/112302/LOCAASUsciencebuilding.shtml\|title=AASU dedicates new science center\|year=2001\|access-date=March 10, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917002901/http://savannahnow.com/stories/112302/LOCAASUsciencebuilding.shtml\|archive-date=2012-09-17\|url-status=dead}}</ref> A {{convert\|61000\|sqft\|m2\|adj=on}}, $24 million Student Union opened in 2010.<ref name="studentcenter">{{cite news\|last=Paynter\|first=Michelle\|work=WTOC-TV\|url=http://www.wtoc.com/global/story.asp?s=12366345\|title=AASU celebrates new student center\|date=April 23, 2010\|access-date=March 10, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718122239/http://www.wtoc.com/global/story.asp?s=12366345\|archive-date=July 18, 2011\|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the university's first [[green building]], built with rapidly renewable and recycled materials and featuring a high-efficiency chilled water cooling system.<ref>{{cite news\|last=DeYoung\|first=Bill\|work=[[Savannah Morning News\|SavannahNow.com]]\|url=http://savannahnow.com/bill-deyoung/2008-08-31/aasu-adding-new-student-center\|title=AASU adding new student center\|date=August 31, 2008\|access-date=March 10, 2011}}</ref> The Union houses a 300-seat [[food court]] (known as the Galley), 200-seat [[movie theatre]], [[ballroom]], [[bookstore]], [[coffeehouse]], [[convenience store]], and expansive porches and lounges.<ref name="studentcenter"/> Next to the Student Union is the Memorial College Center. Commonly known as the MCC, it houses Student Affairs and Student Activities offices.<ref name="tour"/> Armstrong's athletic facilities are located in the southeast area of campus. The Student Recreation and Aquatic Center is a {{convert\|38,000\|sqft\|m2\|adj=on}} athletic facility that includes a {{convert\|5200\|sqft\|m2\|adj=on}} fitness center, and two basketball courts.<ref name="tour"/> The facility is home to the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps\|ROTC program]] and was the formerly home to the Armstrong Pirate volleyball team.<ref name="tour"/> The Alumni Arena is located adjacent to the Rec Center and includes an indoor running track, weight room, coaches offices, classroom space, and a 4,000-seat arena home to the men's and women's basketball teams.<ref name="tour"/> Since consolidation with Georgia Southern, the campus has not maintained a separate athletics program, with the future of these athletic facilities uncertain {{vague\|date=October 2018}}.<ref name="End of Pirates Athletics">{{cite web\|last1=Hersh\|first1=Allison\|last2=Wise\|first2=Jennifer\|title=Armstrong State University Athletics to End Intercollegiate Competition Following 2016-17 Season\|url=http://consolidation.georgiasouthern.edu/march-7-2017/\|publisher=Georgia Southern University\|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> Near the end of the 2017–2018 academic year, there were talks of renovating the campus's current athletic facilities to allow for the university's tennis and soccer teams to practice and play at the Armstrong Campus, in addition to creating new recreational and general purpose fields.<ref name="Renovations"/> Such a proposal, if approved, could take up to a decade to complete, with the entire project having a low-end cost of $40 million to upgrade the campus's current athletic facilities, including infrastructure needs as mandated by division standards.<ref name="Renovations">{{cite web\|title=Student Input for Athletic Renovations\|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ElLER-V9Bi1m2KoG84dIFiZnEHnCgSGU/view\|publisher=Georgia Southern SGA\|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> [[File:Housing windward wiki.jpg\|thumb\|right\|alt=Windward Commons residential community\|Windward Commons, which opened in 2010, is a suite-style residential community on the Armstrong campus.]] More than 1,400 students live on campus within three residential communities located in the southwest portion of the campus.<ref name="tour"/> Windward Commons is Armstrong's suite-style freshmen residential community which opened in 2010 and is home to nearly 600 students.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Staff\|work=[[Savannah Morning News\|SavannahNow.com]]\|url=http://savannahnow.com/intown/2009-06-30/aasu-breaks-ground-new-residence-hall\|title=AASU breaks ground for new residence hall\|date=June 30, 2009\|access-date=March 10, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917003008/http://savannahnow.com/intown/2009-06-30/aasu-breaks-ground-new-residence-hall\|archive-date=2012-09-17\|url-status=dead}}</ref> It features private and semi-private suites, music practice rooms, multipurpose classrooms, lounges/social areas, laundry facilities, courtyards with outdoor sitting space and [[barbecue]] areas, and two classrooms.<ref name="tour"/> Compass Point and University Crossings are apartment-style residence halls intended for upperclassmen and graduate students.<ref name="tour"/> On April 24, 2013, Armstrong completed renovations to the Memorial College Center, opening the Learning Commons. The {{convert\|14000\|sqft\|adj=on}} space was developed as an extension to the Lane Library. Features include PC and Mac computers, three [[multi-touch]] tables, and group study rooms.<ref name=commons>{{cite web\|title=Learning Commons Ribbon Cutting\|url=http://www.armstrong.edu/About/news3/news_learning_commons_ribbon_cutting\|access-date=21 August 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917193305/http://www.armstrong.edu/About/news3/news_learning_commons_ribbon_cutting\|archive-date=2013-09-17\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Academics== Armstrong features more than 100 academic programs and offers [[bachelor's degree]]s, [[master's degree]]s, and [[doctoral degree]]s through its College of Education, College of Health Professions, College of Liberal Arts, College of Science and Technology, and Graduate Studies programs. In addition, the school offers a [[Doctorate of Physical Therapy]]. The campus is classified as a [[Masters university\|Master’s college and university]] by the [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education]].<ref name="carnegie">{{cite web\|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=138789\|title=Carnegie Foundation Classification - Armstrong Atlantic State University\|publisher=[[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching\|Carnegie Foundation]]\|year=2008–2010\|access-date=2011-03-10}}</ref> For the 2010–11 academic year, Armstrong was not ranked and deemed a ''Tier 2'' university by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/armstrong-atlantic-state-university-1546\|title=Armstrong Atlantic State University - Overview\|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]\|access-date=March 10, 2011}}</ref> The university has full accreditation from the [[Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]].<ref name="accred">{{cite web\|url=http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Armstrong+Atlantic+State&s=all&id=138789#accred\|title=Institutional Accreditation\|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Education\|U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences]]\|access-date=March 10, 2011}}</ref> The university does not utilize graduate students to teach classes as all are taught by members of the Armstrong faculty. Armstrong has nearly 300 faculty members and a student-to-faculty ratio of 19:1.<ref name="programs">{{cite web\|url=http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Armstrong+Atlantic+State&s=all&id=138789#programs \|title=Programs\|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Education\|U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences]]\|access-date=March 10, 2011}}</ref> The university offers [[study abroad]] and [[honors course\|honors programs]] and opportunities for undergraduates to participate in research across a variety of disciplines. === College of Education === Armstrong's College of Education offers [[degree program]]s via two primary departments: Childhood & Exceptional Student Education and Adolescent & Adult Education. The programs prepare graduates for the education field as well as other positions in [[Education\|education administration]].<ref>{{cite web\|work=Armstrong Atlantic State University\|url=http://www.armstrong.edu/Education/deans_office/education_majors_programs\|title=College of Education majors and programs\|access-date=March 18, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318212936/http://www.armstrong.edu/Education/deans_office/education_majors_programs\|archive-date=2011-03-18\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010 the college received continued accreditation through 2017 under performance-oriented standards of the [[National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education]] (NCATE).<ref>{{cite web\|work=NCATE \|url=http://www.ncate.org/tabid/178/Default.aspx?ch=106&CO_ID=10167&state=ga\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520084623/http://ncate.org/tabid/178/Default.aspx?ch=106&CO_ID=10167&state=ga\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=May 20, 2011\|title=Armstrong Atlantic State University Accreditation\|year=2010\|access-date=March 18, 2011}}</ref> === College of Health Professions === The College of Health Professionals is the largest academic college at Armstrong in terms of enrollment.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/armstrong-atlantic-state-university-1546/academics\|title=Armstrong Atlantic State University - Academic Life\|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]\|access-date=March 10, 2011}}</ref> The college offers a range of academic programs that prepare students for careers in [[nursing]], [[public health]], [[health administration]], and the allied health professions. It confers degrees ranging from associate's through master's and doctoral.<ref>{{cite web\|work=Armstrong Atlantic State University \|url=http://armstrong.edu/Health_professions/deans_office/chp_majors_programs \|title=College of Health Professionals majors and programs \|access-date=March 10, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719140341/http://armstrong.edu/Health_professions/deans_office/chp_majors_programs \|archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref> === College of Liberal Arts === [[Liberal arts]] have been the foundation of education at Armstrong since its founding. The College of Liberal Arts includes various departments and interdisciplinary programs that prepare graduates for careers in [[government]], [[criminal justice]], [[law]], [[business]], and [[entertainment]]. Students in the College of Liberal Arts study the [[arts]], [[humanities]], and [[social sciences]] in classroom environments and through internships, performances, exhibitions, undergraduate research projects, and study abroad programs. Departments include Art, Music and Theatre, Criminal Justice, Social & Political Science, Economics, History, Languages, Literature & Philosophy, Interdisciplinary Programs, and Military Science/ROTC.<ref>{{cite web\|work=Armstrong Atlantic State University \|url=http://www.armstrong.edu/Liberal_Arts/deans_office/cola_majors_programs\|title=College of Liberal Arts majors and programs\|access-date=March 18, 2011}}</ref> === College of Science and Technology === The College of Science and Technology at Armstrong has a strong emphasis on student [[research]] opportunities that prepare students for graduate programs. Areas of study in the College of Science and Technology includes: Biology, Chemistry & Physics, Computer Science & Information Technology, Biochemistry, Engineering, Mathematics, and Psychology.<ref>{{cite web\|work=Armstrong Atlantic State University \|url=http://armstrong.edu/Science_and_Technology/deans_office/cst_majors_programs \|title=College of Science and Technology majors and programs \|access-date=March 18, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705082537/http://armstrong.edu/Science_and_Technology/deans_office/cst_majors_programs \|archive-date=July 5, 2011 }}</ref> [[File:Armstrong State University, Hinesville.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Liberty Campus]] === Liberty Campus=== The Liberty Campus in [[Hinesville, Georgia\|Hinesville]], which offers select academic programs to residents of [[Liberty County, Georgia\|Liberty County]] and surrounding areas, serves as the third campus of Georgia Southern, which operates under the Armstrong Campus. The Liberty Campus provides special services to [[Fort Stewart]] military personnel and their families. A variety of programs are offered or supported, including [[associate’s degree]]s in arts and applied sciences, and bachelor's degrees in criminal justice, nursing, early childhood education, middle grades education, and liberal studies, with plans to develop consortium programs with [[Savannah State University]] in the upcoming years. The Liberty Campus's current facilities opened in downtown Hinesville in January 2016.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://savannahceo.com/news/2015/05/armstrong-liberty-center-hinesville-offer-new-masters-degree-starting-fall/\|title=Armstrong Liberty Center in Hinesville to Offer New Master’s Degree Starting in Fall\|website=Savannah CEO\|accessdate=July 14, 2023}}</ref> ==Student life== Armstrong offers many opportunities for students to participate in extracurricular programs, organizations, performances, forums, and athletics. The university has over 100 student organizations and an expanding Greek life system with nine [[fraternity]] and [[sorority]] organizations.<ref name="clubs">{{cite web\|work=Armstrong Atlantic State University\|url=http://www.armstrong.edu/Students/activities_and_orgs/student_organizations\|title=Student Activities\|access-date=March 10, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719140624/http://www.armstrong.edu/Students/activities_and_orgs/student_organizations\|archive-date=2011-07-19\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/armstrong-atlantic-state-university-1546/student-life\|title=Armstrong Atlantic State University - Student Life\|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]\|access-date=March 10, 2011\|archive-date=February 19, 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219050111/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/armstrong-atlantic-state-university-1546/student-life\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Student Government Association, Graduate Student Coordinating Council, and University Programming Board (formerly known as '''CUB''', for '''C'''ampus '''U'''nion '''B'''oard, prior to consolidation) offer many opportunities for involvement, leadership, and entertainment. ''The Inkwell'' is the university's student-run award-winning publication, published every Thursday during the semester. The university also sponsors a number of recreational intramural and club sports, including [[dance]], [[flag football]], [[tennis]], [[Rugby football\|rugby]], [[ultimate Frisbee]], [[baseball]], [[bowling]], basketball, and [[billiards]].<ref name="clubs"/> The ''Calliope'' was Armstrong's student literature and art magazine. It received a First Place/Special Merit award from the American Scholastic Press Association in 2010,<ref>{{cite news\|last=Redding \|first=Brittany \|publisher=The Inkwell \|url=http://www.theinkwellonline.com/news/calliope-wins-big-1.1904238 \|title='Calliope' wins big \|date=January 20, 2011 \|access-date=March 10, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003640/http://www.theinkwellonline.com/news/calliope-wins-big-1.1904238 \|archive-date=July 17, 2011 }}</ref> but was retired following the consolidation. Celebrate Armstrong occurs in October and is planned by the University Programming Board (UPB). Celebrate Armstrong consists of different kinds of activities, entertainment, and competitions. The UPB also hosted the annual ''Big Show'' in the spring, a concert that has included performances from [[Gym Class Heroes]], [[Maroon 5]], and [[Migos]]. The campus offers numerous volunteering opportunities to give back to the local community. The campus started the Initiative for Civic Engagement in 2009, making community service an active part of the curriculum. Hundreds of students, faculty, staff, and alumni turn out for joint outreach projects or the biannual ''Treasure Savannah'' Day of Service. === Student Government Association === {{Main\|Georgia Southern University#Student Government Association\|l1=Georgia Southern Student Government}} The Student Government Association (SGA) for the Armstrong Campus consists of an executive and a legislative branch. The first student association on the campus was the Armstrong Student Association, founded by Armstrong Junior College's inaugural class in 1935. SGA's current system has existed since the summer of 2018, when the constitution for the post-consolidation Georgia Southern University took effect. In addition to the university-wide SGA President, the executive branch consists of an Executive Vice President, who chairs the ''Campus Executive Board'' for the Armstrong Campus, which includes the Executive Vice President, the Chief of Staff, other vice-president positions with their own specialty (e.g. for financial or academic affairs), and officers. The Campus Executive Board consists of elected and appointed officers and serves as an advisory body for the campus's University administrators. The legislative branch consists of a Senate, led by a Speaker, who presides over meetings of the Senate. The Senate consists of Senators representing the colleges housed on the Armstrong Campus (currently, the Colleges of Education, Health Professions, and Public Health), as well as two additional "colleges": Graduate Studies and At-Large, to ensure that graduate students and students whose major is not housed on the Armstrong Campus, respectively, are still represented. In addition to presiding over the Senate, the Speaker also chairs the Senate Advisory Council, which consists of the Speaker and other officers of the Senate Leadership, such as the Deputy Speaker, Senate Whip, Parliamentarian, and the chairs for the Senate's various standing committees. The Liberty Campus is represented by the Armstrong Campus, and includes a semi-autonomous Governing Board, led by an elected Director, and a Student Council, led by the assistant director. ==Athletics (1935–2017)== Armstrong State University's consolidation with Georgia Southern spelled an end for Armstrong's athletics, being announced on March 7, 2017, that Armstrong's athletic program would be discontinued at the conclusion of the 2016–17 academic year.<ref name="End of Pirates Athletics"/> Armstrong's athletic teams were known as the Pirates. The university was a member at the [[NCAA Division II\|Division II]] level of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) as a charter member of the [[Peach Belt Conference]] (PBC) from 1990–91 to their final season of competition in the 2016–17 academic year. Until 2016–17, Armstrong competed in twelve intercollegiate varsity sports, five men's and seven women's: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, and tennis; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball. === History === Athletics at Armstrong began at the start of the school's history in the 1930s with its teams known as the Geechees. The school won state championships as a junior college in 1938 in men's basketball and men's tennis.<ref name="athhist">{{cite web\|work=Armstrong State University\|url=http://www.armstrong.edu/75th/index/75th_athletics_looks_back\|title=Athletics Looks Back\|access-date=March 18, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108193749/http://www.armstrong.edu/75th/index/75th_athletics_looks_back\|archive-date=January 8, 2011\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Athletics were suspended during [[World War II]]. Following the war, the college added new athletic programs, and in 1948 men's basketball won a second state championship.<ref name="athhist"/> Armstrong joined the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics]] (NAIA) in 1967 and became known as the Pirates after the college became a four-year institution.<ref name="athhist"/> In 1973, it joined the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) and became a member of the [[South Atlantic Conference (1973–1982)\|South Atlantic Conference]] (SAC) with in-state rivals [[Valdosta State University\|Valdosta State College]] (now Valdosta State University), [[Columbus State University\|Columbus College]] (now Columbus State University), and [[Augusta University\|Augusta College]] (now Augusta University).<ref name="athhist"/> In 1983, Armstrong State College upgraded athletics to [[NCAA Division I]] and became a charter member of the [[Big South Conference]] in 1985.<ref name="athhist"/> Soon after, in 1987, the Pirates returned to Division II, becoming a charter member of the [[Peach Belt Conference]] in 1990.<ref name="athhist"/> Armstrong holds 96 PBC championships. In addition, the university has appeared in 139 [[NCAA Championships]], winning 13 titles. Armstrong has produced 296 All-Americans. The Armstrong men's and women's tennis teams have combined to capture 10 NCAA Division II national championships over the last nine seasons.<ref name="tour"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.armstrong.edu/site/spotlight/spotlight_cloud_nine_armstrong_womens_tennis_team_caps_perfect_season_with \|title=Cloud Nine: Armstrong women's tennis team caps perfect season with record ninth NCAA Division II nat - Armstrong State University - Georgia \|access-date=2015-08-20 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905182349/http://www.armstrong.edu/site/spotlight/spotlight_cloud_nine_armstrong_womens_tennis_team_caps_perfect_season_with \|archive-date=2015-09-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://armstrongpirates.com/landing/index \|title=Home of the Armstrong Pirates \|access-date=August 15, 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120070435/http://armstrongpirates.com/landing/index \|archive-date=January 20, 2016 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} == External links == * {{Official website\|http://www.armstrong.edu/}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160120070435/http://armstrongpirates.com/landing/index Armstong State Athletics website] {{UnivSysGa}} {{Savannah education}} {{Peach Belt Conference navbox}} {{College sports in Georgia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Georgia Southern University-Armstrong Campus}} [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1935]] [[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 2018]] [[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]] [[Category:Universities and colleges in Savannah, Georgia]] [[Category:Armstrong State University]] [[Category:1935 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:2018 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)]]	1,299,971,017	[{"title": "Georgia Southern University \u00b7 Armstrong Campus", "data": {"Former names": "Armstrong Junior College (1935\u20131948), Armstrong College of Savannah (1948\u20131964), Armstrong State College (1964\u20131996), Armstrong Atlantic State University (1996\u20132014), Armstrong State University (2014\u20132018)", "Type": "Public research university", "Established": "1935 (as Armstrong Junior College)", "Parent institution": "Georgia Southern University", "Academic affiliations": "Space-grant", "President": "Dr. Kyle Marrero", "Academic staff": "292", "Students": "5,278", "Location": "Savannah, Georgia, United States \u00b7 31\u00b058\u203244\u2033N 81\u00b009\u203236\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff31.979\u00b0N 81.160\u00b0W", "Campus": "Suburban", "Website": "georgiasouthern.edu/armstrong-campus"}}]	false
# Petr Coufal Petr Coufal (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpɛtr̩ˈtsou̯fal]; born 25 February 1995) is a Czech figure skater. He qualified to the free skate at seven ISU Championships, including the 2015 European Championships where he finished 12th. His best World Junior Championship result, tenth, came in 2014. He won a bronze medal at the 2014 Bavarian Open. Coufal is the brother of figure skater Jana Coufalová and football player Vladimír Coufal. Their mother, Alena (née Dřevjaná), competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics for Czechoslovakia in gymnastics. ## Programs \| Season \| Short program \| Free skating \| \| --------- \| --------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| \| 2014–2015 \| - Moonlight - Electric Cello by Steven Sharp Nelson \| - New World Symphony by Antonín Dvořák \| \| 2013–2014 \| - The Last of the Mohicans by Trevor Jones, Randy Edelman \| - New World Symphony by Antonín Dvořák \| \| 2012–2013 \| - The Last of the Mohicans by Trevor Jones, Randy Edelman \| - Black Beauty by Danny Elfman \| \| 2011–2012 \| - Strings on the Ice by Jaroslav Sveceny, Michal Dvorak \| - Black Beauty by Danny Elfman \| \| 2010–2011 \| - Strings on the Ice by Jaroslav Sveceny, Michal Dvorak \| - Live at the Acropolis by Yanni \| \| 2008–2010 \| - Spanish Trumpets by Klaus Hallen \| - Till Eulenspiegel by Richard Strauss \| ## Competitive highlights CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| \| Event \| 2007–08 \| 2008–09 \| 2009–10 \| 2010–11 \| 2011–12 \| 2012–13 \| 2013–14 \| 2014–15 \| \| --------------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| Worlds \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 27th \| \| Europeans \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 12th \| \| CS Ice Challenge \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6th \| 4th \| \| CS Warsaw Cup \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9th \| \| Bavarian Open \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3rd \| \| \| NRW Trophy \| \| \| \| \| 12th \| 19th \| \| \| \| Seibt Memorial \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4th \| \| \| International: Junior \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Junior Worlds \| \| 20th \| 21st \| 19th \| 17th \| 25th \| 10th \| \| \| JGP Austria \| \| \| \| 8th \| 13th \| 4th \| \| \| \| JGP Croatia \| \| \| \| \| \| 7th \| \| \| \| JGP Czech Rep. \| \| \| \| 7th \| \| \| \| \| \| JGP Germany \| \| \| 12th \| \| \| \| \| \| \| JGP Poland \| \| \| \| \| 8th \| \| \| \| \| JGP Slovakia \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7th \| \| \| Merano Cup \| \| \| 1st J \| \| \| \| \| \| \| EYOF \| \| \| \| 1st J \| \| \| \| \| \| Tirnavia Ice Cup \| \| \| 3rd J \| \| \| \| \| \| \| National \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Czech Champ. \| \| \| \| 4th \| 4th \| WD \| 3rd \| 2nd \| \| Czech Junior Champ. \| 2nd \| 1st \| 2nd \| 1st \| 1st \| 1st \| 1st \| \|	enwiki/33932635	enwiki	33,932,635	Petr Coufal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Coufal	2025-07-22T05:14:37Z	en	Q7178508	59,412	{{Short description\|Czech figure skater (born 1995)}} {{Infobox figure skater \|name= Petr Coufal \|image=2012 World Junior FS Petr Coufal2.jpg \|caption= Coufal in 2012 \|fullname= \|country= [[Czech Republic]] \|birth_date= {{birth date and age\|1995\|2\|25\|df=y}} \|birth_place= [[Bohumín]], Czech Republic \|hometown= [[Ludgeřovice]] \|residence= \|height= {{height\|m=1.80}} \|coach= Ivana Tokošová, [[Michael Huth]] \|formercoach= \|choreographer= Alexei Vasilievski \|formerchoreographer= \|skating club= BKLR Cosmetic Ostrava \|former skating club= \|currenttraininglocations= [[Ostrava]] <br> [[Oberstdorf]] \|formertraininglocations= \|beganskating= 2001 \|retired= \| medalrecord = {{Figure skating infobox medals\|nationals=Czech \|NC = {{FS medal\|s\|NC\|nationals=Czech\|2015\|Budapest\|m}}{{FS medal\|b\|NC\|nationals=Czech\|2014\|Bratislava\|m}} }} }} '''Petr Coufal''' ({{IPA\|cs\|ˈpɛtr̩ˈtsou̯fal}}; born 25 February 1995) is a Czech [[figure skater]]. He qualified to the free skate at seven [[ISU Figure Skating Championships\|ISU Championships]], including the [[2015 European Figure Skating Championships\|2015 European Championships]] where he finished 12th. His best World Junior Championship result, tenth, came in [[2014 World Junior Figure Skating Championships\|2014]]. He won a bronze medal at the 2014 [[Bavarian Open]]. Coufal is the brother of figure skater Jana Coufalová and [[Association football\|football]] player [[Vladimír Coufal]].<ref name=ISU-JC/> Their mother, [[Alena Dřevjaná\|Alena]] (née Dřevjaná), competed at the [[1988 Summer Olympics]] for [[Czechoslovakia]] in gymnastics.<ref name=ISU-1415/> == Programs == {\|class=wikitable style=text-align:center ! Season ! [[Short program (figure skating)\|Short program]] ! [[Free skating]] \|- ! 2014–2015 <br> <ref name=ISU-1415/> \| * Moonlight - Electric Cello <br>{{small\| by Steven Sharp Nelson }} \| rowspan=2 \| * [[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)\|New World Symphony]] <br>{{small\| by [[Antonín Dvořák]] }} \|- ! 2013–2014 <br> <ref name=ISU-1314/> \| rowspan=2 \| * [[The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)\|The Last of the Mohicans]] <br>{{small\| by [[Trevor Jones (composer)\|Trevor Jones]], [[Randy Edelman]] }} \|- ! 2012–2013 <br> <ref name=ISU-1213/> \| rowspan=2 \| * [[Black Beauty (1994 film)\|Black Beauty]] <br>{{small\| by [[Danny Elfman]] }} \|- ! 2011–2012 <br> <ref name=ISU-1112/> \| rowspan=2 \| * Strings on the Ice <br>{{small\| by Jaroslav Sveceny, Michal Dvorak }} \|- ! 2010–2011 <br> <ref name=ISU-1011/> \| * Live at the Acropolis <br>{{small\| by [[Yanni]] }} \|- ! 2008–2010 <br> <ref name=ISU-0910/><ref name=ISU-0809/> \| * Spanish Trumpets <br>{{small\| by Klaus Hallen }} \| * [[Till Eulenspiegel]] <br>{{small\| by [[Richard Strauss]] }} \|} == Competitive highlights == ''CS: [[ISU Challenger Series\|Challenger Series]]; JGP: [[ISU Junior Grand Prix\|Junior Grand Prix]]'' {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- ! style="background-color: #ffdead; " colspan=9 align=center \| International<ref name=ISU-PC/> \|- ! Event ! 2007–08 ! [[2008–09 figure skating season\|2008–09]] ! [[2009–10 figure skating season\|2009–10]] ! [[2010–11 figure skating season\|2010–11]] ! [[2011–12 figure skating season\|2011–12]] ! [[2012–13 figure skating season\|2012–13]] ! [[2013–14 figure skating season\|2013–14]] ! [[2014–15 figure skating season\|2014–15]] \|- \| align=left \| [[World Figure Skating Championships\|Worlds]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 27th \|- \| align=left \| [[European Figure Skating Championships\|Europeans]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 12th \|- \| align=left \| {{small\|CS}} [[Ice Challenge]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 6th \|\| 4th \|- \| align=left \| {{small\|CS}} [[Warsaw Cup]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 9th \|- \| align=left \| [[Bavarian Open]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| bgcolor=cc9966 \| 3rd \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[NRW Trophy]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 12th \|\| 19th \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Seibt Memorial]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 4th \|\| \|- ! style="background-color: #ffdead; " colspan=9 align=center \| International: Junior<ref name=ISU-PC/> \|- \| align=left \| [[World Junior Figure Skating Championships\|Junior Worlds]] \|\| \|\| 20th \|\| 21st \|\| 19th \|\| 17th \|\| 25th \|\| 10th \|\| \|- \| align=left \| {{small\|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Austria\|Austria]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 8th \|\| 13th \|\| 4th \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| {{small\|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Croatia\|Croatia]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 7th \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| {{small\|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in the Czech Republic\|Czech Rep.]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 7th \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| {{small\|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Germany\|Germany]] \|\| \|\| \|\| 12th \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| {{small\|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Poland\|Poland]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 8th \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| {{small\|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Slovakia\|Slovakia]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 7th \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Merano Cup]] \|\| \|\| \|\| bgcolor=gold \| 1st J \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Figure skating at the European Youth Olympic Festival\|EYOF]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| bgcolor=gold \| 1st J \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Tirnavia Ice Cup]] \|\| \|\| \|\| bgcolor=cc9966 \| 3rd J \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- ! style="background-color: #ffdead; " colspan=9 align=center \| National<ref name=ISU-PC/> \|- \| align=left \| [[Czech Figure Skating Championships\|Czech Champ.]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 4th \|\| 4th \|\| WD \|\| bgcolor=cc9966 \| 3rd \|\| bgcolor=silver \| 2nd \|- \| align=left \| [[Czech Figure Skating Championships\|Czech Junior Champ.]] \|\| bgcolor=silver \| 2nd \|\| bgcolor=gold \| 1st \|\| bgcolor=silver \| 2nd \|\| bgcolor=gold \| 1st \|\| bgcolor=gold \| 1st \|\| bgcolor=gold \| 1st \|\| bgcolor=gold \| 1st \|\| \|} == References == {{Reflist\|30em\|refs= <ref name=ISU-PC>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00010785.htm \|title= Competition Results: Petr COUFAL \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213012/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00010785.htm \|archivedate= 3 March 2016 \|url-status= live }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-0809>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|title= Petr COUFAL: 2008/2009 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090503064225/http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|archivedate= 3 May 2009 \|url-status= unfit }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-0910>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|title= Petr COUFAL: 2009/2010 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090924121527/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|archivedate= 24 September 2009 \|url-status= unfit }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-1011>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|title= Petr COUFAL: 2010/2011 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110816092930/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|archivedate= 16 August 2011 \|url-status= unfit }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-1112>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|title= Petr COUFAL: 2011/2012 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117153202/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|archivedate= 17 January 2012 \|url-status= unfit }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-1213>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|title= Petr COUFAL: 2012/2013 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130307090826/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|archivedate= 7 March 2013 \|url-status= unfit }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-1314>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|title= Petr COUFAL: 2013/2014 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140621223952/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|archivedate= 21 June 2014 \|url-status= unfit }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-1415>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|title= Petr COUFAL: 2014/2015 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150523064908/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00010785.htm \|archivedate= 23 May 2015 \|url-status= live }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-JC>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00011691.htm \|title= Jana COUFALOVA \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140825090108/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00011691.htm \|archivedate= 25 August 2014 \|url-status= live }}</ref> }} == External links == {{commons category inline\|Petr Coufal}} * {{isu name \| id=00010785 \| name= Petr Coufal}} * [http://tracings.net/couf-petr.html Petr Coufal] at Tracings {{DEFAULTSORT:Coufal, Petr}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Czech male single skaters]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Bohumín]] [[Category:Sportspeople from the Moravian-Silesian Region]] [[Category:21st-century Czech sportsmen]]	1,301,874,406	[{"title": "Petr Coufal", "data": {"Born": "25 February 1995 \u00b7 Bohum\u00edn, Czech Republic", "Hometown": "Ludge\u0159ovice", "Height": "1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)"}}, {"title": "Figure skating career", "data": {"Country": "Czech Republic", "Coach": "Ivana Toko\u0161ov\u00e1, Michael Huth", "Skating club": "BKLR Cosmetic Ostrava", "Began skating": "2001"}}, {"title": "Czech Championships", "data": {"Silver medal \u2013 second place": "2015 Budapest \u00b7 Singles"}}, {"title": "Czech Championships", "data": {"Bronze medal \u2013 third place": "2014 Bratislava \u00b7 Singles"}}]	false
# Match fixing in association football The issue of match fixing in association football has been described, in 2013, by Chris Eaton, the former Head of Security of FIFA (the sport's world governing body), as a "crisis", while UEFA's president Michel Platini has said that if it continues, "football is dead". Zhang Jilong, president of the Asian Football Confederation, has stated that it is a "pandemic". The issue also affects a number of other sports across the world. In May 2011, world governing body FIFA announced an anti-match fixing plan, and in September 2012 FIFA President Sepp Blatter warned that match-fixing endangered "the integrity of the game". In September 2014, the Council of Europe also announced they would tackle the problem. A number of clubs in countries across the world have been subject to match fixing, including Australia, China, and Spain. The South African national team has also been investigated. In the 18 months prior to February 2013, Europol investigated 680 matches in 30 countries. In November 2013, 11 men were charged in Estonia with fixing 17 matches. The problem is often attributed to criminal gangs based in Asia, who generate "hundreds of billions of euros per year". Players who have publicly rejected bribes have been praised, such as in a case in Belize. ## Algeria In September 2018, the BBC reported on match fixing in Algerian football. ## Azerbaijan On 30 November 2017, Keshla FK confirmed that they had terminated the contracts of Nizami Hajiyev and Mirhüseyn Seyidov due to suspicion of match manipulating, with both also being arrested. The following day, 1 December 2017, both Hajiyev and Seyidov were banned from all footballing activities by the AFFA. In December 2019, Jamshid Maharramov was arrested in relation to match-fixing allegations that saw him banned from football by the AFFA in 2017. ## Bangladesh On 29 August 2021, Arambagh KS were found guilty of spot-fixing, match manipulations and live and online betting. The Bangladesh Football Federation disciplinary committee fined 5 lakhs BDT and banned Arambagh from entering the second-tier, the Bangladesh Championship League for two years. The club would have to enter domestic football again through the third-tier, the Dhaka Senior Division Football League. ## Belgium In October 2018, 14 people, including two referees, were arrested and charged with bribery involving two relegation battles in a match-fixing investigation. ## Benin In April 2019 ex-Benin international Séïdath Tchomogo was one of four African former international footballers banned for life by FIFA due to "match manipulation". ## Brazil In October 2024, the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (CPI) on Sports Betting requested the Brazilian Football Confederation to conduct an investigation into reports of suspicious incidents during the matches between Palmeiras vs. Fortaleza, Vitória vs. Fluminense, and the swift expulsion of Cruzeiro's striker Rafa Silva in the match against Atlético Paranaense. All these events took place on 26 October. ## Canada The Canadian Soccer League (CSL) is an unsanctioned semi-professional league in Canada, formerly sanctioned by the Canadian Soccer Association (CSA). Despite its name, the CSL is not a national league as the teams are located solely in Southern Ontario. On 12 September 2012, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that a CSL game held in September 2009 was fixed. On 31 January 2013, the CSA announced it was decertifying the league. Following the 2013 announcement, the Canadian MLS teams Toronto FC and Montreal Impact both withdrew their academy teams, Toronto FC Academy and Montreal Impact Academy from participation in the CSL. The CSL continued to operate after decertification by the CSA. The International Centre for Sport Security (ICSS) later reported that 42% of matches in the "rogue league's" 2015 season showed signs of suspicious betting activity. In 2016, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police opened investigations in the alleged CSL match fixing. ## China The "Five Jia B Rats incident" was a series of match fixing incidents that involved five football teams in the final rounds of the 2001 second-tier Jia B League (present day China League One). Referee Gong Jianping served 18 months in prison before dying of leukemia. From 2009 to 2011, a large-scale 2009–2013 investigation by the Ministry of Public Security of China revealed many match-fixing scandals that occurred mainly between 2003 and 2009 in Chinese top-two tier leagues. As a result, Shanghai Shenhua was stripped of their 2003 top-tier league title. Former vice presidents of Chinese Football Association Xie Yalong, Nan Yong and Yang Yimin were sentenced to 10.5 years in jail. FIFA World Cup referee Lu Jun, and China national football team players Shen Si, Jiang Jin, Qi Hong, Li Ming, were sentenced to 5.5 years or 6 years in jail. In December 2024, Li Tie was jailed for match fixing and bribery. ## El Salvador On 20 September 2013, the Salvadoran Football Federation banned 14 Salvadoran players for life, and three other players for shorter periods, due to their involvement with match fixing while playing with the El Salvador national football team at various matches during the period 2010–2012. Those banned for life were Dennis Alas, Luis Anaya, Darwin Bonilla, Cristian Castillo, Ramón Flores, Marvin González, Miguel Granada, José Henríquez, Reynaldo Hernández, Miguel Montes, Alfredo Pacheco, Dagoberto Portillo, Osael Romero, Ramón Sánchez and Miguel Montes. The match fixers included some of El Salvador's most noted players. Sánchez had served as the team captain at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup. González had been captain at the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup, when he and seven other of these players fixed the result in a 5–0 loss to the Mexico national football team. At the time of the ban, Pacheco held the record for most appearances on the El Salvador national football team; he was murdered in 2015 when leaving a bathroom at a gas station in Santa Ana, El Salvador. Castillo (D.C. United) and Romero (Chivas USA) had both played in Major League Soccer. ## England Six people, including three current players and ex-player Delroy Facey, were arrested in November 2013 on suspicion of match fixing. Two Singaporean men were later charged, while two non-league footballers for Whitehawk were also charged in December 2013. As a result of this investigation, three people were jailed in June 2014. Later that month, professional footballer Sam Sodje was investigated after he was filmed by an undercover journalist claiming to have fixed matches; a total of six people were arrested, including active player DJ Campbell. Campbell was later cleared of all allegations. Cristian Montaño was also named as one of those arrested, and he was later sacked by club Oldham Athletic. Montaño later denied the accusations. In March 2014 the six players were re-arrested, alongside seven new players, all based in North-West England. The seven new players arrested were later named as John Welsh, Keith Keane, Bailey Wright, David Buchanan, Ben Davies and Graham Cummins (who all play for Preston North End), and Stephen Dawson (who plays for Barnsley); all seven stated they were innocent. The men were late released from bail. In January 2015 all 13 players were released without charge. Representatives from a number of sports met in December 2013 to discuss the issue, while former player Alan Shearer stated there should be a "zero tolerance" approach to the problem. Darren Bailey of the FA also stated that the country's gambling laws did not help in tackling match fixing in the sport. In June 2014, it was announced that 13 games were believed to have been fixed in British football during the 2013–14 season. On 1 September 2014 former professional player Delroy Facey was charged over alleged match fixing. The trial began in April 2015, when he was accused of being a "middleman" for others who had already been convicted of the crime. After being found guilty later that month he was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in jail. In October 2022, non-league player Kynan Isaac was banned for 10 years for spot fixing in a FA Cup match. ## France In November 2014, the presidents of Ligue 2 clubs Caen and Nîmes were amongst several arrested on suspicion of match fixing. The arrests followed a 1–1 draw between Caen and Nîmes in May 2014, a result very beneficial for each club. In April 2019, Guingamp complained to the LFP about a game between Caen and Angers. The LFP said they were investigating "doubts about the integrity" of the result. ## Greece Corruption has long been endemic in Greek football. ## Italy - 1948 Caso Napoli - 1980 Totonero - 1986 Totonero - 2005 Caso Genoa - 2006 Calciopoli - 2011–12 Italian football match-fixing scandal - 2015 Italian football match-fixing scandal In June 2018, prosecutors began investigating Parma in relation to alleged match-fixing. In July 2018 Parma player Emanuele Calaiò received a two-year ban after being found guilty of match fixing for "eliciting reduced effort" through text messages to Spezia players in their final match of the 2017–18 Serie B to gain promotion; Parma received a 5-point deduction for the 2018–19 Serie A. On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged and Calaiò's ban reduced, expiring on 31 December 2018. ## Kenya In February 2019 ex-international player George Owino was named in a FIFA report that alleged he had been involved in match fixing. In April 2019 Owino was one of four African former international footballers banned for life by FIFA due to "match manipulation". In March 2025, Patrick Matasi was accused of match fixing in the Kenya Premier League. ## Lebanon The 2013 Lebanese match fixing scandal involved 24 players, with two (Ramez Dayoub and Mahmoud El Ali) being banned from the sport for life. ## Liberia In August 2019 referee Josephus Torjilar was banned for two years for bribery. ## Malawi In April 2019 ex-Malawi international Hellings Mwakasungula was one of four African former international footballers banned for life by FIFA due to "match manipulation". ## Montenegro In July 2025, FK Arsenal Tivat received a 10-year ban in European competitions from UEFA following match fixing. ## Nepal On 14 October 2015, the Kathmandu Police arrested five Nepalese national team players suspected of match fixing in the world cup qualifiers 2011. The arrest was based on information coming from AFC and their collaboration with Sportradar Security Services. In November 2015, these five Nepalese players appeared in court charged with match-fixing. ## Niger In 2019, FIFA banned Niger's referee Ibrahim Chaibou for life for match fixing and accepting bribes. Chaibou, who is considered one of the most infamous cases of corruption in association football, was repeatedly called by FIFA to present himself, but he has never left his native Niger since then. ## Nigeria In August 2019 Samson Siasia was handed a lifetime ban by FIFA related to match fixing. He said he would appeal but was in no rush to do so. ## Portugal In 2004, Polícia Judiciária (Portuguese Judiciary Police) launched the operation Apito Dourado and named several Portuguese club presidents and football personalities as suspects of match fixing, most notably FC Porto's chairman Pinto da Costa. Some of the wiretaps used as proof, which were deemed unusable in court, can be found on YouTube. ## Serbia In January 2008, the president Ratko Butorović of Serbian first division side Vojvodina Novi Sad, stadium director Milan Čabrić and referees Mihajlo Jeknić, Borislav Kasanski and Goran Kovačević were amongst several arrested on suspicion of match fixing. Ratko Butorović nicknamed Bata Kankan was arrested on suspicion of bribing referee Mihajlo Jeknic with 4,000 Euros to lead the match at Lučani on 12 December last year in favor of Butorović's Vojvodina Novi Sad that was a visitor. In October 2009, Serbia beat Romania in a suspicious 5–0 in Belgrade in a FIFA World Cup 2010 qualifying match. After the defeat the Romanian team headed to their hotel in Belgrade and some journalists saw Adrian Mutu leaving to celebrate with Butorović. In June 2012, Serbia U-19 side played Romania in 2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship elite qualification the Serbs won 3–0 in Serbia, before the match three Romanian players were seen taking photos with Butorović. According to Mirko Poledica President of the Sindicate of Professional Footballers in Serbia, it had been a public secret for years that matches were fixed in the country's football championships. 'People have known about match-fixing for a long time, but this is the first time that players talk about it in public. Unfortunately, there is a lot of crime and there are a lot of hooligans in Serbian football. Many of those who know something, have no courage to talk about fixed matches, because of their personal safety. Some of the players have received threatening text messages: if they do not keep quiet, they will suffer serious consequences.' ## Sierra Leone In July 2014 a total of 15 people were indefinitely suspended by the Sierra Leone Football Association over allegations of match-fixing - 4 players (Ibrahim Kargbo, Ibrahim Koroma, Samuel Barlay and Christian Caulker) as well as 3 referees and 8 officials, including Rodney Michael. Koroma later denied the allegations, and an inquiry into the allegations was also announced. The bans on the 15 players was lifted in March 2015. In April 2019 ex-Sierra Leone international Ibrahim Kargbo was one of four African former international footballers banned for life by FIFA due to "match manipulation". ## Spain In May 2019 a number of people (including current and former players) were arrested by police in Spain investigating match-fixing allegations. In March 2023, FC Barcelona were accused of bribing a referee official. Police raided the referral office in September 2023. ## Sweden In November 2019 Nigerian player Dickson Etuhu was found guilty of match fixing by a Swedish court, and said he would appeal. Both Defence and Prosecution said they would appeal the sentence. ## Tajikistan In August 2021, Iranian forward Amir Memari Manesh was banned for life by the Tajikistan Football Federation for admitting to betting on his own games with Dushanbe-83. ## Thailand In the 1999 Thai Premier League, Bangkok Bank of Commerce FC ended the season with only two points from 22 matches. In the last fixture, they lost 0-10 to Royal Thai Air Force. After Royal Thai Air Force won the league by a single goal differential, an investigation led by the Football Association of Thailand resulted in Bangkok Bank of Commerce's manager and assistants being suspended. The club was expelled from the association, and later folded due to financial difficulties. ## Togo In March 2019, Togolese referee Kokou Hougnimon Fagla was banned for life by FIFA due to match fixing. He denied that he had done so. ## Ukraine In May 2018, 35 Ukrainian clubs were accused of match-fixing. ## Uzbekistan In September 2022, Georgian midfielder Kakhi Makharadze was handed a five-year ban for match fixing involving his club Lokomotiv Tashkent.	enwiki/40941053	enwiki	40,941,053	Match fixing in association football	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_fixing_in_association_football	2025-08-06T10:00:20Z	en	Q16844746	321,608	{{Short description\|none}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2025}} The issue of '''[[match fixing]] in association football''' has been described, in 2013, by [[Chris Eaton (police officer)\|Chris Eaton]], the former Head of Security of [[FIFA]] (the sport's world governing body), as a "crisis",<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24159550\|title=Match-fixing: Ex-Fifa security chief wants global intelligence body\|date=19 September 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> while [[UEFA]]'s president [[Michel Platini]] has said that if it continues, "football is dead".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21135626\|title=Michel Platini says match-fixing is biggest threat to future of football\|date=22 January 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> [[Zhang Jilong]], president of the [[Asian Football Confederation]], has stated that it is a "pandemic".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21515491\|title=Football officials urge corruption action at Malaysia meeting\|date=20 February 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The issue also affects a number of other sports across the world.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24984787\|title=World sport 'must tackle big business of match fixing'\|date=23 November 2013\|access-date=28 November 2013\|author=Bill Wilson\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In May 2011, world governing body FIFA announced an anti-match fixing plan,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/13333791\|title=Fifa unveils anti-match fixing plan\|date=9 May 2011\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> and in September 2012 FIFA President [[Sepp Blatter]] warned that match-fixing endangered "the integrity of the game".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19885290\|title=Fifa determined to tackle international match-fixing\|date=10 October 2012\|access-date=28 November 2013\|author=Bill Wilson\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In September 2014, the [[Council of Europe]] also announced they would tackle the problem.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29235967\|title=Match-fixing: Council of Europe set to introduce anti-corruption treaty\|date=17 September 2014\|access-date=17 September 2014\|author=Mike Keegan\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> A number of clubs in countries across the world have been subject to match fixing, including Australia,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24098876\|title=British players suspended by Fifa over match-fixing charges\|date=30 October 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/26617976\|title=Fifa bans English footballers for life after match fixing in Australia\|date=17 March 2014\|access-date=17 March 2014\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-21502085\|title=China footballers and officials banned for match-fixing\|date=19 February 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> and Spain.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22397638\|title=Spanish game investigated over possible match-fixing\|date=3 May 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24491682\|title=La Liga chief: Eight to 10 Spanish matches 'fixed each season'\|date=11 October 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The South African national team has also been investigated.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22042549\|title=Fifa backs South Africa match-fixing enquiry\|date=5 April 2013\|access-date=18 November 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In the 18 months prior to February 2013, [[Europol]] investigated 680 matches in 30 countries.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21333930\|title=Match-fixing: How gambling is destroying sport\|date=5 February 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|author=Declan Hill\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In November 2013, 11 men were charged in Estonia with fixing 17 matches.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25188003\|title=Estonia match-fixing: 11 charged on suspicion of fixing 17 games\|date=2 December 2013\|access-date=2 December 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The problem is often attributed to criminal gangs based in Asia,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21383423\|title=European police blame Asian gangsters for match-fixing\|date=8 February 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|author=Matt Slater\|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21653846\|title=Trailing Singapore's 'football match-fixing boss'\|date=5 March 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|author=Jonah Fisher\|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24149076\|title=Singapore police arrest 14 in match-fixing raids\|date=19 September 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> who generate "hundreds of billions of euros per year".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21067933\|title=Match-fixing revenues comparable to global firms - Interpol\|date=17 January 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Players who have publicly rejected bribes have been praised, such as in a case in Belize.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23282983\|title=Concacaf praises Belize players who rejected match bribe\|date=12 July 2013\|access-date=31 October 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> ==Algeria== In September 2018, the BBC reported on match fixing in Algerian football.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45549805\|title='£6,500 buys a penalty" - how corruption eats at the heart of Algerian football\|date=19 September 2018\|access-date=19 September 2018\|author= Philippe Auclair\|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-45551535/i-can-fix-a-top-algerian-football-match-for-68000\|title='I can fix a top Algerian football match for $68,000'\|date=19 September 2018\|access-date=19 September 2018\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> ==Azerbaijan== On 30 November 2017, [[Keshla FK]] confirmed that they had terminated the contracts of [[Nizami Hajiyev]] and [[Mirhüseyn Seyidov]] due to suspicion of match manipulating,<ref name="Contracts Terminated">{{cite web\|title=Keşlə PFK-nın rəsmi məlumatı\|url=http://www.inter.az/main/news/663-ke-l-pfk-n-n-r-smi-m-lumat-70\|website=inter.az\|publisher=Keshla FK\|access-date=30 November 2017\|language=az\|format=30 November 2017}}</ref> with both also being arrested.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Шок: Двое игроков Кешля задержаны за сдачу матча Нефтчи\|url=http://www.azerifootball.com/ru/13/news/37984.html\|website=azerifootball.com/ru/\|publisher=Azeri Football\|access-date=30 November 2017\|language=ru\|date=30 November 2017}}</ref> The following day, 1 December 2017, both Hajiyev and Seyidov were banned from all footballing activities by the [[Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan\|AFFA]].<ref name="AFFA Ban">{{cite web\|title=İntizam Komitəsinin qərarı\|url=http://www.affa.az/index.php/news/ntizam-komitsinin-qrar/60832\|website=affa.az\|publisher=Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan\|access-date=1 December 2017\|language=az\|date=1 December 2017}}</ref> In December 2019, [[Jamshid Maharramov]] was arrested in relation to match-fixing allegations that saw him banned from football by the [[Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan\|AFFA]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Арестован отстраненный АФФА от футбола экс-игрок сборной Азербайджана \|url=http://www.azerifootball.com/ru/13/news/44457.html \|website=azerifootball.com/ \|publisher=Azeri Football \|access-date=12 December 2019 \|language=ru \|date=12 December 2019}}</ref> ==Bangladesh== On 29 August 2021, [[Arambagh KS]] were found guilty of spot-fixing, match manipulations and live and online betting. The [[Bangladesh Football Federation]] disciplinary committee fined 5 lakhs BDT and banned Arambagh from entering the second-tier, the [[Bangladesh Championship League]] for two years. The club would have to enter domestic football again through the third-tier, the [[Dhaka Senior Division Football League]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/sports/football/arambagh-ks-relegated-to-first-division-over-spot-fixing\|title=Arambagh KS relegated to first division over spot- fixing\|date=30 August 2021\|website=Prothomalo}}</ref> ==Belgium== In October 2018, 14 people, including two referees, were arrested and charged with bribery involving two relegation battles in a [[2017–2019 Belgian football fraud scandal\|match-fixing investigation]].<ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2018/10/12/overzicht-fraudedossier/ \|title=20 mensen in verdenking in fraudedossier van Belgisch voetbal \|date=16 October 2018 \|access-date=16 October 2018 \|publisher=[[Sporza]] \|language=nl}}</ref> ==Benin== In April 2019 ex-Benin international [[Séïdath Tchomogo]] was one of four African former international footballers banned for life by FIFA due to "match manipulation".<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48043246\|title=Former Sierra Leone captain Kargbo among African internationals banned for life by Fifa\|work=BBC Sport \|date=24 April 2019}}</ref> ==Brazil== In October 2024, the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (CPI) on Sports Betting requested the [[Brazilian Football Confederation]] to conduct an investigation into reports of suspicious incidents during the matches between Palmeiras vs. Fortaleza, Vitória vs. Fluminense, and the swift expulsion of Cruzeiro's striker [[Rafael Silva (footballer, born 1992)\|Rafa Silva]] in the match against Atlético Paranaense. All these events took place on 26 October.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2024/10/29/cpi-senadores-querem-investigar-denuncias-sobre-jogos-do-fim-de-semana\|title=CPI: senadores querem investigar denúncias sobre jogos do fim de semana\|website=Senado Federal}}</ref> ==Canada== {{main article\|Canadian Soccer League#Match-fixing controversy}} The Canadian Soccer League (CSL) is an unsanctioned semi-professional league in Canada, formerly sanctioned by the [[Canadian Soccer Association]] (CSA). Despite its name, the CSL is not a national league as the teams are located solely in [[Southern Ontario]]. On 12 September 2012, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] reported that a CSL game held in September 2009 was fixed.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/exclusive-canadian-soccer-match-fixed-by-global-crime-syndicate-1.1277810 \|title=EXCLUSIVE \| Canadian soccer match fixed by global crime syndicate – Canada – CBC News \|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> On 31 January 2013, the CSA announced it was decertifying the league.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Rycroft\|first=Ben\|title=CSA cuts ties with Canadian Soccer League\|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports-content/soccer/opinion/2013/01/csa-cuts-ties-with-canadian-soccer-league.html \|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation \|date=31 January 2013 \|access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> Following the 2013 announcement, the Canadian [[MLS]] teams [[Toronto FC]] and [[Montreal Impact (MLS)\|Montreal Impact]] both withdrew their academy teams, [[Toronto FC Academy]] and [[Montreal Impact Academy]] from participation in the CSL. The CSL continued to operate after decertification by the CSA. The [[International Centre for Sport Security]] (ICSS) later reported that 42% of matches in the "rogue league's" 2015 season showed signs of suspicious betting activity.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11932437/Revealed-Entire-rogue-league-corrupted-by-match-fixing.html\|title=Revealed: Entire 'rogue league corrupted by match-fixing'\|first=Ben\|last=Rumsby\|date=14 October 2015\|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] opened investigations in the alleged CSL match fixing.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.tsn.ca/talent/rcmp-opens-investigation-into-canadian-soccer-league-1.432095\|title=RCMP opens investigation into Canadian Soccer League\|last=Westhead\|first=Rick\|date=2 February 2016\|website=TSN\|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> ==China== {{main article\|2003–2009 Chinese football match-fixing scandals\|2001 Chinese football match-fixing scandal}} The [[2001 Chinese football match-fixing scandal\|"Five Jia B Rats incident"]] was a series of match fixing incidents that involved five football teams in the final rounds of the 2001 second-tier Jia B League (present day [[China League One]]). Referee [[Gong Jianping]] served 18 months in prison before dying of [[leukemia]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/j/2009-10-22/19054652589.shtml\|title=一人不能承受之重\|publisher=足球周刊\|date=22 October 2009\|accessdate=8 November 2009\|archive-date=25 October 2009\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025150949/http://sports.sina.com.cn/j/2009-10-22/19054652589.shtml}}</ref> From 2009 to 2011, [[2003–2009 Chinese football match-fixing scandals\|a large-scale 2009–2013 investigation]] by the [[Ministry of Public Security (China)\|Ministry of Public Security of China]] revealed many match-fixing scandals that occurred mainly between 2003 and 2009 in Chinese top-two tier leagues. As a result, [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.\|Shanghai Shenhua]] was stripped of their [[2003 Chinese Jia-A League\|2003 top-tier league]] title.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=18 February 2013\|title=反赌处罚:申花泰达扣6分罚100万剥夺申花03冠军\|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/c/2013-02-18/18356426082.shtml\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214034325/http://sports.sina.com.cn/c/2013-02-18/18356426082.shtml\|archive-date=14 December 2013\|access-date=27 August 2013\|publisher=新浪体育}}</ref> Former vice presidents of [[Chinese Football Association]] Xie Yalong, Nan Yong and Yang Yimin were sentenced to 10.5 years in jail.<ref name="yang">{{Cite web\|last=张昊\|date=14 September 2010\|title=谢亚龙被指受贿操纵比赛涉案金额或超南勇\|url=http://news.163.com/10/0914/09/6GHHKRQL0001124J.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918023425/http://news.163.com/10/0914/09/6GHHKRQL0001124J.html\|archive-date=18 September 2010\|access-date=14 September 2010\|publisher=扬州晚报\|language=zh-hans}}</ref><ref name="CFA">{{Cite web\|last=\|date=21 January 2010\|title=公安部证实南勇杨一民等人被专案组传讯接受调查\|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/j/2010-01-21/12394801501.shtml\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124133346/http://sports.sina.com.cn/j/2010-01-21/12394801501.shtml\|archive-date=24 January 2010\|access-date=20 September 2010\|publisher=Sina\|language=zh-hans}}</ref> [[FIFA World Cup]] referee [[Lu Jun (referee)\|Lu Jun]], and [[China national football team]] players [[Shen Si]], [[Jiang Jin]], [[Qi Hong]], [[Li Ming (footballer, born 1975)\|Li Ming]], were sentenced to 5.5 years or 6 years in jail.<ref name="sinasport00">{{Cite news\|date=13 June 2012\|title=申思一审被判6年祁宏江津李明5年半并处50万罚金\|work=新浪体育\|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/c/2012-06-13/09276097923.shtml\|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> In December 2024, [[Li Tie]] was jailed for match fixing and bribery.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0kvxyj6y13o\|title=China jails ex-football head coach Li Tie for bribery\|date=13 December 2024\|website=BBC News}}</ref> ==El Salvador== On 20 September 2013, the [[Salvadoran Football Federation]] banned 14 Salvadoran players for life, and three other players for shorter periods, due to their involvement with [[match fixing]] while playing with the [[El Salvador national football team]] at various matches during the period 2010–2012.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news \|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24184567 \|title=El Salvador match-fixing: 14 footballers banned for life \|publisher=[[BBC News]] \|date=20 September 2013 \|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref> Those banned for life were [[Dennis Alas]], [[Luis Anaya]], [[Darwin Bonilla]], [[Christian Castillo (footballer)\|Cristian Castillo]], [[Ramón Flores (footballer)\|Ramón Flores]], [[Marvin González]], Miguel Granada, [[José Henríquez]], [[Reynaldo Antonio Hernández\|Reynaldo Hernández]], [[Miguel Montes (footballer, born 1980)\|Miguel Montes]], [[Alfredo Pacheco]], [[Dagoberto Portillo]], [[Osael Romero]], [[Ramón Sánchez (footballer)\|Ramón Sánchez]] and [[Miguel Montes (footballer, born 1980)\|Miguel Montes]].<ref name=BBC/> The match fixers included some of El Salvador's most noted players. Sánchez had served as the [[Captain (association football)\|team captain]] at the [[2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup]]. González had been captain at the [[2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup]], when he and seven other of these players fixed the result in a 5–0 loss to the [[Mexico national football team]].<ref name=NYDaily>{{cite news \|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/soccer/el-salvador-bans-14-life-match-fixing-scandal-article-1.1462924 \|title=El Salvador bans 14 national-team soccer players for life in match-fixing scandal \|agency=[[The Associated Press]] \|newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] \|date=20 September 2013 \|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref> At the time of the ban, Pacheco held the record for most appearances on the El Salvador national football team; he was murdered in 2015 when leaving a bathroom at a gas station in [[Santa Ana, El Salvador]].<ref>[http://www.elsalvador.com/articulo/sucesos/alfredo-pacheco-fue-atacado-balazos-cuando-salia-del-bano-gasolinera-97110 Alfredo Pacheco fue atacado a balazos cuando salía del baño de gasolinera] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229173112/http://www.elsalvador.com/articulo/sucesos/alfredo-pacheco-fue-atacado-balazos-cuando-salia-del-bano-gasolinera-97110 \|date=29 December 2015 }} - El Salvador.com {{in lang\|es}}</ref> Castillo ([[D.C. United]]) and Romero ([[Chivas USA]]) had both played in [[Major League Soccer]].<ref name=NYDaily/> ==England== {{main article\|Match-fixing in English football}} Six people, including three current players and ex-player [[Delroy Facey]], were arrested in November 2013 on suspicion of match fixing.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25132538\|title=Six arrests in football match-fixing investigation\|date=28 November 2013\|access-date=28 November 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Two Singaporean men were later charged,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25146940\|title=Two charged over match-fixing claims\|date=28 November 2013\|access-date=28 November 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> while two non-league footballers for [[Whitehawk F.C.\|Whitehawk]] were also charged in December 2013.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25243531\|title=Match fixing investigation: Two more charged\|date=5 December 2013\|access-date=5 December 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> As a result of this investigation, three people were jailed in June 2014.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-27939919\|title=Businessmen and footballer jailed over match-fixing\|date=20 June 2014\|access-date=20 June 2014\|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Later that month, professional footballer [[Sam Sodje]] was investigated after he was filmed by an undercover journalist claiming to have fixed matches; a total of six people were arrested,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25288657\|title=Six people held by police over football fixing claims\|date=8 December 2013\|access-date=8 December 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> including active player [[DJ Campbell]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25297600\|title=DJ Campbell held in football fixing probe\|date=9 December 2013\|access-date=9 December 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Campbell was later cleared of all allegations.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11397314.Former_Rovers_striker_DJ_Campbell_cleared_over_match_fixing_allegation/\|title=Former Rovers striker DJ Campbell cleared over match fixing allegation\|date=8 August 2014\|access-date=11 October 2014\|author=Michael Morrison\|publisher=Lacashire Telegraph}}</ref> [[Cristian Montaño]] was also named as one of those arrested, and he was later sacked by club [[Oldham Athletic A.F.C.\|Oldham Athletic]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25399465\|title=Cristian Montano: Oldham sack winger after spot-fixing arrest\|date=16 December 2013\|access-date=16 December 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Montaño later denied the accusations.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25431631\|title=Cristian Montano denies spot-fixing after Oldham dismissal\|date=18 December 2013\|access-date=18 December 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In March 2014 the six players were re-arrested, alongside seven new players, all based in North-West England.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-26869337\|title=Seven footballers arrested in spot-fixing investigation\|date=3 April 2014\|access-date=3 April 2014\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The seven new players arrested were later named as [[John Welsh (English footballer)\|John Welsh]], [[Keith Keane]], [[Bailey Wright]], [[David Buchanan (footballer, born 1986)\|David Buchanan]], [[Ben Davies (footballer born 1995)\|Ben Davies]] and [[Graham Cummins]] (who all play for [[Preston North End F.C.\|Preston North End]]), and [[Stephen Dawson]] (who plays for [[Barnsley F.C.\|Barnsley]]); all seven stated they were innocent.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-26887860\|title=Preston North End footballers bailed over spot-fixing probe\|date=4 April 2014\|access-date=4 April 2014\|author=Dan Roan\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The men were late released from bail.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-28490777\|title=Preston North End players released from bail in spot-fixing probe\|date=25 July 2014\|access-date=27 July 2014\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In January 2015 all 13 players were released without charge.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-30815575\|title=Football 'spot-fixing' case dropped\|work=BBC News\|date=15 January 2015 }}</ref> Representatives from a number of sports met in December 2013 to discuss the issue,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25312631\|title=Spot-fixing not widespread, FA says\|date=10 December 2013\|access-date=16 December 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> while former player [[Alan Shearer]] stated there should be a "zero tolerance" approach to the problem.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25314176\|title=Football fixing claims: Alan Shearer calls for zero tolerance\|date=10 December 2013\|access-date=10 December 2013\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Darren Bailey of the FA also stated that the country's gambling laws did not help in tackling match fixing in the sport.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25410953\|title=Gambling laws 'not fit for purpose' claims FA's anti-corruption boss\|date=16 December 2013\|access-date=17 December 2013\|author=Richard Conway\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In June 2014, it was announced that 13 games were believed to have been fixed in British football during the 2013–14 season.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27706762\|title=Football match fixing: 13 British games fixed - claims\|date=4 June 2014\|access-date=5 June 2014\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 1 September 2014 former professional player [[Delroy Facey]] was charged over alleged match fixing.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29016502\|title=Delroy Facey charged over match fixing allegations\|date=1 September 2014\|access-date=1 September 2014\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The trial began in April 2015, when he was accused of being a "middleman" for others who had already been convicted of the crime.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-32293731\|title=Ex-Premier League's Delroy Facey 'was match-fixing middleman'\|date=13 April 2015\|access-date=14 April 2015\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> After being found guilty later that month he was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in jail.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-32512704\|title=Ex-footballer Delroy Facey jailed after match fixing trial\|date=29 April 2015\|access-date=29 April 2015\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In October 2022, non-league player Kynan Isaac was banned for 10 years for spot fixing in a [[FA Cup]] match.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/63302914\|title=Non-league player gets 10-year ban for spot-fixing\|work=BBC Sport \|date=18 October 2022 }}</ref> ==France== In November 2014, the presidents of [[Ligue 2]] clubs [[Stade Malherbe Caen\|Caen]] and [[Nîmes Olympique\|Nîmes]] were amongst several arrested on suspicion of match fixing. The arrests followed a 1–1 draw between Caen and Nîmes in May 2014, a result very beneficial for each club.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Marseille arrests and match-fixing probe rock French football\|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20141118-marseille-president-custody-day-scandal-french-football-match-fixing-gignac/\|publisher=France 24\|access-date=1 December 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318011047/https://www.france24.com/en/20141118-marseille-president-custody-day-scandal-french-football-match-fixing-gignac\|archive-date=18 March 2019\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Presidents of two French clubs arrested on match-fixing suspicions\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/nov/18/presidents-of-two-french-clubs-arrested-on-match-fixing-suspicions\|work=The Guardian\|access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> In April 2019, Guingamp complained to the LFP about a game between Caen and Angers. The LFP said they were investigating "doubts about the integrity" of the result.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47955957\|title=French league investigate Caen's loss to Angers after Guingamp complain\|work=BBC Sport \|date=16 April 2019}}</ref> ==Greece== {{main article\|Paranga (football)\|Koriopolis\|2015 Greek football scandal}} Corruption has long been endemic in Greek football.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Sixteen reportedly charged in Greek football match-fixing investigation\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/04/sixteen-charged-greek-football-match-fixing-investigation?CMP=twt_gu\|work=The Guardian\| date=4 December 2014 \|access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> ==Italy== * 1948 Caso Napoli * [[1980 Totonero]] * [[1986 Totonero]] * 2005 [[Caso Genoa]] * 2006 [[Calciopoli]] * [[2011–12 Italian football match-fixing scandal]] * [[2015 Italian football match-fixing scandal]] In June 2018, prosecutors began investigating [[Parma Calcio 1913\|Parma]] in relation to alleged match-fixing.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44426106\|title=Parma: Prosecutors investigate text message match-fixing claim\|work=BBC Sport \|date=9 June 2018}}</ref> In July 2018 Parma player [[Emanuele Calaiò]] received a two-year ban after being found guilty of match fixing for "eliciting reduced effort" through text messages to [[Spezia Calcio\|Spezia]] players in their final match of the [[2017–18 Serie B]] to gain promotion; Parma received a 5-point deduction for the [[2018–19 Serie A]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44924906\|title=Match-fixing: Parma striker Emanuele Calaio banned and club given points deduction\|work=BBC Sport \|date=23 July 2018}}</ref> On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged and Calaiò's ban reduced, expiring on 31 December 2018.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/parma-has-5-point-penalty-removed-calaio-ban-reduced-080918\|title=Parma has 5-point penalty removed, Calaio ban reduced\|work=foxsports.com\|date=9 August 2018}}</ref> ==Kenya== In February 2019 ex-international player [[George Owino]] was named in a FIFA report that alleged he had been involved in match fixing.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47131272\|title=Fifa want match-fixing probe into Kenyan 2010 World Cup tie\|work=BBC Sport \|date=5 February 2019}}</ref> In April 2019 Owino was one of four African former international footballers banned for life by FIFA due to "match manipulation".<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> In March 2025, [[Patrick Matasi]] was accused of match fixing in the [[Kenya Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cqlyqp0en07o\|title=Patrick Matasi: Kenya keeper the subject of match-fixing investigation\|date=27 March 2025\|website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Lebanon == The [[2013 Lebanese match fixing scandal]] involved 24 players, with two ([[Ramez Dayoub]] and [[Mahmoud El Ali]]) being banned from the sport for life.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://al-akhbar.com/Sport/46945\|title=عقوبات بحق المتلاعبين : صدمة وخيبة أمل\|website=الأخبار\|language=ar\|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.goal.com/ar/news/2093/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/2013/02/26/3781349/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86\|title=عاجل {{!}} الكشف عن المتورطين في فضيحة المراهنات في لبنان {{!}} Goal.com\|website=www.goal.com\|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> ==Liberia== In August 2019 referee Josephus Torjilar was banned for two years for bribery.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49329707\|title=The Liberia Football Association bans referee for bribery\|work=BBC Sport \|date=13 August 2019}}</ref> ==Malawi== In April 2019 ex-Malawi international [[Hellings Mwakasungula]] was one of four African former international footballers banned for life by FIFA due to "match manipulation".<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> ==Montenegro== In July 2025, [[FK Arsenal Tivat]] received a 10-year ban in European competitions from UEFA following match fixing.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cz9kl400l09o\|title=Arsenal Tivat given 10-year ban by Uefa for match-fixing\|date=16 July 2025\|website=BBC Sport}}</ref> ==Nepal== On 14 October 2015, the [[Kathmandu]] Police arrested five Nepalese national team players suspected of match fixing in the [[FIFA World Cup\|world cup]] qualifiers 2011. The arrest was based on information coming from [[Asian Football Confederation\|AFC]] and their collaboration with [[Sportradar#Integrity services\|Sportradar Security Services]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Police file subversion case against accused footballers\|url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/police-file-subversion-case-against-accused-footballers/\|website=The Himalayan Times\|date=9 November 2015 \|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> In November 2015, these five Nepalese players appeared in court charged with match-fixing.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34763303\|title=Nepal footballers in treason hearing over match-fixing\|date=9 November 2015\|access-date=9 November 2015\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> ==Niger== In 2019, FIFA banned Niger's referee [[Ibrahim Chaibou]] for life for match fixing and accepting bribes.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Fajah Barrie \|first1=Mohamed \|title=Fifa ban retired Niger referee Ibrahim Chaibou for life \|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47003583 \|access-date=26 August 2023 \|work=BBC Sport \|date=25 January 2019}}</ref> Chaibou, who is considered one of the most infamous cases of corruption in association football,<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Dunbarap \|first1=Graham \|title=FIFA bans former referee for life for bribery, match-fixing \|url=https://apnews.com/cbdb4bfe68a34d8fb68e5af0acc7b9ed \|access-date=26 August 2023 \|work=AP NEWS \|date=24 January 2019}}</ref> was repeatedly called by FIFA to present himself, but he has never left his native Niger since then.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Fifa is looking for Nigerien referee Ibrahim Chaibou \|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/13959376 \|access-date=26 August 2023 \|work=BBC Sport \|date=29 June 2011}}</ref> ==Nigeria== In August 2019 [[Samson Siasia]] was handed a lifetime ban by FIFA related to match fixing.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49375036\|title=Former Nigeria great Samson Siasia handed life ban by Fifa\|work=BBC Sport \|date=16 August 2019}}</ref> He said he would appeal but was in no rush to do so.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49384037\|title=Samson Siasia: Ex-Nigeria coach in no rush to appeal life ban\|work=BBC Sport \|date=17 August 2019}}</ref> ==Portugal== In 2004, [[Polícia Judiciária]] (Portuguese Judiciary Police) launched the operation [[Apito Dourado]] and named several Portuguese club presidents and football personalities as suspects of match fixing, most notably [[FC Porto]]'s chairman [[Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa\|Pinto da Costa]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.abc.net.au/sport/content/200412/s1257302.htm \|title=Police raid HQ of European champions Porto \|date=3 December 2004 \|publisher=[[ABC Sport]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204055737/http://www.abc.net.au/sport/content/200412/s1257302.htm \|archive-date=4 December 2004 \|url-status=dead \|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3643515.stm \|title=Portugal football bosses arrested \|date=20 April 2004 \|publisher=BBC News \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040506202055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3643515.stm \|archive-date=6 May 2004 \|url-status=live \|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-europe-porto-idUKL2587848820080325 \|title=Soccer-Porto president to stand trial for alleged bribery \|date=25 March 2008 \|publisher=Reuters \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002329/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/03/25/soccer-europe-porto-idUKL2587848820080325 \|archive-date=11 August 2011 \|url-status=dead \|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> Some of the wiretaps used as proof, which were deemed unusable in court, can be found on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.cmjornal.xl.pt/desporto/detalhe/youtube-volta-a-revelar-segredos-do-futebol.html \|title=YouTube volta a revelar 'segredos' do futebol \|language=pt \|trans-title=YouTube reveals again 'secrets' of football \|date=3 October 2010 \|publisher=[[Correio da Manhã (Portugal)\|Correio da Manhã]] \|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> ==Serbia== In January 2008, the president [[Ratko Butorović]] of Serbian first division side [[Vojvodina Novi Sad]], stadium director Milan Čabrić and referees Mihajlo Jeknić, Borislav Kasanski and Goran Kovačević were amongst several arrested on suspicion of match fixing.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/soccer-europe-serbia-matchfixing-idUKSP19844320080130\|title=Soccer-Five arrested in Serbia over match-fixing\|work=Reuters UK}}{{dead link\|date=September 2024\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref> Ratko Butorović nicknamed ''Bata Kankan'' was arrested on suspicion of bribing referee Mihajlo Jeknic with 4,000 Euros to lead the match at [[FK Mladost Lučani\|Lučani]] on 12 December last year in favor of Butorović's [[Vojvodina Novi Sad]] that was a visitor.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://english.blic.rs/Society/1482/5500-Euros-for-arranging-of-football-match/print\|title=Blic online - Print\|work=blic.rs\|access-date=11 March 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402192055/http://english.blic.rs/Society/1482/5500-Euros-for-arranging-of-football-match/print\|archive-date=2 April 2015\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 2009, [[Serbia national football team\|Serbia]] beat Romania in a suspicious 5–0 in [[Belgrade]] in a [[FIFA World Cup 2010]] qualifying match. After the defeat the Romanian team headed to their hotel in Belgrade and some journalists saw [[Adrian Mutu]] leaving to celebrate with Butorović.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.libertatea.ro/detalii/articol/nationala-juniori-umilita-sarbi-calificare-euro-poze-interlop-ratko-buturovici-397165.html\|title=Umiliţi de sârbi în calificările pentru Euro, juniorii s-au mândrit cu pozele cu interlopul Ratko Buturovici\|work=libertatea.ro\|date=June 2012 }}</ref> In June 2012, Serbia U-19 side played Romania in [[2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship elite qualification]] the Serbs won 3–0 in Serbia, before the match three Romanian players were seen taking photos with Butorović.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/nationala/de-git-cu-ultraboss-juniorii-u19-s-au-fotografiat-alaturi-de-interlopul-sirb-ratko-buturovici-336191.html\|title=De gît cu "ultraboss" » Juniorii U19 s-au fotografiat alături de interlopul sîrb Ratko Buturovici\|work=GSP}}</ref> According to [[Mirko Poledica]] President of the Sindicate of Professional Footballers in Serbia, it had been a public secret for years that matches were fixed in the country's [[Football in Serbia\|football championships]]. 'People have known about match-fixing for a long time, but this is the first time that players talk about it in public. Unfortunately, there is a lot of crime and there are a lot of hooligans in Serbian football. Many of those who know something, have no courage to talk about fixed matches, because of their personal safety. Some of the players have received threatening text messages: if they do not keep quiet, they will suffer serious consequences.'<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://fifpro.org/en/news/serbian-union-we-want-to-clean-our-football\|title=Serbian union: 'We want to clean our football'\|work=FIFPro World Players' Union}}</ref> ==Sierra Leone== In July 2014 a total of 15 people were indefinitely suspended by the [[Sierra Leone Football Association]] over allegations of match-fixing - 4 players ([[Ibrahim Kargbo]], [[Ibrahim Koroma]], [[Samuel Barlay]] and [[Christian Caulker]]) as well as 3 referees and 8 officials, including [[Rodney Michael]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28325794\|title=Sierra Leone match-fixing: Captain Kargbo one of 15 suspended\|date=16 July 2014\|access-date=16 July 2014\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Koroma later denied the allegations,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28344985\|title=Sierra Leone's Ibrahim Koroma denies match-fixing claims\|date=17 July 2014\|access-date=22 July 2014\|author=Ian Hughes\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> and an inquiry into the allegations was also announced.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28440467\|title=Fifa backs Sierra Leone match-fixing inquiry\|date=23 July 2014\|access-date=24 July 2014\|author=Mohamed Fajah Barrie\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The bans on the 15 players was lifted in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/31820051\|title=Sierra Leone: Bans on 15 alleged match-fixers lifted\|date=10 March 2015\|access-date=11 March 2015\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In April 2019 ex-Sierra Leone international [[Ibrahim Kargbo]] was one of four African former international footballers banned for life by FIFA due to "match manipulation".<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> ==Spain== In May 2019 a number of people (including current and former players) were arrested by police in Spain investigating match-fixing allegations.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48431483\|title=Match-fixing in football: Spanish police make arrests in top two divisions\|work=BBC Sport \|date=28 May 2019}}</ref> In March 2023, [[FC Barcelona]] were accused of bribing a referee official.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/64918604\|title=Barcelona face corruption charges over payments\|website=www.bbc.co.uk\|date=10 March 2023 }}</ref> Police raided the referral office in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66946236\|title=Police raid referees' HQ amid Barca investigation\|website=www.bbc.co.uk\|date=28 September 2023 }}</ref> ==Sweden== In November 2019 Nigerian player [[Dickson Etuhu]] was found guilty of match fixing by a Swedish court, and said he would appeal.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50407929\|title=Dickson Etuhu: Ex-Nigeria player guilty of match-fixing in Sweden\|work=BBC Sport \|date=13 November 2019}}</ref> Both Defence and Prosecution said they would appeal the sentence.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50407929\|title=Dickson Etuhu: Ex-Nigeria player's sentence appealed\|work=BBC Sport \|date=14 November 2019}}</ref> ==Tajikistan== In August 2021, Iranian forward Amir Memari Manesh was banned for life by the [[Tajikistan Football Federation]] for admitting to betting on his own games with [[FC Dushanbe-83\|Dushanbe-83]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=ИГРОК "ДУШАНБЕ" АМИР МЕМАРИ МАНЕШ ПОЖИЗНЕННО ОТСТРАНЕН ОТ ФУТБОЛА \|url=http://fft.tj/igrok-dushanbe-amir-memari-manesh-pozhiznenno-otstranen-ot-futbola/ \|website=fft.tj/ \|publisher=Tajikistan Football Federation \|access-date=17 August 2021 \|language=Russian \|date=17 August 2021}}</ref> ==Thailand== In the [[1999 Thai Premier League]], [[Bangkok Bank of Commerce FC]] ended the season with only two points from 22 matches. In the last fixture, they lost 0-10 to [[Air Force United F.C.\|Royal Thai Air Force]]. After Royal Thai Air Force won the league by a single goal differential, an investigation led by the [[Football Association of Thailand]] resulted in Bangkok Bank of Commerce's manager and assistants being suspended. The club was expelled from the association, and later folded due to financial difficulties.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.thailandsusu.com/webboard/index.php?topic=51606.50;wap2 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917221545/http://www.thailandsusu.com/webboard/index.php?topic=51606.50;wap2\|url-status=dead\|title=ทุเรศอิ๊บหายยยยยยยย!!!!\|archivedate=17 September 2021 \|website=www.thailandsusu.com}}</ref> ==Togo== In March 2019, Togolese referee Kokou Hougnimon Fagla was banned for life by FIFA due to match fixing.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47651820\|title=Fifa bans Togo referee Kokou Hougnimon Fagla for life\|work=BBC Sport \|date=21 March 2019}}</ref> He denied that he had done so.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47669106\|title=Banned Togo referee denies agreeing to manipulate match\|work=BBC Sport \|date=22 March 2019}}</ref> ==Ukraine== In May 2018, 35 Ukrainian clubs were accused of match-fixing.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44216041\|title=Ukraine match fixing: 35 clubs accused and about 50 people detained\|date=22 May 2018\|access-date=22 May 2018\|publisher=BBC}}</ref> ==Uzbekistan== In September 2022, Georgian midfielder [[Kakhi Makharadze]] was handed a five-year ban for match fixing involving his club [[PFC Lokomotiv Tashkent\|Lokomotiv Tashkent]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Kakhi Makharadze banned from football for five years for match-fixing \|url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/75674 \|website=uzdaily.uz/ \|publisher=UZ Daily \|access-date=20 October 2022 \|date=18 September 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Match fixing in association football}} {{Sports Corruption Scandals}} [[Category:Match fixing in association football\| ]] [[Category:Association football culture]]	1,304,492,594	[]	false
# Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games Boxing competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima were held between July 27 and August 2, 2019 at the Miguel Grau Coliseum in the Villa Deportiva Regional del Callao cluster. The competition was split among 15 events, 10 for men and five for women. In 2016, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) made several changes to its sports program, which were subsequently implemented for these games. Included in this was the addition of two additional women's boxing events. ## Medal table * Host nation (Peru) \| Rank \| Nation \| Gold \| Silver \| Bronze \| Total \| \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| ---- \| ------ \| ------ \| ----- \| \| 1 \| Cuba \| 8 \| 1 \| 1 \| 10 \| \| 2 \| United States \| 2 \| 3 \| 5 \| 10 \| \| 3 \| Brazil \| 1 \| 3 \| 2 \| 6 \| \| 4 \| Dominican Republic \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 6 \| \| 5 \| Colombia \| 1 \| 2 \| 1 \| 4 \| \| 6 \| Argentina \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 3 \| \| 7 \| Puerto Rico \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 8 \| Canada \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 2 \| \| 9 \| Ecuador \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 10 \| Venezuela \| 0 \| 0 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| 11 \| Mexico \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 12 \| Nicaragua \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| 12 \| Peru* \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| 14 \| Antigua and Barbuda \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 14 \| Jamaica \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 14 \| Trinidad and Tobago \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 14 \| Uruguay \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Totals (17 entries) \| Totals (17 entries) \| 15 \| 15 \| 30 \| 60 \| ## Medallists ### Men \| Event \| Gold \| Silver \| Bronze \| \| ------ \| ---------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------- \| \| 49 kg \| Óscar Collazo · Puerto Rico \| Yuberjen Martínez · Colombia \| Kevin Arias · Nicaragua \| \| 49 kg \| Óscar Collazo · Puerto Rico \| Yuberjen Martínez · Colombia \| Damián Arce · Cuba \| \| 52 kg \| Rodrigo Marte · Dominican Republic \| Yosvany Veitía · Cuba \| Yankiel Rivera · Puerto Rico \| \| 52 kg \| Rodrigo Marte · Dominican Republic \| Yosvany Veitía · Cuba \| Ramón Quiroga · Argentina \| \| 56 kg \| Osvel Caballero · Cuba \| Duke Ragan · United States \| Lucas Fernández · Uruguay \| \| 56 kg \| Osvel Caballero · Cuba \| Duke Ragan · United States \| Alexy De La Cruz · Dominican Republic \| \| 60 kg \| Lázaro Álvarez · Cuba \| Leonel de los Santos · Dominican Republic \| Leodan Pezo · Peru \| \| 60 kg \| Lázaro Álvarez · Cuba \| Leonel de los Santos · Dominican Republic \| Luis Angel Cabrera · Venezuela \| \| 64 kg \| Andy Cruz · Cuba \| Keyshawn Davis · United States \| Alston Ryan · Antigua and Barbuda \| \| 64 kg \| Andy Cruz · Cuba \| Keyshawn Davis · United States \| Michael Alexander · Trinidad and Tobago \| \| 69 kg \| Roniel Iglesias · Cuba \| Rohan Polanco · Dominican Republic \| Delante Johnson · United States \| \| 69 kg \| Roniel Iglesias · Cuba \| Rohan Polanco · Dominican Republic \| Gabriel Maestre · Venezuela \| \| 75 kg \| Arlen López · Cuba \| Hebert Carvalho · Brazil \| Lesther Espino · Nicaragua \| \| 75 kg \| Arlen López · Cuba \| Hebert Carvalho · Brazil \| Troy Isley · United States \| \| 81 kg \| Julio César La Cruz · Cuba \| Keno Machado · Brazil \| Nalek Korbaj · Venezuela \| \| 81 kg \| Julio César La Cruz · Cuba \| Keno Machado · Brazil \| Rogelio Romero · Mexico \| \| 91 kg \| Erislandy Savón · Cuba \| Julio Castillo · Ecuador \| Abner Teixeira · Brazil \| \| 91 kg \| Erislandy Savón · Cuba \| Julio Castillo · Ecuador \| José María Lúcar · Peru \| \| +91 kg \| Dainier Peró · Cuba \| Cristian Salcedo · Colombia \| Ricardo Brown · Jamaica \| \| +91 kg \| Dainier Peró · Cuba \| Cristian Salcedo · Colombia \| Richard Torrez · United States \| ### Women \| Event \| Gold \| Silver \| Bronze \| \| --------- \| ---------------------------- \| ------------------------------ \| ---------------------------------------- \| \| 51 kg \| Ingrit Valencia · Colombia \| Virginia Fuchs · United States \| Irismar Cardozo · Venezuela \| \| 51 kg \| Ingrit Valencia · Colombia \| Virginia Fuchs · United States \| Miguelina Hernández · Dominican Republic \| \| 57 kg \| Leonela Sánchez · Argentina \| Jucielen Romeu · Brazil \| Yeni Arias · Colombia \| \| 57 kg \| Leonela Sánchez · Argentina \| Jucielen Romeu · Brazil \| Yarisel Ramirez · United States \| \| 60 kg \| Beatriz Ferreira · Brazil \| Dayana Sánchez · Argentina \| Rashida Ellis · United States \| \| 60 kg \| Beatriz Ferreira · Brazil \| Dayana Sánchez · Argentina \| Esmeralda Falcón · Mexico \| \| 69 kg \| Oshae Jones · United States \| Myriam Da Silva · Canada \| Brianda Cruz · Mexico \| \| 69 kg \| Oshae Jones · United States \| Myriam Da Silva · Canada \| María Moronta · Dominican Republic \| \| 75 kg [a] \| Naomi Graham · United States \| Tammara Thibeault · Canada \| Flávia Figueiredo · Brazil \| \| 75 kg [a] \| Naomi Graham · United States \| Tammara Thibeault · Canada \| Érika Pachito · Ecuador \| Women's middleweight Jessica Caicedo of Colombia originally won the gold medal, but was disqualified for doping violations. ## Qualification A total of 120 boxers qualified to compete at the games (eight per event). The host nation (Peru) received up to seven automatic qualification spots (five men and two women). The remainder of the spots were awarded at the Pan American Games qualifier held in Managua, Nicaragua in April 2019.	enwiki/60425136	enwiki	60,425,136	Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games	2025-08-10T10:11:34Z	en	Q55081912	155,511	{{short description\|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Infobox Pan American Games event \|event = Boxing \|games = 2019 \|image = Boxing 2019 Pan American Games.png \|image_size = 100 \|caption = boxing pictogram \|venue = [[Miguel Grau Coliseum]] \|dates = July 27 – August 2, 2019 \|competitors = 120 \|nations = 25 \|num_events =15 (10 men, 5 women) \|prev = [[Boxing at the 2015 Pan American Games\|2015]] \|next = [[Boxing at the 2023 Pan American Games\|2023]] }} {{Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games}} [[Boxing]] competitions at the [[2019 Pan American Games]] in [[Lima]] were held between July 27 and August 2, 2019 at the [[Miguel Grau Coliseum]] in the Villa Deportiva Regional del Callao cluster.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sacyr.com/es_en/Channel/News-Channel/news/featuresnews/2018/Adjudicacion/13032018-Juegos-Panamericanos-polideportivo.aspx\|title=Sacyr will build El Callao sports center and the National University of San Marcos Stadium for the Pan American Games in Lima (Peru) for 44 million euros\|date=13 March 2018\|website=www.sacyr.com/\|publisher=Sacyr\|access-date=3 May 2018\|archive-date=4 May 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155427/http://www.sacyr.com/es_en/Channel/News-Channel/news/featuresnews/2018/Adjudicacion/13032018-Juegos-Panamericanos-polideportivo.aspx\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://lima2019.s3.amazonaws.com/images/panamericanos-en-13-06-19.pdf\|title=Pan American Schedule\|date=13 June 2019\|website=www.lima2019.pe\|publisher=Lima Organizing Committee for the 2019 Pan and Parapan American Games (COPAL)\|access-date=16 June 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616214134/https://lima2019.s3.amazonaws.com/images/panamericanos-en-13-06-19.pdf\|archive-date=16 June 2019\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The competition was split among 15 events, 10 for men and five for women. In 2016, the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) made several changes to its sports program, which were subsequently implemented for these games. Included in this was the addition of two additional women's boxing events.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/tokyo-2020-event-programme-to-see-major-boost-for-female-participation-youth-and-urban-appeal\|title=Tokyo 2020 event programme to see major boost for female, youth and urban appeal\|date=9 June 2017\|website=www.olympic.org/\|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]\|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|last=Mather\|first=Victor\|date=9 June 2017\|title=Olympics Adds 3-on-3 Basketball and Mixed Gender Relays\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/09/sports/olympics/2020-summer-olympics-events.html\|work=[[The New York Times]]\|location=New York City, New York\|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> ==Medal table== {{Medals table \| caption = \| host = PER \| flag_template = flagPASO \| event = 2019 \| team = \| gold_CUB = 8 \| silver_CUB = 1 \| bronze_CUB = 1 \| gold_USA = 2 \| silver_USA = 3 \| bronze_USA = 5 \| gold_BRA = 1 \| silver_BRA = 3 \| bronze_BRA = 2 \| gold_DOM = 1 \| silver_DOM = 2 \| bronze_DOM = 3 \| gold_COL = 1 \| silver_COL = 2 \| bronze_COL = 1 \| gold_ARG = 1 \| silver_ARG = 1 \| bronze_ARG = 1 \| gold_PUR = 1 \| silver_PUR = 0 \| bronze_PUR = 1 \| gold_CAN = 0 \| silver_CAN = 2 \| bronze_CAN = 0 \| gold_ECU = 0 \| silver_ECU = 1 \| bronze_ECU = 1 \| gold_VEN = 0 \| silver_VEN = 0 \| bronze_VEN = 4 \| gold_MEX = 0 \| silver_MEX = 0 \| bronze_MEX = 3 \| gold_NCA = 0 \| silver_NCA = 0 \| bronze_NCA = 2 \| gold_PER = 0 \| silver_PER = 0 \| bronze_PER = 2 \| host_PER = yes \| gold_ANT = 0 \| silver_ANT = 0 \| bronze_ANT = 1 \| gold_JAM = 0 \| silver_JAM = 0 \| bronze_JAM = 1 \| gold_TRI = 0 \| silver_TRI = 0 \| bronze_TRI = 1 \| gold_URU = 0 \| silver_URU = 0 \| bronze_URU = 1 }} ==Medallists== ===Men=== {\| {{MedalistTable\|type=Event}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 49 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's 49 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Óscar Collazo (boxer)\|Óscar Collazo]]\|PUR\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Yuberjen Martínez]]\|COL\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Kevin Arias]]\|NCA\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Damián Arce (boxer)\|Damián Arce]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 52 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's 52 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Rodrigo Marte]]\|DOM\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Yosvany Veitía]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Yankiel Rivera]]\|PUR\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Ramón Quiroga (boxer)\|Ramón Quiroga]]\|ARG\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 56 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's 56 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Osvel Caballero]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Duke Ragan]]\|USA\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Lucas Fernández (boxer)\|Lucas Fernández]]\|URU\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Alexy De La Cruz]]\|DOM\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 60 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's 60 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Lázaro Álvarez]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Leonel de los Santos]]\|DOM\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Leodan Pezo]]\|PER\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Luis Angel Cabrera]]\|VEN\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 64 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's 64 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Andy Cruz]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Keyshawn Davis]]\|USA\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Alston Ryan]]\|ANT\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Michael Alexander (Trinidadian boxer)\|Michael Alexander]]\|TRI\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 69 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's 69 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Roniel Iglesias]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Rohan Polanco]]\|DOM\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Delante Johnson]]\|USA\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Gabriel Maestre]]\|VEN\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 75 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's 75 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Arlen López]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Hebert Conceição\|Hebert Carvalho]]\|BRA\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Lesther Espino]]\|NCA\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Troy Isley]]\|USA\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 81 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's 81 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Julio César La Cruz]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Keno Machado]]\|BRA\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Nalek Korbaj]]\|VEN\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Rogelio Romero]]\|MEX\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 91 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's 91 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Erislandy Savón]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Julio Castillo]]\|ECU\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Abner Teixeira]]\|BRA\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[José María Lúcar]]\|PER\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| +91 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's +91 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Dainier Peró]]\|CUB\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Cristian Salcedo]]\|COL\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Ricardo Brown (boxer)\|Ricardo Brown]]\|JAM\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Richard Torrez]]\|USA\|2019}} \|} ===Women=== {{clear}} {\| {{MedalistTable\|type=Event}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 51 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Women's 51 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Ingrit Valencia]]\|COL\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Virginia Fuchs]]\|USA\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Irismar Cardozo]]\|VEN\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Miguelina Hernández]]\|DOM\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 57 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Women's 57 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Leonela Sánchez]]\|ARG\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Jucielen Romeu]]\|BRA\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Yeni Arias]]\|COL\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Yarisel Ramirez]]\|USA\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 60 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Women's 60 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Beatriz Ferreira]]\|BRA\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Dayana Sánchez]]\|ARG\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Rashida Ellis]]\|USA\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Esmeralda Falcón]]\|MEX\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 69 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Women's 69 kg}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Oshae Jones]]\|USA\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Myriam Da Silva]]\|CAN\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Brianda Cruz]]\|MEX\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[María Moronta]]\|DOM\|2019}} \|- \|rowspan=2\| 75 kg<br/>{{DetailsLink\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Women's 75 kg}} {{ref label\|a\|a\|Women's middleweight}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Naomi Graham]]\|USA\|2019}} \|rowspan=2\|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Tammara Thibeault]]\|CAN\|2019}} \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Flávia Figueiredo]]\|BRA\|2019}} \|- \|{{flagPASOmedalist\|[[Érika Pachito]]\|ECU\|2019}} \|} {{note label\|a\|a\|Women's middleweight}} [[Jessica Caicedo]] of {{flagPASO\|COL\|2019}} originally won the gold medal, but was disqualified for doping violations. ==Qualification== {{Main\|Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games – Qualification}} A total of 120 boxers qualified to compete at the games (eight per event). The host nation (Peru) received up to seven automatic qualification spots (five men and two women). The remainder of the spots were awarded at the Pan American Games qualifier held in [[Managua]], Nicaragua in April 2019.<ref name=manual>{{cite web\|url=https://www.panamsports.org/downloads/pdf/qualification-system-manual-lima-2019.pdf\|title=Qualification System manual\|date=25 April 2018\|website=www.panamsports.org/\|publisher=[[Pan American Sports Organization]]\|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1077492/lima-2019-pan-american-games-boxing-qualifier-set-to-take-place-in-managua-with-cuba-looking-to-make-mark\|title=Lima 2019 Pan American Games boxing qualifier set to take place in Managua with Cuba looking to make mark\|last=Etchells\|first=Daniel\|date=1 April 2019\|website=Insidethegames.biz\|publisher=Dunsar Media\|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> ==See also== [[Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== [https://www.panamsports.org/downloads/pdf/lima-2019/BX_Results_Book_1.0.pdf Results book] {{Pan American Games Boxing}} {{Events at the 2019 Pan American Games}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boxing At The 2019 Pan American Games}} [[Category:Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games\| ]] [[Category:Events at the 2019 Pan American Games\|Boxing]] [[Category:2019 in boxing\|Pan American Games]] [[Category:Boxing at the Pan American Games\|2019]]	1,305,150,434	[{"title": "Boxing at the 2019 Pan American Games", "data": {"Venue": "Miguel Grau Coliseum", "Dates": "July 27 \u2013 August 2, 2019", "No. of events": "15 (10 men, 5 women)", "Competitors": "120 from 25 nations"}}]	false
# Access to information in South Africa Access to information is guaranteed in section 32 of the Constitution of South Africa. Offering citizens access to state-held information is "one of the most effective ways of upholding the constitutional values of transparency, openness, participation and accountability." Currie and De Waal suggest that accountability is unattainable if the government has a monopoly on the information that informs its actions and decisions. Access to information is not only fundamental to a properly functioning participatory democracy, it also increases public confidence in government and enhances its legitimacy. There are also, according to Cora Hoexter, many other benefits to be had. For instance, access to information discourages corruption, arbitrariness and other improper governmental conduct. It facilitates the protection of rights, something that is easily demonstrated in the area of administrative justice. Like reasons for administrative action, access to state-held information can be of enormous assistance to a person who suspects that her rights to administrative justice have been infringed and is in the process of building a case. ## Constitutional right Before the enactment of the interim Constitution there was no general right of access to information in South Africa. Considerable resources were directed instead towards maintaining secrecy in government. Many statutes contained provisions making it a criminal offence for officials to release information. The inclusion of a right of access to information in state hands was therefore "an innovation of great significance" in the interim Constitution. Section 23 conferred on every person "the right of access to all information held by the state or any of its organs at any level of government in so far as such information is required for the exercise or protection of any of his or her rights." In one of the earliest cases to deal with the right Jones J acknowledged its importance in these terms: The purpose of s 23 is to exclude the perpetuation of the old system of administration, a system in which it was possible for government to escape accountability by refusing to disclose information even if it had bearing upon the exercise or protection ofrights of the individual. This is the mischief it is designed to prevent [....] Demonstrable fairness and openness promotes public confidence in the administration of public affairs generally. This confidence is one of the characteristics of the democratically governed society for which the Constitution strives. The right was soon being relied upon in various contexts, and a body of case law on section 23 developed rapidly. In particular, a number of cases were brought by accused persons who sought access to information contained in police dockets. Today section 32(1) of the Constitution confers on "everyone" a right of access to "(a) any information held by the state; and (b) any information that is held by another person and that is required for the exercise or protection of any rights." Significantly, the first part of the right is far broader than was section 23 of the interim Constitution: The information no longer has to be required for the exercise or protection of rights. Section 32(1)(b) represents yet more innovation, as there was nothing to mirror it in section 23. The focus in this part of the right is not on governmental accountability but on a person's need for access to and control over information concerning himself. Such information will typically consist of medical or banking records, or the information in the personnel files of the person's employer. This aspect is closely related to the right to privacy. As Klaaren and Penfold indicate, having access to information about oneself can considerably enhance one's ability to protect rights such as privacy and equality. In addition, the ability to acquire knowledge about oneself is an aspect of "self-actualization." Section 32(1)(b) is also significant as "a guarantee that records passing into private hands as a result of privatisation processes will not be immune from access." Section 32(2) required the enactment of national legislation to give effect to the right in section 32(1), and expressly allowed for "reasonable measures to alleviate the administrative and financial burden on the state." The operation of s 32(1) was suspended pending the enactment of the legislation. In the interim, as with the rights to administrative justice, section 32(1) was to be read as if it were section 23 of the interim Constitution. During this period, then, it was not possible to assert the right to information held by "another person." ## Promotion of Access to Information Act The Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) was enacted in response to the constitutional mandate, and came into force in large part in March 2001. Its preamble acknowledges the "secretive and unresponsive culture" of the pre-democratic era, and asserts that one object of PAIA is to "foster a culture of transparency and accountability in public and private bodies." In accordance with section 32, the Act provides for access to information held both by public and private entities. Though privacy features in the Act as a ground on which access may be refused, PAIA is "not a typical privacy or data protection statute such as may be found in many other jurisdictions." Its emphasis falls on facilitating access to information rather than protecting privacy. PAIA does not replace the constitutional right. Because, however, it purports to "give effect to" it, parties must generally assert the right via the Act. Thus the constitutional right is for the most part confined to the indirect role of informing the interpretation of the Act. It is possible to rely directly on section 32 only in exceptional cases, most obviously when the validity of the provisions of PAIA itself is being challenged. For example, it could be argued that the controversial blanket exemption of Cabinet records from the ambit of PAIA—"This Act does not apply to a record of [...] the Cabinet and its committees"—is "an unconstitutional restriction of the scope of the right of access to 'information held by the state.'" Since the Cabinet is clearly part of "the state," the exemption is a limitation of the right. Its validity would have to be decided by reference to the limitation clause in the Constitution. Apart from general limitation of this kind, there is also a special limitation clause to consider. Section 32(2) permits the national legislation that gives effect to the constitutional right to "provide for reasonable measures to alleviate the administrative and financial burden on the state." This language "seems not to serve the function of demarcation but actually to grant the legislature additional scope to limit the right of access to information." However, this scope is granted only to the extent that particular provisions of PAIA are designed to "alleviate the administrative and financial burden on the state." The provision relating to fees "would surely qualify," but the Cabinet exemption "arguably would not," and would thus not be justified by the special limitation. PAIA is applicable to a "record" any recorded information, regardless of form or medium, of a public body or private body, regardless of when the record came into existence. However, to keep the rules of discovery intact, the Act does not apply to records requested for the purpose of litigation where the request was made after the commencement of criminal or civil proceedings and access to the record "is provided for in any other law." ### Access to state-held information Access to records of public bodies is governed by Part 2 of the Act. A public body is defined in section 1 to include all departments of state or administration at the national, provincial and local levels, as well as any other functionary or institution acting in terms of a constitution or "exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of any legislation." However, in terms of section 12, the Act does not apply to a record of the Cabinet and its committees. Other exempted records are those relating to - the judicial functions of courts and certain other tribunals; - individual members of Parliament or provincial legislatures in that capacity; and - decisions of the Judicial Service Commission relating to nomination, selection or appointment. Requests for information are directed to the information officer of a public body. The information officer considers the request and notifies third parties where necessary. Section 11 states that a requester "must" be given access to a record of a public body if the procedural requirements of the Act have been met, and "if access is not refused in terms of any ground for refusal." Unlike the position under the interim Constitution, there is no need for the requester to show that the information is in any way necessary for the exercise or protection of rights. For the most part, the public body will have to release the information if it relates to the requester. Limited provision is also made for the voluntary disclosure of information. The claim that free access to official information is a prerequisite for public accountability and an essential feature of participatory democracy "must be balanced against the legitimate need for secrecy in matters relating to defence, international relations and where information is personal or is held in confidence." Chapter 4 of the PAIA lists a number of grounds on which access to requested information must or may be refused unless a public interest "override" applies. Some of the mandatory grounds protect the privacy of natural persons, records held by the South African Revenue Service, records privileged from production in legal proceedings and commercial information held by a third party. The latter covers trade secrets and other financial, commercial, scientific or technical information. Under section 23 of the interim Constitution, organs of state could be and were required to disclose tender documents to allow a competitor to determine whether its rights to just administrative action had been violated. Under PAIA, however, the state would be entitled to refuse a request for these records if they contained confidential commercial information. In terms of PAIA, access to information must be refused if its disclosure "could reasonably be expected to endanger" the safety of an individual, and may be refused if its disclosure would be likely to impair the security of a building, a computer system, a means of transport or any system for protecting the public. Access may be refused to information that will reveal methods of investigating or prosecuting crime, or might otherwise prejudice a criminal investigation or prosecution. Information relating to the defence, security and international relations of the Republic need not be disclosed. Requests for information may be refused if disclosure is likely "materially" to jeopardise the financial welfare of the Republic or the ability of the government to manage the economy. A request may be refused where the record contains an opinion or report whose disclosure "could reasonably be expected to frustrate the deliberative process in a public body or between public bodies." Requests that are "manifestly frivolous or vexatious" may also be refused. Under section 81(3) of PAIA, the refusing party has to justify any refusal of access. This evidential burden was not discharged in President of the Republic of South Africa and Others v M & G Media Ltd, which concerned a report by two senior judges who were asked by the President to visit Zimbabwe shortly before its presidential election in 2002. "Surprisingly," instead of confirming an order to release the report, a majority of the Constitutional Court resorted to section 80 of the Act and remitted the matter to the High Court for it to examine the report in secret and make a determination. ### Access to information in private hands Part 3 of PAIA gives effect to the right in section 32(1)(b) of the Constitution by providing in section 50 that a requester "must be given access to any record of a private body" if - the record is required for the exercise or protection of any rights; - the procedural requirements laid down in the Act have been complied with; and - access to the record is not refused on any of the grounds listed in Chapter 4 of Part 3. The requirement relating to the protection of rights applied generally under the interim Constitution but is now confined to information held in private hands. "Appropriately enough," private bodies are thus subjected to a less stringent standard of transparency than public bodies: "The private sector, in other words, is entitled to keep its information to itself, unless that information is needed to protect rights." However, the private nature of a body is not the decisive factor. Section 8(1) of PAIA recognises that a body may be "public" or "private" for the purposes of the Act depending on whether the record in question "relates to the exercise of a power or the performance of a function as a public body or as a private body." For instance, in IDASA v ANC, where the applicants sought access to the donation records of certain political parties, the latter were judged to be private bodies in relation to those records. "Significantly," a "requester" is defined to include "a public body or an official thereof," meaning that the state is entitled to access information in private hands. This innovation, "rather controversial," was "clearly not required" by the terms of section 32 of the Constitution, but the objects of the Act listed in section 9 "offer a justification for it." Section 9(c) indicates that the purpose of the mechanism is "to give effect to the constitutional obligations of the State of promoting a human rights culture and social justice." A private body is defined in section 1 of the Act to cover business entities, juristic persons and natural persons in their business or professional capacities. Typical examples of private bodies contemplated by the Act are banks and credit bureaux, which keep personal information about the income, banking history and credit rating of individuals—the sort of records that easily qualify as "required for the exercise or protection of any rights" in terms of section 50(1)(a) of the Act. There has been considerable debate in the cases as to what sort of "rights" are intended and in what sense the information must be "required" for their protection. Under the interim Constitution, at a time when the qualification applied to information held by the state and referred specifically to "his or her rights," there was a natural concern to construe "rights" as broadly as possible. Thus in Van Niekerk v Pretoria City Council Cameron J suggested that the term should be interpreted to include not only rights in the Bill of Rights but also contractual and delictual rights against the state—an approach supported by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Cape Metropolitan Council v Metro Inspection Services (Western Cape) CC. "Required" can mean several things, ranging all the way from "essential" to merely "relevant" to the protection of rights. In Clutchco (Pty) Ltd v Davis, the court surveyed the case law before holding that "reasonably required," and not "necessity," was the proper meaning, "provided that it is understood to connote a substantial advantage or an element of need." While the test has been easily satisfied in some cases, the courts have applied it fairly rigorously in others. For instance, the test was not satisfied in Unitas Hospital v Van Wyk, where the first respondent sought a report on nursing conditions in the hospital in order to build a case of negligence against it. Brand JA characterised the request as one for pre-action discovery and held that the use of section 50 of PAIA for this purpose "must remain the exception rather than the rule." The difficulty in the IDASA case, on the other hand, was that the applicants were unable to show how the records of donations of certain political parties would assist them in exercising or protecting any of the rights on which they relied. As Griesel J saw it, they were really contending for a general principle of disclosure. They were "pointing out, in general, that this is desirable in any democracy and that it will be beneficial to openness, transparency and accountability." ### Protection of State Information Bill The Protection of State Information Bill "recalls apartheid-era legislation," the Protection of Information Act 84 of 1982, which is "perhaps not inappropriate, for the Bill poses a serious challenge to the right of access to information [...] as well as to the ‘principle of open justice’ that has been identified and developed by the Constitutional Court in a series of cases." Amongst other things, the Bill confers on organs of state very wide powers to classify and withhold information on security grounds and creates broadly-defined criminal offences that carry heavy penalties. "There is widespread agreement amongst commentators that while new legislation is certainly needed to deal with sensitive information relating to national security, in its current incarnationever trust thisn the Bill is hopelessly flawed and unlikely to pass constitutional scrutiny." ## Notable court cases - My Vote Counts v Speaker - My Vote Counts v Minister of Justice - Arena Holdings v South African Revenue Service	enwiki/40704214	enwiki	40,704,214	Access to information in South Africa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_to_information_in_South_Africa	2025-08-10T14:15:32Z	en	Q16058019	67,635	[[Access to information]] is guaranteed in '''section 32 of the [[Constitution of South Africa]]'''. Offering citizens access to state-held information is "one of the most effective ways of upholding the constitutional values of transparency, openness, participation and accountability."<ref>Hoexter ''Administrative Law'' 94.</ref> Currie and De Waal suggest that accountability is unattainable if the government has a monopoly on the information that informs its actions and decisions. Access to information is not only fundamental to a properly functioning [[participatory democracy]], it also increases public confidence in government and enhances its legitimacy. There are also, according to Cora Hoexter, <blockquote>many other benefits to be had. For instance, access to information discourages corruption, arbitrariness and other improper governmental conduct. It facilitates the protection of rights, something that is easily demonstrated in the area of administrative justice. Like reasons for administrative action, access to state-held information can be of enormous assistance to a person who suspects that her rights to administrative justice have been infringed and is in the process of building a case.<ref>Hoexter ''Administrative Law'' 94-95.</ref></blockquote> == Constitutional right == Before the enactment of the interim Constitution there was no general right of access to information in South Africa. Considerable resources were directed instead towards maintaining secrecy in government. Many statutes contained provisions making it a criminal offence for officials to release information. The inclusion of a right of access to information in state hands was therefore "an innovation of great significance"<ref>Hoexter ''Administrative Law'' 95.</ref> in the interim Constitution. Section 23 conferred on every person "the right of access to all information held by the state or any of its organs at any level of government in so far as such information is required for the exercise or protection of any of his or her rights." In one of the earliest cases to deal with the right Jones J acknowledged its importance in these terms: <blockquote>The purpose of s 23 is to exclude the perpetuation of the old system of administration, a system in which it was possible for government to escape accountability by refusing to disclose information even if it had bearing upon the exercise or protection ofrights of the individual. This is the mischief it is designed to prevent [....] Demonstrable fairness and openness promotes public confidence in the administration of public affairs generally. This confidence is one of the characteristics of the democratically governed society for which the Constitution strives.</blockquote> The right was soon being relied upon in various contexts, and a body of case law on section 23 developed rapidly. In particular, a number of cases were brought by accused persons who sought access to information contained in police dockets. Today section 32(1) of the Constitution confers on "everyone" a right of access to "(a) any information held by the state; and (b) any information that is held by another person and that is required for the exercise or protection of any rights." Significantly, the first part of the right is far broader than was section 23 of the interim Constitution: The information no longer has to be required for the exercise or protection of rights. Section 32(1)(b) represents yet more innovation, as there was nothing to mirror it in section 23. The focus in this part of the right is not on governmental accountability but on a person's need for access to and control over information concerning himself. Such information will typically consist of medical or banking records, or the information in the personnel files of the person's employer. This aspect is closely related to the right to privacy. As Klaaren and Penfold indicate, having access to information about oneself can considerably enhance one's ability to protect rights such as privacy and equality. In addition, the ability to acquire knowledge about oneself is an aspect of "self-actualization." Section 32(1)(b) is also significant as "a guarantee that records passing into private hands as a result of privatisation processes will not be immune from access."<ref name=":0">Hoexter ''Administrative Law'' 96.</ref> Section 32(2) required the enactment of national legislation to give effect to the right in section 32(1), and expressly allowed for "reasonable measures to alleviate the administrative and financial burden on the state." The operation of s 32(1) was suspended pending the enactment of the legislation. In the interim, as with the rights to administrative justice, section 32(1) was to be read as if it were section 23 of the interim Constitution. During this period, then, it was not possible to assert the right to information held by "another person." == Promotion of Access to Information Act == The [[Promotion of Access to Information Act]]<ref>Act 2 of 2000.</ref> (PAIA) was enacted in response to the constitutional mandate, and came into force in large part in March 2001. Its preamble acknowledges the "secretive and unresponsive culture" of the pre-democratic era, and asserts that one object of PAIA is to "foster a culture of transparency and accountability in public and private bodies." In accordance with section 32, the Act provides for access to information held both by public and private entities. Though privacy features in the Act as a ground on which access may be refused, PAIA is "not a typical privacy or data protection statute such as may be found in many other jurisdictions."<ref name=":0"/> Its emphasis falls on facilitating access to information rather than protecting privacy. PAIA does not replace the constitutional right. Because, however, it purports to "give effect to" it, parties must generally assert the right via the Act. Thus the constitutional right is for the most part confined to the indirect role of informing the interpretation of the Act. It is possible to rely directly on section 32 only in exceptional cases, most obviously when the validity of the provisions of PAIA itself is being challenged. For example, it could be argued that the controversial blanket exemption of Cabinet records from the ambit of PAIA—"This Act does not apply to a record of [...] the Cabinet and its committees"<ref>s 12(a).</ref>—is "an unconstitutional restriction of the scope of the right of access to 'information held by the state.'"<ref name=":1">Hoexter ''Administrative Law'' 97.</ref> Since the Cabinet is clearly part of "the state," the exemption is a limitation of the right. Its validity would have to be decided by reference to the limitation clause in the Constitution. Apart from general limitation of this kind, there is also a special limitation clause to consider. Section 32(2) permits the national legislation that gives effect to the constitutional right to "provide for reasonable measures to alleviate the administrative and financial burden on the state." This language "seems not to serve the function of demarcation but actually to grant the legislature additional scope to limit the right of access to information."<ref name=":1"/> However, this scope is granted only to the extent that particular provisions of PAIA are designed to "alleviate the administrative and financial burden on the state." The provision relating to fees "would surely qualify," but the Cabinet exemption "arguably would not,"<ref name=":1"/> and would thus not be justified by the special limitation. PAIA is applicable to a "record" any recorded information, regardless of form or medium, of a public body or private body, regardless of when the record came into existence. However, to keep the rules of discovery intact, the Act does not apply to records requested for the purpose of litigation where the request was made after the commencement of criminal or civil proceedings and access to the record "is provided for in any other law." === Access to state-held information === Access to records of public bodies is governed by Part 2 of the Act. A public body is defined in section 1 to include all departments of state or administration at the national, provincial and local levels, as well as any other functionary or institution acting in terms of a constitution or "exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of any legislation." However, in terms of section 12, the Act does not apply to a record of the Cabinet and its committees. Other exempted records are those relating to * the judicial functions of courts and certain other tribunals; * individual members of Parliament or provincial legislatures in that capacity; and * decisions of the Judicial Service Commission relating to nomination, selection or appointment. Requests for information are directed to the information officer of a public body. The information officer considers the request and notifies third parties where necessary. Section 11 states that a requester "must" be given access to a record of a public body if the procedural requirements of the Act have been met, and "if access is not refused in terms of any ground for refusal." Unlike the position under the interim Constitution, there is no need for the requester to show that the information is in any way necessary for the exercise or protection of rights. For the most part, the public body will have to release the information if it relates to the requester. Limited provision is also made for the voluntary disclosure of information. The claim that free access to official information is a prerequisite for public accountability and an essential feature of participatory democracy "must be balanced against the legitimate need for secrecy in matters relating to defence, international relations and where information is personal or is held in confidence."<ref name=":1"/> Chapter 4 of the PAIA lists a number of grounds on which access to requested information must or may be refused unless a public interest "override" applies. Some of the mandatory grounds protect the privacy of natural persons, records held by the South African Revenue Service, records privileged from production in legal proceedings and commercial information held by a third party. The latter covers trade secrets and other financial, commercial, scientific or technical information. Under section 23 of the interim Constitution, organs of state could be and were required to disclose tender documents to allow a competitor to determine whether its rights to just administrative action had been violated. Under PAIA, however, the state would be entitled to refuse a request for these records if they contained confidential commercial information. In terms of PAIA, access to information must be refused if its disclosure "could reasonably be expected to endanger" the safety of an individual, and may be refused if its disclosure would be likely to impair the security of a building, a computer system, a means of transport or any system for protecting the public. Access may be refused to information that will reveal methods of investigating or prosecuting crime, or might otherwise prejudice a criminal investigation or prosecution. Information relating to the defence, security and international relations of the Republic need not be disclosed. Requests for information may be refused if disclosure is likely "materially" to jeopardise the financial welfare of the Republic or the ability of the government to manage the economy. A request may be refused where the record contains an opinion or report whose disclosure "could reasonably be expected to frustrate the deliberative process in a public body or between public bodies." Requests that are "manifestly frivolous or vexatious" may also be refused. Under section 81(3) of PAIA, the refusing party has to justify any refusal of access. This evidential burden was not discharged in ''[[President of the Republic of South Africa and Others v M & G Media Ltd]]'',<ref>2011 (2) SA 1 (SCA).</ref> which concerned a report by two senior judges who were asked by the President to visit Zimbabwe shortly before its presidential election in 2002. "Surprisingly,"<ref name=":2">Hoexter ''Administrative Law'' 100.</ref> instead of confirming an order to release the report, a majority of the Constitutional Court resorted to section 80 of the Act and remitted the matter to the High Court for it to examine the report in secret and make a determination. === Access to information in private hands === Part 3 of PAIA gives effect to the right in section 32(1)(b) of the Constitution by providing in section 50 that a requester "must be given access to any record of a private body" if * the record is required for the exercise or protection of any rights; * the procedural requirements laid down in the Act have been complied with; and * access to the record is not refused on any of the grounds listed in Chapter 4 of Part 3. The requirement relating to the protection of rights applied generally under the interim Constitution but is now confined to information held in private hands. "Appropriately enough,"<ref name=":2"/> private bodies are thus subjected to a less stringent standard of transparency than public bodies: "The private sector, in other words, is entitled to keep its information to itself, unless that information is needed to protect rights."<ref>Currie & De Waal 695.</ref> However, the private nature of a body is not the decisive factor. Section 8(1) of PAIA recognises that a body may be "public" or "private" for the purposes of the Act depending on whether the record in question "relates to the exercise of a power or the performance of a function as a public body or as a private body." For instance, in ''[[IDASA v ANC]]'', where the applicants sought access to the donation records of certain political parties, the latter were judged to be private bodies in relation to those records. "Significantly,"<ref name=":2"/> a "requester" is defined to include "a public body or an official thereof," meaning that the state is entitled to access information in private hands. This innovation, "rather controversial,"<ref name=":2"/> was "clearly not required"<ref name=":2"/> by the terms of section 32 of the Constitution, but the objects of the Act listed in section 9 "offer a justification for it."<ref name=":2"/> Section 9(c) indicates that the purpose of the mechanism is "to give effect to the constitutional obligations of the State of promoting a human rights culture and social justice." A private body is defined in section 1 of the Act to cover business entities, juristic persons and natural persons in their business or professional capacities. Typical examples of private bodies contemplated by the Act are banks and credit bureaux, which keep personal information about the income, banking history and credit rating of individuals—the sort of records that easily qualify as "required for the exercise or protection of any rights" in terms of section 50(1)(a) of the Act. There has been considerable debate in the cases as to what sort of "rights" are intended and in what sense the information must be "required" for their protection. Under the interim Constitution, at a time when the qualification applied to information held by the state and referred specifically to "his or her rights," there was a natural concern to construe "rights" as broadly as possible. Thus in ''[[Van Niekerk v Pretoria City Council]]'' Cameron J suggested that the term should be interpreted to include not only rights in the Bill of Rights but also contractual and delictual rights against the state—an approach supported by the Supreme Court of Appeal in ''[[Cape Metropolitan Council v Metro Inspection Services (Western Cape) CC]]''. "Required" can mean several things, ranging all the way from "essential" to merely "relevant" to the protection of rights. In ''[[Clutchco (Pty) Ltd v Davis]]'', the court surveyed the case law before holding that "reasonably required," and not "necessity," was the proper meaning, "provided that it is understood to connote a substantial advantage or an element of need." While the test has been easily satisfied in some cases, the courts have applied it fairly rigorously in others. For instance, the test was not satisfied in ''[[Unitas Hospital v Van Wyk]]'', where the first respondent sought a report on nursing conditions in the hospital in order to build a case of negligence against it. Brand JA characterised the request as one for pre-action discovery and held that the use of section 50 of PAIA for this purpose "must remain the exception rather than the rule." The difficulty in the ''[[IDASA]]'' case, on the other hand, was that the applicants were unable to show how the records of donations of certain political parties would assist them in exercising or protecting any of the rights on which they relied. As Griesel J saw it, they were really contending for a general principle of disclosure. They were "pointing out, ''in general'', that this is desirable in any democracy and that it will be beneficial to openness, transparency and accountability." === Protection of State Information Bill === The Protection of State Information Bill "recalls apartheid-era legislation," the Protection of Information Act 84 of 1982, which is "perhaps not inappropriate, for the Bill poses a serious challenge to the right of access to information [...] as well as to the ‘principle of open justice’ that has been identified and developed by the Constitutional Court in a series of cases."<ref>Hoexter ''Administrative Law'' 102.</ref> Amongst other things, the Bill confers on organs of state very wide powers to classify and withhold information on security grounds and creates broadly-defined criminal offences that carry heavy penalties. "There is widespread agreement amongst commentators that while new legislation is certainly needed to deal with sensitive information relating to national security, in its current incarnationever trust thisn the Bill is hopelessly flawed and unlikely to pass constitutional scrutiny." == Notable court cases == * ''[[My Vote Counts v Speaker of the National Assembly\|My Vote Counts v Speaker]]'' * ''[[My Vote Counts v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services\|My Vote Counts v Minister of Justice]]'' * ''[[Arena Holdings v South African Revenue Service]]'' ==See also== * [[Open access in South Africa]] == References == * Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices, Prentice Hall, Sydney == Notes == {{Reflist}} {{South Africa topics}} [[Category:Law of South Africa]] [[Category:Freedom of information]]	1,305,176,498	[]	false
# Hubei Provincial Museum The Hubei Provincial Museum (Chinese: 湖北省博物馆; pinyin: Húběi shěng bówùguǎn) is a first class museum in China, with a large amount of state-level historic and cultural relics. Established in 1953, the museum moved to its present location in 1960 and gained its present name in 1963. Since 1999 a number of new buildings have been added. The museum received 1,992,512 visitors in 2017. The museum is located in the Wuchang District of Wuhan, Hubei Province, not far from the west shore of Wuhan's East Lake. It has a collection of over 460,000 objects, including the Sword of Goujian, an ancient set of bronze bells (Bianzhong) and extensive artifacts from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng and the tombs at Baoshan. The particular importance of several of the archaeological items in the museum's collection has been recognized by the national government by including them into the list of Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad. ## History The predecessor of the Hubei Provincial Museum was the Hubei Provincial Public Scientific Experiment Hall established in 1928. In 1953, the Hubei Provincial Cultural Bureau began to prepare and it became the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural History Research. In 1959, the Hubei Provincial Museum Preparation Office was built in the Donghu Scenic Area of Wuhan. In 1960, the renowned writer and patriot Dong Biwu inscribed the name of the Hubei Provincial Museum. In 2002, Hubei Provincial Museum and the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Archaeology merged for office operations. In 2023, the Hubei Provincial Museum and Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Archaeology separated and operated independently. In 2023, the Hubei Provincial Cultural Exchange Information Center and the Provincial Institute of Art and Craft were integrated into the Hubei Provincial Museum. In the same year, Hubei Provincial Museum and the institute operated independently respectively. ## Location and layout The Hubei Provincial Museum is located in Donghu Scenic Area of Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The total construction area is 125,000 square meters, and the exhibition area is 38,000 square meters. It forms an overall layout of "four museums, three centers, and two bases". The overall layout of the museum area reflects the symmetrical central axis of Chu Dynasty architecture, "one platform and one hall", "multiple platforms in groups", and "multiple groups in clusters" of high platform architectural layout format. In 2021, a new building was built on the south side of the original building complex (the old building). The new building has 5 floors (4 floors above ground and 1 floor underground). It has 12 thematic exhibition halls, 1 digital exhibition hall, 3 temporary exhibition halls, and a chime bell performance hall. The exterior of the old building is in the shape of a ladder, while the exterior of the new building is in the shape of an inverted ladder. The top wall of the new building is made of glass, which allows visitors to view the scenery of Donghu through the glass wall. The interior design of the new building highlights the cultural elements. ## Exhibition layout ### Permanent exhibition Marquis Yi of Zeng, Special Exhibition of Sword of Goujian , The Zeng Family - Unveiling the Secrets of the State of Zeng, Eight Centuries of Chu Dynasty, Liangzhuangwang Collection - Treasures from the Zhenghe Era, Heaven Sounds - Early Musical Instruments Found in Hubei. ### Temporary exhibitions Temporary displays feature Chinese cultural relics from different themes and periods, such as "Temporary Exhibition of Treasures from the Uffizi Gallery in Italy". ### Virtual exhibitions Also known as "Cloud Viewing of Exhibits". People can access the Hubei Provincial Museum via electronic devices to view and appreciate the exhibits. ## Important collection of items The Hubei Provincial Museum currently houses over 460,000 items (sets), among which 1,095 are first-class cultural relics. The museum's collection includes bronze ware, lacquer and woodware, gold and silverware, jade, ceramics, calligraphy and paintings, etc. These relics mainly come from archaeological excavations (such as the Panlongcheng Shang Dynasty site and the Shashihe Site in Tianmen) and private donations. The unearthed cultural relics from archaeological excavations reflect the ancient art of the Hubei region and have a strong "Jingchu Civilization" flavor. ### The Sword of Goujian It is hailed as "the best sword in the world". This artifact was unearthed in December 1965 from Tomb No. 1 at Wangshan, Jiangling, Hubei Province. The sword is 55.6 centimeters long and 5 centimeters wide.This sword has not rusted for over 2,000 years and the patterns are clearly visible. There are two lines of bird-tail script inscriptions on the blade, which read "King Goujian of Yue, I use this sword for myself". After experts' research, Goujian is identified as King Goujian. This sword was the main short weapon during the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States periods. ### Bian Zhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng it is discovered in Suixian County, Hubei Province in 1987. It has rewritten the history of ancient music and the burial culture of the high-ranking nobles of the Chu Kingdom in ancient China. Bian Zhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng were unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng. They were musical instruments used in the courts of the pre-Qin period. The bell stand is 7.48 meters long and 2.65 meters high. The complete set of bells consists of 54 pieces. It is the largest and best-preserved set of bells discovered in China to date. It represents the highest achievements of China's pre-Qin ritual and music civilization and bronze casting technology. ### Bronze Vase and Plate of Marquis Yi of Zeng It is discovered in 1978 at the Marquis Yi of Zeng tomb in Suizhou City, Hubei Province. It is one of the representatives of Chinese bronze craftsmanship and also the pinnacle of bronze wares from the Shang and Zhou dynasties. It consists of a vase and a plate. The vase is 30.1 centimeters tall and 25 centimeters in diameter, while the plate is 23.5 centimeters tall and 58 centimeters in diameter. Its shape and patterns are extremely complex and exquisite. ### The Tiger-Seat Bird-Shaped Drum It also known as the Tiger-Seat Phoenix-Shaped Drum. It was unearthed in Tomb No. 2 of Jiulandun in Hubei Province in 2002. It belongs to the middle to late Warring States period. The Tiger-Seat Bird-Shaped Drum is 135.9 centimeters tall and 134 centimeters wide. It is made of wood and comes in colors such as black, red, yellow and silver-white. The Tiger-Seat Bird-Shaped Drum is an instrument of the noble class in the Chu Kingdom. Its design features a phoenix and a tiger. The phoenix is the totem of the Chu people. This artifact showcases the romance of Chu culture. ### Blue and White plum vase of the four loves in Yuan Dynasty It was unearthed in 2006 from the Yingjing King's tomb in Zhongxiang, Hubei Province. The overall height is 38.7 centimeters, the diameter at the mouth is 6.4 centimeters, and the diameter at the bottom is 13 centimeters. It belongs to the "Yuan" Dynasty and is hailed as "the panda of ceramics". The vase features four pictures of stories about people - "Four Adventures Picture". "The Four Adventures Picture" includes "Wang Xizhi's Love for Orchids Picture", "Zhou Dunyi's Love for Lotus Picture", "Tao Yuanming's Love for Chrysanthemums Picture", and "Lin Hengjing's Love for Plum Blossoms and Cranes Picture". It symbolizes beauty, purity, and elegance, and at the same time reflects people's yearning for rural life and seclusion at that time. ### Yunmeng Shuihudi Qin Bamboo Slips It was unearthed in Yunmeng County, Hubei Province in 1975. It is the first batch of large-scale Qin bamboo inscriptions discovered in Chinese archaeology, documenting the laws of the Qin Dynasty. Its contents cover agriculture, warehouses, currency, trade, labor, appointment of officials, etc. It is of great significance for studying the war history of Qin's unification of the six states, the official system, agricultural production, and the development of industry and commerce. It is presented in a hierarchical format and is also a first-hand source of information for studying hierarchies. ### Chongyang Bronze Drum It was discovered in Chongyang County, Hubei Province in 1977. It is currently the earliest bronze drum of the Shang Dynasty in China. The drum is 75.5 centimeters in height and consists of three parts: the drum body, the drum base, and the drum cap. The drum cap, drum body, and drum base all feature lotus dot patterns and cloud and thunder patterns. When the drum surface is struck, it produces a sound, demonstrating the mighty spirit of the Shang Dynasty during rituals or warfare. This object provides materials for the study of ancient Chinese bronze wares and the ritual and music system. ### Yunxian Man Cranium II In 1989 and 1990, two skull fossils were discovered successively in Yunxian, Hubei Province. Skull No. 1 is of a female and is aged between 25 and 45 years old, dating back approximately 1 million years; Skull No. 2 is of a male and is also aged between 25 and 45 years old, dating back approximately 1 million years. Skull No. 1 and Skull No. 2 have preserved complete cranial regions and largely intact facial regions. They belong to the Homo erectus type. Through research, it can be seen that the people of Yunxian were capable of making and using tools. The human skull fossils from Yunxian provide important data for the study of human development history. ### The spear of King Fuchai of Wu It was discovered in 1983 in Tomb No. 5 of Mashan in Jiangling, Hubei Province. It is 29.5 centimeters long and about 3 centimeters wide. On the blade, there is an 8-character inscription: "King Fuchai of Wu, made for personal use". This means it was a personal weapon of King Fuchai of Wu. It was made of bronze and its spear shaft was similar to that of a sword but shorter. The spearhead was sharp and intact as new. The center line had a ridge, and there were blood grooves on both sides of the ridge. At the end of each blood groove, there was a carved animal head. It is regarded as one of the "two wonders" of ancient Chinese weapons along with The Sword of Goujian. ### Horned Stork It was produced during the Warring States period. It was unearthed in 1978 from the Marquis Yi of Zeng tomb in Suizhou City, Hubei Province. The total height is 143.5 centimeters and the weight is 38.4 kilograms. The stork is 110 centimeters tall, the seat board is 45 centimeters long and 41.4 centimeters wide. It is composed of eight components: a crane body, crane legs, deer antlers, and a base with mortise joints. The crane has a long neck, a round head, and an upturned pointed beak resembling a hook. There is a seven-character inscription on the right side of the beak: "Marquis Yi of Zeng made and used for life." It is a bronze artifact with exquisite details and outstanding overall craftsmanship. ## Administration & Organization Director and Secretary of Party Branch: Zhang Xiaoyun Vice Directors: He Guang and Li Qi The museum currently participates or leads the following organizations: - China Museum Association Instrument Committee [18] - China-Italy Museum Alliance[19] - Hubei Provincial Museum Association[20] - Hubei Province Arts and Crafts Society[21] ## Educational activities in the museum - Academy of Music and Rituals[22] - The Lecture Hall of the Yangtze River Civilization[23] - Little Archaeologist[24] - Jingchu Red Lecture Hall[25] - Volunteer[26] ## Cultural activities in the museum - China Museum Association Instrument Professional Committee - The representative of Hubei Provincial Museum attended the first Symposium on Musical Archaeological Remains and the 11th National Symposium on Musical Instruments Studies - The International Council of Museums Committee for Musical Instruments "Theory, Technology and Method: Museums' Interpretation of Traditional Music" academic symposium was held at the Hubei Provincial Museum.[27] - The Hubei Provincial Museum, in collaboration with the Shaogan City Museum and the Yunmeng County Museum, has organized the "Practical Training Course on Minimal Intervention Conservation and Restoration of Ceramic Cultural Relics" - Hubei Provincial Museum has launched the country's first film-level digital cultural relics VR experience project titled "Crossing the Bronze Age" - The Hubei Provincial Museum has been holding an exhibition of the largest collection of Western oil paintings in the province for the past five years. The exhibition is titled "Flowing Palette: From Corot to Impressionism"[28] - Russia collaborated with the Saint Petersburg Symphony Orchestra and the Chime Orchestra of the Hubei Provincial Museum to jointly hold a music exchange event - The research results of "Three-Dimensional Digital Restoration of Zeng Hou Yi's Vase and Plate" were released at the Hubei Provincial Museum - The Cultural Products Committee of the Hubei Provincial Museum Association held a working symposium at the Hubei Provincial Museum. ## Publish books - 《Eight Hundred Years of Chu State》 - 《Wang Bao's Collection of Essays》 - 《Marquis Yi of Zeng》 - 《The Zeng Family - Archaeological Revelation of the State of Zeng》 - 《Liang Zhuang King's Collection - Treasures from the Zheng He Era》 - 《Thousand-Year Cultural Heritage - The Archaeological Exhibition of the Yangtze River Civilization · Hubei》 - 《Ukiyo-e: 36 Views of Mount Fuji; 53 Stations of the Tokaido Rout》 - 《Journal of Classical Literature Studies: Yingzhou's Essays 》 - 《Research on the Archaeological Culture of the Deng State in the Zhou Dynasty》 - 《The First National Survey Results and Discoveries of Movable Cultural Relics of Hubei Provincial Museum》 - 《Xu Xing could easily handle ancient paintings, calligraphy, inscriptions and calligraphy scrolls》 - 《Hubei Provincial Museum and Archaeological Institute 202》 - 《National Museum General Knowledge Series · One Museum: Hubei Provincial Museum》[29] ### Other museums in Hubei Province - Wuhan Museum - Wuhan Zhongshan Warship Museum - Wuhan Revolutionary Museum - Changjiang Civilization Museum (Wuhan Natural History Museum) - Xinhai Revolution Wuchang Uprising Memorial Hall - Hubei Museum of Ancient Architecture from the Ming and Qing Dynasties - Yifu Museum of China University of Geosciences - Jingzhou Museum - Yichang Museum - Suozhou Museum - Huangshi City Museum - Shiyan City Museum[30]	enwiki/16882534	enwiki	16,882,534	Hubei Provincial Museum	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei_Provincial_Museum	2025-08-13T03:07:21Z	en	Q4391403	159,050	{{Short description\|Museum in Hubei, China}} {{Infobox museum \| name = Hubei Provincial Museum \| logo = Hubei Provincial Museum logo.png \| image = Hubei Provincial Museum.JPG \| established = {{Start date\|1953\|03\|16}} \| location = [[Wuchang, Wuhan\|Wuchang]], [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[China]] \| coordinates = {{Coord\|30\|33\|50\|N\|114\|21\|32\|E\|display=it}} \| type = [[History museum]] \| curator = Zhang Xiaoyun \| website = {{URL\|www.hbww.org.cn}} }} The '''Hubei Provincial Museum''' ({{Lang-zh\|c=湖北省博物馆\|p=Húběi shěng bówùguǎn}}) is a first class museum in China, with a large amount of state-level historic and cultural relics.<ref name="cnhubei">{{cite web\|title=Hubei Museum\|date=2005-01-25\|url=http://www.cnhubei.com/200502/ca677329.htm\|accessdate=2008-04-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175301/http://www.cnhubei.com/200502/ca677329.htm\|archive-date=March 3, 2016\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Established in 1953, the museum moved to its present location in 1960 and gained its present name in 1963. Since 1999 a number of new buildings have been added. The museum received 1,992,512 visitors in 2017.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.hbww.org/Views/Detail.aspx?PNo=News&No=BWGJX&Guid=ef5d4b69-5ba9-4724-93e8-9bf3f7ac5ac6&Type=Detail \|title=湖北省博物馆2017年社教工作结硕果 \|language=zh \|publisher=Hubei Provincial Museum \|date=24 January 2018 \|accessdate=27 March 2018 \|archive-date=August 19, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819145607/http://www.hbww.org/Views/Detail.aspx?PNo=News&No=BWGJX&Guid=ef5d4b69-5ba9-4724-93e8-9bf3f7ac5ac6&Type=Detail \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The museum is located in the [[Wuchang District]] of [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]] Province, not far from the west shore of Wuhan's [[East Lake (Wuhan)\|East Lake]]. It has a collection of over 460,000 objects<ref name=":1" />, including the [[Sword of Goujian]], an ancient set of bronze bells ([[Bianzhong]]) and extensive artifacts from the [[Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng]] and the tombs at [[Baoshan, Yunnan\|Baoshan]]. The particular importance of several of the archaeological items in the museum's collection has been recognized by the national government by including them into the [[list of Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad]]. == History == The predecessor of the Hubei Provincial Museum was the Hubei Provincial Public Scientific Experiment Hall established in 1928. In 1953, the Hubei Provincial Cultural Bureau began to prepare and it became the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural History Research. In 1959, the Hubei Provincial Museum Preparation Office was built in the [[East Lake (Wuhan)\|Donghu Scenic Area of Wuhan]]. In 1960, the renowned writer and patriot [[Dong Biwu]] inscribed the name of the Hubei Provincial Museum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|last=Meixue \|first=Hongtang \|title=Hubei Provincial Museum \|date=1 June 2024 \|publisher=Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press \|isbn=9787577208138 \|edition=1st \|location=Wuhan \|publication-date=1 June 2024 \|page=95 \|language=Chinese \|trans-title=Hubei Provincial Museum}}</ref> In 2002, Hubei Provincial Museum and the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Archaeology merged for office operations. In 2023, the Hubei Provincial Museum and Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Archaeology separated and operated independently. In 2023, the Hubei Provincial Cultural Exchange Information Center and the Provincial Institute of Art and Craft were integrated into the Hubei Provincial Museum. In the same year, Hubei Provincial Museum and the institute operated independently respectively.<ref name=":1" /> == Location and layout == The Hubei Provincial Museum is located in Donghu Scenic Area of Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The total construction area is 125,000 square meters, and the exhibition area is 38,000 square meters. It forms an overall layout of "four museums, three centers, and two bases". The overall layout of the museum area reflects the symmetrical central axis of Chu Dynasty architecture, "one platform and one hall", "multiple platforms in groups", and "multiple groups in clusters" of high platform architectural layout format.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=湖北省人民政府 \|date=July 13, 2025 \|title=湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hubei.gov.cn/jmct/hbms/wh_9034/201511/t20151117_1695107_3.shtml}}</ref> In 2021, a new building was built on the south side of the original building complex (the old building). The new building has 5 floors (4 floors above ground and 1 floor underground). It has 12 thematic exhibition halls, 1 digital exhibition hall, 3 temporary exhibition halls, and a chime bell performance hall. The exterior of the old building is in the shape of a ladder, while the exterior of the new building is in the shape of an inverted ladder. The top wall of the new building is made of glass, which allows visitors to view the scenery of [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B9%96_(%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89) Donghu] through the glass wall. The interior design of the new building highlights the cultural elements.<ref name=":0" /> == Exhibition layout == === Permanent exhibition === Marquis Yi of Zeng, Special Exhibition of [[Sword of Goujian]] , The Zeng Family - Unveiling the Secrets of the State of Zeng, Eight Centuries of Chu Dynasty, Liangzhuangwang Collection - Treasures from the Zhenghe Era, Heaven Sounds - Early Musical Instruments Found in Hubei.{{cn\|date=July 2025}} === Temporary exhibitions === Temporary displays feature Chinese cultural relics from different themes and periods, such as "Temporary Exhibition of Treasures from the [[Uffizi\|Uffizi Gallery]] in Italy".{{cn\|date=July 2025}} === Virtual exhibitions === Also known as "Cloud Viewing of Exhibits". People can access the Hubei Provincial Museum via electronic devices to view and appreciate the exhibits.<ref name=":0" /> == Important collection of items == The Hubei Provincial Museum currently houses over 460,000 items (sets), among which 1,095 are first-class cultural relics. The museum's collection includes bronze ware, lacquer and woodware, gold and silverware, jade, ceramics, calligraphy and paintings, etc.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|title=博物馆简介 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=http://www.hbkgy.com/gyjj/p/7900.html \|access-date=2025-07-14 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> These relics mainly come from archaeological excavations (such as the Panlongcheng Shang Dynasty site and the Shashihe Site in Tianmen) and private donations. The unearthed cultural relics from archaeological excavations reflect the ancient art of the Hubei region and have a strong "Jingchu Civilization" flavor.<ref name=":0" /> === The Sword of Goujian === [[File:20230208 Bronze sword used by King Goujian of Yue 01.jpg\|thumb\|The Sword of Goujian\|202x202px]] It is hailed as "the best sword in the world". [[Sword of Goujian\|This artifact]] was unearthed in December 1965 from Tomb No. 1 at Wangshan, Jiangling, Hubei Province. The sword is 55.6 centimeters long and 5 centimeters wide.<ref name=":1" />This sword has not rusted for over 2,000 years and the patterns are clearly visible. There are two lines of bird-tail script inscriptions on the blade, which read "[[Goujian\|King Goujian of Yue]], I use this sword for myself". After experts' research, Goujian is identified as King Goujian. This sword was the main short weapon during the [[Spring and Autumn period\|Spring and Autumn]] period and [[Warring States period\|Warring States periods]]. [[File:Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng Wuhan.jpg\|thumb\|'''Bian Zhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng''' \|187x187px]] === Bian Zhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng === it is discovered in Suixian County, Hubei Province in 1987. It has rewritten the history of ancient music and the burial culture of the high-ranking nobles of the [[Chu Kingdom]] in ancient China.{{cn\|date=July 2025}} Bian Zhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng were unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng. They were musical instruments used in the courts of the pre-Qin period. The bell stand is 7.48 meters long and 2.65 meters high. The complete set of bells consists of 54 pieces. It is the largest and best-preserved set of bells discovered in China to date. It represents the highest achievements of China's pre-Qin ritual and music civilization and bronze casting technology.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book \|last=Hongtang \|first=Meixue \|title=Hubei Provincial Museum \|date=1 June 2024 \|publisher=Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press \|isbn=9787772818 \|edition=1st \|location=Wuhan \|publication-date=1 June 2024 \|pages=37 \|language=zh-cn \|trans-title=湖北省博物馆}}</ref> [[File:曾侯乙青铜尊盘，2015-04-06 04.jpg\|thumb\|'''Bronze Vase and Plate of Marquis Yi of Zeng'''\|197x197px]] === Bronze Vase and Plate of Marquis Yi of Zeng === It is discovered in 1978 at the Marquis Yi of Zeng tomb in Suizhou City, Hubei Province. It is one of the representatives of Chinese bronze craftsmanship and also the pinnacle of bronze wares from the Shang and Zhou dynasties. It consists of a vase and a plate. The vase is 30.1 centimeters tall and 25 centimeters in diameter, while the plate is 23.5 centimeters tall and 58 centimeters in diameter. Its shape and patterns are extremely complex and exquisite.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:虎座鸟架鼓（九连墩）.jpg\|thumb\|103x103px\|'''The Tiger-Seat Bird-Shaped Drum''']] === The Tiger-Seat Bird-Shaped Drum === It also known as the Tiger-Seat Phoenix-Shaped Drum. It was unearthed in Tomb No. 2 of Jiulandun in Hubei Province in 2002. It belongs to the middle to late [[Warring States period]]. The Tiger-Seat Bird-Shaped Drum is 135.9 centimeters tall and 134 centimeters wide. It is made of wood and comes in colors such as black, red, yellow and silver-white. The Tiger-Seat Bird-Shaped Drum is an instrument of the noble class in the Chu Kingdom. Its design features a phoenix and a tiger. The phoenix is the totem of the Chu people. This artifact showcases the romance of Chu culture.<ref name=":0" /> === Blue and White plum vase of the four loves in Yuan Dynasty === [[File:元青花四爱图梅瓶.jpg\|thumb\|'''Blue and White plum vase of the four loves in the Yuan Dynasty'''\|202x202px]] It was unearthed in 2006 from the Yingjing King's tomb in [[Zhongxiang]], Hubei Province. The overall height is 38.7 centimeters, the diameter at the mouth is 6.4 centimeters, and the diameter at the bottom is 13 centimeters. It belongs to the [[Yuan dynasty\|"Yuan" Dynasty]] and is hailed as "the panda of ceramics". The vase features four pictures of stories about people - "Four Adventures Picture".<ref>{{Cite web \|last=China \|first=Hubei \|date=17 July 2025 \|title=Blue and White plum vase of the four loves in Yuan Dynasty \|url=https://en.hubei.gov.cn/culture/heritage/201608/t20160826_1412092.shtml \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718095747/https://en.hubei.gov.cn/culture/heritage/201608/t20160826_1412092.shtml \|archive-date=18 July 2025 \|access-date=17 July 2025 \|website=EN.HUBEI.GOV.CN}}</ref> "The Four Adventures Picture" includes "Wang Xizhi's Love for Orchids Picture", "Zhou Dunyi's Love for Lotus Picture", "Tao Yuanming's Love for Chrysanthemums Picture", and "Lin Hengjing's Love for Plum Blossoms and Cranes Picture". It symbolizes beauty, purity, and elegance, and at the same time reflects people's yearning for rural life and seclusion at that time.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=两件“元青花四爱图梅瓶”首次聚首--武汉市文化和旅游局 \|url=https://wlj.wuhan.gov.cn/zwgk_27/zwdt/xydt/202205/t20220512_1970123.shtml \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=wlj.wuhan.gov.cn}}</ref> === Yunmeng Shuihudi Qin Bamboo Slips === [[File:Bamboo Slips of Qin Dynasty Unearthed from Shuihudi 2013-01.JPG\|thumb\|131x131px\|'''Yunmeng Shuihudi Qin Bamboo Slips''']] It was unearthed in [[Yunmeng County]], Hubei Province in 1975. It is the first batch of large-scale Qin bamboo inscriptions discovered in Chinese archaeology, documenting the laws of the [[Qin dynasty\|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Chen \|first=Zhenyu \|title=云梦睡虎地秦简让秦国历史'活起来' \|publisher=Wuhan University Press \|year=2021 \|isbn=978-7307226845 \|edition=1st \|location=Wuhan \|publication-date=November 1, 2021 \|pages=13 \|language=Chinese \|trans-title=Yunmeng Shuihudi Qin Bamboo Slips--Bringing the History of Qin to Life}}</ref> Its contents cover agriculture, warehouses, currency, trade, labor, appointment of officials, etc. It is of great significance for studying the war history of Qin's unification of the six states, the official system, agricultural production, and the development of industry and commerce.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=王先福：为何说云梦睡虎地秦简是中国迄今发现最早、最完整法典？ \|url=https://m.cyol.com/gb/articles/2024-06/25/content_99jpdGIa3V.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=m.cyol.com}}</ref> It is presented in a hierarchical format and is also a first-hand source of information for studying hierarchies.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:崇阳铜鼓05014.jpg\|thumb\|166x166px\|'''Chongyang Bronze Drum''' ]] === Chongyang Bronze Drum === It was discovered in [[Chongyang County]], Hubei Province in 1977. It is currently the earliest bronze drum of the [[Shang dynasty\|Shang Dynasty]] in China. The drum is 75.5 centimeters in height and consists of three parts: the drum body, the drum base, and the drum cap. The drum cap, drum body, and drum base all feature lotus dot patterns and cloud and thunder patterns. When the drum surface is struck, it produces a sound, demonstrating the mighty spirit of the Shang Dynasty during rituals or warfare. This object provides materials for the study of ancient Chinese bronze wares and the ritual and music system.<ref name=":0" /> === Yunxian Man Cranium II === [[File:Yunxian Man Cranium II (10161611733).jpg\|thumb\|211x211px\|'''Yunxian Man Cranium II''' ]] In 1989 and 1990, two skull fossils were discovered successively in Yunxian, Hubei Province.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Brief Introduction to Yunxian Man - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/permanentexhibition/p/5201.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> Skull No. 1 is of a female and is aged between 25 and 45 years old, dating back approximately 1 million years; Skull No. 2 is of a male and is also aged between 25 and 45 years old, dating back approximately 1 million years. Skull No. 1 and Skull No. 2 have preserved complete cranial regions and largely intact facial regions. They belong to the [[Homo erectus]] type. Through research, it can be seen that the people of Yunxian were capable of making and using tools. The human skull fossils from Yunxian provide important data for the study of human development history.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=“郧县人”长啥样？湖北省博物馆重磅发布→ - 湖北日报新闻客户端 \|url=https://news.hubeidaily.net/pc/c_3485153.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=news.hubeidaily.net}}</ref> [[File:吴王夫差矛 The spear of King Fuchai of Wu (14439282349).jpg\|thumb\|176x176px\|'''The spear of King Fuchai of Wu''']] === The spear of King Fuchai of Wu === It was discovered in 1983 in Tomb No. 5 of Mashan in [[Jiangling County\|Jiangling]], Hubei Province. It is 29.5 centimeters long and about 3 centimeters wide. On the blade, there is an 8-character inscription: "[[Fuchai of Wu\|King Fuchai of Wu]], made for personal use". This means it was a personal weapon of King Fuchai of Wu.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=吴王夫差遗留下的青铜器矛剑盉鉴资料 \|url=http://www.360doc.com/content/22/1128/20/75983279_1057982202.shtml \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.360doc.com}}</ref> It was made of bronze and its spear shaft was similar to that of a sword but shorter. The spearhead was sharp and intact as new. The center line had a ridge, and there were blood grooves on both sides of the ridge. At the end of each blood groove, there was a carved animal head. It is regarded as one of the "two wonders" of ancient Chinese weapons along with The [[Sword of Goujian]].<ref name=":0" /> === Horned Stork === [[File:鹿角立鹤.jpg\|thumb\|149x149px\|'''Horned Stork''']] It was produced during the Warring States period. It was unearthed in 1978 from the Marquis Yi of Zeng tomb in Suizhou City, Hubei Province. The total height is 143.5 centimeters and the weight is 38.4 kilograms. The stork is 110 centimeters tall, the seat board is 45 centimeters long and 41.4 centimeters wide.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=太原日报数字报-鹿角立鹤 \|url=http://epaper.tyrbw.com/tyrb/html/2025-03/07/content_8_200925.htm \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=epaper.tyrbw.com}}</ref> It is composed of eight components: a crane body, crane legs, deer antlers, and a base with mortise joints. The crane has a long neck, a round head, and an upturned pointed beak resembling a hook. There is a seven-character inscription on the right side of the beak: "Marquis Yi of Zeng made and used for life." It is a bronze artifact with exquisite details and outstanding overall craftsmanship.<ref name=":0" /> == Administration & Organization == Director and Secretary of Party Branch: Zhang Xiaoyun <ref>{{Cite web \|title=张晓云 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/lshry/p/9273.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> Vice Directors: He Guang and Li Qi<ref>{{Cite web \|title=李奇 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/zzjg/p/9058.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=何广 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/lshry/p/5617.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> The museum currently participates or leads the following organizations: * China Museum Association Instrument Committee <ref>{{Cite web \|title=中国博物馆协会乐器专委会 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/zgbwgxhlqzwh/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> * China-Italy Museum Alliance<ref>{{Cite web \|title=中国-意大利博物馆联盟 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/zgydlbwglm/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> * Hubei Provincial Museum Association<ref>{{Cite web \|title=湖北省博物馆协会 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/hbsbwgxh/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> * Hubei Province Arts and Crafts Society<ref>{{Cite web \|title=湖北省工艺美术学会 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/hbsgymsxh/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> == Educational activities in the museum == * Academy of Music and Rituals<ref>{{Cite web \|title=礼乐学堂 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/llxt/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> * The Lecture Hall of the Yangtze River Civilization<ref>{{Cite web \|title=长江文明大讲堂 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/xsjz/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> * Little Archaeologist<ref>{{Cite web \|title=小小考古学家 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/xxkgzj/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> * Jingchu Red Lecture Hall<ref>{{Cite web \|title=荆楚红色讲堂 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/jchsjt/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> * Volunteer<ref>{{Cite web \|title=志愿者 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/zyzzj/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> == Cultural activities in the museum == * China Museum Association Instrument Professional Committee * The representative of Hubei Provincial Museum attended the first Symposium on Musical Archaeological Remains and the 11th National Symposium on Musical Instruments Studies * The International Council of Museums Committee for Musical Instruments "Theory, Technology and Method: Museums' Interpretation of Traditional Music" academic symposium was held at the Hubei Provincial Museum.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=中国博物馆协会乐器专委会 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://hbsbwg.cjyun.org/zgbwgxhlqzwh/index.html \|access-date=2025-07-17 \|website=hbsbwg.cjyun.org}}</ref> * The Hubei Provincial Museum, in collaboration with the Shaogan City Museum and the Yunmeng County Museum, has organized the "Practical Training Course on Minimal Intervention Conservation and Restoration of Ceramic Cultural Relics" * Hubei Provincial Museum has launched the country's first film-level digital cultural relics VR experience project titled "Crossing the Bronze Age" * The Hubei Provincial Museum has been holding an exhibition of the largest collection of Western oil paintings in the province for the past five years. The exhibition is titled "Flowing Palette: From Corot to Impressionism"<ref>{{Cite web \|title=2025年大事记 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbww.org.cn/dsj/p/10595.html \|access-date=2025-07-17 \|website=www.hbww.org.cn}}</ref> * Russia collaborated with the Saint Petersburg Symphony Orchestra and the Chime Orchestra of the Hubei Provincial Museum to jointly hold a music exchange event * The research results of "Three-Dimensional Digital Restoration of Zeng Hou Yi's Vase and Plate" were released at the Hubei Provincial Museum * The Cultural Products Committee of the Hubei Provincial Museum Association held a working symposium at the Hubei Provincial Museum. == Publish books == * 《Eight Hundred Years of Chu State》 * 《Wang Bao's Collection of Essays》 * 《Marquis Yi of Zeng》 * 《The Zeng Family - Archaeological Revelation of the State of Zeng》 * 《Liang Zhuang King's Collection - Treasures from the Zheng He Era》 * 《Thousand-Year Cultural Heritage - The Archaeological Exhibition of the Yangtze River Civilization · Hubei》 * 《Ukiyo-e: 36 Views of Mount Fuji; 53 Stations of the Tokaido Rout》 * 《Journal of Classical Literature Studies: Yingzhou's Essays 》 * 《Research on the Archaeological Culture of the Deng State in the Zhou Dynasty》 * 《The First National Survey Results and Discoveries of Movable Cultural Relics of Hubei Provincial Museum》 * 《Xu Xing could easily handle ancient paintings, calligraphy, inscriptions and calligraphy scrolls》 * 《Hubei Provincial Museum and Archaeological Institute 202》 * 《National Museum General Knowledge Series · One Museum: Hubei Provincial Museum》<ref>{{Cite web \|title=2023年，我们的出版物 - 湖北省博物馆 \|url=https://www.hbkgy.com/xwdt/p/9515.html \|access-date=2025-07-18 \|website=www.hbkgy.com}}</ref> ==Gallery== {{wide image\|ConcertGroupPano.jpg\|600px\|align-cap=center\|Replica instruments of ancient originals are played at the Hubei Provincial Museum. A replica set of bronze concert bells is in the background and a set of stone chimes is to the right}} <gallery class="center"> File:VM 4742 Hubei Provincial Museum - grounds.jpg File:TaiYiShengShui1.jpg File:Wuhanbells.jpg </gallery> == See also == * [[List of museums in China]] === Other museums in Hubei Province === * [[Wuhan Museum]] * Wuhan Zhongshan Warship Museum * Wuhan Revolutionary Museum * Changjiang Civilization Museum (Wuhan Natural History Museum) * Xinhai Revolution Wuchang Uprising Memorial Hall * Hubei Museum of Ancient Architecture from the Ming and Qing Dynasties * Yifu Museum of China University of Geosciences * Jingzhou Museum * Yichang Museum * Suozhou Museum * Huangshi City Museum * Shiyan City Museum<ref name=":02">{{Cite book \|last=Meixue \|first=Hongtang \|title=Hubei Provincial Museum \|date=1 June 2024 \|publisher=Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press \|isbn=9787577208138 \|edition=1st \|location=Wuhan \|publication-date=1 June 2024 \|page=95 \|language=Chinese \|trans-title=Hubei Provincial Museum}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} {{Hubei topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Museums in Wuhan]] [[Category:Museums established in 1953]] [[Category:National first-grade museums of China]] [[Category:1953 in Wuhan]]	1,305,613,531	[{"title": "Hubei Provincial Museum", "data": {"Established": "March 16, 1953", "Location": "Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei, China", "Coordinates": "30\u00b033\u203250\u2033N 114\u00b021\u203232\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff30.56389\u00b0N 114.35889\u00b0E", "Type": "History museum", "Curator": "Zhang Xiaoyun", "Website": "www.hbww.org.cn"}}]	false
# Al Aynsley-Green Sir Albert Aynsley-Green (born 30 May 1943) is a paediatric endocrinologist and Professor Emeritus of Child Health at University College London. Aynsley-Green is most notable for advancing the idea of the rights of children. He was appointed to the first Children's Commissioner for England in March 2005, serving in this position until 2009. During this time he launched an initiative to publicize and combat bullying. ## Life Aynsley-Green married Rosemary Anne Aynsley-Green née Boucher in 1967 and has two children. ## Career Aynsley-Green started his clinical training at King's College London GKT School of Medical Education at the Guy's Hospital campus. Aynsley-Green then undertook research into Insulin secretion that led to a thesis, that earned him a promotion to D.Phil at the University of Oxford. Having decided to specialise in paediatrics, Aynsley-Green took his clinical training within the hospitals in Oxfordshire, and then moved to the University Children’s Hospital of Zürich to take specialised training as a paediatric endocrinologist. After returning to the UK, Aynsley-Green was appointed as a clinical lecturer at the University of Oxford, and was then promoted to Fellow of Green College Oxford, with a position as university lecturer. In 1984, Aynsley-Green was appointed to the position of James Spence Professor of Child Health at Newcastle University. In 1993, Aynsley-Green was invited to take the Nuffield Chair of Child Health at the Institute of Child Health. With the position was an appointment as an Executive Director of clinical research and development at Great Ormond Street Hospital. ## NHS Taskforce for Children On 22 July 2000, Aynsley-Green and other colleagues published a paper in which it was argued that children were being ignored in future health plans that the then United Kingdom government was preparing, and that a strategy was needed that would enable children and adolescents to be represented at all levels of health policy. The paper contrasted that while in Scotland, a children's minister had been appointed and in Wales, a children's commissioner was being appointed during the life of the National Assembly for Wales, but in England, a fundamental cultural reorganisation was needed to be realised to benefit children's and adolescents at all levels of healthcare and policy. On 22 July 2001, Aynsley-Green was appointed to the UK director of children's health-care services by Alan Milburn of the First Blair ministry a position he held until December 2005, when the appointment was taken by Sheila Shribman. Milburn stated that Aynsley-Green's priority will be to spearhead the faster development of the first ever national standards for children's health services. In August 2001, Aynsley-Green called for the UK Government to create a Children's Commissioner for England. The role was entirely independent from government, with a statutory responsibility to speak for health and well-being needs of the children in England, numbering approximately 11 million. On 4 October 2004, Aynsley-Green and his colleagues published the National Service Framework for children. In March 2005, Aynsley-Green became the Children’s Commissioner for England, a position he held until 2010. To achieve the position, children had to be consulted and indeed was the overarching principal. Due to the children, the original name of the office was changed, from Office of the Children's Commissioner to 11 Million a relatively obscure name, but representative of the wishes of the children. Aynsley-Green also had to sit an exam that was written by and marked by the children. The process also included two interrogations by secondary school children. Aynsley-Green role was considered a controversial choice for the position and after being appointed to the role, he received significant negative press coverage, and considered enemy number one by the press. Catherine Bennett at the time, of The Observer criticised the bleak picture of English childhood that Aynsley-Green offered. Tony McNulty complained about Aynsley-Green opposition to stop and search and that he was wrong in his approach. John Reid Baron Reid of Cardowan, wrote the foreword. In 2008, as part of their remit, Aynsley-Green along with the other children's commissioners of the other nations of the United Kingdom, produced a report for the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Children. Although the working of the four commissioners together was evidence that they were working to improve the life of children. The reports conclusion stated that some things had got worse for children since the Committee’s Concluding Observations of 2002. At the end of Aynsley-Green term as Children's Commissioner, he was interviewed by The Daily Telegraph, in 2010. In the interview Aynsley-Green posited that Britain was suffering a deep malaise and could be considered one of the most child hostile countries in the world. Aynsley-Green commented on The Mosquito device, essentially an ultrasonic weapon, used to stop children gathering. Aynsley-Green once headed a campaign to ban it, describing it as the most visible aspect of hostility to the young. Aynsley-Green reported that when he abroad, he would often be asked by Britain was so hostile to children, and that as a people, the British only care about their own children, and not others. Aynsley-Green said in interview, that current healthcare services were still geared towards adults, and worst outcomes for children in the developed world In a foreword of a report published by the BMA, Aynsley-Green, wrote that the National Service Framework for children was being systematically betrayed by politicians through a lack of political will, and blaming the churn in ministerial appointments, political indifference and failedby the Parliament to hold the Department of Health. Aynsley-Green also said that the Department of Health publishing of a new policy statement, Achieving Equity and Excellence was meant to neutralise Sir Ian Kennedy's highly critical report, on the lack of progress in improving children’s services. In the report Aynsley-Green, expressed in writing a kind of déjà vu that all his previous work and his colleagues, on the National Framework was being repeated. ## Societies Aynsley-Green held the chair of Chair of the Salisbury Diocesan Board of Education from 1 October 2010 and resigned on 1 July 2013. Aynsley-Green served as president of the British Medical Association in 2015–16. ## Honours and awards In 1991, Aynsley-Green was awarded The Andrea Prader Prize for outstanding achievements in leadership, teaching and clinical practice in the field of pediatric endocrinology. The award was named in honour of Andrea Prader, the Swiss scientist, pediatric endocrinologist, who discovered Prader–Willi syndrome. Aynsley-Green was knighted in 2006. He is an honorary fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. In 2011, Aynsley-Green was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Education at Nottingham Trent University, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the education and health of children. Aynsley-Green received the James Spence Medal in 2013. ## Bibliography The following are the most cited papers of Aynsley-Green: - Anand, K.J.S.; Sippell, W.G.; Aynsley-Green, A. (January 1987). "Randomised Trial of Fentanyl Anaesthesia in Preterm Babies Undergoing Surgery: Effects on the Stress Response". The Lancet. 329 (8524): 62–66. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91907-6. PMID 2879174. S2CID 21766926. - Bitner-Glindzicz, Maria; Lindley, Keith J.; Rutland, Paul; et al. (September 2000). "A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene". Nature Genetics. 26 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1038/79178. PMID 10973248. S2CID 2237489. - Cornblath, M.; Hawdon, J. M.; Williams, A. F.; Aynsley-Green, A.; Ward-Platt, M. P.; Schwartz, R.; Kalhan, S. C. (1 May 2000). "Controversies Regarding Definition of Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Suggested Operational Thresholds". Pediatrics. 105 (5): 1141–1145. doi:10.1542/peds.105.5.1141. PMID 10790476. - Dunne, Mark J.; Cosgrove, Karen E.; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lindley, Keith J. (January 2004). "Hyperinsulinism in Infancy: From Basic Science to Clinical Disease". Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): 239–275. doi:10.1152/physrev.00022.2003. PMID 14715916. S2CID 2538093. - Bitner-Glindzicz, Maria; Lindley, Keith J.; Rutland, Paul; Blaydon, Diana; Smith, Virpi V.; Milla, Peter J.; Hussain, Khalid; Furth-Lavi, Judith; Cosgrove, Karen E.; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Barnes, Philippa D.; O'Brien, Rachel E.; Farndon, Peter A.; Sowden, Jane; Liu, Xue-Zhong; Scanlan, Matthew J.; Malcolm, Sue; Dunne, Mark J.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Glaser, Benjamin (September 2000). "A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene". Nature Genetics. 26 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1038/79178. PMID 10973248. S2CID 2237489. - Clayton, Peter T.; Eaton, Simon; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Edginton, Mark; Hussain, Khalid; Krywawych, Steve; Datta, Vipan; Malingré, Helga E.M.; Berger, Ruud; van den Berg, Inge E.T. (1 August 2001). "Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of β-oxidation in insulin secretion". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 108 (3): 457–465. doi:10.1172/jci200111294. PMC 209352. PMID 11489939. - Dunne, Mark J.; Kane, Charlotte; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Sanchez, Jorge A.; James, Roger F.L.; Johnson, Paul R.V.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lu, Shan; Clement, John P.; Lindley, Keith J.; Seino, Susumu; Aguilar-Bryan, Lydia; Gonzalez, Gabriela; Milla, Peter J. (6 March 1997). "Familial Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy and Mutations in the Sulfonylurea Receptor". New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (10): 703–706. doi:10.1056/NEJM199703063361005. hdl:2381/35991. PMID 9041101. - Cornblath, Marvin; Schwartz, Robert; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lloyd, June K. (May 1990). "Hypoglycemia in Infancy: The Need for a Rational Definition". Pediatrics. 85 (5): 834–837. doi:10.1542/peds.85.5.834. ISSN 0031-4005. S2CID 7172574. The following are books that Aynsley-Green wrote or co-wrote: - Gregory, John W; Aynsley-Green, Albert (1993). Hypoglycaemia. Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism, volume 7, number 3 (Illustrations ed.). London: Bailliere. pp. 551–783. - Aynsley-Green, Albert (1995). Stress and pain in infancy and childhood. London: Baillère Tindall. ISBN 9780702020094. - Aynsley-Green, Albert; Soltész, Gyula (1985). Hypoglycaemia in infancy and childhood. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 9780443031847. - Aynsley-Green, A (1997). Unintentional injury in childhood and adolescence. Baillière's clinical paediatrics : international practice and research volume 5 number 3. London: Baillière, Tindall. ISBN 9780702023194. - Aynsley-Green, A (2003). Do ye hear the children weeping, o my brothers, ere the sorrow comes with years?. London: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust. - Aynsley-Green, Al (2003). The Harrison Research Centre at the Children's Trust : inaugural lecture : 'Do you hear the children weeping, o my brothers!'. Tadworth. OCLC 957168274. - Kane, Charlotte; Shepherd, Ruth M.; Squires, Paul E.; Johnson, Paul R.V.; James, Roger F.L.; Milla, Peter J.; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Lindley, Keith J.; Dunne, Mark J. (1 December 1996). "Loss of functional KATP channels in pancreatic β–cells causes persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy". Nature Medicine. 2 (12): 1344–1347. doi:10.1038/nm1296-1344. PMID 8946833. S2CID 24420395. - Aynsley-Green, A (2019). The British Betrayal of Childhood Challenging Uncomfortable Truths and Bringing about Change (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138297920.[29] - Birch-Machin, Mark A; Aynsley-Green, Albert; Welch, Robert J; Milligan, David W A; Darley-Usmar, Victor M; Bartlett, Kim; Sherratt, H Stanley A; Watmough, Nicholas J; Turnbull, Douglass M (1989). "Fatal Lactic Acidosis in Infancy with a Defect of Complex III of the Respiratory Chain". Pediatric Research. 25 (5): 553–559. doi:10.1203/00006450-198905000-00025. PMID 2541396. The following are proceedings that Aynsley-Green wrote or co-wrote: - Aynsley-Green, Albert (1984). Paediatric endocrinology in clinical practice : proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians' Paediatric Endocrinology Conference 20-21 October 1983 (Conference publication ed.). London: Lancaster, MTP Press. ISBN 9780852008645. - Aynsley-Green, Albert; Kelnar, Christopher J H (1995). 34th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric [i.e. Pediatric] Endocrinology (ESPE) : abstracts : Edinburgh, June 25-28, 1995 (European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology. Annual Meeting ed.). Basel: Karger. ISBN 9783805561747.	enwiki/58374670	enwiki	58,374,670	Al Aynsley-Green	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Aynsley-Green	2025-08-17T21:17:44Z	en	Q56435424	186,842	{{Short description\|English academic}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder \| honorific_prefix = Sir \| name = Albert Aynsley-Green \| native_name = <!--The person's name in their own language, if different.--> \| native_name_lang = <!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in \|native_name= instead.--> \| honorific_suffix = \| image = \| image_size = \| image_upright = \| smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> \| alt = \| caption = \| order = \| office = [[Children's Commissioner for England]] \| term_start = 2005 \| term_end = 2009 \| successor = [[Maggie Atkinson]] \| prior_term = \| order2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> \| office2 = President of the [[British Medical Association\|BMA]] \| term_start2 = 2015 \| term_end2 = 2016 \| predecessor2 = [[Ilora Finlay]] \| successor2 = {{ill\|Pali Hungin\|qid=Q42890571}} \|module = {{Infobox scientist \|embed = yes \| field = paediatric endocrinology \| workplaces = [[Guy's Hospital]] \| patrons = \| education = [[Green Templeton College, Oxford#Green College\|Green College]], [[Oxford University]] \| thesis_title = <!--(or \| thesis1_title = and \| thesis2_title = )--> \| thesis_url = <!--(or \| thesis1_url = and \| thesis2_url = )--> \| thesis_year = <!--(or \| thesis1_year = and \| thesis2_year = )--> \| doctoral_advisor = <!--(or \| doctoral_advisors = )--> \| academic_advisors = \| doctoral_students = \| notable_students = \| known_for = Advancing the rights of children and adolescents,<br /> Professor Emeritus of Child Health at [[University College London]], <br /> first [[Children's Commissioner for England]] \| influences = \| influenced = \| awards = [[Knight Bachelor\|Kt]], [[James Spence Medal]] \| author_abbrev_bot = \| author_abbrev_zoo = \| spouse = Rosemary Anne Aynsley-Green \| partner = <!--(or \| partners = )--> \| children = \| signature = <!--(filename only)--> \| signature_alt = \| website = {{URL\|www.aynsley-green.com}} \| footnotes = }} }} '''Sir Albert Aynsley-Green''' (born 30 May 1943) is a [[Pediatric endocrinology\|paediatric endocrinologist]] and Professor Emeritus of Child Health at [[University College London]]. Aynsley-Green is most notable for advancing the idea of the rights of children.<ref name="bma1">{{cite news\|title=A champion for children: Sir Al Aynsley-Green\|url=https://www.bma.org.uk/news/2015/june/a-champion-for-children-sir-al-aynsley-green\|accessdate=26 October 2018\|publisher=British Medical Association\|date=30 June 2016}}</ref> He was appointed to the first [[Children's Commissioner for England]] in March 2005,<ref name="RCPCH"/> serving in this position until 2009.<ref name="profile"/> During this time he launched an initiative to publicize and combat bullying.<ref>{{cite report\| last=Aynsley-Green\| first=A.\| year=2006\| title=Bullying Today\| location=London\| publisher=Office of the Children's Commissioner\| url=http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/6653/1/Bullying%20Today%20%28November%202006%29.pdf\| access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> ==Life== Aynsley-Green married Rosemary Anne Aynsley-Green [[née]] Boucher in 1967 and has two children.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Aynsley-Green, Sir Albert \|chapter-url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-6070 \|website=Who's Who 2018 \|publisher=A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury \|accessdate=3 November 2018 \|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U6070\|chapter=Aynsley-Green, Sir Albert, (born 30 May 1943), Founder and Director, Aynsley-Green Consulting, since 2010; Children's Commissioner for England, 2005–10; Nuffield Professor of Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 1993–2005, now Emeritus; President, British Medical Association, 2015–16 \|year=2007 \|isbn=978-0-19-954088-4 }}</ref> ==Career== Aynsley-Green started his clinical training at [[King's College London GKT School of Medical Education]] at the [[Guy's Hospital]] campus.<ref name="ag">{{cite web \|title=Sir Al Aynsley-Green \|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/sir-al-aynsley-green-579423 \|website=The Conversation \|publisher=The Conversation Trust \|accessdate=26 October 2018 \|location=Profile \|date=22 October 2018}}</ref> Aynsley-Green then undertook research into [[Insulin]] secretion that led to a thesis, that earned him a promotion to [[Doctor of Philosophy\|D.Phil]] at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="ag"/> Having decided to specialise in paediatrics, Aynsley-Green took his clinical training within the hospitals in [[Oxfordshire]], and then moved to the [[University Children’s Hospital of Zürich]] to take specialised training as a paediatric endocrinologist.<ref name="ag"/> After returning to the UK, Aynsley-Green was appointed as a clinical lecturer at the [[University of Oxford]],<ref name="ag"/> and was then promoted to Fellow of [[Green Templeton College, Oxford\|Green College]] Oxford, with a position as university lecturer.<ref name="ag"/> In 1984, Aynsley-Green was appointed to the position of [[James Calvert Spence\|James Spence]] Professor of Child Health at [[Newcastle University]].<ref name=ROC1>{{cite web \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=Albert \|title=Reflections on Children, Child Health and Society \|url=https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/files/2017-01/reflections-children-health-society-web-final.pdf \|website=Nuffield Trust \|accessdate=26 October 2018 \|location=Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Fellowship Lecture \|page=6 \|date=2007}}</ref> In 1993, Aynsley-Green was invited to take the Nuffield Chair of Child Health at the [[Institute of Child Health]].<ref name=ROC1/> With the position was an appointment as an Executive Director of clinical research and development at [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]].<ref name="ag"/> ==NHS Taskforce for Children== On 22 July 2000, Aynsley-Green and other colleagues published a paper<ref name="yr2">{{cite journal \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=A. \|last2=Barker \|first2=Maggie \|last3=Morgan \|first3=John \|last4=Turner \|first4=Tom \|last5=Waterston \|first5=Tony \|title=Who is speaking for children and adolescents and for their health at the policy level? \|journal=BMJ \|date=22 July 2000 \|volume=321 \|issue=7255 \|pages=229–232 \|doi=10.1136/bmj.321.7255.229\|pmid=10903661 \|pmc=1118224 }}</ref> in which it was argued that children were being ignored in future health plans that the then United Kingdom government was preparing, and that a strategy was needed that would enable children and adolescents to be represented at all levels of health policy. The paper contrasted that while in Scotland, a children's minister had been appointed and in Wales, a children's commissioner was being appointed during the life of the [[National Assembly for Wales]], but in England, a fundamental cultural reorganisation was needed to be realised to benefit children's and adolescents at all levels of healthcare and policy.<ref name="yr2"/> On 22 July 2001, Aynsley-Green was appointed to the UK director of children's health-care services by [[Alan Milburn]] of the [[First Blair ministry]]<ref>{{cite journal \|title=Time to be serious about children's health care \|journal=The Lancet \|date=August 2001 \|volume=358 \|issue=9280 \|pages=431 \|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05606-9 \|last1=The Lancet \|s2cid=2874279 }}</ref> a position he held until December 2005, when the appointment was taken by [[Sheila Shribman]].<ref>{{cite journal \|title=National Clinical Directors \|url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Aboutus/MinistersandDepartmentLeaders/Nationalclinicaldirectors/DH_4119188?PageOperation=email \|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120105003242/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Aboutus/MinistersandDepartmentLeaders/Nationalclinicaldirectors/DH_4119188?PageOperation=email \|url-status=dead \|website=National Archives \|publisher=UK Government \|accessdate=4 November 2018 \|archivedate=5 January 2012 \|location=Email message\|last1=Health \|first1=Department of }}</ref> Milburn stated that Aynsley-Green's ''priority will be to spearhead the faster development of the first ever national standards for children's health services''.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Yesterday in Parliament \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1334544/Yesterday-in-Parliament.html \|accessdate=10 November 2018 \|agency=The Telegraph \|publisher=Telegraph Media Group \|date=19 Jul 2001}}</ref> In August 2001, Aynsley-Green called for the UK Government to create a Children's Commissioner for England.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Butler \|first1=Patrick \|title=Call to establish children's commissioner \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/aug/03/nhsstaff.childrensservices \|accessdate=3 November 2018 \|agency=The Guardian \|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited \|date=3 August 2001}}</ref> The role was entirely independent from government, with a [[Statute\|statutory responsibility]] to speak for health and well-being needs of the children in England, numbering approximately 11 million.<ref name="bma1"/> On 4 October 2004, Aynsley-Green and his colleagues published the National Service Framework for children.<ref>{{cite web \|title=National service framework: children, young people and maternity services \|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-service-framework-children-young-people-and-maternity-services \|website=United Kingdom Government \|publisher=UK Gov. \|accessdate=10 November 2018 \|format=pdf \|date=4 October 2004}}</ref> In March 2005, Aynsley-Green became the [[Children’s Commissioner for England]],<ref>{{cite news \|title=England kids' champion appointed \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4310000/newsid_4310600/4310685.stm \|website=CBBC \|publisher=NewsRound \|accessdate=9 November 2018\|date=2005-03-02 }}</ref> a position he held until 2010.<ref name="host">{{cite news \|last1=Wardrop \|first1=Murray \|title='Britain is one of world's most unfriendly countries towards children' \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7144289/Britain-is-one-of-worlds-most-unfriendly-countries-towards-children.html \|accessdate=9 November 2018 \|agency=The Telegraph \|publisher=Telegraph Media Group \|date=3 February 2010}}</ref> To achieve the position, children had to be consulted and indeed was the overarching principal. Due to the children, the original name of the office was changed, from ''Office of the Children's Commissioner'' to ''11 Million'' a relatively obscure name, but representative of the wishes of the children.<ref name="child"/> Aynsley-Green also had to sit an exam that was written by and marked by the children. The process also included two interrogations by secondary school children.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Sir Al Aynsley-Green \|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/sir-al-aynsley-green-579423 \|website=The Conversation \|publisher=The Conversation Trust (UK) Limited \|accessdate=10 November 2018 \|date=22 Oct 2018}}</ref><ref name="bba"/> Aynsley-Green role was considered a controversial choice for the position and after being appointed to the role, he received significant negative press coverage,<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Vevers \|first1=Vevers \|title=Impact of Al Aynsley-Green as children's commissioner questioned \|url=http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2007/05/02/impact-of-al-aynsley-green-as-childrens-commissioner-questioned/ \|website=Community Care group \|publisher=MA Education \|accessdate=10 November 2018 \|date=2 May 2007}}</ref> and considered ''enemy number one'' by the press.<ref name="bba">{{cite news \|title=A champion for children: Sir Al Aynsley-Green \|url=https://www.bma.org.uk/news/2015/june/a-champion-for-children-sir-al-aynsley-green \|accessdate=9 November 2018 \|agency=BMA \|publisher=British Medical Association \|date=26 February 2018}}</ref> [[Catherine Bennett (journalist)\|Catherine Bennett]] at the time, of [[The Observer]] criticised the bleak picture of English childhood that Aynsley-Green offered. [[Tony McNulty]] complained about Aynsley-Green opposition to ''stop and search'' and that he was wrong in his approach.<ref name="child">{{cite news \|last1=Wilby \|first1=Peter \|title=Children's champion \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/nov/03/childrens-commissioner-aynsley-green \|accessdate=10 November 2018 \|agency=The Guardian \|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref> [[John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan\|John Reid]] [[Baron]] Reid of Cardowan, wrote the foreword. In 2008, as part of their remit, Aynsley-Green along with the other children's commissioners of the other nations of the United Kingdom, produced a report for the [[United Nations]] Committee on the Rights of the Children.<ref name="comm">{{cite web \|title=UK Children's Commissioners' Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child \|url=https://www.childcomwales.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/UK-Commissioners-UNCRC-Report.pdf \|website=Children’s Commissioner for Wales \|accessdate=9 November 2018 \|date=June 2008}}</ref> Although the working of the four commissioners together was evidence that they were working to improve the life of children. The reports conclusion stated that some things had got worse for children since the Committee’s Concluding Observations of 2002.<ref name="comm"/> At the end of Aynsley-Green term as Children's Commissioner, he was interviewed by [[The Daily Telegraph]], in 2010. In the interview Aynsley-Green posited that Britain was suffering a ''deep malaise'' and could be considered one of the most child hostile countries in the world. Aynsley-Green commented on [[The Mosquito]] device, essentially an ultrasonic weapon, used to stop children gathering. Aynsley-Green once headed a campaign to ban it, describing it as the most visible aspect of hostility to the young. Aynsley-Green reported that when he abroad, he would often be asked by Britain was so hostile to children, and that as a people, the British only care about their own children, and not others. Aynsley-Green said in interview, that current healthcare services were still geared towards adults, and worst outcomes for children in the developed world<ref name="host"/> In a foreword of a report published by the BMA,<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Hollins \|first1=Sheila \|last2=Porter \|first2=Mark \|last3=Chand \|first3=Kailash \|last4=Hajioff \|first4=Steve \|last5=Dearden \|first5=Andrew \|last6=Mansfield \|first6=Averil \|last7=Dangerfield \|first7=Peter \|last8=Datta \|first8=Shreelata \|last9=Davis \|first9=Lucy-Jane \|last10=Harding \|first10=Louise \|last11=Maguire \|first11=Peter \|last12=Moorthy \|first12=Ram \|last13=Rees \|first13=Michael \|last14=Steadman \|first14=Philip \|last15=Thomson \|first15=Andrew \|last16=De Souza \|first16=Beryl \|title=Growing up in the UK - BMA \|date=May 2013 \|publisher=BMA Board of Science \|location=British Medical Association \|isbn=978-0-9575831-0-8 \|page=ix \|url=https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/policy-and-research/public-and-population-health/child-health/growing-up-in-the-uk\|accessdate=4 November 2018 \|format=pdf}}</ref> Aynsley-Green, wrote that the [[National Service Framework for children]] was being systematically betrayed by politicians through a lack of political will, and blaming the ''churn in ministerial appointments'', ''political indifference'' and failedby the ''Parliament to hold the Department of Health''. Aynsley-Green also said that the Department of Health publishing of a new policy statement, ''Achieving Equity and Excellence'' was meant to neutralise Sir Ian Kennedy's highly critical report,<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Kennedy \|first1=Ian \|title=Getting it right for children and young people: Overcoming cultural barriers in the NHS so as to meet their needs \|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/getting-it-right-for-children-and-young-people-overcoming-cultural-barriers-in-the-nhs-so-as-to-meet-their-needs \|website=UK Government \|accessdate=4 November 2018 \|location=Department of Health \|format=pdf \|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> on the lack of progress in improving children’s services. In the report Aynsley-Green, expressed in writing a kind of [[déjà vu]] that all his previous work and his colleagues, on the National Framework was being repeated. ==Societies== Aynsley-Green held the chair of Chair of the Salisbury Diocesan Board of Education from 1 October 2010<ref>{{cite news \|title=Sir Al Aynsley-Green appointed \|url=https://www.salisbury.anglican.org/news/first-news-item \|accessdate=26 October 2018 \|agency=Diocese of Salisbury \|publisher=Church of England \|date=17 November 2010 \|archive-date=26 October 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026182616/https://www.salisbury.anglican.org/news/first-news-item \|url-status=dead }}</ref> and resigned on 1 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web \|title=AYNSLEY-GREEN, Albert, Sir \|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00464306/officers?page=1 \|website=Companies House \|accessdate=26 October 2018}}</ref> Aynsley-Green served as president of the [[British Medical Association]] in 2015–16.<ref name="RCPCH">{{cite web \| title=Professor Sir Albert Aynsley Green \| website=RCPCH \| url=https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/about-us/our-team/professor-sir-albert-aynsley-green \| access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="profile">{{cite web\| url=http://www.aynsley-green.com/profile/\| access-date=2 September 2018\| title=Professor Sir Albert Aynsley Green Kt.\| website=www.aynsley-green.com\| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013754/http://www.aynsley-green.com/profile/\| archive-date=3 September 2018\| url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Honours and awards== In 1991, Aynsley-Green was awarded [[Andrea Prader#The Andrea Prader Prize\|The Andrea Prader Prize]] for outstanding achievements in leadership, teaching and clinical practice in the field of pediatric endocrinology.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Previous Winners \|url=https://www.eurospe.org/grants-awards/awards/andrea-prader-prize/ \|website=European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology \|publisher=ESPE \|accessdate=2 November 2018 \|date=1991}}</ref> The award was named in honour of [[Andrea Prader]], the [[Switzerland\|Swiss]] scientist, [[pediatric endocrinology\|pediatric endocrinologist]], who discovered [[Prader–Willi syndrome]]. Aynsley-Green was knighted in 2006.<ref name="Stewart 2006">{{cite web \| last=Stewart \| first=William \| title=Head knighted for double act \| website=[[Times Educational Supplement]] \| date=23 June 2006 \| url=https://www.tes.com/news/head-knighted-double-act \| access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> He is an honorary fellow of [[Oriel College, Oxford\|Oriel College]], [[Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Honorary Fellows \|url=https://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/people/fellows-academic-staff/honorary-fellows \|website=Oriel College Oxford \|publisher=University of Oxford \|accessdate=26 October 2018\|date=2016-01-06 }}</ref> In 2011, Aynsley-Green was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Education at [[Nottingham Trent University]],<ref>{{cite web \|title=Honorary graduates \|url=http://www.ntualumni.org.uk/your_alumni_association/notable_alumni/honorary_graduates/Al_Aynsley-Green \|website=Nottingham Trent University Alumni \|publisher=Nottingham Trent University \|accessdate=2 November 2018 \|location=Nottingham \|date=2011}}</ref> in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the education and health of children. Aynsley-Green received the [[James Spence Medal]] in 2013.<ref name="RCPCH"/> ==Bibliography== The following are the most cited papers of Aynsley-Green: * {{cite journal \|last1=Anand \|first1=K.J.S. \|title=Randomised Trial of Fentanyl Anaesthesia in Preterm Babies Undergoing Surgery: Effects on the Stress Response \|last2=Sippell \|first2=W.G. \|last3=Aynsley-Green \|first3=A. \|journal=The Lancet \|date=January 1987 \|volume=329 \|issue=8524 \|pages=62–66 \|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91907-6\|pmid=2879174 \|s2cid=21766926 }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Bitner-Glindzicz \|first1=Maria \|last2=Lindley \|first2=Keith J. \|last3=Rutland \|first3=Paul \|last4=Blaydon \|first4=Diana \|last5=Smith \|first5=Virpi V. \|last6=Milla \|first6=Peter J. \|last7=Hussain \|first7=Khalid \|last8=Furth-Lavi \|first8=Judith \|last9=Cosgrove \|first9=Karen E. \|last10=Shepherd \|first10=Ruth M. \|last11=Barnes \|first11=Philippa D. \|last12=O'Brien \|first12=Rachel E. \|last13=Farndon \|first13=Peter A. \|last14=Sowden \|first14=Jane \|last15=Liu \|first15=Xue-Zhong \|last16=Scanlan \|first16=Matthew J. \|last17=Malcolm \|first17=Sue \|last18=Dunne \|first18=Mark J. \|last19=Aynsley-Green \|first19=Albert \|last20=Glaser \|first20=Benjamin \|display-authors=3 \|title=A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene \|journal=Nature Genetics \|date=September 2000 \|volume=26 \|issue=1 \|pages=56–60 \|doi=10.1038/79178\|pmid=10973248 \|s2cid=2237489 }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Cornblath \|first1=M. \|last2=Hawdon \|first2=J. M. \|last3=Williams \|first3=A. F. \|last4=Aynsley-Green \|first4=A. \|last5=Ward-Platt \|first5=M. P. \|last6=Schwartz \|first6=R. \|last7=Kalhan \|first7=S. C. \|title=Controversies Regarding Definition of Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Suggested Operational Thresholds \|journal=Pediatrics \|date=1 May 2000 \|volume=105 \|issue=5 \|pages=1141–1145 \|doi=10.1542/peds.105.5.1141\|pmid=10790476 }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Dunne \|first1=Mark J. \|last2=Cosgrove \|first2=Karen E. \|last3=Shepherd \|first3=Ruth M. \|last4=Aynsley-Green \|first4=Albert \|last5=Lindley \|first5=Keith J. \|s2cid=2538093 \|title=Hyperinsulinism in Infancy: From Basic Science to Clinical Disease \|journal=Physiological Reviews \|date=January 2004 \|volume=84 \|issue=1 \|pages=239–275 \|doi=10.1152/physrev.00022.2003\|pmid=14715916 }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Bitner-Glindzicz \|first1=Maria \|last2=Lindley \|first2=Keith J. \|last3=Rutland \|first3=Paul \|last4=Blaydon \|first4=Diana \|last5=Smith \|first5=Virpi V. \|last6=Milla \|first6=Peter J. \|last7=Hussain \|first7=Khalid \|last8=Furth-Lavi \|first8=Judith \|last9=Cosgrove \|first9=Karen E. \|last10=Shepherd \|first10=Ruth M. \|last11=Barnes \|first11=Philippa D. \|last12=O'Brien \|first12=Rachel E. \|last13=Farndon \|first13=Peter A. \|last14=Sowden \|first14=Jane \|last15=Liu \|first15=Xue-Zhong \|last16=Scanlan \|first16=Matthew J. \|last17=Malcolm \|first17=Sue \|last18=Dunne \|first18=Mark J. \|last19=Aynsley-Green \|first19=Albert \|last20=Glaser \|first20=Benjamin \|title=A recessive contiguous gene deletion causing infantile hyperinsulinism, enteropathy and deafness identifies the Usher type 1C gene \|journal=Nature Genetics \|date=September 2000 \|volume=26 \|issue=1 \|pages=56–60 \|doi=10.1038/79178\|pmid=10973248 \|s2cid=2237489 }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Clayton \|first1=Peter T. \|last2=Eaton \|first2=Simon \|last3=Aynsley-Green \|first3=Albert \|last4=Edginton \|first4=Mark \|last5=Hussain \|first5=Khalid \|last6=Krywawych \|first6=Steve \|last7=Datta \|first7=Vipan \|last8=Malingré \|first8=Helga E.M. \|last9=Berger \|first9=Ruud \|last10=van den Berg \|first10=Inge E.T. \|title=Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of β-oxidation in insulin secretion \|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation \|date=1 August 2001 \|volume=108 \|issue=3 \|pages=457–465 \|doi=10.1172/jci200111294\|pmid=11489939 \|pmc=209352 }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Dunne \|first1=Mark J. \|last2=Kane \|first2=Charlotte \|last3=Shepherd \|first3=Ruth M. \|last4=Sanchez \|first4=Jorge A. \|last5=James \|first5=Roger F.L. \|last6=Johnson \|first6=Paul R.V. \|last7=Aynsley-Green \|first7=Albert \|last8=Lu \|first8=Shan \|last9=Clement \|first9=John P. \|last10=Lindley \|first10=Keith J. \|last11=Seino \|first11=Susumu \|last12=Aguilar-Bryan \|first12=Lydia \|last13=Gonzalez \|first13=Gabriela \|last14=Milla \|first14=Peter J. \|title=Familial Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy and Mutations in the Sulfonylurea Receptor \|journal=New England Journal of Medicine \|date=6 March 1997 \|volume=336 \|issue=10 \|pages=703–706 \|doi=10.1056/NEJM199703063361005\|pmid=9041101 \|hdl=2381/35991 \|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10164164 \|hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Cornblath \|first1=Marvin \|last2=Schwartz \|first2=Robert \|last3=Aynsley-Green \|first3=Albert \|last4=Lloyd \|first4=June K. \|title=Hypoglycemia in Infancy: The Need for a Rational Definition \|journal=Pediatrics \|date=May 1990 \|volume=85 \|issue=5 \|pages=834–837 \|doi=10.1542/peds.85.5.834 \|s2cid=7172574 \|issn=0031-4005}} The following are books that Aynsley-Green wrote or co-wrote: * {{cite book \|last1=Gregory \|first1=John W \|last2=Aynsley-Green \|first2=Albert \|title=Hypoglycaemia \|date=1993 \|publisher=Bailliere \|series= Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism, volume 7, number 3\|location=[[London]] \|pages=551–783 \|edition=Illustrations}} * {{cite book \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=Albert \|title=Stress and pain in infancy and childhood \|date=1995 \|publisher=Baillère Tindall \|location=London \|isbn=9780702020094}} * {{cite book \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=Albert \|last2=Soltész \|first2=Gyula \|title=Hypoglycaemia in infancy and childhood \|date=1985 \|publisher=Churchill Livingstone \|location=[[Edinburgh]] \|isbn=9780443031847}} * {{cite book \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=A \|title=Unintentional injury in childhood and adolescence \|series=Baillière's clinical paediatrics : international practice and research volume 5 number 3 \|date=1997 \|publisher=Baillière, Tindall \|location=London \|isbn=9780702023194}} * {{cite book \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=A \|title=Do ye hear the children weeping, o my brothers, ere the sorrow comes with years? \|date=2003 \|publisher=[[Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children]] NHS Trust \|location=London}} * {{cite book \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=Al \|title=The Harrison Research Centre at the Children's Trust : inaugural lecture : 'Do you hear the children weeping, o my brothers!' \|oclc=957168274 \|date=2003 \|publisher=Tadworth}} * {{cite journal \|last1=Kane \|first1=Charlotte \|last2=Shepherd \|first2=Ruth M. \|last3=Squires \|first3=Paul E. \|last4=Johnson \|first4=Paul R.V. \|last5=James \|first5=Roger F.L. \|last6=Milla \|first6=Peter J. \|last7=Aynsley-Green \|first7=Albert \|last8=Lindley \|first8=Keith J. \|last9=Dunne \|first9=Mark J. \|title=Loss of functional KATP channels in pancreatic β–cells causes persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy \|journal=Nature Medicine \|date=1 December 1996 \|volume=2 \|issue=12 \|pages=1344–1347 \|doi=10.1038/nm1296-1344\|pmid=8946833 \|s2cid=24420395 }} * {{cite book \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=A \|title=The British Betrayal of Childhood Challenging Uncomfortable Truths and Bringing about Change. \|date=2019 \|publisher=Routledge \|location=New York \|isbn=9781138297920 \|edition=1}}<ref name="guard">{{cite news \|last1=Ferguson \|first1=Donna \|title=Britain has created a crisis in childhood, says former children's commissioner \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/oct/23/britain-crisis-childhood-former-childrens-commissioner-al-aynsley-green-book \|accessdate=3 November 2018 \|agency=[[The Guardian]] \|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited \|date=23 Oct 2018}}</ref> * {{cite journal \|last1=Birch-Machin \|first1=Mark A \|last2=Aynsley-Green \|first2=Albert \|last3=Welch \|first3=Robert J \|last4=Milligan \|first4=David W A \|last5=Darley-Usmar \|first5=Victor M \|last6=Bartlett \|first6=Kim \|last7=Sherratt \|first7=H Stanley A \|last8=Watmough \|first8=Nicholas J \|last9=Turnbull \|first9=Douglass M \|title=Fatal Lactic Acidosis in Infancy with a Defect of Complex III of the Respiratory Chain \|journal=Pediatric Research \|date=1989 \|volume=25 \|issue=5 \|pages=553–559 \|doi= 10.1203/00006450-198905000-00025\|pmid=2541396 \|doi-access=free }} The following are proceedings that Aynsley-Green wrote or co-wrote: * {{cite book \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=Albert \|title=Paediatric endocrinology in clinical practice : proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians' Paediatric Endocrinology Conference 20-21 October 1983 \|date=1984 \|publisher=Lancaster, MTP Press \|location=London \|isbn=9780852008645 \|edition=Conference publication}} * {{cite book \|last1=Aynsley-Green \|first1=Albert \|last2=Kelnar \|first2=Christopher J H \|title=34th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric [i.e. Pediatric] Endocrinology (ESPE) : abstracts : Edinburgh, June 25-28, 1995 \|date=1995 \|publisher=Karger \|location=Basel \|isbn=9783805561747 \|edition=European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology. Annual Meeting}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/eLibrary/Content/Internet/327/946/3790494621.pdf The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services – Emerging findings] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000113/http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/eLibrary/Content/Internet/327/946/3790494621.pdf \|date=11 November 2018 }} * [https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/policy-and-research/public-and-population-health/child-health/growing-up-in-the-uk Growing Up in the UK: Ensuring a healthy future for our children Report] {{James Spence Medal winners}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aynsley-Green, Albert}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of the British Medical Association]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)]] [[Category:Recipients of the James Spence Medal]] [[Category:British paediatric endocrinologists]] [[Category:Children's commissioners for England]] [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:Alumni of Green College, Oxford]]	1,306,454,407	[{"title": "Children's Commissioner for England", "data": {"Children's Commissioner for England": "In office \u00b7 2005\u20132009", "Succeeded by": "Maggie Atkinson"}}, {"title": "President of the BMA", "data": {"President of the BMA": ["In office \u00b7 2015\u20132016", "Scientific career"], "Preceded by": "Ilora Finlay", "Succeeded by": "Pali Hungin", "Education": "Green College, Oxford University", "Known for": "Advancing the rights of children and adolescents, \u00b7 Professor Emeritus of Child Health at University College London, \u00b7 first Children's Commissioner for England", "Spouse": "Rosemary Anne Aynsley-Green", "Awards": "Kt, James Spence Medal", "Fields": "paediatric endocrinology", "Institutions": "Guy's Hospital", "Website": "www.aynsley-green.com"}}]	false
# Landlord A landlord is the owner of property such as a farm, house, apartment, condominium, land, or real estate that is rented or leased to an individual or business, known as a tenant (also called a lessee or renter). The term landlord applies when a juristic person occupies this position. Alternative terms include lessor and owner. For female property owners, the term landlady may be used. In the United Kingdom, the manager of a pub, officially a licensed victualler, is also referred to as the landlord/landlady. In political economy, landlord specifically refers to someone who owns natural resources (such as land, excluding buildings) from which they derive economic rent, a form of passive income. ## History The concept of a landlord can be traced to the feudal system of manoralism (seignorialism), where landed estates were owned by Lords of the Manor (mesne lords). These lords were typically members of the lower nobility who later formed the rank of knights during the high medieval period. They held their fiefs through subinfeudation, though in some cases land was directly subject to members of higher nobility, such as the royal domain owned directly by a king, or the Holy Roman Empire's imperial villages which were directly subject to the emperor. This medieval system evolved from the villas and latifundia (large, peasant-worked farmsteads) of the Roman Empire. In modern times, the term "landlord" refers to a property owner who charges rent to a tenant. ## Owner and tenant responsibilities A rental agreement, or lease, is the contract that defines the terms of a rental arrangement. These terms include the rental price, penalties for late payments, the duration of the rental or lease, and the notice period required before either party can cancel the agreement. Generally, responsibilities are divided as follows: homeowners handle repairs and property maintenance, while tenants keep the property clean and safe. Many property owners hire property management companies to manage rental details. These companies typically advertise the property, show it to potential tenants, negotiate and prepare written leases or licence agreements, collect rent, and perform necessary repairs. ### United States In the United States, residential landlord-tenant disputes are primarily governed by state law rather than federal law, particularly regarding property and contracts. State laws, and sometimes city or county laws, establish the requirements for eviction. Generally, landlords can only evict tenants before a lease expires for specific legally valid reasons, though they can typically end the rental relationship without giving a reason when the lease term concludes. Some jurisdictions have enacted rent control or rent regulation laws that limit how much landlords can charge. There is also an implied warranty of habitability that requires landlords to maintain safe, decent, and habitable housing with basic safety features like smoke detectors and secure doors. Most common disputes arise from either the landlord failing to provide services or the tenant failing to pay rent—with service issues sometimes leading to payment problems. As typically explained in the lease, withholding rent constitutes justifiable grounds for eviction. City ordinances can also influence rental policies, such as the increasing adoption of source-of-income anti-discrimination rules. Tenants unions can also affect housing policy through political organization. ### Canada In Canada, residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by provincial law regarding property and contracts. Provincial law sets the requirements for eviction of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord can evict a tenant. Some provinces have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation, and related eviction. There is also an implied warranty of habitability, whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements. ### United Kingdom #### Residential rental market (tenancies) Private sector renting is largely governed by many of the Landlord and Tenant Acts, in particular the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 which sets bare minimum standards in tenants' rights against their landlords. Another key statute is the Housing Act 2004. Rents can be freely increased at the end of a usual six-month duration, on proper notice given to the tenant. A Possession Order under the most common type, the assured shorthold tenancy (AST) is usually obtainable after eight weeks/two months of unpaid rent, and at the court's discretion after serving the tenant with a Section 8 notice (under the Housing Act 1988 as amended) for a lesser period for all assured tenancies, and on other grounds which defer to the landlord's ownership of the property. If the tenancy is an AST then any possession order will not take effect until six months has passed into the initial tenancy. A tenancy of someone who has been in occupation since before 15 January 1989 usually, if not a shorthold from the outset following their inception from 1980 onwards, may be a "regulated tenancy" with many more rights, especially under the Rent Act 1977 and Protection from Eviction Act 1977, introduced by the Third Wilson ministry. Each house in multiple occupation, a unit the law does not regard it as a single household having more than three tenants, is subject to enhanced regulations including the Housing Act 2004. A council-issued licence to be a landlord of such a unit is always required in some local authorities (in others, limited to the larger statutory examples). #### Residential leasehold Tenancies lasting more than a couple of years are typically called leases and tend to be extensive; any lease exceeding seven years must be registered as a new leasehold estate. These arrangements follow fewer of the above rules and, in longer examples, are deliberately more similar to full ownership than conventional tenancies. They rarely require substantial ground rent. Current law doesn't regulate significant break/resale charges or prevent leasehold house sales; following widespread consultation in the 2010s, certain reforms are being drafted. Generally, legislation allows lessees (tenants) to join together to gain the Right to Manage and the right to purchase the landlord's interest (collective enfranchisement). Individually, tenants can extend their leases for a new, smaller sum ("premium"), which typically won't be demanded or recommended every 15–35 years if the tenants have enfranchised. Notice requirements and forms tend to be strictly enforced. In smaller properties, tenants may qualify for individual enfranchisement based on a simple mathematical division of the building. Statute law from 1925 implies into nearly all leases (tenancies at low rent with an initial large sum or "premium") that they can be sold (assigned) by the lessee; this reduces any restrictions to ones where the landlord may apply "reasonable" vetting standards without causing significant delays. This is commonly known as the "statutory qualified covenant on assignment/alienation." In the diminishing area of social housing, tenants can exceptionally acquire the Right to Buy over time, which provides a fixed discount on the market price of the home. #### Commercial (business) leases and tenancies For commercial properties, much of the law regarding disputes and basic responsibilities stems from freedom of contract principles in the common law, including implied terms from precedent decisions in wide-ranging case law, such as the meaning of "good and substantial repair." Implied principles include "non-derogation from grant" and "quiet enjoyment." All business tenants (lessees) must decide whether to contract in or outside of Part II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954, which provides "business security of tenure." If not specifically excluded, it generally applies by default. This "security of tenure" is expressly subject to common reasons and associated mechanisms for a landlord to reclaim the premises. When a landlord sells a block where a qualifying tenant occupies more than 50%, the tenant should receive the right of first refusal to buy the block at the asking price. As in most jurisdictions, the law strictly enforces lease terms regarding unlawful subletting and assignment, potentially resulting in financial and property loss if violated. Unlike residential tenancies, failure to pay a commercial rent demand can result in direct landlord repossession ("peaceable re-entry") through a commercial landlord's right to use "self-help" evictions. The practice of taking a tenant's goods without a court-issued warrant (flowing from a court order or outstanding tax demand) (distress) has been banned. ### Mexico In Mexico, landlord-tenant relationships are governed primarily by state-specific Civil Codes, resulting in variations in property regulations across the country. Mexican property laws tend to favor tenants, making evictions notably difficult for landlords upon lease expiration. If a landlord does not provide timely notice before the lease termination, the lease may automatically transition into an indefinite-term agreement, complicating eviction procedures further. Security deposits in Mexico are generally negotiable between landlords and tenants without a legally mandated maximum, though it is common practice for landlords to request a deposit equivalent to one month's rent. Rent increases are regulated in certain jurisdictions, often restricted to no more than 85% of the increase in the general minimum wage for the region or based on a consumer price index agreed upon by both parties. Eviction procedures in Mexico are strictly regulated, requiring judicial intervention that can involve significant time, effort, and legal expenses for landlords. If a tenant refuses to vacate following an eviction order, landlords may need judicial support, including police assistance, to enforce the eviction. The eviction process duration can vary significantly, often lasting several weeks or longer if tenants file appeals or request extensions. ## Criticism of landlords ### Land ownership The concept of land ownership is not universal. Many Native American tribes did not view land as a commodity whereas many Europeans colonists did. Ownership of land in the pre-colonial Americas varied from group to group, but many Native American societies had communal and individual land. Some European scholars were also skeptical of land ownership, such as Adam Smith and Henry George. Smith said about landlords, "As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords—like all other men—love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for their land’s natural product." George believed land belonged to everyone and supported a public tax on economic rent, which he believed would be so profitable that all other taxes would be abolished. ### Monopolies Another common criticism of landlords is the tendency for monopolization. Without regulation, corporations are able to use their purchasing power to buy up housing stock. In a single Atlanta zip code, up to 90% of the houses sold between January 2011 and June 2012 were purchased by instituitional investors. Corporate landlords are able to buy foreclosed houses and rent the house back to the original owner. Another form of corporate monopolization and housing are company towns, where one corporation owns the vast majority of housing and businesses. Since these corporations employ most of the residents of the town, they are able to raise rent and lower wages during a recession. ### Slum landlord Renters (tenants or other licensees) at the lowest end of the payment scale may be in social or economic difficulty and suffer significant social stigma as a consequence. Due to lack of alternative options, such renters are often the victims of unscrupulous owners of unsafe and decrepit properties who neglect their responsibility to maintain the property. The terms "slumlord", "slum landlord", or "ghetto landlord" is used to describe landlords of large numbers of such properties, often holding a virtual local monopoly. Public improvement or major private investment can improve such areas. In extreme situations, government compulsory purchase powers in many countries enable slum clearance to replace or renovate the worst of neighbourhoods. Rent Gouging Rent gouging refers to the practice of raising rent prices too high or to an unconscionable level. In response, some states and municipalities have passed legislation capping the amount landlords can increase the rent, also known as rent regulation. ## Accidental landlord The term 'accidental landlord' is used for landlords who do not initially intend to become a landlord but have a spare property (from inheriting it, moving in with a partner, or unable to sell when moving), and then choose to lease the property instead of selling it. ## Rental investment and basis Rental properties can be paid for by the tenant on whatever basis is agreed upon between the landlord and the tenant (more frequently than weekly or less than yearly is almost unheard of), which is always included in the lease agreement (preferably for both sides in writing). It should be one of the primary factors a tenant considers before moving in. ### Incentives and conflicts The incentive is to obtain a good rental yield (profit) and prospect of property price inflation. The landlord profit motive conflicts with the locally varying rights of tenants, maintenance and administrative duties of landlords, and keynote risks (tenant disputes, damage, neglect, loss of rent, insurance unavailability/disputes, economic slump, increased rate of interest on any mortgage, and negative equity or loss of investment). Net income (yield) and capital growth from letting (renting out) particularly in leveraged buy to let, is subject to idiosyncratic risk, which is considered objectively intensified for a highly leveraged investor limited to a small number of similar profile homes, of narrow rental market appeal in areas lacking economic resilience. ### Security for rent and extra fees Landlords or their agents commonly collect security deposits from tenants, and in some jurisdictions may also charge move-in or administration fees. The amount of the security deposit can significantly impact a tenant's decision to rent a property; a high deposit acts as a barrier to entry, while a lower deposit makes a property more attractive in competitive rental markets. Security deposits are rarely negotiated during pre-tenancy discussions. By law, security deposits are typically intended to cover unpaid rent, property damage, or cleaning/repair costs that result from the tenant's occupancy. In certain jurisdictions, traditional security deposits or certain fees may be prohibited by law. Alternative approaches include landlords incorporating potential losses into the monthly rent or using regulated bond systems where a specified sum is held by an authorized third party (such as licensed real estate agents) rather than the landlord directly. By law, security deposits are typically intended to cover unpaid rent, property damage, or cleaning/repair costs that result from the tenant's occupancy. ## Licensed victualler In the United Kingdom the owner and/or manager of a pub (public house) is usually called the "landlord/landlady" or "publican", the latter properly the appellation of a Roman public contractor or tax farmer. In more formal situations, the term used is licensed victualler or simply "licensee". The Licensed Trade Charity, formed in 2004 from the merger of the Society of Licensed Victuallers and Licensed Victualler's National Homes, exists to serve the retirement needs of Britain's pub landlords. The charity also runs three private schools in Ascot and Reading in Berkshire and Sayers Common in Sussex. As well as having normal full fee paying students, Licensed Victuallers' School in Ascot provides discounted education prices for the children of landlords and others in the catering industry. ## Landlord associations There are significant associations of landlords in various countries. These associations/societies provide support for their members in facing a range of issues by providing a means of mutual support, and also lobby relevant authorities and parliament with regard to the details and implementation of residential and some commercial tenancy legislation. ### Australia Numerous landlord associations exist in Australia. These associations should be distinguished from the class of property owner associations representing the 'big end of town' — the owners of major buildings and very large residential housing complexes, such as the Property Council of Australia. - Property Owners Association of Australia (POAA)[35] - Property Owners Association of Victoria (POAVIC)[33] - POAQ – Property Owners Association of Queensland[36] - Property Owners Association of NSW[37] - Property Owners Association of Western Australia[38] - Landlords Association of South Australia[39] ### United Kingdom National Residential Landlords Association (NRLA) has now formed from a merger of the two following organisations as of 31/3/2020: - Residential Landlords Association (RLA) - National Landlords Association (NLA) ### Related occupations - Building superintendent - Landowner - Property manager	enwiki/538368	enwiki	538,368	Landlord	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlord	2025-08-19T11:22:01Z	en	Q618532	190,997	{{Short description\|Owner of a rented building, land or real estate}} {{Other uses}} {{Redirect\|Landlady}} {{More citations needed\|date=September 2021}} [[File:Powerful landlord in chariot. Eastern Han 25-220 CE. Anping, Hebei.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.35\|Powerful landlord in chariot, [[Eastern Han]] 25–220 CE. [[Hebei]], China]] {{housing}} A '''landlord''' is the owner of property such as a farm, [[house]], [[apartment]], [[Condominium (living space)\|condominium]], land, or [[real estate]] that is [[Renting\|rented]] or [[lease]]d to an individual or business, known as a [[Leasehold estate\|tenant]] (also called a ''lessee'' or ''renter''). The term landlord applies when a [[juristic person]] occupies this position. Alternative terms include '''lessor''' and '''owner'''. For female property owners, the term '''landlady''' may be used. In the [[United Kingdom]], the manager of a [[pub]], officially a [[Landlord#Licensed victualler\|licensed victualler]], is also referred to as the landlord/landlady. In political economy, landlord specifically refers to someone who owns natural resources (such as land, excluding buildings) from which they derive [[economic rent]], a form of [[passive income]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Dagher \|first=Veronica \|date=19 December 2022 \|title=For Landlords, Rising Housing Costs Make It Harder to Earn Passive Income \|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-landlords-rising-housing-costs-make-it-harder-to-earn-passive-income-11671403749 \|access-date=2023-03-13 \|newspaper=Wall Street Journal \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== [[File:E9438-David-Berry-monument.jpg\|thumb\|[[David Berry (landowner)\|David Berry]] owned much of what is now known as his namesake town of [[Berry, New South Wales\|Berry]].]] The concept of a landlord can be traced to the [[feudalism\|feudal]] system of [[manoralism]] ([[seignorialism]]), where [[landed estate]]s were owned by [[Lord of the Manor\|Lords of the Manor]] ([[mesne lord]]s). These lords were typically members of the lower nobility who later formed the rank of [[knight]]s during the high medieval period. They held their fiefs through [[subinfeudation]], though in some cases land was directly subject to members of higher nobility, such as the [[royal domain]] owned directly by a king, or the [[Holy Roman Empire]]'s [[Imperial Village\|imperial villages]] which were directly subject to the emperor. This medieval system evolved from the [[Roman villa\|villas]] and [[latifundium\|latifundia]] (large, peasant-worked farmsteads) of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm \|title=Feudalism \|website=faculty.history.wisc.edu \|access-date=14 March 2018 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405034238/http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/feudalism.htm \|archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> In modern times, the term "landlord" refers to a property owner who charges [[rent-seeking\|rent]] to a tenant.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Definition of Landlord \|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/landlord \|website=[[Merriam-Webster]] \|access-date=5 November 2024 \|language=en \|date=28 October 2024}}</ref> ==Owner and tenant responsibilities== A [[rental agreement]], or ''lease'', is the [[contract]] that defines the terms of a rental arrangement. These terms include the rental price, penalties for late payments, the duration of the rental or lease, and the notice period required before either party can cancel the agreement. Generally, responsibilities are divided as follows: homeowners handle repairs and property maintenance, while tenants keep the property clean and safe. Many property owners hire [[property management]] companies to manage rental details. These companies typically advertise the property, show it to potential tenants, negotiate and prepare written leases or licence agreements,<ref>Friedman on Leases (Sixth Edition) by Andrew R. Berman, Chapter 37: Leases, Licenses, and Easements Compared—Parking Rights, Department Store Concessions, Lodgers, Etc.</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/ \|title=Using a License Agreement Instead of a Lease \|website=LawJournalNewsletters.com \|access-date=2019-08-03 \|archive-date=2023-09-23 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923171843/https://www.lawjournalnewsletters.com/sites/lawjournalnewsletters/2008/01/31/using-a-license-agreement-instead-of-a-lease/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref> collect rent, and perform necessary repairs. ===United States=== In the [[United States]], [[residential]] landlord-tenant disputes are primarily governed by [[state law]] rather than [[federal law]], particularly regarding [[property]] and [[contracts]]. State laws, and sometimes city or county laws, establish the requirements for [[eviction]]. Generally, landlords can only evict tenants before a lease expires for specific legally valid reasons, though they can typically end the rental relationship without giving a reason when the lease term concludes. Some jurisdictions have enacted [[rent control]] or [[rent regulation]] laws that limit how much landlords can charge. There is also an [[Implied warranty of habitability#Habitability\|implied warranty of habitability]] that requires landlords to maintain safe, decent, and habitable housing with basic safety features like smoke detectors and secure doors. Most common disputes arise from either the landlord failing to provide services or the tenant failing to pay rent—with service issues sometimes leading to payment problems. As typically explained in the lease, withholding rent constitutes justifiable grounds for eviction.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Bolander \|first=Donald O. \|title=The New Webster's Library of Practical Information: Family Legal Guide \|year=1990 \|publisher=Lexicon Publications \|isbn=0-7172-4500-4 \|pages=44–45}}</ref> City ordinances can also influence rental policies, such as the increasing adoption of [[Source of Income Discrimination\|source-of-income]] anti-discrimination rules.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=SOURCE OF INCOME LAWS BY STATE, COUNTY AND CITY \|url=https://www.nmhc.org/globalassets/research--insight/analysis-and-guidance/source-of-income-laws/source-of-income-laws-by-state-county-and-city-chart.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-03-02 \|title=Phoenix passes ordinance to ban income source discrimination in housing \|url=https://kjzz.org/content/1840265/phoenix-passes-ordinance-ban-income-source-discrimination-housing \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=KJZZ \|language=en}}</ref> [[Tenants union]]s can also affect housing policy through political organization.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=MSN \|url=https://www.msn.com/ \|access-date=2023-07-04 \|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> ===Canada=== In [[Canada]], [[residential]] homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by [[Law of Canada\|provincial law]] regarding [[property]] and [[contracts]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2025-03-11 \|title=Landlords and tenants – Rights and responsibilities {{!}} Alberta.ca \|url=https://www.alberta.ca/rights-and-responsibilities \|access-date=2025-03-17 \|website=www.alberta.ca \|language=en}}</ref> Provincial law sets the requirements for [[eviction]] of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord can evict a tenant. Some provinces have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or [[rent regulation]], and related [[eviction]]. There is also an [[Implied warranty of habitability#Habitability\|implied warranty of habitability]], whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements. ===United Kingdom=== {{See also\|English land law#Leases and licences\|Scots property law}} ====Residential rental market (tenancies)==== Private sector renting is largely governed by many of the [[Landlord and Tenant Act]]s, in particular the [[Landlord and Tenant Act 1985]] which sets bare minimum standards in tenants' rights against their landlords. Another key statute is the [[Housing Act 2004]]. Rents can be freely increased at the end of a usual six-month duration, on proper notice given to the tenant. A Possession Order under the most common type, the [[assured shorthold tenancy]] (AST) is usually obtainable after eight weeks/two months of unpaid rent, and at the court's discretion after serving the tenant with a [[Section 8 notice]] (under the [[Housing Act 1988]] as amended) for a lesser period for all assured tenancies, and on other grounds which defer to the landlord's ownership of the property. If the tenancy is an AST then any possession order will not take effect until six months has passed into the initial tenancy. A tenancy of someone who has been in occupation since before 15 January 1989 usually, if not a shorthold from the outset following their inception from 1980 onwards, may be a "[[regulated tenancy]]" with many more rights, especially under the [[Rent Act 1977]] and [[Protection from Eviction Act 1977]], introduced by the [[Third Wilson ministry]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/11445/138295.pdf \|title=Regulated Tenancies \|access-date=2018-04-12 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413130952/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/11445/138295.pdf \|archive-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> Each [[house in multiple occupation]], a unit the law does not regard it as a single household having more than three tenants, is subject to enhanced regulations including the [[Housing Act 2004]]. A council-issued licence to be a landlord of such a unit is always required in some local authorities (in others, limited to the larger statutory examples). ====Residential leasehold==== Tenancies lasting more than a couple of years are typically called leases and tend to be extensive; any lease exceeding seven years must be registered as a new leasehold estate.<ref>[[LRA 2002]], Sch.3</ref> These arrangements follow fewer of the above rules and, in longer examples, are deliberately more similar to full ownership than conventional tenancies. They rarely require substantial [[ground rent]]. Current law doesn't regulate significant break/resale charges or prevent leasehold house sales; following widespread consultation in the 2010s, certain reforms are being drafted. Generally, legislation allows lessees (tenants) to join together to gain the [[Right to Manage]] and the right to purchase the landlord's interest (collective enfranchisement). Individually, tenants can extend their leases for a new, smaller sum ("premium"), which typically won't be demanded or recommended every 15–35 years if the tenants have enfranchised. Notice requirements and forms tend to be strictly enforced. In smaller properties, tenants may qualify for individual enfranchisement based on a simple mathematical division of the building. Statute law from 1925 implies into nearly all leases (tenancies at low rent with an initial large sum or "premium") that they can be sold (assigned) by the lessee; this reduces any restrictions to ones where the landlord may apply "reasonable" vetting standards without causing significant delays. This is commonly known as the "statutory qualified covenant on assignment/alienation." In the diminishing area of [[social housing]], tenants can exceptionally acquire the [[Right to Buy]] over time, which provides a fixed discount on the market price of the home. ====Commercial (business) leases and tenancies==== For commercial properties, much of the law regarding disputes and basic responsibilities stems from freedom of contract principles in the [[common law]], including implied terms from precedent decisions in wide-ranging case law, such as the meaning of "good and substantial repair." Implied principles include "non-derogation from grant" and "quiet enjoyment." All business tenants (lessees) must decide whether to contract in or outside of Part II of the [[Landlord and Tenant Act 1954]], which provides "business security of tenure." If not specifically excluded, it generally applies by default. This "security of tenure" is expressly subject to common reasons and associated mechanisms for a landlord to reclaim the premises. When a landlord sells a block where a qualifying tenant occupies more than 50%, the tenant should receive the [[right of first refusal]] to buy the block at the asking price. As in most jurisdictions, the law strictly enforces lease terms regarding unlawful subletting and assignment, potentially resulting in financial and property loss if violated. Unlike residential tenancies, failure to pay a commercial rent demand can result in direct landlord repossession ("peaceable re-entry") through a commercial landlord's right to use "self-help" evictions.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/leases-determination/practice-guide-26-leases-determination \|title=Practice guide 26: leases – determination \|year=2020 \|at=sec. 8 \|publisher=[[Gov.uk]] \|author=HM Land Registry \|author-link=HM Land Registry}}</ref> The practice of taking a tenant's goods without a court-issued warrant (flowing from a court order or outstanding tax demand) ([[Distress (law)\|distress]]) has been banned.<ref>[http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04103/SN04103.pdf ''Bailiffs''] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043651/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04103/SN04103.pdf \|date=2018-04-13}} Lorraine Conway and Jack Dent. House of Commons Library: Briefing Paper Number 04103, 9 June 2017</ref> === Mexico === In [[Mexico]], landlord-tenant relationships are governed primarily by state-specific [[Civil Codes]], resulting in variations in property regulations across the country. Mexican property laws tend to favor tenants, making [[eviction]]s notably difficult for landlords upon lease expiration. If a landlord does not provide timely notice before the lease termination, the lease may automatically transition into an indefinite-term agreement, complicating eviction procedures further. [[Security deposit]]s in Mexico are generally negotiable between landlords and tenants without a legally mandated maximum, though it is common practice for landlords to request a deposit equivalent to one month's rent. Rent increases are regulated in certain jurisdictions, often restricted to no more than 85% of the increase in the general minimum wage for the region or based on a [[consumer price index]] agreed upon by both parties. Eviction procedures in Mexico are strictly regulated, requiring judicial intervention that can involve significant time, effort, and legal expenses for landlords. If a tenant refuses to vacate following an eviction order, landlords may need judicial support, including police assistance, to enforce the eviction. The eviction process duration can vary significantly, often lasting several weeks or longer if tenants file appeals or request extensions.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2024-11-12 \|title=Property Laws \|url=https://mexlife.com/mexico/landlord-and-tenant-laws/#:~:text=in%20legal%20fees.-,Mexico%20Property%20Laws%20favor%20tenants,%20making%20it%20challenging%20for%20landlords,become%20an%20indefinite-term%20lease \|access-date=2025-03-18 \|website=Mexlife \|language=en-US}}</ref> == Criticism of landlords == === Land ownership === The concept of [[land ownership]] is not universal. Many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas\|Native American]] tribes did not view land as a [[commodity]] whereas many Europeans colonists did.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Different Views of Land {{!}} Native New York \|url=http://nmai.si.edu/nk360/manhattan/native-people/native-people.cshtml \|access-date=2023-03-13 \|website=nmai.si.edu \|language=en}}</ref> Ownership of land in the [[Pre-Columbian era\|pre-colonial Americas]] varied from group to group, but many Native American societies had communal and individual land.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Gershon \|first=Livia \|date=2019-03-04 \|title=Yes, Americans Owned Land Before Columbus \|url=https://daily.jstor.org/yes-americans-owned-land-before-columbus/ \|access-date=2023-03-13 \|website=JSTOR Daily \|language=en-US}}</ref> Some European scholars were also skeptical of land ownership, such as [[Adam Smith]] and [[Henry George]]. Smith said about landlords, "As soon as the land of any country has all become [[private property]], the landlords—like all other men—love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for their land’s natural product."<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Smith \|first=Adam \|title=An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations \|year=1776 \|pages=19}}</ref> George believed land [[Georgism\|belonged to everyone]] and supported a public tax on [[economic rent]], which he believed would be so profitable that all other taxes would be abolished.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Henry George summary {{!}} Britannica \|url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Henry-George \|access-date=2023-03-13 \|website=www.britannica.com \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=George \|first=Henry \|title=Progress and Poverty \|year=1879 \|pages=405–406}}</ref> === Monopolies === Another common criticism of landlords is the tendency for [[monopolization]]. Without regulation, corporations are able to use their purchasing power to buy up housing stock. In a single Atlanta zip code, up to 90% of the houses sold between January 2011 and June 2012 were purchased by instituitional investors.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Semuels \|first=Alana \|date=2019-02-13 \|title=When Wall Street Is Your Landlord \|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/02/single-family-landlords-wall-street/582394/ \|access-date=2023-03-13 \|website=The Atlantic \|language=en}}</ref> Corporate landlords are able to buy [[foreclosed]] houses and rent the house back to the original owner.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Mari \|first=Francesca \|date=2020-03-04 \|title=A $60 Billion Housing Grab by Wall Street \|language=en-US \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/04/magazine/wall-street-landlords.html \|access-date=2023-03-13 \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Another form of corporate monopolization and housing are [[company towns]], where one corporation owns the vast majority of housing and businesses. Since these corporations employ most of the residents of the town, they are able to raise rent and lower wages during a [[recession]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Magazine \|first1=Smithsonian \|last2=Hirsch \|first2=Michele Lent \|title=America's Company Towns, Then and Now \|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/americas-company-towns-then-and-now-180956382/ \|access-date=2023-03-13 \|website=Smithsonian Magazine \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Nix \|first=Elizabeth \|title=5 Famous Company Towns \|url=https://www.history.com/news/5-famous-company-towns \|website=History\|date=23 August 2018 }}</ref> === Slum landlord === {{main\|Slumlord}} Renters (tenants or other licensees) at the lowest end of the payment scale may be in social or economic difficulty and suffer significant [[social stigma]] as a consequence. Due to lack of alternative options, such renters are often the victims of unscrupulous owners of unsafe and decrepit properties who neglect their responsibility to maintain the property. The terms "slumlord", "slum landlord", or "ghetto landlord" is used to describe landlords of large numbers of such properties, often holding a virtual local monopoly. Public improvement or major private investment can improve such areas. In extreme situations, government [[compulsory purchase]] powers in many countries enable [[slum clearance]] to replace or renovate the worst of neighbourhoods. '''Rent Gouging''' Rent gouging refers to the practice of raising rent prices too high or to an unconscionable level. In response, some states and municipalities have passed legislation capping the amount landlords can increase the rent, also known as [[rent regulation]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Chen \|first=David W. \|date=2025-04-27 \|title=Washington State Lawmakers Vote to Limit Rent Increases \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/27/us/rent-increase-washington-state.html \|access-date=2025-05-30 \|work=The New York Times \|language=en-US \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Accidental landlord== The term 'accidental landlord' is used for landlords who do not initially intend to become a landlord but have a spare property (from inheriting it, moving in with a partner, or unable to sell when moving), and then choose to lease the property instead of selling it.<ref name="Callegari 2021">{{cite web \|last=Callegari \|first=Marco \|title=Accidental landlords – don't get caught out by the income tax trap \|website=PropertyWire \|date=2021-04-09 \|url=https://www.propertywire.com/finance/accidental-landlords-dont-get-caught-out-by-the-income-tax-trap/ \|access-date=2023-02-14}}</ref><ref name="Childers 2022">{{cite web \|last=Childers \|first=Annabelle \|title='Accidental Landlords,' the new phenomenon hitting the Colorado Springs housing market \|website=KRDO \|date=2022-11-03 \|url=https://krdo.com/news/2022/11/03/accidental-landlords-the-new-phenomenon-hitting-the-colorado-springs-housing-market/ \|access-date=2023-02-14}}</ref> ==Rental investment and basis== Rental properties can be paid for by the tenant on whatever basis is agreed upon between the landlord and the tenant (more frequently than weekly or less than yearly is almost unheard of), which is always included in the lease agreement (preferably for both sides in writing). It should be one of the primary factors a tenant considers before moving in.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Roy \|first=Sam \|date=2024-10-24 \|title=Lease Agreement Contracts: Essential Tips for Tenants \|url=https://bluenotary.us/lease-agreement-contract/ \|access-date=2025-03-18 \|website=bluenotary.us \|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Incentives and conflicts=== The incentive is to obtain a good rental yield (profit) and prospect of property price inflation. The landlord [[profit motive]] conflicts with the locally varying rights of tenants, maintenance and administrative duties of landlords, and keynote risks (tenant disputes, damage, neglect, loss of rent, insurance unavailability/disputes, economic slump, increased rate of interest on any mortgage, and negative equity or loss of investment). Net income (yield) and capital growth from [[letting]] (renting out) particularly in leveraged [[buy to let]], is subject to [[Idiosyncrasy#Economics\|idiosyncratic risk]], which is considered objectively intensified for a highly [[Leverage (finance)\|leveraged]] investor limited to a small number of similar profile homes, of narrow rental market appeal in areas lacking economic resilience.<ref name=NYT032913>{{cite news \|title=Rental Investment May Seem Safer Than It Really Is \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/your-money/investing-in-a-rental-home-isnt-as-safe-as-it-may-seem.html \|access-date=March 30, 2013 \|newspaper=The New York Times \|date=March 29, 2013 \|author=Tara Siegel Barnard \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330081922/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/your-money/investing-in-a-rental-home-isnt-as-safe-as-it-may-seem.html \|archive-date=March 30, 2013}}</ref> ===Security for rent and extra fees=== {{See also\|Security deposit\|Landlords' insurance}} Landlords or their agents commonly collect security deposits from tenants, and in some jurisdictions may also charge move-in or administration fees. The amount of the security deposit can significantly impact a tenant's decision to rent a property; a high deposit acts as a barrier to entry, while a lower deposit makes a property more attractive in competitive rental markets. Security deposits are rarely negotiated during pre-tenancy discussions. By law, security deposits are typically intended to cover unpaid rent, property damage, or cleaning/repair costs that result from the tenant's occupancy.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Rent and Security Deposit Laws \|url=https://www.findlaw.com/realestate/landlord-tenant-law/rent-security-deposits.html \|access-date=2025-03-17 \|website=Findlaw \|language=en-US}}</ref> In certain jurisdictions, traditional security deposits or certain fees may be prohibited by law. Alternative approaches include landlords incorporating potential losses into the monthly rent or using regulated bond systems where a specified sum is held by an authorized third party (such as licensed real estate agents) rather than the landlord directly. By law, security deposits are typically intended to cover unpaid rent, property damage, or cleaning/repair costs that result from the tenant's occupancy. ==Licensed victualler== {{Main\|Pub}} In the United Kingdom the owner and/or manager of a pub (public house) is usually called the "landlord/landlady" or "[[publican]]", the latter properly the appellation of a Roman [[public contractor]] or [[Tax farming\|tax farmer]]. In more formal situations, the term used is '''licensed victualler''' or simply "licensee".<ref name='Dictionary.com'>{{cite web \|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/victualler \|title=Dictionary.com \|access-date=2008-07-19 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303083921/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/victualler \|archive-date=2009-03-03}}</ref> The [[Licensed Trade Charity]], formed in 2004 from the merger of the Society of Licensed Victuallers and Licensed Victualler's National Homes,<ref>{{EW charity\|230011\|Society of Licensed Victuallers}}</ref> exists to serve the retirement needs of Britain's pub landlords. The charity also runs three private schools in [[Ascot, Berkshire\|Ascot]] and [[Reading, Berkshire\|Reading]] in [[Berkshire]] and [[Sayers Common]] in [[Sussex]]. As well as having normal full fee paying students, [[Licensed Victuallers' School]] in Ascot provides discounted education prices for the children of landlords and others in the catering industry. ==Landlord associations== There are significant associations of landlords in various countries. These associations/societies provide support for their members in facing a range of issues <ref name="auto">{{cite web\|url=http://www.poavic.org\|title=Property Owners Association Victoria\|first=Property Owners Association of\|last=Victoria\|website=www.poavic.org\|access-date=14 March 2018\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511012941/http://www.poavic.org/\|archive-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> by providing a means of mutual support, and also lobby relevant authorities and parliament with regard to the details and implementation of residential and some commercial tenancy legislation. ===Australia=== Numerous landlord associations exist in [[Australia]]. These associations should be distinguished from the class of property owner associations representing the 'big end of town' — the owners of major buildings and very large residential housing complexes, such as the [[Property Council of Australia]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.propertycouncil.com.au/ \|title=Home \|access-date=2016-05-10 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503152012/http://www.propertycouncil.com.au/ \|archive-date=2016-05-03}}</ref> * Property Owners Association of Australia (POAA)<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.poaa.asn.au/ \|title=Home \|website=www.poaa.asn.au \|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> * Property Owners Association of Victoria (POAVIC)<ref name="auto"/> * POAQ – Property Owners Association of Queensland<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.poaa.asn.au/POAQ/index.php \|title=Property Owners Association of Queensland \|website=www.poaa.asn.au \|access-date=14 March 2018 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312004626/http://poaa.asn.au/POAQ/index.php \|archive-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> * Property Owners Association of NSW<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.poansw.com.au/ \|title=POA NSW Inc \|access-date=2016-07-22 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816072252/https://www.poansw.com.au/ \|archive-date=2016-08-16}}</ref> * Property Owners Association of Western Australia<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.poawa.com.au/ \|title=POAWA - Property Owners Association of WA \|website=Property Owners Association of Westerns Australia \|access-date=14 March 2018 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070509/https://www.poawa.com.au/ \|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> * Landlords Association of South Australia<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.landlords.org.au/ \|title=Landlords' Association (S.A.) Incorporated \|website=www.landlords.org.au \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929161319/http://www.landlords.org.au/ \|archive-date=2016-09-29}}</ref> ===United Kingdom=== National Residential Landlords Association (NRLA) has now formed from a merger of the two following organisations as of 31/3/2020:<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.nrla.org.uk/ \|title=National Residential Landlords Association {{!}} National Support For Landlords \|website=www.nrla.org.uk \|language=en \|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>{{Better source needed\|date=March 2023}} * Residential Landlords Association (RLA) * National Landlords Association (NLA) ==See also== * [[Tenement (law)]] * [[:Category:Films about landlords\|Films about landlords]] ===Related occupations=== * [[Building superintendent]] * [[Landowner]] * [[Property manager]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wiktionary\|landlord}} *{{Commons category-inline\|Landlords}} {{Real estate}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Landlords\| ]] [[Category:Real property law]]	1,306,732,479	[]	false
# List of Major League Wrestling personnel Major League Wrestling (MLW) is an American professional wrestling promotion based in New Rochelle, New York. Active wrestlers and on-screen talent appear on MLW Fusion and at live events. Personnel is organized below by their role in MLW. Their ring name is on the left, and their real name is on the right. MLW refers to its in-ring performers as "Fighters" as opposed to the traditional nomenclature "wrestlers" to separate itself from other promotions, along with referring to the traditional position of manager/valet as "promoter." MLW has international promotional partnerships with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre, Revolution Pro Wrestling, Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling, Oceania Pro Wrestling and New Japan Pro-Wrestling. Wrestlers from those promotions may make occasional appearances on MLW events and programming. ## Roster ### Wrestlers Note: MLW refers to both its male and female wrestlers as "fighters." #### Men's division \| Ring name \| Real name \| Notes \| \| ------------------ \| -------------------------- \| ---------------------------- \| \| Alex Hammerstone \| Alex Rohde \| \| \| Ariel Dominguez \| Ariel Dominguez \| \| \| Babathunder \| Babatunde Aiyegbusi \| \| \| Bárbaro Cavernario \| Leonardo Moreno Ayala \| \| \| Bishop Dyer \| Thomas Pestock \| World Tag Team Champion \| \| Blue Panther Jr. \| Unknown \| \| \| Bobby Fish \| Robert Fish \| \| \| Brock Anderson \| Brock Lunde \| \| \| C.W. Anderson \| Christopher Wright \| \| \| Dark Panther \| Unknown \| \| \| Diego Hill \| Diego Hill \| \| \| Don Gato \| Unknown \| \| \| Donovan Dijak \| Christopher Dijak \| World Tag Team Champion \| \| Ikuro Kwon \| Tristen Thai \| \| \| Jesus Rodriguez \| Jesus Rodriguez \| \| \| Kenta \| Kenta Kobayashi \| \| \| Kushida \| Yujiro Kushida \| \| \| Mads Krügger \| Matthew Waters \| \| \| Magnus \| Unknown \| \| \| Máscara Dorada \| Unknown \| \| \| Matt Riddle \| Matthew Riddle \| World Heavyweight Champion \| \| Matthew Justice \| Matthew Hannan \| \| \| Místico \| Luis Ignacio Urive Alvirde \| \| \| Mr. Thomas \| Thomas Stintsman \| \| \| Paul London \| Paul London \| Producer \| \| Paul Walter Hauser \| Paul Walter Hauser \| \| \| Rugido \| Unknown \| \| \| Satoshi Kojima \| Satoshi Kojima \| \| \| Shigeo Okumura \| Shigeo Okomura \| \| \| Star Jr. \| Isaías Hernández López \| \| \| Templario \| Unknown \| \| \| Titán \| Unknown \| \| \| Último Guerrero \| José Gutierrez Hernández \| National Openweight Champion \| \| Zandokan Jr. \| Unknown \| \| #### Women's division \| Ring name \| Real name \| Notes \| \| --------------------- \| --------------------- \| ------------------------------ \| \| Alejandra Quintanilla \| Alejandra Quintanilla \| \| \| Ava Everett \| Evie Rodgerson \| \| \| Gigi Rey \| Unknown \| \| \| HIMAWARI \| Himawari Sato \| \| \| Miyu Yamashita \| Miyu Yamashita \| \| \| Shoko Nakajima \| Shoko Nakajima \| Women's Featherweight Champion \| \| Shotzi \| Ashley Alfaro \| \| \| Wakana Uehara \| Wakana Uehara \| \| \| Yuki Kamifuku \| Yuki Kamifuku \| \| ### Other on-air personnel Note: MLW refers to its managers and valets as "promoters." \| Ring name \| Real name \| Notes \| \| ------------------ \| ------------------ \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| \| Cesar Duran \| Luis Fernandez-Gil \| Promoter of Azteca Underground \| \| Saint Laurent \| Jared St. Laurent \| Promoter of World Titan Federation \| \| Salina de la Renta \| Natalia Class \| Promoter of Promociones Dorado Creative Director of the Women's Division \| ## Broadcast team \| Ring name \| Real name \| Notes \| \| -------------- \| ------------------ \| -------------------------- \| \| Austin Aries \| Daniel Solwold Jr. \| Color commentator Wrestler \| \| Joe Dombrowski \| Joe Dombrowski \| Play-by-play commentator \| \| Tom Lawlor \| Tom Lawlor \| Color commentator Wrestler \| ## Backstage personnel \| Name \| Title \| \| ------------------ \| -------------------------------- \| \| Court Bauer \| Founder Owner Executive Producer \| \| David Marquez \| Head of Production \| \| Raven (Scott Levy) \| Producer \|	enwiki/58722387	enwiki	58,722,387	List of Major League Wrestling personnel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Wrestling_personnel	2025-08-18T16:34:02Z	en	Q59773503	137,976	{{short description\|Personnel of Major League Wrestling}} [[file:Major League Wrestling (logo).png\|right\|200px]] [[Major League Wrestling]] (MLW) is an American [[professional wrestling promotion]] based in [[New Rochelle, New York]]. Active wrestlers and on-screen talent appear on ''[[MLW Fusion]]'' and at [[House show\|live events]]. Personnel is organized below by their role in MLW. Their [[ring name]] is on the left, and their [[Given name\|real name]] is on the right. MLW refers to its in-ring performers as "Fighters" as opposed to the traditional nomenclature "wrestlers" to separate itself from other promotions, along with referring to the traditional position of manager/valet as "promoter." MLW has international promotional partnerships with [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre]], [[Revolution Pro Wrestling]], [[Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling]], Oceania Pro Wrestling and [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]. Wrestlers from those promotions may make occasional appearances on MLW events and programming. ==Roster== ===Wrestlers=== Note: MLW refers to both its male and female wrestlers as "fighters." ==== Men's division==== [[File:Matt Riddle August 2017.jpg\|right\|thumb\|175px\|[[Matt Riddle]]]] {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;" !width=20%\|Ring name !width=20%\|Real name !width=30%\|Notes \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Alex Hammerstone\|Alexander Hammerstone}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|date=2017-04-17\|title=FIGHTERS\|url=https://mlw.com/fighters/\|access-date=2025-08-12\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Rohde, Alex\|Alex Rohde}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Ariel\|Dominguez\|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Dominguez, Ariel\|Ariel Dominguez}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Babathunder\|Commander Azeez}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Aiyegbusi, Babatunde\|Babatunde Aiyegbusi}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Bárbaro\|Cavernario}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Moreno Ayala, Leonardo\|Leonardo Moreno Ayala}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Bishop Dyer\|Baron Corbin}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Pestock, Thomas\|Thomas Pestock}} \|[[MLW World Tag Team Championship\|World Tag Team Champion]] \|- \|{{sortname\|Blue\|Panther Jr.}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Bobby\|Fish}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Bobby Fish\|url=https://mlw.com/bobby-fish/\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|date=March 2024 \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Fish, Robert\|Robert Fish}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Brock\|Anderson}}<ref> {{cite web\|url=https://mlw.com/brock-anderson/\|title=Brock Anderson\|date=August 11, 2024\|access-date=August 12, 2024\|work=MLW: Major League Wrestling®}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Lunde, Brock\|Brock Lunde}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|C.W.\|Anderson}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://mlw.com/cw-anderson-2/\|title=C.W. Anderson\|date=August 11, 2024\|access-date=August 12, 2024\|work=MLW: Major League Wrestling®}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Wright, Christopher\|Christopher Wright}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Dark Panther\|Black Panther (wrestler)}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Diego\|Hill\|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Hill, Diego\|Diego Hill}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Don\|Gato\|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/danny-mcbride-major-league-wrestling-don-gato-tequila-1236486746/\|title=Major League Wrestling Gets Grip on Danny McBride's Don Gato Tequila\|website=variety.com\|access-date=August 12, 2025}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Donovan\|Dijak}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://mlw.com/2024/08/30/donovan-dijak-joins-mlw/\|title=Donovan Dijak Joins MLW\|author=MLW.com\|work=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|language=en-US\|date=August 29, 2024\|access-date=August 30, 2024}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Dijak, Christopher\|Christopher Dijak}} \|[[MLW World Tag Team Championship\|World Tag Team Champion]] \|- \|{{sortname\|Ikuro\|Kwon}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Ikuro Kwon\|url=https://mlw.com/ikuro-kwon\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|date=22 April 2024\|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Thai, Tristen\|Tristen Thai}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Jesus Rodriguez\|Ricardo Rodriguez (wrestler)}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Jesus Rodriguez\|url=https://mlw.com/jesus-rodriguez/\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|date=March 2024 \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Rodriguez, Jesus\|Jesus Rodriguez}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Kenta\|Kenta Kobayashi}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Kobayashi, Kenta\|Kenta Kobayashi}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Kushida\|Kushida (wrestler)}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Kushida, Yujiro\|Yujiro Kushida}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Mads\|Krügger}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Mads Krule Krügger\|url=https://mlw.com/mads-krugger/\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|date=2 December 2020 \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Waters, Matthew\|Matthew Waters}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Magnus\|Magnus (luchador)}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Máscara\|Dorada}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Matt\|Riddle}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Matt Riddle\|url=https://mlw.com/matt-riddle/\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|date=7 January 2018 \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Riddle, Matthew\|Matthew Riddle}} \|[[MLW World Heavyweight Champion\|World Heavyweight Champion]] \|- \|{{sortname\|Matthew\|Justice}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Matthew Justice\|url=https://mlw.com/matthew-justice-2/\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|date=26 March 2023 \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Hannan, Matthew\|Matthew Hannan}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Místico}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Místico\|url=https://mlw.com/mistico-2/\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|date=4 February 2024 \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Urive Alvirde, Luis Ignacio\|Luis Ignacio Urive Alvirde}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Mr.\|Thomas\|nolink=1}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Mr. Thomas\|url=https://mlw.com/mr-thomas-2/\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\| date=26 March 2023 \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Stintsman, Thomas\|Thomas Stintsman}} \| \|- \|[[Paul London]]<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|London, Paul\|Paul London}} \|Producer<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ringsidenews.com/2024/08/28/former-wwe-star-joins-mlw-in-key-producer-role/\|title=Former WWE Star Joins MLW in Key Producer Role\|first=Subhojeet\|last=Mukherjee\|work=RingsideNews\|date=August 28, 2024\|access-date=August 30, 2024}}</ref> \|- \|{{sortname\|Paul Walter\|Hauser}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://mlw.com/paul-walter-hauser/\|title= Paul Walter Hauser\|access-date=August 10, 2024\|work=MLW: Major League Wrestling®}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Hauser Walter, Paul\|Paul Walter Hauser}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Rugido}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Satoshi\|Kojima}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Satoshi Kojima\|url=https://mlw.com/satoshi-kojima-2/\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|date=11 November 2023 \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Kojima, Satoshi\|Satoshi Kojima}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Shigeo\|Okumura}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Okumura\|url=https://mlw.com/okumura-2/\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|date=March 2024 \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Okumura, Shigeo\|Shigeo Okomura}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Star\|Jr.}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Hernández López, Isaías\|Isaías Hernández López}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Templario}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Titán\|Titán (wrestler)}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Último\|Guerrero}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Gutierrez Hernández, José\|José Gutierrez Hernández}} \|[[MLW National Openweight Championship\|National Openweight Champion]] \|- \|{{sortname\|Zandokan\|Jr.}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|} ==== Women's division ==== {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;" !width=20%\|Ring name !width=20%\|Real name !width=30%\|Notes \|- \|{{sortname\|Alejandra\|Quintanilla\|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Quintanilla, Alejandra\|Alejandra Quintanilla}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Ava\|Everett}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Rodgerson, Evie\|Evie Rodgerson}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Gigi\|Rey\|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Unknown\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|HIMAWARI\|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Sato, Himawari\|Himawari Sato}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Miyu\|Yamashita}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Yamashita, Miyu\|Miyu Yamashita}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Shoko\|Nakajima}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Nakajima,Shoko\|Shoko Nakajima}} \|[[MLW Women's Featherweight Championship\|Women's Featherweight Champion]] \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Shotzi\|Shotzi Blackheart}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Alfaro, Ashley\|Ashley Alfaro}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Wakana\|Uehara\|nolink=1}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Uehara, Wakana\|Wakana Uehara}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Yuki\|Kamifuku}}<ref name=":1" /> \|{{sort\|Kamifuku, Yuki\|Yuki Kamifuku}} \| \|} ===Other on-air personnel=== Note: MLW refers to its managers and valets as "promoters." {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;" !width=20%\|Ring name !width=20%\|Real name !width=30%\|Notes \|- \|[[Luis Fernandez-Gil\|Cesar Duran]] \|Luis Fernandez-Gil \|Promoter of Azteca Underground<ref>{{cite web\|date=2022-03-10\|title=Cesar Duran\|url=https://mlw.com/cesar-duran/\|access-date=2022-03-10\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|language=en-US}}</ref> \|- \|Saint Laurent \|Jared St. Laurent \|Promoter of World Titan Federation<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://mlw.com/saint-laurent/\|title=Saint Laurent\|date=28 March 2022\|via=MLW}}</ref> \|- \|[[Salina de la Renta]] \|Natalia Class \|Promoter of Promociones Dorado<ref>{{cite web\|date=2023-10-03\|title=Salina de la Renta\|url=https://mlw.com/salina-de-la-renta/\|access-date=2023-10-03\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|language=en-US}}</ref><br>Creative Director of the Women's Division<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article.php?id=181598\|title=Salina de la Renta Gets New Role, Title in MLW \|website=www.pwinsider.com}}</ref> \|} ==Broadcast team== {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;" !width=20%\|Ring name !width=20%\|Real name !width=30%\|Notes \|- \|{{sortname\|Austin\|Aries}} \|Daniel Solwold Jr. \|Color commentator<br>Wrestler \|- \|Joe Dombrowski \|Joe Dombrowski \|Play-by-play commentator<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://mlw.com/2021/10/12/joe-dombrowski-signs-with-mlw/\|title=Joe Dombrowski signs with MLW\|date=12 October 2021\|via=MLW}}</ref> \|- \|{{sortname\|Tom\|Lawlor}}<ref>{{cite web\|date=2023-10-14\|title=Tom Lawlor\|url=https://mlw.com/tom-lawlor/\|access-date=2023-10-14\|website=MLW: Major League Wrestling®\|language=en-US}}</ref> \|{{sort\|Lawlor, Tom\|Tom Lawlor}} \|Color commentator<br>Wrestler \|- \|} ==Backstage personnel== {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;" !width=20%\|Name !width=20%\|Title \|- \|Court Bauer \|Founder<br>Owner<br>Executive Producer \|- \|David Marquez \|Head of Production<ref name="Upgrades">{{cite web\|url=https://www.ewrestlingnews.com/news/indie/mlw-hires-new-head-of-production-will-undergo-upgrades/amp\|title=MLW Hires New Head Of Production & Will Undergo Upgrades\|website=ewrestlingnews.com\|access-date=June 25, 2024}}</ref> \|- \|[[Raven (wrestler)\|Raven]]<br>(Scott Levy) \|Producer<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://411mania.com/wrestling/spoiler-notes-mlw-superfight-tapings/\|title=More Spoiler Notes From MLW SuperFight Tapings\|website=411MANIA}}</ref> \|} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Major League Wrestling}} {{Major League Wrestling personnel}} [[Category:Major League Wrestling]] [[Category:Lists of professional wrestling personnel\|Major League Wrestling]]	1,306,592,616	[]	false
# Masayoshi Nakatani Masayoshi Nakatani (中谷正義, Nakatani Masayoshi, born March 8, 1989) is a Japanese professional boxer. He held the OPBF lightweight title between 2014 and 2019, and won the WBO Inter-Continental lightweight title in 2020. ## Professional career ### Early career Nakatani fought the first 18 bouts of his professional career in his native Japan. During this time, he won the OPBF lightweight title in January 2014, and successfully defended it 11 times. ### Rise up the ranks #### Nakatani vs. López After compiling a perfect record of 18-0, Nakatani made his first appearance in the ring outside of Japan when he faced fellow undefeated contender Teófimo López on July 19, 2019 in Oxon Hill, Maryland in an eliminator for the IBF lightweight title. Nakatani lost a unanimous decision, with scores of 118-110, 118-110 and 119-109. #### Nakatani vs. Verdejo On December 12, 2020 in Paradise, Nevada, Nakatani defeated Félix Verdejo by ninth-round technical knockout despite being down on all three scorecards at the time of the stoppage to capture the vacant WBO Inter-Continental lightweight title. The bout was an exciting one, with both men exchanging two knockdowns apiece. In his post-fight interview, Nakatani stated his desire to avenge his loss to Teófimo López, who had since become unified lightweight champion: “I fought Teófimo López before and I want to fight him again. That’s why I kept going tonight. I want to go for the knockout [in a rematch with López] like I did today." #### Nakatani vs. Lomachenko Nakatani returned to the ring on June 26, 2021 in Paradise, Nevada to face former three-division world champion Vasiliy Lomachenko, with whom he shares a common loss to Teófimo López. Nakatani was knocked down twice en route to a ninth-round technical knockout loss. ## Professional boxing record \| 23 fights \| 20 wins \| 3 losses \| \| ----------- \| ------- \| -------- \| \| By knockout \| 14 \| 2 \| \| By decision \| 6 \| 1 \| \| No. \| Result \| Record \| Opponent \| Type \| Round, time \| Date \| Location \| Notes \| \| --- \| ------ \| ------ \| ----------------------- \| ---- \| ------------- \| ------------ \| --------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------- \| \| 23 \| Loss \| 20–3 \| Shuichiro Yoshino \| KO \| 6 (12), 1:14 \| Nov 1, 2022 \| Saitama Super Arena, Saitama, Japan \| For WBO Asia Pacific lightweight title \| \| 22 \| Win \| 20–2 \| Harmonito Dela Torre \| KO \| 1 (10), 1:16 \| Jun 13, 2022 \| Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan \| \| \| 21 \| Loss \| 19–2 \| Vasiliy Lomachenko \| TKO \| 9 (12), 1:48 \| Jun 26, 2021 \| Virgin Hotels Las Vegas, Paradise, Nevada, US \| \| \| 20 \| Win \| 19–1 \| Félix Verdejo \| TKO \| 9 (10), 1:45 \| Dec 12, 2020 \| MGM Grand Conference Center, Paradise, Nevada, U.S. \| Won vacant WBO Inter-Continental lightweight title \| \| 19 \| Loss \| 18–1 \| Teófimo López \| UD \| 12 \| Jul 19, 2019 \| MGM National Harbor, Oxon Hill, Maryland, U.S. \| \| \| 18 \| Win \| 18–0 \| Hurricane Futa \| TKO \| 4 (12), 1:43 \| Dec 9, 2018 \| Edion Arena, Osaka, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 17 \| Win \| 17–0 \| Izuki Tomioka \| TKO \| 11 (12), 2:40 \| Jul 29, 2018 \| Edion Arena, Osaka, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 16 \| Win \| 16–0 \| Amphol Suriyo \| KO \| 6 (12), 1:45 \| Feb 24, 2018 \| Edion Arena, Osaka, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 15 \| Win \| 15–0 \| Ryan Sermona \| TKO \| 4 (12) \| Sep 3, 2017 \| Shimazu Arena, Kyoto, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 14 \| Win \| 14–0 \| Krai Setthaphon \| UD \| 12 \| Apr 9, 2017 \| Edion Arena, Osaka, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 13 \| Win \| 13–0 \| Allan Tanada \| TKO \| 7 (12), 1:35 \| Nov 11, 2016 \| Central Gym, Kobe, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 12 \| Win \| 12–0 \| Tosho Makoto Aoki \| TKO \| 1 (12), 1:19 \| Apr 17, 2016 \| Edion Arena, Osaka, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 11 \| Win \| 11–0 \| Kazuya Murata \| RTD \| 5 (12), 3:00 \| Aug 28, 2015 \| Central Gym, Kobe, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 10 \| Win \| 10–0 \| Accel Sumiyoshi \| UD \| 12 \| Apr 5, 2015 \| Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 9 \| Win \| 9–0 \| Futoshi Usami \| UD \| 12 \| Oct 28, 2014 \| Central Gym, Kobe, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 8 \| Win \| 8–0 \| Ricky Sismundo \| UD \| 12 \| May 7, 2014 \| Bodymaker Colosseum, Osaka, Japan \| Retained OPBF lightweight title \| \| 7 \| Win \| 7–0 \| Yoshitaka Kato \| MD \| 12 \| Jan 11, 2014 \| Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan \| Won OPBF lightweight title \| \| 6 \| Win \| 6–0 \| Shuhei Tsuchiya \| KO \| 3 (8), 1:58 \| Jul 25, 2013 \| Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan \| \| \| 5 \| Win \| 5–0 \| Weerayuth Patangwesang \| KO \| 2 (8), 2:16 \| Apr 26, 2013 \| Central Gym, Kobe, Japan \| \| \| 4 \| Win \| 4–0 \| Ronnel Esparas \| KO \| 1 (8), 2:45 \| Aug 12, 2012 \| Central Gym, Kobe, Japan \| \| \| 3 \| Win \| 3–0 \| Roel Laguna \| TKO \| 5 (6), 1:32 \| Mar 20, 2012 \| IMP Hall, Osaka, Japan \| \| \| 2 \| Win \| 2–0 \| Tetsuto Sebiyo Tonomura \| UD \| 6 \| Oct 2, 2011 \| IMP Hall, Osaka, Japan \| \| \| 1 \| Win \| 1–0 \| Katsuhisa Shiokawa \| TKO \| 4 (4), 1:35 \| Jun 12, 2011 \| IMP Hall, Osaka, Japan \| \|	enwiki/66114614	enwiki	66,114,614	Masayoshi Nakatani	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Nakatani	2024-10-09T16:22:17Z	en	Q17229444	65,958	{{Infobox boxer \| name = Masayoshi Nakatani \| weight = {{plainlist\| [[Lightweight]] }} \| height = 5 ft 11.5 in<ref name="stats">[[Top Rank]] Tale of the Tape prior to the Lomachenko fight</ref> \| reach = 71 in<ref name="stats"/> \| nationality = Japanese \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1989\|3\|8}} \| birth_place = [[Osaka]], Japan \| style = [[Orthodox stance\|Orthodox]] \| total = 23 \| wins = 20 \| losses = 3 \| draws = \| KO = 14 }} {{Short description\|Japanese boxer}} '''Masayoshi Nakatani''' (中谷正義, ''Nakatani Masayoshi'', born March 8, 1989) is a Japanese [[professional boxer]]. He held the [[Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation\|OPBF]] [[lightweight]] title between 2014 and 2019,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.asianboxing.info/5/post/2019/09/masayoshi-nakatani-vacates-opbf-title.html\|title=Masayoshi Nakatani vacates OPBF title\|website=ASIAN BOXING}}</ref> and won the [[World Boxing Organization\|WBO]] Inter-Continental lightweight title in 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|title=WBO {{!}} Masayoshi Nakatani stops Felix Verdejo in co-feature to win the WBO Inter-Continental Title - WBO\|url=https://www.wboboxing.com/news/boxing-news/masayoshi-nakatani-stops-felix-verdejo-in-co-feature-to-win-the-wbo-inter-continental-title/\|access-date=2021-05-14\|website=www.wboboxing.com\|date=13 December 2020 }}</ref> == Professional career == === Early career === Nakatani fought the first 18 bouts of his professional career in his native Japan. During this time, he won the OPBF lightweight title in January 2014, and successfully defended it 11 times.<ref name=":1" /> === Rise up the ranks === ==== Nakatani vs. López ==== After compiling a perfect record of 18-0, Nakatani made his first appearance in the ring outside of Japan when he faced fellow undefeated contender [[Teófimo López]] on July 19, 2019 in [[Oxon Hill, Maryland]] in an eliminator for the [[International Boxing Federation\|IBF]] lightweight title. Nakatani lost a [[unanimous decision]], with scores of 118-110, 118-110 and 119-109.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/27225743/lopez-beats-nakatani-first-bout-go-distance\|title=Lopez beats Nakatani in first bout to go distance\|date=July 20, 2019\|website=ESPN.com}}</ref> ==== Nakatani vs. Verdejo ==== On December 12, 2020 in [[Paradise, Nevada]], Nakatani defeated [[Félix Verdejo]] by ninth-round technical knockout despite being down on all three scorecards at the time of the stoppage to capture the vacant [[World Boxing Organization\|WBO]] Inter-Continental lightweight title. The bout was an exciting one, with both men exchanging two knockdowns apiece.<ref name=":0" /> In his post-fight interview, Nakatani stated his desire to avenge his loss to Teófimo López, who had since become unified lightweight champion: “I fought Teófimo López before and I want to fight him again. That’s why I kept going tonight. I want to go for the knockout [in a rematch with López] like I did today."<ref>{{Cite web\|title=masayoshi-nakatani-gets-off-canvas-to-stop-felix-verdejo-in-lightweight-thriller\|url=https://www.ringtv.com/614820-masayoshi-nakatani-gets-off-canvas-to-stop-felix-verdejo-in-lightweight-thriller/\|access-date=May 14, 2021\|website=The Ring Magazine}}</ref> ==== Nakatani vs. Lomachenko ==== {{Main\|Vasiliy Lomachenko vs. Masayoshi Nakatani}} Nakatani returned to the ring on June 26, 2021 in Paradise, Nevada to face former [[List of boxing triple champions\|three-division world champion]] [[Vasiliy Lomachenko]], with whom he shares a common [[Vasiliy Lomachenko vs. Teófimo López\|loss to Teófimo López]].<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-04-25\|title=Vasiliy Lomachenko makes ring return against Masayoshi Nakatani on June 26\|url=https://www.ringtv.com/620744-vasiliy-lomachenko-makes-ring-return-against-masayoshi-nakatani-on-june-26/\|access-date=2021-06-11\|website=The Ring}}</ref> Nakatani was knocked down twice en route to a ninth-round technical knockout loss.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Vasiliy Lomachenko dazzles in return, stops Masayoshi Nakatani in ninth round {{!}} DAZN News US\|url=https://www.dazn.com/en-US/news/boxing/vasiliy-lomachenko-vs-masayoshi-nakatani-live-updates-results-and-highlights-from-the-full-card/tnss88yzjodr171cayhg3mxra\|access-date=2021-06-28\|website=DAZN\|date=27 June 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> ==Professional boxing record== {{BoxingRecordSummary \|ko-wins=14 \|ko-losses=2 \|dec-wins=6 \|dec-losses=1 \|dq-wins= \|dq-losses= \|draws= \|nc= }} {\|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- !{{abbr\|No.\|Number}} !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes \|- \|23 \|{{no2}}Loss \|20–3 \|style="text-align:left;"\|[[Shuichiro Yoshino]] \|KO \|6 (12), {{Small\|1:14}} \|Nov 1, 2022 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|[[Saitama Super Arena]], [[Saitama (city)\|Saitama]], Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|For WBO Asia Pacific lightweight title}} \|- \|22 \|{{yes2}}Win \|20–2 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Harmonito Dela Torre \|KO \|1 (10), {{Small\|1:16}} \|Jun 13, 2022 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan}} \| \|- \|21 \|{{no2}}Loss \|19–2 \|style="text-align:left;"\|[[Vasiliy Lomachenko]] \|TKO \|9 (12), {{small\|1:48}} \|[[Vasiliy Lomachenko vs. Masayoshi Nakatani\|Jun 26, 2021]] \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|[[Virgin Hotels Las Vegas]], Paradise, Nevada, US}} \| \|- \|20 \|{{yes2}}Win \|19–1 \|style="text-align:left;"\|[[Félix Verdejo]] \|TKO \|9 (10), {{small\|1:45}} \|Dec 12, 2020 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|[[MGM Grand Las Vegas\|MGM Grand Conference Center]], [[Paradise, Nevada]], U.S.}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Won vacant [[WBO]] Inter-Continental lightweight title}} \|- \|19 \|{{no2}}Loss \|18–1 \|style="text-align:left;"\|[[Teófimo López]] \|UD \|12 \|Jul 19, 2019 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|[[MGM National Harbor]], [[Oxon Hill, Maryland]], U.S.}} \| \|- \|18 \|{{yes2}}Win \|18–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Hurricane Futa \|TKO \|4 (12), {{small\|1:43}} \|Dec 9, 2018 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Edion Arena, Osaka, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|17 \|{{yes2}}Win \|17–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Izuki Tomioka \|TKO \|11 (12), {{small\|2:40}} \|Jul 29, 2018 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Edion Arena, Osaka, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|16 \|{{yes2}}Win \|16–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Amphol Suriyo \|KO \|6 (12), {{small\|1:45}} \|Feb 24, 2018 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Edion Arena, Osaka, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|15 \|{{yes2}}Win \|15–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|[[Ryan Sermona]] \|TKO \|4 (12) \|Sep 3, 2017 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Shimazu Arena, [[Kyoto]], Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|14 \|{{yes2}}Win \|14–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Krai Setthaphon \|UD \|12 \|Apr 9, 2017 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Edion Arena, Osaka, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|13 \|{{yes2}}Win \|13–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Allan Tanada \|TKO \|7 (12), {{small\|1:35}} \|Nov 11, 2016 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Central Gym, Kobe, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|12 \|{{yes2}}Win \|12–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Tosho Makoto Aoki \|TKO \|1 (12), {{small\|1:19}} \|Apr 17, 2016 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|[[Edion Arena]], Osaka, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|11 \|{{yes2}}Win \|11–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Kazuya Murata \|{{abbr\|RTD\|Corner retirement}} \|5 (12), {{small\|3:00}} \|Aug 28, 2015 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Central Gym, Kobe, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|10 \|{{yes2}}Win \|10–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Accel Sumiyoshi \|UD \|12 \|Apr 5, 2015 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|[[Prefectural Gymnasium]], Osaka, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|9 \|{{yes2}}Win \|9–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Futoshi Usami \|UD \|12 \|Oct 28, 2014 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Central Gym, Kobe, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|8 \|{{yes2}}Win \|8–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Ricky Sismundo \|UD \|12 \|May 7, 2014 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|[[Bodymaker Colosseum]], Osaka, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Retained OPBF lightweight title}} \|- \|7 \|{{yes2}}Win \|7–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Yoshitaka Kato \|{{abbr\|MD\|Majority decision}} \|12 \|Jan 11, 2014 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan}} \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Won [[OPBF]] [[lightweight]] title}} \|- \|6 \|{{yes2}}Win \|6–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Shuhei Tsuchiya \|KO \|3 (8), {{small\|1:58}} \|Jul 25, 2013 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|[[Korakuen Hall]], [[Tokyo]], Japan}} \| \|- \|5 \|{{yes2}}Win \|5–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Weerayuth Patangwesang \|KO \|2 (8), {{small\|2:16}} \|Apr 26, 2013 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Central Gym, Kobe, Japan}} \| \|- \|4 \|{{yes2}}Win \|4–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Ronnel Esparas \|{{abbr\|KO\|Knockout}} \|1 (8), {{small\|2:45}} \|Aug 12, 2012 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|Central Gym, [[Kobe]], Japan}} \| \|- \|3 \|{{yes2}}Win \|3–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Roel Laguna \|TKO \|5 (6), {{small\|1:32}} \|Mar 20, 2012 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|IMP Hall, Osaka, Japan}} \| \|- \|2 \|{{yes2}}Win \|2–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Tetsuto Sebiyo Tonomura \|{{abbr\|UD\|Unanimous decision}} \|6 \|Oct 2, 2011 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|IMP Hall, Osaka, Japan}} \| \|- \|1 \|{{yes2}}Win \|1–0 \|style="text-align:left;"\|Katsuhisa Shiokawa \|{{abbr\|TKO\|Technical knockout}} \|4 (4), {{small\|1:35}} \|Jun 12, 2011 \|style="text-align:left;"\|{{small\|[[IMP Hall]], [[Osaka]], Japan}} \| \|- \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{boxrec\|id=573607}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nakatani, Masayoshi}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Japanese male boxers]] [[Category:Lightweight boxers]] [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Boxers from Osaka]]	1,250,300,886	[{"title": "Masayoshi Nakatani", "data": {"Born": "March 8, 1989 \u00b7 Osaka, Japan", "Nationality": "Japanese", "Weight(s)": "- Lightweight", "Height": "5 ft 11.5 in (182 cm)", "Reach": "71 in (180 cm)", "Stance": "Orthodox", "Total fights": "23", "Wins": "20", "Wins by KO": "14", "Losses": "3"}}]	false
# Regions of Taiwan The regions of Taiwan are based on historical administrative divisions. However, most of the definitions are not precise. ## Division into two regions - Eastern and Western Taiwan: the Central Mountain Range separates Taiwan into east and west. - Eastern Taiwan: Yilan, Hualien and Taitung. - Western Taiwan: other divisions from Taipei to Pingtung. - Northern and Southern Taiwan: Zhuoshui River, the longest river of Taiwan, flows through about the middle of the island. - Northern Taiwan: Taipei, New Taipei, Keelung, Taoyuan, Hsinchu (City/County), Miaoli, Taichung, Changhua, and Nantou. - Southern Taiwan: Yunlin, Chiayi (City/County), Tainan, Kaohsiung, and Pingtung. ## Division into four regions The most widely used definition is from the Council for Economic Planning and Development (經濟建設委員會), Executive Yuan. This division into four regions (tetrachotomy) scheme corresponds to the prefectures under Qing dynasty rule. \| No. \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| – \| \| ---------------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Name \| Northern Taiwan \| Central Taiwan \| Southern Taiwan \| Eastern Taiwan \| Outlying Islands \| \| Name \| 北臺灣 \| 中臺灣 \| 南臺灣 \| 東臺灣 \| 外島 \| \| Province \| Taiwan & 6 Special municipalities \| Taiwan & 6 Special municipalities \| Taiwan & 6 Special municipalities \| Taiwan & 6 Special municipalities \| Fujian Kaohsiung City \| \| Map \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Present divisions \| Taipei New Taipei Keelung Taoyuan Hsinchu City/County Yilan \| Miaoli Taichung Changhua Nantou Yunlin \| Chiayi City/County Tainan Kaohsiung Pingtung Penghu \| Hualien Taitung \| Kinmen Matsu (Lienchiang) South China Sea Islands (governed by Cijin of Kaohsiung) \| \| Historical Prefectures \| Taipeh (臺北府) \| Taiwan (臺灣府) \| Tainan (臺南府) \| Taitung (臺東直隸州) \| \| ## Division into five regions The scheme of division into five regions (pentachotomy) is a fusion of the tetrachotomy and hexachotomy schemes. Although no specific names are given in each division, it is the most commonly used scheme among the highest divisions of the central government. This scheme is used by the Joint Service Centers (JSC, 區域聯合服務中心) under Executive Yuan (行政院) and the jurisdiction of High Court Branches (高等法院分院) under Judicial Yuan (司法院). \| No. \| Present divisions \| Joint Service Center \| High Court Branch \| \| --- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------ \| ----------------------- \| \| 1 \| Taipei, New Taipei, Keelung, Taoyuan, Hsinchu City/County, Yilan \| (Headquarter) \| Taiwan HC (Headquarter) \| \| 2 \| Miaoli, Taichung, Changhua, Nantou \| Central Taiwan JSC \| Taiwan HC Taichung BC \| \| 3 \| Yunlin, Chiayi City/County, Tainan \| Yunlin-Chiayi-Tainan JSC \| Taiwan HC Tainan BC \| \| 4 \| Kaohsiung, Pingtung, Penghu \| Southern Taiwan JSC \| Taiwan HC Kaohsiung BC \| \| 5 \| Hualien, Taitung \| Eastern Taiwan JSC \| Taiwan HC Hualien BC \| \| – \| Kinmen, Matsu (Lienchiang) \| Kinmen-Matsu JSC \| Fuchien HC Kinmen BC \| ## Division into six regions The division into six regions (hexachotomy) scheme corresponds to the prefectures under Japanese rule. This scheme was used for national electoral districts in the legislative elections in 1972, 1975, 1980, 1983, and 1986. The discussion of this scheme became popular after the elections of five new municipalities in 2010. \| No. \| Name \| Name \| Present divisions \| Historical Prefectures \| Historical Prefectures \| \| --- \| ---------------- \| ---------- \| ------------------------------------ \| ---------------------- \| ---------------------- \| \| 1 \| Pei–Pei–Kee–(Yi) \| 北北基(宜) \| Taipei, New Taipei, Keelung, (Yilan) \| Taihoku \| 臺北州 \| \| 2 \| Tao-Chu-Miao \| 桃竹苗 \| Taoyuan, Hsinchu City/County, Miaoli \| Shinchiku \| 新竹州 \| \| 3 \| Chung–Chang–Tou \| 中彰投 \| Taichung, Changhua, Nantou \| Taichū \| 臺中州 \| \| 4 \| Yun–Chia–Nan \| 雲嘉南 \| Yunlin, Chiayi City/County, Tainan \| Tainan \| 臺南州 \| \| 5 \| Kao–Ping(–Peng) \| 高屏(澎) \| Kaohsiung, Pingtung, (Penghu) \| Takao, Hōko \| 高雄州、澎湖廳 \| \| 6 \| (Yi–)Hua–Tung \| (宜)花東 \| (Yilan), Hualien, Taitung \| Karenkō, Taitō \| 花蓮港廳、臺東廳 \| \| – \| (Peng–)Kin–Ma \| (澎)金馬 \| (Penghu), Kinmen, Matsu (Lienchiang) \| None \| None \|	enwiki/17551325	enwiki	17,551,325	Regions of Taiwan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Taiwan	2024-05-02T07:19:59Z	en	Q16056704	69,446	{{Short description\|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! --> The '''regions of [[Taiwan]]''' are based on historical administrative divisions. However, most of the definitions are not precise. ==Division into two regions== * '''Eastern and Western Taiwan''': the [[Central Mountain Range]] separates Taiwan into east and west. :* ''Eastern Taiwan'': [[Yilan County, Taiwan\|Yilan]], [[Hualien County\|Hualien]] and [[Taitung County\|Taitung]]. :* ''Western Taiwan'': other divisions from [[Taipei]] to [[Pingtung County\|Pingtung]]. * '''Northern and Southern Taiwan''': [[Zhuoshui River]], the longest [[List of rivers of Taiwan\|river of Taiwan]], flows through about the middle of the island. :* ''Northern Taiwan'': [[Taipei]], [[New Taipei]], [[Keelung]], [[Taoyuan, Taiwan\|Taoyuan]], [[Hsinchu]] <small>(City/[[Hsinchu County\|County]])</small>, [[Miaoli County\|Miaoli]], [[Taichung]], [[Changhua County\|Changhua]], and [[Nantou County\|Nantou]]. :* ''Southern Taiwan'': [[Yunlin County\|Yunlin]], [[Chiayi]] <small>(City/[[Chiayi County\|County]])</small>, [[Tainan]], [[Kaohsiung]], and [[Pingtung County\|Pingtung]]. ==Division into four regions== The most widely used definition is from the [[Council for Economic Planning and Development]] ({{lang\|zh-hant\|經濟建設委員會}}), [[Executive Yuan]]. This division into four regions (tetrachotomy) scheme corresponds to the prefectures [[Taiwan under Qing rule\|under Qing dynasty rule]]. {\|class=wikitable !No.!!1!!2!!3!!4!!– \|-align=center !rowspan=2\|Name \|'''Northern Taiwan'''\|\|'''Central Taiwan'''\|\|'''Southern Taiwan'''\|\|'''Eastern Taiwan'''\|\|'''Outlying Islands''' \|-align=center \|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-hant\|北臺灣}}</span>\|\|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-hant\|中臺灣}}</span> \|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-hant\|南臺灣}}</span>\|\|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-hant\|東臺灣}}</span> \|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-hant\|外島}}</span> \|-align=center !Province \|colspan=4\|[[Taiwan Province\|Taiwan]] & 6 [[Special municipality (Taiwan)\|Special municipalities]]\|\|[[Fujian Province, Republic of China\|Fujian]]<br>[[Kaohsiung City]] \|- !Map \|[[File:Northern Taiwan official determined.svg\|120px]]\|\|[[File:Central Taiwan official determined.svg\|120px]] \|[[File:Southern Taiwan official determined.svg\|120px]]\|\|[[File:Eastern Taiwan official determined.svg\|120px]] \|[[File:ROC Fuchien.png\|120px]] \|-valign=top !Present<br />divisions \|[[Taipei]]<br />[[New Taipei]]<br />[[Keelung]]<br />[[Taoyuan, Taiwan\|Taoyuan]]<br />[[Hsinchu]] <small>City/[[Hsinchu County\|County]]</small><br />[[Yilan County, Taiwan\|Yilan]] \|[[Miaoli County\|Miaoli]]<br />[[Taichung]]<br />[[Changhua County\|Changhua]]<br />[[Nantou County\|Nantou]]<br />[[Yunlin County\|Yunlin]] \|[[Chiayi]] <small>City/[[Chiayi County\|County]]</small><br />[[Tainan]]<br />[[Kaohsiung]]<br />[[Pingtung County\|Pingtung]]<br />[[Penghu]] \|[[Hualien County\|Hualien]]<br />[[Taitung County\|Taitung]] \|[[Kinmen]]<br>[[Matsu Islands\|Matsu <small>(Lienchiang)</small>]]<br/> [[South China Sea Islands]]<br><small>(governed by [[Cijin]] of Kaohsiung)</small> \|- !Historical<br />Prefectures \|[[Taipeh Prefecture\|Taipeh]] ({{lang\|zh-hant\|臺北府}})\|\|[[Taiwan Prefecture\|Taiwan]] ({{lang\|zh-hant\|臺灣府}}) \|[[Tainan Prefecture (Qing dynasty)\|Tainan]] ({{lang\|zh-hant\|臺南府}})\|\|[[Taitung Prefecture\|Taitung]] ({{lang\|zh-hant\|臺東直隸州}})\|\| \|} ==Division into five regions== The scheme of division into five regions (pentachotomy) is a fusion of the tetrachotomy and hexachotomy schemes. Although no specific names are given in each division, it is the most commonly used scheme among the highest divisions of the [[Government of the Republic of China\|central government]]. This scheme is used by the Joint Service Centers (JSC, {{lang\|zh-tw\|區域聯合服務中心}}) under [[Executive Yuan]] ({{lang\|zh-tw\|行政院}}) and the jurisdiction of High Court Branches ({{lang\|zh-tw\|高等法院分院}}) under [[Judicial Yuan]] ({{lang\|zh-tw\|司法院}}).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.judicial.gov.tw/en/english/branches/branch.asp\|title=Judicial-About Us-Organization Chart-Organization Chart}}</ref> {\|class=wikitable !No.!!Present divisions!![[Administrative divisions of Taiwan#Joint Service Centers of Executive Yuan\|Joint Service Center]]!![[High court (Taiwan)\|High Court Branch]] \|- \|align=center\|'''1'''\|\|[[Taipei]], [[New Taipei City\|New Taipei]], [[Keelung]], [[Taoyuan, Taiwan\|Taoyuan]], [[Hsinchu]] <small>City/[[Hsinchu County\|County]]</small>, [[Yilan County, Taiwan\|Yilan]]\|\|(''Headquarter'')\|\|Taiwan HC (''Headquarter'') \|- \|align=center\|'''2'''\|\|[[Miaoli County\|Miaoli]], [[Taichung]], [[Changhua County\|Changhua]], [[Nantou County\|Nantou]]\|\|Central Taiwan JSC\|\|Taiwan HC Taichung BC \|- \|align=center\|'''3'''\|\|[[Yunlin County\|Yunlin]], [[Chiayi]] <small>City/[[Chiayi County\|County]]</small>, [[Tainan]]\|\|Yunlin-Chiayi-Tainan JSC\|\|Taiwan HC Tainan BC \|- \|align=center\|'''4'''\|\|[[Kaohsiung]], [[Pingtung County\|Pingtung]], [[Penghu]]\|\|Southern Taiwan JSC\|\|Taiwan HC Kaohsiung BC \|- \|align=center\|'''5'''\|\|[[Hualien County\|Hualien]], [[Taitung County\|Taitung]]\|\|Eastern Taiwan JSC\|\|Taiwan HC Hualien BC \|- \|align=center\|'''–'''\|\|[[Kinmen]], [[Matsu Islands\|Matsu <small>(Lienchiang)</small>]]\|\|Kinmen-Matsu JSC\|\|Fuchien HC Kinmen BC \|} ==Division into six regions== [[File:Taiwan Japan.svg\|250px\|thumb\|Political division of Taiwan in 1945]] The division into six regions (hexachotomy) scheme corresponds to the prefectures [[Taiwan under Japanese rule\|under Japanese rule]]. This scheme was used for national electoral districts in the [[Legislative elections in Taiwan\|legislative elections]] in [[1972 Taiwan legislative election\|1972]], [[1975 Taiwan legislative election\|1975]], [[1980 Taiwan legislative election\|1980]], [[1983 Taiwan legislative election\|1983]], and [[1986 Taiwan legislative election\|1986]]. The discussion of this scheme became popular after the [[2010 Taiwanese local elections\|elections of five new municipalities in 2010]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.moi.gov.tw/countyreform/node.aspx?sn=4258\|title=前言-縣市改制直轄市資訊網\|website=www.moi.gov.tw}}</ref> {\|class=wikitable !No.!!colspan=2\|Name!!Present divisions!!colspan=2\|[[Prefectures of Japan\|Historical Prefectures]] \|- \|align=center\|'''1'''\|\|'''Pei–Pei–Kee–(Yi)'''\|\|align=center\|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-tw\|北北基(宜)}}</span>\|\|[[Taipei]], [[New Taipei City\|New Taipei]], [[Keelung]], ([[Yilan County, Taiwan\|Yilan]])\|\|[[Taihoku Prefecture\|Taihoku]]\|\|align=center\|{{lang\|ja\|臺北州}} \|- \|align=center\|'''2'''\|\|'''Tao-Chu-Miao'''\|\|align=center\|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-tw\|桃竹苗}}</span>\|\|[[Taoyuan, Taiwan\|Taoyuan]], [[Hsinchu]] <small>City/[[Hsinchu County\|County]]</small>, [[Miaoli County\|Miaoli]]\|\|[[Shinchiku Prefecture\|Shinchiku]]\|\|align=center\|{{lang\|ja\|新竹州}} \|- \|align=center\|'''3'''\|\|'''Chung–Chang–Tou'''\|\|align=center\|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-tw\|中彰投}}</span>\|\|[[Taichung]], [[Changhua County\|Changhua]], [[Nantou County\|Nantou]]\|\|[[Taichū Prefecture\|Taichū]]\|\|align=center\|{{lang\|ja\|臺中州}} \|- \|align=center\|'''4'''\|\|'''Yun–Chia–Nan'''\|\|align=center\|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-tw\|雲嘉南}}</span>\|\|[[Yunlin County\|Yunlin]], [[Chiayi]] <small>City/[[Chiayi County\|County]]</small>, [[Tainan]]\|\|[[Tainan Prefecture\|Tainan]]\|\|align=center\|{{lang\|ja\|臺南州}} \|- \|align=center\|'''5'''\|\|'''Kao–Ping(–Peng)'''\|\|align=center\|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-tw\|高屏(澎)}}</span>\|\|[[Kaohsiung]], [[Pingtung County\|Pingtung]], ([[Penghu]])\|\|[[Takao Prefecture\|Takao]], [[Hōko Prefecture\|Hōko]]\|\|align=center\|{{lang\|ja\|高雄州、澎湖廳}} \|- \|align=center\|'''6'''\|\|'''(Yi–)Hua–Tung'''\|\|align=center\|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-tw\|(宜)花東}}</span>\|\|([[Yilan County, Taiwan\|Yilan]]), [[Hualien County\|Hualien]], [[Taitung County\|Taitung]]\|\|[[Karenkō Prefecture\|Karenkō]], [[Taitō Prefecture\|Taitō]]\|\|align=center\|{{lang\|ja\|花蓮港廳、臺東廳}} \|- \|align=center\|'''–'''\|\|'''(Peng–)Kin–Ma'''\|\|align=center\|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|zh-tw\|(澎)金馬}}</span>\|\|([[Penghu]]), [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu Islands\|Matsu <small>(Lienchiang)</small>]]\|\|colspan=2\|''None'' \|} ==See also== {{Portal\|Taiwan}} * [[Administrative divisions of Taiwan]] * [[Geography of Taiwan]] * [[North–South divide in Taiwan]] * [[Political divisions of Taiwan (1895–1945)]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Asia topic\|Regions of}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Regions Of Taiwan}} [[Category:Geography of Taiwan\|*]]	1,221,832,994	[]	false
# List of Australian bushfire seasons This is a list of specific seasons of bushfires in Australia including some significant bushfire events from each season. Events are listed if they cause fatalities, destroy houses, or burn more than 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) of land. Across Australia, seasonality of bushfires varies significantly; however, is generally aligned with the weather patterns in the south of the continent so that each season begins in June (the beginning of the Australian winter) and runs through the following May (the end of the Australian autumn). The worst season recorded is 1974-75, with 117 million hectares (290 million acres) burned, equivalent to 15 percent of Australia's physical land mass that equates to the entire area of France, Spain, and Portugal combined. ## 1800s - 1897-98 Australian bushfire season: - Red Tuesday: 12 fatalities, 2000 buildings were destroyed, and 260,000 hectares (640,000 acres) were burnt in Victoria (DSE 2003b). - 1885-86 Australian bushfire season: - Heytesbury fires - 1850-51 Australian bushfire season: - Black Thursday bushfires: 12 fatalities, one million sheep and thousands of cattle were killed, and the fire burnt the second largest area (approximately 5,000,000 hectares (12,000,000 acres)) in history (CFA 2003a; DSE 2003b). ## 1920s - 1925–26 Victorian bushfire season ## 1930s - 1938-1939 Black Friday bushfires - Adelaide Hills bushfires ## 1940s - 1943–44 Australian bushfire season - 1943–44 Victorian bushfire season ## 1950s - 1957–58 Australian bushfire season - Wandilo Bushfire - 1954–55 Australian bushfire season - Black Sunday bushfires ## 1960s - 1968-69 Australian bushfire season: NSW in 1968-69 over 1,000,000 hectares (2,500,000 acres) were burnt and three people were killed (Linacre & Hobbs 1977; RFS 2003a). - 1966-67 Australian bushfire season: 62 fatalities, 900 injured, 7,000 left homeless, 4,286 buildings lost - The 1967 Tasmanian fires: 110 separate fire fronts burnt through 264,000 hectares (650,000 acres) of land in southern Tasmania. The destruction included 1,293 homes, around 62,000 farm animals, over 1,700 other buildings, 80 bridges, 4,800 sections of power lines, 1,500 motor vehicles and over 100 other structures. - 1965 New South Wales bushfires. The Chatsbury-Bungonia bushfires destroyed much of the villages of Towrang, Tallong, Wingello, and Penrose, orchards, and livestock, affecting 250,000 hectares (620,000 acres). It broke out in the Southern Highlands and spread toward Nowra. Three people died.[2] - 1964–65 Australian bushfire season - Chatsbury bushfires - 1961 Western Australian bushfires The towns of Dwellingup[3] and Karridale were basically destroyed, along with many small settlements that were not rebuilt. The Dwellingup fire migrated to the town of Pinjarra where it burned a significant number of buildings. From January to March of that year, about 1,800,000 hectares (4,400,000 acres) was burnt throughout the south-west, with a large loss of livestock. ## 1970s - 1979-80 Australian bushfire season - 1980 Ash Wednesday bushfires - 1974–75 Australian bushfire season: approximately 117 million hectares (290 million acres)[a] burned.[4][6][7] The area burnt, 117 million hectares (290 million acres), is equivalent to 15 percent of Australia's physical land mass that equates to the entire area of France, Spain, and Portugal combined.[5] ## 1980s - 1984-85 Australian bushfire season: NSW in 1984-85, 3,500,000 hectares (8,600,000 acres) were burnt, four lives were lost, 40,000 livestock were killed and $40m damage to property was caused (RFS 2003a). - 1982-1983 Australian bushfire season: The Ash Wednesday fires of 16 February 1983 caused severe damage in Victoria and South Australia. In Victoria, 210,000 hectares (520,000 acres) were burnt, 2,080 houses destroyed, more than 27,000 stock lost and 47 people lost their lives (CFA 2003a; DSE 2003b, 2003d). Property-related damage was estimated at over $200m and more than 16,000 fire fighters, 1,000 police and 500 defence personnel fought the fires in Victoria. In South Australia, 208,000 hectares (510,000 acres) were burnt, 383 houses were destroyed, 28 people were killed and property-related damage was estimated to be more than $200m (DSE 2003d).[1] ## 1990s - 1998–99 Australian bushfire season: 5 fatalities - Linton bushfire: 5 firefighters killed on 2 December near Linton in Victoria - 1997–98 Australian bushfire season: 4 fatalities and 10 houses lost - 4 fatalities and 10 houses lost on 20 November at Menai in New South Wales - 1996–97 Australian bushfire season: 3 fatalities and 44 houses lost - 1 house destroyed in October near Ravensbourne in Queensland. - 3 fatalities and 43 houses lost on 19 January in the Dandenong Ranges and Mornington Peninsula. - 1994–95 Australian bushfire season: 23 houses lost - 23 houses lost from September to November in southeast Queensland. - 1993–94 Australian bushfire season: 4 fatalities, 206 houses lost, 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres) burnt in NSW - 1994 eastern seaboard fires: 4 fatalities and 206 houses lost on the east coast of New South Wales - 1992–93 Australian bushfire season: 4 houses lost - 4 houses lost at Coominya in Queensland - 1991–92 Australian bushfire season: 3 fatalities, 17 houses lost - 2 fatalities and 14 houses lost on 16 October in western Sydney and the Central Coast in New South Wales - 1 fatality and 3 houses lost at Mount Tamborine in Queensland - 1990-91 Australian bushfire season: 4 fatalities, 25 houses lost - 3 fatalities in Queensland - 8 houses lost on 23 December across New South Wales - 1 fatality and 17 houses lost on 27 December at Strathbogie ## 2000s - 2009–10 Australian bushfire season: 2 fatalities, at least 57 houses lost - 5 houses lost during November near Swansea and St Helens in Tasmania - A park ranger died in a helicopter crash on 9 December in the Dorrigo National Park in New South Wales - 9 houses lost on 17 December at Gerogery, Tooma and Michelago in New South Wales - 6 houses lost on 23 December at Port Lincoln in South Australia - 37 houses lost on 29 December near Toodyay in Western Australia - A firefighter killed in a vehicle accident on 10 January near Tatong on the way to a fire near Mansfield in Victoria. - 2008–09 Australian bushfire season: 173 fatalities, 2,060 houses lost - 2 houses lost on 13 January at Port Lincoln in South Australia - 31 houses lost from 30 January to 1 February at Yinnar, Boolarra and Mirboo North in Victoria - Black Saturday bushfires: 173 fatalities, 2,056 houses lost and 239,637 hectares (592,160 acres) burned on 7 February at numerous locations in Victoria - 2007–08 Australian bushfire season: 5 fatalities, 1 house lost - 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires - 3 truck drivers killed on 30 December at Boorabbin National Park in Western Australia - One house lost on 10 January in the Kangarilla and Echunga area of South Australia - 2006–07 Australian bushfire season: 5 fatalities, 63 houses lost - 7 houses lost on 24 September at Picton, Thirlmere and Oakdale in New South Wales - 1 fatality, 33 houses lost, and 1,154,828 hectares (2,853,640 acres) burnt in the Great Divide fire complex from 1 December 2006 to 7 February 2007 across alpine Victoria - 22 houses lost on 11–14 December at Scamander and Four Mile Creek in Tasmania - 1 house lost on 12 December at Kalamunda in Western Australia - 2005–06 Australian bushfire season: 3+ fatalities, 54 houses lost - 2006 Junee Bushfire - Pulletop bushfire - Jail Break Inn Fire: 10 houses lost on 1 January near Junee in New South Wales - 3 houses lost on 1 January near Gosford in New South Wales - Mount Lubra bushfire: 2 fatalities, 41 houses lost and 116,380 hectares (287,600 acres) burned from 19 January around the Grampians National Park in Victoria - 2 fatalities and 16 houses lost from other fires during January in Victoria - 2004–05 Australian bushfire season: 9 fatalities, 3 houses lost - Eyre Peninsula bushfire: 9 fatalities and 93 houses lost on 11 January on the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia - 2003–04 Australian bushfire season - 2002–03 Australian bushfire season: 7 fatalities and at least 549 houses lost - 1 fatality and 10 houses lost from 16–29 October near Toowoomba in Queensland - 10 houses lost on 9 October at Engadine in New South Wales - 2002 Sydney: 41 homes were lost on 4 December 2002 at Glenorie, a suburb north of Sydney. - 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires: 41 houses lost and 1,200,000 hectares (3,000,000 acres) burned from 8 January to 19 March in northeastern Victoria. - 2003 Canberra bushfires: 4 fatalities and 488 houses lost on 18 January in western Canberra and nearby townships. - 2001–02 Australian bushfire season: 110 houses lost - Black Christmas bushfires: 109 houses lost and 733,342 hectares (1,812,130 acres) burned from 24 December to 16 January at numerous locations in New South Wales. - 1 house lost in March at Glenaroua in Victoria - 2001 Warragamba bushfires - 2000–01 Australian bushfire season: 11 houses lost - 11 houses lost from 1–9 February at Tulka in South Australia. ## 2010s - 2018–19 Australian bushfire season: 35 houses lost, 1 fatality - 2018 Central Queensland bushfires - 2017–18 Australian bushfire season: 94 buildings lost - 2018 Tathra bushfire - 2016–17 Australian bushfire season: 46 houses lost - 2015–16 Australian bushfire season: 9 fatalities, 408 houses lost - The most destructive bushfire season in terms of human life and property loss since the 2008–09 Australian bushfire season prior to the 2019-2020 bushfires. Insurance losses of around A$353 million - At least 317,000 hectares (780,000 acres) burned - Loss of 408 houses and at least 500 non-residential buildings - 8 deaths as a direct result of fire: 6 people died in Western Australia, 2 in South Australia. In New South Wales a volunteer firefighter died due to unrelated health complications while on duty. - 2015 Esperance bushfires: 4 fatalities; 19 buildings destroyed - 2015 Pinery bushfire: 2 fatalities; 470+ buildings destroyed - 2016 Tasmanian bushfires: catastrophic impact on Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area lands - 2016 Waroona-Yarloop bushfire - 2014–15 Australian bushfire season: 1 fatality, 48 houses lost - 75,000 hectares (190,000 acres) burned over twelve days in September and threatened the town of Tom Price and the western portion of Karijini National Park in Western Australia - 1 farmer killed and two firefighters injured on 1 November while fighting a fire about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Adelaide at Nantawarra, South Australia. The fire burnt out about 1,800 hectares (4,448 acres) of grassland - 2015 Sampson Flat bushfires, South Australia: 32 houses lost, 125 outbuildings - 2013–14 Australian bushfire season: 3 fatalities, 335 buildings lost - 2013 New South Wales bushfires: 2 fatalities, 208 houses lost 86,000 hectares (210,000 acres) bushland burnt including parts of the World Heritage–listed Greater Blue Mountains - 1 fatality and 52 houses lost on 12–13 January in the Perth Hills around Parkerville, Stoneville and Mount Helena. - 32 houses lost on 15–20 January around the northern Grampians in western Victoria - 15 houses lost on 17–19 January in the Barossa Valley and Flinders Ranges in South Australia. - The Snowy River bushfire in Eastern Victoria in February 2014. The bushfire which lasted for 70 days grew to 165,800 hectares (410,000 acres) and was roughly the same size as Melbourne. Also burning were fires at Hazelwood coal mine and Kilmore - 2012–13 Australian bushfire season: 4 fatalities, 314 buildings lost - 7 houses lost on 11 November at Tulka near Port Lincoln, South Australia - Several properties lost from 8–10 December at Myora Springs, Stradbroke Island, Queensland - 2013 Tasmanian bushfires: 1 fatality and 203 houses lost from 3–5 January in Dunally, Boomer Bay, Bicheno, Sommers Bay, and Copping - 1 house lost on 9 January at Jugiong in New South Wales - 9 houses lost on 8 January at Snake Valley, Chepstowe and Carngham in Victoria - 51 houses lost from 13–17 January from a fire in the Warrumbungle National Park west of Coonabarabran, New South Wales - 1 fatality and 22 houses lost from 17–18 January in bushfires affecting Coongulla, Glenmaggie, Heyfield, Newry and Seaton in Victoria - 2 firefighters killed by a falling tree on 13 February fighting a fire near Harrietville - 1 fatality and 4 houses lost during February in fires affecting Esperance, Boddington and Bridgetown in Western Australia - 16 houses lost on 27 March at Dereel in Victoria - 2013 Cherryville Bushfire: 1 house lost on 9 May near Cherryville in South Australia - 2011–12 Australian bushfire season: 32 houses lost - 32 houses lost on 23–26 November near Margaret River in Western Australia - 2010–11 Australian bushfire season: 83 houses lost - 10 houses lost on 10–12 January at Lake Clifton in Western Australia - 2 houses lost on 1–3 February in Gippsland, Victoria - 71 houses lost on 5–7 February near Roleystone and Kelmscott in Western Australia ## 2020s - 2019–20 Australian bushfire season - At least 2,680 homes lost - 33 deaths (including four firefighters and three US firefighters operating a Lockheed Martin C-130 Large Air Tanker that crashed in the Snowy Monaro Region of southern NSW) - WWF-Australia estimated at least 1.25 billion wild animals killed - At least 18.626 million hectares (46.03 million acres) burned - 2020–21 Australian bushfire season - 2021 Wooroloo bushfire - 2021–22 Australian bushfire season - 2021 Beechina bushfire - 2022–23 Australian bushfire season - 2023 Darling Downs fires - 2023 Wanneroo bushfire - 2023–24 Australian bushfire season - 2024–25 Australian bushfire season	enwiki/40896684	enwiki	40,896,684	List of Australian bushfire seasons	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_bushfire_seasons	2025-04-06T22:56:17Z	en	Q16149732	291,057	{{Short description\|none}} {{about\|a list of bushfire seasons in Australia\|a list major bushes in Australia, including major bushfire seasons\|List of major bushfires in Australia}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{Incomplete list\|date=October 2013}} [[File:2001-19 Australian Bushfire season MODIS overview.png\|thumb\|[[NASA]] [[MODIS]] burned area detections from June 2001 to May 2019 showing regions affected by fires in Australia in red]] This is a '''list of specific seasons of [[bushfires in Australia]]''' including some significant bushfire events from each season. Events are listed if they cause fatalities, destroy houses, or burn more than {{convert\|100000\|ha}} of land. Across Australia, [[Bushfires in Australia#Seasonality\|seasonality of bushfires varies significantly]]; however, is generally aligned with the weather patterns in the south of the continent so that each season begins in June (the beginning of the Australian winter) and runs through the following May (the end of the Australian autumn). [[1974-75 Australian bushfire season\|The worst season recorded is 1974-75]], with {{convert\|117\|e6ha\|e6acre\|abbr=off\|lk=on}} burned, equivalent to 15 percent of Australia's physical land mass that equates to the entire area of France, Spain, and Portugal combined. == 1800s == * [[1897-98 Australian bushfire season]]: :[[Red Tuesday bushfires\|Red Tuesday]]: 12 fatalities, 2000 buildings were destroyed, and {{convert\|260000\|ha}} were burnt in Victoria (DSE 2003b).<ref name=DSE>{{cite web\|title=1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2004 - Bushfires \|date=27 February 2004 \|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] \|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/CCB3F2E90BA779D3CA256DEA00053977?opendocument}}</ref> [[1885-86 Australian bushfire season]]: :[[Heytesbury fires]] [[1850-51 Australian bushfire season]]: :[[Black Thursday bushfires]]: 12 fatalities, one million sheep and thousands of cattle were killed, and the fire burnt the second largest area (approximately {{convert\|5000000\|ha}}) in history (CFA 2003a; DSE 2003b).{{citation needed\|date=February 2020}} == 1920s == [[1925–26 Victorian bushfire season]] == 1930s == [[Black Friday bushfires\|1938-1939 Black Friday bushfires]] :[[Adelaide Hills bushfires]] == 1940s == [[1943–44 Australian bushfire season]] [[1943–44 Victorian bushfire season]] == 1950s == [[1957–58 Australian bushfire season]] :[[Wandilo Bushfire]] [[1954–55 Australian bushfire season]] :[[Black Sunday bushfires]] == 1960s == <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:1967 Tasmanian Fire House Burning Down.jpg\|thumb\|Buildings burning in [[Hobart]] during the 1967 'Black Tuesday' bushfires.]] --> [[1968-69 Australian bushfire season]]: NSW in 1968-69 over {{convert\|1000000\|ha}} were burnt and three people were killed (Linacre & Hobbs 1977; RFS 2003a). [[1966-67 Australian bushfire season]]: 62 fatalities, 900 injured, 7,000 left homeless, 4,286 buildings lost :[[1967 Tasmanian fires\|The 1967 Tasmanian fires]]: 110 separate fire fronts burnt through {{convert\|264000\|ha}} of land in southern Tasmania. The destruction included 1,293 homes, around 62,000 farm animals, over 1,700 other buildings, 80 bridges, 4,800 sections of power lines, 1,500 motor vehicles and over 100 other structures. 1965 New South Wales bushfires. The [[Chatsbury bushfires\|Chatsbury-Bungonia bushfires]] destroyed much of the villages of [[Towrang]], [[Tallong, New South Wales\|Tallong]], [[Wingello, New South Wales\|Wingello]], and [[Penrose, New South Wales (Wingecarribee)\|Penrose]], orchards, and livestock, affecting 250,000 hectares (620,000 acres). It broke out in the [[Southern Highlands (New South Wales)\|Southern Highlands]] and spread toward [[Nowra, New South Wales\|Nowra.]] Three people died.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=GORDON\|first=CHRIS\|date=2015-03-04\|title=Remembering the 1965 Chatsbury-Bungonia Fire {{!}} Photos, Audio\|url=https://www.goulburnpost.com.au/story/2919539/remembering-the-1965-chatsbury-bungonia-fire-photos-audio/\|access-date=2021-05-14\|website=Goulburn Post\|language=en-AU}}</ref> [[1964–65 Australian bushfire season]] :[[Chatsbury bushfires]] [[1961 Western Australian bushfires]] The towns of [[Dwellingup]]<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Dwellingup Fire – Bushfire Front \|url=https://www.bushfirefront.org.au/resources-2/seminars/the-dwellingup-fire/ \|website=Bushfire Front \|accessdate=5 January 2020}}</ref> and [[Karridale]] were basically destroyed, along with many small settlements that were not rebuilt. The Dwellingup fire migrated to the town of [[Pinjarra]] where it burned a significant number of buildings. From January to March of that year, about {{convert\|1800000\|ha}} was burnt throughout the south-west, with a large loss of livestock. == 1970s == [[1979-80 Australian bushfire season]] :[[1980 Ash Wednesday bushfires]] [[1974–75 Australian bushfire season]]: approximately {{convert\|117\|e6ha\|e6acre\|abbr=off}}{{efn\| The 1974-75 bushfire season burnt over {{convert\|100\|e6ha\|e6acre\|abbr=off}}, but there are different figures reported: * In 1995, the Australian Bureau Statistics reported {{convert\|117\|e6ha\|e6acre\|abbr=off}}<ref name="abs1995"/> * The 2004 National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management reports a total of {{convert\|102\|e6ha\|e6acre\|abbr=off}}<ref name="Ellis2004"/> The extent of the 1974-75 bushfire season was not known until after the event when satellite images were analysed, due to the fires being mostly located in very remote areas of the continent.<ref name="newscom20200108"/> }} burned.<ref name="abs1995">{{cite web\|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/6C98BB75496A5AD1CA2569DE00267E48\|title=BUSHFIRES – AN INTEGRAL PART OF AUSTRALIA'S ENVIRONMENT\|work=1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995\|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]\|date=1 January 1995\|author=Cheney, N. P.\|access-date=14 January 2020\|quote=In 1974-75, lush growth of grasses and forbs following exceptionally heavy rainfall in the previous two years provided continuous fuels through much of central Australia and in this season fires burnt over 117 million hectares or 15 per cent of the total land area of this continent.}}</ref><ref name="newscom20200108">{{cite web\|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/how-the-2019-australian-bushfire-season-compares-to-other-fire-disasters/news-story/7924ce9c58b5d2f435d0ed73ffe34174\|title=How the 2019 Australian bushfire season compares to other fire disasters\|work=news.com.au\|date=8 January 2020\|author=Chang, Charis\|access-date=14 January 2020\|quote=The 1974/75 fires had almost no impact and much of the damage was found by satellite after the fact.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire - New South Wales\|url=https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/bushfire-new-south-wales-1974/\|website=Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience\|publisher=Government of Australia\|accessdate=13 January 2020\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113201506/https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/bushfire-new-south-wales-1974/\|archivedate=13 January 2020\|quote=During the summer between 1974 and 1975, Australia experienced its worst bushfire season in 30 years. Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million ha.}}</ref> The area burnt, {{convert\|117\|e6ha\|e6acre\|abbr=off}}, is equivalent to 15 percent of Australia's physical land mass that equates to the entire area of France, Spain, and Portugal combined.<ref name="Ellis2004">{{cite web\|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=scipapers\|title=National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management, Council of Australian Governments\|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia\|date=31 March 2004\|author1=Ellis, Stuart\|author2=Kanowski, Peter\|author3=Whelan, R. J.\|access-date=14 January 2020\|via=[[University of Wollongong]]}}</ref> == 1980s == * [[1984-85 Australian bushfire season]]: NSW in 1984-85, {{convert\|3500000\|ha}} were burnt, four lives were lost, 40,000 livestock were killed and $40m damage to property was caused (RFS 2003a). * [[1982-1983 Australian bushfire season]]: The [[Ash Wednesday bushfires\|Ash Wednesday]] fires of 16 February 1983 caused severe damage in Victoria and South Australia. In Victoria, {{convert\|210000\|ha}} were burnt, 2,080 houses destroyed, more than 27,000 stock lost and 47 people lost their lives (CFA 2003a; DSE 2003b, 2003d). Property-related damage was estimated at over $200m and more than 16,000 fire fighters, 1,000 police and 500 defence personnel fought the fires in Victoria. In South Australia, {{convert\|208000\|ha}} were burnt, 383 houses were destroyed, 28 people were killed and property-related damage was estimated to be more than $200m (DSE 2003d).<ref name=DSE/> == 1990s == [[1998–99 Australian bushfire season]]: 5 fatalities :[[Linton Bushfire\|Linton bushfire]]: 5 firefighters killed on 2 December near {{VICcity\|Linton}} in Victoria<ref name=EMKH210>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - LINTON (NEAR BALLARAT)\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=210\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113064405/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=210\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[1997–98 Australian bushfire season]]: 4 fatalities and 10 houses lost :4 fatalities and 10 houses lost on 20 November at {{NSWcity\|Menai}} in New South Wales<ref name="RFS"/><ref name=EMKH476>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - SYDNEY, HUNTER, PILLIGA\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=476\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113064643/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=476\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[1996–97 Australian bushfire season]]: 3 fatalities and 44 houses lost :1 house destroyed in October near {{QLDcity\|Ravensbourne}} in Queensland.<ref name="AIC">{{cite web\|title=Understanding bushfire: trends in deliberate vegetation fires in Australia: Queensland\|url=http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/4/8/4/%7B4848DAE8-BB71-420E-9D5A-12B851BFB53E%7Dtbp027_04_qld.pdf\|publisher=Australian Institute of Criminology\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|page=11\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212131012/http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/4/8/4/%7b4848DAE8-BB71-420E-9D5A-12B851BFB53E%7dtbp027_04_qld.pdf\|archive-date=12 February 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> :3 fatalities and 43 houses lost on 19 January in the [[Dandenong Ranges]] and [[Mornington Peninsula]].<ref name=EMKH36>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - DANDENONG RANGES AND MORNINGTON PENINSULA\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=36\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113070012/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=36\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[1994–95 Australian bushfire season]]: 23 houses lost :23 houses lost from September to November in southeast Queensland.<ref name=EMKH224>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - EAST COAST QUEENSLAND\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=224\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113080840/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=224\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[1993–94 Australian bushfire season]]: 4 fatalities, 206 houses lost, {{convert\|800000\|ha}} burnt in NSW :[[1994 eastern seaboard fires]]: 4 fatalities and 206 houses lost on the east coast of New South Wales<ref name="RFS"/> [[1992–93 Australian bushfire season]]: 4 houses lost :4 houses lost at {{QLDcity\|Coominya}} in Queensland<ref name="AIC"/> [[1991–92 Australian bushfire season]]: 3 fatalities, 17 houses lost :2 fatalities and 14 houses lost on 16 October in western [[Sydney]] and the Central Coast in New South Wales<ref name="RFS"/> :1 fatality and 3 houses lost at {{QLDcity\|Mount Tamborine}} in Queensland<ref name="AIC"/> [[1990-91 Australian bushfire season]]: 4 fatalities, 25 houses lost :3 fatalities in Queensland<ref name="AIC"/> :8 houses lost on 23 December across New South Wales<ref name="RFS"/> :1 fatality and 17 houses lost on 27 December at {{VICcity\|Strathbogie}}<ref name="CFA"/> == 2000s == [[2009–10 Australian bushfire season]]: 2 fatalities, at least 57 houses lost :5 houses lost during November near [[Swansea, Tasmania\|Swansea]] and [[St Helens, Tasmania\|St Helens]] in Tasmania :A park ranger died in a helicopter crash on 9 December in the [[Dorrigo National Park]] in New South Wales :9 houses lost on 17 December at [[Gerogery]], [[Tooma, New South Wales\|Tooma]] and [[Michelago]] in New South Wales<ref name="TA">{{Cite news \| last = Robinson \| first = Natasha \| title = Rain and milder temperatures bring relief to firefighters, but danger not over yet \| newspaper = [[The Australian]] \| date = 18 December 2009 \| url = http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/rain-and-milder-temperatures-bring-relief-to-firefighters-but-danger-not-over-yet/story-e6frg6nf-1225811657069 \| accessdate = 18 December 2009}}</ref> :6 houses lost on 23 December at [[Port Lincoln]] in South Australia<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Noonan \|first=Amy \|title=Houses lost at Port Lincoln as fire threatens town \|newspaper=Adelaide Now \|date=23 December 2009 \|url=http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,26519212-5006301,00.html \|accessdate=23 December 2009 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225142422/http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0%2C22606%2C26519212-5006301%2C00.html \|archivedate=25 December 2009 \|url-status=live }}</ref> :37 houses lost on 29 December near [[Toodyay]] in Western Australia<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/12/30/2782839.htm\|title=WA fire declared a natural disaster\|work=ABC Online\|date=30 December 2009\|access-date=30 December 2009\| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100102072636/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/12/30/2782839.htm\| archive-date= 2 January 2010 \| url-status= dead}}</ref> :A firefighter killed in a vehicle accident on 10 January near [[Tatong]] on the way to a fire near [[Mansfield, Victoria\|Mansfield]] in Victoria.<ref>{{cite news \| url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/01/10/2788979.htm \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113110738/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/01/10/2788979.htm \| url-status=dead \| archive-date=13 January 2010 \|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia\|title=CFA volunteer killed in truck roll \| date=10 January 2010 \| accessdate=27 August 2010 }}</ref> [[2008–09 Australian bushfire season]]: 173 fatalities, 2,060 houses lost :2 houses lost on 13 January at [[Port Lincoln]] in South Australia<ref>{{Cite web\|author1=Williams Matt\|author2=Robertson, Doug\|author3=Schriever, Jordanna\|url=http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,24906863-2682,00.html \|title=Devastating Port Lincoln blaze under control \|work=News.com.au\|date=14 January 2009 \|accessdate=1 February 2009 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213185209/http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0%2C22606%2C24906863-2682%2C00.html \|archivedate=13 February 2009 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> :31 houses lost from 30 January to 1 February at [[Yinnar]], [[Boolarra]] and [[Mirboo North]] in Victoria<ref name="abc boolarra arsonist">{{Cite news\|title=Search on for suspected arsonist in Vic bushfires\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia\|date=1 February 2009 \|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/01/2479414.htm\|access-date=11 February 2009\| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090204135221/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/01/2479414.htm\| archive-date=4 February 2009 \|url-status= dead}}</ref> :[[Black Saturday bushfires]]: 173 fatalities, 2,056 houses lost and {{convert\|239637\|ha}} burned on 7 February at numerous locations in Victoria<ref name="CFA"/> [[2007–08 Australian bushfire season]]: 5 fatalities, 1 house lost :[[2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires]] :3 truck drivers killed<ref>Goldfields Fire 13 (Boorabbin fire)Post Incident Analysis. Dept of Environment and Conservation August 2009</ref> on 30 December at [[Boorabbin National Park]] in Western Australia<ref name="EMKH498">{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - BOORABBIN NATIONAL PARK\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=498\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113063801/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=498\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> :One house lost on 10 January in the [[Kangarilla]] and [[Echunga]] area of South Australia<ref name="CFS">{{cite web\|title=Bushfire History\|url=http://www.cfs.sa.gov.au/site/bushfire_history.jsp\|publisher=[[South Australian Country Fire Service]]\|accessdate=29 October 2013\|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029232359/http://www.cfs.sa.gov.au/site/bushfire_history.jsp\|archivedate=29 October 2013}}</ref> [[2006–07 Australian bushfire season]]: 5 fatalities, 63 houses lost :7 houses lost on 24 September at [[Picton, New South Wales\|Picton]], [[Thirlmere, New South Wales\|Thirlmere]] and [[Oakdale, New South Wales\|Oakdale]] in New South Wales : 1 fatality, 33 houses lost, and {{convert\|1,154,828\|ha}} burnt in the [[2006–07 Eastern Victoria Great Divide bushfires\|Great Divide fire complex]] from 1 December 2006 to 7 February 2007 across alpine Victoria<ref name="CFA">{{cite web\|title=Major fires in Victoria\|url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/major-fires/\|publisher=[[Country Fire Authority]]\|accessdate=29 October 2013}}</ref> :22 houses lost on 11–14 December at [[Scamander, Tasmania\|Scamander]] and [[Four Mile Creek, Tasmania\|Four Mile Creek]] in Tasmania :1 house lost on 12 December at [[Kalamunda, Western Australia\|Kalamunda]] in Western Australia [[2005–06 Australian bushfire season]]: 3+ fatalities, 54 houses lost :[[2006 Junee Bushfire]] :[[Pulletop bushfire]] :[[Jail Break Inn Fire]]: 10 houses lost on 1 January near [[Junee]] in New South Wales<ref name="BFb2006">{{cite journal\|last1=Knox\|first1=Joe\|last2=Talbert\|first2=Rebel\|title=Grassfire spreads 38km in New Year heat Junee Section 44 - "Jail Break Inn"\|journal=BUSH FIREjournal\|year=2006\|volume=28\|issue=1\|url=http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/file_system/attachments/State08/Attachment_20060530_1EB02232.pdf\|accessdate=30 August 2010\|page=5\|publisher=[[New South Wales Rural Fire Service]]\|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303024700/http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/file_system/attachments/State08/Attachment_20060530_1EB02232.pdf\|archivedate=3 March 2011}}</ref> :3 houses lost on 1 January near [[Gosford]] in New South Wales<ref name="BFb2006"/> :[[Mount Lubra bushfire]]: 2 fatalities, 41 houses lost and {{convert\|116380\|ha}} burned from 19 January around the [[Grampians National Park]] in Victoria<ref name="CFA"/> :2 fatalities and 16 houses lost from other fires during January in Victoria<ref name=EMKH442>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - VICTORIA\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=442\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113063908/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=442\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[2004–05 Australian bushfire season]]: 9 fatalities, 3 houses lost :[[Eyre Peninsula bushfire, 2005\|Eyre Peninsula bushfire]]: 9 fatalities and 93 houses lost on 11 January on the [[Eyre Peninsula]] in South Australia<ref name="CFS"/> [[2003–04 Australian bushfire season]] [[2002–03 Australian bushfire season]]: 7 fatalities and at least 549 houses lost :1 fatality and 10 houses lost from 16–29 October near [[Toowoomba]] in Queensland<ref name="AIC"/> :10 houses lost on 9 October at [[Engadine, New South Wales\|Engadine]] in New South Wales<ref name=EMKH516>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - SYDNEY\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=516\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113063754/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=516\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> :[[2002 Sydney]]: 41 homes were lost on 4 December 2002 at Glenorie, a suburb north of Sydney. :[[2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires]]: 41 houses lost and {{convert\|1200000\|ha}} burned from 8 January to 19 March in northeastern Victoria.<ref name="CFA"/> :[[2003 Canberra bushfires]]: 4 fatalities and 488 houses lost on 18 January in western [[Canberra]] and nearby townships.<ref name=EMKH627>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - CANBERRA\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=627\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113063803/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=627\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[2001–02 Australian bushfire season]]: 110 houses lost :[[Black Christmas bushfires]]: 109 houses lost and {{convert\|733342\|ha}} burned from 24 December to 16 January at numerous locations in New South Wales.<ref name=RFS>{{cite web\|title=Brief History of Bush Fires in NSW\|url=http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/dsp_content.cfm?cat_id=1180\|publisher=[[NSW Rural Fire Service]]\|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref> :1 house lost in March at [[Glenaroua, Victoria\|Glenaroua]] in Victoria<ref name="CFA"/> :[[2001 Warragamba bushfires]] [[2000–01 Australian bushfire season]]: 11 houses lost :11 houses lost from 1–9 February at [[Tulka, South Australia\|Tulka]] in South Australia.<ref name="CFS"/> == 2010s == [[2018–19 Australian bushfire season]]: 35 houses lost, 1 fatality :[[2018 Central Queensland bushfires]] [[2017–18 Australian bushfire season]]: 94 buildings lost :[[2018 Tathra bushfire]] [[2016–17 Australian bushfire season]]: 46 houses lost [[2015–16 Australian bushfire season]]: 9 fatalities, 408 houses lost :The most destructive bushfire season in terms of human life and property loss since the 2008–09 Australian bushfire season prior to the 2019-2020 bushfires. Insurance losses of around {{AUD\|353 million}}<ref name="abc-20115-16-catastrophic">{{cite news \|title=Catastrophic summer events cost insurers more than $550m \|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-25/catastrophes-summer-costs-insurance-companies-more-than-550m/7276564 \|accessdate=16 February 2017\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia\|date=25 March 2016}}</ref> :At least {{convert\|317000\|ha\|acre}} burned <!-- Sum of areas @ [[2015–16_Australian_bushfire_season#Fires_of_note]] --> :Loss of 408 houses and at least 500 non-residential buildings :8 deaths as a direct result of fire: 6 people died in Western Australia, 2 in South Australia. In New South Wales a volunteer firefighter died due to unrelated health complications while on duty.<ref name="abc-2015-16-volunteer-dies">{{cite news \|title=Volunteer firefighter dies of suspected heart attack \|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-26/firefighter-dies-of-heart-attack-while-fighting-cessnock-blaze/6978868 \|accessdate=16 February 2017\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia\|date=26 November 2015}}</ref> :[[2015 Esperance bushfires]]: 4 fatalities; 19 buildings destroyed :[[2015 Pinery bushfire]]: 2 fatalities; 470+ buildings destroyed :[[2016 Tasmanian bushfires]]: catastrophic impact on [[Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area]] lands :[[2016 Waroona-Yarloop bushfire]] [[2014–15 Australian bushfire season]]: 1 fatality, 48 houses lost :{{convert\|75000\|ha\|acre}} burned over twelve days in September and threatened the town of [[Tom Price, Western Australia\|Tom Price]] and the western portion of [[Karijini National Park]] in Western Australia<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/pilbara-bushfire-threatens-homes-and-lives-20140924-10llfw.html\|title=Pilbara bushfire threatens homes and lives\|date=24 September 2014\|accessdate=1 November 2014\|work=WA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/allclear-ends-pilbara-bushfire-alert-20140928-10n52u.html\|title=All-clear ends Pilbara bushfire alert\|date=28 September 2014\|accessdate=1 November 2014\|work=WA Today}}</ref> :1 farmer killed and two firefighters injured on 1 November while fighting a fire about {{convert\|100\|km\|mi\|0}} north of [[Adelaide, South Australia\|Adelaide]] at [[Nantawarra, South Australia]]. The fire burnt out about {{convert\|1800\|ha\|acre\|0}} of grassland<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-31/farmer-dies-battling-bushfire-north-of-adelaide/5857442\|title=Farmer dies battling bushfire north of Adelaide\|date=1 November 2014\|accessdate=1 November 2014\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia}}</ref> :[[2015 Sampson Flat bushfires]], South Australia: 32 houses lost, 125 outbuildings<ref>{{cite web\|title=Emergency warnings downgraded for Victoria fires as South Australia gets rain after 32 homes gone\|url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/national/emergency-warnings-downgraded-for-victoria-fires-as-south-australia-gets-rain-after-32-homes-gone/story-fni6ulvf-1227175252546?from=public_rss\|work=[[Adelaide Now]]\|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-06/up-to-38-houses-destroyed-by-sa-bushfires/6002952 \|title=Adelaide Hills bushfire: Up to 38 houses destroyed, Kersbrook worst hit\|date=6 January 2015\|accessdate=7 January 2015\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia}}</ref> [[2013–14 Australian bushfire season]]: 3 fatalities, 335 buildings lost [[File:Bushfires in Eastern Victoria - 2014 NASA image.jpg\|thumb\|NASA image showing the [[2013–14 Australian bushfire season\|Snowy River bushfire]] in Eastern Victoria at night in February 2014. The bushfire which lasted for 70 days grew to 165 800 ha and was roughly the same size as Melbourne. Also visible are the fires at the [[Hazelwood Power Station\|Hazelwood coalmine]] and Kilmore. Source: [[NASA Earth Observatory]].]] :[[2013 New South Wales bushfires]]: 2 fatalities, 208 houses lost {{convert\|86000\|ha\|acre}} bushland burnt including parts of the [[World Heritage Area\|World Heritage]]{{endash}}listed [[Greater Blue Mountains Area\|Greater Blue Mountains]]<ref>{{cite press release\|url=http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/file_system/attachments/State08/Attachment_20131019_1D0FD239.pdf\|title=Update – Damage assessment and fire investigation\|date=19 October 2013\|accessdate=27 October 2013\|publisher=[[New South Wales Rural Fire Service]]\|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031193606/http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/file_system/attachments/State08/Attachment_20131019_1D0FD239.pdf\|archivedate=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="ABC20131018">{{cite news\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-18/bushfire-victim-walter-linder-died-defending-home/5032670\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia\|date=18 October 2013<!-- 19:57 AEDT-->\|accessdate=21 October 2013\|title=Lake Munmorah bushfire victim Walter Linder died defending home}}</ref><ref name="SMH20131024Browne">{{cite news\|last=Browne\|first=Rachel\|title=Aircraft fighting NSW bushfire crashes, pilot killed\|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/aircraft-fighting-nsw-bushfire-crashes-pilot-killed-20131024-2w2qw.html\|accessdate=24 October 2013\|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> :1 fatality and 52 houses lost on 12–13 January in the [[Perth Hills]] around {{WAcity\|Parkerville}}, {{WAcity\|Stoneville}} and {{WAcity\|Mount Helena}}.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/residents-begin-to-return-home-after-52-properties-lost-to-perth-hills-fire/story-fnhocxo3-1226800056158\|title=Residents begin to return home after 52 properties lost to Perth Hills fire\|work=PerthNow\|date=16 January 2014\|accessdate=19 January 2014\|publisher=[[News Limited]]}}</ref> :32 houses lost on 15–20 January around the northern [[Grampians National Park\|Grampians]] in western Victoria<ref>{{cite news\|title=Grampians blaze claims more homes than previously thought\|work=ABC News\|date=22 January 2014\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-22/grampians-blaze-claims-more-homes-than-previously/5212308\|accessdate=22 January 2014}}</ref> :15 houses lost on 17–19 January in the [[Barossa Valley]] and [[Flinders Ranges]] in South Australia.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/huge-bushfires-in-south-australia-destroy-at-least-15-properties-during-extreme-weather/story-fnl1ee8j-1226803546321\|title=Huge bushfires in South Australia destroy at least 15 properties during extreme weather\|date=19 January 2014\|accessdate=19 January 2014\|work=The Advertiser\|publisher=[[News Limited]]}}</ref> :The [[2013–14 Australian bushfire season\|Snowy River bushfire]] in Eastern Victoria in February 2014. The bushfire which lasted for 70 days grew to {{convert\|165800\|ha}} and was roughly the same size as Melbourne. Also burning were fires at Hazelwood coal mine and Kilmore [[2012–13 Australian bushfire season]]: 4 fatalities, 314 buildings lost :7 houses lost on 11 November at [[Tulka, South Australia\|Tulka]] near [[Port Lincoln]], South Australia<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/2012/11/12/07/01/sa-bushfire-destroys-seven-houses \|title=South Australia fire destroys seven homes \|date=12 November 2012 \|accessdate=27 December 2012 \|publisher=[[ninemsn]] \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214133449/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/2012/11/12/07/01/sa-bushfire-destroys-seven-houses \|archivedate=14 December 2012 }}</ref> :Several properties lost from 8–10 December at [[Myora Springs, Queensland\|Myora Springs]], [[Stradbroke Island]], Queensland<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-10/fire-destroys-properties-on-stradbroke-island/4417870?height=400&ratio=3x2&width=600\|title=Fire destroys properties on Stradbroke Island\|date=10 December 2012\|accessdate=10 December 2012\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia}}</ref> :[[2013 Tasmanian bushfires]]: 1 fatality and 203 houses lost from 3–5 January in [[Dunally, Tasmania\|Dunally]], [[Boomer Bay, Tasmania\|Boomer Bay]], [[Bicheno, Tasmania\|Bicheno]], [[Sommers Bay, Tasmania\|Sommers Bay]], and [[Copping, Tasmania\|Copping]]<ref name=EMKH3413>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - DUNALLEY - JAN 2013\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=3413\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113063757/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=3413\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|last=Sands\|first=Mark\|title=New Tasmanian fire destroys 30 homes\|url=http://www.postonline.co.uk/post/news/2237033/new-tasmanian-fire-destroys-30-homes\|accessdate=18 January 2013\|newspaper=Post Online\|date=18 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Firefighter dies in Tasmania while fire threatens world-leading observatory in NSW\|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/firefighter-dies-in-tasmania-while-fire-threatens-world-leading-observatory-in-nsw/story-fncynjr2-1226553241354\|accessdate=14 January 2013\|newspaper=[[news.com.au]]\|date=14 January 2013}}</ref> :1 house lost on 9 January at {{NSWcity\|Jugiong}} in New South Wales<ref name=EMKH3437>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - COONABARABRAN AND NEW SOUTH WALES\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=3437\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113063229/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=3437\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> :9 houses lost on 8 January at [[Snake Valley, Victoria\|Snake Valley]], [[Chepstowe, Victoria\|Chepstowe]] and [[Carngham, Victoria\|Carngham]] in Victoria<ref>{{cite news\|title=Residents angry over Victorian fire info \| url=http://www.theage.com.au/environment/weather/residents-angry-over-victorian-fire-info-20130109-2cgmx.html\|accessdate=9 January 2013\|newspaper=[[The Age]] \|location= Melbourne \| agency =AAP\| date=9 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|author1=Nino Bucci \|author2=Bridie Smith \|author3=Adrian Lowe \|title=Blaze near Ballarat destroys homes\|url=http://www.theage.com.au/environment/weather/blaze-near-ballarat-destroys-homes-20130108-2cex3.html\|accessdate=9 January 2013\|newspaper=The Age\|date=9 January 2013}}</ref> :51 houses lost from 13–17 January from a fire in the [[Warrumbungle National Park]] west of [[Coonabarabran]], New South Wales<ref>{{cite news\| last=Van de Wetering\| first=Jodie\| title=PM Julia Gillard visits Coonabarabran\| url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/01/17/3671498.htm?site=sydney\| accessdate=17 January 2013\| work=[[702 ABC Sydney]]\| date=17 January 2013\|display-authors=etal}}</ref> : 1 fatality and 22 houses lost from 17–18 January in bushfires affecting [[Coongulla]], [[Glenmaggie]], [[Heyfield]], [[Newry, Victoria\|Newry]] and [[Seaton, Victoria\|Seaton]] in Victoria<ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite news\|title=75yo charged over Aberfeldy bushfire\|work=ABC News\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-30/75yo-charged-over-aberfeldy-bushfire/4491376\|date=30 January 2013\|accessdate=31 January 2013}}</ref> :2 firefighters killed by a falling tree on 13 February fighting a fire near [[Harrietville]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=Two firefighters killed battling Victorian blaze\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-13/two-firefighters-killed-in-victoria/4517446?WT.svl=news0\|accessdate=13 February 2013\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia\|date=13 February 2013}}</ref> :1 fatality and 4 houses lost during February in fires affecting [[Esperance, Western Australia\|Esperance]],<ref>{{cite news\|title=Esperance fire destroys home and machinery \|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/bushfire-may-threaten-esperance-homes/story-fndo486p-1226570189280\|accessdate=4 February 2013\|work=[[Herald Sun]]\|publisher=[[News Limited]]\|date=4 February 2013}}</ref> [[Boddington, Western Australia\|Boddington]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=Boddington bushfire still out of control\|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/full-coverage/2013-bushfires/a/-/article/16063491/boddington-bushfire-still-out-of-control/\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412053354/http://au.news.yahoo.com/full-coverage/2013-bushfires/a/-/article/16063491/boddington-bushfire-still-out-of-control/\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=12 April 2013\|accessdate=5 February 2013\|work=7 News\|publisher=[[Yahoo7]]\|date=5 February 2013}}</ref> and [[Bridgetown, Western Australia\|Bridgetown]]<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/regional/southwest/a/-/news/16134911/two-homes-lost-in-deadly-sw-fire/\|title=Homes lost in 'deadly' SW fire\|accessdate=14 February 2013\|work=[[The West Australian]]\|publisher=[[Yahoo7]]\|date=14 February 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029215931/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/regional/southwest/a/-/news/16134911/two-homes-lost-in-deadly-sw-fire/\|archive-date=29 October 2013\|url-status=dead}}</ref> in Western Australia :16 houses lost on 27 March at [[Dereel]] in Victoria<ref>{{cite news\|title=16 homes confirmed lost in Dereel fire\|date=28 March 2013\|work=ABC News\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-03-28/rain-expected-to-help-gippsland-firefighters/4599076\|accessdate=28 March 2013}}</ref> :[[2013 Cherryville Bushfire]]: 1 house lost on 9 May near [[Cherryville, South Australia\|Cherryville]] in South Australia<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/05/11/3756927.htm?site=adelaide\|title= Cherryville bushfire contained\|author=Williamson, Brett\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia\|date=11 May 2013\|accessdate=13 May 2013 }}</ref> [[2011–12 Australian bushfire season]]: 32 houses lost :32 houses lost on 23–26 November near [[Margaret River, Western Australia\|Margaret River]] in Western Australia<ref name=EMKH587>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - AUGUSTA, MARGARET RIVER\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=587\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113063911/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=587\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[2010–11 Australian bushfire season]]: 83 houses lost :10 houses lost on 10–12 January at [[Lake Clifton, Western Australia\|Lake Clifton]] in Western Australia<ref>{{cite news\|last=Quatermaine\|first=Lisa\|title=Lake Clifton fires: homes lost, lives threatened\|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/lake-clifton-fires-homes-lost-lives-threatened/story-e6frg12c-1225985374097\|accessdate=7 February 2011\|newspaper=PerthNow\|date=12 January 2011}}</ref> :2 houses lost on 1–3 February in [[Gippsland]], Victoria<ref>{{cite web\|title=Weather offers reprieve in Gippsland blaze\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/02/02/3128272.htm?site=news\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112080128/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/02/02/3128272.htm?site=news\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=12 November 2012\|work=[[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]]\|location=Australia\|accessdate=3 February 2011\|date=2 February 2011}}</ref> :71 houses lost on 5–7 February near [[Roleystone, Western Australia\|Roleystone]] and [[Kelmscott, Western Australia\|Kelmscott]] in Western Australia<ref name=EMKH502>{{cite web\|title=BUSHFIRE - PERTH HILL BUSHFIRES\|url=http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=502\|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute\|accessdate=13 January 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113063913/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=502\|archive-date=13 January 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> == 2020s == [[File:2019-12-07 East Australian Fires Aqua MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png\|thumb\|220px\|[[NASA]] satellite imagery on 7 December 2019 showing bushfires across the east coast of Australia.]] [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] : At least 2,680 homes lost<ref name=":14">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6574563/australias-2019-20-bushfire-season/\|title=Australia's 2019-20 bushfire season\|author1=Tiernan, Finbar \|author2=O'Mallon, Eamonn\|date=10 January 2020\|website=The Canberra Times\|language=en\|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> :* 33 deaths (including four firefighters and three US firefighters operating a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules\|Lockheed Martin C-130]] Large Air Tanker that crashed in the Snowy Monaro Region of southern NSW)<ref name="Reuters20200114">{{cite news \|author=Green, Matthew \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-australia-report/australias-massive-fires-could-become-routine-climate-scientists-warn-idUSKBN1ZD06W \|title=Australia's massive fires could become routine, climate scientists warn \|work=Reuters \|date=14 January 2020 \|accessdate=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="abc2020014vic">{{cite news\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-15/fires-death-toll-rises-to-five-in-victoria/11869596\|title=Victorian bushfires death toll rises as authorities confirm contractor's death was fire-related\|work=ABC News\|location=Australia\|date=15 January 2020\|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-numbers-behind-australia-s-catastrophic-bushfire-season\|title=The numbers behind Australia's catastrophic bushfire season\|date=5 January 2020\|accessdate=8 January 2020\|website=[[SBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/air-tanker-fighting-bushfires-reportedly-crashes-in-snowy-mountains-20200123-p53u3r.html\|title=Three dead as air tanker fighting bushfires crashes near Snowy Mountains\|last=Bungard\|first=Matt\|date=2020-01-23\|website=The Sydney Morning Herald\|language=en\|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref> :* [[WWF-Australia]] estimated at least 1.25 billion wild animals killed<ref name="wwf-2020-bushfire-animal-dead">{{cite web \|author1=Staff \|title=Australian Bushfires \|url=https://wwf.org.au/what-we-do/australian-bushfires/ \|website=wwf.org.au \|publisher=WWF-Australia \|access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> :* At least {{convert\|18.626\|e6ha\|e6acre\|abbr=off\|lk=on}} burned<ref name="ninenews20200114">{{cite news\|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/australian-bushfires-17-million-hectares-burnt-more-than-previously-thought/b8249781-5c86-4167-b191-b9f628bdd164\|title=Government set to revise total number of hectares destroyed during bushfire season to 17 million\|work=9NEWS\|location=Australia\|author=Noble, Freya\|date=14 January 2020\|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref> * [[2020–21 Australian bushfire season]] :* [[2021 Wooroloo bushfire]] * [[2021–22 Australian bushfire season]] :* [[2021 Beechina bushfire]] * [[2022–23 Australian bushfire season]] :* [[2023 Darling Downs fires]] :* [[2023 Wanneroo bushfire]] * [[2023–24 Australian bushfire season]] * [[2024–25 Australian bushfire season]] == See also == {{stack\|{{portal\|Australia}}}} * [[Bushfires in Australia]] * [[List of major bushfires in Australia]] * [[List of natural disasters in Australia]] ==Notes== {{notes}} ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} == External links == [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194119/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/disaster-information Australian Emergency Management Knowledge Hub] [http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/dsp_content.cfm?cat_id=1180 NSW Rural Fire Service: Brief History of Bush Fires in NSW] [http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/major-fires/ Victorian Country Fire Authority: Major Fires] [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029232359/http://www.cfs.sa.gov.au/site/bushfire_history.jsp South Australia Country Fire Service: Bushfire History] {{Bushfires in Australia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Australian bushfire seasons}} [[Category:Bushfires in Australia\|*List]] [[Category:Bushfire seasons in Australia\| ]] [[Category:Lists of disasters in Australia\|bushfire seasons]]	1,284,331,177	[]	false
# David Bedella David Bedella (born September 25, 1962) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in Jerry Springer: The Opera, In The Heights, and & Juliet. He has won three Olivier Awards. ## Early life Bedella was born in Gary, Indiana, on September 25, 1962. He graduated in 1980 from Merrillville High School in Merrillville, Indiana. ## Career After performing in Showboat '81 at Opryland USA, Bedella began eight years of theatre in Chicago from 1982 to 1990. In 1985, he won his first professional acting award, the Joseph Jefferson Award (Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical) for his performance in A Chorus Line. After several National Tours including Dreamgirls, Jesus Christ Superstar, and 42nd Street, he relocated to New York City in the autumn of 1990 and began what would be 11 years of regional and Broadway work which included the Goodspeed Opera House in 1991 and a tour of La Cage aux Folles. From 1992 to 1995, he played Caiaphas in the 20th anniversary national tour of Jesus Christ Superstar. In 1995, he joined the original company of Smokey Joe's Cafe on Broadway, which he played on and off for five years before leaving to tour the United States in Almost Like Being in Love. Having relocated to London in 2001, Bedalla won his most famous role in 2002, playing Jonathan Wierus in the first act and Satan in the second act of Jerry Springer: The Opera at the National Theatre. For this role, he received the 2004 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical. Later that year, he appeared in a recurring role as plastic surgeon Dr. Carlos Fashola in the British medical drama series Holby City. He then played the title role in Hedwig and the Angry Inch and had a 16-month run playing as Frank-N-Furter in the UK tour of Richard O'Brien's The Rocky Horror Show from 2006 to 2007. During that period, he also had minor roles in films such as Batman Begins and Alexander. In 2008, Bedella played Alexander Molokov in a concert version of Chess at the Royal Albert Hall on 12 and 13 May 2008, and performed in the West End gala performance of Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens at the Soho Revue Bar. Since 2009, he has provided voices of characters such as Carlos (The Great Race only), Victor, the Mayor of Sodor, and a Cuban man in the British and American dubs of Thomas & Friends. In 2012, he replaced Matt Wilkinson as Victor in the British dub of Blue Mountain Mystery. In 2015, he replaced Keith Wickham as the Mayor of Sodor in the British dub. From 2009 to 2010, Bedella reprised his role as Frank-N-Furter in the UK tour cast of The Rocky Horror Show. In October 2011, he appeared in a concert of the new musical Soho Cinders at the Sondheim Theatre in London. From 2011 to 2012, he made his pantomime debut as Blackheart in Robinson Crusoe and the Caribbean Pirates at the New Theatre in Cardiff. In 2012, he played Arnold in Harvey Fierstein's Torch Song Trilogy at the Menier Chocolate Factory in London. In 2013, he appeared in the British drama series By Any Means. In 2014, he starred as popstar Frankie Parsons in the episode "Last Gasp" of the British dark comedy series Inside No. 9. In 2014, Bedella appeared with Bradley Walsh in Peter Pan at the Milton Keynes Theatre and in the fall of that year, he portrayed the title role in a production of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street at the Twickenham Theatre. On 16 January 2015, it was confirmed that he would be joining Mel Brooks' musical The Producers as Roger De Bris. He again reprised his role as Frank-N-Furter in The Rocky Horror Show alongside the show's writer Richard O'Brien. For several years, Bedella has hosted his own live chat show called David Bedella and Friends, which won the London Cabaret Society's Best Long Running Cabaret Award in 2015. The chat show began at the Alley Cat venue and moved to the St. James Theatre in London, hosting an array of artists from stage and screen. From 2015 to 2017, he starred as Kevin Rosario in the Tony Award-winning In the Heights at the Kings Cross Theatre in London, for which he won a WhatsOnStage Award and his second Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical. In 2017, Bedella recorded two songs for the album Wit & Whimsy – Songs by Alexander S. Bermange, which reached No. 1 in the iTunes comedy album chart. In 2018, he returned to Chicago as part of the cast of the American premiere of Nell Gwynn at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater. In 2019, he originated the role of Lance in the musical & Juliet. The musical made its world debut at the Manchester Opera House and then transferred to London's Shaftesbury Theatre. Bedella subsequently won the 2020 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his performance. This marked his second win in this category and third Olivier win overall. He left the production on 26 March 2022. Bedella has also partnered with John Linehan in pantomime at the Belfast Grand Opera House in Northern Ireland. In 2023, he reprised his role as Frank-N-Furter in the Adelaide, Melbourne, and Gold Coast legs of the Australian 50th Anniversary Tour of The Rocky Horror Show. In March 2024, Bedella began a run reprising his role as Lance in the Broadway production of & Juliet, marking his return to the Broadway stage. ## Personal life Bedella has been in a relationship with Pressley Sutherland since 1997. In 2001, Sutherland was offered a job as a vicar in London, and convinced Bedella to move there with him by reminding him of the opportunities in the West End. They continue to reside in the city. ## Filmography ### Film \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| ---- \| --------------------------------------- \| -------------------------- \| --------------- \| \| 2004 \| Alexander \| Scribe Cadmus \| \| \| 2005 \| Batman Begins \| Maitre D \| \| \| 2009 \| Thomas & Friends: Hero of the Rails \| Victor (voice) \| Direct-to-video \| \| 2010 \| Thomas & Friends: Misty Island Rescue \| Victor (voice) \| Direct-to-video \| \| 2011 \| Thomas & Friends: Day of the Diesels \| Victor (voice) \| Direct-to-video \| \| 2012 \| Thomas & Friends: Blue Mountain Mystery \| Victor / Cuban Man (voice) \| Direct-to-video \| \| 2013 \| Thomas & Friends: King of the Railway \| Victor (voice) \| Direct-to-video \| \| 2013 \| Resting \| Harry Boe \| Short Film \| \| 2016 \| Thomas & Friends: The Great Race \| Victor / Carlos (voice) \| Direct-to-video \| \| 2016 \| Punk Strut: The Movie \| Walter Wall Jr. \| \| \| 2017 \| Thomas & Friends: Journey Beyond Sodor \| Victor (voice) \| Direct-to-video \| \| 2017 \| This Is Axiom \| Sam \| Short Film \| \| 2018 \| A Reel Life \| Precious Stone \| \| \| 2022 \| All the Old Knives \| Drew Favreau \| \| \| 2024 \| Argylle \| Leonard \| \| ### Television \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| ------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| --------------------------------------- \| \| 2003 \| Days That Shook the World \| Voiceover Artist (voice) \| Credited as David Bedalla \| \| 2004–05 \| Holby City \| Carlos Fashola \| 19 episodes \| \| 2005 \| Jerry Springer: The Opera \| Warm-up Man / Satan \| TV movie \| \| 2005 \| Blessed \| Restaurant Owner-Quentin \| Episode: "Just Looking (Stereophonics)" \| \| 2009 \| Great Performances \| Alexander Molokov \| Episode: "Chess in Concert" \| \| 2009–20 \| Thomas & Friends \| Victor (voice) \| 54 episodes \| \| 2013 \| By Any Means \| Luis Velasquez \| Episode: "Episode #1.3" \| \| 2014 \| Inside No. 9 \| Frankie J. Parsons \| Episode: "Last Gasp" \| \| 2016 \| Resting \| Bernard \| Episode: "Fucked" \| \| 2018 \| Deep State \| Tilson \| 2 episodes \| \| 2022–23 \| Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan \| President Charles Bachler \| 5 episodes \| \| 2024 \| Jesus Crown of Thorns \| King Herod \| 3 episodes \| ## Awards and nominations \| Year \| Awards \| Category \| Work \| Result \| Ref \| \| ---- \| ----------------------- \| -------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------- \| --------- \| ------ \| \| 2004 \| Laurence Olivier Awards \| Best Actor in a Musical \| Jerry Springer - The Opera \| Won \| [ 9 ] \| \| 2004 \| WhatsOnStage Awards \| Best Actor in a Musical \| Jerry Springer - The Opera \| Nominated \| [ 10 ] \| \| 2016 \| Laurence Olivier Awards \| Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical \| In The Heights \| Won \| [ 5 ] \| \| 2016 \| WhatsOnStage Awards \| Best Supporting Actor in a Musical \| In The Heights \| Won \| [ 11 ] \| \| 2020 \| Laurence Olivier Awards \| Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical \| & Juliet \| Won \| [ 12 ] \|	enwiki/3232969	enwiki	3,232,969	David Bedella	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bedella	2025-04-22T20:29:55Z	en	Q5231248	103,084	{{short description\|American actor (born 1962)\|bot=PearBOT 5}} {{BLP sources\|date=August 2011}} {{Infobox person \| name = David Bedella \| image = \| caption = \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1962\|9\|25}} \| birth_place = [[Gary, Indiana]], U.S. \| death_date = \| death_place = \| occupation = Actor \| yearsactive = 1980–present \| partner = Pressley Sutherland<br />(1997–present) \| website = }} '''David Bedella''' (born September 25, 1962) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in ''[[Jerry Springer: The Opera]]'', ''[[In the Heights\|In The Heights]]'', and ''[[& Juliet]]''. He has won three [[Olivier Awards]]. ==Early life== Bedella was born in [[Gary, Indiana]], on September 25, 1962. He graduated in 1980 from [[Merrillville High School]] in [[Merrillville, Indiana]]. ==Career== After performing in Showboat '81 at [[Opryland USA]], Bedella began eight years of theatre in [[Chicago]] from 1982 to 1990. In 1985, he won his first professional acting award, the [[Jeff Award\|Joseph Jefferson Award]] (Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical)<ref name="ltd">{{cite web \|title=David Bedella - West End Performers \|url=https://www.londontheatredirect.com/actor/david-bedella \|website=londontheatredirect.com \|access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> for his performance in ''A Chorus Line''.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Archives - The Joseph Jefferson Awards \|url=https://www.jeffawards.org/archives?combine=David+Bedella&field_nomination_category_target_id=All&field_award_year_target_id=All&field_division_target_id=All&field_recipient_value=All \|website=www.jeffawards.org \|access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> After several National Tours including ''[[Dreamgirls]]'', ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]'', and ''[[42nd Street (musical)\|42nd Street]]'', he relocated to [[New York City]] in the autumn of 1990 and began what would be 11 years of [[Regional theater in the United States\|regional]] and [[Broadway theatre\|Broadway]] work which included the Goodspeed Opera House in 1991 and a tour of ''[[La Cage aux Folles (musical)\|La Cage aux Folles]]''. From 1992 to 1995, he played Caiaphas in the 20th anniversary national tour of ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]''. In 1995, he joined the original company of ''[[Smokey Joe's Cafe (revue)\|Smokey Joe's Cafe]]'' on Broadway, which he played on and off for five years before leaving to tour the United States in ''Almost Like Being in Love''. Having relocated to [[London]] in 2001, Bedalla won his most famous role in 2002, playing Jonathan Wierus in the first act and [[Satan]] in the second act of ''[[Jerry Springer: The Opera]]'' at the [[Royal National Theatre\|National Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/arts/arts-reviews/jerry-springer-the-opera/2009/04/16/1239474986049.html\|title=Jerry Springer: The Opera\|work=Sydney Morning Herald\|date=17 April 2009}}</ref> For this role, he received the 2004 [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical]]. Later that year, he appeared in a recurring role as plastic surgeon [[Characters of Holby City#Carlos Fashola\|Dr. Carlos Fashola]] in the British medical drama series ''[[Holby City]]''. He then played the title role in ''[[Hedwig and the Angry Inch (musical)\|Hedwig and the Angry Inch]]'' and had a 16-month run playing as Frank-N-Furter in the UK tour of [[Richard O'Brien]]'s ''[[The Rocky Horror Show]]'' from 2006 to 2007. During that period, he also had minor roles in films such as ''[[Batman Begins]]'' and ''[[Alexander (2004 film)\|Alexander]]''. In 2008, Bedella played Alexander Molokov in a concert version of ''[[Chess (musical)\|Chess]]'' at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] on 12 and 13 May 2008, and performed in the [[West End theatre\|West End]] gala performance of ''[[Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens]]'' at the [[Soho Revue Bar]]. Since 2009, he has provided voices of characters such as Carlos (The Great Race only), Victor, the [[List of people and animals from Thomas & Friends#The Mayor of Sodor\|Mayor of Sodor]], and a Cuban man in the British and American dubs of ''[[Thomas & Friends]]''. In 2012, he replaced [[Matt Wilkinson (actor)\|Matt Wilkinson]] as Victor in the British dub of ''[[Blue Mountain Mystery]]''. In 2015, he replaced [[Keith Wickham]] as the Mayor of Sodor in the British dub. From 2009 to 2010, Bedella reprised his role as Frank-N-Furter in the UK tour cast of ''The Rocky Horror Show''.<ref name="ltd" /> In October 2011, he appeared in a concert of the new musical ''[[Soho Cinders]]'' at the [[Sondheim Theatre]] in London.<ref name="ltd" /> From 2011 to 2012, he made his [[pantomime]] debut as Blackheart in ''[[Robinson Crusoe\|Robinson Crusoe and the Caribbean Pirates]]'' at the [[New Theatre, Cardiff\|New Theatre]] in [[Cardiff]].<ref name="ltd" /> In 2012, he played Arnold in Harvey Fierstein's ''[[Torch Song Trilogy]]'' at the [[Menier Chocolate Factory]] in London.<ref name="ltd" /> In 2013, he appeared in the British drama series ''[[By Any Means (2013 TV series)\|By Any Means]]''. In 2014, he starred as popstar Frankie Parsons in the episode "[[Last Gasp (Inside No. 9)\|Last Gasp]]" of the British [[dark comedy]] series ''[[Inside No. 9]]''. In 2014, Bedella appeared with [[Bradley Walsh]] in ''Peter Pan'' at the [[Milton Keynes Theatre]] and in the fall of that year, he portrayed [[Sweeney Todd\|the title role]] in a production of ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' at the Twickenham Theatre.<ref name="ltd" /> On 16 January 2015, it was confirmed that he would be joining [[Mel Brooks]]' musical ''[[The Producers (musical)\|The Producers]]'' as Roger De Bris.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/aberdeen-theatre/news/producers-bedella-jupitus-casting_36928.html\|title=David Bedella and Phill Jupitus join the cast of The Producers\|date=January 16, 2015\|access-date=January 17, 2015}}</ref> He again reprised his role as Frank-N-Furter in ''The Rocky Horror Show'' alongside the show's writer [[Richard O'Brien]]. For several years, Bedella has hosted his own live chat show called ''David Bedella and Friends'', which won the London Cabaret Society's Best Long Running Cabaret Award in 2015.<ref name="ltd" /> The chat show began at the Alley Cat venue and moved to the [[St James's Theatre\|St. James Theatre]] in London, hosting an array of artists from stage and screen. From 2015 to 2017, he starred as Kevin Rosario in the [[Tony Award]]-winning ''[[In the Heights]]'' at the [[Kings Cross Theatre]] in London, for which he won a [[WhatsOnStage Awards\|WhatsOnStage Award]] and his second [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2017, Bedella recorded two songs for the album ''Wit & Whimsy – Songs by Alexander S. Bermange'', which reached No. 1 in the [[iTunes]] comedy album chart. In 2018, he returned to Chicago as part of the cast of the American premiere of ''[[Nell Gwynn (play)\|Nell Gwynn]]'' at the [[Chicago Shakespeare Theater]]. In 2019, he originated the role of Lance in the musical ''[[& Juliet]]''. The musical made its world debut at the [[Manchester Opera House]] and then transferred to London's [[Shaftesbury Theatre]]. Bedella subsequently won the 2020 [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical]] for his performance. This marked his second win in this category and third Olivier win overall.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Olivier Awards Twitter feed \|url=https://twitter.com/olivierawards/status/1320483554359468033\|access-date=2020-10-25\|website=Twitter\|language=en}}</ref> He left the production on 26 March 2022. Bedella has also partnered with [[John Linehan (entertainer)\|John Linehan]] in pantomime at the [[Grand Opera House, Belfast\|Belfast Grand Opera House]] in Northern Ireland. In 2023, he reprised his role as Frank-N-Furter in the [[Adelaide]], [[Melbourne]], and [[Gold Coast, Queensland\|Gold Coast]] legs of the Australian 50th Anniversary Tour of ''The Rocky Horror Show''. In March 2024, Bedella began a run reprising his role as Lance in the Broadway production of ''& Juliet'', marking his return to the Broadway stage.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Masseron \|first1=Meg \|title=Olivier Award Winner David Bedella Joins & Juliet on Broadway March 5 \|url=https://playbill.com/article/olivier-award-winner-david-bedella-joins-juliet-on-broadway-march-5 \|website=Playbill \|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> ==Personal life== Bedella has been in a relationship with Pressley Sutherland since 1997.<ref name="Pressley">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.theatre.com/buzz/155543/david-bedella-on-jumping-from-jerry-springer-to-billy-flynn-in-londons-chicago/ \|title=David Bedella on Jumping from Jerry Springer to Billy Flynn in London's Chicago \| Broadway Buzz \| Theatre.com \|access-date=2017-09-17 \|archive-date=2017-09-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080335/http://www.theatre.com/buzz/155543/david-bedella-on-jumping-from-jerry-springer-to-billy-flynn-in-londons-chicago/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2001, Sutherland was offered a job as a [[Vicar (Anglicanism)\|vicar]] in [[London]], and convinced Bedella to move there with him by reminding him of the opportunities in the [[West End theatre\|West End]].<ref name="Pressley" /> They continue to reside in the city.<ref name="Pressley" /> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" \| Notes \|- \| 2004 \|\| ''[[Alexander (2004 film)\|Alexander]]'' \|\| Scribe Cadmus \|\| \|- \| 2005 \|\| ''[[Batman Begins]]'' \|\| Maitre D \|\| \|- \|2009 \|''Thomas & Friends: Hero of the Rails'' \| rowspan="3" \|Victor (voice) \| rowspan="5" \|Direct-to-video \|- \|2010 \|''[[Thomas & Friends: Misty Island Rescue]]'' \|- \|2011 \|''[[Thomas & Friends: Day of the Diesels]]'' \|- \|2012 \|''Thomas & Friends: Blue Mountain Mystery'' \|Victor / Cuban Man (voice) \|- \| rowspan="2" \|2013 \|''[[Thomas & Friends: King of the Railway]]'' \|Victor (voice) \|- \|''Resting'' \|Harry Boe \|Short Film \|- \| rowspan="2" \|2016 \|''[[Thomas & Friends: The Great Race]]'' \|Victor / Carlos (voice) \|Direct-to-video \|- \|''Punk Strut: The Movie'' \|Walter Wall Jr. \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \|2017 \|''[[Thomas & Friends: Journey Beyond Sodor]]'' \|Victor (voice) \|Direct-to-video \|- \|''This Is Axiom'' \|Sam \|Short Film \|- \|2018 \|''A Reel Life'' \|Precious Stone \| \|- \| 2022 \|''[[All the Old Knives]]'' \|Drew Favreau \| \|- \| 2024 \|''[[Argylle]]'' \|Leonard \| \|} ===Television=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes \|- \|2003 \|''[[Days That Shook the World]]'' \|Voiceover Artist (voice) \|Credited as David Bedalla \|- \|2004–05 \|''[[Holby City]]'' \|Carlos Fashola \|19 episodes \|- \| rowspan="2" \|2005 \|''[[Jerry Springer: The Opera]]'' \|Warm-up Man / Satan \|TV movie \|- \|''[[Blessed (TV series)\|Blessed]]'' \|Restaurant Owner-Quentin \|Episode: "Just Looking (Stereophonics)" \|- \|2009 \|''[[Great Performances]]'' \|Alexander Molokov \|Episode: "Chess in Concert" \|- \|2009–20 \|''[[Thomas & Friends (franchise)\|Thomas & Friends]]'' \|Victor (voice) \|54 episodes \|- \|2013 \|''[[By Any Means (2013 TV series)\|By Any Means]]'' \|Luis Velasquez \|Episode: "Episode #1.3" \|- \|2014 \|''[[Inside No. 9]]'' \|Frankie J. Parsons \|Episode: "Last Gasp" \|- \|2016 \|''Resting'' \|Bernard \|Episode: "Fucked" \|- \|2018 \|''[[Deep State (TV series)\|Deep State]]'' \|Tilson \|2 episodes \|- \|2022–23 \|''[[Jack Ryan (TV series)\|Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan]]'' \|President Charles Bachler \|5 episodes \|- \|2024 \|''Jesus Crown of Thorns'' \|[[Herod the Great\|King Herod]] \|3 episodes \|} == Awards and nominations == {\| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;" !Year !Awards !Category !Work !Result !Ref \|- \| rowspan="2" \|2004 \|[[2004 Laurence Olivier Awards\|Laurence Olivier Awards]] \| rowspan="2" \|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical\|Best Actor in a Musical]] \| rowspan="2" \|''[[Jerry Springer - The Opera]]'' \| {{won}} \|<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Olivier Winners 2004\|url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/olivier-awards/winners/olivier-winners-2004/\|access-date=26 October 2020\|website=Olivier Awards\|language=en-GB}}</ref> \|- \|[[WhatsOnStage Awards]] \| {{nominated}} \|<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Whatsonstage Awards 2004 {{!}}\|url=https://www.westendtheatre.com/12041/awards/whatsonstage-awards-2004/\|access-date=26 October 2020\|website=WestEndTheatre.com – London Theatre Tickets\|date=January 2009 \|language=en-GB}}</ref> \|- \| rowspan="2" \|2016 \|[[2016 Laurence Olivier Awards\|Laurence Olivier Awards]] \|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical\|Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical]] \| rowspan="2" \|''[[In the Heights\|In The Heights]]'' \| {{won}} \|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|title=Olivier Winners 2016\|url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/olivier-awards/winners/olivier-winners-2016/\|access-date=26 October 2020\|website=Olivier Awards\|language=en-GB}}</ref> \|- \|[[WhatsOnStage Awards]] \|Best Supporting Actor in a Musical \| {{won}} \|<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Whatsonstage Awards – Winners 2016 {{!}}\|url=https://www.westendtheatre.com/43405/awards/whatsonstage-awards-winners-2016/\|access-date=26 October 2020\|website=WestEndTheatre.com – London Theatre Tickets\|date=22 February 2016 \|language=en-GB}}</ref> \|- \|[[2020 Laurence Olivier Awards\|2020]] \|[[Laurence Olivier Awards]] \|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical\|Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical]] \|''[[& Juliet]]'' \| {{won}} \|<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Olivier Awards 2020 with Mastercard – Theatre's Biggest Night\|url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/olivier-awards/year/olivier-awards-2020/\|access-date=26 October 2020\|website=Olivier Awards\|language=en-GB}}</ref> \|} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/content/articles/2007/03/14/theatre_rocky_horror_david_bedella_iv_feature.shtml BBC interview: David Bedella on Rocky Horror (March '07)] * {{IMDb name\|1525717}} * [http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/interviews/view/item71439/David-Bedella/ London Theatre Guide interview with David Bedella] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/holbycity/asktheactors/interviews/index.shtml?content/_david/page1 BBCi interview: David Bedella on Holby City] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3511935.stm David Bedella wins best Musical Actor in the Laurence Olivier Awards] * [http://intheheightslondon.com/cast-creatives/david-bedella] {{OlivierAward MusicalActor 2001–2025}} {{OlivierAward MusicalSupportingPerformance}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bedella, David}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:American expatriate male actors]] [[Category:American expatriates in England]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male musical theatre actors]] [[Category:American male television actors]] [[Category:American male voice actors]] [[Category:Laurence Olivier Award winners]] [[Category:Male actors from Chicago]] [[Category:People from Merrillville, Indiana]]	1,286,918,350	[{"title": "David Bedella", "data": {"Born": "September 25, 1962 \u00b7 Gary, Indiana, U.S.", "Occupation": "Actor", "Years active": "1980\u2013present", "Partner(s)": "Pressley Sutherland \u00b7 (1997\u2013present)"}}]	false
# Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016–17 The Afghan cricket team toured Zimbabwe between January and February 2017. The tour consisted of five One Day International (ODI) matches. Ahead of the ODI series, the Afghanistan A cricket team played five "unofficial" List A ODI matches against the Zimbabwe A cricket team. Afghanistan won the List A series 4–1 and the ODI series 3–2. Prior to the start of the ODI matches, Zimbabwe Cricket brought forward the fixtures in their domestic List A completion, the 2016–17 Pro50 Championship, in preparation for the tour. ## Squads \| ODIs \| ODIs \| \| Zimbabwe \| Afghanistan \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| - Graeme Cremer (c) - Ryan Burl - Tendai Chatara - Elton Chigumbura - Craig Ervine - Peter Moor (wk) - Hamilton Masakadza - Wellington Masakadza - Solomon Mire - Christopher Mpofu - Carl Mumba - Tarisai Musakanda - Richard Ngarava - Sikandar Raza - Donald Tiripano - Malcolm Waller - Nathan Waller \| - Asghar Stanikzai (c) - Farid Ahmad - Aftab Alam - Amir Hamza - Ihsanullah - Karim Janat - Rashid Khan - Mohammad Nabi - Gulbadin Naib - Hashmatullah Shahidi - Mohammad Shahzad (wk) - Samiullah Shinwari - Dawlat Zadran - Najibullah Zadran - Noor Ali Zadran - Rahmat Shah Zurmatai \| Hamilton Masakadza was added to Zimbabwe's squad ahead of the 2nd ODI. ## List A series ### 1st List A match \| 27 January 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Zimbabwe A 120 (26.5 overs) \| v \| Afghanistan A 121/5 (23.3 overs) \| \| Tarisai Musakanda 37* (41) Abdullah Adil 4/22 (4.5 overs) \| \| Imran Janat 28 (43) Nathan Waller 3/36 (6 overs) \| - Afghanistan A won the toss and elected to field. - Abdullah Adil, Imran Janat, Khaibar Omar, Rahmanullah Gurbaz, Shahidullah, Waheedullah Shafaq, Younas Ahmadzai and Zia-ur-Rehman (Afghanistan A) all made their List A debuts. ### 2nd List A match \| 29 January 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Afghanistan A 208 (47.3 overs) \| v \| Zimbabwe A 126 (27.5 overs) \| \| Shafiqullah 50 (53) Carl Mumba 4/44 (9 overs) \| \| Ryan Burl 55 (46) Fazal Niazai 3/20 (6 overs) \| - Zimbabwe A won the toss and elected to field. - Rain during Zimbabwe A's innings set them a revised total of 182 from 31 overs. - Nasir Khan, Zamir Khan (Afghanistan A) and Ryan Murray (Zimbabwe A) all made their List A debuts. ### 3rd List A match \| 31 January 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Afghanistan A 279/4 (50 overs) \| v \| Zimbabwe A 259/9 (50 overs) \| \| Younas Ahmadzai 104 (109) Tendai Chatara 2/52 (10 overs) \| \| Innocent Kaia 100 (154) Nawaz Khan 5/51 (10 overs) \| - Zimbabwe A won the toss and elected to field. - Mohammad Ibrahim and Nawaz Khan (Afghanistan A) both made their List A debuts. ### 4th List A match \| 3 February 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Zimbabwe A 212/8 (50 overs) \| v \| Afghanistan A 162/4 (36.3 overs) \| \| Tinotenda Mutombodzi 62 (63) Nawaz Khan 5/51 (10 overs) \| \| Waheedullah Shafaq 51* (83) Wellington Masakadza 2/40 (10 overs) \| - Afghanistan A won the toss and elected to field. - Rain during Afghanistan A's innings set them a revised total of 162 from 40 overs. - Richard Ngarava (Zim) made his List A debut. ### 5th List A match \| 5 February 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Zimbabwe A 288/8 (50 overs) \| v \| Afghanistan A 73 (25.4 overs) \| \| Ryan Burl 105 (104) Abdullah Adil 3/67 (10 overs) \| \| Noor-ul-Haq 12 (30) Tendai Chatara 3/13 (6 overs) \| - Zimbabwe A won the toss and elected to bat. - Brandon Mavuta (Zim) made his List A debut. ## ODI series ### 1st ODI \| 16 February 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Afghanistan · 215 (49.2 overs) \| v \| Zimbabwe · 99/4 (27.2 overs) \| \| Asghar Stanikzai 50 (57) Graeme Cremer 3/46 (10 overs) \| \| Craig Ervine 38* (56) Gulbadin Naib 1/12 (6 overs) \| - Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat. - Rain stopped play during Zimbabwe's innings, setting them a revised total of 207 from 46 overs. - Play was attempted to be restarted after the rain delay, however, no further play was possible due to an issue with the outfield.[12] - Ryan Burl and Richard Ngarava (Zim) both made their ODI debuts. ### 2nd ODI \| 19 February 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Afghanistan · 238/9 (50 overs) \| v \| Zimbabwe · 184 (42.4 overs) \| \| Mohammad Shahzad 64 (87) Tendai Chatara 3/36 (10 overs) \| \| Solomon Mire 54 (55) Rashid Khan 3/25 (7.1 overs) \| - Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat. ### 3rd ODI \| 21 February 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Zimbabwe · 129 (32.4 overs) \| v \| Afghanistan · 126 (29.3 overs) \| \| Tarisai Musakanda 60 (74) Gulbadin Naib 4/27 (6 overs) \| \| Asghar Stanikzai 31 (33) Sean Williams 3/15 (5.3 overs) \| - Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat. - This was the lowest total that Zimbabwe had successfully defended in an ODI.[13] ### 4th ODI \| 24 February 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Afghanistan · 111 (38.5 overs) \| v \| Zimbabwe · 107/3 (22.2 overs) \| \| Asghar Stanikzai 19 (17) Christopher Mpofu 3/25 (7.5 overs) \| \| Solomon Mire 46 (50) Mohammad Nabi 2/11 (5.2 overs) \| - Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat. - Rain stopped play during Afghanistan's innings, reducing the game to 42 overs per side, with Zimbabwe set a target of 105 runs. - Ihsanullah and Karim Janat (Afg) both made their ODI debuts. ### 5th ODI \| 26 February 2017 09:30 Scorecard \| \| Afghanistan · 253/9 (50 overs) \| v \| Zimbabwe · 54 (13.5 overs) \| \| Rahmat Shah Zurmatai 50 (79) Chris Mpofu 3/46 (9 overs) \| \| Graeme Cremer 14* (14) Mohammad Nabi 3/14 (3.5 overs) \| - A rain delay during the innings break set Zimbabwe a revised total of 161 from 22 overs. - Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat. - This was Zimbabwe's third-lowest total in ODIs and their lowest total against Afghanistan.[14]	enwiki/52800375	enwiki	52,800,375	Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016–17	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_cricket_team_in_Zimbabwe_in_2016%E2%80%9317	2024-03-24T15:49:08Z	en	Q28223109	156,879	{{short description\|International cricket tour}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2017}} {{Infobox cricket tour \| series_name = Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016–17 \| team1_image = Flag of Zimbabwe.svg \| team1_name = Zimbabwe \| team2_image = Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg \| team2_name = Afghanistan \| from_date = 27 January \| to_date = 26 February 2017 \| team1_captain = [[Graeme Cremer]] \| team2_captain = [[Asghar Afghan\|Asghar Stanikzai]] \| no_of_ODIs = 5 \| team1_ODIs_won = 2 \| team2_ODIs_won = 3 \| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Solomon Mire]] (108) \| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Rahmat Shah Zurmatai]] (145) \| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Christopher Mpofu]] (12) \| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Rashid Khan]] (10)<br>[[Mohammad Nabi]] (10) \| player_of_ODI_series = \| no_of_LAs = 5 \| team1_LAs_won = 1 \| team2_LAs_won = 4 \| team1_LAs_most_runs = [[Ryan Burl]] (266) \| team2_LAs_most_runs = [[Shafiqullah (cricketer)\|Shafiqullah]] (156) \| team1_LAs_most_wickets = [[Tendai Chatara]] (6)<br>[[Nathan Waller (cricketer)\|Nathan Waller]] (6) \| team2_LAs_most_wickets = [[Nawaz Khan]] (11) \| player_of_LA_series = }} The [[Afghanistan national cricket team\|Afghan cricket team]] toured [[Zimbabwe]] between January and February 2017.<ref name="Tour">{{cite web \|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/content/story/1076175.html \|title=Zimbabwe Cricket seeks to fill gap in fixtures \|date=7 January 2017 \|access-date=7 January 2017 \|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> The tour consisted of five [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches.<ref name="matches">{{cite web \|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/content/story/1079198.html \|title=Afghanistan to tour Zimbabwe in February \|date=23 January 2017 \|access-date=23 January 2017 \|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Ahead of the ODI series, the [[Afghanistan A cricket team]] played five "unofficial" [[List A cricket\|List A]] ODI matches against the [[Zimbabwe A cricket team]].<ref name="A-team">{{cite web \|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-press-releases/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-a-prepares-to-host-afghanistan-a/238206 \|title=Zimbabwe A prepares to host Afghanistan A \|date=23 January 2017 \|access-date=27 January 2017 \|work=Wisden India \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202075651/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-press-releases/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-a-prepares-to-host-afghanistan-a/238206 \|archive-date=2 February 2017 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Afghanistan won the List A series 4–1<ref name="ListAseries">{{cite web \|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/92151/solomon-mire-returns-for-zimbabwe-cricket-team\|title=Solomon Mire returns for Zimbabwe \|date=9 February 2017 \|access-date=26 February 2017 \|work=Cricbuzz}}</ref> and the ODI series 3–2.<ref name="ODIseries">{{cite web \|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-afghanistan-2016-17/content/story/1084513.html\|title=Afghanistan raze Zimbabwe for 54 to seal series \|date=26 February 2017 \|access-date=26 February 2017 \|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Prior to the start of the ODI matches, [[Zimbabwe Cricket]] brought forward the fixtures in their domestic List A completion, the [[2016–17 Pro50 Championship]], in preparation for the tour.<ref name="CC">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/press-releases/zcs-provincial-one-day-competition-preponed-574738 \|title=ZC's provincial One-Day competition preponed \|access-date=10 February 2017 \|work=Cricket County}}</ref><ref name="AA">{{Cite web\|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201702100272.html \|title=Zimbabwe: Mire Returns to Chevrons \|access-date=10 February 2017 \|work=All Africa}}</ref> ==Squads== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto" \|- !colspan=2\|ODIs \|- ! {{cr\|ZIM}}<ref name="ZimSquad">{{cite web \|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/content/story/1081706.html \|title=Solomon Mire back in Zimbabwe squad \|date=9 February 2017 \|access-date=9 February 2017 \|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="ZimSquad2">{{cite web \|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-afghanistan-2016-17/content/story/1082446.html \|title=Ngarava, Mumba added to Zimbabwe squad for Afghanistan ODIs \|date=15 February 2017 \|access-date=15 February 2017 \|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> ! {{cr\|AFG\|2013}}<ref name="AfgSquad">{{cite web \|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/333751 \|title=Zimbabwe v Afghanistan, 1st ODI, Bulawayo - Preview \|date=15 February 2017 \|access-date=15 February 2017 \|work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> \|- style="vertical-align:top" \| * [[Graeme Cremer]] ([[captain (cricket)\|c]]) * [[Ryan Burl]] * [[Tendai Chatara]] * [[Elton Chigumbura]] * [[Craig Ervine]] * [[Peter Moor]] ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) * [[Hamilton Masakadza]] * [[Wellington Masakadza]] * [[Solomon Mire]] * [[Christopher Mpofu]] * [[Carl Mumba]] * [[Tarisai Musakanda]] * [[Richard Ngarava]] * [[Sikandar Raza]] * [[Donald Tiripano]] * [[Malcolm Waller]] * [[Nathan Waller (cricketer)\|Nathan Waller]] \| * [[Asghar Afghan\|Asghar Stanikzai]] ([[captain (cricket)\|c]]) * [[Fareed Ahmad (cricketer)\|Farid Ahmad]] * [[Aftab Alam (Afghan cricketer)\|Aftab Alam]] * [[Amir Hamza (cricketer)\|Amir Hamza]] * [[Ihsanullah]] * [[Karim Janat]] * [[Rashid Khan]] * [[Mohammad Nabi]] * [[Gulbadin Naib]] * [[Hashmatullah Shahidi]] * [[Mohammad Shahzad]] ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) * [[Samiullah Shinwari]] * [[Dawlat Zadran]] * [[Najibullah Zadran]] * [[Noor Ali Zadran]] * [[Rahmat Shah Zurmatai]] \|} [[Hamilton Masakadza]] was added to Zimbabwe's squad ahead of the 2nd ODI.<ref name="Hamilton">{{cite web \|url=http://www.cricket365.com/top-story/hamilton-masakadza-added-to-zim-squad/\|title=Hamilton Masakadza added to Zim squad\|date=19 February 2017 \|access-date=19 February 2017 \|work=Cricket365}}</ref> ==List A series== ===1st List A match=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 27 January 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = [[Zimbabwe A cricket team\|Zimbabwe A]] {{flagicon\|ZIM}} \| team2 = {{flagicon\|AFG\|2013}} [[Afghanistan A cricket team\|Afghanistan A]] \| score1 = 120 (26.5 overs) \| runs1 = [[Tarisai Musakanda]] 37[[not out\|]] (41) \| wickets1 = [[Abdullah Adil]] 4/22 (4.5 overs) \| score2 = 121/5 (23.3 overs) \| runs2 = [[Imran Janat]] 28 (43) \| wickets2 = [[Nathan Waller (cricketer)\|Nathan Waller]] 3/36 (6 overs) \| result = Afghanistan A won by 5 wickets \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079256.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Owen Chirombe]] (Zim) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim) \| motm = \| toss = Afghanistan A won the toss and elected to field. \| notes = [[Abdullah Adil]], [[Imran Janat]], [[Khaibar Omar]], [[Rahmanullah Gurbaz]], [[Shahidullah (cricketer)\|Shahidullah]], [[Waheedullah Shafaq]], [[Younas Ahmadzai]] and [[Zia-ur-Rehman]] (Afghanistan A) all made their List A debuts. }} ===2nd List A match=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 29 January 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = [[Afghanistan A cricket team\|Afghanistan A]] {{flagicon\|AFG\|2013}} \| team2 = {{flagicon\|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe A cricket team\|Zimbabwe A]] \| score1 = 208 (47.3 overs) \| runs1 = [[Shafiqullah (cricketer)\|Shafiqullah]] 50 (53) \| wickets1 = [[Carl Mumba]] 4/44 (9 overs) \| score2 = 126 (27.5 overs) \| runs2 = [[Ryan Burl]] 55 (46) \| wickets2 = [[Fazal Niazai]] 3/20 (6 overs) \| result = Afghanistan A won by 55 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method\|DLS method]]) \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079257.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Jeremiah Matibiri]] (Zim) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim) \| motm = \| toss = Zimbabwe A won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = Rain during Zimbabwe A's innings set them a revised total of 182 from 31 overs. \| notes = [[Nasir Khan (Afghan cricketer)\|Nasir Khan]], [[Zamir Khan]] (Afghanistan A) and [[Ryan Murray (cricketer)\|Ryan Murray]] (Zimbabwe A) all made their List A debuts. }} ===3rd List A match=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 31 January 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = [[Afghanistan A cricket team\|Afghanistan A]] {{flagicon\|AFG\|2013}} \| team2 = {{flagicon\|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe A cricket team\|Zimbabwe A]] \| score1 = 279/4 (50 overs) \| runs1 = [[Younas Ahmadzai]] 104 (109) \| wickets1 = [[Tendai Chatara]] 2/52 (10 overs) \| score2 = 259/9 (50 overs) \| runs2 = [[Innocent Kaia]] 100 (154) \| wickets2 = [[Nawaz Khan]] 5/51 (10 overs) \| result = Afghanistan A won by 20 runs \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079258.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Jeremiah Matibiri]] (Zim) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim) \| motm = \| toss = Zimbabwe A won the toss and elected to field. \| notes = [[Mohammad Ibrahim (cricketer)\|Mohammad Ibrahim]] and [[Nawaz Khan]] (Afghanistan A) both made their List A debuts. }} ===4th List A match=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 3 February 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = [[Zimbabwe A cricket team\|Zimbabwe A]] {{flagicon\|ZIM}} \| team2 = {{flagicon\|AFG\|2013}} [[Afghanistan A cricket team\|Afghanistan A]] \| score1 = 212/8 (50 overs) \| runs1 = [[Tinotenda Mutombodzi]] 62 (63) \| wickets1 = [[Nawaz Khan]] 5/51 (10 overs) \| score2 = 162/4 (36.3 overs) \| runs2 = [[Waheedullah Shafaq]] 51[[not out\|]] (83) \| wickets2 = [[Wellington Masakadza]] 2/40 (10 overs) \| result = Afghanistan A won by 6 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method\|DLS method]]) \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079259.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Owen Chirombe]] (Zim) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim) \| motm = \| toss = Afghanistan A won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = Rain during Afghanistan A's innings set them a revised total of 162 from 40 overs. \| notes = [[Richard Ngarava]] (Zim) made his List A debut. }} ===5th List A match=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 5 February 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = [[Zimbabwe A cricket team\|Zimbabwe A]] {{flagicon\|ZIM}} \| team2 = {{flagicon\|AFG\|2013}} [[Afghanistan A cricket team\|Afghanistan A]] \| score1 = 288/8 (50 overs) \| runs1 = [[Ryan Burl]] 105 (104) \| wickets1 = [[Abdullah Adil]] 3/67 (10 overs) \| score2 = 73 (25.4 overs) \| runs2 = [[Noor-ul-Haq (cricketer)\|Noor-ul-Haq]] 12 (30) \| wickets2 = [[Tendai Chatara]] 3/13 (6 overs) \| result = Zimbabwe A won by 215 runs \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079260.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Owen Chirombe]] (Zim) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim) \| motm = \| toss = Zimbabwe A won the toss and elected to bat. \| notes = [[Brandon Mavuta]] (Zim) made his List A debut. }} ==ODI series== ===1st ODI=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 16 February 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = {{cr-rt\|AFG\|2013}} \| team2 = {{cr\|ZIM}} \| score1 = 215 (49.2 overs) \| runs1 = [[Asghar Afghan\|Asghar Stanikzai]] 50 (57) \| wickets1 = [[Graeme Cremer]] 3/46 (10 overs) \| score2 = 99/4 (27.2 overs) \| runs2 = [[Craig Ervine]] 38[[not out\|]] (56) \| wickets2 = [[Gulbadin Naib]] 1/12 (6 overs) \| result = Afghanistan won by 12 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method\|DLS method]]) \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079246.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)\|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim) \| motm = [[Asghar Afghan\|Asghar Stanikzai]] (Afg) \| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = Rain stopped play during Zimbabwe's innings, setting them a revised total of 207 from 46 overs. Play was attempted to be restarted after the rain delay, however, no further play was possible due to an issue with the outfield.<ref name="1stODI">{{cite web \|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-afghanistan-2016-17/content/story/1082823.html \|title=Afghanistan win on D/L after Burl falls just before rain \|date=16 February 2017 \|access-date=16 February 2017 \|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> \| notes = [[Ryan Burl]] and [[Richard Ngarava]] (Zim) both made their ODI debuts. }} ===2nd ODI=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 19 February 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = {{cr-rt\|AFG\|2013}} \| team2 = {{cr\|ZIM}} \| score1 = 238/9 (50 overs) \| runs1 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 64 (87) \| wickets1 = [[Tendai Chatara]] 3/36 (10 overs) \| score2 = 184 (42.4 overs) \| runs2 = [[Solomon Mire]] 54 (55) \| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/25 (7.1 overs) \| result = Afghanistan won by 54 runs \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079247.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)\|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim) \| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Afg) \| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat. \| notes = }} ===3rd ODI=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 21 February 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = {{cr-rt\|ZIM}} \| team2 = {{cr\|AFG\|2013}} \| score1 = 129 (32.4 overs) \| runs1 = [[Tarisai Musakanda]] 60 (74) \| wickets1 = [[Gulbadin Naib]] 4/27 (6 overs) \| score2 = 126 (29.3 overs) \| runs2 = [[Asghar Afghan\|Asghar Stanikzai]] 31 (33) \| wickets2 = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)\|Sean Williams]] 3/15 (5.3 overs) \| result = Zimbabwe won by 3 runs \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079248.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)\|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim) \| motm = [[Tendai Chatara]] and [[Sean Williams (cricketer)\|Sean Williams]] (Zim) \| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat. \| notes = This was the lowest total that Zimbabwe had successfully defended in an ODI.<ref name="3rdODI">{{cite web \|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-afghanistan-2016-17/content/story/1083666.html \|title=Afghanistan lose 5 for 5 to mess up 130 chase \|date=21 February 2017 \|access-date=21 February 2017 \|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> }} ===4th ODI=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 24 February 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = {{cr-rt\|AFG\|2013}} \| team2 = {{cr\|ZIM}} \| score1 = 111 (38.5 overs) \| runs1 = [[Asghar Afghan\|Asghar Stanikzai]] 19 (17) \| wickets1 = [[Christopher Mpofu]] 3/25 (7.5 overs) \| score2 = 107/3 (22.2 overs) \| runs2 = [[Solomon Mire]] 46 (50) \| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 2/11 (5.2 overs) \| result = Zimbabwe won by 7 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method\|DLS method]]) \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079249.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)\|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Jeremiah Matibiri]] (Zim) \| motm = [[Christopher Mpofu]] (Zim) \| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = Rain stopped play during Afghanistan's innings, reducing the game to 42 overs per side, with Zimbabwe set a target of 105 runs. \| notes = [[Ihsanullah]] and [[Karim Janat]] (Afg) both made their ODI debuts. }} ===5th ODI=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 26 February 2017 \| time = 09:30 \| daynight = \| team1 = {{cr-rt\|AFG\|2013}} \| team2 = {{cr\|ZIM}} \| score1 = 253/9 (50 overs) \| runs1 = [[Rahmat Shah Zurmatai]] 50 (79) \| wickets1 = [[Chris Mpofu]] 3/46 (9 overs) \| score2 = 54 (13.5 overs) \| runs2 = [[Graeme Cremer]] 14[[not out\|]] (14) \| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 3/14 (3.5 overs) \| result = Afghanistan won by 106 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method\|DLS method]]) \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1079250.html Scorecard] \| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] \| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)\|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Jeremiah Matibiri]] (Zim) \| motm = [[Rahmat Shah Zurmatai]] (Afg) \| toss = \| rain = A rain delay during the innings break set Zimbabwe a revised total of 161 from 22 overs. \| notes = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat. This was Zimbabwe's third-lowest total in ODIs and their lowest total against Afghanistan.<ref name="lowest">{{cite web \|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/338948 \|title=Nabi, Hamza deliver big win for Afghanistan in decider \|date=26 February 2017 \|access-date=26 February 2017 \|work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> }} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/1079254.html List A series home at ESPN Cricinfo] * [http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-afghanistan-2016-17/content/series/1079242.html ODI series home at ESPN Cricinfo] {{International cricket tours of Zimbabwe}} {{International cricket in 2016–17}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016-17}} [[Category:2017 in Afghan cricket]] [[Category:2017 in Zimbabwean cricket]] [[Category:International cricket competitions in 2016–17]] [[Category:Afghan cricket tours of Zimbabwe]]	1,215,345,540	[{"title": "Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016\u201317", "data": {"Dates": "27 January \u2013 26 February 2017", "Captains": "Graeme Cremer \u00b7 Asghar Stanikzai"}}, {"title": "One Day International series", "data": {"Results": "Afghanistan won the 5-match series 3\u20132", "Most runs": "Solomon Mire (108) \u00b7 Rahmat Shah Zurmatai (145)", "Most wickets": "Christopher Mpofu (12) \u00b7 Rashid Khan (10) \u00b7 Mohammad Nabi (10)"}}, {"title": "LA series", "data": {"Result": "Afghanistan won the 5-match series 4\u20131", "Most runs": "Ryan Burl (266) \u00b7 Shafiqullah (156)", "Most wickets": "Tendai Chatara (6) \u00b7 Nathan Waller (6) \u00b7 Nawaz Khan (11)"}}]	false
# Djurs Sommerland Djurs Sommerland (English: Djurs Summer Land) is an amusement park located in Djursland, Denmark, just north of the village of Nimtofte, 23 kilometers west of Grenaa, and 36 kilometers east of Randers. The park opened in 1981, and it has progressively expanded every year since then. Its guests mostly consist of families, as most of the rides are aimed at kids and teenagers. Because of this, the park has been very adaptive in making rides accessible for most heights and ages. The park is, as suggested in the name, predominantly open in the summer, with the recent addition of special Halloween opening days in October. The season begins around May and lasts until mid-October. Djurs Sommerland has had around 800,000 annual visitors in recent years, making the park the fifth largest tourist attraction in Denmark. ## History Djurs Sommerland was established by the hotelier Børge Godsk Jensen and music agent Ole B. Nielsen. They chose the popular vacation spot of Jylland as location for the park. The park has grown in popularity over the years and has added many rides since opening. The park is now operated by Nielsen's sons Henrik and Michael. A new attraction, Piraten, was opened in 2008. It held the title of fastest roller coaster in Denmark until 2022 when a coaster in Fårup Sommerland named "Fønix" took the record for height and speed. This changed a lot of press for the park, as it got massive media attention and made Djurs Sommerland a must visit destination for tourists. Its top speed is 90 km/h (56 mph) and maximum height above ground is 31 meters (102 ft). Immediately after opening, the coaster was chosen as the fifth best roller coaster in the world. The current CEO of the park is Henrik B. Nielsen. ## The park The park is divided into 8 areas; all are included in the admission price: - Sommerland is the park's original area that opened in 1981; over the years many of its rides have been removed while others have been added. - Bondegårdsland is an area with 11 rides themed after life at a farm. The rides are for the whole family including the smallest children. - Westernland has a replica of an old Texas Wild West town where cowboys roam the streets; there is also a play area where kids can play Indians. The main attraction in this land is the Rio Grande Rafting. - Mexicoland has a miniature golf course. The main attractions is the double-launch coaster Juvelen, and the drop tower El Grito. - Piratland opened in 2008. It has a pirate theme and three of the park's most exciting[citation needed] rides: Piraten, Skatteøen and The Piranha flume ride. - Vandland is a water park that opened in 1986 and was the first of its kind in Denmark at the time. - Vikingeland is a small area in the further back of the park with a few kiddie rides and one Gerstlauer coaster named Thor's Hammer. - Dinosaurland is a dinosaur-themed area opened in 2022. The main attractions are Spinosaurus, Jeep Safari and T-Rex Family Coaster. ### Roller coasters \| Ride Name \| Type \| Opened in \| Manufacturer \| Themed land \| Additional Informations \| \| -------------------- \| -------------- \| --------- \| ------------ \| -------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Piraten \| Steel sit down \| 2008 \| Intamin \| Piratland \| Reaches a speed of 90 km/h on a 2477 ft long track (755 m) and a height of 101.7 ft (31 m); height limit 1.4 m. Mega-Lite model, train 2×8. \| \| Skatteøen \| Steel sit down \| 2011 \| Mack Rides \| Piratland \| A pirate-themed water coaster that travels a 455-meter-long course at 70 km/h and ends in a 28-meter-high fall into a pool of water; height limit 1.1 m. Water Coaster model. \| \| Thor's Hammer \| Steel sit down \| 2002 \| Gerstlauer \| Vikingeland \| Reaches a speed of 36 mph (60 km/h) on a 1575 ft long track (480 m) and a height of 53 ft (16 m); height limit 1m / 1.3 m alone. Bobsled model 480/4, car 2+2. \| \| Juvelen \| Steel sit down \| 2013 \| Intamin \| Mexicoland \| Motorbike roller coaster which reaches a top speed of 52.8 miles per hour (85.0 km/h) along a 3,280.8-foot-long (1,000.0 m) track. \| \| Den Vilde Hønsejagt \| Steel family \| 2015 \| Zierer \| Bondegårdsland \| \| \| DrageKongen \| Steel inverted \| 2017 \| Intamin \| Wild Asia \| \| \| Jungle Rally \| Steel family \| 2018 \| Zierer \| Wild Asia \| \| \| T-Rex Family Coaster \| Steel Powered \| 2022 \| Mack Rides \| Dinosaur Land \| \| ### Water rides - Long Cun Expedition - a log flume ride that opened in 1991, located in Wild Asia. A themed river adventure on a 370 meter long course that has 3 drops the highest of which is 11 meters tall. Interlink. - Piratfisken - a log flume ride that opened in 2009, located in Piratland. A family-style ride that is 150 meters long and ends in a 5 meter tall drop. ABC Rides. - Rio Grande Rafting - river rapids ride that opened in 1998, located in Westernland. A 6-passenger raft that travels a 500 m long course with a tunnel, water effects and an Indian village on the way. Interlink. ### Thrill Rides - El Grito - A 60-metre (200 ft) tall Funtime drop tower that opened in 2024. - Tigeren - An Intamin Gyro Swing pendulum ride that opened in 2018. - SpinOsaurus - A Disk'O swing on a track that opened in 2023. ### Family rides - Andedammen - join the duck family for a relaxing tour around the pond. - Bondegårdskarrusellen - join all the animals of the farm in this merry-go-round. - Buffalo Bumper Cars - bumper cars that opened in 2012 in Westernland. Bertazzon. - Den Vilde Hønsejagt - chase the hens with the fox in a roller coaster. - Det Gamle Vandtårn - a 12-meter high tower with a free fall. - Det Nye Vandtårn - help the farmer check if the new tower has been painted before the free fall. - Det Skøre Kompas - Rockin' Tug Kontiki in Piratland. Zierer. - Djurs Expressen - railroad journey in Sommerland. - Drageskibet - pirate ship ride in Vikingeland. - Edderkoppenettet - climbing zone of ropes in Sommerland. - Family bicycles - bicycling course in Sommerland. - Frøerne - jump along with crazy frogs. - Gold-diggers - pan for gold in Westernland. - Junglesti - obstacle zone in Vikingeland. - Fossilvaskeren - spinning cups in Dinosaurland. Mack Rides. - Klatrebjerget - climbing mountain and slide in Sommarland. - Kornmøllen - ride the bikes and help the farmer grind his harvest. - Milkshakeren - join the cows in the barn on this spinning and shaken ride, where milk is turned into milkshake. - Mexicana Golf - mini golf in Mexicoland. - Motorbike Derby - Spinning flat ride that has guests control the uplift and speed of the experience. - Piratlegeplads - play zone themed on a pirate ship in Piratland. - Rodeotyrene - the bulls are chasing each other as they have bullseyes painted on their behind. - Safaribussen - flat ride located in Wild Asia. - Solguden - flying fish ride with an Aztec theme that opened in 2012 in Mexicoland. Zierer. - Søulken - is a Polyp model with unlocked cart rotation. - Speedy Gonzales - water dinghy ride in Mexicoland. Metallbau Emmeln. - Traktorerne - a ride in your own tractor in farmland. - Water bikes and canoes - canoes / pedal boats on a lake in Sommerland. Must be 1.2 m tall to sail alone in the canoes. - Wild West Karrusellen - wave swinger that opened in 2005 in Westernland. Zierer. - Vikingetårnene - Mini manuel observation tower ride in Vikingeland. ### Kiddie rides - Indianerland - play area with an Indian theme in Westernland. - Mini Buffalo Bumper Cars - kiddie bumper cars that opened in 2012 in Westernland. Bertazzon. - Pony Ekspressen - ride a mechanic horse on a track in Westernland. - Sablen - an 11 m-tall tilt tower that opened in 2010 in Piratland. ABC Rides. - Shooting Range - test your skills at shooting in Westernland. - Soap bubbles - make your own soap bubbles in Westernland. - Texas Town - playground for kids in Westernland. - Trampolines - trampolines in Sommerland. - Tunnel Slide - slides for the youngest kids in Sommerland. ### Vandland The water park Vandland opened in 1985 and is included in the admission price. - Black Hole - enclosed tube ride; height limit 1.2 m. - Hawaii - interactive play area for kids. - Honolulu Bay - wave pool. - Junior Aqua Park - play area for kids. - Waikiki Surf School - six side by side slides. - Water Slides - water slides; height limit 90 cm. - The Wave - two-person tube halfpipe; height limit 1.4 m. - Wild River - raging river tube ride; height limit none / 1.4 m alone. ### Other - Magical Halloween in October.	enwiki/23377212	enwiki	23,377,212	Djurs Sommerland	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurs_Sommerland	2025-06-04T18:42:01Z	en	Q593464	53,725	{{short description\|Amusement park in Djurland, Denmark}} {{Infobox amusement park \| name = Djurs Sommerland \| location2 = Nimtofte \| homepage = {{url\|www.djurssommerland.dk/en}} \| location = Randersvej 17, Battrupholt, 8581 \| location3 = Denmark<ref name="cvr">[http://www.cvr.dk/Site/Forms/PublicService/DisplayCompany.aspx?cvrnr=10101441 Danish company register] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235305/http://www.cvr.dk/Site/Forms/PublicService/DisplayCompany.aspx?cvrnr=10101441 \|date=September 26, 2011 }}</ref> \| coordinates = {{coord\|56\|25\|33.36\|N\|10\|33\|2.03\|E\|type:landmark_region:DK\|display=inline,title}} \| owner = \| image = \| caption = \| general_manager = \| opening_date = 1981 \| closing_date = \| previous_names = \| season = Summer \| area = {{cvt\|33\|ha}} \| coasters = 8 \| water_rides = 4 \| status = open \| slogan = ''Vi elsker legebørn'' ("We love playful children") }} [[File:Djurs-sommerland.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Colorado River ride in Djurs Sommerland]] [[File:Piraten at Djurs Sommerland.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Piraten in Djurs Sommerland]] '''Djurs Sommerland''' ({{langx\|en\|Djurs Summer Land}}) is an [[amusement park]] located in [[Djursland]], [[Denmark]], just north of the village of [[Nimtofte]], 23 kilometers west of [[Grenaa]], and 36 kilometers east of [[Randers]]. The park opened in 1981,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://djurssommerland.dk/presse/pressekontakt/succeshistorien-om-djurs-sommerland/\|title=Succeshistorien om Djurs Sommerland\|publisher=Djurs Sommerland\|language=Danish\|accessdate=26 March 2016}}</ref> and it has progressively expanded every year since then. Its guests mostly consist of families, as most of the rides are aimed at kids and teenagers. Because of this, the park has been very adaptive in making rides accessible for most heights and ages. The park is, as suggested in the name, predominantly open in the summer, with the recent addition of special Halloween opening days in October. The season begins around May and lasts until mid-October. Djurs Sommerland has had around 800,000 annual visitors in recent years, making the park the fifth largest [[Tourist attractions in Denmark\|tourist attraction in Denmark]].<ref>{{in lang\|da}} [http://tgt.dk/inspiration/tema/storbyogkultur/article47414.ece?page=0 Top 10: Danmarks mest overrendte attraktioner, tgt.dk]</ref> ==History== Djurs Sommerland was established by the hotelier Børge Godsk Jensen and music agent Ole B. Nielsen. They chose the popular vacation spot of Jylland as location for the park. The park has grown in popularity over the years{{citation needed\|date=January 2022}} and has added many rides since opening. The park is now operated by Nielsen's sons Henrik and Michael. A new attraction, Piraten, was opened in 2008. It held the title of fastest roller coaster in Denmark until 2022 when a coaster in Fårup Sommerland named "Fønix" took the record for height and speed. This changed a lot of press for the park, as it got massive media attention and made Djurs Sommerland a must visit destination for tourists.{{Citation needed\|date=June 2024}} Its top speed is {{cvt\|90\|km/h}} and maximum height above ground is {{convert\|31\|meter}}. Immediately after opening, the coaster was chosen as the fifth best roller coaster in the world.<ref>{{in lang\|da}} [http://djurssommerland.dk/presse/pressemeddelelser/hurtigste-rutschebane.html Pressemeddelelse om Danmarks hurtigste og største rutschebane. Djurs Sommerland, 7. april 2008 ] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131211015/http://djurssommerland.dk/presse/pressemeddelelser/hurtigste-rutschebane.html \|date=January 31, 2009 }}</ref> The current CEO of the park is Henrik B. Nielsen. ==The park== The park is divided into 8 areas; all are included in the admission price: '''Sommerland''' is the park's original area that opened in 1981; over the years many of its rides have been removed while others have been added. '''Bondegårdsland''' is an area with 11 rides themed after life at a farm. The rides are for the whole family including the smallest children. '''Westernland''' has a replica of an old Texas Wild West town where cowboys roam the streets; there is also a play area where kids can play Indians. The main attraction in this land is the Rio Grande Rafting. '''Mexicoland''' has a miniature golf course. The main attractions is the double-launch coaster Juvelen, and the drop tower El Grito. '''Piratland''' opened in 2008. It has a pirate theme and three of the park's most exciting{{citation needed\|date=January 2019}} rides: Piraten, Skatteøen and The Piranha flume ride. '''Vandland''' is a water park that opened in 1986 and was the first of its kind in Denmark at the time. '''Vikingeland''' is a small area in the further back of the park with a few kiddie rides and one Gerstlauer coaster named Thor's Hammer. '''Dinosaurland''' is a dinosaur-themed area opened in 2022. The main attractions are Spinosaurus, Jeep Safari and T-Rex Family Coaster. ===Roller coasters=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Ride Name !! Type !! Opened in !! Manufacturer !! Themed land !! Additional Informations \|- \| Piraten \|\| Steel sit down \|\| 2008 \|\| [[Intamin]] \|\| Piratland \|\| Reaches a speed of 90 km/h on a 2477 ft long track (755 m) and a height of 101.7 ft (31 m); height limit 1.4 m. Mega-Lite model, train 2×8.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Piraten - Djurs Sommerland (Nimtofte, Midtjylland, Denmark)\|url=https://rcdb.com/4038.htm\|website=rcdb.com\|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYnh4DfQdgA \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VYnh4DfQdgA \|archive-date=2021-12-21 \|url-status=live\|title=Piraten front seat on-ride HD POV Djurs Sommerland\|date=September 11, 2014\|website=CoasterForce\|via=[[YouTube]]\|access-date=June 18, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> \|- \| [[Skatteøen]] \|\| Steel sit down \|\| 2011 \|\| [[Mack Rides]] \|\| Piratland \|\| A pirate-themed [[Water coaster (roller coaster)\|water coaster]] that travels a 455-meter-long course at 70 km/h and ends in a 28-meter-high fall into a pool of water; height limit 1.1 m. Water Coaster model. \|- \| Thor's Hammer \|\| Steel sit down \|\| 2002 \|\| [[Gerstlauer]] \|\| Vikingeland \|\| Reaches a speed of 36 mph (60 km/h) on a 1575 ft long track (480 m) and a height of 53 ft (16 m); height limit 1m / 1.3 m alone. Bobsled model 480/4, car 2+2. \|- \| Juvelen \|\| Steel sit down \|\| 2013 \|\| [[Intamin]] \|\| Mexicoland \|\| [[Motorbike roller coaster]] which reaches a top speed of {{Convert\|52.8\|mph}} along a {{Convert\|3280.8\|ft\|m\|adj=mid\|-long}} track.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Juvelen - Djurs Sommerland (Nimtofte, Midtjylland, Denmark)\|url=https://rcdb.com/11058.htm\|website=rcdb.com\|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> \|- \| Den Vilde Hønsejagt \|\| Steel family \|\| 2015 \|\| [[Zierer]] \|\| Bondegårdsland \|\| \|- \| DrageKongen \|\| Steel inverted \|\| 2017 \|\| [[Intamin]] \|\| Wild Asia \|\| \|- \| Jungle Rally \|\| Steel family \|\| 2018 \|\| Zierer \|\| Wild Asia \|\| \|- \| T-Rex Family Coaster \|\| [[Powered roller coaster\|Steel Powered]] \|\| 2022 \|\| Mack Rides \|\| Dinosaur Land \|\| \|} ===Water rides=== '''Long Cun Expedition''' - a log flume ride that opened in 1991, located in Wild Asia. A themed river adventure on a 370 meter long course that has 3 drops the highest of which is 11 meters tall. Interlink. '''Piratfisken''' - a log flume ride that opened in 2009, located in Piratland. A family-style ride that is 150 meters long and ends in a 5 meter tall drop. ABC Rides. '''Rio Grande Rafting''' - river rapids ride that opened in 1998, located in Westernland. A 6-passenger raft that travels a 500 m long course with a tunnel, water effects and an Indian village on the way. [http://interlink-lg.com Interlink]. ===Thrill Rides=== '''El Grito''' - A {{convert\|60\|m\|ft\|adj=on}} tall [[Funtime (manufacturer)\|Funtime]] [[drop tower]] that opened in 2024. '''Tigeren''' - An Intamin Gyro Swing pendulum ride that opened in 2018. '''SpinOsaurus''' - A Disk'O swing on a track that opened in 2023. ===Family rides=== '''Andedammen''' - join the duck family for a relaxing tour around the pond. '''Bondegårdskarrusellen''' - join all the animals of the farm in this merry-go-round. '''Buffalo Bumper Cars''' - bumper cars that opened in 2012 in Westernland. [[Bertazzon]]. '''Den Vilde Hønsejagt''' - chase the hens with the fox in a roller coaster. '''Det Gamle Vandtårn''' - a 12-meter high tower with a free fall. '''Det Nye Vandtårn''' - help the farmer check if the new tower has been painted before the free fall. '''Det Skøre Kompas''' - Rockin' Tug Kontiki in Piratland. Zierer. '''Djurs Expressen''' - railroad journey in Sommerland. '''Drageskibet''' - pirate ship ride in Vikingeland. '''Edderkoppenettet''' - climbing zone of ropes in Sommerland. '''Family bicycles''' - bicycling course in Sommerland. '''Frøerne''' - jump along with crazy frogs. '''Gold-diggers''' - pan for gold in Westernland. '''Junglesti''' - obstacle zone in Vikingeland. '''Fossilvaskeren''' - spinning cups in Dinosaurland. Mack Rides. '''Klatrebjerget''' - climbing mountain and slide in Sommarland. '''Kornmøllen''' - ride the bikes and help the farmer grind his harvest. '''Milkshakeren''' - join the cows in the barn on this spinning and shaken ride, where milk is turned into milkshake. '''Mexicana Golf''' - mini golf in Mexicoland. '''Motorbike Derby''' - Spinning flat ride that has guests control the uplift and speed of the experience. '''Piratlegeplads''' - play zone themed on a pirate ship in Piratland. '''Rodeotyrene''' - the bulls are chasing each other as they have bullseyes painted on their behind. '''Safaribussen''' - flat ride located in Wild Asia. '''Solguden''' - flying fish ride with an Aztec theme that opened in 2012 in Mexicoland. Zierer. '''Søulken''' - is a Polyp model with unlocked cart rotation. '''Speedy Gonzales''' - water dinghy ride in Mexicoland. Metallbau Emmeln. '''Traktorerne''' - a ride in your own tractor in farmland. '''Water bikes and canoes''' - canoes / pedal boats on a lake in Sommerland. Must be 1.2 m tall to sail alone in the canoes. '''Wild West Karrusellen''' - wave swinger that opened in 2005 in Westernland. Zierer. '''Vikingetårnene''' - Mini manuel observation tower ride in Vikingeland. ===Kiddie rides=== '''Indianerland''' - play area with an Indian theme in Westernland. '''Mini Buffalo Bumper Cars''' - kiddie bumper cars that opened in 2012 in Westernland. [[Bertazzon]]. '''Pony Ekspressen''' - ride a mechanic horse on a track in Westernland. '''Sablen''' - an 11 m-tall tilt tower that opened in 2010 in Piratland. ABC Rides. '''Shooting Range''' - test your skills at shooting in Westernland. '''Soap bubbles''' - make your own soap bubbles in Westernland. '''Texas Town''' - playground for kids in Westernland. '''Trampolines''' - trampolines in Sommerland. '''Tunnel Slide''' - slides for the youngest kids in Sommerland. ===Vandland=== The water park Vandland opened in 1985 and is included in the admission price. '''Black Hole''' - enclosed tube ride; height limit 1.2 m. '''Hawaii''' - interactive play area for kids. '''Honolulu Bay''' - wave pool. '''Junior Aqua Park''' - play area for kids. '''Waikiki Surf School''' - six side by side slides. '''Water Slides''' - water slides; height limit 90 cm. '''The Wave''' - two-person tube halfpipe; height limit 1.4 m. '''Wild River''' - raging river tube ride; height limit none / 1.4 m alone. ===Other=== '''Magical Halloween''' in October. == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{commons category}} * [http://www.djurssommerland.dk/ ''Djurs Sommerland'' homepage] [[Category:Amusement parks in Denmark]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in the Central Denmark Region]] [[Category:1981 establishments in Denmark]] [[Category:Amusement parks opened in 1981]]	1,293,961,649	[{"title": "Djurs Sommerland", "data": {"Location": "Randersvej 17, Battrupholt, 8581, Nimtofte, Denmark", "Coordinates": "56\u00b025\u203233.36\u2033N 10\u00b033\u20322.03\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff56.4259333\u00b0N 10.5505639\u00b0E", "Status": "Operating", "Opened": "1981", "Slogan": "Vi elsker legeb\u00f8rn (\"We love playful children\")", "Operating season": "Summer", "Area": "33 ha (82 acres)"}}, {"title": "Attractions", "data": {"Roller coasters": "8", "Water rides": "4", "Website": "www.djurssommerland.dk/en"}}]	false
# Jiribam district Jiribam District (Meitei pronunciation: /jee-ree-baam/) is a district at the western periphery state of Manipur, India. It borders the Cachar district of Assam on the west, and serves as the western gateway for Manipur. Formerly a subdivision of the Imphal East district, it was made an independent district in December 2016. ## Geography and history 1. Bengali (50.79%) 2. Manipuri (30.51%) 3. Hmar (8.04%) 4. Bishnupuriya (2.66%) 5. Hindi (1.63%) 6. Kabui (1.46%) 7. Kuki (1.11%) 8. Others (3.8%) Jiribam district lies in the valley between the Bhuban range on the west (in Assam's Cachar district) and the Vangai range ("Vangaitang") in the east. The Barak River flows due north in the valley from Tipaimukh, turning west near Jirimukh, about 10 km south of Jiribam. Also at Jirimukh, the Jiri River that flows from north in the same valley drains into the Barak River. The area of Jiribam district appears to have been part of the Cachar kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century. After annexing the kingdom in 1832, the British made an agreement with Raja Gambhir Singh of Manipur ceding all claims to the territory up to the western stretch of Barak River and the Jiri River. Thus the eastern portion of the Jiribam valley came under the control of Manipur, while the rest remained under Cachar which became part of Assam. The Jiribam Valley was at that time forested and mostly uninhabited. The Cachar portion of the valley had a ferry port at Jirighat, which was used by the travellers on the Silchar–Manipur road (called "Cachar Road" in Manipur). The Manipur state government decided to open the valley for agricultural settlement in 1907, and by 1911, 14,346 bighas of land is said to have been settled. Rice and sugarcane were cultivated, and betel leaf (pan) in areas unsuitable for rice cultivation. By 1931, there were 46 villages in the Jiribam settlement, populated by Manipuri (Meitei) Hindus and Muslims, Bengali Hindus and Muslims, a few Kukis and Kabuis. Jiribam also had 5 primary schools, the same number as in the Imphal Valley outside the city of Imphal. Most of the settlers in Jiribam came from the Cachar district, very few from the Imphal Valley (Manipur valley). This meant that the settlers had to be treated as 'British subjects' rather than 'Manipur state subjects' and revenue settlement orders and dispute resolutions had to be carried out by the British Political Agent. ### Independent India After the independence of India, Manipur elected a legislative assembly under its own constitution. Ten seats in the assembly were allocated to the hill areas, which included Jiribam. Soon afterwards, Manipur merged into India and was governed under the Constitution of India as a union territory. The territory of Manipur was divided into 8 subdivisions, one of which was based at Jiribam. The Jiribam subdivision covered the Vangai range, and stretched up to Tipaimukh in the south. It was designated as a hill subdivision. In 1969, when Manipur was divided into five districts, the southern part of the Jiribam subdivision was separated into the Tipaimukh subdivision of the 'Manipur South' district (now in Pherzawl district), and the remaining Jiribam subdivision was included in the 'Manipur Central' district headquartered at Imphal. This also meant that Jiribam became part of the valley area of Manipur, rather than hill area. To avoid the anomaly, the eastern part of the subdivision consisting of the Vangai range was transferred to the Tipaimukh subdivision in stages. With the reorganisation of 'Manipur Central', the subdivision got attached to the Imphal East district. A movement for a separate revenue district for Jiribam took shape in 2006 and a Jiribam District Demand Committee (JDDC) was formed. During 2011, the committee conducted several strikes and economic blockades along NH-37, which passes through Jiribam. In November 2011, the state government agreed to the demands of JDDC and signed a memorandum of understanding. The government also agreed to upgrade the Borobekra Circle in the southern part of the region into a subdivision. In 2016, Jiribam subdivision became an independent Jiribam district. ### Insurgencies According to multiple sources, the proscribed Meitei insurgent groups, United National Liberation Front (UNLF) and People's Liberation Army of Manipur (PLA), used the Jiribam valley and the neighbouring Cachar district of Assam as their main area of operations. The region was originally used by Meitei insurgent groups in the 1960s as a launching pad to access the training camps run by Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). With the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, this activity was briefly halted, but it resumed in 1975 with the advent of military rule in Bangladesh. Security expert E. M. Rammohan states that the hilly region bounded by NH-37 in the north, Thangjing Hills in the east, Tipaimukh Road in the south, and the Jiribam–Tipaimukh Road on the west, was a "free zone", with minimal presence of security forces, which was adopted by UNLF, PLA and Hmar People's Convention–Democracy for setting up camps and bases. The PLA and UNLF are said to have entered this area after the Kuki-Naga conflict (in the 1990s) by helping resettle the displaced Kukis in Churachandpur district and obtaining land in return. Rammohan also states that HPC-Democracy was allied with UNLF. The entente between UNLF and the Hmar community came to an end after the mass rape of 21 women and girls allegedly carried out by the UNLF and the allied group Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) in the neighbouring Tipaimukh subdivision in 2006. Afterwards, the insurgent groups were forced to leave the area. The local people also credited the 7th India Reserve Battalion (IRB) forces stationed at Uchathol and Jakuradhor for establishing peace in Jiribam district. ## Demographics \| Religions in Jiribam district (2011) \| Religions in Jiribam district (2011) \| Religions in Jiribam district (2011) \| Religions in Jiribam district (2011) \| Religions in Jiribam district (2011) \| \| ------------------------------------ \| ------------------------------------ \| ------------------------------------ \| ------------------------------------ \| ------------------------------------ \| \| Religion \| Religion \| \| Percent \| Percent \| \| Hinduism \| Hinduism \| \| 48.64% \| 48.64% \| \| Islam \| Islam \| \| 34.07% \| 34.07% \| \| Christianity \| Christianity \| \| 13.34% \| 13.34% \| \| Other (Sanamahi or Heraka) \| Other (Sanamahi or Heraka) \| \| 3.77% \| 3.77% \| \| Other or not stated \| Other or not stated \| \| 0.18% \| 0.18% \| At the time of the 2011 census, the district had a population of 42,838. Jiribam had a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 63.11%. 16.75% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 16.94% and 12.52% of the population respectively. At the time of the 2011 census, 50.79% of the population spoke Bengali, 30.51% Manipuri, 8.04% Hmar, 2.66% Bishnupuriya, 1.63% Hindi, 1.46% Kabui and 1.11% Kuki as their first language. ## Administrative divisions Prior to 2017, when Jiribam was a subdivision in the Imphal East district, it was divided into two circles: Jiri Circle in the north, headquartered at Jiribam, and Barak Circle in the south, headquartered at Borobekra. After Jiribam became a district, the two circles have been upgraded to subdivisons: Jiribam Subdivision and Borobekra Subdivision. The local administration in the Jiribam Subdivision is divided into the Jiribam municipality and three gram panchayats (village councils) based at Hilghat, Dibong and Sonapur. The local administration in the Borobekra Subdivision has three gram panchayats: Latingkhal, Borobekra and Jakuradhor. Jiribam district as a whole forms one legislative assembly constituency. ## 2023–2024 Manipur violence On 3 May 2023, major ethnic violence broke out between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities of Manipur. Within weeks over 100 people died and 60,000 people got displaced. All the Kuki-Zo people in the Imphal Valley and the Meitei people in the Kuki-Zo-dominated hill districts were forced to flee to the other side. The Jiribam district, consisting of both the classes of population but also other communities such as Bengalis, was affected in a unique fashion. During the first week of violence, Meitei mobs led by the Arambai Tenggol militia attacked Kuki-Zo localities in the Jiribam Town. The security forces quickly controlled the violence and brokered a peace agreement between the communities. This agreement held for almost a year. Even though there were sporadic incidents such as house burning and abduction, there were no deaths. The peace was shattered by twin murders in May–June 2024, the first of a Kuki individual named Seigoulen Singson in May, and the second of a Meitei individual named Soibam Saratkumar Singh in June. Rumours spread that Saratkumar's body was founded beheaded, inflaming Meitei feelings. Meitei mobs led by Arambai Tenggol started torching houses in the Jiribam area, inviting retaliation from Kuki mobs. In the ensuing mayhem, the entire population of Hmars and Thadou Kukis from the Jiribam town got displaced to Assam's Cachar district. A Hmar village called Hmarkhawlien near Lakhipur became their refuge. The Meiteis in the tribal parts of the district fled to relief camps in and around the Jiribam town. The Kuki-Zo villages in the southern hills of the district got cut off from the Jiribam town, which was now under the control of hostile Meitei mobs and militias. In order to obtain supplies, they had to use the river route, the Jiri River and then the Barak River, leading to Hmarkhawlien. The villagers pooled money and stocked up on supplies. The Indigenous Tribes Advocacy Committee (ITAC) asked the government to prevent Arambai Tenggol and Meitei extremists from entering the tribal villages and requested special protection to the villages of Zairawn, Mongbung, Phaitol, Muolzawl and Sejang.	enwiki/52894077	enwiki	52,894,077	Jiribam district	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiribam_district	2025-07-02T21:27:39Z	en	Q28419387	143,112	{{Short description\|District of Manipur}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2018}} {{Use Indian English\|date=December 2018}} {{Infobox settlement \| name = Jiribam district \| native_name = \| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Manipur\|District]] of [[Manipur]] \| total_type = Total \| image_map = Jiribam District Map.png \| map_alt = \| map_caption = Location in Manipur \| coordinates = \| coor_pinpoint = Jiribam \| subdivision_type = Country \| subdivision_name = {{flag\|India}} \| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India\|State]] \| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]] \| subdivision_type2 = \| subdivision_name2 = \| established_title = Established \| established_date = 2016 \| seat_type = Headquarters \| seat = [[Jiribam]] \| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India\|Tehsils]] \| parts_style = para \| p1 = \| area_total_km2 = 212 \| area_footnotes = \| area_rank = 15 \| population_as_of = 2011 \| population_total = 43,838 \| population_footnotes = \| population_urban = \| population_density_km2 = auto \| demographics_type1 = \| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India\|Literacy]] \| demographics1_info1 = \| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio \| demographics1_info2 = \| demographics_type2 = Language(s) \| demographics2_title1 = Official \| demographics2_info1 = [[Meitei language\|Meitei]] (officially called [[Manipuri language\|Manipuri]]) \| demographics2_title2 = Spoken \| demographics2_info2 = [[Bengali language\|Bengali]] {{}} [[Hmar language\|Hmar]] {{}} Other tribal languages \| leader_title = \| leader_name = \| leader_title1 = \| leader_name1 = \| leader_title2 = \| leader_name2 = \| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time\|IST]] \| utc_offset1 = +05:30 \| registration_plate = \| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India\|Major highways]] \| blank_info_sec1 = NH-37 \| blank_name_sec2 = \| blank_info_sec2 = \| website = https://jiribam.nic.in/ }} '''Jiribam District''' ([[Meitei language\|Meitei pronunciation]]: /jee-ree-baam/) is a district at the western periphery state of [[Manipur]], [[India]]. It borders the [[Cachar district]] of Assam on the west, and serves as the western gateway for Manipur. Formerly a subdivision of the [[Imphal East]] district, it was made an independent district in December 2016.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Creation of new districts could be game-changer in Manipur polls \| opinion \|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] \|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/creation-of-new-districts-could-be-game-changer-in-manipur-polls/story-UPuB37G5kcybvNQqCCf61I.html \|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref> == Geography and history == {{Pie chart \|thumb = right \|caption = Languages of Jiribam district (2011)<ref name="language"/> \|label1 = [[Bengali language\|Bengali]] \|value1 = 50.79 \|color1 = orchid \|label2 = [[Meitei language\|Manipuri]] \|value2 = 30.51 \|color2 = goldenrod \|label3 = [[Hmar language\|Hmar]] \|value3 = 8.04 \|color3 = palegreen \|label4 = [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language\|Bishnupuriya]] \|value4 = 2.66 \|color4 = mediumorchid \|label5 = [[Hindi]] \|value5 = 1.63 \|color5 = orange \|label6 = [[Inpui language\|Kabui]] \|value6 = 1.46 \|color6 = lightblue \|label7 = [[Thadou language\|Kuki]] \|value7 = 1.11 \|color7 = mediumseagreen \|label8 = Others \|value8 = 3.80 \|color8 = grey }} Jiribam district lies in the valley between the Bhuban range on the west (in Assam's [[Cachar district]]) and the Vangai range ("Vangaitang") in the east. The [[Barak River]] flows due north in the valley from [[Tipaimukh]], turning west near Jirimukh, about 10 km south of [[Jiribam]]. Also at Jirimukh, the [[Jiri River]] that flows from north in the same valley drains into the Barak River. The area of Jiribam district appears to have been part of the [[Dimasa Kingdom\|Cachar kingdom]] at the beginning of the 19th century. After annexing the kingdom in 1832, the British made an agreement with Raja [[Gambhir Singh]] of Manipur ceding all claims to the territory up to the western stretch of Barak River{{efn\|The Barak River flows south till [[Tipaimukh]] and then makes an almost 180°-bend to flow north till Jirimukh. The region between these two stretches might have been contested between Manipur and Kachar prior to 1833.}} and the Jiri River. Thus the eastern portion of the Jiribam valley came under the control of Manipur, while the rest remained under [[Cachar]] which became part of Assam.<ref> {{Citation \|last=Sanjeev \|first=Thingnam \|chapter=Recasting Space: Politics of frontier-making \|editor1=Arambam Noni \|editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba \|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 \|year=2015 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 \|page=243}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book \|last=Goshwami \|first=Hareshwar \|title=History of the People of Manipur \|publisher=YAOL \|year=2019 \|edition=Revised \|isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3 \|url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur \|via=archive.org \|pages=24–25, 251}} </ref> The Jiribam Valley was at that time forested and mostly uninhabited.{{sfnp\|Administration Report for 1931-32\|1932\|p=55}} The Cachar portion of the valley had a ferry port at [[Jirighat]], which was used by the travellers on the Silchar–Manipur road (called "Cachar Road" in Manipur).<ref>{{harvp\|Gazetteer of Bengal and North-East India\|1979\|p=189}}; [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Vol. XIV, pp. 177–178</ref> The Manipur state government decided to open the valley for agricultural settlement in 1907,{{sfnp\|Administration Report for 1931-32\|1932\|p=55}} and by 1911, 14,346 ''bighas'' of land is said to have been settled.<ref name="1911 annual report"> {{citation \|last=Higgins \|first=J. C. \|title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1911-12 \|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co \|location=Calcutta \|year=1912 \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125393 \|via=archive.org \|ref={{sfnref\|Administration Report for 1911-12\|1912}} \|page=4}} </ref> Rice and sugarcane were cultivated, and [[betel leaf]] (''pan'') in areas unsuitable for rice cultivation.<ref name="1911 annual report"/> By 1931, there were 46 villages in the Jiribam settlement, populated by [[Meitei people\|Manipuri]] (Meitei) Hindus and Muslims, [[Bengali people\|Bengali]] Hindus and Muslims, a few [[Kuki people\|Kukis]] and [[Kabui people\|Kabuis]].{{sfnp\|Administration Report for 1931-32\|1932\|p=55}} Jiribam also had 5 primary schools, the same number as in the [[Imphal Valley]] outside the city of Imphal.{{sfnp\|Administration Report for 1931-32\|1932\|p=41}} Most of the settlers in Jiribam came from the Cachar district, very few from the [[Imphal Valley]] (Manipur valley).{{sfnp\|Administration Report for 1931-32\|1932\|p=55}} This meant that the settlers had to be treated as 'British subjects' rather than 'Manipur state subjects' and revenue settlement orders and dispute resolutions had to be carried out by the British [[Political officer (British Empire)\|Political Agent]].{{sfnp\|Administration Report for 1931-32\|1932\|pp=57–58}} === Independent India === After the [[independence of India]], Manipur elected a legislative assembly under its own [[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947\|constitution]]. Ten seats in the assembly were allocated to the hill areas, which included Jiribam.<ref name="Fox Journal"> {{citation \|first=Rev. Banjamin \|last=Shakum \|title=Hill People of Jiribam-Quo Vadimus (Where are we Going)? \|newspaper=Fox Journal \|date=18 July 2017 \|url=https://www.foxjournal.in/2017/07/hill-people-of-jiribam-quo-vadimus_18.html \|archive-date=10 April 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410143538/https://www.foxjournal.in/2017/07/hill-people-of-jiribam-quo-vadimus_18.html}} </ref> Soon afterwards, Manipur merged into India and was governed under the [[Constitution of India]] as a [[union territory]].{{efn\|In 1950, it was termed a Part 'C' state, later changed to 'union territory' in 1956.}} The territory of Manipur was divided into 8 subdivisions, one of which was based at Jiribam. The Jiribam subdivision covered the Vangai range, and stretched up to [[Tipaimukh]] in the south.{{sfnp\|Manipur Administrative Atlas\|2005\|pp=12–15, Map 7}} It was designated as a hill subdivision.<ref> ''Manipur Gazette'', No. 10-E-3, 25 May 1951. "The Hill areas of the State of Manipur shall consist of the following: 1. The whole of the Ukhrul, Churachandpur, Tamenglong, and Jiribam Sub-Divisions and the areas formerly comprised in the now-defunct Mao and Tengnoupal Subdivisions which have since been amalgamated with the Sadar and Thoubal Sub-Divisions respectively...." </ref> In 1969, when Manipur was divided into five districts, the southern part of the Jiribam subdivision was separated into the Tipaimukh subdivision of the 'Manipur South' district (now in [[Pherzawl district]]), and the remaining Jiribam subdivision was included in the 'Manipur Central' district headquartered at Imphal.<ref> {{citation \|last=Kshetri \|first=Rajendra \|title=District Councils in Manipur:Formation and Functioning \|publisher=Akansha \|year=2006 \|isbn=8183700411 \|url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/330 \|pages=10–11}} </ref>{{sfnp\|Census of India, 1971\|1972\|p=1}}{{sfnp\|Manipur Administrative Atlas\|2005\|pp=16–17, Map 8}} This also meant that Jiribam became part of the valley area of Manipur, rather than hill area.<ref name="Fox Journal"/> To avoid the anomaly, the eastern part of the subdivision consisting of the Vangai range was transferred to the Tipaimukh subdivision in stages.{{sfnp\|Manipur Administrative Atlas\|2005\|pp=18–19, Map 9}} With the reorganisation of 'Manipur Central', the subdivision got attached to the [[Imphal East]] district. A movement for a separate revenue district for Jiribam took shape in 2006 and a Jiribam District Demand Committee (JDDC) was formed. During 2011, the committee conducted several strikes and economic blockades along [[National Highway 37 (India)\|NH-37]], which passes through Jiribam.<ref>New district demand, Imphal Free Press, 3 June 2011. {{ProQuest\|895491938}}</ref><ref>Manipur braces for NH stir again, The Times of India, 5 June 2011. {{ProQuest\|870312015}}</ref> In November 2011, the state government agreed to the demands of JDDC and signed a memorandum of understanding. The government also agreed to upgrade the Borobekra Circle in the southern part of the region into a subdivision.<ref>State government signs MoU assuring of separate Jiribam district, Imphal Free Press, 9 November 2011. {{ProQuest\|902780790}}</ref><ref>Manipur govt signs MoU with JDDC, The Assam Tribune, 10 Nov 2011. {{ProQuest\|902849896}}</ref> In 2016, Jiribam subdivision became an independent Jiribam district.<ref> Khelen Thokchom, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/more-districts-in-manipur/cid/1403137 More districts in Manipur], The Telegraph (Kolkata), 9 December 2016. {{ProQuest\|2290178396}} </ref> === Insurgencies === According to multiple sources, the proscribed Meitei insurgent groups, [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF) and [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA), used the Jiribam valley and the neighbouring [[Cachar district]] of Assam as their main area of operations.<ref> {{citation \|title=North-East in Benthic Zone \|first=Dhanabir \|last=Laishram \|publisher=Akansha Publishing House \|year=2007 \|isbn=9788183701143 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbWfAAAAMAAJ \|page=90 \|quote=UNLF and PLA's main area of operation is Manipur's Jiribam valley and Cachar. In the recent past, a unified command of MPLF enduringly engaged with the Border Security Force in a gun-fight for four days in which the latter had to withdraw without attaining any significant result.}} </ref><ref> {{citation \|first=Wasbir \|last=Hussain \|chapter=Ethno-Nationalism and the Politics of Terror in India's Northeast \|editor1=P. R. Kumaraswamy \|editor2=Ian Copland \|title=South Asia: The Spectre of Terrorism \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2013 \|isbn=9781317967729 \|page=89 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZceMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 \|quote=Insurgent politics in the region registered a very important development in the year 2000—the signing of a deal for joint operations by the Assamese ULFA and the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), a Manipuri insurgent group whose primary area of operation has been Manipur's Jiribam valley and neighbouring Assam's Cachar district.}} </ref> The region was originally used by Meitei insurgent groups in the 1960s as a launching pad to access the training camps run by [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) in [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]). With the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, this activity was briefly halted, but it resumed in 1975 with the advent of military rule in Bangladesh.{{sfnp\|Dar, Fulcrum of Evil\|2006\|p=108}} Security expert E. M. Rammohan states that the hilly region bounded by [[National Highway 37 (India)\|NH-37]]{{efn\|NH-37 was earlier calleld [[National Highway 53 (India, old numbering)\|National Highway 53]].}} in the north, [[Thangjing Hills]] in the east, [[Tipaimukh Road]] in the south, and the Jiribam–Tipaimukh Road on the west, was a "free zone", with minimal presence of security forces, which was adopted by UNLF, PLA and [[Hmar People's Convention]]–Democracy for setting up camps and bases.<ref name="Rammohan"> {{citation \|first=E. N. \|last=Rammohan \|title=Manipur: A degenerated insurgency \|journal=USI Journal \|date=April 2021 \|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425011633/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ \|archive-date=25 April 2021}} </ref> The PLA and UNLF are said to have entered this area after the [[Kuki-Naga conflict in Manipur\|Kuki-Naga conflict]] (in the 1990s) by helping resettle the displaced Kukis in [[Churachandpur district]] and obtaining land in return.{{sfnp\|Chadha, Low Intensity Conflicts in India\|2005\|pages=318–319}} Rammohan also states that HPC-Democracy was allied with UNLF.<ref name="Rammohan"/> The entente between UNLF and the Hmar community came to an end after the mass rape of 21 women and girls allegedly carried out by the UNLF and the allied group [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP) in the neighbouring Tipaimukh subdivision in 2006.<ref> {{citation \|first= Ruth \|last=Hmingchullo \|chapter=Ethics in Journalism from a Human Rights Perspective \|title=Problems and Perspectives of the Relationship between the Media and Human Rights \|editor1=Paromita Das \|editor2=Charu Joshi \|editor3=G. P. Pandey \|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing \|year=2017 \|isbn=9781443878326 \|pages=118–120 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExVUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118}} </ref><ref> [https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/201609180123336398494Report.pdf Role of Women in Conflict Management: A study of insurgency in valley areas of Manipur], Human Development Society, New Delhi, retrieved 20 November 2024. </ref> Afterwards, the insurgent groups were forced to leave the area.<ref> [https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=11.14.230106.jan06 Parbung, Thanlon cleared of UGs : GOC], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 22 January 2006. </ref><ref> [https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/unlf-thumbs-nose-at-army-militants-ready-to-face-any-challenge/cid/821433 UNLF thumbs nose at Army - Militants ready to 'face any challenge'], The Telegraph (India), 9 February 2006. </ref> The local people also credited the 7th [[India Reserve Battalion]] (IRB) forces stationed at [[Uchathol]] and [[Jakuradhor]] for establishing peace in Jiribam district.<ref> Sit in demands 7th IRB in Barak Circle, Imphal Free Press, 17 July 2014. {{ProQuest\|1545673732}} </ref> ==Demographics== {{bar box \|title=Religions in Jiribam district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web\|date=2011\|title=Table C-01 Population by religious community: Manipur \|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11383/download/14496/DDW14C-01%20MDDS.XLS \|website=[[Census of India]] \|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> \|titlebar=#Fcd116 \|left1=Religion \|right1=Percent \|float=right \|bars= {{bar percent\|[[Hinduism in Manipur\|Hinduism]]\|darkorange\|48.64}} {{bar percent\|[[Islam]]\|green\|34.07}} {{bar percent\|[[Christianity in Manipur\|Christianity]]\|dodgerblue\|13.34}} {{bar percent\|Other <small>([[Sanamahism\|Sanamahi]] or [[Haipou Jadonang\|Heraka]])</small>\|chartreuse\|3.77}} {{bar percent\|Other or not stated\|black\|0.18}} }} At the time of the 2011 census, the district had a population of 42,838. Jiribam had a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 63.11%. 16.75% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 16.94% and 12.52% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web \|title=District Census Hand Book - Imphal East \|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/848/download/36260/DH_2011_1407_PART_A_DCHB_IMPHAL_EAST.pdf \|website=[[Census of India]] \|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> At the time of the 2011 census, 50.79% of the population spoke [[Bengali language\|Bengali]], 30.51% [[Meitei language\|Manipuri]], 8.04% [[Hmar language\|Hmar]], 2.66% [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language\|Bishnupuriya]], 1.63% [[Hindi]], 1.46% [[Inpui language\|Kabui]] and 1.11% [[Thadou language\|Kuki]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web\|date=2011\|title=Table C-16 Population by mother tongue: Manipur \|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10213/download/13325/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX \|website=[[Census of India]] \|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> == Administrative divisions == Prior to 2017, when Jiribam was a subdivision in the Imphal East district, it was divided into two [[tehsil\|circles]]: Jiri Circle in the north, headquartered at [[Jiribam]], and Barak Circle in the south, headquartered at [[Borobekra]]. After Jiribam became a district, the two circles have been upgraded to subdivisons: Jiribam Subdivision and Borobekra Subdivision. The local administration in the Jiribam Subdivision is divided into the Jiribam municipality and three ''gram panchayats'' (village councils) based at [[Hilghat]], [[Dibong]] and [[Sonapur, Manipur\|Sonapur]]. The local administration in the Borobekra Subdivision has three ''gram panchayats'': [[Latingkhal]], [[Borobekra]] and [[Jakuradhor]].<ref> [https://jiribam.nic.in/local-administrative-unit/ Local Administrative Unit], Jiribam District Administration, retrieved 10 November 2024. </ref> Jiribam district as a whole forms one [[Jiribam Assembly constituency\|legislative assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://jiribam.nic.in/election-2022/\|title=Jiribham assembly seat}}</ref> == 2023–2024 Manipur violence == On 3 May 2023, major [[2023–2024 Manipur violence\|ethnic violence]] broke out between the [[Meite people\|Meitei]] and [[Kuki-Zo people\|Kuki-Zo]] communities of Manipur. Within weeks over 100 people died and 60,000 people got displaced. All the Kuki-Zo people in the [[Imphal Valley]] and the Meitei people in the Kuki-Zo-dominated hill districts were forced to flee to the other side. The Jiribam district, consisting of both the classes of population but also other communities such as Bengalis, was affected in a unique fashion. During the first week of violence, Meitei mobs led by the [[Arambai Tenggol]] militia attacked Kuki-Zo localities in the Jiribam Town. The security forces quickly controlled the violence and brokered a peace agreement between the communities. This agreement held for almost a year. Even though there were sporadic incidents such as house burning and abduction, there were no deaths.<ref name="Kuthar"> Greeshma Kuthar, [https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/manipur-violence-jiribam-district-hmar-assam-cachar Stagnant Strife: Disinformation draws Manipur’s last district into violence], The Caravan, 1 September 2024. </ref><ref name="KIJTN"> [https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-publishes-chronology-of-jiribam-violence-condemns-atrocities-by-meitei-radicals/ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals], The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024. </ref> The peace was shattered by twin murders in May–June 2024, the first of a Kuki individual named Seigoulen Singson in May, and the second of a Meitei individual named Soibam Saratkumar Singh in June. Rumours spread that Saratkumar's body was founded beheaded, inflaming Meitei feelings. Meitei mobs led by Arambai Tenggol started torching houses in the Jiribam area, inviting retaliation from Kuki mobs. In the ensuing mayhem, the entire population of [[Hmar people\|Hmars]] and [[Thadou people\|Thadou Kukis]] from the Jiribam town got displaced to Assam's Cachar district. A Hmar village called Hmarkhawlien near [[Lakhipur]] became their refuge.<ref name="Kuthar"/> The Meiteis in the tribal parts of the district fled to relief camps in and around the Jiribam town.<ref name="UT 7 Jun"> [https://ukhrultimes.com/suspected-kuki-assailants-kill-farmer-in-jiribam-sparking-communal-tension-curfew-clamped/ Suspected Kuki Assailants Kill Farmer in Jiribam, Sparking Communal Tension, Curfew Clamped], Ukhrul Times, 7 June 2024. </ref> The Kuki-Zo villages in the southern hills of the district got cut off from the Jiribam town, which was now under the control of hostile Meitei mobs and militias. In order to obtain supplies, they had to use the river route, the [[Jiri River]] and then the [[Barak River]], leading to Hmarkhawlien. The villagers pooled money and stocked up on supplies.<ref name="Kuthar"/> The Indigenous Tribes Advocacy Committee (ITAC) asked the government to prevent Arambai Tenggol and Meitei extremists from entering the tribal villages and requested special protection to the villages of [[Zairawn]], [[Mongbung]], [[Phaitol]], [[Muolzawl]] and [[Sejang]].<ref> Ganesh Rajaraman, [https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-fresh-wave-of-violence-erupts Fresh Wave of Violence Erupts], Newsreel Asia, 12 June 2024. {{ProQuest\|3067512215}} </ref> == See also == * [[List of populated places in Jiribam district]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation \|title=Census of India, Manipur, Part II \|year=1972 \|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30436/download/33617/51204_1971_GPT.pdf \|ref={{sfnref\|Census of India, 1971\|1972}}}} * {{citation \|title=Manipur Administrative Atlas \|publisher=Census of India, Government of India \|year=2005 \|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf\|ref={{sfnref\|Manipur Administrative Atlas\|2005}}}} * {{citation \|last1=Allen \|first1=B. C. \|last2=Gait \|first2=E. A. \|last3=Allen \|first3=C. G. H. \|last4=Howard \|first4=H. F. \|title=Gazetteer of Bengal and North-East India \|publisher=Mittal Publications \|location=Delhi \|year=1979 \|orig-year=1857 \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45556 \|via=archive.org \|ref={{sfnref\|Gazetteer of Bengal and North-East India\|1979}}}} * {{citation \|first=Vivek \|last=Chadha \|title=Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis \|publisher=SAGE \|year=2005 \|isbn=978-0-7619-3325-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/lowintensityconf0000chad \|via=archive.org \|url-access=registration \|ref={{sfnref\|Chadha, Low Intensity Conflicts in India\|2005}}}} * {{citation \|first=Maloy Krishna \|last=Dar \|title=Fulcrum of Evil: ISI, CIA, Al Qaeda Nexus \|publisher=Manas Publications \|location=Delhi \|year=2006 \|isbn=81-7049-278-5 \|url=https://archive.org/details/fulcrumofevilisi0000dhar \|via=archive.org \|url-access=registration \|ref={{sfnref\|Dar, Fulcrum of Evil\|2006}}}} * {{citation \|last=Harvey \|first=C. W. L. \|title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 \|publisher=The State Printing Press \|location=Imphal \|year=1932 \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 \|via=archive.org \|ref={{sfnref\|Administration Report for 1931-32\|1932}}}} == External links == * [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/district_map/JIRIBAM.pdf Jiribam District] (map), Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024. * [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_JIRIBAM.pdf Jiribam Subdivision] and [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_BOROBEKRA.pdf Borobekra Subdivision] (maps), Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024. * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/1420699824#map=12/24.8087/93.1144&layers=C Jiribam Valley] and [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/15990545#map=12/24.8087/93.1144&layers=C Jiri River], OpenStreetMap. [[Category:Jiribam district\| ]] [[Category:Districts of Manipur]]	1,298,494,107	[{"title": "Jiribam district", "data": {"Country": "India", "State": "Manipur", "Established": "2016", "Headquarters": "Jiribam"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "212 km2 (82 sq mi)", "\u2022 Rank": "15"}}, {"title": "Population (2011)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "43,838", "\u2022 Density": "210/km2 (540/sq mi)"}}, {"title": "Language(s)", "data": {"\u2022 Official": "Meitei (officially called Manipuri)", "\u2022 Spoken": "Bengali \u2022 Hmar \u2022 Other tribal languages", "Time zone": "UTC+05:30 (IST)", "Major highways": "NH-37", "Website": "https://jiribam.nic.in"}}]	false
# Caroline Brady (philologist) Caroline Agnes Brady (also known as Caroline Agnes Von Egmont Brady; October 3, 1905 – November 5, 1980) was an American philologist who specialised in Old English and Old Norse works. Her works included the 1943 book The Legends of Ermanaric, based on her doctoral dissertation, and three influential papers on the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf. She taught at the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins University, and Harvard University, among other places. Brady was born an American citizen in Tientsin, China, and traveled frequently as a child, spending time in Los Angeles, California, British Columbia, and Austin, Texas. She studied in the University of California system, receiving her bachelor's and master's degrees, and her Ph.D. in 1935. She next became an English instructor at that university's College of Agriculture, and worked as an assistant professor of languages and literature at Berkeley from 1941 to 1946. The following three years were spent at the University of Pennsylvania, until, at the end of 1949, Brady moved to teach at Central Oregon Community College; her resignation due to "ill health" was announced a few months later. After being named the 1952–53 Marion Talbot Fellow of the American Association of University Women and writing two articles, Brady's scholarship ceased for a quarter of a century. In 1979, and posthumously in 1983, her final two articles were published. Brady's monograph, The Legends of Ermanaric, argued that the Gothic king Ermanaric was subject to two competing traditions, and earned her a reputation as "a broad and discriminating investigator" with "a sovereign disregard of established opinion". Her papers on Beowulf, meanwhile, were identified by Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe, a scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature, as "three fundamental studies" that were "philological in the traditional sense", shedding light on "the shades of meaning of the diction" used in the poem. Brady concluded that the Beowulf poet "is no artificer mechanically piling up synonyms and conventional metaphors, but an artist who knows how to use a variety of words and phrases". ## Early life and education Caroline Agnes Brady was born on October 3, 1905, in Tientsin, China. She was the daughter of United States Army Colonel David John Brady, an engineer who was then the general manager of the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company in Qinhuangdao, and his wife (Annie Lucy) Maude Short, daughter of John Short, the deputy prothonotary of Sherbrooke, Quebec. The two had married the year before, at the Holy Trinity Church in Shanghai. Caroline was one of two children, and the eldest by ten years of her sister, Frances Maud Brady. Her father, the son of British emigrants, had been raised in Austin, Texas, and traveled as the army took him. His two brothers, John W. and Will P. Brady—Caroline Brady's uncles—both became prominent Texas attorneys and jurists. Will P. Brady worked as the first district attorney of Reeves County, Texas, and later as a judge of the county court in El Paso. John W. Brady rose to prominence within Austin, and Texas generally, as an assistant attorney general and judge, before killing his mistress in 1929 and being sentenced to three years in prison. Caroline Brady's mother, meanwhile, traced back through four generations of her matriline to Anthony Van Egmond (Caroline Brady's great-great-great-grandfather), an early settler of Canada, whose true identity as the Dutch fugitive Antonij Jacobi Willem Gijben—not, as he claimed, as a direct descent of the counts of Egmond—was not uncovered until the second half of the twentieth century. In May 1910, when Brady was four, her family arrived in Los Angeles, California, via Shanghai, aboard the steamer Bessie Dollar. The ship carried only two families and a woman traveling alone, in addition to a cargo of pig iron, and had what the Los Angeles Herald described as "a rough voyage across the Pacific", striking a whale. By the end of the year, the family was living in British Columbia. Though the Herald had described Brady's father as a Standard Oil engineer, by the end of World War I he was serving overseas as part of the Rainbow Division of the United States Army National Guard, in France and Germany as first a captain and then a major. During these years, until about September 1919, Caroline Brady and her family stayed with her uncle, John W. Brady, in his large Austin house. David Brady returned in August or September 1919; by the following year he was working with his brother Will at the Los Angeles-based Sunshine Oil Corporation. In August 1924 Brady matriculated at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), then known as the Southern Branch of the University of California. She entered Teachers College, for studies in kindergarten-primary education. Brady was active in a number of organizations at UCLA, including Beta Phi Alpha, the YWCA, and the Prytanean Society, of which she was president. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1928, and two years later, on May 15, 1930, received a Master of Arts from the school's Berkeley campus. That same year she began her Ph.D., also at Berkeley, and graduated in 1935, with the thesis The Legends of Ermanaric. Her dissertation committee was chaired by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur, with whom Brady would coauthor an article five years later. ### Name Brady is occasionally referred to as Caroline Agnes Von Egmont Brady. Though her published output universally refers to her as either "Caroline A. Brady" or "Caroline Brady", the program for her dissertation defense names her "Caroline Agnes Von Egmont Brady". Several library entries and membership lists of the Modern Language Association also use the longer name. ## Career In 1935, the same year that she received her Ph.D., Brady became an English instructor at the College of Agriculture at the University of California. Brady was promoted on July 13, 1941 to assistant professor of languages and literature at the Berkeley campus. In 1943, her "completely rewritten" dissertation was published under the same title, The Legends of Ermanaric. Brady continued teaching at Berkeley until 1946. Thereafter, she taught for three years at the University of Pennsylvania as an assistant professor of English. In 1949 Brady moved to Klamath Falls, Oregon, as one of the four inaugural instructors for the newly opened Central Oregon Community College. The college had campuses at both Bend and Klamath Falls; Brady taught at both, offering courses in English Composition and Survey of English Literature. After only a few months in the position, Brady resigned, citing "ill health". By May 1952, Brady was working as the synonym editor for C. L. Barnhart, Inc., the publisher of Thorndike-Barnhart dictionaries, in Bronxville, New York. That year she was named the 1952–53 Marion Talbot Fellow of the American Association of University Women. The $2,200 fellowship was for "a study and reinterpretation of the substantial compounds and phrases in Old English poetry", looking at contextual word usage to "determine whether the various poets used them in exactly the same way". Brady's work was to take place at Johns Hopkins and Harvard, and in 1952 she published two related articles: "The Synonyms for 'Sea' in Beowulf", and "The Old English Nominal Compounds in -rád". Brady's subsequent activities are unclear. In 1979, she was listed again with a California address. That year, she published the second piece in her Beowulf trilogy, "'Weapons' in Beowulf." The final work in the trilogy, "'Warriors' in Beowulf," was published posthumously, in 1983. ## Personal life In her 1941 Who's Who in California entry, Brady was described as a Democrat and an Episcopalian. Her father died in late January 1953, and her mother in November 1959. Caroline Brady died on November 5, 1980, in Bellevue, Washington. The year before she was listed with an address in Corona del Mar by Anglo-Saxon England, the journal that published her final two works. Brady's sister, by then Frances Brady Ackley, died on December 14, 1993; her obituary mentioned only cousins among her survivors. ## Publications Brady's book The Legends of Ermanaric suggests the Gothic king Ermanaric, who ruled in the fourth century AD, was the subject of two competing traditions: one, in Ostrogothic lore, viewing him as a good king, and a second, promulgated by those subjugated by him, as evil. Brady's thesis gained less traction than her ability to investigate the intractable problems of Germanic myth, and the convoluted nature of the related scholarship. She was noted as "a broad and discriminating investigator", who had "a sovereign disregard of established opinion". Such disregard caused one reviewer to label Brady's work "more valuable in the sphere of criticism than construction," and another to note that her "conclusions are reached without reliance on the views of predecessors, and one may be sure that, in some quarters, the volume will be thoroughly combed for flaws to match those it has uncovered in the reasoning of others". Indeed, after Brady's "vigorous tilting with no less a scholar than Kemp Malone," he penned two separate reviews disparaging what he termed her scholastic immaturity, and suggesting "she overestimates the worth of debaters' points". Others shared concerns with Brady's thesis while being generally supportive, including the Old English scholar Philip W. Souers, who wrote that: Her knowledge, from linguistics to archaeology, is great; her command of bibliography is sure; her acquaintance with languages shows the temper of a true scholar. ... It was worth doing, to try to establish a late Gothic legend that could be seen reflected in the Norse, to see where the results would lead. Others have always worked from the German sources. Though I cannot accept her hypothesis as proved, [the book] is without doubt one of the most important works in that difficult subject of heroic legend that has come from American scholarship in recent years. Brady's 1979 and 1983 articles on the words used to describe weapons and warriors in the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf suggested that, unlike the interchangeability of words used for other subjects such as strong drink, the words used to describe weapons and warriors were precisely tailored to fit their specific contexts. Taken with her 1952 article "The Synonyms for 'Sea' in Beowulf", these are described by Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe in A Beowulf Handbook as "three fundamental studies" that examine the context in which the Beowulf poet chose a word rather than simply the word itself. Brady concluded that "this poet is no artificer mechanically piling up synonyms and conventional metaphors, but an artist who knows how to use a variety of words and phrases". Her approach was considered "philological in the traditional sense" by O'Keeffe, and to have shed light on "the shades of meaning of the diction" used in the poem. In addition to her book and the Beowulf articles, Brady published a number of other works during her career. She also presented several papers, including some which ultimately went unpublished, at academic conferences—notably at meetings of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast and the Modern Language Association. ### Books - Brady, Caroline (September 1935). The Legends of Ermanaric (Ph.D. thesis). University of California Press, Berkeley. - Brady, Caroline (1943). The Legends of Ermanaric. Berkeley: University of California. OCLC 878278262. ### Articles - Brady, Caroline (November 1933). "A Note on the Historical Prototype of Sigfried". Modern Philology. 31 (2). University of Chicago Press: 195–196. doi:10.1086/388087. JSTOR 433891. S2CID 162361312. - Brady, Caroline (1937). The Eormanric of the Wīdsīð. University of California Publications in English. Vol. III. Berkeley: University of California Press. - Brady, Caroline (April 1938). "Becca of the Banings". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. XXXVII (2). University of Illinois Press: 169–188. JSTOR 27704379. - Brady, Caroline (April 1939). "The Date and Metre of the Hamðismál". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. XXXVIII (2). University of Illinois Press: 201–216. JSTOR 27704484. - Brady, Caroline (October 1940). "Innweorud Earmanrices". Speculum. XV (4). University of Chicago Press: 454–459. doi:10.2307/2853463. JSTOR 2853463. S2CID 225090506. - Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist & Brady, Caroline (November 1940). "Sundrmœðri–Sammœðra". Scandinavian Studies and Notes. XVI (4). Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study: 133–137. JSTOR 40908177. - Brady, Caroline (December 1940). "Óðinn and the Norse Jǫrmunrekkr-Legend". Publications of the Modern Language Association. LV (4). Modern Language Association: 910–930. doi:10.2307/458885. JSTOR 458885. S2CID 163229366. - Brady, Caroline (1952a). "The Synonyms for "Sea" in Beowulf" (PDF). Studies in Honor of Albert Morey Sturtevant. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. pp. 22–46. - Brady, Caroline (June 1952b). "The Old English Nominal Compounds in -rád". Publications of the Modern Language Association. LXVII (4). Modern Language Association: 538–571. doi:10.2307/459826. JSTOR 459826. - Brady, Caroline (1979). "'Weapons' in Beowulf: an analysis of the nominal compounds and an evaluation of the poet's use of them". Anglo-Saxon England. 8. Cambridge University Press: 79–141. doi:10.1017/S0263675100003045. - Brady, Caroline (1983). "'Warriors' in Beowulf: an analysis of the nominal compounds and an evaluation of the poet's use of them". Anglo-Saxon England. 11. Cambridge University Press: 199–246. doi:10.1017/S0263675100002611. - Brady, Caroline. "Kings Frotho I-V: A Study in Saxo's Historical Method". Unpublished.[88][89] ### Reviews - Brady, Caroline (January–June 1941). "The Orkneyinga Saga by Alexander Burt Taylor". The Journal of American Folklore. 54 (211–212). American Folklore Society: 90–92. doi:10.2307/535815. JSTOR 535815. - Brady, Caroline (April 1951). "Walter of Aquitaine: Materials for the Study of His Legend by F. P. Magoun, Jr. & H. M. Smyser". Speculum. XXVI (2). University of Chicago Press: 397–401. doi:10.2307/2852428. JSTOR 2852428. - Brady, Caroline (November 1955). "The Digressions in Beowulf. by Adrien Bonjour". Modern Language Notes. LXX (7). Johns Hopkins University Press: 521–524. doi:10.2307/3039650. JSTOR 3039650.	enwiki/55598165	enwiki	55,598,165	Caroline Brady (philologist)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Brady_(philologist)	2025-07-11T13:24:38Z	en	Q42502731	414,285	{{short description\|20th-century American philologist}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox person \| name = Caroline Brady \| image = 1928 - The Southern Campus - Caroline Brady p. 396.png \| alt = \| caption = \| birth_name = Caroline Agnes Brady \| birth_date = October 3, 1905 \| birth_place = [[Tianjin\|Tientsin]], China \| death_date = {{Death date and age\|1980\|11\|05\|1905\|10\|03}} \| death_place = [[Bellevue, Washington]], US \| nationality = American \| occupation = Philologist \| years_active = 1933–1983 \| notable_works = ''The Legends of Ermanaric'' (1943); three articles on ''[[Beowulf]]'' (1952, 1979, 1983) \| signature = Caroline Brady signature.svg }} '''Caroline Agnes Brady''' (also known as '''Caroline Agnes Von Egmont Brady'''; October 3, 1905 – November 5, 1980) was an American [[philology\|philologist]] who specialised in [[Old English]] and [[Old Norse]] works. Her works included the 1943 book ''The Legends of Ermanaric'', based on her doctoral dissertation, and three influential papers on the [[Anglo-Saxons\|Anglo-Saxon]] poem ''[[Beowulf]]''. She taught at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], the [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], and [[Harvard University]], among other places. Brady was born an American citizen in [[Tianjin\|Tientsin]], China, and traveled frequently as a child, spending time in [[Los Angeles]], California, [[British Columbia]], and [[Austin, Texas]]. She studied in the [[University of California]] system, receiving her bachelor's and master's degrees, and her [[Doctor of Philosophy\|Ph.D.]] in 1935. She next became an English instructor at that university's College of Agriculture, and worked as an [[assistant professor]] of languages and literature at Berkeley from 1941 to 1946. The following three years were spent at the University of Pennsylvania, until, at the end of 1949, Brady moved to teach at [[Central Oregon Community College]]; her resignation due to "ill health" was announced a few months later.<ref name=BB.19491228/> After being named the 1952–53 [[Marion Talbot]] Fellow of the [[American Association of University Women]] and writing two articles, Brady's scholarship ceased for a quarter of a century. In 1979, and posthumously in 1983, her final two articles were published. Brady's monograph, ''The Legends of Ermanaric'', argued that the [[Goths\|Gothic]] king [[Ermanaric]] was subject to two competing traditions, and earned her a reputation as "a broad and discriminating investigator" with "a sovereign disregard of established opinion".{{sfn\|Wahlgren\|1944\|pp=248–249}} Her papers on ''Beowulf'', meanwhile, were identified by [[Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe]], a scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature, as "three fundamental studies" that were "philological in the traditional sense", shedding light on "the shades of meaning of the diction" used in the poem.{{sfn\|O'Keeffe\|1997\|pp=90–91}} Brady concluded that the ''Beowulf'' poet "is no artificer mechanically piling up synonyms and conventional metaphors, but an artist who knows how to use a variety of words and phrases".{{sfn\|Brady\|1952a\|p=44}} == Early life and education == Caroline Agnes Brady was born on October 3, 1905, in [[Tianjin\|Tientsin]], China.<ref name=WW.1941/>{{sfn\|AAUW Fellowship Awards\|1952\|p=226}}<ref name=FS.1911census/><ref name=FS.1940census/> She was the daughter of [[United States Army]] [[Colonel (United States)\|Colonel]] David John Brady, an engineer who was then the general manager of the [[Chinese Engineering and Mining Company]] in [[Qinhuangdao]], and his wife (Annie Lucy) Maude Short, daughter of John Short, the deputy [[prothonotary]] of [[Sherbrooke]], [[Quebec]].<ref name=LAT.19381226/><ref name=LAT.19530128/><ref name=LAT.19591124/>{{sfn\|Wilson\|1999\|p=192}}{{refn\|group=note\|In Caroline Brady's entry in ''Who's Who in California'', she gives her mother's name as "Maud (Short)",<ref name=WW.1941/> which is also the name used in Maud Brady's obituary (1959)<ref name=LAT.19591124/> and in her death record in California (which also states her date of birth was 12 March 1877 and her mother's maiden name was Green).<ref name=FS.CAindex/> However, the newspaper notice of Maud Short's 1904 marriage in China to D. J. Brady, "general manager of the Chinese Engineering & Mining Co., Chin-Wang-Tao", names her as "A. L. Maude, dau. of the late John Short of Granby, formerly deputy prothonotary at Sherbrooke";{{sfn\|Wilson\|1999\|p=192}} the marriage record itself calls her Annie Lucy Maude, daughter of the late John Short, a lawyer.<ref name=A.19040510marriage/> The book ''Loyalist Lineages of Canada'' traces the family history further, noting that Annie Lucy Maude Short (b. 12 March 1877) was the daughter of John Short (1828–1904), originally from Three Rivers and later of Granby, and his wife Annie Caroline (1854–1936<ref name=SDR.19361118/>), daughter of Henry Schlicter Greene and his wife Susanna Helmer (d. 1916), herself the daughter of Andrew Helmer and his wife Marie Susanna Caroline Van Egmond (1810–1861),{{sfn\|Morgan\|1984\|pp=296–297}} daughter of Anthony Van Egmond.<ref name=EAB.1943/>}} The two had married the year before, at the [[Holy Trinity Church, Shanghai\|Holy Trinity Church]] in [[Shanghai]].{{sfn\|Wilson\|1999\|p=192}}<ref name=A.19040510marriage/> Caroline was one of two children, and the eldest by ten years of her sister, Frances Maud Brady.<ref name=LAT.19381226/>{{sfn\|Brady\|1943\|p=v}} Her father, the son of British emigrants,<ref name=JHHD.Brady/> had been raised in [[Austin, Texas]], and traveled as the army took him.<ref name=TS.19190727/><ref name=AA.19190727/> His two brothers, [[John W. Brady\|John W.]] and [[Will P. Brady\|Will P.]] Brady—Caroline Brady's uncles—both became prominent Texas attorneys and jurists.<ref name=AS.19431217/><ref name=SLOTT.19430227/> Will P. Brady worked as the first [[district attorney]] of [[Reeves County, Texas]],<ref name=AS.19090204/> and later as a judge of the county court in [[El Paso, Texas\|El Paso]].<ref name=SLOTT.19430227/> John W. Brady rose to prominence within Austin, and Texas generally, as an assistant attorney general and judge, before killing his mistress in 1929 and being sentenced to three years in prison.<ref name=AS.19431217/> Caroline Brady's mother, meanwhile, traced back through four generations of her [[Matrilineality\|matriline]] to [[Anthony Van Egmond]] (Caroline Brady's great-great-great-grandfather), an early settler of Canada,{{sfn\|Morgan\|1984\|pp=296–297}}<ref name=EAB.1943/> whose true identity as the Dutch fugitive Antonij Jacobi Willem Gijben—not, as he claimed, as a direct descent of the counts of [[House of Egmond\|Egmond]]—was not uncovered until the second half of the twentieth century.<ref name=DCB.1988/> In May 1910, when Brady was four, her family arrived in [[Los Angeles]], California, via Shanghai, aboard the [[Steamship\|steamer]] ''[[Bessie Dollar]]''.<ref name=LAH.19100517/> The ship carried only two families and a woman traveling alone, in addition to a cargo of [[pig iron]], and had what the ''[[Los Angeles Herald-Express\|Los Angeles Herald]]'' described as "a rough voyage across the Pacific", striking a whale.<ref name=LAH.19100517/> By the end of the year, the family was living in [[British Columbia]].<ref name=FS.1911census/> Though the ''Herald'' had described Brady's father as a [[Standard Oil]] engineer,<ref name=LAH.19100517/> by the end of [[World War I]] he was serving overseas as part of the [[42nd Infantry Division (United States)\|Rainbow Division]] of the United States [[Army National Guard]],<ref name=EPH.19190909/> in France and Germany as first a [[Captain (United States O-3)\|captain]] and then a [[Major (United States)\|major]].<ref name=TS.19190727/><ref name=AA.19190727/> During these years, until about September 1919, Caroline Brady and her family stayed with her uncle, John W. Brady, in his large Austin house.<ref name=JHHD.Brady/><ref name=TS.19190727/><ref name=AA.19190727/><ref name=EPH.19190909/> David Brady returned in August or September 1919;<ref name=AA.19190727/><ref name=EPH.19190909/> by the following year he was working with his brother Will at the Los Angeles-based Sunshine Oil Corporation.<ref name=FWR.19200321/> {{multiple image \| width = 100 \| image1 = 1928 - The Southern Campus - Caroline Brady p. 72.png \| alt1 = Black and white photograph of Caroline Brady \| image2 = 1928 - The Southern Campus - Caroline Brady p. 396.png \| alt2 = Black and white photograph of Caroline Brady \| footer = Photographs of Brady from her 1928 UCLA yearbook }} In August 1924 Brady matriculated at the [[University of California, Los Angeles\|University of California at Los Angeles]] (UCLA), then known as the Southern Branch of the [[University of California]].<ref name=OS.1925/> She entered Teachers College, for studies in kindergarten-primary education.<ref name=OS.1925/> Brady was active in a number of organizations at UCLA, including [[Beta Phi Alpha]], the [[YWCA]], and the Prytanean Society, of which she was president.<ref name=OS.1925/> She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in English in 1928,<ref name=Register.1928/><ref name=SC.1928/> and two years later, on May 15, 1930, received a [[Master of Arts]] from the school's [[University of California, Berkeley\|Berkeley campus]].<ref name=LAT.19300515/>{{sfn\|AAUW Fellowship Awards\|1952\|p=226}} That same year she began her [[Doctor of Philosophy\|Ph.D.]], also at Berkeley,<ref name=LAT.19310104/> and graduated in 1935, with the thesis ''The Legends of Ermanaric''.{{sfn\|Brady\|1935}}<ref name=OT.19351022/><ref name=OT.19360523/> Her dissertation committee was chaired by [[Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur]], with whom Brady would coauthor an article five years later.{{sfn\|Brodeur\|Brady\|1940}} === Name === [[File:Caroline Brady dissertation defense programme.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|alt=Black and white scan of the program for Caroline Brady's dissertation defense\|''Programme of the Final Examination for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Caroline Agnes von Egmont Brady'' (1935)]] Brady is occasionally referred to as Caroline Agnes Von Egmont Brady.{{sfn\|Brady\|1935}}<ref name=HL.Eormanric/>{{sfn\|MLA Members\|1941\|p=1401}} Though her published output universally refers to her as either "Caroline A. Brady" or "Caroline Brady", the program for her [[Thesis#Thesis examinations\|dissertation defense]] names her "Caroline Agnes Von Egmont Brady".{{sfn\|Brady\|1935}} Several library entries and membership lists of the [[Modern Language Association]] also use the longer name.<ref name=HL.Eormanric/>{{sfn\|MLA Members\|1941\|p=1401}} == Career == In 1935, the same year that she received her Ph.D.,<ref name=HN.19490907/> Brady became an English instructor at the [[University of California, Davis\|College of Agriculture]] at the University of California.<ref name=OT.19361126/><ref name=WDD.19360828/> Brady was promoted on July 13, 1941 to [[assistant professor]] of languages and literature at the Berkeley campus.<ref name=OT.19410713/> In 1943, her "completely rewritten" dissertation was published under the same title, ''The Legends of Ermanaric''.{{sfn\|Brady\|1943\|p=vii}} Brady continued teaching at Berkeley until 1946.<ref name=HN.19490825/> Thereafter, she taught for three years at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] as an assistant professor of English.<ref name=HN.19490825/><ref name=HN.19490907/><ref name=BB.19490826/> In 1949 Brady moved to [[Klamath Falls, Oregon]],<ref name=BB.19490902/> as one of the four inaugural instructors for the newly opened [[Central Oregon Community College]].<ref name=HN.19490825/><ref name=HN.19490917/> The college had campuses at both [[Bend, Oregon\|Bend]] and Klamath Falls; Brady taught at both,<ref name=BB.19490902/><ref name=BB.19490920/> offering courses in English Composition and Survey of English Literature.<ref name=HN.19490919a/><ref name=HN.19490919b/><ref name=HN.19490921/><ref name=HN.19490926/> After only a few months in the position, Brady resigned, citing "ill health".<ref name=BB.19491228/> By May 1952, Brady was working as the synonym editor for [[Clarence Barnhart\|C. L. Barnhart]], Inc., the publisher of Thorndike-Barnhart dictionaries, in [[Bronxville, New York]].{{sfn\|AAUW Fellowship Awards\|1952\|p=226}} That year she was named the 1952–53 [[Marion Talbot]] Fellow of the [[American Association of University Women]].{{sfn\|AAUW Fellowship Awards\|1952\|p=226}}{{sfn\|Brady\|1952a\|p=22}}{{refn\|group=note\|In 1949 the organization had hosted a reception, which Brady attended, for students and faculty at the Central Oregon Community College.<ref name=BB.19491011/>}} The $2,200 fellowship was for "a study and reinterpretation of the substantial compounds and phrases in [[Old English]] poetry", looking at contextual word usage to "determine whether the various poets used them in exactly the same way".{{sfn\|AAUW Fellowship Awards\|1952\|p=226}} Brady's work was to take place at [[Johns Hopkins University\|Johns Hopkins]] and [[Harvard University\|Harvard]],{{refn\|group=note\|Brady was listed with a [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] address in 1953.{{sfn\|MLA Members\|1953\|p=77}} In his January 1955 review of her work "The Synonyms for 'Sea' in ''[[Beowulf]]''", Adrien Bonjour noted that "Miss Brady has now been working for some time at Harvard—let us hope that she will soon publish more about the ways of the word in ''Beowulf''."{{sfn\|Bonjour\|1955\|p=115}} (This comment has been described as "a barely veiled and kind of underhanded jab" directed at [[Francis Peabody Magoun]], "the obvious Harvard Anglo-Saxonist").{{sfn\|Remein\|2016\|p=9}} That November Brady reviewed one of Bonjour's works in turn.{{sfn\|Brady\|1955\|p=524}}}} and in 1952 she published two related articles: "The Synonyms for 'Sea' in ''Beowulf''",{{sfn\|Brady\|1952a}} and "The Old English Nominal Compounds in -''rád''".{{sfn\|Brady\|1952b}} Brady's subsequent activities are unclear. In 1979, she was listed again with a California address.{{sfn\|''Anglo-Saxon England'' Contents\|1979}} That year, she published the second piece in her ''Beowulf'' trilogy, {{"'}}Weapons' in ''Beowulf''."{{sfn\|Brady\|1979}} The final work in the trilogy, {{"'}}Warriors' in ''Beowulf''," was published posthumously, in 1983.{{sfn\|''Anglo-Saxon England'' Contents\|1983}}{{sfn\|Brady\|1983}} ==Personal life== In her 1941 ''[[Who's Who]] in California'' entry, Brady was described as a [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democrat]] and an [[Episcopal Church (United States)\|Episcopalian]].<ref name=WW.1941/> Her father died in late January 1953,<ref name=LAT.19530128/> and her mother in November 1959.<ref name=LAT.19591124/> Caroline Brady died on November 5, 1980, in [[Bellevue, Washington\|Bellevue]], [[Washington (state)\|Washington]].<ref name=FS.SSindex/><ref name=FS.WAindex/>{{sfn\|''Anglo-Saxon England'' Contents\|1983}}{{sfn\|O'Donoghue\|1986\|p=238}} The year before she was listed with an address in [[Corona del Mar, Newport Beach\|Corona del Mar]] by ''[[Anglo-Saxon England (journal)\|Anglo-Saxon England]]'', the journal that published her final two works.{{sfn\|''Anglo-Saxon England'' Contents\|1979}} Brady's sister, by then Frances Brady Ackley, died on December 14, 1993; her obituary mentioned only cousins among her survivors.<ref name=LAT.19931215/> == Publications == Brady's book ''The Legends of Ermanaric'' suggests the [[Goths\|Gothic]] king [[Ermanaric]], who ruled in the fourth century AD, was the subject of two competing traditions: one, in [[Ostrogoths\|Ostrogothic]] lore, viewing him as a good king, and a second, promulgated by those subjugated by him, as evil.{{sfn\|Malone\|1944a\|p=183}}{{sfn\|Malone\|1944b\|p=449}} Brady's thesis gained less traction than her ability to investigate the intractable problems of Germanic myth, and the convoluted nature of the related scholarship.{{sfn\|Souers\|1945\|pp=502–503}} She was noted as "a broad and discriminating investigator", who had "a sovereign disregard of established opinion".{{sfn\|Wahlgren\|1944\|pp=248–249}} Such disregard caused one reviewer to label Brady's work "more valuable in the sphere of criticism than construction,"{{sfn\|Girvan\|1944\|p=404}} and another to note that her "conclusions are reached without reliance on the views of predecessors, and one may be sure that, in some quarters, the volume will be thoroughly combed for flaws to match those it has uncovered in the reasoning of others".{{sfn\|Wahlgren\|1944\|p=249}} Indeed, after Brady's "vigorous tilting with no less a scholar than [[Kemp Malone]],"{{sfn\|Rypins\|1945\|p=226}} he penned two separate reviews disparaging what he termed her scholastic immaturity, and suggesting "she overestimates the worth of debaters' points".{{sfn\|Malone\|1944a}}{{sfn\|Malone\|1944b}}{{refn\|group=note\|Malone stated, for example, that "[t]he faults of this book, and of Miss Brady's papers in the same field, are those of immaturity. The author has not yet lived with the old texts long enough, and does not yet know them intimately well enough. Moreover, her judgment has not yet been sharpened by long experience in research, and she overestimates the worth of debaters' points."{{sfn\|Malone\|1944a\|pp=187–188}}}} Others shared concerns with Brady's thesis while being generally supportive, including the Old English scholar [[Philip W. Souers]],<ref name=ERG.19580928/> who wrote that: {{Blockquote \|text=Her knowledge, from linguistics to archaeology, is great; her command of bibliography is sure; her acquaintance with languages shows the temper of a true scholar. ... It was worth doing, to try to establish a late Gothic legend that could be seen reflected in the Norse, to see where the results would lead. Others have always worked from the German sources. Though I cannot accept her hypothesis as proved, [the book] is without doubt one of the most important works in that difficult subject of heroic legend that has come from American scholarship in recent years.{{sfn\|Souers\|1945\|p=507}}}} Brady's 1979 and 1983 articles on the words used to describe weapons and warriors in the [[Anglo-Saxons\|Anglo-Saxon]] poem ''Beowulf'' suggested that, unlike the interchangeability of words used for other subjects such as strong drink,{{sfn\|Frank\|1987\|p=343}} the words used to describe weapons{{sfn\|Brady\|1979\|pp=140–141}} and warriors{{sfn\|Brady\|1983\|pp=240–241}} were precisely tailored to fit their specific contexts.{{sfn\|Frank\|1987\|p=343}} Taken with her 1952 article "The Synonyms for 'Sea' in ''Beowulf''{{-"}}, these are described by [[Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe]] in ''A Beowulf Handbook'' as "three fundamental studies" that examine the context in which the ''Beowulf'' poet chose a word rather than simply the word itself.{{sfn\|O'Keeffe\|1997\|p=90}} Brady concluded that "this poet is no artificer mechanically piling up synonyms and conventional metaphors, but an artist who knows how to use a variety of words and phrases".{{sfn\|Brady\|1952a\|p=44}} Her approach was considered "[[philology\|philological]] in the traditional sense" by O'Keeffe, and to have shed light on "the shades of meaning of the diction" used in the poem.{{sfn\|O'Keeffe\|1997\|pp=90–91}} In addition to her book and the ''Beowulf'' articles, Brady published a number of other works during her career. She also presented several papers, including some which ultimately went unpublished, at academic conferences—notably at meetings of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast{{sfn\|APA Proceedings\|1936\|p=xcv}}<ref name=OT.19361126/> and the [[Modern Language Association]].<ref name=MLA.2017/><ref name=SBCS.19381224/>{{sfn\|MLA Publications\|1939}}<ref name=OT.19391227/> === Books === * {{cite thesis \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| title = The Legends of Ermanaric \| degree = Ph.D. \| date = September 1935 \| publisher = [[University of California Press]], Berkeley }} * {{cite book \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| title = The Legends of Ermanaric \| date = 1943 \| publisher = University of California \| location = Berkeley \| oclc = 878278262 }} === Articles === * {{cite journal \| ref = none \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = November 1933 \| title = A Note on the Historical Prototype of Sigfried \| journal = [[Modern Philology]] \| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| volume = 31 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 195–196 \| jstor = 433891 \| doi = 10.1086/388087 \| s2cid = 162361312 }} {{closed access}} * {{Cite book \| ref = none \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| title = The Eormanric of the Wīdsīð \| series = University of California Publications in English \| volume = III \| issue = 6 \| date = 1937 \| publisher = [[University of California Press]] \| location = Berkeley }} * {{cite journal \| ref = none \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = April 1938 \| title = Becca of the Banings \| journal = The Journal of English and Germanic Philology \| publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]] \| volume = XXXVII \| issue = 2 \| pages = 169–188 \| jstor = 27704379 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = none \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = April 1939 \| title = The Date and Metre of the Hamðismál \| journal = The Journal of English and Germanic Philology \| publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]] \| volume = XXXVIII \| issue = 2 \| pages = 201–216 \| jstor = 27704484 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = none \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = October 1940 \| title = Innweorud Earmanrices \| journal = [[Speculum (journal)\|Speculum]] \| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| volume = XV \| issue = 4 \| pages = 454–459 \| doi = 10.2307/2853463 \| jstor = 2853463 \| s2cid = 225090506 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last1 = Brodeur \| first1 = Arthur Gilchrist \| author1-link = Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur \| last2 = Brady \| first2 = Caroline \| date = November 1940 \| title = Sundrmœðri–Sammœðra \| journal = Scandinavian Studies and Notes \| publisher = [[Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study]] \| volume = XVI \| issue = 4 \| pages = 133–137 \| jstor = 40908177 \| name-list-style=amp}} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = none \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = December 1940 \| title = Óðinn and the Norse Jǫrmunrekkr-Legend \| journal = Publications of the Modern Language Association \| publisher = [[Modern Language Association]] \| volume = LV \| issue = 4 \| pages = 910–930 \| doi = 10.2307/458885 \| jstor = 458885 \| s2cid = 163229366 }} {{closed access}} * {{Cite book \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| title = Studies in Honor of Albert Morey Sturtevant \| date = 1952a \| publisher = [[University Press of Kansas\|University of Kansas Press]] \| location = Lawrence, Kansas \| pages = 22–46 \| chapter = The Synonyms for "Sea" in ''Beowulf'' \| chapter-url = https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/6336/upk.albert_morey_sturtevant.pdf?sequence=1 }} * {{cite journal \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = June 1952b \| title = The Old English Nominal Compounds in -''rád'' \| journal = Publications of the Modern Language Association \| publisher = [[Modern Language Association]] \| volume = LXVII \| issue = 4 \| pages = 538–571 \| doi = 10.2307/459826 \| jstor = 459826 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = 1979 \| title = 'Weapons' in ''Beowulf'': an analysis of the nominal compounds and an evaluation of the poet's use of them \| journal = [[Anglo-Saxon England (journal)\|Anglo-Saxon England]] \| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] \| volume = 8 \| pages = 79–141 \| doi = 10.1017/S0263675100003045 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = 1983 \| title = 'Warriors' in ''Beowulf'': an analysis of the nominal compounds and an evaluation of the poet's use of them \| journal = [[Anglo-Saxon England (journal)\|Anglo-Saxon England]] \| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] \| volume = 11 \| pages = 199–246 \| doi = 10.1017/S0263675100002611 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = none \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| title = Kings Frotho I-V: A Study in Saxo's Historical Method \| journal = Unpublished }}{{sfn\|MLA Publications\|1939}}<ref name=OT.19391227/> === Reviews === * {{cite journal \| ref = none \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = January–June 1941 \| title = The Orkneyinga Saga by Alexander Burt Taylor \| journal = [[The Journal of American Folklore]] \| publisher = [[American Folklore Society]] \| volume = 54 \| issue = 211–212 \| pages = 90–92 \| jstor = 535815 \| doi = 10.2307/535815 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = none \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = April 1951 \| title = Walter of Aquitaine: Materials for the Study of His Legend by F. P. Magoun, Jr. & H. M. Smyser \| journal = [[Speculum (journal)\|Speculum]] \| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| volume = XXVI \| issue = 2 \| pages = 397–401 \| doi = 10.2307/2852428 \| jstor = 2852428 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last = Brady \| first = Caroline \| date = November 1955 \| title = The Digressions in Beowulf. by Adrien Bonjour \| journal = [[Modern Language Notes]] \| publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| volume = LXX \| issue = 7 \| pages = 521–524 \| doi = 10.2307/3039650 \| jstor = 3039650 }} {{closed access}} == Notes == {{reflist\|group=note}} == References == {{reflist\|30em\|refs= <ref name=JHHD.Brady>{{cite web \| title = Brady House – 1915 \| website = Judges Hill \| url = http://www.judgeshillhistoricdistrict.org/homes/pearl/brady.html \| access-date = June 8, 2018 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170622080623/http://www.judgeshillhistoricdistrict.org/homes/pearl/brady.html \| archive-date = June 22, 2017 \| url-status = live }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=FS.WAindex>{{cite web \| title = Caroline A Brady: Washington Death Index, 1965–2014 \| date = July 13, 2017 \| website = FamilySearch \| url = https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QLWM-ZFVF \| url-access = registration }}</ref> <ref name=FS.SSindex>{{cite web \| title = Caroline Brady: United States Social Security Death Index \| date = May 19, 2014 \| website = FamilySearch \| url = https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JP3N-SP8 \| url-access = registration }}</ref> <ref name=HL.Eormanric>{{cite web \| title = The Eormanric of the Wīdsīð \| website = Harvard Library \| publisher = Harvard University \| url = http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/004131689/catalog \| access-date = February 28, 2018 }}</ref> <ref name=FS.CAindex>{{cite web \| title = Maud Short Brady: California Death Index, 1940–1997 \| website = FamilySearch \| url = https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VGRZ-W84 \| url-access = registration }}</ref> <ref name=A.19040510marriage>{{cite web \| title = Annie Lucy Maude Short in the UK, Foreign and Overseas Registers of British Subjects, 1628-1969 \| website = Ancestry.com \| url = https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/discoveryui-content/view/1082521:1993 \| url-access = subscription}}</ref> <ref name=AS.19090204>{{cite news \| title = Will Brady Appointed New District Attorney \| newspaper = The Austin Statesman \| location = Austin, Texas \| page = 4 \| volume = 40 \| issue = 35 \| date = February 4, 1909 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20687192 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=LAH.19100517>{{cite news \| title = Japanese Woman Worried \| newspaper = Los Angeles Herald \| location = Los Angeles, California \| page = 11 \| volume = XXXVII \| issue = 228 \| date = May 17, 1910 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20688123 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=FS.1911census>{{cite web \| title = Caroline Brady: Canada Census, 1911 \| website = FamilySearch \| url = https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV9P-RBT1 \| url-access = registration }}</ref> <ref name=AA.19190727>{{cite news \| title = Major Brady to Return from Overseas in August \| newspaper = Austin American \| location = Austin, Texas \| page = 2 \| date = July 27, 1919 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20688142 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=TS.19190727>{{cite news \| title = Major Brady Will Return Home Soon \| newspaper = The Statesman \| location = Austin, Texas \| page = 12 \| volume = 48 \| issue = 115 \| date = July 27, 1919 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20688173 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=EPH.19190909>{{cite news \| title = Maj. Brady of the Rainbow Division, Back from Europe \| newspaper = El Paso Herald \| location = El Paso, Texas \| page = 2 \| date = September 9, 1919 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20791190 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=FWR.19200321>{{cite news \| last = Collins \| first = Dick \| title = Ira Bell, Former Insurance Man, Drills Producing Well, Pecos Field; A. Davis There; Sunshine Strong \| newspaper = Fort Worth Record \| location = Fort Worth, Texas \| department = Oil Section \| volume = XXIV \| issue = 157 \| pages = 1, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/66480036 8] \| date = 21 March 1920 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/66480018 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=OS.1925>{{cite book \| title = Officers and Students: Section II \| date = October 1925 \| publisher = University of California Press \| location = Berkeley, California \| pages = 2, 30 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnsvAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA30 }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=Register.1928>{{cite book \| title = Register 1927–28 \| date = November 1928 \| publisher = University of California \| location = Berkeley \| volume = 2 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQ5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PP12 }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=SC.1928>{{cite book \| title = The Southern Campus \| date = 1928 \| publisher = Associated Students of the University of California at Los Angeles \| location = Los Angeles \| pages = 72, 345 \| url = https://archive.org/stream/southerncampus1928univ \| access-date = October 22, 2017 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100923094216/http://www.archive.org/stream/southerncampus1928univ \| archive-date = September 23, 2010 \| url-status = live }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=LAT.19300515>{{cite news \| title = U.C. Head Takes Ill: Campbell Forced to Retire \| newspaper = The Los Angeles Times \| location = Los Angeles, CA \| volume = XLIX \| pages = 1–[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29394161 2] \| date = May 15, 1930 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29408419 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=LAT.19310104>{{cite news \| title = Military Affair \| newspaper = Los Angeles Times \| location = Los Angeles, California \| page = III-5 \| volume = L \| issue = 228 \| date = January 4, 1931 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20789059 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=OT.19351022>{{cite news \| title = Degrees, Certificates Given 306 Students of U. of C. \| newspaper = Oakland Tribune \| page = 13 \| date = October 22, 1935 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491755 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=OT.19360523>{{cite news \| title = Record Number Completes U. C. Graduate Division Work \| newspaper = Oakland Tribune \| page = 12 \| date = May 23, 1936 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7977221 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=WDD.19360828>{{cite news \| title = New Residents of College Town Feted at Party \| newspaper = Woodland Daily Democrat \| location = Woodland, CA \| date = August 28, 1936 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491917 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=SDR.19361118>{{cite news \| title = Former Sherbrooke Lady Interred in Granby \| newspaper = [[The Record (Sherbrooke)\|Sherbrooke Daily Record]] \| location = Sherbrooke, Quebec \| department = Deaths Reported \| page = 6 \| volume = 40 \| date = November 18, 1936 \| url = http://collections.banq.qc.ca/ark:/52327/3003361 }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=OT.19361126>{{cite news \| title = U. C. Students to Give Papers \| newspaper = Oakland Tribune \| page = 8 \| date = November 26, 1936 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491816 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=SBCS.19381224>{{cite news \| title = Interesting Women U. of C. Instructor On Mission East \| newspaper = The San Bernardino County Sun \| location = San Bernardino, California \| page = 8 \| date = December 24, 1938 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491942 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=LAT.19381226>{{cite news \| title = U.C. Language Instructor Leaves for Eastern Session \| newspaper = The Los Angeles Times \| page = 2–II \| date = December 26, 1938 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29385544 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=OT.19391227>{{cite news \| title = Many U.C. Faculty Members Called to Important Meets \| newspaper = Oakland Tribune \| location = Oakland, California \| page = 4 \| date = December 27, 1939 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491825 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=FS.1940census>{{cite web \| title = Caroline A Brady: United States Census, 1940 \| website = FamilySearch \| url = https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K96P-12C \| url-access = registration }}</ref> <ref name=WW.1941>{{cite book \| editor-last = Fletcher \| editor-first = Russell Holmes \| title = Who's Who in California \| date = 1941 \| publisher = Who's Who Publications Company \| location = Los Angeles \| pages = [https://archive.org/details/whoswhoincalifor194243flet/page/107 107]–108 \| url = https://archive.org/details/whoswhoincalifor194243flet }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=OT.19410713>{{cite news \| title = 73 Members of U.C. Faculty Promoted \| newspaper = Oakland Tribune \| page = A-7 \| date = July 13, 1941 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491804 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=EAB.1943>{{cite encyclopedia \| editor-last = Downs \| editor-first = Winfield Scott \| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of American Biography \| series = New Series \| volume = 16 \| year = 1943 \| publisher = The American Historical Company, Inc. \| location = New York \| pages = 178–180 \| title = Greene, Thomas Helmer \| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89080535693&view=1up&seq=418 }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=SLOTT.19430227>{{cite news \| title = William Brady Taken by Death in S.L.O. \| newspaper = [[The Tribune (San Luis Obispo)\|San Luis Obispo Telegram Tribune]] \| location = San Luis Obispo, California \| page = 5 \| date = February 27, 1943 \| url = https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/76896849 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140928/https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/76896849 \| archive-date = June 12, 2018 \| via = [[Find a Grave]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=AS.19431217>{{cite news \| title = John Brady, Legal Figure, Dies at 74 \| newspaper = The Austin Statesman \| location = Austin, Texas \| page = 1 \| volume = 73 \| issue = 81 \| date = December 17, 1943 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20451137 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=HN.19490825>{{cite news \| title = Community College to Offer Full Freshman Work in Klamath Falls Session \| newspaper = Herald and News \| location = Klamath Falls, OR \| page = 3 \| date = August 25, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491712 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=BB.19490826>{{cite news \| title = Arriving Soon for College \| newspaper = The Bend Bulletin \| location = Bend, OR \| page = 5 \| date = August 26, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14492000 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=BB.19490902>{{cite news \| title = Central Oregon Community College Teachers Commute \| newspaper = The Bend Bulletin \| location = Bend, Oregon \| page = 1 \| date = September 2, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491994 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=HN.19490907>{{cite news \| title = KF Community College Has Competent Faculty \| newspaper = Herald and News \| location = Klamath Falls, Oregon \| page = 5 \| date = September 7, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491933 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=HN.19490917>{{cite news \| title = Final Plans for Oregon's First Community College \| newspaper = Herald and News \| location = Klamath Falls, Oregon \| page = 3 \| date = September 17, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491851 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=HN.19490919a>{{cite news \| title = College Fall Term Begins Here Tonight \| newspaper = Herald and News \| location = Klamath Falls, Oregon \| page = 10 \| date = September 19, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14492006 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=HN.19490919b>{{cite news \| title = Community College Classes Start Monday, Sept. 19 \| newspaper = Herald and News \| location = Klamath Falls, Oregon \| page = 10 \| date = September 19, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14492004 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=BB.19490920>{{cite news \| title = Central Oregon College Registration Now Totals 107 \| newspaper = The Bend Bulletin \| location = Bend, Oregon \| pages = 1, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491968 5] \| date = September 20, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491960 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=HN.19490921>{{cite news \| title = Community College Classes NOW OPEN \| newspaper = Herald and News \| location = Klamath Falls, Oregon \| page = 10 \| date = September 21, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491988 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=HN.19490926>{{cite news \| title = Community College Classes NOW OPEN \| newspaper = Herald and News \| location = Klamath Falls, Oregon \| page = 3 \| date = September 26, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491990 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=BB.19491011>{{cite news \| title = College Staff, Students, are Honored at Reception \| newspaper = The Bend Bulletin \| location = Bend, Oregon \| page = 2 \| date = October 11, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491954 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=BB.19491228>{{cite news \| title = Will Teach Here: New Instructor Coming to Bend \| newspaper = The Bend Bulletin \| location = Bend, Oregon \| page = 4 \| date = December 28, 1949 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14491929 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=LAT.19530128>{{cite news \| title = BRADY, Col. David John \| newspaper = The Los Angeles Times \| page = 17 \| date = January 28, 1953 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20748753 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=ERG.19580928>{{cite news \| title = UO English Dept. Head, Philip W. Souers, Dies \| newspaper = [[The Register-Guard\|Eugene Register-Guard]] \| location = Eugene, Oregon \| page = 1 \| volume = 91 \| issue = 271 \| date = September 28, 1958 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33766331 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=LAT.19591124>{{cite news \| title = BRADY, Maud Short \| newspaper = The Los Angeles Times \| location = Los Angeles, California \| page = C7 \| date = November 24, 1959 \| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20748643 \| via = [[Newspapers.com]] }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=DCB.1988>{{cite encyclopedia \| editor-last = Halpenny \| editor-first = Francess G. \| editor-link = Francess Halpenny \| last = Van Veen \| first = Wim J. \| encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]] \| volume = VII \| year = 1988 \| publisher = University of Toronto \| location = Toronto \| pages = 882–883 \| title = Van Egmond, Anthony Jacob William Gysbert \| isbn = 0-8020-3452-7 \| url = http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/van_egmond_anthony_jacob_william_gysbert_7E.html }} {{free access}}</ref> <ref name=LAT.19931215>{{cite news \| title = ACKLEY, Frances Brady \| newspaper = The Los Angeles Times \| location = Los Angeles, California \| department = Obituaries/Funeral Announcements \| page = A24 \| date = December 15, 1993 }}</ref> <ref name=MLA.2017>{{cite web \| title = MLA Convention Statistics \| date = 2017 \| website = Modern Language Association \| url = https://www.mla.org/Convention/Convention-History/MLA-Convention-Statistics \| access-date = October 21, 2017 }}</ref> }} == Bibliography == {{commons category\|Caroline Agnes Brady}} * {{cite journal \| last = Bonjour \| first = Adrien \| date = January 1955 \| title = On Sea Images in ''Beowulf'' \| journal = [[The Journal of English and Germanic Philology]] \| publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]] \| volume = LIV \| issue = 1 \| pages = 111–115 \| jstor = 27706524 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = {{harvid\|''Anglo-Saxon England'' Contents\|1979}} \| date = 1979 \| title = Contents \| journal = [[Anglo-Saxon England (journal)\|Anglo-Saxon England]] \| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] \| volume = 8 \| pages = v–vi \| doi = 10.1017/S0263675100002982 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = {{harvid\|''Anglo-Saxon England'' Contents\|1983}} \| date = 1983 \| title = Contents \| journal = [[Anglo-Saxon England (journal)\|Anglo-Saxon England]] \| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] \| volume = 11 \| pages = v–vi \| doi = 10.1017/S0263675100002519 }} {{free access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = {{harvid\|AAUW Fellowship Awards\|1952}} \| date = May 1952 \| title = Fellowship Awards, 1952–53 \| journal = Journal of the American Association of University Women \| publisher = [[American Association of University Women]] \| volume = 45 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 225–230 \| issn = 0001-0278 }} * {{cite journal \| last = Frank \| first = Roberta \| author-link = Roberta Frank \| date = Summer 1987 \| title = Did Anglo-Saxon Audiences have a Skaldic Tooth? \| journal = [[Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study\|Scandinavian Studies]] \| publisher = [[Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study]] \| volume = 59 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 338–355 \| jstor = 40918869 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last = Girvan \| first = Ritchie \| author-link = Ritchie Girvan \| date = October 1944 \| title = The Legends of Ermanaric by Caroline Brady \| journal = [[The Modern Language Review]] \| publisher = [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] \| volume = XXXIX \| issue = 4 \| pages = 403–404 \| doi = 10.2307/3716937 \| jstor = 3716937 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = {{harvid\|MLA Members\|1953}} \| date = September 1953 \| title = List of Members of the Modern Language Association of America \| journal = [[Publications of the Modern Language Association]] \| publisher = [[Modern Language Association]] \| volume = LXIVIII \| issue = 4 (part 2, Supplement) \| pages = 68–169 \| jstor = 2698988 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = {{harvid\|MLA Members\|1941}} \| date = 1941 \| title = List of Members of the Modern Language Association of America \| journal = [[Publications of the Modern Language Association]] \| publisher = [[Modern Language Association]] \| volume = LVI \| issue = Supplement \| pages = 1417–1524 \| jstor = 459009 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last = Malone \| first = Kemp \| author-link = Kemp Malone \| date = March 1944a \| title = The Legends of Ermanaric by Caroline Brady \| journal = [[Modern Language Notes]] \| publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| volume = LIX \| issue = 3 \| pages = 183–185 \| jstor = 2910880 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last = Malone \| first = Kemp \| author-link = Kemp Malone \| date = October 1944b \| title = The Legends of Ermanaric by Caroline Brady \| journal = [[The Journal of English and Germanic Philology]] \| publisher = [[University of Illinois Press]] \| volume = XLIII \| issue = 4 \| pages = 449–453 \| jstor = 27705152 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite book \| editor-last = Morgan \| editor-first = Lynn A. \| title = Loyalist Lineages of Canada, 1783–1983 \| volume = I \| date = 1984 \| publisher = Generation Press \| location = Agincourt, Toronto \| isbn = 0-920830-24-2 \| name-list-style=amp }} {{free access}} * {{cite journal \| last = O'Donoghue \| first = Bernard \| author-link = Bernard O'Donoghue \| date = May 1986 \| title = The Old English Elegies. New Essays in Criticism and Research by Martin Green \| journal = [[The Review of English Studies]] \| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] \| volume = XXXVII \| issue = 146 \| pages = 237–238 \| jstor = 516977 \| doi = 10.1093/res/XXXVII.146.237 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite book \| last = O'Keeffe \| first = Katherine O'Brien \| author-link = Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe \| editor1-last = Bjork \| editor1-first = Robert E. \| editor2-last = Niles \| editor2-first = John D. \| editor2-link = John Niles (scholar) \| title = A Beowulf Handbook \| date = November 1997 \| publisher = [[University of Nebraska Press]] \| location = Lincoln \| pages = 85–104 \| chapter = Diction, Variation, the Formula \| isbn = 0-8032-1237-2 \| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SaFdpGdjvtoC&pg=PA90 \| name-list-style=amp }} {{free access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = {{harvid\|APA Proceedings\|1936}} \| date = 1936 \| title = Proceedings of the Sixty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the American Philological Association. Also of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast \| journal = [[Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association]] \| publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| volume = LXVII \| pages = i–cxi \| doi = 10.2307/283247 \| jstor = 283247 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| ref = {{harvid\|MLA Publications\|1939}} \| date = 1939 \| title = Proceedings of Modern Language Association of America \| journal = [[Publications of the Modern Language Association]] \| publisher = [[Modern Language Association]] \| volume = LIV \| issue = Supplement \| pages = 1356–1381 \| jstor = 458756 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last = Remein \| first = Daniel \| date = February 18, 2016 \| title = Kinetic ''Beowulf'' \| journal = Harvard Medieval Colloquium \| publisher = Working paper \| pages = 1–26 \| url = https://www.academia.edu/22224535 \| url-access = registration }} * {{cite journal \| last = Rypins \| first = Stanley \| date = June 1945 \| title = The Legends of Ermanaric by Caroline Brady \| journal = [[Modern Language Quarterly]] \| publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| volume = VI \| issue = 2 \| pages = 225–226 \| doi = 10.1215/00267929-6-2-225 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last = Souers \| first = Philip W. \| date = October 1945 \| title = The Legends of Ermanaric by Caroline Brady \| journal = [[Speculum (journal)\|Speculum]] \| publisher = The [[Mediaeval Academy of America]] \| volume = XX \| issue = 4 \| pages = 502–507 \| doi = 10.2307/2856754 \| jstor = 2856754 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite journal \| last = Wahlgren \| first = Erik \| date = July 1944 \| title = The Legends of Ermanaric by Caroline Brady \| journal = [[California Folklore Quarterly]] \| publisher = Western States Folklore Society \| volume = III \| issue = 3 \| pages = 248–250 \| doi = 10.2307/1495888 \| jstor = 1495888 }} {{closed access}} * {{cite book \| last = Wilson \| first = Elane \| editor-last = Skeats \| editor-first = Terry \| title = Sherbrooke Daily Record: Vital Statistics \| volume = 2 \| date = 1999 \| publisher = North Hatley Historical Society \| location = North Hatley, Quebec \| isbn = 978-0-9682366-2-8 }} {{Authority control}} {{featured article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brady, Caroline}} [[Category:1905 births]] [[Category:1980 deaths]] [[Category:Educators from Tianjin]] [[Category:20th-century American philologists]] [[Category:Women philologists]] [[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty]] [[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]] [[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]] [[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]] [[Category:Anglo-Saxon studies scholars]] [[Category:Writers from Tianjin]] [[Category:American expatriates in China]]	1,299,967,803	[{"title": "Caroline Brady", "data": {"Born": "Caroline Agnes Brady \u00b7 October 3, 1905 \u00b7 Tientsin, China", "Died": "November 5, 1980 (aged 75) \u00b7 Bellevue, Washington, US", "Nationality": "American", "Occupation": "Philologist", "Years active": "1933\u20131983", "Notable work": "The Legends of Ermanaric (1943); three articles on Beowulf (1952, 1979, 1983)"}}]	false
# Prisoner of Love (Hikaru Utada song) "Prisoner of Love" is a song by Japanese–American recording artist Hikaru Utada. It was cut from their fifth Japanese album, Heart Station (2008), making it their first Japanese recut single in nine years since "First Love" in 1999. "Prisoner of Love" is the theme song for the Fuji TV dorama Last Friends, making it their first song since "Sakura Drops" in 2002 to be used as a main theme song. It was released as a digital download on March 26, 2008, and as a CD single on May 21. Musically, "Prisoner of Love" is a pop ballad heavily influenced by R&B music. The song lyrically depicts a sense of being trapped and unable to escape the intense emotions of love, highlighting the complex nature of relationships. "Prisoner of Love" received positive reception from most music critics, who praised Utada's vocal performance and production and noted the song as a standout from their vast discography. Commercially, the song gained massive success. The physical single peaked at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). The song fared much better digitally, selling one million full-length downloads and ringtones each. An accompanying music video was shot by Wataru Takeishi, which is a recreation of the song's production. The song was performed during Utada's two date concert series Wild Life in December 2010 and has since appeared in several greatest hits albums by Utada. ## Background and production In January 2008, Utada posted a photo of the string recording of "Prisoner Of Love" on their official website. The track "Prisoner Of Love" was originally written for their English language album This Is the One, but Utada decided that that they wanted to write it in Japanese, so they added Japanese lyrics and included it on the album Heart Station. When writing the English lyrics, they chose sharp lyrics, but when translating them into Japanese, they were conscious of not wanting the lyrics to sound flat, and used a crisp arrangement and singing style that is more black-like to avoid a heavy, muddy melody. Utada also said that when they first listened to this song through, they were moved to tears for the first time in a long time. At first, they wanted to make it a love song, but they were asked to write lyrics that could be interpreted as either friendship or love, as they thought there might be a tie-up with a dorama, and this made the writing process very difficult. Incidentally, the lyrics for "Prisoner of Love," as well as "Celebrate" and "Heart Station" were written in a family restaurant during a span of about three or four hours. Musically, "Prisoner of Love" is a love song that follows an R&B influence; Utada stated that the song was inspired by the rest of the album's "honest" theme, and recognized it as a return to R&B music. According to Utada, the chord progression and the opening part are very similar to the 2000 single "Wait & See (Risk)". They had written this type of song several times before, so they had been avoiding this type of song for a while, but this was the song that they felt like writing again after a long time. ## Reception Music critics gave "Prisoner of Love" positive feedback. A reviewer from CDJournal described the song as "well-programmed" when reviewing the single. Meg from JaME World gave the song a glowing review, praising Utada's vocal performance and asserted that it was an excellent theme choice for Last Friends. Retrospectively, Neil Z. Yeung, who contributed in writing the biography of Utada at AllMusic, highlighted the song "Prisoner of Love" as some of their greatest work. It won the Best Theme Song Award in the 57th Drama Academy Awards. ## Commercial performance "Prisoner of Love" debuted at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart, selling 38,902 copies in its first week. It dropped to number seven the next week, selling 14,289 copies. "Prisoner of Love" then slid to number seventeen, before dropping to number eighteen on its fourth charting week and out of the top twenty entirely the following week. "Prisoner of Love" ranked in the top 100 for nine consecutive weeks and in the charts for twelve weeks as a whole. The Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) certified the single gold in May 2008 for shipments exceeding 100,000 copies. In December 2008, Oricon named "Prisoner of Love" the 95th best-selling physical single in Japan that year, with 81,626 copies sold. Digitally, "Prisoner of Love" was a great success in Japan. On May 13, 2008, Barks.jp reported "Prisoner of Love" had sold over 1.5 million downloads across all formats, and on July 7, 2008, Yahoo!Japan reported it had sold over 2.9 million downloads. "Prisoner of Love" was the third most downloaded song in Japan during 2008 behind Greeeen's "Kiseki" and Thelma Aoyama's "Soba ni Iru ne." The RIAJ certified "Prisoner of Love" million twice for selling over one million full-length downloads and ringtones each, as well as gold for selling over 100,000 legal downloads on PCs in the country. This pushed the tallied sales volume for the song to 2.182 million, making "Prisoner of Love" one of the best-selling multi-format singles in Japan. ## Promotion "Prisoner of Love" (Quiet Version) serves as the insert song for the Japanese television drama, Last Friends, while the original version is used in the opening theme. The song was performed during Utada's two date concert series Wild Life in December 2010. The video for "Prisoner of Love", directed by Wataru Takeishi, features Utada writing, arranging, and composing the song. They are seen doing push-ups and punching the air, while the scene switches back to them crafting the song and having writer's block. This was Utada's idea, and almost all of the items in the video, including the various equipment, lyric notebooks, work table, sofa, etc., are their personal belongings. The video is the first to use various references to Utada's U3 blog. They are seen peeling and eating an orange-like fruit called a mikan, and in their blog they mentioned having a surplus of them. They are also seen drawing their inventive superhero, Super-Kuman, based on Kuma Chang, their stuffed bear, which is the subject for the song "Boku wa Kuma". ## Track listing CD+DVD Version \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| ----------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Prisoner of Love" \| 4:46 \| \| 2. \| "Prisoner of Love ~Quiet Version~" \| 4:34 \| \| 3. \| "Prisoner of Love (Original Karaoke)" \| 4:44 \| \| 4. \| "Prisoner of Love ~Quiet Version~ (Original Karaoke)" \| 4:34 \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| -------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Prisoner of Love (Music Video)" \| -:-- \| ## Chart rankings \| Chart (2008) \| Peak position \| \| ----------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Japan Hot 100 (Billboard) \| 2 \| \| Japan Singles (Oricon) \| 2 \| \| RIAJ Reco-kyō ringtones Top 100 \| 2 \| \| RIAJ Reco-kyō ringtones Top 100 - Quiet Version \| 27 \| \| Chart (2010) \| Peak position \| \| -------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| RIAJ Digital Track Chart Top 100 \| 83 \| \| Chart (2008) \| Peak position \| \| ------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Japan Hot 100 (Billboard) \| 48 \| \| Japan Singles (Oricon) \| 95 \| ## Certifications and sales \| Region \| Certification \| Certified units/sales \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| \| Japan (RIAJ) \| Gold \| 83,626 \| \| Japan (RIAJ) Ringtone \| Million \| 1,000,000* \| \| Japan (RIAJ) Download \| Million \| 1,000,000* \| \| Japan (RIAJ) digital sales; PC Download \| Gold \| 100,000^ \| \| Streaming \| \| \| \| Japan (RIAJ) \| Gold \| 50,000,000† \| \| * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. † Streaming-only figures based on certification alone. \| \| \|	enwiki/17080861	enwiki	17,080,861	Prisoner of Love (Hikaru Utada song)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_Love_(Hikaru_Utada_song)	2025-07-18T09:58:39Z	en	Q2762245	172,106	{{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2023}} {{Infobox song \| name = Prisoner of Love \| cover = Utada Prisoner of Love.jpg \| alt = \| type = single \| artist = [[Hikaru Utada]] \| album = [[Heart Station]] \| released = March 26, 2008 {{small\|([[music download\|Download]])}}<ref name="ringtone">{{cite web\|url=http://www.emimusic.jp/hikki/news/news_j.php\|title=[2008/03/19] アルバム「HEART STATION」着うた(R)/RBT配信スタート！\|work=[[EMI Music Japan]]\|accessdate=November 10, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325063413/http://www.emimusic.jp/hikki/news/news_j.php\|archive-date=March 25, 2008\|url-status=dead}}</ref> May 21, 2008 {{small\|([[CD single\|CD]])}}<ref name="cd">{{cite web\|url=http://www.emimusic.jp/hikki/release/index_j.htm\|title=Prisoner Of Love\|work=[[EMI Music Japan]]\|accessdate=November 10, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427053252/http://www.emimusic.jp/hikki/release/index_j.htm\|archive-date=April 27, 2008\|url-status=dead}}</ref> \| recorded = 2007–February 2008 \| studio = [[Bunkamura\|Bunkamura Studio]] EMI Music Japan Studio \| venue = \| genre = [[Pop music\|Pop]], [[R&B]] \| length = 4:46 \| label = [[EMI Music Japan]] \| writer = [[Hikaru Utada]] \| producer = Hikaru Utada \| prev_title = [[Heart Station (song)\|Heart Station]] \| prev_year = 2008 \| next_title = [[Come Back to Me (Hikaru Utada song)\|Come Back to Me]] \| next_year = 2009 \| misc = {{external music video\|{{YouTube\|6bDyqwwH4Xs\|"Prisoner of Love"}} }} }} "'''Prisoner of Love'''" is a song by Japanese–American recording artist [[Hikaru Utada]]. It was cut from their fifth Japanese album, ''[[Heart Station]]'' (2008), making it their first Japanese recut single in nine years since "[[First Love (Hikaru Utada song)\|First Love]]" in 1999. "Prisoner of Love" is the [[theme song]] for the [[Fuji TV]] [[dorama]] ''[[Last Friends]]'', making it their first song since "[[Sakura Drops]]" in 2002 to be used as a main theme song. It was released as a [[music download\|digital download]] on March 26, 2008, and as a [[CD single]] on May 21. Musically, "Prisoner of Love" is a [[pop ballad]] heavily influenced by [[R&B music]]. The song lyrically depicts a sense of being trapped and unable to escape the intense emotions of love, highlighting the complex nature of relationships. "Prisoner of Love" received positive reception from most [[music critics]], who praised Utada's vocal performance and production and noted the song as a standout from their vast discography. Commercially, the song gained massive success. The physical single peaked at number two on the [[Oricon Singles Chart]] and was certified gold by the [[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] (RIAJ). The song fared much better digitally, selling one million [[music download\|full-length downloads]] and [[ringtones]] each. An accompanying [[music video]] was shot by [[Wataru Takeishi]], which is a recreation of the song's production. The song was performed during Utada's two date concert series ''[[Wild Life (concert)\|Wild Life]]'' in December 2010 and has since appeared in several [[greatest hits albums]] by Utada. ==Background and production== {{listen\|filename=PrisonerofLove.ogg\|left\|pos=left\|title="Prisoner of Love"\|description=A sample of "Prisoner of Love," which is an [[R&B]] number that illustrates the complex nature of relationships\|format=[[Ogg]]}} In January 2008, Utada posted a photo of the [[String instruments\|string]] recording of "Prisoner Of Love" on their official website.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.utadahikaru.jp/from-hikki/index_27.html\|title=みんな変態\|work=Hikki's WEBSITE\|accessdate=21 May 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228022046/https://www.utadahikaru.jp/from-hikki/index_27.html\|archive-date=28 February 2020\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The track "Prisoner Of Love" was originally written for their [[English language]] album ''[[This Is the One]]'', but Utada decided that that they wanted to write it in [[Japanese language\|Japanese]], so they added Japanese lyrics and included it on the album ''[[Heart Station]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.utadahikaru.jp/from-hikki/index_36.html\|title=コムギ\|work=Hikki's WEBSITE\|accessdate=21 May 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228150743/https://www.utadahikaru.jp/from-hikki/index_36.html\|archive-date=28 December 2019\|url-status=dead}}</ref> When writing the English lyrics, they chose sharp lyrics, but when translating them into Japanese, they were conscious of not wanting the lyrics to sound flat, and used a crisp arrangement and singing style that is more black-like to avoid a heavy, muddy melody.<ref name="books">{{cite book \|last=Utada \|first=Hikaru \|date=2009 \|title=点―ten― \|location=Japan \|publisher=u3music \|page=222 \|isbn=9784930774224}}</ref> Utada also said that when they first listened to this song through, they were moved to tears for the first time in a long time. At first, they wanted to make it a [[love song]], but they were asked to write lyrics that could be interpreted as either friendship or love, as they thought there might be a tie-up with a [[dorama]], and this made the writing process very difficult.<ref name="books"/> Incidentally, the lyrics for "Prisoner of Love," as well as "Celebrate" and "[[Heart Station (song)\|Heart Station]]" were written in a family restaurant during a span of about three or four hours.<ref name="books"/> Musically, "Prisoner of Love" is a love song that follows an [[R&B]] influence; Utada stated that the song was inspired by the rest of the album's "honest" theme, and recognized it as a return to R&B music.<ref name="channelai">{{cite news \|author=Channel Ai Staff\|url=http://www.channel-ai.com/blog/2008/12/02/heart-station-interview/\|title=Utada Hikaru MSN Interview – Heart Station\|work=[[MSN]]; published through Channel Ai\|date=December 2, 2008\|access-date= November 15, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204081027/http://www.channel-ai.com/blog/2008/12/02/heart-station-interview/\|archive-date= December 4, 2008 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Utada, the chord progression and the opening part are very similar to the 2000 single "[[Wait & See (Risk)]]".<ref name="books"/> They had written this type of song several times before, so they had been avoiding this type of song for a while, but this was the song that they felt like writing again after a long time.<ref name="books"/> ==Reception== [[Music critics]] gave "Prisoner of Love" positive feedback. A reviewer from ''CDJournal'' described the song as "well-programmed" when reviewing the single.<ref name="flavoroflife">{{cite news \|author=CD Journal Staff\|url=https://artist.cdjournal.com/d/prisoner-of-love/4108040878\|title=Utada Hikaru / Prisoner of Love (single review)\|work=CD Journal\|date=May 21, 2008\|access-date=June 16, 2016\|language=ja}}</ref> Meg from JaME World gave the song a glowing review, praising Utada's vocal performance and asserted that it was an excellent theme choice for ''[[Last Friends]]''.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Meg\|url=https://www.jame-world.com/en/article/24579-utada-hikaru-prisoner-of-love.html\|title=Utada Hikaru - Prisoner of Love\|publisher=Jame World\|date=May 20, 2009\|access-date=January 29, 2016}}</ref> Retrospectively, Neil Z. Yeung, who contributed in writing the biography of Utada at [[AllMusic]], highlighted the song "Prisoner of Love" as some of their greatest work.<ref>{{cite news\|author=Eremenko, Alexey\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/hikaru-utada-mn0000435885#songs\|title=Hikaru Utada – Songs\|work=[[AllMusic]]\|access-date=July 15, 2016}}</ref> It won the Best Theme Song Award in the 57th Drama Academy Awards.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://blog.television.co.jp/drama/academy/2008/08/20/\|title=テレビ番組表 - テレビ欄・番組表のSmartザテレビジョン\|work=Smartザテレビジョン\|accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref> ==Commercial performance== "Prisoner of Love" debuted at number two on the [[Oricon Singles Chart]], selling 38,902 copies in its first week.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Oricon Style Staff\|url=http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/080602.html\|title=Oricon Singles Chart – Chart Week June 2, 2008\|work=Oricon Style; published through Yahoo! GeoCities\|date=June 2, 2008\|language=ja\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110175148/http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/080602.html \| archive-date=November 10, 2012 \|access-date=June 9, 2024}}</ref> It dropped to number seven the next week, selling 14,289 copies.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Oricon Style Staff\|url=http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/080609.html\|title=Oricon Singles Chart – Chart Week June 9, 2008\|work=Oricon Style; published through Yahoo! GeoCities\|date=June 9, 2008\|language=ja\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162242/http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/080609.html \| archive-date=November 10, 2012 \|access-date=June 9, 2024}}</ref> "Prisoner of Love" then slid to number seventeen,<ref>{{cite web\|author=Oricon Style Staff\|url=http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/080616.html\|title=Oricon Singles Chart – Chart Week June 16, 2008\|work=Oricon Style; published through Yahoo! GeoCities\|date=June 16, 2008\|language=ja\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110182942/http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/080616.html \| archive-date=November 10, 2012 \|access-date=June 9, 2024}}</ref> before dropping to number eighteen on its fourth charting week and out of the top twenty entirely the following week.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Oricon Style Staff\|url=http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/080623.html\|title=Oricon Singles Chart – Chart Week June 23, 2008\|work=Oricon Style; published through Yahoo! GeoCities\|date=June 23, 2008\|language=ja\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110155116/http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/080623.html \| archive-date=November 10, 2012 \|access-date=June 9, 2024}}</ref> "Prisoner of Love" ranked in the top 100 for nine consecutive weeks and in the charts for twelve weeks as a whole.<ref name="charts"/> The [[Recording Industry Association of Japan]] (RIAJ) certified the single gold in May 2008 for shipments exceeding 100,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web \| script-title=ja:ゴールド等認定作品一覧 2008年5月 \| url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200805.html \| work=[[RIAJ]] \|language=Japanese \| date=2008-06-10 \| accessdate=2010-09-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617115526/http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200805.html\|archive-date=2008-06-17}}</ref> In December 2008, [[Oricon]] named "Prisoner of Love" the 95th best-selling physical single in Japan that year, with 81,626 copies sold.<ref name="yearly">{{cite web\|author=Oricon Style Staff\|url=http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/2008.html\|title=Oricon Singles Chart – Annual 2008 Chart\|work=Oricon Style; published through [[Yahoo! GeoCities]]\|date=2008\|access-date=May 30, 2016\|language=ja\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110182614/http://www.geocities.jp/object_ori/2008.html\|archive-date=2012-11-10}}</ref> Digitally, "Prisoner of Love" was a great success in Japan. On May 13, 2008, Barks.jp reported "Prisoner of Love" had sold over 1.5 million [[music download\|downloads]] across all formats,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000039775\|title=宇多田ヒカル、デビュー以来全アルバムがミリオン達成\|work=BARKS\|date=13 May 2008 \|accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref> and on July 7, 2008, [[Yahoo!Japan]] reported it had sold over 2.9 million downloads.<ref>[http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20080703-00000008-lisn-musi Yahoo!Japan] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804075545/http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20080703-00000008-lisn-musi \|date=August 4, 2008 }}</ref> "Prisoner of Love" was the third most downloaded song in Japan during 2008 behind [[Greeeen]]'s "[[Kiseki (Greeeen song)\|Kiseki]]" and [[Thelma Aoyama]]'s "[[Soba ni Iru ne]]."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20081203-00000376-bark-musi \|title= 2008年、「iTunes Store」で最もダウンロードされた楽曲が発表\|website=[[Yahoo!Japan]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206124604/http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20081203-00000376-bark-musi \|archive-date=December 6, 2008}}</ref> The RIAJ certified "Prisoner of Love" million twice for selling over one million full-length downloads and [[ringtones]] each,<ref name="million">{{cite web\|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/chart/w080820_3.html\|title=一般社団法人日本レコード協会｜各種統計\|work=riaj.or.jp\|accessdate=21 May 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831090627/http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/chart/w080820_3.html\|archive-date=August 31, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://utada-online.net/blog/?p=346 \|accessdate=September 3, 2008 \|url-status=usurped \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913021922/http://utada-online.net/blog/?p=346 \|title=Oricon Sales: 'Heart Station' / 'Pol': 1M Chaku-Uta Full \|archivedate=September 13, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="RIAJdigi2008-06">{{cite web \| script-title=ja:レコード協会調べ 6月度有料音楽配信認定＜略称：6月度認定＞ \| url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/chart/w080720_3.html \| work=[[RIAJ]] \|language=Japanese \| date=2008-07-20 \| accessdate=2010-09-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024083904/http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/chart/w080720_3.html\|archive-date=2008-10-24}}</ref> as well as gold for selling over 100,000 legal downloads on [[Personal computer\|PCs]] in the country.<ref name="RIAJdigi2008-06"/> This pushed the tallied sales volume for the song to 2.182 million, making "Prisoner of Love" one of the [[List of best-selling singles in Japan#Best-selling_multi-format_singles_in_Japan\|best-selling multi-format singles in Japan]]. ==Promotion== [[File:PrisonerofLove.png\|thumb\|right\|The music video, which gives a informal view on Utada's creative process.]] "Prisoner of Love" (Quiet Version) serves as the insert song for the Japanese television drama, ''[[Last Friends]]'', while the original version is used in the opening theme.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.emimusic.jp/hikki/news/news_j.php\|title=News (JP) - Hikki's WEBSITE\|work=Hikki's WEBSITE\|accessdate=21 May 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111113425/http://www.emimusic.jp/hikki/news/news_j.php\|archive-date=11 November 2010\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song was performed during Utada's two date concert series ''[[Wild Life (concert)\|Wild Life]]'' in December 2010.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/41982 \| title=宇多田ヒカル一時休止前ラスト公演で感涙＆Ust新記録樹立 \|publisher=Natalie \| language=Japanese \| date=December 13, 2010 \| accessdate=December 17, 2010}}</ref> The video for "Prisoner of Love", directed by [[Wataru Takeishi]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.spaceshowertv.com/search/detail.cgi?mu=0067406&ch=0 \|title=宇多田ヒカル Prisoner Of Love\|website=[[Space Shower]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022000159/http://www.spaceshowertv.com/search/detail.cgi?mu=0067406&ch=0 \|archive-date=October 22, 2009}}</ref> features Utada writing, arranging, and composing the song.<ref name="prisoneroflove">{{cite web \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bDyqwwH4Xs \|title=宇多田ヒカル - Prisoner Of Love\|website=[[YouTube]]\| language=Japanese \| date=February 16, 2015 \| accessdate=November 12, 2024}}</ref> They are seen doing push-ups and punching the air, while the scene switches back to them crafting the song and having [[writer's block]].<ref name="prisoneroflove"/> This was Utada's idea, and almost all of the items in the video, including the various equipment, lyric notebooks, work table, sofa, etc., are their personal belongings.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://news.pia.jp/pia/news.do?newsCd=200804080003\|title=宇多田ヒカル、最新シングルのビデオクリップでプライベート・スタジオを公開\|work=PIA Corporation\|accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref> The video is the first to use various references to Utada's U3 blog.<ref name="prisoneroflove"/> They are seen peeling and eating an orange-like fruit called a [[mikan]], and in their blog they mentioned having a surplus of them.<ref name="prisoneroflove"/> They are also seen drawing their inventive superhero, Super-Kuman, based on Kuma Chang, their stuffed bear, which is the subject for the song "[[Boku wa Kuma]]".<ref name="prisoneroflove"/> ==Track listing== '''CD+DVD Version''' {{tracklist \| headline = CD \| title1 = Prisoner of Love \| length1 = 4:46 \| title2 = Prisoner of Love ~Quiet Version~ \| length2 = 4:34 \| title3 = Prisoner of Love (Original Karaoke) \| length3 = 4:44 \| title4 = Prisoner of Love ~Quiet Version~ (Original Karaoke) \| length4 = 4:34 }} {{tracklist \| headline = DVD \| title1 = Prisoner of Love (Music Video) \| length1 = -:-- }} ==Chart rankings== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {\| class="wikitable" !Chart (2008) !Peak<br />position \|- \|[[Japan Hot 100]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]'')<ref name="billboard">{{cite magazine \| title=Japan Billboard Hot 100 \| url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&year=2008&month=06&day=02 \| magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|language=ja \| date=May 28, 2008 \| access-date=August 28, 2014}}</ref> \|align="center"\|2 \|- \|Japan Singles ([[Oricon]])<ref name="charts">{{cite web\|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/193854/products/764682/1/\|title=ＰｒｉｓｏｎｅｒＯｆＬｏｖｅ - 宇多田ヒカル\|publisher=[[Oricon]] \|language=Japanese \|accessdate=2010-09-17 }}</ref> \|align="center"\|2 \|- \|''[[RIAJ]]'' [[List of number one Reco-kyō Chart singles 2006–2009 (Japan)\|Reco-kyō]] ringtones Top 100<ref name="RIAjringtone">{{cite web \|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/chart/w080620_1.html \|title=レコード協会調べ 5月度有料音楽配信チャート（「着うた（R）」）＜略称：5月度レコ協チャート（「着うた（R）」）＞ \|date=2008-06-20 \|publisher=[[RIAJ]] \|accessdate=2010-09-17 \|language=Japanese\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629034703/http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/chart/w080620_1.html\|archivedate=June 29, 2008}}</ref> \|align="center"\|2 \|- \|''RIAJ'' Reco-kyō ringtones Top 100<ref name="RIAjringtone"/> *Quiet Version \|align="center"\|27 \|} {\| class="wikitable" !Chart (2010) !Peak<br />position \|- \|''RIAJ'' [[RIAJ Digital Track Chart\|Digital Track Chart]] Top 100<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://satsuki.musicdb.gr.jp/all_info/ranking_weekly/WeeklyRankingAction.do?term=2010f&weeklyCd=20100615&rankKbn=100 \|title=レコード協会調べ 2010年06月09日～2010年06月15日＜略称：レコ協チャート（「着うたフル(R)」）＞ \|date=2010-06-18 \|publisher=[[RIAJ]] \|accessdate=2010-09-17 \|language=Japanese \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311131524/http://satsuki.musicdb.gr.jp/all_info/ranking_weekly/WeeklyRankingAction.do?term=2010f&weeklyCd=20100615&rankKbn=100 \|archive-date=2012-03-11 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> \|align="center"\|83 \|} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {\|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (2008) !Peak<br/>position \|- \|[[Japan Hot 100]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web \|title=Japan Billboard Hot 100 Year-end chart 2008 \|url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100_year&year=2008 \|accessdate=September 21, 2022 \|publisher=Billboard Japan}}</ref> \|align="center"\|48 \|- \|Japan Singles ([[Oricon]])<ref name="yearly"/> \|align="center"\|95 \|} {{col-end}} ==Certifications and sales== {{Certification Table Top\|caption=Certifications and sales for "Prisoner of Love"}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Japan\|type=single\|title=Prisoner of Love\|artist=Hikaru Utada\|award=Gold\|certyear=2008\|certmonth=5\|salesamount=83,626\|salesref=<ref name="OricSubsc">{{cite web\|url=http://ranking.oricon.co.jp\|url-access=subscription\|script-title=ja:オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」\|website=[[Oricon]]\|access-date=September 18, 2010}}</ref>\|access-date=September 18, 2010\|refname=FOLphys}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Japan\|type=ringtone\|title=Prisoner of Love\|artist=Hikaru Utada\|award=Million\|certyear=2008\|certmonth=6\|access-date=September 18, 2010\|note=Ringtone\|refname=FOLorigring}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Japan\|title=Prisoner of Love\|artist=Hikaru Utada\|award=Million\|certyear=2008\|certmonth=7\|digital=true\|access-date=September 18, 2010\|note=Download}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Japan\|title=Prisoner of Love\|artist=Hikaru Utada\|award=Gold\|certyear=2008\|certmonth=5\|note=digital sales; PC Download\|access-date=September 18, 2010\|refname=FOLorigpc}} {{Certification Table Separator\|title=Streaming}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Japan\|type=single\|title=Prisoner of Love\|artist=Hikaru Utada\|award=Gold\|streamsonly=true\|certyear=2024\|certmonth=7\|access-date=February 28, 2024}} {{Certification Table Bottom\|streamsonly=true}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Hikaru Utada songs}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prisoner of Love (Utada, Hikaru Song)}} [[Category:2008 singles]] [[Category:Hikaru Utada songs]] [[Category:Songs written by Hikaru Utada]] [[Category:Japanese television drama theme songs]] [[Category:Pop ballads]] [[Category:2008 songs]]	1,301,153,221	[{"title": "from the album Heart Station", "data": {"Released": "March 26, 2008 (Download) May 21, 2008 (CD)", "Recorded": "2007\u2013February 2008", "Studio": "- Bunkamura Studio - EMI Music Japan Studio", "Genre": "Pop, R&B", "Length": "4:46", "Label": "EMI Music Japan", "Songwriter(s)": "Hikaru Utada", "Producer(s)": "Hikaru Utada"}}, {"title": "Hikaru Utada singles chronology", "data": {"\"Heart Station\" \u00b7 (2008)": "\"Prisoner of Love\" \u00b7 (2008) \u00b7 \"Come Back to Me\" \u00b7 (2009)"}}, {"title": "Music video", "data": {"Music video": "\"Prisoner of Love\" on YouTube"}}, {"title": "Hikaru Utada songs", "data": {"1990s": "\" Automatic \" \" Time Will Tell \" \" Movin' On Without You \" \" First Love \" \" Addicted to You \"", "2000s": "\" Wait & See (Risk) \" \" For You \" \" Time Limit \" \" Can You Keep a Secret? \" \" Final Distance \" \" Traveling \" \" Hikari \" \" Sakura Drops \" \" Letters \" \" Colors \" \" Easy Breezy \" \" Devil Inside \" \" Exodus '04 \" \" Be My Last \" \" You Make Me Want to Be a Man \" \" Passion / Sanctuary \" \" Keep Tryin' \" \" This Is Love \" \" Boku wa Kuma \" \" Flavor of Life \" \" Kiss & Cry \" \" Beautiful World \" \" Stay Gold \" \" Heart Station \" \" Prisoner of Love \" \" Come Back to Me \" \" Dirty Desire \"", "2010s": "\" Hymne \u00e0 l'amour (Ai no Anthem) \" \" Goodbye Happiness \" \" Sakura Nagashi \" \" Hanataba o Kimi ni \" \" Manatsu no T\u014driame \" \" Michi \" \" \u014czora de Dakishimete \" \" Forevermore \" \" Anata \" \" Play a Love Song \" \" Hatsukoi \" \" Chikai / Don't Think Twice \" \" Face My Fears \"", "2020s": "\" Time \" \" One Last Kiss \" \" Kimi ni Much\u016b \" \" Somewhere Near Marseilles \" \" Mine or Yours \"", "Promotional releases": "\" Fight the Blues \" \" Eternally \" \" Can't Wait 'Til Christmas \" \" Show Me Love (Not a Dream) \" \" Nijikan Dake no Vacance \"", "Collaborations": "\" Do You \" \" Lonely One \""}}]	false
# Tatiana Auguste Tatiana Auguste MP is a Haitian-Canadian politician. She was elected Member of Parliament for Terrebonne in the 2025 federal election, as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada. ## Life and career Auguste was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti in 2001. Her family immigrated to Canada in 2008, settling in Montreal. She studied economics at Concordia University, afterward working as an E-commerce consultant for the Fédération des chambres de commerce du Québec. Auguste also worked as an assistant to Emmanuel Dubourg, the then-Member of Parliament for Bourassa. Standing for election for the first time, Auguste was thought to have defeated incumbent Bloc Québécois MP Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné by 35 votes in the initial vote count. However, subsequent validation of the count by Elections Canada instead showed that Sinclair-Desgagné had retained her seat by a 44-vote margin. Due to the tight margin, an automatic recount was called. On May 10, 2025, the judicial recount in the Superior Court of Quebec flipped the seat back to Auguste by the margin a single vote, the narrowest result in the country. She was one of four people born in the 21st century elected to the House of Commons in the 2025 election. Auguste called the experience "a rollercoaster. From winning to not winning, and then winning again." On May 13, a Bloc voter disclosed that her mail-in ballot had been returned to her due to a postal code misprint on the envelope provided by Elections Canada. After Elections Canada said that it did not have legal standing to change the result, the Bloc announced on May 15 that it would seek a court order for a new by-election. The same day, Elections Canada stated that five other mail ballots with the incorrect returning address printed had been rejected for having arrived at the Elections Canada office in the riding after the deadline; the statement said that they could not determine if the incorrect address was responsible. ## Electoral record \| \| Liberal \| Tatiana Auguste \| 23,352 \| 38.741 \| +9.37 \| \| \| \| Bloc Québécois \| Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné \| 23,351 \| 38.739 \| −2.66 \| \| \| \| Conservative \| Adrienne Charles \| 10,961 \| 18.18 \| +7.72 \| \| \| \| New Democratic \| Maxime Beaudoin \| 1,556 \| 2.58 \| −4.07 \| \| \| \| Green \| Benjamin Rankin \| 630 \| 1.05 \| −0.38 \| \| \| \| People's \| Maria Cantore \| 428 \| 0.71 \| −1.97 \| \| \| Total valid votes/expense limit \| Total valid votes/expense limit \| Total valid votes/expense limit \| 60,278 \| 98.63 \| \| \| \| Total rejected ballots \| Total rejected ballots \| Total rejected ballots \| 840 \| 1.37 \| \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 61,118 \| 68.12 \| \| \| \| Eligible voters \| Eligible voters \| Eligible voters \| 89,725 \| \| \| \| \| \| Liberal notional gain from Bloc Québécois \| Liberal notional gain from Bloc Québécois \| Swing \| Swing \| +6.02 \| \| \| Source: Elections Canada \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Notes: This riding's results were subject to an automatic judicial recount on May 7, 2025. Number of eligible voters does not include election day registrations. \| \| \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/79836882	enwiki	79,836,882	Tatiana Auguste	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Auguste	2025-07-27T21:03:06Z	en	Q134279288	109,954	{{Short description\|Canadian politician}} {{Infobox officeholder \| office = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)\|Member of Parliament]]<br>for [[Terrebonne (federal electoral district)\|Terrebonne]] \| term_start = April 28, 2025 \| party = [[Liberal Party of Canada\|Liberal]] \| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals\|country=CAN\|MP\|size=100%}} \| predecessor = [[Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné]] \| website = {{URL\|https://tatianaauguste.liberal.ca/}} \| birth_date = 2001 \| birth_place = [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti }} '''Tatiana Auguste''' {{post-nominals\|country=CAN\|MP}} is a [[Haitian Canadian\|Haitian-Canadian]] politician. She was elected [[Member of Parliament (Canada)\|Member of Parliament]] for [[Terrebonne (federal electoral district)\|Terrebonne]] in the [[2025 Canadian federal election\|2025 federal election]], as a member of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]]. == Life and career== {{See also\|Terrebonne in the 2025 Canadian federal election}} Auguste was born in [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti in 2001.<ref name="LaPresseMay2025">{{cite news \|last1=Morasse \|first1=Marie-Eve \|last2=Crête \|first2=Mylène \|date=May 1, 2025 \|title=Terrebonne toujours dans l’attente \|url=https://www.lapresse.ca/elections-federales/2025-05-01/difference-de-35-votes/terrebonne-toujours-dans-l-attente.php \|trans-title=Terrebonne still waiting \|work=[[La Presse]] \|language=fr-CA \|location= \|publisher= \|access-date=May 10, 2025 \|archive-date=May 1, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501112011/https://www.lapresse.ca/elections-federales/2025-05-01/difference-de-35-votes/terrebonne-toujours-dans-l-attente.php \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Canada : Née en Haïti, Tatiana Auguste a failli devenir la plus jeune députée élue de la 45e législature \|url=https://rezonodwes.com/?p=356899 \|website=Rezo Nòdwès \|access-date=26 June 2025 \|language=fr \|date=4 May 2025 \|archive-date=26 June 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626180752/https://rezonodwes.com/%3Fp%3D356899/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Her family immigrated to Canada in 2008, settling in [[Montreal]]. She studied economics at [[Concordia University]], afterward working as an [[E-commerce]] consultant for the Fédération des chambres de commerce du Québec. Auguste also worked as an assistant to [[Emmanuel Dubourg]], the then-Member of Parliament for [[Bourassa (electoral district)\|Bourassa]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Tatiana Auguste \|url=https://tatianaauguste.liberal.ca/en/ \|publisher=[[Liberal Party of Canada]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501163814/https://tatianaauguste.liberal.ca/en/ \|access-date=May 10, 2025 \|archive-date=May 1, 2025}}</ref> Standing for election for the first time, Auguste was thought to have defeated incumbent [[Bloc Québécois]] MP [[Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagné]] by 35 votes in the initial vote count. However, subsequent validation of the count by [[Elections Canada]] instead showed that Sinclair-Desgagné had retained her seat by a 44-vote margin.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Bloc Québécois wins Terrebonne riding after vote validation \|url=https://montreal.citynews.ca/2025/05/01/terrebonne-vote-count/ \|work=[[CityNews\|CityNews Montreal]] \|date=May 1, 2025 \|access-date=May 10, 2025}}</ref> Due to the tight margin, an automatic recount was called.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Zimonjic \|first=Peter \|date=April 29, 2025 \|title=Why a minority Liberal government took so long to call \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberal-minority-vs-minority-count-1.7521714 \|access-date=}}</ref> On May 10, 2025, the judicial recount in the [[Superior Court of Quebec]] flipped the seat back to Auguste by the margin a single vote, the narrowest result in the country.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lopez Steven \|first=Benjamin \|title=Quebec riding of Terrebonne flips to Liberals after recount shows candidate won by single vote \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/terrebone-recount-liberal-1.7532136 \|work=[[CBC News]] \|date=May 10, 2025 \|access-date=May 10, 2025 \|archive-date=May 10, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510232654/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/terrebone-recount-liberal-1.7532136 \|url-status=live }}</ref> She was one of four people born in the 21st century elected to the [[House of Commons of Canada\|House of Commons]] in the 2025 election.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Major \|first1=Darren \|last2=Godmere \|first2=Emma \|title=For the first time, MPs born in the 21st century are headed to the Hill \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/first-mps-born-21st-century-1.7525106 \|work=[[CBC News]] \|date=May 3, 2025 \|access-date=May 10, 2025}}</ref> Auguste called the experience "a rollercoaster. From winning to not winning, and then winning again."<ref>{{cite news \|last=Izri \|first=Touria \|title=Liberal MP celebrates ‘rollercoaster’ win, flipping Quebec seat by one vote \|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11174869/liberal-mp-quebec-terrebonne-win/ \|work=[[Global News]] \|date=May 12, 2025 \|access-date=May 12, 2025 \|archive-date=May 12, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512171831/https://globalnews.ca/news/11174869/liberal-mp-quebec-terrebonne-win/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> On May 13, a Bloc voter disclosed that her mail-in ballot had been returned to her due to a postal code misprint on the envelope provided by Elections Canada.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lau \|first=Rachel \|last2=Lofaro \|first2=Joe \|date=May 14, 2025 \|title=Terrebonne resident has ballot rejected after Elections Canada error, Liberals win by 1 vote \|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/terrebonne-resident-has-ballot-rejected-after-elections-canada-error-liberals-win-by-1-vote/ \|access-date=May 15, 2025 \|website=[[CTV News]] \|archive-date=May 14, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514171041/https://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/terrebonne-resident-has-ballot-rejected-after-elections-canada-error-liberals-win-by-1-vote/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref> After Elections Canada said that it did not have [[Standing (law)\|legal standing]] to change the result, the Bloc announced on May 15 that it would seek a court order for a new by-election. The same day, Elections Canada stated that five other mail ballots with the incorrect returning address printed had been rejected for having arrived at the Elections Canada office in the riding after the deadline; the statement said that they could not determine if the incorrect address was responsible.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Cabrera \|first1=Holly \|date=May 15, 2025 \|title=Bloc Québcois contesting recount in Terrebonne, after 5 more ballot issues declared in riding \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bloc-quebecois-blanchet-recount-challenge-terrebonne-1.7535613 \|access-date=15 May 2025 \|work=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> == Electoral record == {{2025 Canadian federal election/Terrebonne}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Auguste, Tatiana}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian women politicians]] [[Category:Politicians from Port-au-Prince]] [[Category:2000s births]] [[Category:21st-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]] [[Category:Women members of the House of Commons of Canada]] [[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec]] [[Category:Haitian emigrants to Canada]] [[Category:Concordia University alumni]]	1,302,863,980	[{"title": "Member of Parliament \u00b7 for Terrebonne", "data": {"Member of Parliament \u00b7 for Terrebonne": ["Incumbent", "Assumed office \u00b7 April 28, 2025"], "Preceded by": "Nathalie Sinclair-Desgagn\u00e9"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "2001 \u00b7 Port-au-Prince, Haiti", "Political party": "Liberal", "Website": "tatianaauguste.liberal.ca"}}]	false
# All in Good Time (Barenaked Ladies album) All In Good Time is the ninth studio album by Barenaked Ladies, released by Raisin' Records 23 March 2010 in Canada, and 30 March 2010 in the United States. It is the first album recorded following the departure of founding member Steven Page in February 2009, and the band's second album recorded as a four-piece (their 1996 album Born on a Pirate Ship was recorded between the departure of original keyboardist Andy Creeggan and the arrival of his replacement Kevin Hearn). "You Run Away" was released as a single on 10 January 2010. "Every Subway Car" was released on US and Canadian iTunes on 23 February. It was later released as the second single from the album, recut as a duet with Erin McCarley. The band had composed 27 songs, with 18 ultimately being recorded. With Page's departure, Hearn and bassist Jim Creeggan filled the void by contributing a comparatively greater share of lead vocals than on previous albums. Ed Robertson, who contributed lead vocals equally with Page, sings lead on 10 of the 18 recorded songs, while Hearn and Creeggan sing on five and three, respectively. Drummer Tyler Stewart also lent significant vocals to "Four Seconds". ## Production history After founding member Steven Page announced his departure in February 2009, the band indicated that the remaining members would continue recording and touring together as Barenaked Ladies. The band began recording the new album with producer Michael Phillip Wojewoda on 19 May 2009, and documented their rehearsal and recording process through their Twitter account. Primary recording was done at Canterbury Studios in Toronto, with additional recording done at Jim Creeggan's home. Recording ended on 24 July, and Bob Clearmountain finished mixing the 18 recorded tracks on 30 July. The final album consisting of 13 songs (later changed to 14) was sequenced and mastered on 13 August. In August, Robertson indicated the possibility of releasing an EP composed of the songs that did not make the cut for the final album. The band announced on 6 January 2010 that it had signed an exclusive worldwide distribution agreement with EMI Label Services through its new label Raisin' Records, which replaces its previous label, Desperation Records, used from its break with Reprise Records in 2004 until the departure of Page in 2009. ## Reception \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| -------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Allmusic \| [ 14 ] \| \| Billboard \| [ 15 ] \| \| Consequence of Sound \| [ 16 ] \| \| Entertainment Weekly \| B \| \| The Globe and Mail \| favorable \| \| Toronto Star \| favorable \| The album has received mostly positive reviews. ## Release The standard album contains fourteen tracks. This version is available in physical CD format, digital download, as well as a vinyl version made available through the band's webstore on 14 April 2010. The vinyl version, however, does not include the songs "I Have Learned" and "How Long". This was done to fit the album on one vinyl record rather than releasing as a double-LP. Four songs were recorded but not included on the standard album: "All In Good Time", "Moonstone", "She Turned Away", and "Let There Be Light". Three of these tracks are retailer-exclusive bonus tracks, while the latter was an exclusive bonus for purchasers of concert tickets on the tours following the album's release. The band's management indicated that these tracks would ultimately be available for separate purchase after a period of time. However, as of 2017, they have not been released. A limited edition physical version of the album is available in Canada, and is exclusively available in the United States through f.y.e. music stores (though Amazon.com offers it as an import from Canada) This edition includes a T-shirt of the cover photo and a bonus disc containing live acoustic versions of two of the album's songs from a radio performance. ## Track listing All tracks are written by Ed Robertson, except where noted. \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Lead Vocal(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ------------------------------ \| ---------------------- \| -------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "You Run Away" \| \| Ed Robertson \| 4:22 \| \| 2. \| "Summertime" \| Robertson Ian LeFeuvre \| Ed Robertson \| 3:51 \| \| 3. \| "Another Heartbreak" \| Kevin Hearn \| Kevin Hearn \| 3:23 \| \| 4. \| "Four Seconds" \| Robertson LeFeuvre \| Ed Robertson Tyler Stewart \| 2:44 \| \| 5. \| "On the Lookout" \| Jim Creeggan \| Jim Creeggan \| 3:31 \| \| 6. \| "Ordinary" \| \| Ed Robertson \| 4:09 \| \| 7. \| "I Have Learned" \| \| Ed Robertson \| 3:06 \| \| 8. \| "Every Subway Car" \| \| Ed Robertson \| 3:49 \| \| 9. \| "Jerome" \| Hearn \| Kevin Hearn \| 3:22 \| \| 10. \| "How Long" \| \| Ed Robertson \| 3:39 \| \| 11. \| "Golden Boy" \| \| Ed Robertson \| 3:13 \| \| 12. \| "I Saw It" \| Creeggan \| Jim Creeggan \| 3:50 \| \| 13. \| "The Love We're In" \| \| Ed Robertson \| 2:42 \| \| 14. \| "Watching the Northern Lights" \| Hearn \| Kevin Hearn \| 4:27 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 50:08 \| \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Lead Vocal(s) \| Length \| \| --- \| ------------------------------- \| --------- \| ------------- \| ------ \| \| 15. \| "Another Heartbreak" (Acoustic) \| Hearn \| Kevin Hearn \| 3:18 \| \| 16. \| "Four Seconds" (Acoustic) \| \| Ed Robertson \| 2:58 \| \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Lead Vocal(s) \| Length \| \| --- \| -------------------- \| --------- \| ------------- \| ------ \| \| 15. \| "Moonstone" \| \| Ed Robertson \| 3:04 \| \| 16. \| "All in Good Time" \| Hearn \| Kevin Hearn \| 3:09 \| \| 17. \| "Let There Be Light" \| Hearn \| Kevin Hearn \| 3:03 \| \| 18. \| "She Turned Away" \| Creeggan \| Jim Creeggan \| 4:03 \| ## Personnel - Ed Robertson – lead vocals, acoustic and electric guitars, electric bass, drums, percussion, synthesizer, background vocals - Kevin Hearn – lead vocal on 3, 9, and 14, piano, synthesizers, keyboards, celeste, acoustic and electric guitars, mandolin, banjo, accordion, harmonica, background vocals - Jim Creegan – lead vocal on 5 and 12, double bass, electric bass, electric guitar, cello, piano, string arrangements, background vocals - Tyler Stewart – drums, percussion, background vocals ### Additional musicians - Michael Phillip Wojewoda – additional vocals and percussion - Ian LeFeuvre – guitar on 4 - Jeff Nelsen – horn on 9 - Erin McCarley – vocals - String quartet on 5, 12 - Aya Miyagawa – 1st violin - Gregory Campbell – 2nd violin - Capella Sherwood – viola - Amy Laing – cello ### Production - Production/Engineering: Michael Phillip Wojewoda - Engineering/Digital editing: Kenny Luong - Additional Engineering: Jeremy Darby - Mixing: Bob Clearmountain - Mix Assistance: Brandon Duncan - Mastering: Ted Jensen - Art Direction/Design: Chris Bellheimer - Photography: James Minchin III - Clock Photograph: Kevin Hearn - Direction: Jordan Feldstein/Rich Egan (CAM8) - Business Management: Kenna Danyliw/Mann Chartered Accountants ## Singles Two singles were released from All in Good Time. "You Run Away", the lead single, achieved moderate success, becoming the band's highest-charting song in Canada since 2000's "Pinch Me". "Every Subway Car" was released as a single, but did not chart. \| Single information \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| "You Run Away" - Released: 2010 - Formats: CD, Digital Download - Canadian Hot 100: No. 25 - U.S. Billboard Adult Pop Songs: No. 21 \| \| "Every Subway Car" - Released: 2010 - Formats: CD, Digital Download \| ## Charts All In Good Time has been relatively successful on the charts, being the band's highest charting since their 2003 album Everything to Everyone \| Chart (2010) \| Peak position \| \| --------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Canadian Albums (Billboard) \| 3 \| \| US Billboard 200 \| 23 \| \| US Digital Albums (Billboard) \| 4 \| \| US Independent Albums (Billboard) \| 1 \| \| US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) \| 2 \|	enwiki/25439983	enwiki	25,439,983	All in Good Time (Barenaked Ladies album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_in_Good_Time_(Barenaked_Ladies_album)	2025-07-27T18:41:53Z	en	Q3612225	136,835	{{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2020}} {{Infobox album \| name = All in Good Time \| type = studio \| artist = [[Barenaked Ladies]] \| cover = Allingoodtimefrontcover.jpg \| alt = \| released = 23 March 2010 \| recorded = 19 May–24 July 2009 \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = [[Alternative rock]] \| length = 50:09 \| label = Raisin' Records \| producer = [[Michael Phillip Wojewoda]] \| prev_title = [[Snacktime!]] \| prev_year = 2008 \| next_title = [[Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before]] \| next_year = 2011 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = All in Good Time \| type = [[Studio album]] \| single1 = [[You Run Away]] \| single1date = 11 January 2010 \| single2 = Every Subway Car (with [[Erin McCarley]]) \| single2date = 23 February 2010 }} }} '''''All In Good Time''''' is the ninth studio album by [[Barenaked Ladies]], released by Raisin' Records 23 March 2010 in Canada,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/barenaked-ladies-steven-page-to-drop-new-albums-1.471050 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111085553/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20100106/barenaked_ladies_100106/20100106?hub=EntertainmentV2 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2010-01-11 \|title=Barenaked Ladies, Steven Page to drop new albums \| CTV News \|publisher=Ctv.ca \|access-date=2012-01-04 }}</ref> and 30 March 2010 in the United States.<ref name="release date">[http://view.email.topspin.net/?j=fe56157373610c7b711c&m=ff011c70776507&ls=fdf012737767067a711d7573&l=fe9415797267067e77&s=fe1613797c6c0075731773&jb=ffcf14&ju=fe2915767761027a711774&r=0 Barenaked Ladies E-Newsletter]</ref><ref name="bnlannounce">{{Cite web \|url=http://barenakedladies.com/blog/barenaked-ladies/201001/06-barenaked-ladies-sign-worldwide-deal-emi-music-new-album-all-good-ti \|title=Barenaked Ladies Sign Worldwide Deal \|access-date=7 January 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707212921/http://barenakedladies.com/blog/barenaked-ladies/201001/06-barenaked-ladies-sign-worldwide-deal-emi-music-new-album-all-good-ti \|archive-date=7 July 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/960800/barenaked-ladies-planning-good-time-release-olympics-gigs \|title=Barenaked Ladies Planning 'Good Time' Release, Olympics Gigs \|publisher=Billboard.com \|access-date=2012-01-04}}</ref> It is the first album recorded following the departure of founding member [[Steven Page]] in February 2009, and the band's second album recorded as a four-piece (their 1996 album ''[[Born on a Pirate Ship]]'' was recorded between the departure of original keyboardist [[Andy Creeggan]] and the arrival of his replacement [[Kevin Hearn]]). "[[You Run Away]]" was released as a single on 10 January 2010.<ref name="bnlannounce"/> "Every Subway Car" was released on US and Canadian iTunes on 23 February. It was later released as the second single from the album, recut as a duet with [[Erin McCarley]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://forum.barenakedladies.com/showthread.php?t=597 \|title=Next single from AIGT: EVERY SUBWAY CAR! – Official BNL Forum \|publisher=Forum.barenakedladies.com \|access-date=2012-01-04 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306162028/http://forum.barenakedladies.com/showthread.php?t=597 \|archive-date=2012-03-06 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://board.barenaked.net/showthread.php?p=124189#post124189 \|title=board.barenaked.net \|publisher=board.barenaked.net \|access-date=2012-01-04}}</ref> The band had composed 27 songs, with 18 ultimately being recorded. With Page's departure, Hearn and bassist [[Jim Creeggan]] filled the void by contributing a comparatively greater share of lead vocals than on previous albums.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Caramie Schnellcschnell@vaildaily.comVail, CO Colorado \|url=http://www.vaildaily.com/article/20091211/AE/912119983/1078%26ParentProfile%3D1062 \|title=Barenaked Ladies don't fear Vail's cold \|publisher=VailDaily.com \|date=2009-12-11 \|access-date=2012-01-04 \|archive-date=29 May 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529121215/http://www.vaildaily.com/article/20091211/AE/912119983/1078%26ParentProfile%3D1062 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ed Robertson]], who contributed lead vocals equally with Page, sings lead on 10 of the 18 recorded songs, while Hearn and Creeggan sing on five and three, respectively. Drummer [[Tyler Stewart]] also lent significant vocals to "Four Seconds". ==Production history== After founding member Steven Page announced his departure in February 2009, the band indicated that the remaining members would continue recording and touring together as Barenaked Ladies.<ref>[http://barenakedladies.com Barenakedladies.com]</ref> The band began recording the new album with producer [[Michael Phillip Wojewoda]] on 19 May 2009, and documented their rehearsal and recording process through their Twitter account.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.twitter.com/barenakedladies/status/1853709072 \|title=Twitter / Barenaked Ladies: RT@Baldy67 Recording Day 1 \|publisher=Twitter.com \|date=2009-05-19 \|access-date=2012-01-04}}</ref> Primary recording was done at Canterbury Studios in Toronto, with additional recording done at Jim Creeggan's home. Recording ended on 24 July, and [[Bob Clearmountain]] finished mixing the 18 recorded tracks on 30 July.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://barenakedladies.com/blog/tyler/200907/24-last-day-recording \|title=Last Day of Recording!! \|publisher=Barenaked Ladies \|date=2009-07-24 \|access-date=2012-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://barenakedladies.com/blog/ed/200907/30-its-mixed \|title=It's Mixed! \|publisher=Barenaked Ladies \|date=2009-07-30 \|access-date=2012-01-04}}</ref> The final album consisting of 13 songs (later changed to 14) was sequenced and mastered on 13 August.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.twitter.com/barenakedladies/status/3289519555 \|title=Twitter / Barenaked Ladies: New Album is finally seque \|publisher=Twitter.com \|date=2009-08-13 \|access-date=2012-01-04}}</ref> In August, Robertson indicated the possibility of releasing an EP composed of the songs that did not make the cut for the final album.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://barenakedladies.com/blog/ed/200908/14-i-just-dont-know-what-do-myself \|title=I just don't know what to do with myself!!? \|publisher=Barenaked Ladies \|date=2009-08-14 \|access-date=2012-01-04}}</ref> The band announced on 6 January 2010 that it had signed an exclusive worldwide distribution agreement with EMI Label Services through its new label Raisin' Records, which replaces its previous label, Desperation Records, used from its break with [[Reprise Records]] in 2004 until the departure of Page in 2009.<ref name="bnlannounce"/> ==Reception== {{Album ratings \| rev1 = [[Allmusic]] \| rev1Score = {{rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/all-in-good-time-mw0001965487 \|title=Barenaked Ladies: All in Good Time \|access-date=24 November 2017 \|work= [[Allmusic]] \|author= Stephen Thomas Erlewine \|author-link= Stephen Thomas Erlewine }}</ref> \| rev1score = \| rev2 = ''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]'' \| rev2score = {{rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/review/1069447/the-barenaked-ladies-all-in-good-times \|title=The Barenaked Ladies, "All In Good Times" \|date=16 April 2010 \|access-date=24 November 2017 \|work= [[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|last=Nagy \|first=Evie }}</ref> \| rev3 = ''[[Consequence of Sound]]'' \| rev3score = {{rating\|2.5\|5}}<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://consequence.net/2010/04/album-review-barenaked-ladies-all-in-good-time/ \|title=Barenaked Ladies All in Good Time \|date=14 April 2010 \|access-date=24 November 2017 \|work= [[Consequence of Sound]] \|last=Gerber \|first=Justin }}</ref> \| rev4 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' \| rev4Score = B<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20355724,00.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407111541/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20355724,00.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=7 April 2010 \|title=All in Good Time \|date=31 March 2010 \|access-date=24 November 2017 \|work= [[Entertainment Weekly]] \|last=Wood \|first=Mikael }}</ref> \| rev5 = ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' \| rev5Score = favorable<ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/music/turning-the-page-a-revitalized-bnl-comes-together/article1508317/ \|title=Turning the Page, a revitalized BNL comes together \|date=23 March 2010 \|access-date=24 November 2017 \|work= [[The Globe and Mail]] \|author=J.D. Considine }}</ref> \| rev6 = ''[[Toronto Star]]'' \| rev6Score = favorable<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/recordings/article/783488--all-in-good-time-barenaked-ladies \|title=All in Good Time \|date=23 March 2010 \|access-date=24 November 2017 \|work=[[Toronto Star]] \|last=Infantry \|first=Ashante }}</ref> }} The album has received mostly positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news\| url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/recordings/article/783488--all-in-good-time-barenaked-ladies \| location=Toronto \| work=The Star \| title=All in Good Time \| date=March 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/music/turning-the-page-a-revitalized-bnl-comes-together/article1508317/ \|title=Turning the Page, a revitalized BNL comes together \|author=J.D. Considine \| location=Toronto \| work=The Globe and Mail \| date=March 23, 2010}}</ref> ==Release== The standard album contains fourteen tracks.<ref name="Amazon">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00368PSHS/ Amazon.com Tracklist]</ref> This version is available in physical CD format, digital download, as well as a vinyl version made available through the band's webstore on 14 April 2010. The vinyl version, however, does not include the songs "I Have Learned" and "How Long". This was done to fit the album on one vinyl record rather than releasing as a double-LP. Four songs were recorded but not included on the standard album: "All In Good Time", "Moonstone", "She Turned Away", and "Let There Be Light". Three of these tracks are retailer-exclusive bonus tracks, while the latter was an exclusive bonus for purchasers of concert tickets on the tours following the album's release. The band's management indicated that these tracks would ultimately be available for separate purchase after a period of time. However, as of 2017, they have not been released. A limited edition physical version of the album is available in Canada, and is exclusively available in the United States through [[f.y.e.]] music stores (though Amazon.com offers it as an import from Canada<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003A6X04Y Amazon.com Limited Edition listing"]</ref>) This edition includes a T-shirt of the cover photo and a bonus disc containing live acoustic versions of two of the album's songs from a radio performance. ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| all_writing = [[Ed Robertson]], except where noted \| extra_column = Lead Vocal(s) \| total_length = 50:08 \| right-padding = 15 \| title1 = [[You Run Away]] \| note1 = \| writer1 = \| extra1 = Ed Robertson \| length1 = 4:22 \| title2 = Summertime \| note2 = \| writer2 = {{hlist\|Robertson\|[[Ian LeFeuvre]]}} \| extra2 = Ed Robertson \| length2 = 3:51 \| title3 = Another Heartbreak \| note3 = \| writer3 = [[Kevin Hearn]] \| extra3 = Kevin Hearn \| length3 = 3:23 \| title4 = Four Seconds \| note4 = \| writer4 = {{hlist\|Robertson\|LeFeuvre}} \| extra4 = {{hlist\|Ed Robertson\|[[Tyler Stewart]]}} \| length4 = 2:44 \| title5 = On the Lookout \| note5 = \| writer5 = [[Jim Creeggan]] \| extra5 = Jim Creeggan \| length5 = 3:31 \| title6 = Ordinary \| note6 = \| writer6 = \| extra6 = Ed Robertson \| length6 = 4:09 \| title7 = I Have Learned \| note7 = \| writer7 = \| extra7 = Ed Robertson \| length7 = 3:06 \| title8 = [[Every Subway Car]] \| note8 = \| writer8 = \| extra8 = Ed Robertson \| length8 = 3:49 \| title9 = Jerome \| note9 = \| writer9 = Hearn \| extra9 = Kevin Hearn \| length9 = 3:22 \| title10 = How Long \| note10 = \| writer10 = \| extra10 = Ed Robertson \| length10 = 3:39 \| title11 = Golden Boy \| note11 = \| writer11 = \| extra11 = Ed Robertson \| length11 = 3:13 \| title12 = I Saw It \| note12 = \| writer12 = Creeggan \| extra12 = Jim Creeggan \| length12 = 3:50 \| title13 = The Love We're In \| note13 = \| writer13 = \| extra13 = Ed Robertson \| length13 = 2:42 \| title14 = Watching the Northern Lights \| note14 = \| writer14 = Hearn \| extra14 = Kevin Hearn \| length14 = 4:27 }} {{Track listing \| extra_column = Lead Vocal(s) \| headline = [[f.y.e.]] Edition \| title15 = Another Heartbreak \| note15 = Acoustic \| writer15 = Hearn \| extra15 = Kevin Hearn \| length15 = 3:18 \| title16 = Four Seconds \| note16 = Acoustic \| writer16 = \| extra16 = Ed Robertson \| length16 = 2:58 }} {{Track listing \| extra_column = Lead Vocal(s) \| headline = Bonus Tracks \| title15 = Moonstone \| note15 = \| writer15 = \| extra15 = Ed Robertson \| length15 = 3:04 \| title16 = All in Good Time \| note16 = \| writer16 = Hearn \| extra16 = Kevin Hearn \| length16 = 3:09 \| title17 = Let There Be Light \| note17 = \| writer17 = Hearn \| extra17 = Kevin Hearn \| length17 = 3:03 \| title18 = She Turned Away \| note18 = \| writer18 = Creeggan \| extra18 = Jim Creeggan \| length18 = 4:03 }} ==Personnel== Ed Robertson – lead vocals, acoustic and electric guitars, electric bass, drums, percussion, synthesizer, background vocals Kevin Hearn – lead vocal on 3, 9, and 14, piano, synthesizers, keyboards, celeste, acoustic and electric guitars, mandolin, banjo, accordion, harmonica, background vocals Jim Creegan – lead vocal on 5 and 12, double bass, electric bass, electric guitar, cello, piano, string arrangements, background vocals Tyler Stewart – drums, percussion, background vocals ===Additional musicians=== Michael Phillip Wojewoda – additional vocals and percussion Ian LeFeuvre – guitar on 4 Jeff Nelsen – horn on 9 Erin McCarley – vocals String quartet on 5, 12 Aya Miyagawa – 1st violin Gregory Campbell – 2nd violin Capella Sherwood – viola Amy Laing – cello ===Production=== Production/Engineering: [[Michael Phillip Wojewoda]] Engineering/Digital editing: Kenny Luong Additional Engineering: Jeremy Darby Mixing: [[Bob Clearmountain]] Mix Assistance: Brandon Duncan Mastering: [[Ted Jensen]] Art Direction/Design: Chris Bellheimer Photography: James Minchin III Clock Photograph: Kevin Hearn Direction: Jordan Feldstein/[[Rich Egan]] ([[CAM8]]) Business Management: Kenna Danyliw/Mann Chartered Accountants ==Singles== Two singles were released from ''All in Good Time''. "[[You Run Away]]", the lead single, achieved moderate success, becoming the band's highest-charting song in Canada since 2000's "[[Pinch Me]]".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{BillboardURLbyName\|artist=barenaked ladies\|chart=all}}</ref> "Every Subway Car" was released as a single, but did not chart. {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Single information \|- \|align="left"\| "[[You Run Away]]" Released: 2010 Formats: CD, Digital Download Canadian Hot 100: No. 25{{citation needed\|date=August 2018}} U.S. ''Billboard'' Adult Pop Songs: No. 21{{citation needed\|date=August 2018}} \|- \|align="left"\| "Every Subway Car" Released: 2010 Formats: CD, Digital Download \|} ==Charts== ''All In Good Time'' has been relatively successful on the charts, being the band's highest charting since their 2003 album ''[[Everything to Everyone (album)\|Everything to Everyone]]''<ref name="ReferenceA"/> {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" \|- ! scope="col"\|Chart (2010) ! scope="col"\|Peak<br/>position \|- {{album chart\|BillboardCanada\|3\|artist=Barenaked Ladies\|rowheader=true\|access-date=December 17, 2024}} \|- {{album chart\|Billboard200\|23\|artist=Barenaked Ladies\|rowheader=true\|access-date=December 17, 2024}} \|- ! scope="row"\|US [[Digital Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Cite magazine\|url=http://www.billboard.com/music/barenaked-ladies/chart-history/digital-albums\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027105829/http://www.billboard.com/music/barenaked-ladies/chart-history/digital-albums\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=October 27, 2017\|title = Barenaked Ladies\|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|access-date=December 17, 2024}}</ref> \| 4 \|- {{album chart\|BillboardIndependent\|1\|artist=Barenaked Ladies\|rowheader=true\|access-date=December 17, 2024}} \|- {{album chart\|BillboardRock\|2\|artist=Barenaked Ladies\|rowheader=true\|access-date=December 17, 2024}} \|} ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} ==External links== *[http://www.billboard.com/#/album/barenaked-ladies/all-in-good-time/1322516/review ''All in Good Time''] by [[Billboard (magazine)\|''Billboard'']] {{Barenaked Ladies}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:All In Good Time}} [[Category:2010 albums]] [[Category:Barenaked Ladies albums]] [[Category:Albums produced by Michael Phillip Wojewoda]]	1,302,839,394	[{"title": "Studio album by Barenaked Ladies", "data": {"Released": "23 March 2010", "Recorded": "19 May\u201324 July 2009", "Genre": "Alternative rock", "Length": "50:09", "Label": "Raisin' Records", "Producer": "Michael Phillip Wojewoda"}}, {"title": "Barenaked Ladies chronology", "data": {"Snacktime! \u00b7 (2008)": "All in Good Time \u00b7 (2010) \u00b7 Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before \u00b7 (2011)"}}, {"title": "Singles from All in Good Time", "data": {"Singles from All in Good Time": "1. \"You Run Away\" \u00b7 Released: 11 January 2010 2. \"Every Subway Car (with Erin McCarley)\" \u00b7 Released: 23 February 2010"}}, {"title": "Barenaked Ladies", "data": {"Studio albums": "Gordon Maybe You Should Drive Born on a Pirate Ship Stunt Maroon Everything to Everyone Barenaked for the Holidays As You Like It Barenaked Ladies Are Me Barenaked Ladies Are Men Snacktime! All in Good Time Grinning Streak Silverball Ladies and Gentlemen: Barenaked Ladies and The Persuasions Fake Nudes Detour de Force In Flight", "Live albums": "Rock Spectacle Talk to the Hand: Live in Michigan BNL Rocks Red Rocks", "EPs": "Shoe Box EP Everything Acoustic Barenaked For Hanukkah The Long Weekend EP Fake Nudes: Naked", "Compilation albums": "Disc One: All Their Greatest Hits (1991\u20132001) Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before Stop Us If You've Heard This One Before", "DVDs": "Barenaked in America Barelaked Nadies Talk to the Hand: Live in Michigan", "Singles": "\" Lovers in a Dangerous Time \" \" Be My Yoko Ono \" \" Enid \" \" If I Had $1000000 \" \" Brian Wilson \" \" What a Good Boy \" \" Jane \" \" Alternative Girlfriend \" \" Shoe Box \" \" The Old Apartment \" \" One Week \" \" It's All Been Done \" \" Call and Answer \" \" Get in Line \" \" Pinch Me \" \" Too Little Too Late \" \" Falling for the First Time \" \" Thanks That Was Fun \" \" Another Postcard \" \" Testing 1,2,3 \" \" For You \" \" Celebrity \" \" Maybe Katie \" \" Easy \" \" Wind It Up \" \" You Run Away \" \" Every Subway Car \" \" Boomerang \" \" Odds Are \" \" Did I Say That Out Loud? \" \" Say What You Want \" \" Silverball \" \" Duct Tape Heart \" \" Lookin' Up \" \" Bringing It Home \" \" Navigate \" \" Flip \" \" New Disaster \" \" Good Life \" \" Lovin' Life \" \" Too Old \" \" One Night \" \" What Do We Need? \"", "Concert tours": "Au Naturale Tour", "Side projects": "The Brothers Creeggan Kevin Hearn and Thin Buckle The Vanity Project Yukon Kornelius", "Related articles": "Discography Chris Brown Greg Kurstin Barenaked on a Stick Demo tapes Barenaked Ladies Public Stunts Private Stories"}}]	false
# Who Wants to Live Forever "Who Wants to Live Forever" is a song by the British rock band Queen. A power ballad, it is the sixth track on the album A Kind of Magic, which was released in June 1986, and was written by lead guitarist Brian May for the soundtrack to the film Highlander. Queen was backed up by an orchestra, with orchestrations by film score composer Michael Kamen. The song peaked at No. 24 in the UK charts. In 1991, it was included in the band's second compilation album, Greatest Hits II. Since its release, the song has been covered by many artists, such as German band Dune in 1996, whose version peaked at number two in Germany. Five months after Mercury's death in November 1991, Seal performed a live version of the song at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992. In 2014, Rolling Stone readers voted it their fifth favourite song by Queen, and in 2018 it was listed at number 15 in "The top 20 Queen songs of all time" by Smooth Radio. ## Recording In the 1986 film Highlander, the song is used to frame the scenes in the film where Connor MacLeod must endure his beloved wife Heather MacLeod growing old and dying while he, an Immortal, remains forever young. Brian May wrote the song in the backseat of his car after seeing a 20-minute first cut of the scene of Heather's death. It was later used in the Highlander television series episodes "The Gathering", "Revenge is Sweet", "The Hunters", "Line of Fire", and "Leader of the Pack". In the film version, Freddie Mercury provides all the main vocals. On the album version, May sings lead vocals on the first verse before Mercury takes over, with May also singing "But touch my tears with your lips" during Mercury's verse and the closing line "Who waits forever anyway?". An instrumental version of the song, entitled "Forever", was included as a bonus track on the CD version of the album. This instrumental featured only a guitar, with keyboard accompaniment during the chorus sections. The piano track was recorded solely by May. Queen were backed up by an orchestra arranged by Michael Kamen. ## Critical reception Upon its release, Robin Smith of Record Mirror praised "Who Wants to Live Forever" as "rather wonderful" and a "passionate epic, full to the brim with some glorious effects" and Mercury "bawl[ing] his little heart out". William Shaw, writing for Smash Hits, stated, "What we have here is an enormous orchestra sawing away while Freddie croons with exceptional sensitivity, finally building up to a stupendous climax where they unleash Brian May to do one of his legendary but now sadly rare searing axe solos". Andrew Panos of Number One gave it a one out of five star rating, remarking that "a ballad it may be but subtle and tender it isn't". He called it "almost worthless apart from the rather spiffing classic 'Killer Queen' on the B-side". ## Music video The music video for "Who Wants to Live Forever" was directed by David Mallet and filmed in a (now demolished) warehouse at Tobacco Wharf at London's East End on 16 September 1986. It featured the National Philharmonic Orchestra with forty choirboys and several hundreds of candles which remain lit throughout filming as well as Mercury wearing a tuxedo suit. An alternate version with clips from the film Highlander (which the song appears in) appears on the video single with "A Kind of Magic" in October 1986 and later as a hidden music video on the Queen Greatest Video Hits II DVD in November 2003. ## Live performances The song was performed by Queen during the 1986 Magic Tour in a D minor key. Live, May would begin playing synthesizer (a Yamaha DX7) before moving to guitar halfway through the song. Also, the live versions feature Freddie Mercury singing the entirety of lead vocals, and John Deacon playing bass guitar (starting at the second verse)—with the song ending after the final lyrics (“Who waits forever anyway?”) without the orchestra-and-guitar flourish of the studio version. ## Track listing - 7-inch single A1. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Single Version) – 4:01 B1. "Killer Queen" – 2:59 - 12-inch single A1. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Single Version) – 4:01 A2. "Killer Queen" – 2:59 B1. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Album Version) – 5:15 B2. "Forever" – 3:20 ## Personnel Queen - Freddie Mercury – lead and backing vocals - Brian May – lead and backing vocals, synthesiser, guitars, orchestral arrangements - Roger Taylor – drums, drum machine, backing vocals Additional musicians - Michael Kamen – orchestral arrangements, conductor - National Philharmonic Orchestra – strings, brass and percussion ## Charts \| Chart (1986–1992) \| Peak position \| \| ------------------------------ \| ------------- \| \| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) \| 44 \| \| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) \| 7 \| \| Netherlands (Single Top 100) \| 6 \| \| UK Singles (OCC) \| 24 \| \| West Germany (GfK) \| 52 \| \| Chart (1992) \| Position \| \| ---------------------------- \| -------- \| \| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) \| 63 \| \| Netherlands (Single Top 100) \| 59 \| ## Certifications \| Region \| Certification \| Certified units/sales \| \| ------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| \| Italy (FIMI) sales since 2009 \| Gold \| 35,000‡ \| \| United Kingdom (BPI) sales since 2011 \| Platinum \| 600,000‡ \| \| ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. \| \| \| ## Legacy ### Tributes - Seal performed a live version of this song at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held at Wembley Stadium in April 1992 five months after Mercury's death.[25] He said the song made him cry when he first heard it.[26] Thomas Curtis-Horsfall of Smooth Radio stated Seal's performance of the song was "one of the standout moments" from the concert, adding "his spine-tingling rendition of the Queen classic had everyone in the arena close to tears."[27] - The song serves as the opening track for Diana, Princess of Wales: Tribute, a double CD released on 2 December 1997 in memory of Princess Diana three months after her death.[28] - Closing the Isle of Wight Festival in England on 12 June 2016, Queen + Adam Lambert performed the song as a tribute to the victims of the mass shooting at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida earlier that day.[29] - The song serves as the closing track of Episode 3 of Russell T Davies' AIDS drama It's a Sin (set in 1986).[30] - The animated television series Rick and Morty uses the song during the post-credits scene for the Season 5 episode "Mortyplicity".[31] ### Funeral music In a 2005 poll conducted by digital television station Music Choice on what song Britons would most like played at their funeral, the song was voted the fifth most popular. ## Dune version German band Dune released their cover of "Who Wants to Live Forever" in October 1996 as the first single from their third album, Forever (1997). It is produced by Bernd Burhoff and Jens Oettrich, recorded in Abbey Road Studios in London, and features German singer Verena von Strenge and the London Session Orchestra. The single peaked at number two in Germany, receiving a platinum certification after selling more than 500,000 copies in Germany alone. It was also a top-10 hit in Austria, Hungary and Switzerland, a top-20 hit in the Netherlands and a top-60 hit in Sweden. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it reached number 13 in January 1997. "Who Wants to Live Forever" was nominated to the 1997 Echo Awards for the most successful national dance single. ### Music video The accompanying music video for "Who Wants to Live Forever" was directed by Swedish-based director Matt Broadley and was shot in the Scottish Highlands. The video begins in an old churchyard, where Oliver Froning of Dune plays a man standing by a grave. He then sees Verena von Strenge appearing in ghost-like form, dressed in a white dress, singing to him. When Froning leaves the graveyard, he walks into the highlands. By a river, he stops for drinking some water, and again sees von Strenge standing in front of a waterfall, singing to him. In the end, he reaches the top of the mountains, where he is united with von Strenge. ### Track listing 1. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Sixtysix radio mix) (3:54) 2. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (South Bound mix) (3:58) 3. Highland Trilogy: One Day in Glencoe (4:49) 4. Highland Trilogy: Valley of Tears (4:58) 5. Highland Trilogy: In the Air, Part 2 (10:29) ### Charts \| Chart (1996–1997) \| Peak position \| \| --------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) \| 3 \| \| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) \| 13 \| \| Germany (GfK) \| 2 \| \| Hungary (Mahasz) \| 8 \| \| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) \| 9 \| \| Netherlands (Single Top 100) \| 12 \| \| Scotland (OCC) \| 65 \| \| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) \| 59 \| \| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) \| 9 \| \| UK Singles (OCC) \| 77 \| \| Chart (1996) \| Position \| \| ----------------------- \| -------- \| \| Germany (Media Control) \| 44 \| \| Chart (1997) \| Position \| \| --------------------------- \| -------- \| \| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) \| 31 \| \| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) \| 89 \| \| Germany (Media Control) \| 49 \| ### Certifications \| Region \| Certification \| Certified units/sales \| \| ------------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| \| Germany (BVMI) \| Platinum \| 500,000^ \| \| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. \| \| \| ## Sarah Brightman version British soprano Sarah Brightman released her cover of "Who Wants to Live Forever" as a single by East West Records in 1997 from her fifth album, Timeless/Time to Say Goodbye (1997). It was produced by Frank Peterson and peaked at No. 45 in the UK Singles Chart. ### Track listing - CD single 1. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Album version) 2. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Xenomania club mix) - Maxi CD single 1. "Who Wants to Live Forever" 2. "A Question of Honour" 3. "Heaven Is Here" 4. "I Loved You" - 12" vinyl 1. "Who Wants to Live Forever (Trouser Enthusiasts 'Cybernetic Odalisque' Mix)" 2. "Who Wants to Live Forever (Xenomania Club Mix)" 3. "Who Wants to Live Forever (Xenomania Dub Mix)" 4. "Who Wants to Live Forever (X-Citing Mix) ### Charts \| Chart (1997) \| Peak position \| \| ---------------- \| ------------- \| \| Scotland (OCC) \| 43 \| \| UK Singles (OCC) \| 45 \| ## Other notable covers - In 2002, Dutch symphonic metal band After Forever recorded a cover of the song as the B-side of their second single "Emphasis". The track can be found as a bonus track on the band's second studio album Decipher. - In 2009, Welsh singer Katherine Jenkins recorded her cover version for her studio album Believe.	enwiki/4257799	enwiki	4,257,799	Who Wants to Live Forever	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Live_Forever	2025-07-31T19:29:53Z	en	Q222586	240,114	{{Short description\|1986 song by Queen}} {{EngvarB\|date=October 2013}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2024}} {{Infobox song \| name = Who Wants to Live Forever \| cover = Wwtlfq.jpg \| alt = \| caption = UK single picture sleeve \| type = single \| artist = [[Queen (band)\|Queen]] \| album = [[A Kind of Magic]] \| B-side = [[Killer Queen]] \| released = 15 September 1986 \| recorded = \| studio = [[Abbey Road Studios\|Abbey Road]] (London, England)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.queenvault.com/linernotes/akomlinernotes.html\|title=A Kind Of Magic Liner Notes\|website=QueenVault.com}}</ref> \| genre = \| length = * 5:15 (album version) * 4:55 (''[[Greatest Hits II (Queen album)\|Greatest Hits II]]'' version) * 4:01 (single version) \| label = [[EMI Records\|EMI]] \| writer = [[Brian May]] \| producer = * Queen * [[David Richards (record producer)\|David Richards]] \| prev_title = [[Pain Is So Close to Pleasure]] \| prev_year = 1986 \| next_title = [[I Want It All (Queen song)\|I Want It All]] \| next_year = 1989 \| misc = {{External music video\|{{YouTube\|_Jtpf8N5IDE\|"Who Wants to Live Forever"}}}} }} "'''Who Wants to Live Forever'''" is a song by the British rock band [[Queen (band)\|Queen]]. A [[Sentimental ballad#Power ballads\|power ballad]],<ref name="smooth">{{cite web\|title=The top 20 Queen songs of all time\|url=https://www.smoothradio.com/features/queen-best-songs-videos/\|first=Tom\|last=Eames\|date=23 October 2018\|access-date=29 November 2020\|website=Smooth Radio\|language=en}}</ref> it is the sixth track on the album ''[[A Kind of Magic]]'', which was released in June 1986, and was written by lead guitarist [[Brian May]] for the soundtrack to the film ''[[Highlander (film)\|Highlander]]''.<ref name=wwtl>[http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/Songs/akindof.htm Who Wants To Live Forever]. UltimateQueen.co.uk</ref> Queen was backed up by an orchestra, with orchestrations by film score composer [[Michael Kamen]]. The song peaked at No. 24 in the UK charts.<ref>Roberts, David (2006). [[British Hit Singles & Albums]]. London: Guinness World Records Limited</ref> In 1991, it was included in the band's second compilation album, ''[[Greatest Hits II (Queen album)\|Greatest Hits II]]''.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Queen Greatest Hits II \|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/greatest-hits-ii-mw0000778884 \|access-date=13 March 2019 \|agency=Allmusic}}</ref> Since its release, the song has been [[Cover version\|covered]] by many artists, such as German band [[Dune (band)\|Dune]] in 1996, whose version peaked at number two in Germany. Five months after [[Death of Freddie Mercury\|Mercury's death]] in November 1991, [[Seal (musician)\|Seal]] performed a live version of the song at [[The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert]] in 1992. In 2014, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' readers voted it their fifth favourite song by Queen,<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/readers-poll-10-greatest-queen-songs-17639/5-who-wants-to-live-forever-86191/\|title=Readers' Poll: 10 Greatest Queen Songs\|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]\|date=12 March 2014\|access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> and in 2018 it was listed at number 15 in "The top 20 Queen songs of all time" by [[Smooth Radio (2014)\|Smooth Radio]].<ref name="smooth"/> ==Recording== In the 1986 film ''[[Highlander (film)\|Highlander]]'', the song is used to frame the scenes in the film where [[Connor MacLeod]] must endure his beloved wife [[Heather MacLeod]] growing old and dying while he, an [[Immortal (Highlander)\|Immortal]], remains forever young. Brian May wrote the song in the backseat of his car after seeing a 20-minute first cut of the scene of Heather's death.<ref name="Purvis2012">{{cite book\|author=Georg Purvis\|title=Queen: The Complete Works\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c084CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT935\|access-date=9 August 2017\|date=28 August 2012\|publisher=Titan\|isbn=978-1-78116-287-3\|page=935}}</ref> It was later used in the [[Highlander: The Series\|''Highlander'' television series]] episodes "[[Highlander: The Series (season 1)#ep01\|The Gathering]]", "[[Highlander: The Series (season 1)#ep10\|Revenge is Sweet]]", "[[Highlander: The Series (season 1)#ep22\|The Hunters]]", "[[Episodes of Highlander (season 3)#Line of Fire\|Line of Fire]]", and "[[Episodes of Highlander (season 4)#Leader of the Pack\|Leader of the Pack]]". In the film version, [[Freddie Mercury]] provides all the main vocals. On the album version, May sings lead vocals on the first verse before Mercury takes over, with May also singing "But touch my tears with your lips" during Mercury's verse and the closing line "Who waits forever anyway?". An [[instrumental]] version of the song, entitled "Forever", was included as a bonus track on the CD version of the album. This instrumental featured only a guitar, with keyboard accompaniment during the chorus sections. The piano track was recorded solely by May. Queen were backed up by an orchestra arranged by [[Michael Kamen]].<ref name=wwtl/> ==Critical reception== Upon its release, Robin Smith of ''[[Record Mirror]]'' praised "Who Wants to Live Forever" as "rather wonderful" and a "passionate epic, full to the brim with some glorious effects" and Mercury "bawl[ing] his little heart out".<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Smith \|first=Robin \|title=Singles \|magazine=[[Record Mirror]] \|date=20 September 1986 \|page=8 \|issn=0144-5804}}</ref> William Shaw, writing for ''[[Smash Hits]]'', stated, "What we have here is an enormous orchestra sawing away while Freddie croons with exceptional sensitivity, finally building up to a stupendous climax where they unleash Brian May to do one of his legendary but now sadly rare searing axe solos".<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Shaw \|first=William \|title=Review: Singles \|magazine=[[Smash Hits]] \|date=24 September 1986 \|page=53 \|issn=0260-3004}}</ref> Andrew Panos of ''[[Number One (magazine)\|Number One]]'' gave it a one out of five star rating, remarking that "a ballad it may be but subtle and tender it isn't". He called it "almost worthless apart from the rather spiffing classic 'Killer Queen' on the B-side".<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Panos \|first=Andrew \|title=Singles \|magazine=[[Number One (magazine)\|Number One]] \|date=27 September 1986 \|issue=171 \|page=35}}</ref> ==Music video== The music video for "Who Wants to Live Forever" was directed by [[David Mallet (director)\|David Mallet]] and filmed in a (now demolished) warehouse at Tobacco Wharf at London's [[East End]] on 16 September 1986.<ref name="Promo">[http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/videos/queenpromo.htm Queen Promo Videos: Who Wants To Live Forever], Ultimate Queen. Retrieved 13 November 2019</ref> It featured the [[National Philharmonic Orchestra]] with forty choirboys and several hundreds of candles which remain lit throughout filming as well as Mercury wearing a tuxedo suit.<ref name="Promo"/> An alternate version with clips from the film ''Highlander'' (which the song appears in) appears on the video single with "A Kind of Magic" in October 1986 and later as a hidden music video on the ''[[Queen Greatest Video Hits II]]'' DVD in November 2003.<ref name="Promo"/> ==Live performances== The song was performed by Queen during the 1986 [[Magic Tour (Queen)\|Magic Tour]] in a D minor key. Live, May would begin playing [[synthesizer]] (a [[Yamaha DX7]]) before moving to guitar halfway through the song.{{sfn\|Dean\|1986\|p=90}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://shanemcdonald.ie/queen/2020/03/11/recreating-the-yamaha-dx7-sound-of-queen-at-wembley-1986/\|title=The Yamaha DX7 sound of Queen at Wembley '86\|work=Shane McDonald\|date=11 March 2020\|accessdate=15 June 2022}}</ref> Also, the live versions feature Freddie Mercury singing the entirety of lead vocals, and John Deacon playing [[bass guitar]] (starting at the second verse)—with the song ending after the final lyrics (“Who waits forever anyway?”) without the orchestra-and-guitar flourish of the studio version. == Track listing == * '''7-inch single''' :A1. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Single Version) – 4:01 :B1. "Killer Queen" – 2:59<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Queen "Sheer Heart Attack" album and song lyrics\|url=http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/queen/songs/sheer-heart-attack.htm#Killer%20Queen\|access-date=10 December 2020\|website=www.ultimatequeen.co.uk}}</ref> * '''12-inch single''' :A1. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Single Version) – 4:01 :A2. "Killer Queen" – 2:59 :B1. "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Album Version) – 5:15 :B2. "Forever" – 3:20<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Queen "A Kind Of Magic" album and song lyrics\|url=http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/queen/songs/a-kind-of-magic.htm#Forever\|access-date=10 December 2020\|website=www.ultimatequeen.co.uk}}</ref> ==Personnel== ;Queen [[Freddie Mercury]] – lead and backing vocals [[Brian May]] – lead and backing vocals, synthesiser, guitars, orchestral arrangements [[Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)\|Roger Taylor]] – drums, drum machine, backing vocals ;Additional musicians [[Michael Kamen]] – orchestral arrangements, [[conductor (music)\|conductor]] [[National Philharmonic Orchestra]] – [[string instrument\|strings]], [[brass instrument\|brass]] and [[percussion]] ==Charts== {{col-start}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {\|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"\|Chart (1986–1992) !align="center"\|Peak<br />position \|- {{singlechart\|Flanders\|44\|artist=Queen\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|access-date=2 August 2021}} \|- {{singlechart\|Dutch40\|7\|year=1992\|week=19\|access-date=12 August 2021}} \|- {{singlechart\|Dutch100\|6\|artist=Queen\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|access-date=12 August 2021}} \|- {{singlechart\|UKsinglesbyname\|24\|artist=Queen\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|artistid=21275\|access-date=21 August 2020}} \|- {{singlechart\|West Germany\|52\|artist=Queen\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|songid=126340\|access-date=2 August 2021}} \|} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {\|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"\|Chart (1992) !align="center"\|Position \|- \|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1992\|title=Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1992\|publisher=Dutch Top 40\|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> \|align="center"\|63 \|- \|Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1992&cat=s\|title=Jaaroverzichten – Single 1992\|website=dutchcharts.nl\|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> \|align="center"\|59 \|} {{col-end}} ==Certifications== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=Italy\|title=Who Wants To Live Forever\|type=single\|award=Gold\|relyear=1986\|certyear=2020\|note=sales since 2009\|access-date=26 November 2020\|id=6227}} {{Certification Table Entry\|region=United Kingdom\|title=Who Wants To Live Forever\|type=single\|award=Platinum\|relyear=2011\|certyear=2024\|note=sales since 2011\|id=15235-1614-1\|access-date=16 August 2024}} {{certification Table Bottom\|nosales=true\|noshipments=true\|streaming=yes}} ==Legacy== ===Tributes=== [[Seal (musician)\|Seal]] performed a live version of this song at [[The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert]] held at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)\|Wembley Stadium]] in April 1992 five months after [[Death of Freddie Mercury\|Mercury's death]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Queen / Seal Who Wants To Live Forever \|url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/who-wants-to-live-forever-mt0013174116 \|access-date=13 March 2019 \|agency=Allmusic}}</ref> He said the song made him cry when he first heard it.<ref>[http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/videos/fmtributedvd.htm#who The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert: Who Wants To Live Forever] Ultimate Queen. Retrieved 20 August 2011</ref> Thomas Curtis-Horsfall of [[Smooth Radio (2014)\|Smooth Radio]] stated Seal's performance of the song was "one of the standout moments" from the concert, adding "his spine-tingling rendition of the Queen classic had everyone in the arena close to tears."<ref>{{cite news \|title=Watch Seal's powerful tribute to Freddie Mercury from 1992 with 'Who Wants To Live Forever' \|url=https://www.smoothradio.com/artists/freddie-mercury/seal-queen-cover-tribute-live-forever-video/ \|access-date=27 November 2022 \|publisher=[[Smooth Radio (2014)\|Smooth Radio]]}}</ref> * The song serves as the opening track for ''[[Diana, Princess of Wales: Tribute]]'', a double CD released on 2 December 1997 in memory of [[Diana, Princess of Wales\|Princess Diana]] three months after [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales\|her death]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wkEAAAAMBAJ&q=diana+princess+of+wales+billboard&pg=PA16\|publisher=Billboard\|title=Diana princess of Wales – Tribute\|date=22 November 1997\|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> * Closing the [[Isle of Wight Festival]] in England on 12 June 2016, [[Queen + Adam Lambert]] performed the song as a tribute to the victims of the [[Orlando nightclub shooting\|mass shooting at a gay nightclub]] in Orlando, Florida earlier that day.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Isle of Wight Festival: Queen pay tribute to Orlando shooting victims\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-36506969\|agency=BBC\|date=14 June 2016}}</ref> * The song serves as the closing track of Episode 3 of [[Russell T Davies]]' AIDS drama ''[[It's a Sin (TV series)\|It's a Sin]]'' (set in 1986).<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Richardson \|first1=Hollie \|title=It's A Sin: all the music from the hit Channel 4 series \|url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/entertainment/tv/its-a-sin-channel-4-music-playlist/478719 \|work=Stylist \|date=28 January 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> * The animated television series ''[[Rick and Morty]]'' uses the song during the post-credits scene for the [[Rick_and_Morty_(season_5)\|Season 5]] episode "Mortyplicity".<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Bedard \|first1=Mike \|title=Rick And Morty: The Highlander Reference You Missed In Mortyplicity \|url=https://www.looper.com/448813/rick-and-morty-the-highlander-reference-you-missed-in-mortyplicity/ \|access-date=5 July 2021 \|work=Looper.com \|date=28 June 2021}}</ref> ===Funeral music=== In a 2005 poll conducted by digital television station [[Stingray Music International\|Music Choice]] on what song Britons would most like played at their [[funeral]], the song was voted the fifth most popular.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Angels 'favourite funeral song'\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4336113.stm \|publisher=BBC News \|date=10 March 2005 \|access-date=24 February 2013 }}</ref> ==Dune version== {{Infobox song \| name = Who Wants to Live Forever \| cover = Dune - Who wants to live forever - Cover.jpg \| alt = \| type = single \| artist = [[Dune (band)\|Dune]] \| album = [[Forever (Dune album)\|Forever]] \| released = 23 October 1996 \| recorded = \| studio = \| venue = \| genre = [[Classical music\|Classical]] \| length = 3:54 \| label = * Orbit * [[Virgin Records\|Virgin]] \| writer = [[Brian May]] \| producer = * Bernd Burhoff * Jens Oettrich \| prev_title = [[Million Miles from Home]] \| prev_year = 1996 \| next_title = [[Nothing Compares 2 U]] \| next_year = 1997 \| misc = {{External music video\|{{YouTube\|nHedI5Ky8z0\|"Who Wants to Live Forever"}}}} }} German band [[Dune (band)\|Dune]] released their cover of "Who Wants to Live Forever" in October 1996 as the first single from their third album, ''[[Forever (Dune album)\|Forever]]'' (1997). It is produced by Bernd Burhoff and Jens Oettrich, recorded in [[Abbey Road Studios]] in [[London]], and features German singer [[Verena von Strenge]] and the [[London Session Orchestra]]. The single peaked at number two in Germany, receiving a [[Music recording certification\|platinum]] certification after selling more than 500,000 copies in Germany alone.<ref name="germanyplatinum"/> It was also a top-10 hit in Austria, Hungary and Switzerland, a top-20 hit in the Netherlands and a top-60 hit in Sweden. On the [[Eurochart Hot 100]], it reached number 13 in January 1997. "Who Wants to Live Forever" was nominated to the 1997 [[Echo Music Prize\|Echo Awards]] for the most successful national dance single.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-03-08.pdf\|title=Congratulations to the nominees for the 1997 Echo-Award\|magazine=[[Music & Media]]\|volume=14\|issue=10\|date=8 March 1997\|page=9\|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> ===Music video=== The accompanying music video for "Who Wants to Live Forever" was directed by Swedish-based director [[Matt Broadley]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.mattbroadley.com/credits/\|title=Credits – Matt Broadley\|access-date=29 January 2017\|work=mattbroadley.com}}</ref> and was shot in the [[Scottish Highlands]]. The video begins in an old [[churchyard]], where [[Oliver Froning]] of Dune plays a man standing by a grave. He then sees Verena von Strenge appearing in ghost-like form, dressed in a white dress, singing to him. When Froning leaves the graveyard, he walks into the highlands. By a river, he stops for drinking some water, and again sees von Strenge standing in front of a waterfall, singing to him. In the end, he reaches the top of the mountains, where he is united with von Strenge. ===Track listing=== # "Who Wants to Live Forever" (Sixtysix radio mix) (3:54) # "Who Wants to Live Forever" (South Bound mix) (3:58) #''Highland Trilogy:'' One Day in Glencoe (4:49) #''Highland Trilogy:'' Valley of Tears (4:58) #''Highland Trilogy:'' In the Air, Part 2 (10:29) ===Charts=== {{col-begin\|width=74%}} {{col-2}} ====Weekly charts==== {\|class="wikitable sortable" !Chart (1996–1997) !Peak<br/>position \|- {{single chart\|Austria\|3\|artist=Dune\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|access-date=20 April 2018}} \|- \|Europe ([[Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-01-18.pdf\|title=Eurochart Hot 100\|magazine=[[Music & Media]]\|volume=14\|issue=1–3\|date=18 January 1997\|page=21\|access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> \|align="center"\|13 \|- {{single chart\|Germany\|2\|artist=Dune\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|songid=3342\|access-date=19 March 2019}} \|- \|Hungary ([[Mahasz]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-03-15.pdf\|title=Top 10 Hungary\|magazine=[[Music & Media]]\|volume=14\|issue=11\|date=15 March 1997\|page=15\|access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> \|align="center"\|8 \|- {{single chart\|Dutch40\|9\|artist=Dune\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|access-date=20 April 2018}} \|- {{single chart\|Dutch100\|12\|artist=Dune\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|access-date=20 April 2018}} \|- \|Scotland ([[Official Charts Company\|OCC]]) \|align="center"\|65 \|- {{single chart\|Sweden\|59\|artist=Dune\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|access-date=20 April 2018}} \|- {{single chart\|Switzerland\|9\|artist=Dune\|song=Who Wants To Live Forever\|access-date=20 April 2018}} \|- \|[[UK Singles Chart\|UK Singles]] ([[Official Charts Company\|OCC]]) \|align="center"\|77 \|} {{col-2}} ====Year-end charts==== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|- !scope="col"\|Chart (1996) !scope="col"\|Position \|- \|align="left"\|Germany (Media Control)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1996 \|title=Top 100 Single–Jahrescharts 1996 \|language=de \|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment]] \|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> \|align="center"\|44 \|} {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|- !scope="col"\|Chart (1997) !scope="col"\|Position \|- \|align="left"\|Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=1997\|title=Jahreshitparade Singles 1997\|publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]\|access-date=25 March 2025}}</ref> \|align="center"\|31 \|- \|align="left"\|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1997/MM-1997-12-27.pdf\|title=1997 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\|magazine=[[Music & Media]]\|volume=14\|issue=52\|date=27 December 1997\|page=7\|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> \|align="center"\|89 \|- \|align="left"\|Germany (Media Control)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1997 \|title=Top 100 Single–Jahrescharts 1997 \|language=de \|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment]] \|access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref> \|align="center"\|49 \|} {{col-end}} ===Certifications=== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry \| region=Germany \| title=Who Wants to Live Forever \| artist=Dune \| type=single \| relyear=1996 \| award=Platinum \| access-date=25 March 2025 \| refname="germanyplatinum"}} {{Certification Table Bottom \| nosales=true}} ==Sarah Brightman version== {{Infobox song \| name = Who Wants to Live Forever \| cover = Brightman Who Wants to Live Forever.jpg \| alt = \| type = single \| artist = [[Sarah Brightman]] \| album = [[Timeless (Sarah Brightman album)\|Timeless]] \| released = 1997 \| recorded = \| studio = \| venue = \| genre = [[Operatic pop]] \| length = \| label = [[East West Records\|East West]] \| writer = [[Brian May]] \| producer = [[Frank Peterson]] \| prev_title = [[Just Show Me How to Love You]] \| prev_year = 1997 \| next_title = [[Tu Quieres Volver]] \| next_year = 1997 }} British soprano [[Sarah Brightman]] released her cover of "'''Who Wants to Live Forever'''" as a single by [[East West Records]] in 1997 from her fifth album, ''[[Timeless (Sarah Brightman album)\|Timeless/Time to Say Goodbye]]'' (1997). It was produced by [[Frank Peterson]] and peaked at No. 45 in the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref name="UKsingles">{{cite web\|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/sarah-brightman-who-wants-to-live-forever/\|title=Sarah Brightman - Who Wants To Live Forever\|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]\|access-date=25 March 2025}}</ref> ===Track listing=== * '''CD single''' #"Who Wants to Live Forever" (Album version) #"Who Wants to Live Forever" ([[Xenomania]] club mix) * '''Maxi CD single''' #"Who Wants to Live Forever" #"[[A Question of Honour (song)\|A Question of Honour]]" #"[[Heaven Is Here]]" #"I Loved You" * '''12" vinyl''' #"Who Wants to Live Forever (Trouser Enthusiasts 'Cybernetic Odalisque' Mix)" #"Who Wants to Live Forever (Xenomania Club Mix)" #"Who Wants to Live Forever (Xenomania Dub Mix)" #"Who Wants to Live Forever (X-Citing Mix) ===Charts=== {\|class="wikitable sortable" !Chart (1997) !Peak<br/>position \|- \|Scotland ([[Official Charts Company\|OCC]])<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/19970817/41/\|title=Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart 17 August 1997 - 23 August 1997\|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]\|access-date=25 March 2025}}</ref> \|align="center"\|43 \|- \|[[UK Singles Chart\|UK Singles]] ([[Official Charts Company\|OCC]])<ref name="UKsingles"/> \|align="center"\|45 \|} ==Other notable covers== In 2002, Dutch symphonic metal band [[After Forever]] recorded a cover of the song as the B-side of their second single "Emphasis". The track can be found as a bonus track on the band's second studio album ''[[Decipher (After Forever album)\|Decipher]]''. In 2009, Welsh singer [[Katherine Jenkins]] recorded her cover version for her studio album ''[[Believe (Katherine Jenkins album)\|Believe]]''. ==References== {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book\|last=Blake\|first=Mark\|author-link=Mark Blake (writer)\|year=2010\|title=Is This The Real Life? The Untold Story of Queen\|publisher=Arum Press\|isbn=978-1-84513-713-7}} * {{cite book\|last=Dean\|first=Ken\|title=Queen : A Visual Documentary\|publisher=Omnibus Press\|year=1986\|isbn=978-0-7119-0857-4}}§ {{refend}} ==External links== * {{YouTube\|_Jtpf8N5IDE\|2=Who Wants to Live Forever (1986).}} A Kind of Magic [2008]. * {{YouTube\|Aj2xE2mmxCg\|Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert (1992)}} with [[Seal (musician)\|Seal]] [2009]. * {{cite web \|url= https://genius.com/Queen-who-wants-to-live-forever-lyrics \|title= Who Wants to Live Forever \|work= Lyrics \|publisher= Genius }} {{Spoken Wikipedia\|Who_Wants_to_Live_Forever.ogg\|date=24 April 2011}} {{Queen songs}} {{Sarah Brightman}} {{Dune}} {{Edyta Górniak}} {{Highlander}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Who Wants To Live Forever}} [[Category:1986 songs]] [[Category:1986 singles]] [[Category:1980s ballads]] [[Category:1997 singles]] [[Category:Queen (band) songs]] [[Category:Dune (band) songs]] [[Category:EMI Records singles]] [[Category:East West Records singles]] [[Category:Hollywood Records singles]] [[Category:Music videos directed by David Mallet (director)]] [[Category:Music videos directed by Matt Broadley]] [[Category:Music videos shot in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Rock ballads]] [[Category:Sarah Brightman songs]] [[Category:Song recordings produced by Reinhold Mack]] [[Category:Songs about death]] [[Category:Songs from Highlander (franchise)]] [[Category:Songs written by Brian May]] [[Category:Virgin Records singles]]	1,303,568,660	[{"title": "from the album A Kind of Magic", "data": {"B-side": "\"Killer Queen\"", "Released": "15 September 1986", "Studio": "Abbey Road (London, England)", "Length": "- 5:15 (album version) - 4:55 (Greatest Hits II version) - 4:01 (single version)", "Label": "EMI", "Songwriter(s)": "Brian May", "Producer(s)": "Queen David Richards"}}, {"title": "Queen singles chronology", "data": {"\"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure\" \u00b7 (1986)": "\"Who Wants to Live Forever\" \u00b7 (1986) \u00b7 \"I Want It All\" \u00b7 (1989)"}}, {"title": "Music video", "data": {"Music video": "\"Who Wants to Live Forever\" on YouTube"}}, {"title": "from the album Forever", "data": {"Released": "23 October 1996", "Genre": "Classical", "Length": "3:54", "Label": "Orbit Virgin", "Songwriter(s)": "Brian May", "Producer(s)": "Bernd Burhoff Jens Oettrich"}}, {"title": "Dune singles chronology", "data": {"\"Million Miles from Home\" \u00b7 (1996)": "\"Who Wants to Live Forever\" \u00b7 (1996) \u00b7 \"Nothing Compares 2 U\" \u00b7 (1997)"}}, {"title": "Music video", "data": {"Music video": "\"Who Wants to Live Forever\" on YouTube"}}, {"title": "from the album Timeless", "data": {"Released": "1997", "Genre": "Operatic pop", "Label": "East West", "Songwriter(s)": "Brian May", "Producer(s)": "Frank Peterson"}}, {"title": "Sarah Brightman singles chronology", "data": {"\"Just Show Me How to Love You\" \u00b7 (1997)": "\"Who Wants to Live Forever\" \u00b7 (1997) \u00b7 \"Tu Quieres Volver\" \u00b7 (1997)"}}, {"title": "Queen songs", "data": {"Queen": "\" Keep Yourself Alive \" \" Liar \"", "Queen II": "\" Seven Seas of Rhye \"", "Sheer Heart Attack": "\" Killer Queen \" \" Now I'm Here \" \" Flick of the Wrist \" \" Lily of the Valley \" \" Stone Cold Crazy \" \" Brighton Rock \"", "A Night at the Opera": "\" Bohemian Rhapsody \" \" You're My Best Friend \" \" Death on Two Legs (Dedicated to...) \" \" I'm in Love with My Car \" \" '39 \" \" Sweet Lady \" \" The Prophet's Song \" \" Love of My Life \" \" Good Company \" \" God Save the Queen \"", "A Day at the Races": "\" Somebody to Love \" \" Tie Your Mother Down \" \" Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together) \" \" Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy \" \" Long Away \"", "News of the World": "\" We Will Rock You \" \" We Are the Champions \" \" Spread Your Wings \" \" It's Late \" \" Sheer Heart Attack \"", "Jazz": "\" Bicycle Race \" \" Fat Bottomed Girls \" \" Don't Stop Me Now \" \" Mustapha \" \" Jealousy \"", "The Game": "\" Crazy Little Thing Called Love \" \" Save Me \" \" Play the Game \" \" Another One Bites the Dust \" \" Need Your Loving Tonight \"", "Flash Gordon": "\" Flash's Theme \"", "Hot Space": "\" Under Pressure \" \" Body Language \" \" Las Palabras de Amor (The Words of Love) \" \" Calling All Girls \" \" Staying Power \" \" Back Chat \"", "The Works": "\" Radio Ga Ga \" \" I Want to Break Free \" \" It's a Hard Life \" \" Hammer to Fall \" \" Is This the World We Created...? \"", "A Kind of Magic": "\" One Vision \" \" A Kind of Magic \" \" Princes of the Universe \" \" Friends Will Be Friends \" \" Pain Is So Close to Pleasure \" \" Who Wants to Live Forever \" \" One Year of Love \"", "The Miracle": "\" I Want It All \" \" Breakthru \" \" The Invisible Man \" \" Scandal \" \" The Miracle \"", "Innuendo": "\" Innuendo \" \" I'm Going Slightly Mad \" \" Headlong \" \" These Are the Days of Our Lives \" \" The Show Must Go On \" \" I Can't Live with You \" \" Ride the Wild Wind \"", "Made in Heaven": "\" Heaven for Everyone \" \" A Winter's Tale \" \" Too Much Love Will Kill You \" \" I Was Born to Love You \" \" Let Me Live \" \" You Don't Fool Me \" \" Made in Heaven \" \" Mother Love \"", "Queen Rocks": "\" No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young) \"", "Queen Forever": "\" Let Me in Your Heart Again \" \" Love Kills \" \" There Must Be More to Life Than This \"", "Other songs": "\" Thank God It's Christmas \" \" Face It Alone \""}}, {"title": "Sarah Brightman", "data": {"Studio albums": "The Trees They Grow So High (Early One Morning) The Songs That Got Away As I Came of Age Sings the Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber Dive Fly Timeless (Time to Say Goodbye) Eden La Luna Harem Symphony A Winter Symphony Dreamchaser Hymn", "Compilations": "Surrender The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection The Very Best of 1990\u20132000 Classics Encore The Harem Tour Love Changes Everything Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman Diva: The Singles Collection Amalfi \u2013 Sarah Brightman Love Songs Gala \u2013 The Collection", "Live albums \u00b7 and videos": "Sarah Brightman: In Concert A Gala Christmas in Vienna One Night in Eden La Luna: Live in Concert Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman The Harem World Tour: Live from Las Vegas Diva: The Video Collection Symphony: Live in Vienna Dreamchaser in Concert", "Singles": "\" I Lost My Heart to a Starship Trooper \" \" The Adventures of the Love Crusader \" \" My Boyfriend's Back \" \" Him \" \" Rhythm of the Rain \" \" Unexpected Song \" \" All I Ask of You \" \" Doretta's Dream \" \" Anything But Lonely \" \" Amigos Para Siempre \" \" Captain Nemo \" \" A Question of Honour \" \" How Can Heaven Love Me \" \" Time to Say Goodbye \" \" Just Show Me How to Love You \" \" Who Wants to Live Forever \" \" T\u00fa Quieres Volver \" \" There for Me \" \" Eden \" \" Deliver Me \" \" So Many Things \" \" Scarborough Fair \" \" A Whiter Shade of Pale \" \" Harem \" \" Free \" \" I Will Be with You (Where the Lost Ones Go) \" \" I Believe in Father Christmas \" \" Angel \" \" One Day Like This \" \"Sogni\"", "Tours": "\" Harem World Tour \" 2004\u20132005 \" The Symphony World Tour \" 2008\u20132009 \" Sarah Brightman in Concert \" 2009 \" Sarah Brightman in Concert with Orchestra \" 2010 \" Dreamchaser World Tour \" 2013\u20132014 \" Gala: An Evening with Sarah Brightman \" 2016 \" Royal Christmas Gala \" 2017 \" Hymn: Sarah Brightman In Concert \" 2018\u20132019", "Related": "Discography Soyuz TMA-18M"}}, {"title": "Dune", "data": {"Studio albums": "Dune Expedicion Forever Forever and Ever History", "Singles": "\" Are You Ready to Fly \" \" Can't Stop Raving \" \" Rainbow to the Stars \" \" Hand in Hand \" \" Million Miles from Home \" \" Who Wants to Live Forever \" \" Nothing Compares 2 U \""}}, {"title": "Edyta G\u00f3rniak", "data": {"Studio albums": "Dotyk (1995) Edyta G\u00f3rniak (1997) Per\u0142a / Invisible (2002) EKG (2007) My (2012)", "Concert albums": "Live '99 (1999)", "Singles": "\" Once In A Lifetime \u2013 To nie ja \" (1994) \" Love Is on the Line \" (1996) \" To Atlanta \" (1996) \" When You Come Back to Me \" (1997) \" Anything \" (1998) \" One and One \" (1999) \" Impossible \" (2003) \" Grateful \" (2016)", "Related articles": "Discography"}}]	false
# Herodian coinage Herodian coinage were coins minted and issued by the Herodian Dynasty, Jews of Idumean descent who ruled the province of Judaea between 37 BC – 92 AD. The dynasty was founded by Herod the Great who was the son of Antipater, a powerful official under the Hasmonean King Hyrcanus II. ## Herod the Great, 37–4 BC The coinage of Herod the Great continued the Jewish tradition of not depicting a graven image. However, a prutah of Herod was the first coin since the Persian period to depict a living creature—an eagle, which may have been an allusion to the golden eagle that Herod erected over the entrance to the Second Temple, and which caused such great offence to the Jews. Other objects depicted on coins of Herod include a winged caduceus and pomegranate ('rimmôn'), one of the seven species mentioned in the Bible as blessings to the Land of Israel, a plumed helmet and shield, a ship's stern and a palm branch. The largest denomination coin issued by Herod, bears a year, "year 3", and displays a series of unusual designs, such as a helmet with long cheek pieces, surmounted by a star. The second largest denomination features a crested helmet and a shield, as well as the Greek letter Chi within a diadem and a tripod holding a ceremonial bowl. These designs are surrounded by the Greek inscription Ancient Greek: 'ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ' (of Herod Basileus, Of King Herod). The Greek letter Chi representing the "crown of Kehunah (High Priest)" and the diadem representing the "crown of Malchus (Kingness)" (BT: Horayot, Keritot) are taken to mean that Herod claimed both offices for himself. The most common prutah issued by Herod the Great is similar in design to that of the Hashmonean coinage, an anchor with Greek inscription "ΉΡωΔ ΒΆCΙ" (King Herod), and a caduceus between double cornucopiae, which was meant as a continuation of the Hashmonean coinage as well as a continuation of the Hasmonean dynasty. However, Herod used only the Greek script on his coins, not the dual Greek and Hebrew method of the Hasmoneans. ## Herod Archelaus, 4 BC – 6 AD The most common coins of Herod Archelaus are small prutot depicting a bunch of grapes, also one of the seven species, and a crested helmet with his name (Herod) and title (Ethnarch) in Greek (ΗΡΩΔ ΕΘΝ ), and a ship's prow and wreath with his name and title abbreviated. Grapes were commonly depicted on Jewish coins, serving as s reminder of the fertility of the country. Other coins of Archelaus showed the bow of a ship and a laurel wreath. A rare double prutah of Herod Archelaus depicts a galley and conjoined double cornucopiae, also inscribed in Greek with his name and title. ## Herod Antipas, 6/5 BCde jure, 1 BCde facto, to AD 38/39 The coinage of Herod Antipas is rather rare, and can be divided into four categories: i) coins dated 'year 24' with the inscription 'ΤΙΒΕΡΙΑC' (Tiberias), where the coins were minted, contained within a wreath on the reverse; ii) coins from the years 33, 34 or 37, which also have the inscription 'ΤΙΒΕΡΙΑC' on the reverse; iii) coins dated 'year 43' with the inscription ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙCΑΡΙ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΩ (Gaius Caesar Germanicus) on the reverse; iv) only one known example of a coin dated 'year 4' with the inscription ΤΕΤΡΑ—ΗCΔ, ΗΡΩ[Δ]. The coinage of Herod Antipas was minted in four denominations, with the inscription 'ΤΙΒΕΡΙΑC' on the reverse within a wreath for those minted in his years 24, 33, 34, and 37. The obverse has the Greek inscription "Herod the Tetrarch" (ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ) with an upright palm branch. A variant type depicted an upright reed. Antipas's coins have been used to date his reign, and the dates they give are not in complete correspondence with the dates given in the older Herodian chronology, that of Emil Schürer, particularly with Schürer's dates for the beginning of his reign. Antipas's ending date of reign, AD 39, can be established quite definitely by dating the time that Gaius Caesar (Caligula) banished Antipas and his wife to Gaul. Before coming to Rome to seek Gaius's favor, Antipas had his year 43 coin minted that honored the emperor. However, upon arriving in Rome, Herod Agrippa (I) turned the emperor against Antipas, so that Gaius banished Antipas and his wife to Gaul. This must have been before the fall of AD 39, because Gaius left for Gaul in the fall of that year, not returning until August 31, AD 40. According to the Judean way of reckoning that started the regnal year in the fall month of Tishri, this would have been in the Judean calendar year that started in the fall of AD 38. This can be written as AD 38t (the 't' for Tishri) in the calculation to determine when Antipas reckoned has reign to begin. That year would be AD 38t - 43 - 1 (no year zero) = 6t BC, that is, the Judean governmental year that began in Tishri of 6 BC. Notice that this is before the date of 4 BC given by Schürer, and also before the 4 BC date that Filmer, by somewhat inexact calculations, said marked the de jure time to which Herod's sons antedated their reigns, whereas their de facto reigns began on the death of their father in early 1 BC. This rather surprising result comes not only from the date coins of Herod Antipater; it also agrees with the dates derived from the dated (year-number) coins of Philip. Although none of the coins of Herod Archelaus bears a year number, dating his ten years of reign back from his final year, AD 5t (before his banishment to Vienna in the spring of AD 6) gives AD 5t - 10 - 1 (no year zero) = 6t BC. All the dated coins of the Herodians who succeeded Herod the Great are in agreement on this date to which they antedated their reigns, which was approximately four years before the death of their father in early 1 BC. ## Philip, 6/5 BCde jure, 1 BCde facto, to AD 32/33 The coins of Philip are mostly bronze of middle-size. He was the first Jewish ruler to put portraits of himself and the Roman Emperors on his coinage. Philip issued coins in eight series, dated years 5, 12, 16, 19, 30, 34, and 37. These dates establish that the year-figures on the coins refer to the years he reckoned for his tetrarchy, not the years of the reigning Roman emperor, as assumed by one writer. That all the Herodians reckoned according to their assumed years of reign instead of the years of the emperor is the common assumption of modern numismatists, and the coins of Philip actually establish this as the correct view, in the following way. Philip's "year 19" coin has a portrait of the Emperor Augustus, with the Greek inscription TIB KAICAPI ΣEBAΣ, "for Tib[erius] Caesar Augustus" on the obverse, and ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ, "of Philip the Tetrarch," on the reverse, followed by L (for 'year') and the number 19. "It likely commemorates Tiberius's ascension to the imperial throne on September 18, AD 14, following the death of Augustus on August 19, AD 14. The coin was probably issued not long after the news of Tiberius's accession reached Judea. Taking this as the Judean year AD 14t would place Philips first year as 6t BC [i.e., the Judean Tishri-based year beginning in Tishri of 6 BC]. Thus, upon hearing of Tiberius’s accession sometime on October or November of AD 14, it is likely that Philip issued the coin in that year or early in AD 15 Since Philip's year 19 coin can be dated to a time in the reign of Augustus, likely immediately after news of his appointment as emperor in AD 14, Philip's year 37 coin cannot refer to the 37th year of Caesar Augustus, who did indeed reign more than 37 years (27 BC to AD 14), and further cannot refer to a regnal year of Tiberius, who only reigned 22 years. This puts the final year of Philips tetrarchy in AD 32t, that is, the Judean civil year that began on Tishri 1 of AD 32 and ended the day before Tishri 1 of AD 33. He therefore considered that his 37-year tetrarchy began in AD 32t - 37 - 1 (no year zero) = 6t BC, that is, the year beginning in Tishri 6 BC. This year is exactly consistent with the time that the other Herodians who succeeded Herod the Great began their reign, as will be shown when the same analysis of their dated coins is applied to these other Herodians. It is uncertain whether his father Herod actually assigned Philip the tetrarchy of Iturea and Trachonitis at this time, or whether he actually began his tetrarchy on the death of his father in 1 BC according to the more modern scholarship, or 4 BC according to the older (1890) study of Schürer. The dated coins of the Herodians establish contemporary evidence that, whether Schürer’s now superseded date for the death of Herod (4 BC) or the 1 BC date of more modern scholarship is taken, all of Herod's successors gave the de jure date for the beginning of their reigns as some time before the death of Herod the Great. Steinmann explains why Herod’s heirs antedated their reigns to the Jewish calendar year that began in Tishri of 6 BC in the following summary: Given the explicit statements of Josephus about the authority and honor Herod had granted his sons during the last years of his life, we can understand why all three of his successors decided to antedate their reigns to the time when they were granted a measure of royal authority while their father was still alive. Although they were not officially recognized by Rome as ethnarch or tetrarchs until after Herod’s death, they nevertheless appear to have reckoned their reigns from 6t BC Philip's year 37 coin has also proved to be important in settling a controversy regarding the length of his reign: Determining Philip's accession year from the texts of Josephus turns out to be problematic, largely due to textual questions in the relevant Josephan passages . . . The total years of Philip's reign is also called into question, with many manuscripts giving 37 years, but others giving 32 and 36 years. In light of these variables, it will be more convenient to use the numismatic data in determining the Philip's starting and ending dates. The advantage of coins is that they are a primary source of information, unlike manuscripts that are copies of copies over periods of centuries and are subject to intentional and unintentional scribal emendations. ## Herod Agrippa I, 37–44 AD Agrippa I was the son of Aristobulus and Berenice, and was a grandson of Herod the Great. Agrippa spent much of his boyhood at the Imperial court in Rome. His friend, the Emperor Caligula, granted him the former territories of his uncles Philip and Herod Antipas. The Emperor Claudius later also added Judaea. The most common prutah issued by Agrippa I shows a royal fringed umbrella-like canopy on the obverse, with the inscription 'ΑΓΡΙΠΑ BACIΛEΩC' ('King Agrippa') in Greek, while the reverse shows three ears of barley between two leaves with the year. All the other coins of Herod Agrippa I contain graven images, with portraits of the Emperor or even of Agrippa himself. A very rare issue has a portrait of Agrippa with his son Agrippa II on horseback. ## Herod Agrippa II, 55–92 AD Agrippa II was the last ruler of the Herodian Dynasty. His coins include both Jewish and pagan symbolism. A Jewish type, for example, depicts a palm branch on the obverse with the inscription 'ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ KAICAPOC' (Claudius Caesar) in Greek, and a wreath on the reverse surrounding the inscription 'TIBERIAC' ('Tiberias'), also in Greek. In 66 AD he issued a prutah showing his own bust on the obverse with the Greek inscription 'ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΟΥ' (King Agrippa). The coin's reverse depicts an anchor with the letters L and I on either side, giving the tenth year of the king's reign. Agrippa II also minted a 'Judaea Capta' coin. This large bronze coin was minted at Tiberias and shows a portrait of Titus on the obverse with the Greek inscription ' KAICAP CEBAC AVTOKP TITOC', while the reverse depicts the goddess Nike advancing right holding a wreath and palm branch over her shoulder, with a star in upper right field and the inscription 'ETO – KC BA ΑΓΡΙ-PPA'. Another coin of Agrippa was issued in the name of Claudia, the daughter of Nero. These coins show a temple with a seated figure within and the inscription 'DIVA POPPAEA AVG' on the obverse, while the reverse shows a round temple with a female figure standing within and the Greek inscription 'DIVA CLAVD NER F'. ## Salome Although not a ruler of Judaea, Salome is included here because she was a granddaughter of Herod the Great and therefore was a member of the Herodian Dynasty. As the queen of Chalcis and Armenia Minor she appeared on the reverse of coinage issued by her husband, Aristobulus of Chalcis. Minted in 56-57 AD, only three copies of this coin, all quite worn, have been discovered to date. The obverse depicts Aristobulus with the Greek inscription 'BACIΛEΩC APIΣΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΥ' (King Aristobulus), while the reverse shows Salome and, on one example, the Greek inscription 'BACIΛIC ΣΑΛΩΜΗ' (Queen Salome).	enwiki/18505136	enwiki	18,505,136	Herodian coinage	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_coinage	2025-08-01T12:27:48Z	en	Q5742981	72,776	'''Herodian coinage''' were coins minted and issued by the [[Herodian Dynasty]], [[Jew]]s of [[Edom\|Idumean]] descent who ruled the [[Iudaea Province\|province of Judaea]] between 37 BC – 92 AD. The dynasty was founded by [[Herod the Great]] who was the son of [[Antipater the Idumaean\|Antipater]], a powerful official under the [[Hasmonean]] King [[Hyrcanus II]]. ==Herod the Great, 37–4 BC== [[File:Herod coin.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Largest coin of Herod the Great]] [[File:HerodObverseChiDiadem.jpg\|thumb\|left\|(Obverse) Second largest coin of Herod. [[Greek alphabet\|Greek]] [[Chi (letter)\|letter Chi]] within a [[Diadem (personal wear)\|diadem]]]] [[File:HerodReverseTripod.jpg\|thumb\|left\|(Reverse) coin of Herod. Ceremonial bowl on a [[tripod]]]] The coinage of [[Herod the Great]] continued the [[Jew]]ish tradition of not depicting a [[you shall not make for yourself an idol\|graven image]]. However, a [[prutah]] of Herod was the first coin since the [[Persian Empire\|Persian]] period to depict a living creature—an eagle, which may have been an allusion to the golden eagle that Herod erected over the entrance to the [[Second Temple]], and which caused such great offence to the Jews. Other objects depicted on coins of Herod include a winged [[caduceus]] and [[pomegranate]] ('rimmôn'), one of the [[seven species]] mentioned in the [[Bible]] as blessings to the [[Land of Israel]], a plumed helmet and shield, a ship's [[stern]] and a palm branch. The largest denomination coin issued by Herod, bears a year, "year 3", and displays a series of unusual designs, such as a helmet with long cheek pieces, surmounted by a star. The second largest denomination features a crested helmet and a shield, as well as the [[Greek alphabet\|Greek]] [[Chi (letter)\|letter Chi]] within a [[Diadem (personal wear)\|diadem]] and a [[tripod]] holding a ceremonial bowl. These designs are surrounded by the [[Greek language\|Greek]] inscription {{langx\|grc\|'ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ'}} (of Herod [[Basileus]], Of King Herod). The Greek letter Chi representing the "crown of [[Kohen Gadol\|''Kehunah'']] (High Priest)" and the diadem representing the "crown of [[King\|''Malchus'']] (Kingness)" ([[Babylonian Talmud\|BT:]] [[Horayot]], [[Keritot]]) are taken to mean that Herod claimed both offices for himself.<ref>''Ancient Jewish Coinage'', [[Ya'akov Meshorer]]</ref> The most common [[prutah]] issued by Herod the Great is similar in design to that of the [[Hashmonean coinage]], an anchor with Greek inscription "ΉΡωΔ ΒΆCΙ" (King Herod), and a caduceus between double [[cornucopia]]e,<ref>[http://www.amuseum.org/book/page9.html ''Handbook of Biblical Numismatics'' pg 9]</ref> which was meant as a continuation of the Hashmonean coinage as well as a continuation of the [[Hasmonean]] dynasty. However, Herod used only the Greek script on his coins, not the dual Greek and Hebrew method of the Hasmoneans.<ref>Reifenberg, A. ''Ancient Jewish Coins'', 1965, p.18</ref> [[File:Herod Archelaus.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Coin of Herod Archelaus]] ==Herod Archelaus, 4 BC – 6 AD== The most common coins of [[Herod Archelaus]] are small [[prutah (coin)\|prutot]] depicting a [[bunch of grapes]], also one of the seven species, and a crested helmet with his name (Herod) and title ([[Ethnarch]]) in Greek (ΗΡΩΔ ΕΘΝ ), and a ship's prow and wreath with his name and title abbreviated. Grapes were commonly depicted on [[Jew]]ish coins, serving as s reminder of the fertility of the country. Other coins of Archelaus showed the bow of a ship and a laurel wreath.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodians/herod_archelaus.htm \|title=Article on King Herod Archelaus \|access-date=2020-03-26 \|archive-date=2016-04-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421135259/http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodians/herod_archelaus.htm \|url-status=dead}}</ref> A rare double prutah of Herod Archelaus depicts a [[galley]] and conjoined double [[cornucopia]]e, also inscribed in Greek with his name and title.<ref name=pg10>[http://www.amuseum.org/book/page10.html ''Handbook of Biblical Numismatics'' pg 10]</ref> [[File:Herod Antipas.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Coin of Herod Antipas]] ==Herod Antipas, 6/5 BC ''de jure'', 1 BC ''de facto'', to AD 38/39== The coinage of [[Herod Antipas]] is rather rare, and can be divided into four categories: i) coins dated 'year 24' with the inscription 'ΤΙΒΕΡΙΑC' ([[Tiberias]]), where the coins were minted, contained within a wreath on the reverse; ii) coins from the years 33, 34 or 37, which also have the inscription 'ΤΙΒΕΡΙΑC' on the reverse; iii) coins dated 'year 43' with the inscription ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙCΑΡΙ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΩ ([[Gaius Caesar Germanicus]]) on the reverse; iv) only one known example of a coin dated 'year 4' with the inscription ΤΕΤΡΑ—ΗCΔ, ΗΡΩ[Δ].<ref>{{cite book \|first=Morten Hørning \|last=Jensen \|title=Herod Antipas in Galilee \|location=Tübingen, Germany \|publisher=Mohr Siebeck \|date=2006 \|page=203 \|url={{GBurl\|ldSqACx-S5kC}} }}</ref> The coinage of Herod Antipas was minted in four denominations, with the inscription 'ΤΙΒΕΡΙΑC' on the reverse within a wreath for those minted in his years 24, 33, 34, and 37. The [[obverse]] has the [[Greek language\|Greek]] inscription "Herod the [[Tetrarchy (Judea)\|Tetrarch]]" (ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ) with an upright palm branch.<ref>{{harvtxt\|Jensen\|2006\|p=204}}</ref> A variant type depicted an upright reed. Antipas's coins have been used to date his reign, and the dates they give are not in complete correspondence with the dates given in the older Herodian chronology, that of Emil Schürer, particularly with Schürer's dates for the beginning of his reign.<ref>{{cite book \|first=Emil \|last=Schürer \|title=A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (5 vols.) \|translator=John Macpherson \|edition=reprint \|location=Peabody, Massachusetts \|publisher=Hendrickson \|date=2009 \|orig-date=1885 \|at=1.416}}</ref> Antipas's ending date of reign, AD 39, can be established quite definitely by dating the time that Gaius Caesar (Caligula) banished Antipas and his wife to Gaul. Before coming to Rome to seek Gaius's favor, Antipas had his year 43 coin minted that honored the emperor. However, upon arriving in Rome, [[Herod Agrippa\|Herod Agrippa (I)]] turned the emperor against Antipas, so that Gaius banished Antipas and his wife to Gaul. This must have been before the fall of AD 39, because Gaius left for Gaul in the fall of that year, not returning until August 31, AD 40.<ref>Suetonius, ''Life of Caligua'' 8, 49.</ref> According to the Judean way of reckoning that started the regnal year in the fall month of Tishri,<ref>Andrew E. Steinmann and Rodger C. Young, "Elapsed Times for Herod the Great in Josephus", ''Bibliotheca Sacra'' 177 (2020), 313-14. Online at https://rcyoung.org/articles/Antedating.pdf; accessed January 11, 2025.</ref> this would have been in the Judean calendar year that started in the fall of AD 38. This can be written as AD 38t (the 't' for Tishri) in the calculation to determine when Antipas reckoned has reign to begin. That year would be AD 38t - 43 - 1 (no year zero) = 6t BC,<ref>In this calculation, accession-year or non-inclusive counting is done. That this was the method used by Josephus and the Herodians was firmly established by {{cite journal \|first=W. E. \|last=Filmer \|title=The Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great \|journal=Journal of Theological Studies \|volume=17 (New Series) \|number=2 \|date=October 1966 \|jstor=23958200 \|pages=293, 296}}.</ref> that is, the Judean governmental year that began in Tishri of 6 BC. Notice that this is before the date of 4 BC given by Schürer,<ref name="Schürer 2009 loc=1.465">{{harvtxt\|Schürer\|2009\|loc=1.465}}</ref> and also before the 4 BC date that Filmer, by somewhat inexact calculations, said marked the ''de jure'' time to which Herod's sons antedated their reigns, whereas their ''de facto'' reigns began on the death of their father in early 1 BC.<ref>{{harvtxt\|Filmer\|1966\|pp=291–92}}.</ref> This rather surprising result comes not only from the date coins of Herod Antipater; it also agrees with the dates derived from the dated (year-number) coins of Philip. Although none of the coins of Herod Archelaus bears a year number, dating his ten years of reign back from his final year, AD 5t (before his banishment to Vienna in the spring of AD 6) gives AD 5t - 10 - 1 (no year zero) = 6t BC. All the dated coins of the Herodians who succeeded Herod the Great are in agreement on this date to which they antedated their reigns, which was approximately four years before the death of their father in early 1 BC. ==Philip, 6/5 BC ''de jure'', 1 BC ''de facto'', to AD 32/33== The coins of [[Philip the Tetrarch\|Philip]] are mostly bronze of middle-size. He was the first [[Jew]]ish ruler to put portraits of himself and the [[Roman Emperor]]s on his coinage. Philip issued coins in eight series, dated years 5, 12, 16, 19, 30, 34, and 37. These dates establish that the year-figures on the coins refer to the years he reckoned for his tetrarchy, not the years of the reigning Roman emperor, as assumed by one writer.<ref name=pg10 /> That all the Herodians reckoned according to their assumed years of reign instead of the years of the emperor is the common assumption of modern numismatists, and the coins of Philip actually establish this as the correct view, in the following way. Philip's "year 19" coin has a portrait of the [[Roman Emperor\|Emperor]] [[Augustus]], with the [[Greek language\|Greek]] inscription TIB KAICAPI ΣEBAΣ, "for Tib[erius] Caesar Augustus" on the obverse, and ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ, "of Philip the Tetrarch," on the reverse, followed by L (for 'year') and the number 19. "It likely commemorates Tiberius's ascension to the imperial throne on September 18, AD 14, following the death of Augustus on August 19, AD 14. The coin was probably issued not long after the news of Tiberius's accession reached Judea. Taking this as the Judean year AD 14t would place Philips first year as 6t BC [i.e., the Judean Tishri-based year beginning in Tishri of 6 BC]. Thus, upon hearing of Tiberius’s accession sometime on October or November of AD 14, it is likely that Philip issued the coin in that year or early in AD 15<ref>{{cite journal \|first1=Andrew E. \|last1=Steinmann \|first2=Rodger C. \|last2=Young \|url=https://rcyoung.org/articles/Antedating.pdf \|title=Dating the Death of Herod and the Reigns of His Sons \|journal=Bibliotheca Sacra \|volume=178 \|date=October–December 2021 \|page=450 \|access-date=2024-12-09}}.</ref> Since Philip's year 19 coin can be dated to a time in the reign of Augustus, likely immediately after news of his appointment as emperor in AD 14, Philip's year 37 coin cannot refer to the 37th year of Caesar Augustus, who did indeed reign more than 37 years (27 BC to AD 14), and further cannot refer to a regnal year of Tiberius, who only reigned 22 years. This puts the final year of Philips tetrarchy in AD 32t, that is, the Judean civil year that began on Tishri 1 of AD 32 and ended the day before Tishri 1 of AD 33. He therefore considered that his 37-year tetrarchy began in AD 32t - 37 - 1 (no year zero) = 6t BC, that is, the year beginning in Tishri 6 BC. This year is exactly consistent with the time that the other Herodians who succeeded [[Herod the Great]] began their reign, as will be shown when the same analysis of their dated coins is applied to these other Herodians. It is uncertain whether his father Herod actually assigned Philip the tetrarchy of Iturea and Trachonitis at this time, or whether he actually began his tetrarchy on the death of his father in 1 BC according to the more modern scholarship,<ref>{{harvtxt\|Filmer\|1966\|p=293}}. O. Edwards, "Herodian Chronology," ''Palestinian Exploration Quarterly'' 114 (1982) 29-42. Ernest L. Martin, "The Nativity and Herod's Death," in ''Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan,'' eds. Jerry Vardaman and Edwin Yamauchi (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1989), 91. Jack Finegan ''Handbook of Biblical Chronology,'' rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998), 300. {{cite book \|first=Andrew E. \|last=Steinmann \|title=From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology \|edition=2nd \|location=St. Louis \|publisher=Concordia \|date=2024 \|pages=196–200}}.</ref> or 4 BC according to the older (1890) study of Schürer.<ref name="Schürer 2009 loc=1.465"/> The dated coins of the Herodians establish contemporary evidence that, whether Schürer’s now superseded date for the death of Herod (4 BC) or the 1 BC date of more modern scholarship is taken, all of Herod's successors gave the ''de jure'' date for the beginning of their reigns as some time before the death of Herod the Great. Steinmann explains why Herod’s heirs antedated their reigns to the Jewish calendar year that began in Tishri of 6 BC in the following summary: <blockquote>Given the explicit statements of Josephus about the authority and honor Herod had granted his sons during the last years of his life, we can understand why all three of his successors decided to antedate their reigns to the time when they were granted a measure of royal authority while their father was still alive. Although they were not officially recognized by Rome as ethnarch or tetrarchs until after Herod’s death, they nevertheless appear to have reckoned their reigns from 6t BC<ref>{{harvtxt\|Steinmann \|2024\|p=205}}</ref></blockquote> Philip's year 37 coin has also proved to be important in settling a controversy regarding the length of his reign: <blockquote>Determining Philip's accession year from the texts of Josephus turns out to be problematic, largely due to textual questions in the relevant Josephan passages . . . The total years of Philip's reign is also called into question, with many manuscripts giving 37 years, but others giving 32 and 36 years. In light of these variables, it will be more convenient to use the numismatic data in determining the Philip's starting and ending dates. The advantage of coins is that they are a primary source of information, unlike manuscripts that are copies of copies over periods of centuries and are subject to intentional and unintentional scribal emendations.<ref>{{harvtxt\|Steinmann\|Young\|2021\|p= 14}}</ref></blockquote> ==Herod Agrippa I, 37–44 AD== [[File:AgrippaPrutahObverse.jpg\|thumb\|left\|100 px\|Most common [[prutah]] of Agrippa I (Obverse). Inscription "of king Agrippa"]] [[File:AgrippaPrutahReverse.jpg\|thumb\|left\|100 px\|Prutah of Agrippa I (Reverse), inscription "year 5"]] [[Agrippa I]] was the son of [[Aristobulus IV\|Aristobulus]] and [[Berenice (daughter of Salome)\|Berenice]], and was a grandson of [[Herod the Great]]. Agrippa spent much of his boyhood at the [[Court (royal)\|Imperial court]] in [[Rome]]. His friend, the Emperor [[Caligula]], granted him the former territories of his uncles [[Philip the Tetrarch\|Philip]] and [[Herod Antipas]]. The Emperor [[Claudius]] later also added [[Iudaea Province\|Judaea]]. The most common prutah issued by Agrippa I shows a royal fringed umbrella-like canopy on the obverse, with the inscription 'ΑΓΡΙΠΑ BACIΛEΩC' ('King Agrippa') in [[Greek language\|Greek]], while the reverse shows three ears of barley between two leaves with the year. All the other coins of Herod Agrippa I contain graven images, with portraits of the [[Roman Emperor\|Emperor]] or even of Agrippa himself. A very rare issue has a portrait of Agrippa with his son [[Agrippa II]] on horseback.<ref>[http://www.amuseum.org/book/page11.html ''Handbook of Biblical Numismatics'' pg 11]</ref> ==Herod Agrippa II, 55–92 AD== [[Agrippa II]] was the last ruler of the [[Herodian Dynasty]]. His coins include both [[Jew]]ish and [[pagan]] symbolism. A Jewish type, for example, depicts a palm branch on the [[Obverse and reverse\|obverse]] with the inscription 'ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ KAICAPOC' (Claudius Caesar) in [[Greek language\|Greek]], and a wreath on the [[Obverse and reverse\|reverse]] surrounding the inscription 'TIBERIAC' ('Tiberias'), also in Greek. In 66 AD he issued a [[prutah]] showing his own bust on the obverse with the Greek inscription 'ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΟΥ' (King Agrippa). The coin's reverse depicts an anchor with the letters L and I on either side, giving the tenth year of the king's reign.<ref>Larry Joseph Kreitzer, ''Striking New Images: Roman Imperial Coinage and the New Testament World'' Pub. by Continuum International Publishing Group (1996) pg 22</ref> Agrippa II also minted a '[[Judaea Capta coinage\|Judaea Capta' coin]]. This large bronze coin was minted at [[Tiberias]] and shows a portrait of [[Titus]] on the obverse with the Greek inscription ' KAICAP CEBAC AVTOKP TITOC', while the reverse depicts the goddess [[Nike (mythology)\|Nike]] advancing right holding a wreath and palm branch over her shoulder, with a star in upper right field and the inscription 'ETO – KC BA ΑΓΡΙ-PPA'. Another coin of Agrippa was issued in the name of [[Claudia Augusta\|Claudia]], the daughter of [[Nero]]. These coins show a temple with a seated figure within and the inscription 'DIVA POPPAEA AVG' on the obverse, while the reverse shows a round temple with a female figure standing within and the Greek inscription 'DIVA CLAVD NER F'. <!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[File:salome coin.jpg\|thumb\|right\|100px\|Coin of [[Salome]] (daughter of [[Herodias]])]] --> ==Salome== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Salome coin.jpg\|thumb\|right\|100px\|Coin of Salome]] -->Although not a ruler of Judaea, [[Salome]] is included here because she was a granddaughter of [[Herod the Great]] and therefore was a member of the [[Herodian Dynasty]]. As the queen of [[Chalcis (ancient state)\|Chalcis]] and [[Armenian Kingdom\|Armenia Minor]] she appeared on the reverse of coinage issued by her husband, [[Aristobulus of Chalcis]]. Minted in 56-57 AD, only three copies of this coin, all quite worn, have been discovered to date.<ref>[http://jerusalemperspective.com/%5Cdefault.aspx?tabid=27&ArticleID=1474 New Portrait of Salome 1 January 2004] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004213641/http://www.jerusalemperspective.com/default.aspx?tabid=27&ArticleID=1474 \|date=4 October 2007 }}</ref> The obverse depicts Aristobulus with the Greek inscription 'BACIΛEΩC APIΣΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΥ' (King Aristobulus), while the reverse shows Salome and, on one example, the Greek inscription 'BACIΛIC ΣΑΛΩΜΗ' (Queen Salome). ==See also== {{Portal\|Money\|Numismatics}} Historical currencies in Judaea [[Gerah\|Ma'ah]], Aramaic for ''gerah'', ancient Hebrew unit of weight and currency [[Prutah]] [[Shekel]], ancient Near Eastern unit of weight and coin [[Zuz (coin)\|Zuz]], ancient Jewish name for certain silver coinage Judaean and Judaea-related coinage [[Yehud coinage]] [[Hasmonean coinage]] [[Procuratorial coinage of Roman Judaea]] [[First Jewish Revolt coinage]] [[Judaea Capta coinage]] [[Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage]] [[List of historical currencies]] [[Temple in Jerusalem]] [[Second Temple]] [[Herod's Temple]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== [http://www.amuseum.org/book/page9.html Coins of Herod the Great] [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/HerodsCoins.html Coins of Herod the Great in the Jewish Virtual Library] [https://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodians/herod_archelaus.htm The coins of Archelaus] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421135259/http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodians/herod_archelaus.htm \|date=2016-04-21 }} [http://www.historian.net/coins.htm Coins from the time of Jesus] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071004213641/http://www.jerusalemperspective.com/default.aspx?tabid=27&ArticleID=1474 New Portrait of Salome] {{DEFAULTSORT:Herodian Coinage}} [[Category:1st-century BC artifacts]] [[Category:1st-century artifacts]] [[Category:Herodian dynasty]] [[Category:Ancient currencies]] [[Category:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire]] [[Category:Currencies of Israel]] [[Category:Currency lists\|Historical currencies, List of]] [[Category:Numismatics]] [[Category:Coins of Judea]]	1,303,680,729	[]	false
# Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns The Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns (Chinese: 麓川之役; pinyin: Lùchuān Zhī Yì) (1436–49) were punitive expeditions carried out by the Ming dynasty under the rule of the Emperor Yingzong against the Shan-led State of Möng Mao near the frontier with the Kingdom of Ava. Möng Mao, called Luchuan–Pingmian by the Ming, was a Chinese military and civilian pacification commission (a tusi) on the Sino–Burmese border, corresponding roughly to the modern districts of Longchuan and Ruili, including part of the Gaoligong Mountains, along the upper reaches of the Shweli River. ## Background A year after the Dao Ganmeng rebellion of 1398, the tusi Si Lunfa died and a new generation of elites rose to power in Möng Mao. His son Si Xingfa, together with Dao Hun and Dao Cuan, conducted short lived raids on Ming territory before military retaliation by the Yunnan guard put a stop to that. The territory of Möng Mao was partitioned into five new administrative divisions each with their own tusi. Thereafter Si Xingfa paid regular annual tribute to the Ming until he was removed from office in 1413 for failing to observe proper tribute ceremonies, and offended an imperial envoy. His brother Si Renfa succeeded him. In the following 20 years from 1413 to 1433 Möng Mao, Hsenwi, and the Kingdom of Ava regularly lodged complaints of incursions by neighboring states to the Ming dynasty. However no action was taken except to send imperial envoys to persuade them to cease encroachment on foreign territories. In March 1436, Si Renfa petitioned for an exemption of 2,500 taels in taxes, which was the amount Möng Mao was in arrears. The Emperor Yingzong of Ming granted the petition approval despite objections from his officials. Under Si Renfa, Möng Mao began a period of expansion into neighbouring regions to reassert control over previously owned territory. In November 1437, Si Renfa attacked the tusi of Nandian and annexed his land. A petition was sent to the Ming court requesting assistance in returning land that had been taken from it by Möng Mao. The regional commander of Yunnan, Mu Sheng, was requested to make an investigation into the matter. His report arrived on 28 June 1438, stating that Möng Mao had "repeatedly invaded Nandian, Ganyai, Tengchong,...Lujiang, and Jinchi". Another report arrived on 14 July, 1438, stating that the Mong Mao ruler had "appointed local chieftains of the neighboring regions subordinate to him without asking for the approval of the Ming court and that some of these men joined forces with him to invade Jinchi." In preparation for a punitive expedition, the Ming court issued an imperial edict to Hsenwi asking for their assistance in surrounding Möng Mao. The strategy of divide and conquer had failed on the Ming–Burma frontier. Rather than making the Tai and Shan peoples easier to manage, it had balkanized the region and contributed to the endemic chaos and warfare that plagued the various tusis the Ming had created. In 1438 a total of 199 tusi offices were abolished and the regional commander of Yunnan, Mu Sheng, received orders to carry out a punitive campaign on 8 December, 1438. ## First campaign (1438–1439) The first punitive expedition was led by Fang Zheng, Zhang Rong, Mu Sheng, and Mu Ang. Mu Sheng, Mu Ang, and Fang Zheng reached the garrison town of Jinchi, located east of the Salween River on 8 December 1438. There they encountered Si Renfa's defenses on the opposite side of the river, where palisades had already been erected. Mu Sheng attempted to negotiate Si Renfa's surrender and sent the commander Che Lin to reach a compromise. Si Renfa agreed to the terms, however his general Mianjian attempted to challenge the Ming troops. Seeing that Mu Sheng had no intention to fight, the exasperated Fang Zheng took his troops as well as his son Fang Ying across the river at night and defeated the enemy, forcing them to retreat. Si Renfa retreated to Jinghan stockade while his forces fled as far as the Gaoligong Mountains. On 17 January 1439, Fang Zheng attacked Si Renfa's stockade and forced him to retreat further south, after which he continued in pursuit. However by this time his troops were exhausted and his supply lines were cut off. He requested reinforcements, but Mu Sheng only sent a small number as he was angry that Fang Zheng had disobeyed orders. Fang Zheng was then defeated at Kongni where he had pursued Si Renfa, and "fell into an ambush of the elephant phalanx of his enemy", at which point he ordered his son to escape, and died with his troops. Upon receiving news of Fang Zheng's defeat, Mu Sheng dismantled his camps and retreated to Baoshan as late spring was approaching and along with it the hot summer. When Mu Sheng reached Chuxiong City, he was reprimanded by an imperial envoy for Fang Zheng's failure. Fearing that the emperor would blame him for the loss at Kongni, Mu Sheng sent back 45,000 troops, but died soon after from an illness on 2 May 1439. Emboldened by the Ming failure to suppress him, Si Renfa continued his military expansion against his neighbors. ## Second campaign (1441–1442) In December 1440 Mu Ang petitioned for a second campaign involving a combined army of at least 120,000 men from Huguang, Sichuan, and Guizhou. The Vice Minister of Justice, He Wenyuan, was against a second campaign and petitioned the court on 7 February 1441, in an attempt to persuade them not to squander their resources in capturing land that is "not inhabitable to us." The war party, led by the Minister of War, Wang Ji, and the Duke of Yingguo, Zhang Fu, argued that to let Si Renfa do as he pleased would show weakness to the neighboring Hsenwi and Ava, and would result in a loss of prestige and encourage further rebellions. The second campaign was authorized by the young Zhengtong Emperor under the influence of the palace eunuch Wang Zhen. The second expedition was led by Jiang Gui, Li An, Liu Ju, and Wang Ji. Before the expedition was carried out, Liu Qiu, a member of the Hanlin Academy, as well as an imperial tutor, presented a memorial in opposition of the campaign. Liu Qiu argued that the southern rebels had already retreated into hiding in the southernmost zone of Yunnan, and did not warrant such a large expenditure as mobilizing 150,000 men. Wang Zhen had him arrested and executed by dismemberment. The second Ming campaign to the Yunnan frontier was officially launched on 27 February 1441. In June 1441, a Ming contingent of 8,000 engaged with a small Mong Mao party and defeated them in battle, inflicting 150 casualties. In September 1441, the Ming army met with a Mong Mao force of 30,000 and 80 elephants. The Mong Mao advance was repelled, suffering 352 casualties. In November 1441, a Ming army of 20,000 was ambushed by Si Renfa. However the ambush was unsuccessful and Si Renfa was forced to retreat with 1,000 casualties. The Ming army pursued the defeated Shan forces to their stronghold in Shangjiang and besieged them. When the Ming set fire to their stockades, Si Renfa's forces attempted to escape through a watergate, but were attacked by the Ming, and suffered heavy casualties. Although Si Renfa managed to escape, his side reportedly suffered 50,000 casualties in total. In December 1441, a Ming contingent of 8,000 engaged in battle with an armed Mong Mao force of 20,000 and defeated them. In January 1442, the Ming army finally attacked Si Renfa's base and captured it. The defending garrison was said to have suffered 2,390 casualties. Si Renfa fled to Ava where he was arrested by the king and held for ransom in return for Ming land, however the Ming were reluctant to deal with Ava. ## Third campaign (1443–1444) Si Renfa's son Si Jifa escaped and continued independent action in another corner of southwest Yunnan. He sent his younger brother Zhaosai to seek pardon from Ming while at the same time he attacked Ming troops in early 1443. However they were defeated and he was forced to flee to Mong Yang. Zhaosai was kept as a hostage and the Ming retreated from Mong Mao. Seeing that Mong Mao was no longer occupied, Si Jifa returned to his father's base of power and began attacking neighboring tribes once again. The third punitive expedition was led by Wang Ji and launched in March 1443. Although the mission was to capture Si Jifa, negotiations on the return of Si Renfa had fallen apart. Ava demanded Ming territory for itself and Hsenwi in return for Si Renfa. Furthermore Ava had made peace with Si Jifa. Therefore, although the Ming army quickly defeated Si Jifa's base of power and captured his family, Si Jifa managed to escape to Mong Yang, and the Ming army decided not to pursue out of consideration of a combined Ava-Hsenwi attack on Ming forces. A compromise was finally reached between Ava and Ming in April 1445. Ava agreed to hand over Si Renfa in return for Ming support in annexing part of Hsenwi's territory. Si Renfa came into Ming custody in August 1445 and was executed in January 1446. ## Fourth campaign (1449) Since 1444, Si Jifa had repeatedly sent tribute to Ming asking for a pardon, but to no avail. In March 1449, a combined army of 130,000 soldiers was amassed, and the fourth and final campaign to extirpate the Mong Mao threat was launched under the supervision of Wang Ji. The army quickly marched on Mong Yang, which harbored Si Jifa, and captured their strongholds. The bandit son had also built a large stockade on top of Mount Gui-ku, while on the two ridges there were another two stockades. Supporting the three stockades, were a further seven smaller stockades behind and in all, they extended for 100 li. Each stockade had two rows of palisades and there were great logs and stones fastened to the top of the palisades. We divided the troops and attacked in a pincer move. First we attacked the stockade to the left. The logs and stones sounded like thunder and the cannon projectiles and arrows fell like rain. Then suddenly, the Southern wind blew strongly and we hurriedly collected firewood and set it alight. The flames leapt to Heaven and the commanders and troops attacked with great vigour. The man [barbarian] bandits screamed and fled for their lives. In one moment, all the stockades were breached. — Ming Shilu 12 March 1449 However Si Jifa managed to escape yet again, and the campaign ended inconclusively with the ruling Shan elite allowed to remain in Mong Yang so long as they never returned to Mong Mao. Sources disagree as to how Si Jifa met his end. One source claims he died in combat in 1449, another says he was captured by the king of Ava and held captive in exchange for Ming territory, and one Shan chronicle claims he reigned for another fifty years. While Mong Mao had been defeated and pacified, Si Jifa's son Si Hongfa continued to rule in Mong Yang and his successors would eventually go on to invade Ava in 1527. So in practice Si Lunfa's family survived as rulers in the neighboring state of Mong Yang under the close observation of Ming. After the end of the fourth Luchuan-Pingmian Campaign in 1454, regular Tai raids once again became a threat to the Burmese heartland. The Chinese allowed remnants of the defeated Tai ruling elite to remain in Mong Yang if they agreed never to cross the Irrawaddy river to the east. This pushed Mong Mao westwards, closer to Ava. These raids would eventually gain momentum and in 1524-27 there would be a fullscale invasion of Ava that brought the Burmese dynasty of rulers that had ruled Ava since 1364 to an end. — Jon Fernquest The fourth campaign was also marred by lack of discipline, inefficient administration, and mismanagement of resources. On the first day of mobilization, the entire 150,000 strong army started marching all at once, and many were trampled to death. Food supplies were mismanaged and assigned to individual carriers disproportionate to their weight, and no proper plan for their distribution existed. Some soldiers committed suicide due to the conditions prevalent in the army. ## Consequences of the wars As the historian Wang Gongwu observes: This war had disastrous consequences for the Ming state, it disrupted the economies of all the southwestern provinces involved in sending men and supplies in fighting a war of attrition against a small tribal state and it cost the Ming state the respect of its tribal allies on the border, who saw how inept and wasteful the Ming armies were. Moreover, the war drew commanders, officers, men, and other resources from the north which might have been vital to the defence of the northern borders. It is significant that the end of the Lu-ch'uan campaigns early in 1449 was followed immediately by extensive tribal uprisings and other revolts in five provinces south of the Yangtze river, and, on the northern frontiers, by the spectacular defeats later in the year which virtually destroyed the imperial armies in the north and led to the capture of the emperor himself by the Mongols. The year 1449 was a turningpoint in the history of the dynasty. The four southern punitive expeditions and the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor during the following Tumu Crisis are considered the turning point into decline for the Ming dynasty. ## Bibliography - Daniels, Christian (2003) "Consolidation and Restructure; Tai Polities and Agricultural Technology in Northern Continental Southeast Asia during the 15th Century," Workshop on Southeast Asia in the 15th Century: The Ming Factor, 18–19 July 2003, Singapore. - Dardess, John (2012). Ming China 1368–1644 A Concise History of A Resilient Empire. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. - Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2005). "Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524–27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486–1539". SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 3 (2): 35–142. - Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)". SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2). - Liew, Foon Ming (1996). "The Luchuan-Pingmian Campaigns (1436–1449) in the Light of Official Chinese Historiography". Oriens Extremus. 39 (2): 162–203. JSTOR 24047471. - Saimong Mangrai, Sao (1969). The Shan States and the British Annexation (2nd ed.). New York: Cornell University. - Sun, Laichen (2000). Ming-Southeast Asian overland interactions, c. 1368–1644 (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of Michigan. - Wang, Gungwu (1998). "Ming Foreign Relations: Southeast Asia". The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 8, "The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, " pt. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–332.	enwiki/6271027	enwiki	6,271,027	Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchuan%E2%80%93Pingmian_campaigns	2025-08-15T21:10:55Z	en	Q3702778	115,972	{{Short description\|Military conflict}} {{Infobox military conflict \| conflict = Luchuan-Pingmian campaigns \| partof = \| image = 麓川之役-总图-英文版.svg \| caption = Map of the overview of Luchuan-Pingmian campaigns that contains the Ming attack routes in the year of 1441,1444 and 1449 battles that under Wang Ji's command. \| date = 1436–1449 \| place = Modern-day [[Burma]] and [[Yunnan]], [[China]] \| result = Ming victory \| combatant1 = [[Ming dynasty]] \| combatant2 = [[Möng Mao]] \| commander1 = [[Wang Ji (Ming dynasty politician)\|Wang Ji]]<br>Fang Zheng \| commander2 = [[Si Renfa]]<br/>Si Jifa \|strength1= 295,000 \|strength2= 150,000+ \|casualties1= Unknown \|casualties2= 55,000+ }} {{Campaignbox Ming Conquest of Yunnan}} The '''Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns''' ({{zh\|c=麓川之役\|p=Lùchuān Zhī Yì}}) (1436–49) were punitive expeditions carried out by the [[Ming dynasty]] under the rule of the [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming\|Emperor Yingzong]] against the [[Shan people\|Shan]]-led [[Möng Mao\|State of Möng Mao]] near the frontier with the [[Kingdom of Ava]]. Möng Mao, called Luchuan–Pingmian by the Ming, was a Chinese military and civilian pacification commission (a ''[[tusi]]'') on the Sino–Burmese border, corresponding roughly to the modern districts of [[Longchuan County, Yunnan\|Longchuan]] and [[Ruili]], including part of the [[Gaoligong Mountains]], along the upper reaches of the [[Shweli River]].{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=164}} == Background == A year after the [[Dao Ganmeng rebellion]] of 1398, the [[tusi]] Si Lunfa died and a new generation of elites rose to power in Möng Mao. His son Si Xingfa, together with Dao Hun and Dao Cuan, conducted short lived raids on Ming territory before military retaliation by the Yunnan guard put a stop to that.{{sfn\|Fernquest\|2006\|p=48}} The territory of Möng Mao was partitioned into five new administrative divisions each with their own tusi. Thereafter Si Xingfa paid regular annual tribute to the Ming until he was removed from office in 1413 for failing to observe proper tribute ceremonies, and offended an imperial envoy. His brother [[Si Renfa]] succeeded him.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|pp=167–69}} In the following 20 years from 1413 to 1433 Möng Mao, [[Hsenwi State\|Hsenwi]], and the [[Kingdom of Ava]] regularly lodged complaints of incursions by neighboring states to the Ming dynasty. However no action was taken except to send imperial envoys to persuade them to cease encroachment on foreign territories.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=169}} In March 1436, Si Renfa petitioned for an exemption of 2,500 taels in taxes, which was the amount Möng Mao was in arrears. The [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming]] granted the petition approval despite objections from his officials.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=170}} Under Si Renfa, Möng Mao began a period of expansion into neighbouring regions to reassert control over previously owned territory.{{sfn\|Fernquest\|2006\|p=56}} In November 1437, Si Renfa attacked the tusi of Nandian and annexed his land. A petition was sent to the Ming court requesting assistance in returning land that had been taken from it by Möng Mao. The regional commander of [[Yunnan under Ming rule\|Yunnan]], [[Mu Sheng]], was requested to make an investigation into the matter. His report arrived on 28 June 1438, stating that Möng Mao had "repeatedly invaded [[Lianghe County\|Nandian]], [[Yingjiang County\|Ganyai]], [[Tengchong]],...[[Longyang, Baoshan\|Lujiang]], and [[Baoshan, Yunnan\|Jinchi]]". Another report arrived on 14 July, 1438, stating that the Mong Mao ruler had "appointed local chieftains of the neighboring regions subordinate to him without asking for the approval of the Ming court and that some of these men joined forces with him to invade Jinchi." {{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=170}} In preparation for a punitive expedition, the Ming court issued an imperial edict to Hsenwi asking for their assistance in surrounding Möng Mao.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=170}} The strategy of divide and conquer had failed on the Ming–Burma frontier. Rather than making the [[Tai people\|Tai]] and Shan peoples easier to manage, it had balkanized the region and contributed to the endemic chaos and warfare that plagued the various tusis the Ming had created. In 1438 a total of 199 tusi offices were abolished and the regional commander of Yunnan, Mu Sheng, received orders to carry out a punitive campaign on 8 December, 1438.{{sfn\|Fernquest\|2006\|p=57}} == First campaign (1438–1439) == The first punitive expedition was led by Fang Zheng, Zhang Rong, Mu Sheng, and Mu Ang.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=173}} Mu Sheng, Mu Ang, and Fang Zheng reached the garrison town of Jinchi, located east of the [[Salween River]] on 8 December 1438. There they encountered Si Renfa's defenses on the opposite side of the river, where palisades had already been erected. Mu Sheng attempted to negotiate Si Renfa's surrender and sent the commander Che Lin to reach a compromise. Si Renfa agreed to the terms, however his general Mianjian attempted to challenge the Ming troops. Seeing that Mu Sheng had no intention to fight, the exasperated Fang Zheng took his troops as well as his son Fang Ying across the river at night and defeated the enemy, forcing them to retreat. Si Renfa retreated to Jinghan stockade while his forces fled as far as the [[Gaoligong Mountains]].{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=173}} On 17 January 1439, Fang Zheng attacked Si Renfa's stockade and forced him to retreat further south, after which he continued in pursuit. However by this time his troops were exhausted and his supply lines were cut off. He requested reinforcements, but Mu Sheng only sent a small number as he was angry that Fang Zheng had disobeyed orders. Fang Zheng was then defeated at Kongni where he had pursued Si Renfa, and "fell into an ambush of the elephant phalanx of his enemy", at which point he ordered his son to escape, and died with his troops.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=173}} Upon receiving news of Fang Zheng's defeat, Mu Sheng dismantled his camps and retreated to [[Baoshan, Yunnan\|Baoshan]] as late spring was approaching and along with it the hot summer.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=173}} When Mu Sheng reached [[Chuxiong City]], he was reprimanded by an imperial envoy for Fang Zheng's failure. Fearing that the emperor would blame him for the loss at Kongni, Mu Sheng sent back 45,000 troops, but died soon after from an illness on 2 May 1439. Emboldened by the Ming failure to suppress him, Si Renfa continued his military expansion against his neighbors.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=174-175}} == Second campaign (1441–1442) == In December 1440 Mu Ang petitioned for a second campaign involving a combined army of at least 120,000 men from [[Huguang]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Guizhou]]. The Vice Minister of Justice, He Wenyuan, was against a second campaign and petitioned the court on 7 February 1441, in an attempt to persuade them not to squander their resources in capturing land that is "not inhabitable to us."{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=176}} The war party, led by the Minister of War, Wang Ji, and the Duke of Yingguo, Zhang Fu, argued that to let Si Renfa do as he pleased would show weakness to the neighboring Hsenwi and Ava, and would result in a loss of prestige and encourage further rebellions. The second campaign was authorized by the young Zhengtong Emperor under the influence of the palace eunuch [[Wang Zhen (eunuch)\|Wang Zhen]].{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=177}} The second expedition was led by Jiang Gui, Li An, Liu Ju, and Wang Ji. Before the expedition was carried out, Liu Qiu, a member of the [[Hanlin Academy]], as well as an imperial tutor, presented a memorial in opposition of the campaign. Liu Qiu argued that the southern rebels had already retreated into hiding in the southernmost zone of Yunnan, and did not warrant such a large expenditure as mobilizing 150,000 men. Wang Zhen had him arrested and executed by dismemberment.{{sfn\|Dardess\|2012\|p=7}} The second Ming campaign to the Yunnan frontier was officially launched on 27 February 1441.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=178}} In June 1441, a Ming contingent of 8,000 engaged with a small Mong Mao party and defeated them in battle, inflicting 150 casualties.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=178}} In September 1441, the Ming army met with a Mong Mao force of 30,000 and 80 elephants. The Mong Mao advance was repelled, suffering 352 casualties.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=179}} In November 1441, a Ming army of 20,000 was ambushed by Si Renfa. However the ambush was unsuccessful and Si Renfa was forced to retreat with 1,000 casualties. The Ming army pursued the defeated Shan forces to their stronghold in Shangjiang and besieged them. When the Ming set fire to their stockades, Si Renfa's forces attempted to escape through a watergate, but were attacked by the Ming, and suffered heavy casualties. Although Si Renfa managed to escape, his side reportedly suffered 50,000 casualties in total.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=180}} In December 1441, a Ming contingent of 8,000 engaged in battle with an armed Mong Mao force of 20,000 and defeated them.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=180}} In January 1442, the Ming army finally attacked Si Renfa's base and captured it. The defending garrison was said to have suffered 2,390 casualties.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=181}} Si Renfa fled to [[Kingdom of Ava\|Ava]] where he was arrested by the king and held for ransom in return for Ming land, however the Ming were reluctant to deal with Ava.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=182}} == Third campaign (1443–1444) == Si Renfa's son Si Jifa escaped and continued independent action in another corner of southwest Yunnan. He sent his younger brother Zhaosai to seek pardon from Ming while at the same time he attacked Ming troops in early 1443. However they were defeated and he was forced to flee to [[Mongyang State\|Mong Yang]]. Zhaosai was kept as a hostage and the Ming retreated from Mong Mao. Seeing that Mong Mao was no longer occupied, Si Jifa returned to his father's base of power and began attacking neighboring tribes once again.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=182}} The third punitive expedition was led by Wang Ji and launched in March 1443. Although the mission was to capture Si Jifa, negotiations on the return of Si Renfa had fallen apart. Ava demanded Ming territory for itself and Hsenwi in return for Si Renfa. Furthermore Ava had made peace with Si Jifa. Therefore, although the Ming army quickly defeated Si Jifa's base of power and captured his family, Si Jifa managed to escape to Mong Yang, and the Ming army decided not to pursue out of consideration of a combined Ava-Hsenwi attack on Ming forces.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=184}} A compromise was finally reached between Ava and Ming in April 1445. Ava agreed to hand over Si Renfa in return for Ming support in annexing part of Hsenwi's territory. Si Renfa came into Ming custody in August 1445 and was executed in January 1446.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=185}} == Fourth campaign (1449) == Since 1444, Si Jifa had repeatedly sent tribute to Ming asking for a pardon, but to no avail. In March 1449, a combined army of 130,000 soldiers was amassed, and the fourth and final campaign to extirpate the Mong Mao threat was launched under the supervision of Wang Ji.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=190}} The army quickly marched on Mong Yang, which harbored Si Jifa, and captured their strongholds.{{sfn\|Fernquest\|2006\|p=64}} {{quotation\|The bandit son had also built a large stockade on top of Mount Gui-ku, while on the two ridges there were another two stockades. Supporting the three stockades, were a further seven smaller stockades behind and in all, they extended for 100 li. Each stockade had two rows of palisades and there were great logs and stones fastened to the top of the palisades. We divided the troops and attacked in a pincer move. First we attacked the stockade to the left. The logs and stones sounded like thunder and the cannon projectiles and arrows fell like rain. Then suddenly, the Southern wind blew strongly and we hurriedly collected firewood and set it alight. The flames leapt to Heaven and the commanders and troops attacked with great vigour. The man [barbarian] bandits screamed and fled for their lives. In one moment, all the stockades were breached.{{sfn\|Fernquest\|2006\|p=64}}\|''[[Ming Shilu]]'' 12 March 1449}} However Si Jifa managed to escape yet again, and the campaign ended inconclusively with the ruling Shan elite allowed to remain in Mong Yang so long as they never returned to Mong Mao. Sources disagree as to how Si Jifa met his end. One source claims he died in combat in 1449, another says he was captured by the king of Ava and held captive in exchange for Ming territory, and one Shan chronicle claims he reigned for another fifty years.{{sfn\|Saimong Mangrai\|1969\|p=xx}} While Mong Mao had been defeated and pacified, Si Jifa's son Si Hongfa continued to rule in Mong Yang and his successors would eventually go on to invade Ava in 1527. So in practice Si Lunfa's family survived as rulers in the neighboring state of Mong Yang under the close observation of Ming.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=198}} {{quotation\|After the end of the fourth Luchuan-Pingmian Campaign in 1454, regular Tai raids once again became a threat to the Burmese heartland. The Chinese allowed remnants of the defeated Tai ruling elite to remain in Mong Yang if they agreed never to cross the Irrawaddy river to the east. This pushed Mong Mao westwards, closer to Ava. These raids would eventually gain momentum and in 1524-27 there would be a fullscale invasion of Ava that brought the Burmese dynasty of rulers that had ruled Ava since 1364 to an end.{{sfn\|Fernquest\|2006\|p=66}}\|Jon Fernquest}} The fourth campaign was also marred by lack of discipline, inefficient administration, and mismanagement of resources. On the first day of mobilization, the entire 150,000 strong army started marching all at once, and many were trampled to death. Food supplies were mismanaged and assigned to individual carriers disproportionate to their weight, and no proper plan for their distribution existed. Some soldiers committed suicide due to the conditions prevalent in the army.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=192}} == Consequences of the wars == As the historian Wang Gongwu observes: {{quotation\|This war had disastrous consequences for the Ming state, it disrupted the economies of all the southwestern provinces involved in sending men and supplies in fighting a war of attrition against a small tribal state and it cost the Ming state the respect of its tribal allies on the border, who saw how inept and wasteful the Ming armies were. Moreover, the war drew commanders, officers, men, and other resources from the north which might have been vital to the defence of the northern borders. It is significant that the end of the Lu-ch'uan campaigns early in 1449 was followed immediately by extensive tribal uprisings and other revolts in five provinces south of the Yangtze river, and, on the northern frontiers, by the spectacular defeats later in the year which virtually destroyed the imperial armies in the north and led to the capture of the emperor himself by the Mongols. The year 1449 was a turningpoint in the history of the dynasty.{{sfn\|Wang\|1998\|p=326}}}} The four southern punitive expeditions and the capture of the [[Zhengtong Emperor]] during the following [[Tumu Crisis]] are considered the turning point into decline for the Ming dynasty.{{sfn\|Liew\|1996\|p=200}} == References == {{reflist\|20em}} == Bibliography == * Daniels, Christian (2003) "Consolidation and Restructure; Tai Polities and Agricultural Technology in Northern Continental Southeast Asia during the 15th Century," ''Workshop on Southeast Asia in the 15th Century: The Ming Factor'', 18–19 July 2003, Singapore. * {{Cite book \|last=Dardess\|first=John\|title=Ming China 1368–1644 A Concise History of A Resilient Empire\|year=2012\|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.}} * {{Cite journal \|last=Fernquest\|first=Jon\|title=Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524–27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486–1539 \|journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research \|volume=3 \|date=Autumn 2005 \|issue=2\|pages= 35–142}} * {{Cite journal \|last=Fernquest\|first=Jon\|title=Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)\|date=Autumn 2006 \|journal=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research \|volume=4 \|issue=2\|url=https://www.academia.edu/3768911 }} * {{Cite journal \|first=Foon Ming\|last=Liew \|title=The Luchuan-Pingmian Campaigns (1436–1449) in the Light of Official Chinese Historiography\|year=1996 \|journal=Oriens Extremus \|volume= 39 \|issue= 2 \|pages=162–203 \|jstor=24047471 }} * {{cite book \|authorlink=Sao Saimong \|first=Sao \|last=Saimong Mangrai \|year=1969 \|title=The Shan States and the British Annexation \|edition= 2nd \|location=New York \|publisher= Cornell University}} * {{cite thesis \|last=Sun \|first=Laichen \|year=2000 \|title=Ming-Southeast Asian overland interactions, c. 1368–1644 \|type=Unpublished PhD dissertation \|publisher=University of Michigan}} * {{cite book \|last=Wang \|first=Gungwu \|year=1998 \|chapter=Ming Foreign Relations: Southeast Asia \|title=The Cambridge History of China \|volume= 8, "The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644," pt. 2 \|pages=301–332 \|publisher= Cambridge University Press}} == External links == * [http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/place/lu-chuanping-mian-pacification-superintendency Lu-chuan/Ping-mian Pacification Superintendency] at ''Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: An Open Access Resource'', Geoff Wade * [http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/map.html Map of Mainland Polities Mentioned in the Ming Shi-lu] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025015139/http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/map.html \|date=2012-10-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712191241/http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/polities.html Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the Ming Shi-lu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090219063346/http://web.soas.ac.uk/burma/SBBR4.2/4.2Fernquest.pdf Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)], by Jon Fernquest {{Ming dynasty topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luchuan-Pingmian campaigns}} [[Category:Military history of Myanmar]] [[Category:Wars involving the Ming dynasty]] [[Category:Möng Mao]] [[Category:Military history of Yunnan]] [[Category:15th-century conflicts]] [[Category:15th century in China]] [[Category:1430s conflicts]] [[Category:1440s conflicts]] [[Category:1430s in Asia]] [[Category:1440s in Asia]] [[Category:1436 in Asia]] [[Category:1449 in Asia]]	1,306,084,257	[{"title": "Luchuan-Pingmian campaigns", "data": {"Date": "1436\u20131449", "Location": "Modern-day Burma and Yunnan, China", "Result": "Ming victory"}}, {"title": "Belligerents", "data": {"Ming dynasty": "M\u00f6ng Mao"}}, {"title": "Commanders and leaders", "data": {"Wang Ji \u00b7 Fang Zheng": "Si Renfa \u00b7 Si Jifa"}}, {"title": "Strength", "data": {"295,000": "150,000+"}}, {"title": "Casualties and losses", "data": {"Unknown": "55,000+"}}]	false
# Jean‐Ricner Bellegarde Jean-Ricner Bellegarde (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ʁiknɛʁ bɛlɡaʁd]; born 27 June 1998) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers. A versatile player, Bellegarde can be deployed as a central midfielder, attacking midfielder or winger. ## Early life Bellegarde was born on 27 June 1998, in Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, France. He began his football career at the age of 6 with local club FC Saint-Michel-sur-Orge. ## Club career ### Lens On 29 July 2016, he played his first professional match with Racing Club de Lens on the field of Chamois Niortais FC. He caught attention in the match against Stade de Reims (1–1, 12th round of Ligue 2) by delivering an assist to Viktor Klonaridis. Often present with the reserve team, he also participated in the under-19s’ campaign in the Coupe Gambardella. During the 2017–2018 Ligue 2 season, he benefited from the arrival of Éric Sikora, who knew him well from his time in the reserve team, to establish himself in the starting eleven. He was even promoted to captain on a few occasions. On 18 September 2017, he scored his first goal against US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole. In the 2018–2019 Ligue 2 season, he scored a goal in the opening match against US Orléans but gradually lost his place in the starting line-up. He regained it towards the end of the season, scoring consecutively in the last two rounds of the championship—a goal against AC Ajaccio and then a double against US Orléans—to secure Racing's place in the promotion playoffs for Ligue 1. ### Strasbourg In 2019, Bellegarde joined Strasbourg, where he made 129 appearances. ### Wolverhampton Wanderers On 1 September 2023, Bellegarde joined Wolverhampton Wanderers on a five-year deal for £12.8m. On 23 September 2023, in only his second appearance for his new club away to Luton Town in the Premier League, Bellegarde was shown a straight red card in the 39th minute for his reaction to a challenge by Tom Lockyer. The match finished as a 1–1 draw. On 4 November 2023, in his third Wolves appearance, away to Sheffield United, where he was introduced as a second-half substitute, Bellegarde scored his debut Wolves goal in the 89th minute. Wolves lost the match 2–1, conceding a penalty deep into time added on at the end of the second-half. ## International career Bellegarde was born in France and is of Haitian descent. He is a youth international for France. In May 2019, he was named to Haiti's 40-man provisional squad for the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup. ## Career statistics As of match played 29 December 2024 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| National Cup \| National Cup \| League Cup \| League Cup \| Europe \| Europe \| Other \| Other \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ----------------------- \| ------------ \| -------------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ---------- \| ---------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Lens B \| 2015–16 \| Championnat National \| 23 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 23 \| 0 \| \| Lens B \| 2016–17 \| Championnat National \| 11 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 11 \| 0 \| \| Lens B \| 2018–19 \| Championnat National \| 4 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 4 \| 0 \| \| Lens B \| Total \| Total \| 38 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 38 \| 0 \| \| Lens \| 2016–17 \| Ligue 2 \| 9 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 11 \| 0 \| \| Lens \| 2017–18 \| Ligue 2 \| 25 \| 1 \| 4 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 31 \| 1 \| \| Lens \| 2018–19 \| Ligue 2 \| 21 \| 4 \| 3 \| 1 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 4 \| 1 \| 30 \| 6 \| \| Lens \| Total \| Total \| 55 \| 5 \| 9 \| 1 \| 6 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 4 \| 1 \| 74 \| 7 \| \| Strasbourg \| 2019–20 \| Ligue 1 \| 24 \| 0 \| 2 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 30 \| 1 \| \| Strasbourg \| 2020–21 \| Ligue 1 \| 36 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 37 \| 1 \| \| Strasbourg \| 2021–22 \| Ligue 1 \| 36 \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 38 \| 2 \| \| Strasbourg \| 2022–23 \| Ligue 1 \| 30 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 31 \| 2 \| \| Strasbourg \| 2023–24 \| Ligue 1 \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 3 \| 2 \| \| Strasbourg \| Total \| Total \| 129 \| 7 \| 6 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 139 \| 8 \| \| Wolverhampton Wanderers \| 2023–24 \| Premier League \| 22 \| 2 \| 4 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 26 \| 2 \| \| Wolverhampton Wanderers \| 2024–25 \| Premier League \| 22 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 24 \| 2 \| \| Wolverhampton Wanderers \| Total \| Total \| 44 \| 4 \| 5 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 50 \| 4 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 266 \| 16 \| 20 \| 2 \| 8 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 4 \| 1 \| 301 \| 19 \| 1. ↑ Appearances in Ligue 1 relegation/promotion play-offs 2. ↑ Appearances in UEFA Europa League	enwiki/51262107	enwiki	51,262,107	Jean‐Ricner Bellegarde	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%E2%80%90Ricner_Bellegarde	2025-08-20T18:24:26Z	en	Q26251607	83,702	{{short description\|French footballer (born 1998)}} {{EngvarB\|date=June 2025}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Jean-Ricner Bellegarde \| image = Lens B - AC Amiens (12-09-2015) 64 (cropped).JPG \| image_size = 250 \| caption = Bellegarde playing for [[RC Lens\|Lens B]] in 2015 \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1998\|6\|27\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Colombes]], France \| height = {{convert\|1.70\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}}<ref name="soccerway"/> \| currentclub = [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] \| clubnumber = 27 \| position = [[Midfielder]] \| youthyears1 = 2009–2012 \| youthclubs1 = Villetaneuse CS \| youthyears2 = 2012–2013 \| youthclubs2 = [[Le Mans FC\|Le Mans]] \| youthyears3 = 2013–2016 \| youthclubs3 = [[RC Lens\|Lens]] \| years1 = 2015–2019 \| clubs1 = [[RC Lens\|Lens B]] \| caps1 = 38 \| goals1 = 10 \| years2 = 2016–2019 \| clubs2 = [[RC Lens\|Lens]] \| caps2 = 55 \| goals2 = 5 \| years3 = 2019–2023 \| clubs3 = [[RC Strasbourg Alsace\|Strasbourg]] \| caps3 = 128 \| goals3 = 7 \| years4 = 2023– \| clubs4 = [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] \| caps4 = 57 \| goals4 = 4 \| nationalyears1 = 2017 \| nationalteam1 = [[France national under-19 football team\|France U19]] \| nationalcaps1 = 1 \| nationalgoals1 = 0 \| nationalyears2 = 2017–2018 \| nationalteam2 = [[France national under-20 football team\|France U20]] \| nationalcaps2 = 4 \| nationalgoals2 = 0 \| nationalyears3 = 2019 \| nationalteam3 = [[France national under-21 football team\|France U21]] \| nationalcaps3 = 3 \| nationalgoals3 = 0 \| pcupdate = 20:35, 1 February 2025 (UTC) \| nationalteam-update = }} '''Jean-Ricner Bellegarde''' ({{IPA\|fr\|ʒɑ̃ʁiknɛʁ bɛlɡaʁd}}; born 27 June 1998) is a French professional [[Association football\|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for {{English football updater\|WolverhW}} club [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\|Wolverhampton Wanderers]].<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway\|420786\|accessdate=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="FFF">{{cite web\|title=Joueur – Jean-Ricner BELLEGARDE\|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2545649444-jean-ricner-bellegarde\|accessdate=23 July 2019}}</ref> A versatile player, Bellegarde can be deployed as a [[central midfielder]], [[attacking midfielder]] or [[winger (association football)\|winger]]. == Early life == Bellegarde was born on 27 June 1998, in [[Saint-Michel-sur-Orge]], France. He began his football career at the age of 6 with local club FC Saint-Michel-sur-Orge.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=18 September 2023 \|title=Jean-Ricner Bellegarde: Net Worth, Career, Personal Life, Age-height and More – Fifa world cup katar \|url=https://fifaworldcupkatar.com/jean-ricner-bellegarde-net-worth-career-personal-life-age-height-and-more/ \|access-date=2023-09-18 \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Club career== ===Lens=== On 29 July 2016, he played his first professional match with Racing Club de Lens on the field of Chamois Niortais FC.{{citation needed\|date=January 2025}} He caught attention in the match against Stade de Reims (1–1, 12th round of Ligue 2) by delivering an assist to Viktor Klonaridis. Often present with the reserve team, he also participated in the under-19s’ campaign in the Coupe Gambardella. During the 2017–2018 Ligue 2 season, he benefited from the arrival of Éric Sikora, who knew him well from his time in the reserve team, to establish himself in the starting eleven. He was even promoted to captain on a few occasions.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.lensois.com/bellegarde-etre-nomme-capitaine-du-rc-lens-par-sikora-ma-aide-developper/\|title=Bellegarde: "Being named captain of RC Lens by Sikora helped me develop"\|website=lensois.com\|date=8 September 2019}}</ref> On 18 September 2017, he scored his first goal against US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole. In the 2018–2019 Ligue 2 season, he scored a goal in the opening match against US Orléans but gradually lost his place in the starting line-up. He regained it towards the end of the season, scoring consecutively in the last two rounds of the championship—a goal against AC Ajaccio and then a double against US Orléans—to secure Racing's place in the promotion playoffs for Ligue 1. ===Strasbourg=== In 2019, Bellegarde joined [[Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace\|Strasbourg]], where he made 129 appearances. ===Wolverhampton Wanderers=== On 1 September 2023, Bellegarde joined [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]] on a five-year deal for £12.8m.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66692352\|title=Wolves transfer news: Jean-Ricner Bellegarde signs from Strasbourg for £12.8m\|work=[[BBC Sport]]\|last=Stone\|first=Simon\|date=1 September 2023}}</ref> On 23 September 2023, in only his second appearance for his new club away to [[Luton Town F.C.\|Luton Town]] in the Premier League, Bellegarde was shown a straight red card in the 39th minute for his reaction to a challenge by [[Tom Lockyer]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66828985\|title=Luton Town 1–1 Wolves: Hatters earn first Premier League point as O'Neil disputes penalty\|work=BBC Sport\|last=Stone\|first=Simon\|date=23 September 2023\|accessdate=9 October 2023}}</ref> The match finished as a 1–1 draw. On 4 November 2023, in his third Wolves appearance, away to [[Sheffield United F.C.\|Sheffield United]], where he was introduced as a second-half substitute, Bellegarde scored his debut Wolves goal in the 89th minute.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/67247517\|title=Sheffield United 2–1 Wolves: Oliver Norwood's penalty earns Premier League win at last\|work=BBC Sport\|last=Thomas\|first=Marissa\|date=4 November 2023\|accessdate=4 November 2023}}</ref> Wolves lost the match 2–1, conceding a penalty deep into time added on at the end of the second-half. ==International career== Bellegarde was born in France and is of Haitian descent.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/186553/haiti-vs-argentine-le-29-mai\|title=Haiti vs Argentine le 29 Mai\|website=lenouvelliste.com}}</ref> He is a youth international for France. In May 2019, he was named to [[Haiti national football team\|Haiti]]'s 40-man provisional squad for the [[2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://gallery.mailchimp.com/78d3589fb61466b549ff752e5/files/041bd60a-92da-467b-b8d6-d6a51bae68bd/2019_Concacaf_Gold_Cup_Preliminary_Lists_May_20.pdf\|date=20 May 2019\|title=40-Player National Team Roster}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{updated\|match played 29 December 2024}} {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" \|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|National Cup !colspan="2"\|League Cup !colspan="2"\|Europe !colspan="2"\|Other !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[RC Lens\|Lens B]] \|[[2015–16 Championnat National\|2015–16]] \|[[Championnat National]] \|23\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|23\|\|0 \|- \|[[2016–17 Championnat National\|2016–17]] \|Championnat National \|11\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|11\|\|0 \|- \|[[2018–19 Championnat National\|2018–19]] \|Championnat National \|4\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|4\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !38!!0!!colspan="2"\|—!!colspan="2"\|—!!colspan="2"\|—!!colspan="2"\|—!!38!!0 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[RC Lens\|Lens]] \|[[2016–17 Ligue 2\|2016–17]] \|[[Ligue 2]] \|9\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|11\|\|0 \|- \|[[2017–18 Ligue 2\|2017–18]] \|Ligue 2 \|25\|\|1\|\|4\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|31\|\|1 \|- \|[[2018–19 RC Lens season\|2018–19]] \|Ligue 2 \|21\|\|4\|\|3\|\|1\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|4{{efn\|Appearances in [[Ligue 1 relegation/promotion play-offs]]}}\|\|1\|\|30\|\|6 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !55!!5!!9!!1!!6!!0!!colspan="2"\|—!!4!!1!!74!!7 \|- \|rowspan="6"\|[[RC Strasbourg Alsace\|Strasbourg]] \|[[2019–20 RC Strasbourg Alsace season\|2019–20]] \|[[Ligue 1]] \|24\|\|0\|\|2\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|3{{efn\|name=UEL\|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|30\|\|1 \|- \|[[2020–21 RC Strasbourg Alsace season\|2020–21]] \|Ligue 1 \|36\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|37\|\|1 \|- \|[[2021–22 RC Strasbourg Alsace season\|2021–22]] \|Ligue 1 \|36\|\|2\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|38\|\|2 \|- \|[[2022–23 RC Strasbourg Alsace season\|2022–23]] \|Ligue 1 \|30\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|31\|\|2 \|- \|[[2023–24 RC Strasbourg Alsace season\|2023–24]] \|Ligue 1 \|3\|\|2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|3\|\|2 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !129!!7!!6!!1!!1!!0!!3!!0!!colspan="2"\|—!!139!!8 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] \|[[2023–24 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season\|2023–24]] \|[[Premier League]] \|22\|\|2\|\|4\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|26\|\|2 \|- \|[[2024–25 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season\|2024–25]] \|Premier League \|22\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|24\|\|2 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !44!!4!!5!!0!!1!!0!! colspan="2" \|—!! colspan="2" \|—!!50!!4 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career total !266!!16!!20!!2!!8!!0!!3!!0!!4!!1!!301!!19 \|} {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://www.wolves.co.uk/teams/mens-first-team/jean-ricner-bellegarde/ Profile] at the Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. website * {{LFP Ligue 1\|jeanricner-bellegarde}} * {{Lequipe\|58061}} * {{Soccerway\|420786}} * {{FFF\|9004-bellegarde-jean-ricner}} * {{FFF male\|2545649444-jean-ricner-bellegarde\|archive=20190723192436}} * {{UEFA player}} {{Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bellegarde, Jean-Ricner}} [[Category:1998 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Footballers from Colombes]] [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]] [[Category:French men's footballers]] [[Category:France men's under-21 international footballers]] [[Category:France men's youth international footballers]] [[Category:French sportspeople of Haitian descent]] [[Category:Haitian men's footballers]] [[Category:RC Lens players]] [[Category:RC Strasbourg Alsace players]] [[Category:Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Ligue 2 players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:French expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:French expatriate sportspeople in England]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England]] [[Category:Black French sportspeople]] [[Category:21st-century French sportsmen]] [[Category:21st-century Haitian sportsmen]]	1,306,963,337	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Date of birth": "27 June 1998", "Place of birth": "Colombes, France", "Height": "1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)", "Position(s)": "Midfielder"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Wolverhampton Wanderers", "Number": "27"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"2009\u20132012": "Villetaneuse CS", "2012\u20132013": "Le Mans", "2013\u20132016": "Lens"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2015\u20132019": "Lens B \u00b7 38 \u00b7 (10)", "2016\u20132019": "Lens \u00b7 55 \u00b7 (5)", "2019\u20132023": "Strasbourg \u00b7 128 \u00b7 (7)", "2023\u2013": "Wolverhampton Wanderers \u00b7 57 \u00b7 (4)"}}, {"title": "International career", "data": {"2017": "France U19 \u00b7 1 \u00b7 (0)", "2017\u20132018": "France U20 \u00b7 4 \u00b7 (0)", "2019": "France U21 \u00b7 3 \u00b7 (0)"}}]	false
# Vostochny Port (company) JSC "Vostochny Port" is the largest stevedoring company in Russia, specialising in coal transshipment using automated conveyor equipment. The level of automation of operations is 100%. The port's main cargo is coal mined in Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. More than 99% of cargo is exported, primarily to countries in the Asia-Pacific region which include mainly South Korea, Japan, and China. It is the largest coal terminal in Russia. In 2016, the company shipped 23.5 million tonnes of coal, which is about 30% of the Far East ports' cargo turnover and about 20% of the cargo turnover of all coal ports in Russia. The sole executive body of JSC "Vostochny Port" is "Managing Port Company", LLC. The harbor, which remains ice-free even in the most severe winters, and reaches depths of 22 meters in the fairway, allows large-capacity, Capesize-type vessels of 180 thousand tonnes DWT to enter for loading. The port is remote from residential and industrial areas. ## History In 1970 a decision was made to construct a seaport in the Wrangel Bay, near Nakhodka, to improve trade and economic relations and increase the turnover of goods between the Soviet Union and Japan. Construction began in December 1970. In 1971, the construction of the port was declared an All-Union Komsomol shock construction project. On February 28, 1974, the USSR Merchant Marine Ministry issued decree No. 36 on the establishment of a new commercial seaport, "Vostochny Port". From this day on, the port in Wrangel Bay, having received an official certificate on its inception, was registered in all sailing directions and specified on navigation charts worldwide. That same year, its only pier started to operate. Construction of piers and technical facilities was carried out, along with housing development and construction of community service centers for employees who came from every part of the Soviet Union to participate in the Shock Construction Project. Eventually a new locality appeared on a map of Primorsky - the town Pervostroiteley (the town of Pioneers). The construction of the coal complex became an important chapter in the history of "Vostochny Port". The construction was supervised on the All-Union level. Leading Soviet specialists were in charge of the project with Japanese engineers involved in development of engineering documentation. Active construction began in 1975. The normative period for construction of the giant complex was 36 months, but the builders, working around the clock, completed it six months ahead of schedule. The coal complex was put into operation on December 28, 1978, in the presence of regional and All-Union officials, "shock-builders" and locals. The cargo ship "Constantine Petrovsky" moored to the new pier and minutes later a mass of coal poured into her hold. The completed facility, with a capacity of 6.24 million tonnes, became the largest and most technically equipped coal-loading terminal in the Soviet Union. Rail lines and dozens of conveyor lines to the piers were paved on its 40-hectare territory that stretches along the sea in taiga-covered hills. Huge machines (stackers – storing coal to dump, and reclaimers – transporting it from storage to ships) moved through these hills. The railcar load discharge facility, the weight station and the central transfer point started to function. A powerful six-hundred-foot pier on seven piles of sheet metal, which was an innovation in hydro engineering, stretched far into the bay. A new complex storage yard had a capacity of 1 million tonnes of coal, which corresponds to a mountain twelve meters high and several hundred meters long. A huge concrete bunker for a railcar dumper was 22 meters in depth, which is the height of an eight-story building. Coal loading equipment was imported from Japan. By 1989, Vostochny port's cargo turnover had reached 12 million tonnes per year, ranking it among the largest ports of the Soviet Union. In 1992, the commercial seaport "Vostochny Port" became a joint-stock company. The port's coal complex continued to expand in the nineties in New Russia. In 1996, the first facilities of phase 2 of the coal complex were put into operation. After it was put into operation and later modernized, the capacity of the coal complex has almost quadrupled. The construction of phase 3 of the coal complex started in December 2012. For this purpose, all the necessary infrastructure of a modern high-tech coal port was constructed on 54 hectares of artificial territory. ## Stevedoring In 2016, "Vostochny Port" made a record in yearly coal turnover among Russian ports, having handled 23.5 million tonnes of coal. The increase in annual cargo turnover was 779.5 thousand tonnes (3.4%). 324 thousand gondola cars, including 158 thousand innovative ones and 190 thousand heavy-haul gondola cars (over 70 tonnes) were unloaded in 2016. In November 2016, the transshipment complexes of JSC "Vostochny Port" reached a wintertime daily unloading record: 1,050 railcars were unloaded during the day, which is more than 70 thousand tonnes of coal. In 2016, the port handled 526 ships, including 235 Panamax-type vessels (50-100 thousand tonnes DWT) and 23 Capesize-type vessels (100-180 thousand tonnes DWT). The main export destinations are South Korea (41%), Japan (26%), China (11%), Malaysia (7%), Taiwan (5%), Vietnam (5%) and India (2%). The cargo base of JSC "Vostochny Port", taking into account the port's increase in throughput capacity by 20 million tonnes, is ensured by contracts with major coal producers from various coal basins, including JSC Coal Company “Kuzbassrazrezugol”, JSC “SUEK”, PJSC Kuzzbasskaya Toplivnaya Company, JSC “Russian Coal”, JSC “Sibuglemet”, “Promugolservis” LLC, JSC “Belovskaya Mine”, “Razrez Stepanovsky” LLC, “Razrez Bungursky Severny ” LLC, “Razrez Arshanovsky” LLC, “Razrez Kiyzassky” LLC, and “Razrez "Vostochny” LLC. During the 2nd Eastern Economic Forum held in Vladivostok in September 2016, an agreement was signed to handle 2 million tonnes of coal per year produced by the coal company Kolmar, starting in 2017 after the commissioning of phase 3 of the JSC "Vostochny Port" coal complex. ## Equipment JSC "Vostochny Port" uses equipment from world's leading manufacturers. During the years of the port's modernization, stevedore reached 100% automation of operations. It is the only port in Primorsky Krai capable of handling Capesize-type vessels with a DWT of up to 180 thousand tonnes. The port's high capacity and speed of cargo handling are achieved due to the use of specialized equipment at every stage of operation. Coal unloading is carried out at the railcar discharge station, equipped with 2 tandem railcar dumpers, railcar thawing equipment with capacity of 80 gondola cars, a windshield system with infrared heating, a drilling / ripping complex, conveyor equipment, and frozen coal crushing systems. Storing is performed by 4 reclaimers, 2 stackers, bulldozers and loaders. Coal loading onto the ships is performed by 4 ship loaders (each has a capacity of 3 thousand tonnes per hour) and other auxiliary machinery. In 2016, a multi-phased magnetic coal system developed by the specialists of JSC "Vostochny Port" was installed. The system consists of 34 units of high-tech equipment, including 26 magnetic separators, 4 suspended magnets and 4 electromagnetic separators. ## Coal complex Phase 3 A green light for investment projects in the port sector was given by the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, in the summer of 2012. He ordered the construction of an additional export infrastructure in the Far East, including a free-access coal terminal with a capacity of not less than 20 million tonnes per year. In the autumn of 2012, "Managing Port Company" LLC (an executive body of JSC "Vostochny Port") decided to start a large-scale investment project for the construction of JSC "Vostochny Port" coal complex phase 3 with its own funds, without inducing a financial burden on federal and regional budgets. Phase 3 is an expansion of the existing coal transshipment complex of JSC "Vostochny Port", and is a fully automated terminal for coal transshipment from railway transport to sea vessels with the services of coal storage and processing. The project involves the construction of 4 storage facilities with a total capacity of 780 thousand tonnes, as well as 2 piers and the installation of high-tech equipment at the complex. At the moment, more than 19 billion Rubles of the planned 27 billion have been invested, and a pier and an artificial land territory stretching far into the bay have been constructed. The port's phase 3 will be equipped with the most productive modern equipment, which is imported from Japan: two tandem railcar dumpers for heavy haul gondola cars, which allow for the unloading of four 70-tonne railcars with coal in only 3 minutes, two stackers, and four reclaimers with a capacity of 3,500 tonnes per hour. In September 2016, the construction of pier No. 51 of JSC "Vostochny Port" was accomplished as part of the phase 3 project. During the 2nd Eastern Economic Forum, the port was visited by a delegation of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation with Transport Minister Maksim Sokolov. The execution of the JSC "Vostochny Port" phase 3 investment project will ensure the timely and high-quality processing of permanently-growing coal cargo traffic that comes from the Baikal-Amur Mainline and Trans-Siberian Railway, and it will increase cargo turnover with countries in the Asia-Pacific region. At the "Transport of Russia 2016" exhibition, Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev was informed of the execution of the phase 3 project. The government leader noted that it was a good time for the expansion of port capacities. In December 2016, JSC "Vostochny Port" became a resident of The Free Port of Vladivostok. The volume of investment in the project under the contract with the Far East development corporation will reach 17.2 billion Rubles with the prospect of creating 619 jobs. The port's privileges, received due to its residency in The Free Port of Vladivostok, will allow it to direct additional funds for development of the company. The increase in the capacity of JSC "Vostochny Port" requires the simultaneous development of railroad throughput. JSC "Russian Railways", "Managing Port Company", LLC and JSC "Vostochny Port" are jointly modernizing the public and non-public railways at Nakhodka-Vostochnaya railway station. The development program of JSC "Vostochny Port" includes the construction of a new non-public railway yard and large-scale development of a public railway station. The construction of the new station will allow the port to increase the volume of both railcars admitted with coal and dispatched emptied rolling stock. The railway infrastructure development is funded by "Managing Port Company", LLC and JSC "Vostochny Port". The volume of investment in the project is 5 billion Rubles. The federal infrastructure created for the development of the Nakhodka-Vostochnaya railway station will be provided to JSC "Russian Railways" free of charge. The throughput of the completed station will reach 39 million tonnes per year only for JSC "Vostochny Port" cargo, not including the cargo of other receivers that will also be able to use this new federal infrastructure. During the signing of the agreement between the rail monopoly and JSC "Vostochny Port", the President of JSC "Russian Railways", Oleg Belozerov, spoke favorably of the project's implementation. During the 2nd Economic Forum, JSC "Russian Railways" and JSC "Vostochny Port" signed an agreement on the enhancement of coal transportation technology, prioritizing the use of innovative heavy haul railcars. ## Environmental Responsibility JSC "Vostochny Port" maintains a responsible environmental policy. The company's structure includes an Ecology Department with its own certified labs monitoring the state of water and air on the territory of the company as well as outside its borders. A powerful dust-collecting system works around the clock in the area of railcar dumpers at the coal complex of JSC "Vostochny Port". The port has 21 air purification units and 8 local wastewater treatment units that are constantly functioning to purify water to a level of quality acceptable for fisheries. The analysis of air and water samples in the bay indicates the preservation of required environmental indicators. In 2016, JSC "Vostochny Port" spent more than 32 million Rubles to maintain environmental safety standards in its activities. Kelp, trepangs, scallops and juvenile chum salmon are grown annually in specialized aqua culture facilities under contracts of JSC "Vostochny Port". All these sea animals are then released into the coastal waters of the Peter the Great Gulf, on the banks of which the port is located. From 2012 to 2016 JSC "Vostochny Port" has spent 158 million Rubles on the execution of measures for environmental protection, 705 million Rubles on the modernization of equipment for environment protection and rational utilization of natural resources, and 105 million Rubles on the re-creation of marine bioresources. 150 million Rubles is the total volume of planned investment in 2017. In December 2016, JSC "Vostochny Port" and the administration of Nakhodkinsky district had signed a long-term, five-year contract on cooperation in environmental protection. In June 2017, during the visit of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Deputy Victoria Nikolaeva, a five-year bilateral agreement on cooperation in environmental protection was signed. The document assumes an increase in joint environmental protection activities, information exchange, and execution of joint environment-oriented projects. ## Human resources and social policies JSC "Vostochny Port" is part of the list of socially responsible organizations of the Russian Federation. Effective social policy management and partnership relations with employees are important factors of the company's long-term and sustainable development. With its own infrastructure, the company provides medical services, development of corporate sports, cultural activities and spa treatment for employees and their children. Employees have a series of social benefits and financial privileges, social insurance, credit, and maternity benefits. Free training and qualification improvement is provided in the company's own education facility and at higher education institutions. According to a collective agreement, the port provides financial aid to its retired veterans. In November 2016, "Managing Port Company" LLC and JSC "Vostochny Port" funded the organization of an oncological department in the city hospital of Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai. A complex of medical services for patients of the city and neighboring towns is concentrated in one location. The hospital's premises were renovated, and modern endoscopic equipment was purchased and installed. The new polyclinic department has its own reception, two consulting rooms for doctors, a minor surgery room, a staff room, a medical procedure room for cytostatic agent dilution, and a day-patient department with 5 beds, which will be maximally used in two shifts. The department will function as a regional oncological center to serve the residents of neighboring cities and districts.	enwiki/53326981	enwiki	53,326,981	Vostochny Port (company)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Port_(company)	2025-02-03T07:12:45Z	en	Q16632034	68,083	{{Short description\|Russian stevedoring company}} {{More citations needed\|date=June 2019}} {{Infobox company \| name = JSC “Vostochny Port” \| type = [[Joint stock company\|Joint Stock Company]] \| founded = 1974 \| location = [[Nakhodka]] Russia \| key_people = Anatoliy Lazarev<br>(managing director) \| industry = Stevedoring, activity, coal ports \| num_employees = 1,700 people - 2016 year \| revenue = {{wikidata revenue\|revenue\|USD}}{{wikidata revenue\|revenue\|ref}} \| revenue_year = {{wikidata revenue\|revenue\|year}} \| operating_income = {{wikidata revenue\|operating_income\|USD}}{{wikidata revenue\|operating_income\|ref}} \| income_year = {{wikidata revenue\|operating_income\|year}} \| net_income = {{wikidata revenue\|net_income\|USD}}{{wikidata revenue\|net_income\|ref}} \| net_income_year = {{wikidata revenue\|net_income\|year}} \| assets = {{wikidata revenue\|assets\|USD}}{{wikidata revenue\|assets\|ref}} \| assets_year = {{wikidata revenue\|assets\|year}} \| equity = {{wikidata revenue\|equity\|USD}}{{wikidata revenue\|equity\|ref}} \| equity_year = {{wikidata revenue\|equity\|year}} \| parent = [[Port Management Company\|Port Management Company LLC]] \| homepage = [http://www.vostport.ru/en/ www.vostport.ru/en/] }} '''JSC "Vostochny Port"''' is the largest [[stevedore\|stevedoring]] company in [[Russia]], specialising in [[coal]] [[transshipment]] using [[Conveyor system\|automated conveyor]] equipment. The level of [[automation]] of operations is 100%. The port's main [[cargo]] is coal mined in [[Kuznetsk Basin\|Kuzbass]], [[Eastern Siberia]] and the [[Far East]].<ref>RIA Deita. “Vostochny Port” Increased the Freight Turnover in November, 11.12.16, http://deita.ru/news/economy/11.12.2016/5177974-vostochnyy-port-v-noyabre-uvelichil-gruzooborot/ {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113121323/http://deita.ru/news/economy/11.12.2016/5177974-vostochnyy-port-v-noyabre-uvelichil-gruzooborot/ \|date=2017-01-13 }}</ref> More than 99% of cargo is exported, primarily to countries [[Pacific Rim\|in the Asia-Pacific region]] which include mainly [[South Korea]], [[Japan]], and [[China]]. It is the largest coal terminal in Russia. In 2016, the company shipped 23.5 million tonnes of coal, which is about 30% of the Far East ports' cargo turnover and about 20% of the cargo turnover of all coal ports in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Vostochny Port starts handling containers\|url=https://en.portnews.ru/news/317969/\|access-date=2021-11-18\|website=Portnews\|date=2 September 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> The sole executive body of JSC "Vostochny Port" is [[Port Management Company\|"Managing Port Company"]], LLC. The harbor, which remains ice-free even in the most severe winters, and reaches depths of 22 meters in the fairway, allows large-capacity, [[Capesize\|Capesize-type vessels]] of 180 thousand [[tonne]]s [[Deadweight tonnage\|DWT]] to enter for loading. The port is remote from residential and industrial areas. == History == In 1970 a decision was made to construct a [[Port\|seaport]] in the {{ill\|Wrangel Bay\|ru\|Бухта Врангеля\|vertical-align=sup}}, near [[Nakhodka]], to improve trade and [[Economic relations of Japan\|economic relations]] and increase the turnover of goods between the [[Soviet Union]] and Japan. Construction began in December 1970. In 1971, the construction of the port was declared an [[Shock construction project\|All-Union Komsomol shock construction project]]. On February 28, 1974, the [[Ministry of the Maritime Fleet (Soviet Union)\|USSR Merchant Marine Ministry]] issued decree No. 36 on the establishment of a new commercial seaport, "Vostochny Port". From this day on, the port in Wrangel Bay, having received an official certificate on its inception, was registered in all sailing directions and specified on navigation charts worldwide. That same year, its only [[pier]] started to operate. Construction of piers and technical facilities was carried out, along with housing development and construction of community service centers for employees who came from every part of the Soviet Union to participate in the Shock Construction Project. Eventually a new locality appeared on a map of [[Primorsky Krai\|Primorsky]] - the town [[Pervostroiteley]] (the town of Pioneers). The construction of the coal complex became an important chapter in the history of "Vostochny Port". The construction was supervised on the All-Union level. Leading Soviet specialists were in charge of the project with Japanese engineers involved in development of engineering documentation. Active construction began in 1975. The normative period for construction of the giant complex was 36 months, but the builders, working around the clock, completed it six months ahead of schedule. The coal complex was put into operation on December 28, 1978, in the presence of regional and All-Union officials, "shock-builders" and locals. The cargo ship "Constantine Petrovsky" moored to the new pier and minutes later a mass of coal poured into her hold. The completed facility, with a capacity of 6.24 million tonnes, became the largest and most technically equipped coal-loading terminal in the Soviet Union. Rail lines and dozens of conveyor lines to the piers were paved on its 40-hectare territory that stretches along the sea in taiga-covered hills. Huge machines ([[stacker]]s – storing coal to dump, and reclaimers – transporting it from storage to ships) moved through these hills. The [[railcar]] load discharge facility, the weight station and the central transfer point started to function. A powerful six-hundred-foot pier on seven piles of sheet metal, which was an innovation in [[Hydraulic engineering\|hydro engineering]], stretched far into the bay. A new complex storage yard had a capacity of 1 million tonnes of coal, which corresponds to a mountain twelve meters high and several hundred meters long. A huge concrete bunker for a railcar dumper was 22 meters in depth, which is the height of an eight-story building. Coal loading equipment was imported from Japan. By 1989, Vostochny port's cargo turnover had reached 12 million tonnes per year, ranking it among the largest ports of the Soviet Union. In 1992, the commercial seaport "Vostochny Port" became a joint-stock company. The port's coal complex continued to expand in the nineties in New Russia. In 1996, the first facilities of phase 2 of the coal complex were put into operation. After it was put into operation and later modernized, the capacity of the coal complex has almost quadrupled. The construction of phase 3 of the coal complex started in December 2012. For this purpose, all the necessary infrastructure of a modern high-tech coal port was constructed on 54 [[hectare]]s of artificial territory.<ref name="auto">Official web-site of “Vostochny Port” JSC, http://www.vostport.ru/</ref> == Stevedoring == In 2016, "Vostochny Port" made a record in yearly coal turnover among Russian ports, having handled 23.5 million tonnes of coal. The increase in annual cargo turnover was 779.5 thousand tonnes (3.4%). 324 thousand [[gondola]] cars, including 158 thousand innovative ones and 190 thousand heavy-haul [[Gondola (rail)\|gondola cars]] (over 70 tonnes) were unloaded in 2016. In November 2016, the transshipment complexes of JSC "Vostochny Port" reached a wintertime daily unloading record: 1,050 railcars were unloaded during the day, which is more than 70 thousand tonnes of coal. In 2016, the port handled 526 ships, including 235 [[Panamax]]-type vessels (50-100 thousand tonnes [[Deadweight tonnage\|DWT]]) and 23 Capesize-type vessels (100-180 thousand tonnes DWT). The main export destinations are [[South Korea]] (41%), [[Japan]] (26%), [[China]] (11%), [[Malaysia]] (7%), [[Taiwan]] (5%), [[Vietnam]] (5%) and [[India]] (2%).<ref name="auto"/> The cargo base of JSC "Vostochny Port", taking into account the port's increase in throughput capacity by 20 million tonnes, is ensured by contracts with major coal producers from various coal basins, including [[Kuzbassrazrezugol\|JSC Coal Company “Kuzbassrazrezugol”]], [[Siberian Coal Energy Company\|JSC “SUEK”]], {{ill\|PJSC Kuzzbasskaya Toplivnaya Company\|ru\|Кузбасская топливная компания\|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill\|JSC “Russian Coal”\|ru\|Русский уголь\|vertical-align=sup}}, JSC “Sibuglemet”, “Promugolservis” LLC, JSC “Belovskaya Mine”, “Razrez Stepanovsky” LLC, “Razrez Bungursky Severny ” LLC, “Razrez Arshanovsky” LLC, “Razrez Kiyzassky” LLC, and “Razrez "Vostochny” LLC. During the 2nd [[Eastern Economic Forum]] held in [[Vladivostok]] in September 2016, an agreement was signed to handle 2 million tonnes of coal per year produced by the coal company Kolmar, starting in 2017 after the commissioning of phase 3 of the JSC "Vostochny Port" coal complex. == Equipment == JSC "Vostochny Port" uses equipment from world's leading manufacturers. During the years of the port's modernization, stevedore reached 100% automation of operations. It is the only port in [[Primorsky Krai]] capable of handling Capesize-type vessels with a DWT of up to 180 thousand tonnes. The port's high capacity and speed of cargo handling are achieved due to the use of specialized equipment at every stage of operation. Coal unloading is carried out at the railcar discharge station, equipped with 2 tandem railcar dumpers, railcar thawing equipment with capacity of 80 gondola cars, a windshield system with infrared heating, a drilling / ripping complex, conveyor equipment, and frozen coal crushing systems. Storing is performed by 4 [[reclaimer]]s, 2 [[stacker]]s, [[bulldozer]]s and [[Loader (equipment)\|loaders]]. Coal loading onto the ships is performed by 4 ship loaders (each has a capacity of 3 thousand tonnes per hour) and other auxiliary machinery. In 2016, a multi-phased magnetic coal system developed by the specialists of JSC "Vostochny Port" was installed. The system consists of 34 units of high-tech equipment, including 26 [[Magnetism\|magnetic]] separators, 4 suspended magnets and 4 electromagnetic separators.<ref name="auto"/> == Coal complex Phase 3 == A green light for investment projects in the port sector was given by [[Vladimir Putin\|the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin]], in the summer of 2012. He ordered the construction of an additional export infrastructure in the [[Far East]], including a free-access coal terminal with a capacity of not less than 20 million tonnes per year. In the autumn of 2012, [[Port Management Company\|"Managing Port Company" LLC]] (an executive body of JSC "Vostochny Port") decided to start a large-scale investment project for the construction of JSC "Vostochny Port" coal complex phase 3 with its own funds, without inducing a financial burden on federal and regional budgets. Phase 3 is an expansion of the existing coal transshipment complex of JSC "Vostochny Port", and is a fully automated terminal for coal transshipment from railway transport to sea vessels with the services of coal storage and processing. The project involves the construction of 4 storage facilities with a total capacity of 780 thousand tonnes, as well as 2 piers and the installation of high-tech equipment at the complex. At the moment, more than 19 billion Rubles of the planned 27 billion have been invested, and a pier and an artificial land territory stretching far into the bay have been constructed. The port's phase 3 will be equipped with the most productive modern equipment, which is imported from Japan: two tandem railcar dumpers for heavy haul gondola cars, which allow for the unloading of four 70-tonne railcars with coal in only 3 minutes,<ref>IA PortNews, “Marubeni Corporation Shipped Two Tandem Car Dumpers for the Coal Terminal of “Vostochny Port”, 01.12.16, http://portnews.ru/news/230546/</ref> two stackers, and four reclaimers with a capacity of 3,500 tonnes per hour.<ref>IA PortNews, “Assembly of the Large Transferring Machines of the Third Stage of “Vostochny Port” Was Completed”, 01.12.16, http://portnews.ru/news/230545/</ref> In September 2016, the construction of pier No. 51 of JSC "Vostochny Port" was accomplished as part of the phase 3 project. During the 2nd Eastern Economic Forum, the port was visited by a delegation of [[Ministry of Transport (Russia)\|the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation]] with Transport Minister [[Maksim Sokolov]]. The execution of the JSC "Vostochny Port" phase 3 investment project will ensure the timely and high-quality processing of permanently-growing coal cargo traffic that comes from the [[Baikal–Amur Mainline\|Baikal-Amur Mainline]] and [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], and it will increase cargo turnover with countries in the Asia-Pacific region. At the "Transport of Russia 2016" exhibition, [[Dmitry Medvedev\|Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev]] was informed of the execution of the phase 3 project. The government leader noted that it was a good time for the expansion of port capacities.<ref>RIA PrimaMedia. “Dmitry Medvedev Wished Luck in the Construction of the Third Stage of “Vostochny Port” in Nakhodka”, 06.12.16, http://primamedia.ru/news/554082/</ref> In December 2016, JSC "Vostochny Port" became a resident of [[Free port of Vladivostok\|The Free Port of Vladivostok]]. The volume of investment in the project under the contract with the Far East development corporation will reach 17.2 billion Rubles with the prospect of creating 619 jobs. The port's privileges, received due to its residency in The Free Port of Vladivostok, will allow it to direct additional funds for development of the company.<ref>Moskovskiy Komsomolets # Vladivostok (vlad.mk.ru), “Vostochny Port” Launches the New Investment Project in the Free Port Vladivostok”, 20.12.16, http://vlad.mk.ru/articles/2016/12/20/vostochnyy-port-zapuskaet-novyy-investicionnyy-proekt-v-svobodnom-portu-vladivostok.html</ref> The increase in the capacity of JSC "Vostochny Port" requires the simultaneous development of railroad throughput. [[Russian Railways\|JSC "Russian Railways"]], [[Port Management Company\|"Managing Port Company", LLC]] and JSC "Vostochny Port" are jointly modernizing the public and non-public railways at Nakhodka-Vostochnaya railway station. The development program of JSC "Vostochny Port" includes the construction of a new non-public railway yard and large-scale development of a public railway station. The construction of the new station will allow the port to increase the volume of both railcars admitted with coal and dispatched emptied rolling stock. The railway infrastructure development is funded by "Managing Port Company", LLC and JSC "Vostochny Port". The volume of investment in the project is 5 billion Rubles. The federal infrastructure created for the development of the Nakhodka-Vostochnaya railway station will be provided to JSC "Russian Railways" free of charge. The throughput of the completed station will reach 39 million tonnes per year only for JSC "Vostochny Port" cargo, not including the cargo of other receivers that will also be able to use this new federal infrastructure.<ref>Gudok. “Modernization Project of the Coal Terminal of “Vostochny Port” JSC Got the Prime Minister Interested”, 05.12.16, http://www.gudok.ru/infrastructure/?ID=1358129</ref> During the signing of the agreement between the rail [[monopoly]] and JSC "Vostochny Port", the President of JSC "Russian Railways", [[Oleg Belozyorov\|Oleg Belozerov]], spoke favorably of the project's implementation. During the 2nd Economic Forum, JSC "Russian Railways" and JSC "Vostochny Port" signed an agreement on the enhancement of coal transportation technology, prioritizing the use of innovative heavy haul railcars.<ref>Russian Railways-Partner. “System Approach to Management by the Coal Ports of Russia”, 18.11.16, author – Marina Ermolenko.</ref> == Environmental Responsibility == JSC "Vostochny Port" maintains a responsible environmental policy. The company's structure includes an Ecology Department with its own certified labs monitoring the state of water and air on the territory of the company as well as outside its borders. A powerful dust-collecting system works around the clock in the area of railcar dumpers at the coal complex of JSC "Vostochny Port". The port has 21 air purification units and 8 local wastewater treatment units that are constantly functioning to purify water to a level of quality acceptable for fisheries. The analysis of air and water samples in the bay indicates the preservation of required environmental indicators. In 2016, JSC "Vostochny Port" spent more than 32 million [[Ruble]]s to maintain environmental safety standards in its activities. [[Kelp]], [[Trepanging\|trepangs]], [[scallop]]s and juvenile chum [[salmon]] are grown annually in specialized aqua culture facilities under contracts of JSC "Vostochny Port". All these sea animals are then released into the coastal waters of the [[Peter the Great Gulf]], on the banks of which the port is located.<ref>Russian Railways-Partner. “Sea ports. Innovations in Coal Handling”, 18.11.16, author – Marina Ermolenko.</ref> From 2012 to 2016 JSC "Vostochny Port" has spent 158 million Rubles on the execution of measures for environmental protection, 705 million Rubles on the modernization of equipment for environment protection and rational utilization of natural resources, and 105 million Rubles on the re-creation of marine bioresources. 150 million Rubles is the total volume of planned investment in 2017. In December 2016, JSC "Vostochny Port" and the administration of Nakhodkinsky district had signed a long-term, five-year [[contract]] on cooperation in environmental protection. In June 2017, during the visit of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Deputy Victoria Nikolaeva, a five-year bilateral agreement on cooperation in [[environmental protection]] was signed. The document assumes an increase in joint environmental protection activities, information exchange, and execution of joint environment-oriented projects. == Human resources and social policies == JSC "Vostochny Port" is part of the list of socially responsible organizations of the [[Russia\|Russian Federation]]. Effective social policy management and partnership relations with employees are important factors of the company's long-term and sustainable development. With its own infrastructure, the company provides medical services, development of corporate sports, cultural activities and spa treatment for employees and their children. Employees have a series of social benefits and financial privileges, [[social insurance]], credit, and maternity benefits. Free training and qualification improvement is provided in the company's own education facility and at higher education institutions. According to a collective agreement, the port provides financial aid to its retired veterans. In November 2016, "Managing Port Company" LLC and JSC "Vostochny Port" funded the organization of an [[Oncology\|oncological]] department in the city hospital of [[Nakhodka]], [[Primorsky Krai]]. A complex of medical services for patients of the city and neighboring towns is concentrated in one location. The hospital's premises were renovated, and modern endoscopic equipment was purchased and installed. The new polyclinic department has its own reception, two consulting rooms for doctors, a minor surgery room, a staff room, a medical procedure room for cytostatic agent dilution, and a day-patient department with 5 beds, which will be maximally used in two shifts. The department will function as a regional oncological center to serve the residents of neighboring cities and districts.<ref>Nakhodka Info. “Primary Oncological Department is Opened in Nakhodka City Hospital”, 29.11.16, http://nakhodka.info/news/society/pervichnoe_onkologicheskoe_otdelenie_otkryto_v_nakhodkinskoy_gorodskoy_bolnitse/ {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226220318/http://nakhodka.info/news/society/pervichnoe_onkologicheskoe_otdelenie_otkryto_v_nakhodkinskoy_gorodskoy_bolnitse/ \|date=2016-12-26 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Portal\|Russia\|Energy}} *[http://www.vostport.ru/en/ Official website] [[Category:Transport companies of Russia]] [[Category:Coal in Russia]] [[Category:Companies based in Primorsky Krai]]	1,273,625,405	[{"title": "JSC \u201cVostochny Port\u201d", "data": {"Company type": "Joint Stock Company", "Industry": "Stevedoring, activity, coal ports", "Founded": "1974", "Headquarters": "Nakhodka Russia", "Key people": "Anatoliy Lazarev \u00b7 (managing director)", "Revenue": "$247 million (2017)", "Operating income": "$161 million (2017)", "Net income": "$124 million (2017)", "Total assets": "$55 million (2017)", "Total equity": "$347 million (2017)", "Number of employees": "1,700 people - 2016 year", "Parent": "Port Management Company LLC", "Website": "www.vostport.ru/en"}}]	false
# 2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League The 2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League was the 21st season of the SWPL, the highest division of women's football in Scotland since 2002. The season was played with 10 teams; original participants Forfar Farmington resigned suddenly in August 2021 and Partick Thistle were elevated to SWPL 1 to maintain an even number of teams (leaving SWPL 2 one short). The league season started on 5 September 2021 and ended on 15 May 2022. The competition was known as the Scottish Building Society Scottish Women's Premier League for sponsorship reasons, then as the Park's Motor Group Scottish Women's Premier League from November 2021. Glasgow City were the defending champions of 14 consecutive seasons. In February 2022, Glasgow City lost 3–1 away to Rangers in a pivotal fixture; a 0–0 draw in the reverse fixture on 8 May gave Rangers the SWPL 1 championship, their first Scottish women's title. The Gers finished seven points ahead of Glasgow City and only dropped four points, via two draws against the deposed champions, defeating all other opponents three times for an unbeaten season. They also qualified for the UEFA Women's Champions League for the first time. No clubs were relegated from SWPL 1 and two promoted from SWPL 2 due to divisional expansion to 12 teams for the 2022–23 season. The league's first promotion/relegation play-off had been planned until the expansion was confirmed in April 2022 following the SWPL clubs' majority vote to leave SWF for the SPFL in February. ## Teams \| Team \| Location \| Head coach \| Home ground \| Capacity \| 2020–21 position \| \| ------------------- \| ---------- \| ---------------------------------------- \| ----------------------- \| -------- \| ---------------- \| \| Aberdeen \| Cove Bay \| Emma Hunter Gavin Beith \| Balmoral Stadium \| 2,602 \| 1st in SWPL 2 \| \| Celtic \| Airdrie \| Fran Alonso \| Excelsior Stadium \| 10,101 \| 2nd \| \| Glasgow City \| Springburn \| Eileen Gleeson \| Petershill Park \| 1,000 \| 1st \| \| Hamilton Academical \| Hamilton \| Gary Doctor \| New Douglas Park \| 6,018 \| 2nd in SWPL 2 \| \| Heart of Midlothian \| Edinburgh \| Eva Olid \| Oriam \| 1,000 \| 8th \| \| Hibernian \| Livingston \| Dean Gibson \| Almondvale Stadium \| 3,000 \| 4th \| \| Motherwell \| Motherwell \| Stewart Hall Willie Kinniburgh (interim) \| Alliance Park \| 500 \| 6th \| \| Partick Thistle \| Springburn \| Brian Graham \| Petershill Park \| 1,000 \| 3rd in SWPL 2 \| \| Rangers \| Milngavie \| Malky Thomson \| Rangers Training Centre \| 500 \| 3rd \| \| Spartans \| Edinburgh \| Debbi McCulloch \| Ainslie Park \| 3,000 \| 5th \| Source: ## League table \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Qualification or relegation \| \| --- \| ------------------- \| --- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| -------------------------------------------------- \| \| 1 \| Rangers (C, Q) \| 27 \| 25 \| 2 \| 0 \| 97 \| 11 \| +86 \| 77 \| Qualification for the Champions League first round \| \| 2 \| Glasgow City (Q) \| 27 \| 22 \| 4 \| 1 \| 89 \| 13 \| +76 \| 70 \| Qualification for the Champions League first round \| \| 3 \| Celtic \| 27 \| 19 \| 3 \| 5 \| 85 \| 22 \| +63 \| 60 \| \| \| 4 \| Hibernian \| 27 \| 13 \| 4 \| 10 \| 46 \| 32 \| +14 \| 43 \| \| \| 5 \| Aberdeen \| 27 \| 9 \| 2 \| 16 \| 39 \| 69 \| −30 \| 29 \| \| \| 6 \| Spartans \| 27 \| 6 \| 10 \| 11 \| 28 \| 54 \| −26 \| 28 \| \| \| 7 \| Motherwell \| 27 \| 8 \| 3 \| 16 \| 31 \| 75 \| −44 \| 27 \| \| \| 8 \| Heart of Midlothian \| 27 \| 6 \| 2 \| 19 \| 20 \| 66 \| −46 \| 20 \| \| \| 9 \| Partick Thistle \| 27 \| 4 \| 6 \| 17 \| 29 \| 70 \| −41 \| 18 \| \| \| 10 \| Hamilton Academical \| 27 \| 3 \| 4 \| 20 \| 17 \| 69 \| −52 \| 13 \| \| ## Results \| Home \ Away \| ABE \| CEL \| GLA \| HAW \| HOM \| HIB \| MOT \| PTW \| RAN \| SPA \| \| ------------------- \| ---- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Aberdeen \| \| 2–4 \| 0–5 \| 1–0 \| 2–3 \| 1–0 \| 5–1 \| 4–2 \| 0–2 \| 2–3 \| \| Celtic \| 3–1 \| \| 2–2 \| 3–0 \| 2–0 \| 2–1 \| 7–0 \| 6–0 \| 0–1 \| 2–2 \| \| Glasgow City \| 10–1 \| 2–0 \| \| 1–0 \| 2–0 \| 2–1 \| 6–0 \| 3–1 \| 1–1 \| 9–0 \| \| Hamilton Academical \| 1–2 \| 0–6 \| 1–3 \| \| 0–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–2 \| 0–1 \| 0–7 \| 2–2 \| \| Heart of Midlothian \| 0–4 \| 0–3 \| 0–2 \| 1–2 \| \| 1–3 \| 1–0 \| 2–4 \| 0–3 \| 1–1 \| \| Hibernian \| 1–0 \| 1–1 \| 0–3 \| 2–2 \| 3–0 \| \| 1–0 \| 1–0 \| 0–1 \| 3–0 \| \| Motherwell \| 4–3 \| 0–4 \| 1–5 \| 3–0 \| 2–0 \| 0–4 \| \| 2–2 \| 0–1 \| 3–0 \| \| Partick Thistle \| 0–2 \| 0–7 \| 0–2 \| 2–2 \| 2–3 \| 3–2 \| 3–2 \| \| 0–1 \| 2–2 \| \| Rangers \| 8–0 \| 3–0 \| 3–1 \| 4–0 \| 6–0 \| 2–1 \| 5–0 \| 7–1 \| \| 6–1 \| \| Spartans \| 0–0 \| 0–2 \| 0–4 \| 1–0 \| 3–1 \| 0–0 \| 0–0 \| 0–0 \| 2–5 \| \| \| Home \ Away \| ABE \| CEL \| GLA \| HAW \| HOM \| HIB \| MOT \| PTW \| RAN \| SPA \| \| ------------------- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Aberdeen \| \| 0–3 \| \| 2–1 \| 0–1 \| \| \| \| \| 1–1 \| \| Celtic \| \| \| \| \| 5–0 \| 4–0 \| 6–1 \| \| 1–3 \| \| \| Glasgow City \| 4–1 \| 2–1 \| \| 6–0 \| \| \| 6–0 \| 2–0 \| \| \| \| Hamilton Academical \| \| 0–6 \| \| \| \| 0–4 \| \| \| 0–4 \| 1–2 \| \| Heart of Midlothian \| \| \| 0–2 \| 1–1 \| \| \| \| 3–0 \| 0–5 \| \| \| Hibernian \| 4–1 \| \| 0–0 \| \| 4–1 \| \| 7–1 \| \| \| \| \| Motherwell \| 3–2 \| \| \| 0–1 \| 1–0 \| \| \| 3–3 \| 1–2 \| \| \| Partick Thistle \| 1–2 \| 0–2 \| \| 1–2 \| \| 0–2 \| \| \| \| 0–0 \| \| Rangers \| 4–0 \| \| 0–0 \| \| \| 5–0 \| \| 6–1 \| \| 2–1 \| \| Spartans \| \| 1–3 \| 0–4 \| \| 4–0 \| 2–0 \| 0–1 \| \| \| \|	enwiki/68779558	enwiki	68,779,558	2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League	2025-04-05T01:27:11Z	en	Q108809685	188,323	{{About\|the top division of the competition\|the lower division\|2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League 2}} {{Infobox football league season \|competition=[[Scottish Women's Premier League\|Scottish Women's Premier League 1]] \|season=2021–22 \|winners=[[Rangers W.F.C.\|Rangers]] (1st title) \|relegated= \|continentalcup1=[[2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League\|Champions League]] \|continentalcup1 qualifiers= \|matches=135 \|total goals=481 \|league topscorer= \|biggest home win=[[Glasgow City F.C.\|Glasgow City]] 10–1 [[Aberdeen F.C. Women\|Aberdeen]]<br/>Glasgow City 9–0 [[Spartans W.F.C.\|Spartans]] \|biggest away win=[[Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\|Hamilton Academical]] 0–7 Rangers<br/>[[Partick Thistle W.F.C.\|Partick Thistle]] 0–7 [[Celtic F.C. Women\|Celtic]] \|highest scoring=Glasgow City 10–1 Aberdeen (11 goals) \|longest wins= \|longest unbeaten=Rangers (27 games) \|longest winless= \|longest losses= \|highest attendance= \|lowest attendance= \|average attendance= \|prevseason=[[2020–21 Scottish Women's Premier League\|2020–21]] \|nextseason=[[2022–23 Scottish Women's Premier League\|2022–23]] \|updated= }} The '''2021–22 [[Scottish Women's Premier League]]''' was the 21st season of the SWPL, the highest division of [[women's football in Scotland]] since [[2002–03 Scottish Women's Premier League\|2002]]. The season was played with 10 teams;<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54501332 \|title=SWPL: No relegation this season with top flight to expand to 10 teams \|website=BBC Sport \|date=12 October 2020 \|access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> original participants [[Forfar Farmington F.C.\|Forfar Farmington]] resigned suddenly in August 2021<ref name="HS2021FF">{{cite news \|title=Forfar Farmington a sorry casualty of the professional era \|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/19514308.alan-campbell-forfar-farmington-sorry-casualty-professional-era/ \|work=The Herald \|date=15 Aug 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815085830/https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/19514308.alan-campbell-forfar-farmington-sorry-casualty-professional-era/ \|archive-date=15 Aug 2021}}</ref> and [[Partick Thistle W.F.C.\|Partick Thistle]] were elevated to SWPL 1 to maintain an even number of teams (leaving SWPL 2 one short). The league season started on 5 September 2021 and ended on 15 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/news/2021-22-swpl-fixtures-released/ \|title=2021/22 SWPL Fixtures released \|publisher=Scottish Women's Football \|date=20 July 2021 \|accessdate=21 September 2021}}</ref> The competition was known as the ''Scottish Building Society Scottish Women's Premier League'' for sponsorship reasons,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://scotwomensfootball.com/swf-statement-league-start-date-announced-with-enhanced-broadcast-deal/ \|title=League start date announced [2020] \|publisher=SWF \|date=29 July 2020 \|access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> then as the ''Park's Motor Group Scottish Women's Premier League'' from November 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Diamond\|first=Drew\|date=22 November 2021\|title=Historic new sponsorship deal for Scottish top flight\|url=https://herfootballhub.com/historic-new-sponsorship-deal-for-scottish-top-flight/\|access-date=22 November 2021\|website=Her Football Hub}}</ref> [[Glasgow City F.C.\|Glasgow City]] were the defending champions of 14 consecutive seasons. In February 2022, Glasgow City lost 3–1 away to [[Rangers W.F.C.\|Rangers]] in a pivotal fixture;<ref name="RFC-GC">{{cite news \|title=Rangers on course for first-ever SWPL 1 title after defeating Glasgow City \|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/19903799.rangers-course-first-ever-swpl-1-title-defeating-glasgow-city/ \|work=The Herald \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206191820/https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/19903799.rangers-course-first-ever-swpl-1-title-defeating-glasgow-city/ \|archive-date=6 Feb 2022}}</ref> a 0–0 draw in the reverse fixture on 8 May gave Rangers the SWPL 1 championship, their first [[Women's football in Scotland#Champions\|Scottish women's title]].<ref name="PJ-8May">{{cite news \|last1=Goodwin \|first1=Sophie \|title=Aberdeen Women beaten 4-1 by Hibernian in penultimate weekend of SWPL 1 \|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/aberdeen-fc/4266854/aberdeen-women-beaten-4-1-by-hibernian-in-penultimate-weekend-of-swpl-1/ \|work=The Press and Journal \|date=8 May 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509011531/https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/aberdeen-fc/4266854/aberdeen-women-beaten-4-1-by-hibernian-in-penultimate-weekend-of-swpl-1/ \|archive-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> The ''Gers'' finished seven points ahead of Glasgow City and only dropped four points, via two draws against the deposed champions, defeating all other opponents three times for an [[List of unbeaten football club seasons\|unbeaten season]]. They also qualified for the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] for the first time.<ref>[https://www.rangersnews.uk/club-news/rangers-end-14-years-of-glasgow-city-dominance-with-historic-swpl-title-win/ Rangers end 14 years of Glasgow City dominance with historic SWPL title win], Rangers News, 8 May 2022</ref> No clubs were relegated from SWPL 1 and two promoted from SWPL 2 due to divisional expansion to 12 teams for the [[2022–23 Scottish Women's Premier League\|2022–23 season]].<ref name="BBCexpand">{{cite news \|title=SWPL top flight expanding to 12 teams for next season \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/60952229 \|work=BBC Sport \|date=1 Apr 2022}}</ref> The league's first promotion/relegation play-off had been planned<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/news/new-senior-structure-for-2020-and-beyond/ \|publisher=SWPL \|date=19 Sep 2019 \|access-date=19 Feb 2020 \|title=New Senior Structure for 2020 and beyond}}</ref> until the expansion was confirmed in April 2022<ref name="BBCexpand"/> following the SWPL clubs' majority vote to leave [[Scottish Women's Football\|SWF]] for the [[Scottish Professional Football League\|SPFL]] in February.<ref name="SWF22A">{{cite web \|title=SWPL to be administered by the SPFL for season 2022/23 \|url=https://scotwomensfootball.com/swpl-to-be-administered-by-the-spfl-for-season-2022-23/ \|website=Scottish Women's Football \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215131138/https://scotwomensfootball.com/swpl-to-be-administered-by-the-spfl-for-season-2022-23/ \|archive-date=15 Feb 2022 \|date=15 Feb 2022}}</ref> ==Teams== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Team ! Location ! Head coach ! Home ground ! Capacity ! data-sort-type="number"\|2020–21 position \|- \| [[Aberdeen F.C. Women\|Aberdeen]] \|\| [[Cove Bay]] \|\| {{flagicon\|SCO}} Emma Hunter<br/>{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Gavin Beith]] \|\| [[Balmoral Stadium]] \|\| 2,602 \|\| align=center \|{{ntsh\|9}}[[2020–21 Scottish Women's Premier League 2\|1st in SWPL 2]] \|- \| [[Celtic L.F.C.\|Celtic]] \|\| [[Airdrie, North Lanarkshire\|Airdrie]] \|\| {{flagicon\|ESP}} [[Fran Alonso]] \|\| [[Excelsior Stadium]] \|\| 10,101 \|\| align=center \| 2nd \|- \| [[Glasgow City F.C.\|Glasgow City]] \|\| [[Springburn]]\|\| {{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Eileen Gleeson]] \|\| [[Petershill Park]]\|\| 1,000 \|\| align="center" \| 1st \|- \| [[Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\|Hamilton Academical]] \|\| [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire\|Hamilton]] \|\| {{flagicon\|SCO}} Gary Doctor \|\| [[New Douglas Park]] \|\| 6,018 \|\| align=center \| {{ntsh\|10}}[[2020–21 Scottish Women's Premier League 2\|2nd in SWPL 2]] \|- \| [[Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\|Heart of Midlothian]] \|\| [[Edinburgh]] \|\| {{flagicon\|ESP}} [[Eva Olid]] \|\|[[Oriam]] \|\| 1,000 \|\| align=center \| 8th \|- \| [[Hibernian W.F.C.\|Hibernian]] \|\| [[Livingston, West Lothian\|Livingston]] \|\| {{flagicon\|SCO}} Dean Gibson \|\|[[Almondvale Stadium]] \|\| 3,000 \|\| align=center \| 4th \|- \| [[Motherwell L.F.C.\|Motherwell]] \|\| [[Motherwell]] \|\| {{flagicon\|SCO}} Stewart Hall<br/>{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Willie Kinniburgh]] (interim) \|\| Alliance Park \|\| 500 \|\| align=center \| 6th \|- \| [[Partick Thistle W.F.C.\|Partick Thistle]] \|\| [[Springburn]] \|\| {{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Brian Graham (footballer)\|Brian Graham]] \|\| [[Petershill Park]]\|\| 1,000 \|\| align=center \| {{ntsh\|11}}[[2020–21 Scottish Women's Premier League 2\|3rd in SWPL 2]] \|- \| [[Rangers W.F.C.\|Rangers]] \|\| [[Milngavie]] \|\| {{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Malky Thomson]] \|\| [[Rangers Training Centre]] \|\| 500 \|\| align=center \| 3rd \|- \| [[Spartans W.F.C.\|Spartans]] \|\| [[Edinburgh]] \|\| {{flagicon\|SCO}} Debbi McCulloch \|\| [[Ainslie Park]] \|\| 3,000 \|\| align=center \| 5th \|} <small>Source: <ref name="teams">{{cite web \|url=https://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/teams/ \|publisher=Scottish Women's Premier League \|access-date=24 February 2019 \|title=Scottish Women's Premier League \|archive-date=27 July 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727050044/https://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/teams/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref></small> {{Location map+ \|Scotland Central Belt\|width=600 \|float=center \|caption=Locations of teams in the SWPL \|places= {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|lat=57.161721 \|long=-2.092061 \|position=left \|label=[[Aberdeen F.C. Women\|Aberdeen]]}} {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|lat=55.8612 \|long=-3.959 \|position=top \|label=[[Celtic L.F.C.\|Celtic]]}} {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|lat=55.97 \|long=-3.2 \|position=right \|label='''''Edinburgh'''''}} {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|lat=55.860916 \|long=-4.251433\|position=left \|label='''''Glasgow'''''}} {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|lat=55.782156 \|long=-4.058503 \|position=left\|label=[[Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\|Hamilton]]}}<!--Hamilton label--> {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|lat=55.8861 \|long=-3.5219 \|position=top \|label=[[Hibernian L.F.C.\|Hibernian]]}} {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|lat=55.7975 \|long=-4.023056 \|label=[[Motherwell L.F.C.\|Motherwell]] <!--MOTHERWELL MARKER-->\|position=right}}<!--Motherwell fix--> {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|lat=55.933 \|long=-4.305 \|position=top \|label=[[Rangers W.F.C.\|Rangers]]}} {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png \|marksize=1 \|lat= 57.1 \|long=-4.85 \|label_size=90 \|label= {{nowrap\|'''Glasgow teams:'''}}<br /> {{nowrap\|[[Glasgow City F.C.\|Glasgow City]]<br /> [[Partick Thistle W.F.C.\|Partick Thistle]]}} }} {{Location map~ \|Scotland Central Belt \|mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png \|marksize=1 \|lat= 55.65 \|long=-2.5 \|label_size=90 \|label= {{nowrap\|'''Edinburgh teams:'''}}<br /> [[Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\|Heart of Midlothian]]<br /> [[Spartans W.F.C.\|Spartans]]}} }} ==League table== <onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|section=SWPL1 \|update=complete \|source=<ref name="SWPL web site">{{cite web\|url=https://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/match-centre/ \|publisher=SWPL Website \|access-date=15 May 2022 \|title=Summary – SWPL1}}</ref> <!--Update team positions here--> \|team1=RAN \|team2=GLA \|team3=CEL \|team4=HIB \|team5=ABE \|team6=SPA \|team7=MOT \|team8=HOM \|team9=PTW \|team10=HAW <!--Update team qualifications here (defined below)--> \|result1=CL3 \|result2=CL3 <!--Update team results here and then (if needed positions above). Dont forget to update the date above (update parameter)--> \|win_ABE=9 \|draw_ABE=2 \|loss_ABE=16\|gf_ABE=39\|ga_ABE=69\|status_ABE= <!--Aberdeen--> \|win_CEL=19\|draw_CEL=3 \|loss_CEL=5 \|gf_CEL=85\|ga_CEL=22\|status_CEL= <!--Celtic--> \|win_GLA=22\|draw_GLA=4 \|loss_GLA=1 \|gf_GLA=89\|ga_GLA=13\|status_GLA=Q <!--Glasgow City--> \|win_HAW=3 \|draw_HAW=4 \|loss_HAW=20\|gf_HAW=17\|ga_HAW=69\|status_HAW= <!--Hamilton Academical--> \|win_HOM=6 \|draw_HOM=2 \|loss_HOM=19\|gf_HOM=20\|ga_HOM=66\|status_HOM= <!--Heart of Midlothian--> \|win_HIB=13\|draw_HIB=4 \|loss_HIB=10\|gf_HIB=46\|ga_HIB=32\|status_HIB= <!--Hibernian--> \|win_MOT=8 \|draw_MOT=3 \|loss_MOT=16\|gf_MOT=31\|ga_MOT=75\|status_MOT= <!--Motherwell--> \|win_PTW=4 \|draw_PTW=6 \|loss_PTW=17\|gf_PTW=29\|ga_PTW=70\|status_PTW= <!--Partick Thistle--> \|win_RAN=25\|draw_RAN=2 \|loss_RAN=0 \|gf_RAN=97\|ga_RAN=11 \|status_RAN=C,Q<!--Rangers--> \|win_SPA=6 \|draw_SPA=10\|loss_SPA=11 \|gf_SPA=28\|ga_SPA=54\|status_SPA= <!--Spartans--> <!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--> \|name_ABE=[[Aberdeen F.C. Women\|Aberdeen]] \|name_CEL=[[Celtic F.C. Women\|Celtic]] \|name_GLA=[[Glasgow City F.C.\|Glasgow City]] \|name_HAW=[[Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\|Hamilton Academical]] \|name_HOM=[[Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\|Heart of Midlothian]] \|name_HIB=[[Hibernian W.F.C.\|Hibernian]] \|name_MOT=[[Motherwell L.F.C.\|Motherwell]] \|name_PTW=[[Partick Thistle W.F.C.\|Partick Thistle]] \|name_RAN=[[Rangers W.F.C.\|Rangers]] \|name_SPA=[[Spartans W.F.C.\|Spartans]] <!--Table settings and rules--> \|class_rules=1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Number of goals scored <!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--> \|res_col_header=QR \|col_CL3=green1 \|text_CL3=Qualification for the [[2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League#Round 1\|Champions League first round]] }} </onlyinclude> <!--==Positions by round== {{#invoke:sports rbr table\|table\|legendpos=tr \|toptext=The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological progress, any postponed matches are not included in the round at which they were originally scheduled but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards. For example, if a match is scheduled for matchday 13, but then postponed and played between days 16 and 17, it will be added to the standings for day 16. \|team1=[[Rangers W.F.C.\|Rangers]] \|pos1= \|team2=[[Glasgow City F.C.\|Glasgow City]] \|pos2= \|team3=[[Celtic F.C. women's team\|Celtic]] \|pos3= \|team4=[[Hibernian W.F.C.\|Hibernian]] \|pos4= \|team5=[[Aberdeen F.C. Women\|Aberdeen]] \|pos5= \|team6=[[Spartans W.F.C.\|Spartans]] \|pos6= \|team7=[[Motherwell L.F.C.\|Motherwell]] \|pos7= \|team8=[[Partick Thistle W.F.C.\|Partick Thistle]] \|pos8= \|team9=[[Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\|Heart of Midlothian]] \|pos9= \|team10=[[Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\|Hamilton Academical]] \|pos10= \|color_1=gold\|text_1=Champions and [[2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League#Round 1\|UEFA Champions League first round]] \|color_2=green1\|text_2=[[2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League#Round 1\|UEFA Champions League first round]] \|col_RPO=red2 \|text_RPO=Qualification for the [[2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League#SWPL1 Relegation Play-Off Match\|Relegation Play-Off Match]] \|col_REL=red1 \|text_REL=Relegation to [[2022–23 Scottish Women's Premier League#SWPL2\|SWPL 2]] \|source=<ref name="soccerway"/> }}--> ==Results== {{col-begin\|width=auto}} {{col-break}} ===Matches 1 to 18=== {{#invoke:sports results\|main \|matches_style=FBR\|solid_cell=grey \|team1=ABE\|team2=CEL\|team3=GLA\|team4=HAW\|team5=HOM\|team6=HIB\|team7=MOT\|team8=PTW\|team9=RAN\|team10=SPA \|name_ABE=[[Aberdeen F.C. Women\|Aberdeen]] \|match_ABE_CEL=2–4 \|match_ABE_GLA=0–5 \|match_ABE_HAW=1–0 \|match_ABE_HOM=2–3 \|match_ABE_HIB=1–0 \|match_ABE_MOT=5–1 \|match_ABE_PTW=4–2 \|match_ABE_RAN=0–2 \|match_ABE_SPA=2–3 \|name_CEL=[[Celtic F.C. women's team\|Celtic]] \|match_CEL_ABE=3–1 \|match_CEL_GLA=2–2 \|match_CEL_HAW=3–0 \|match_CEL_HOM=2–0 \|match_CEL_HIB=2–1 \|match_CEL_MOT=7–0 \|match_CEL_PTW=6–0 \|match_CEL_RAN=0–1 \|match_CEL_SPA=2–2 \|name_GLA=[[Glasgow City F.C.\|Glasgow City]] \|match_GLA_ABE=10–1 \|match_GLA_CEL=2–0 \|match_GLA_HAW=1–0 \|match_GLA_HOM=2–0 \|match_GLA_HIB=2–1 \|match_GLA_MOT=6–0 \|match_GLA_PTW=3–1 \|match_GLA_RAN=1–1 \|match_GLA_SPA=9–0 \|name_HAW=[[Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\|Hamilton Academical]] \|match_HAW_ABE=1–2 \|match_HAW_CEL=0–6 \|match_HAW_GLA=1–3 \|match_HAW_HOM=0–1 \|match_HAW_HIB=0–1 \|match_HAW_MOT=1–2 \|match_HAW_PTW=0–1 \|match_HAW_RAN=0–7 \|match_HAW_SPA=2–2 \|name_HOM=[[Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\|Heart of Midlothian]] \|match_HOM_ABE=0–4 \|match_HOM_CEL=0–3 \|match_HOM_GLA=0–2 \|match_HOM_HAW=1–2 \|match_HOM_HIB=1–3 \|match_HOM_MOT=1–0 \|match_HOM_PTW=2–4 \|match_HOM_RAN=0–3 \|match_HOM_SPA=1–1 \|name_HIB=[[Hibernian W.F.C.\|Hibernian]] \|match_HIB_ABE=1–0 \|match_HIB_CEL=1–1 \|match_HIB_GLA=0–3 \|match_HIB_HAW=2–2 \|match_HIB_HOM=3–0 \|match_HIB_MOT=1–0 \|match_HIB_PTW=1–0 \|match_HIB_RAN=0–1 \|match_HIB_SPA=3–0 \|name_MOT=[[Motherwell L.F.C.\|Motherwell]] \|match_MOT_ABE=4–3 \|match_MOT_CEL=0–4 \|match_MOT_GLA=1–5 \|match_MOT_HAW=3–0 \|match_MOT_HOM=2–0 \|match_MOT_HIB=0–4 \|match_MOT_PTW=2–2 \|match_MOT_RAN=0–1 \|match_MOT_SPA=3–0 \|name_PTW=[[Partick Thistle W.F.C.\|Partick Thistle]] \|match_PTW_ABE=0–2 \|match_PTW_CEL=0–7 \|match_PTW_GLA=0–2 \|match_PTW_HAW=2–2 \|match_PTW_HOM=2–3 \|match_PTW_HIB=3–2 \|match_PTW_MOT=3–2 \|match_PTW_RAN=0–1 \|match_PTW_SPA=2–2 \|name_RAN=[[Rangers W.F.C.\|Rangers]] \|match_RAN_ABE=8–0 \|match_RAN_CEL=3–0 \|match_RAN_GLA=3–1 \|match_RAN_HAW=4–0 \|match_RAN_HOM=6–0 \|match_RAN_HIB=2–1 \|match_RAN_MOT=5–0 \|match_RAN_PTW=7–1 \|match_RAN_SPA=6–1 \|name_SPA=[[Spartans W.F.C.\|Spartans]] \|match_SPA_ABE=0–0 \|match_SPA_CEL=0–2 \|match_SPA_GLA=0–4 \|match_SPA_HAW=1–0 \|match_SPA_HOM=3–1 \|match_SPA_HIB=0–0 \|match_SPA_MOT=0–0 \|match_SPA_PTW=0–0 \|match_SPA_RAN=2–5 \|update=complete \|source=<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web\|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/national/scotland/swpl/2020/regular-season/r56459/ \|publisher=Soccerway \|access-date=17 April 2022 \|title=Summary – SWPL1}}</ref> }} {{col-break\|gap=1em}} ===Matches 19 to 27=== {{#invoke:sports results\|main \|matches_style=FBR\|solid_cell=grey \|team1=ABE\|team2=CEL\|team3=GLA\|team4=HAW\|team5=HOM\|team6=HIB\|team7=MOT\|team8=PTW\|team9=RAN\|team10=SPA \|name_ABE=[[Aberdeen F.C. Women\|Aberdeen]] \|match_ABE_CEL=0–3 \|match_ABE_GLA=null \|match_ABE_HAW=2–1 \|match_ABE_HOM=0–1 \|match_ABE_HIB=null \|match_ABE_MOT=null \|match_ABE_PTW=null \|match_ABE_RAN=null \|match_ABE_SPA=1–1 \|name_CEL=[[Celtic F.C. women's team\|Celtic]] \|match_CEL_ABE=null \|match_CEL_GLA=null \|match_CEL_HAW=null \|match_CEL_HOM=5–0 \|match_CEL_HIB=4–0 \|match_CEL_MOT=6–1 \|match_CEL_PTW=null \|match_CEL_RAN=1–3 \|match_CEL_SPA=null \|name_GLA=[[Glasgow City F.C.\|Glasgow City]] \|match_GLA_ABE=4–1 \|match_GLA_CEL=2–1 \|match_GLA_HAW=6–0 \|match_GLA_HOM=null \|match_GLA_HIB=null \|match_GLA_MOT=6–0 \|match_GLA_PTW=2–0 \|match_GLA_RAN=null \|match_GLA_SPA=null \|name_HAW=[[Hamilton Academical W.F.C.\|Hamilton Academical]] \|match_HAW_ABE=null \|match_HAW_CEL=0–6 \|match_HAW_GLA=null \|match_HAW_HOM=null \|match_HAW_HIB=0–4 \|match_HAW_MOT=null \|match_HAW_PTW=null \|match_HAW_RAN=0–4 \|match_HAW_SPA=1–2 \|name_HOM=[[Heart of Midlothian W.F.C.\|Heart of Midlothian]] \|match_HOM_ABE=null \|match_HOM_CEL=null \|match_HOM_GLA=0–2 \|match_HOM_HAW=1–1 \|match_HOM_HIB=null \|match_HOM_MOT=null \|match_HOM_PTW=3–0 \|match_HOM_RAN=0–5 \|match_HOM_SPA=null \|name_HIB=[[Hibernian W.F.C.\|Hibernian]] \|match_HIB_ABE=4–1 \|match_HIB_CEL=null \|match_HIB_GLA=0–0 \|match_HIB_HAW=null \|match_HIB_HOM=4–1 \|match_HIB_MOT=7–1 \|match_HIB_PTW=null \|match_HIB_RAN=null \|match_HIB_SPA=null \|name_MOT=[[Motherwell L.F.C.\|Motherwell]] \|match_MOT_ABE=3–2 \|match_MOT_CEL=null \|match_MOT_GLA=null \|match_MOT_HAW=0–1 \|match_MOT_HOM=1–0 \|match_MOT_HIB=null \|match_MOT_PTW=3–3 \|match_MOT_RAN=1–2 \|match_MOT_SPA=null \|name_PTW=[[Partick Thistle W.F.C.\|Partick Thistle]] \|match_PTW_ABE=1–2 \|match_PTW_CEL=0–2 \|match_PTW_GLA=null \|match_PTW_HAW=1–2 \|match_PTW_HOM=null \|match_PTW_HIB=0–2 \|match_PTW_MOT=null \|match_PTW_RAN=null \|match_PTW_SPA=0–0 \|name_RAN=[[Rangers W.F.C.\|Rangers]] \|match_RAN_ABE=4–0 \|match_RAN_CEL=null \|match_RAN_GLA=0–0 \|match_RAN_HAW=null \|match_RAN_HOM=null \|match_RAN_HIB=5–0 \|match_RAN_MOT=null \|match_RAN_PTW=6–1 \|match_RAN_SPA=2–1 \|name_SPA=[[Spartans W.F.C.\|Spartans]] \|match_SPA_ABE=null \|match_SPA_CEL=1–3 \|match_SPA_GLA=0–4 \|match_SPA_HAW=null \|match_SPA_HOM=4–0 \|match_SPA_HIB=2–0 \|match_SPA_MOT=0–1 \|match_SPA_PTW=null \|match_SPA_RAN=null \|update=complete \|source=<ref name="soccerway"/> }} {{col-end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/ Official website] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173313/https://www.womenspremierleague.co.uk/ \|date=2022-09-20 }} {{Scottish Women's Premier League}} {{2021–22 in Scottish football}} {{2021–22 in European women's football (UEFA)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scottish Women's Premier League, 2021}} [[Category:2021–22 in European women's association football leagues\|Scot]] [[Category:Scottish Women's Premier League seasons]] [[Category:2021–22 in Scottish women's football\|Premier League]]	1,284,008,332	[{"title": "Scottish Women's Premier League 1", "data": {"Season": "2021\u201322", "Champions": "Rangers (1st title)", "Matches played": "135", "Goals scored": "481 (3.56 per match)", "Biggest home win": "Glasgow City 10\u20131 Aberdeen \u00b7 Glasgow City 9\u20130 Spartans", "Biggest away win": "Hamilton Academical 0\u20137 Rangers \u00b7 Partick Thistle 0\u20137 Celtic", "Highest scoring": "Glasgow City 10\u20131 Aberdeen (11 goals)", "Longest unbeaten run": "Rangers (27 games)"}}]	false
# Ángeles Cruz Ángeles Cruz (born 1969) is a Mexican actress, film director, and screenwriter. As a filmmaker, she has focused on themes of ostracism, female sexuality, and gender violence. In a 2022 interview, she explained, "I have three imbalances: I come from an indigenous community, I am a woman, and I am a lesbian – things that have been stereotyped and placed in an emerging situation of survival." Her work has been recognized with three Ariel Awards. ## Biography Ángeles Cruz is originally from Villa Guadalupe Victoria in San Miguel el Grande, a mostly indigenous community high in the mountains of Oaxaca. She grew up primarily speaking Spanish, but learned some Mixtec from her father. In her community there was no electricity, no water, and no cinema. She saw only one film in her first sixteen years, El joven Juárez, which her father had in 16 mm. "When I saw the film for the first time in a cinema, it changed me, transformed me; it totally pulled out the rug," she recalled. She wanted to be an agronomist and dedicate herself to farming, but her family had to relocate, first to Tlaxiaco, and later to Oaxaca. There, she switched to studying theater, a decision she credits to her high school teacher Sergio Santamaría. Cruz studied at the Miguel Cabrera Center of Artistic Education in Oaxaca, and later completed a licentiate in acting at the INBA Theater Art School in Mexico City. In 1994, she began getting roles in cinema. Her first film as an actress was the Swedish-Danish drama La hija del puma about massacres that occurred in Guatemala against the indigenous people. Her performance was nominated for the Guldbagge Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. In 2011, Cruz started writing her own stories, and directed a short film made from one such script, La tiricia o cómo curar la tristeza. It was produced by the Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografía, and won the Ariel Award for Best Short Film in 2013. She continued with the shorts La carta and Arcángel, followed by her first feature, Nudo Mixteco, starring Sonia Couoh and Noé Hernández, which tells three stories of women living in indigenous communities in Oaxaca. Regarding the film's explicit love scenes between women, Cruz said, Homosexuality has been crossed out in the world due to ignorance and due to this impasse that exists. For me it was important to name it and show it forcefully, not leave it to the imagination, not self-censor and let it remain in the line of imagination for the viewer to complete. I feel that it is a beautiful manifestation of love, and I feel that lesbian women in the communities have also remained in the dark, marginalized. Male homosexuality is named, everything from the male gaze. It seemed important to me to name it. ## Filmography ### Films as director - La tiricia o cómo curar la tristeza - short; 2012 - La carta - short; 2014 - Arcángel - short; 2018 - Nudo Mixteco - 2021 - Valentina or the Serenity - 2023 ### Films as actress \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Director \| \| ---- \| -------------------------------------- \| ----------------- \| ----------------------------- \| \| 1994 \| La hija del puma \| Aschlop \| Åsa Faringer and Ulf Hultberg \| \| 1998 \| The Other Conquest \| Doncella \| Salvador Carrasco \| \| 2000 \| Rito terminal \| Celia \| Óscar Urrutia Lazo \| \| 2002 \| Aro Tolbukhin: In the Mind of a Killer \| \| Agustí Villaronga \| \| 2005 \| The Violin \| Jefa Guerrilera 1 \| Francisco Vargas \| \| 2008 \| Espiral \| Araceli 2 \| Jorge Pérez Solano \| \| 2010 \| Marcelino, pan y vino \| Petra \| José Luis Gutiérrez Arias \| \| 2011 \| Cenizas Eternas \| Matiri \| Margarita Cadenas \| \| 2012 \| The Girl \| Rosa's mother \| David Riker \| \| 2016 \| Tamara y la catarina \| Tamara \| Lucía Carreras \| \| 2018 \| Dos Fridas \| Adelita \| Ishtar Yasin Gutierrez \| \| 2018 \| Tiempo de lluvia \| Soledad \| Itandehui Jansen \| \| 2018 \| Traición \| \| Ignacio Ortiz \| \| 2019 \| La ira o el seol \| \| Juan Mora Catlett \| \| 2023 \| Familia \| Teresa \| Rodrigo García \| ### TV series as actress \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Channel \| \| --------- \| --------------------------- \| ------------------ \| ----------- \| \| 2001–2005 \| Lo que callamos las mujeres \| Rosa, Tomasa \| Azteca Uno \| \| 2008 \| Capadocia \| Fernanda Castrejón \| HBO \| \| 2017 \| El Chapo \| Evelina \| Univision \| \| 2018 \| Malinche \| Macti \| Canal Once \| \| 2018–2020 \| Here on Earth \| Jacobina \| Fox Premium \| \| 2024 \| Como agua para Chocolate \| Nacha \| HBO \| ## Awards and nominations \| Year \| Award \| Category \| Work \| Result \| Ref. \| \| ---- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------- \| --------- \| ------ \| \| 2000 \| Ariel Award \| Best Supporting Actress \| Rito terminal \| Nominated \| [ 10 ] \| \| 2013 \| Ariel Award \| Best Fiction Short \| La tiricia o cómo curar la tristeza \| Won \| [ 8 ] \| \| 2014 \| Guldbagge Award \| Best Actress in a Leading Role \| La hija del puma \| Nominated \| [ 7 ] \| \| 2015 \| Ariel Award \| Best Fiction Short \| La carta \| Nominated \| [ 11 ] \| \| 2017 \| Silver Columbus from the Huelva Ibero-American Film Festival \| Best Actress \| Tamara y la catarina \| Won \| [ 12 ] \| \| 2019 \| Ariel Award \| Best Fiction Short \| Arcángel \| Won \| [ 13 ] \| \| 2019 \| Jury Film Award from the Cinequest Film & Creativity Festival \| Best Narrative Short Film: Drama \| Arcángel \| Won \| [ 14 ] \| \| 2019 \| Coral Prize from the Havana Film Festival \| Best Fiction Short \| Arcángel \| Won \| [ 15 ] \| \| 2022 \| Ariel Award \| Best First Work \| Nudo Mixteco \| Won \| [ 16 ] \| \| 2022 \| Ariel Award \| Best Picture \| Nudo Mixteco \| Nominated \| [ 17 ] \| \| 2022 \| Canvas Award from the MOOOV Filmfestival \| Best Picture \| Nudo Mixteco \| Won \| [ 18 ] \|	enwiki/74573479	enwiki	74,573,479	Ángeles Cruz	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngeles_Cruz	2025-04-22T03:26:20Z	en	Q62078355	110,853	{{Short description\|Mexican actress, film director and screenwriter}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox person \| name = Ángeles Cruz \| image = Ángeles Cruz 2021 (cropped).jpg \| alt = \| caption = At the 4th {{ill\|Women's Film Festival\|es\|Festival de Cine por mujeres}} in 2021 \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{Birth year and age\|1969}} \| birth_place = Villa Guadalupe Victoria, {{ill\|San Miguel el Grande, Oaxaca)\|es\|San Miguel el Grande (Oaxaca)\|lt=San Miguel el Grande}}, [[Oaxaca]], Mexico \| death_date = \| death_place = \| resting_place = \| other_names = \| occupation = Actress, director, screenwriter \| spouse = \| children = \| awards = [[Ariel Award]] (2013, 2019, 2022) \| education = [[Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura]] \| website = }} '''Ángeles Cruz''' (born 1969) is a Mexican actress, film director, and screenwriter. As a filmmaker, she has focused on themes of ostracism, female sexuality, and gender violence. In a 2022 interview, she explained, "I have three imbalances: I come from an indigenous community, I am a woman, and I am a lesbian – things that have been stereotyped and placed in an emerging situation of survival."<ref name=Saficosmos>{{Cite web \|url=https://saficosmos.com/lbtq/lesbianas/soy-mujer-indigena-lesbiana-angeles-cruz-cineasta-mexicana/ \|title='Soy mujer, indígena y lesbiana': Ángeles Cruz \|trans-title=I am a Woman, Indigenous and Lesbian: Ángeles Cruz \|first=Víctor \|last=Gochi \|website=Saficosmos \|language=es \|date=2022-10-17 \|access-date=2025-04-21}}</ref> Her work has been recognized with three [[Ariel Award]]s. ==Biography== Ángeles Cruz is originally from Villa Guadalupe Victoria in {{ill\|San Miguel el Grande, Oaxaca\|es\|San Miguel el Grande (Oaxaca)\|lt=San Miguel el Grande}}, a mostly indigenous community high in the mountains of [[Oaxaca]].<ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://oaxaca.eluniversal.com.mx/especiales/07-03-2019/sexualidad-de-mujeres-indigenas-oaxaquenas-llegara-al-cine \|title=Sexualidad de mujeres indígenas oaxaqueñas llegará al cine \|trans-title=Sexuality of Indigenous Oaxacan Women Will Reach the Cinema \|first=Isela \|last=Hinojoza \|newspaper=[[El Universal (Mexico City)\|El Universal]] \|place=Mexico City \|language=es \|date=2019-03-07 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-BKI_a5Xts&t=1078 \|title=Ángeles Cruz estrena en Francia su película 'Nudo Mixteco' \|trans-title=Ángeles Cruz Premieres Her Film "Nudo Mixteco" in France \|publisher=[[Radio France Internationale\|RFI Español]] \|time=17:58 \|language=es \|date=2021-10-11 \|access-date=2023-08-11 \|via=YouTube \|quote=Mi comunidad Villa Guadalupe Victoria se rige por usos y costumbres. \|trans-quote=My community Villa Guadalupe Victoria is governed by habits and customs.}}</ref> She grew up primarily speaking Spanish, but learned some [[Southern Puebla Mixtec\|Mixtec]] from her father.<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-BKI_a5Xts&t=335 \|title=Ángeles Cruz estrena en Francia su película 'Nudo Mixteco' \|trans-title=Ángeles Cruz Premieres Her Film "Nudo Mixteco" in France \|publisher=[[Radio France Internationale\|RFI Español]] \|time=5:35 \|language=es \|date=2021-10-11 \|access-date=2023-08-11 \|via=YouTube \|quote=Mi madre habla español y mi padre hablaba el mixteco y entonces sé algunas cosas de mixteco. Lo entiendo, lo hablo poco, pero si el mixteco digamos que es mi lengua paterna. \|trans-quote=My mother speaks Spanish and my father spoke Mixtec, and so I know a few things in Mixtec. I understand it, I speak a little, but let's say Mixtec is my father tongue.}}</ref> In her community there was no electricity, no water, and no cinema. She saw only one film in her first sixteen years, ''{{ill\|El joven Juárez\|es}}'', which her father had in [[16 mm film\|16 mm]].<ref name=Saficosmos/> "When I saw the film for the first time in a cinema, it changed me, transformed me; it totally pulled out the rug," she recalled.<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-BKI_a5Xts&t=519 \|title=Ángeles Cruz estrena en Francia su película 'Nudo Mixteco' \|trans-title=Ángeles Cruz Premieres Her Film "Nudo Mixteco" in France \|publisher=[[Radio France Internationale\|RFI Español]] \|time=8:39 \|language=es \|date=2021-10-11 \|access-date=2023-08-11 \|via=YouTube \|quote=Cuando vi por primera vez la película en un cine, cambió, me transformó, me movió todo el tapete.}}</ref> She wanted to be an [[agronomist]] and dedicate herself to farming, but her family had to relocate, first to [[Tlaxiaco]], and later to [[Oaxaca City\|Oaxaca]]. There, she switched to studying theater, a decision she credits to her high school teacher Sergio Santamaría.<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-BKI_a5Xts&t=166 \|title=Ángeles Cruz estrena en Francia su película 'Nudo Mixteco' \|trans-title=Ángeles Cruz Premieres Her Film "Nudo Mixteco" in France \|publisher=[[Radio France Internationale\|RFI Español]] \|time=2:46 \|language=es \|date=2021-10-11 \|access-date=2023-08-11 \|via=YouTube \|quote=Tuve la fortuna de llegar a la preparatoria en Mexico, primero a la ciudad de Oaxaca, y ahí un maestro que determinó digamos, que yo está aquí. Que es el maestro Sergio Santamaría, y qué decidió que tenía algo que hacer en el teatro. \|trans-quote=I was fortunate to arrive at high school in Mexico, first in the city of Oaxaca, and there a teacher who determined, let's say, that I am here. That is the teacher Sergio Santamaría, and who decided that I had something to do in the theater.}}</ref> Cruz studied at the Miguel Cabrera Center of Artistic Education in Oaxaca, and later completed a [[Licentiate (degree)#Mexico\|licentiate]] in acting at the [[Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura\|INBA]] Theater Art School in Mexico City.<ref name=Yalitza>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.sopitas.com/cine-y-tv/angeles-cruz-directora-actriz-tlaxiaco-oaxaca/ \|title=No sólo es Yalitza: Conoce a Ángeles Cruz, la talentosa directora y actriz de Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca \|trans-title=It's not just Yalitza: Meet Ángeles Cruz, the talented director and actress from Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca \|first=Greta \|last=Padilla \|website=Sopitas.com \|language=es \|date=2019-02-27 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> [[File:Ángeles Cruz.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|In the play ''El árbol'' (2016)]] In 1994, she began getting roles in cinema. Her first film as an actress was the Swedish-Danish drama ''La hija del puma'' about massacres that occurred in Guatemala against the indigenous people.<ref name=Saficosmos/> Her performance was nominated for the [[Guldbagge Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]].<ref name=Yalitza/> In 2011, Cruz started writing her own stories, and directed a short film made from one such script, ''La tiricia o cómo curar la tristeza''. It was produced by the [[Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografía]], and won the [[Ariel Award]] for Best Short Film in 2013.<ref name=Markovitch>{{Cite magazine \|url=https://mx.hola.com/cine/201305293954/premios-ariel-2013/ \|title=La cinta 'El Premio' de Paula Markovitch, la gran ganadora de la 55ª entrega de los premios Ariel \|trans-title=The Film "El Premio" by Paula Markovitch, the Big Winner of the 55th Ariel Awards \|magazine=[[¡Hola!]] \|language=es \|date=2013-05-29 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> She continued with the shorts ''La carta'' and ''Arcángel'', followed by her first feature, ''[[Nudo Mixteco]]'', starring {{ill\|Sonia Couoh\|es}} and [[Noé Hernández (actor)\|Noé Hernández]], which tells three stories of women living in indigenous communities in Oaxaca. Regarding the film's explicit love scenes between women, Cruz said, {{Quote\|Homosexuality has been crossed out in the world due to ignorance and due to this impasse that exists. For me it was important to name it and show it forcefully, not leave it to the imagination, not self-censor and let it remain in the line of imagination for the viewer to complete. I feel that it is a beautiful manifestation of love, and I feel that lesbian women in the communities have also remained in the dark, marginalized. Male homosexuality is named, everything from the male gaze. It seemed important to me to name it.<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-BKI_a5Xts&t=1405 \|title=Ángeles Cruz estrena en Francia su película 'Nudo Mixteco' \|trans-title=Ángeles Cruz Premieres Her Film "Nudo Mixteco" in France \|publisher=[[Radio France Internationale\|RFI Español]] \|time=23:25 \|language=es \|date=2021-10-11 \|access-date=2023-08-11 \|via=YouTube \|quote=La homosexualidad ha estado tachada en el mundo por ignorancia y por esta cerrazón que existe y para mi era importante nombrarlo y mostrarlo de manera contundente, no dejarlo a la imaginación, no autocensurarme y dejarlo que quede en la línea de la imaginación y que el espectador la complete. Siento que es una manifestación bellísima el amor y siento que también las mujeres lesbianas en las comunidades han permanecido en la oscuridad, marginadas. Se nombra la homosexualidad masculina, todo desde la mirada masculina, a mi me parecía importante nombrarlo.}}</ref>}} ==Filmography== ===Films as director=== * ''La tiricia o cómo curar la tristeza'' - short; 2012 ''La carta'' - short; 2014 ''Arcángel'' - short; 2018 ''[[Nudo Mixteco]]'' - 2021 ''[[Valentina or the Serenity]]'' - 2023 ===Films as actress=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Director \|- \| 1994 \|\| ''La hija del puma'' \|\| Aschlop \|\| Åsa Faringer and Ulf Hultberg \|- \| 1998 \|\| ''[[The Other Conquest]]'' \|\| Doncella \|\| [[Salvador Carrasco]] \|- \| 2000 \|\| ''Rito terminal'' \|\| Celia \|\| Óscar Urrutia Lazo \|- \| 2002 \|\| ''[[Aro Tolbukhin: In the Mind of a Killer]]'' \|\| \|\| [[Agustí Villaronga]] \|- \| 2005 \|\| ''[[The Violin]]'' \|\| Jefa Guerrilera 1 \|\| Francisco Vargas \|- \| 2008 \|\| ''{{ill\|Espiral (film)\|es\|Espiral (película)\|lt=Espiral}}'' \|\| Araceli 2 \|\| {{ill\|Jorge Pérez Solano\|es}} \|- \| 2010 \|\| ''{{ill\|Marcelino, pan y vino (2010 film)\|es\|Marcelino, pan y vino (película de 2010)\|lt=Marcelino, pan y vino}}'' \|\| Petra \|\| José Luis Gutiérrez Arias \|- \| 2011 \|\| ''{{ill\|Cenizas Eternas\|es}}'' \|\| Matiri \|\| [[Margarita Cadenas]] \|- \| 2012 \|\| ''[[The Girl (2012 independent film)\|The Girl]]'' \|\| Rosa's mother \|\| [[David Riker]] \|- \| 2016 \|\| ''Tamara y la catarina'' \|\| Tamara \|\| {{ill\|Lucía Carreras\|es}} \|- \| rowspan=3 \| 2018 \|\| ''Dos Fridas'' \|\| Adelita \|\| [[Ishtar Yasin Gutierrez]] \|- \| ''Tiempo de lluvia'' \|\| Soledad \|\| Itandehui Jansen \|- \| ''Traición'' \|\| \|\| Ignacio Ortiz \|- \| 2019 \|\| ''La ira o el seol'' \|\| \|\| [[Juan Mora Catlett]] \|- \|2023 \|''[[Familia (2023 film)\|Familia]]'' \|Teresa \|[[Rodrigo García (director)\|Rodrigo García]] \|} ===TV series as actress=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Channel \|- \| 2001–2005 \|\| ''[[Lo que callamos las mujeres]]'' \|\| Rosa, Tomasa \|\| [[Azteca Uno]] \|- \| 2008 \|\| ''[[Capadocia (TV series)\|Capadocia]]'' \|\| Fernanda Castrejón \|\| [[HBO]] \|- \| 2017 \|\| ''[[El Chapo (TV series)\|El Chapo]]'' \|\| Evelina \|\| [[Univision]] \|- \| 2018 \|\| ''[[Malinche (TV series)\|Malinche]]'' \|\| Macti \|\| [[Canal Once (Mexico)\|Canal Once]] \|- \| 2018–2020 \|\| ''[[Here on Earth (TV series)\|Here on Earth]]'' \|\| Jacobina \|\| [[Fox Premium]] \|- \| 2024 \|\| ''[[Como agua para Chocolate (TV series)\|Como agua para Chocolate]]'' \|\| Nacha \|\| [[HBO]] \|} ==Awards and nominations== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Work ! Result ! Ref. \|- \| 2000 \|\| [[Ariel Award for Best Supporting Actress\|Ariel Award]] \|\| Best Supporting Actress \|\| ''Rito terminal'' \|\| {{No\|Nominated}} \|\| <ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/2000/06/09/cul3.html \|title=Cintas de Rulfo, Estrada y Urrutia, nominadas al Ariel \|trans-title=Films by Rulfo, Estrada, and Urrutia Nominated for the Ariel \|first=Mónica \|last=Mateos \|newspaper=[[La Jornada]] \|publication-place=Mexico City \|language=es \|date=2000-06-09 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> \|- \| 2013 \|\| [[Ariel Award]] \|\| Best Fiction Short \|\| ''La tiricia o cómo curar la tristeza'' \|\| {{Yes\|Won}} \|\| <ref name=Markovitch/> \|- \| 2014 \|\| [[Guldbagge Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role\|Guldbagge Award]] \|\| Best Actress in a Leading Role \|\| ''La hija del puma'' \|\| {{No\|Nominated}} \|\| <ref name=Yalitza/> \|- \| 2015 \|\| [[Ariel Award]] \|\| Best Fiction Short \|\| ''La carta'' \|\| {{No\|Nominated}} \|\| <ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://www.milenio.com/espectaculos/lista-de-ganadores-del-ariel-2015 \|title=Lista de ganadores del Ariel 2015 \|newspaper=[[Milenio]] \|publication-place=Mexico \|language=es \|date=2015-05-27 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> \|- \| 2017 \|\| Silver Columbus from the [[Huelva Ibero-American Film Festival]] \|\| Best Actress \|\| ''Tamara y la catarina'' \|\| {{Yes\|Won}} \|\| <ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://www.elmundo.es/andalucia/2016/11/19/58307a20e5fdeaeb078b45ad.html \|title=El Iberoamericano rinde homenaje a la directora de producción Manuela Ocón en su clausura \|trans-title=The Ibero-American Pays Tribute to Production Director Manuela Ocón at its Closing Ceremony \|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)\|El Mundo]] \|publication-place=Spain \|place=Huelva \|agency=Europa Press \|language=es \|date=2016-11-19 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> \|- \| rowspan=3 \| 2019 \|\| [[Ariel Award]] \|\| Best Fiction Short \|\| rowspan=3 \| ''Arcángel'' \|\| {{Yes\|Won}} \|\| <ref>{{Cite magazine \|url=https://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/exclusiva-ganadores-del-ariel-2019-fotografias.html \|title=Exclusiva: Ganadores del Ariel 2019 \|first=Arturo \|last=Magaña Arce \|magazine=Cine Premiere \|language=es \|date=2019-07-01 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> \|- \| Jury Film Award from the<br/>[[Cinequest Film & Creativity Festival]] \|\| Best Narrative Short Film: Drama \|\| {{Yes\|Won}} \|\| <ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://www.cinequest.org/sites/default/files/media/Cinequest2019_WRAPandAWARDS.pdf \|title=Festival Wrap \|publisher=[[Cinequest Film & Creativity Festival]] \|page=2 \|date=2019-03-19 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> \|- \| Coral Prize from the<br/>[[Havana Film Festival]] \|\| Best Fiction Short \|\| {{Yes\|Won}} \|\| <ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://habanafilmfestival.com/premios-coral-edicion-40/ \|title=Premios Coral edición 40 \|publisher=[[Havana Film Festival]] \|language=es \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> \|- \| rowspan=3 \| 2022 \|\| [[Ariel Award]] \|\| Best First Work \|\| rowspan=3 \| ''[[Nudo Mixteco]]'' \|\| {{Yes\|Won}} \|\| <ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.cinematropical.com/cinema-tropical/prayers-for-the-stolen-and-a-cop-movie-top-mexicos-ariel-awards \|title=Prayers for the Stolen and A Cop Movie Top Mexico's Ariel Awards \|publisher=[[Cinema Tropical]] \|date=2022-10-12 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> \|- \| [[Ariel Award for Best Picture\|Ariel Award]] \|\| Best Picture \|\| {{No\|Nominated}} \|\| <ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.cinematropical.com/cinema-tropical/prayers-for-the-stolen-sweeps-mexicos-ariel-awards-nominations \|title=Prayers for the Stolen Sweeps Mexico's Ariel Awards Nominations \|publisher=[[Cinema Tropical]] \|date=2022-08-02 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> \|- \| Canvas Award from the<br/>{{ill\|MOOOV Filmfestival\|nl\|MOOOV Filmfestival\|fr\|Festival du film Open Doek}} \|\| Best Picture \|\| {{Yes\|Won}} \|\| <ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/04/24/mexicaanse-film-nudo-mixteco-wint-mooov-filmfestivalprijs/ \|title=Mexicaanse film 'Nudo Mixteco' wint MOOOV Filmfestival \|trans-title=Mexican film "Nudo Mixteco" wins MOOOV Film Festival \|publisher=[[VRT (broadcaster)\|VRT]] \|language=nl \|date=2021-04-24 \|access-date=2023-08-11}}</ref> \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{Facebook}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Ángeles Cruz}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cruz, Angeles}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:21st-century Mexican actresses]] [[Category:Actresses from Oaxaca]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Mexican film actresses]] [[Category:Mexican film directors]] [[Category:Mexican lesbian actresses]] [[Category:Mexican LGBTQ rights activists]] [[Category:Mexican women film directors]] [[Category:Mexican women's rights activists]] [[Category:Mexican LGBTQ film directors]]	1,286,809,830	[{"title": "\u00c1ngeles Cruz", "data": {"Born": "1969 (age 55\u201356) \u00b7 Villa Guadalupe Victoria, San Miguel el Grande, Oaxaca, Mexico", "Education": "Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura", "Occupation(s)": "Actress, director, screenwriter", "Awards": "Ariel Award (2013, 2019, 2022)"}}]	false
# Eli Holzman Eli Holzman is an American creator–developer, writer, producer and television executive. He is known for creating or serving as executive producer on a number of reality-based television series and documentaries, such as Project Runway, Project Greenlight, The Seven Five, Undercover Boss, Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath, Free Meek, Living Undocumented, American Idol and So You Think You Can Dance. Holzman is the founder and CEO of The Intellectual Property Corporation, as well as the president of Sony Pictures Television Nonfiction. He is the former head of Miramax Television, Katalyst Films, Studio Lambert, and All3Media America. He has won four Primetime Emmy Awards for the television series' Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath and Undercover Boss, and won the PGA Award for Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television for Scientology and the Aftermath in 2016. ## Career ### Miramax After graduating from The Bronx High School of Science, Eli Holzman began his career at Miramax Films in early 1996. There, he worked on numerous films, including In Too Deep and Rounders. Holzman was soon promoted to junior executive, working for top exec Meryl Poster. As a junior executive, he identified television as an untapped market for the studio. Holzman moved to Los Angeles in 1998 to play a role in founding Miramax's television arm, Miramax Television. While there, he helped develop a wide variety of projects, covering the full breadth of genres, including Kevin Smith's Clerks: The Animated Series, Kevin Williamson's Wasteland for ABC, Glory Days for The WB and The Nanny Diaries. Holzman's first major unscripted hit series came after he developed and produced the HBO series Project Greenlight with Ben Affleck and Matt Damon, helping to drive the initial boom in popularity for reality television shows. He was soon promoted to the top executive position at Miramax Television where he created the popular show Project Runway, which has run for 17 seasons to date and currently airs on Bravo in the United States. ### Katalyst Films After his departure from Miramax, Holzman was hired in 2005 as president of Ashton Kutcher's production company Katalyst Films, best known for the MTV prank series Punk'd. In 2005, Holzman developed and launched the reality television show Beauty and the Geek and developed Katalyst's inaugural slate of scripted programming. ### Independent producer In 2006, Holzman left Katalyst to become an independent producer. While independent, he created and/or executive produced such primetime reality shows as the CW reality series Stylista, along with Desiree Gruber, Jane Cha, Tyra Banks and Ken Mok. Holzman was inspired to create Stylista after a meeting with Anna Wintour. Holzman also served as the executive producer on the first two seasons of the G4 reality series The Block. In 2009, he co-created Bravo reality series Work of Art: The Next Great Artist with Sarah Jessica Parker. ### Studio Lambert Holzman founded and ran Studio Lambert's American business when it was launched in 2008, serving as the company's president. He was recruited for the role by reality television executive Stephen Lambert. Lambert and Holzman's first collaboration was the CBS reality show Undercover Boss, which premiered to 38.7 million viewers after the Super Bowl, the largest audience ever for a new series following the Super Bowl. The show went on to earn two Primetime Emmy Awards. In November 2010, Holzman and Lambert published a book entitled Undercover Boss: Inside the TV Phenomenon That Is Changing Bosses and Employees Everywhere. While at Studio Lambert USA, Holzman oversaw and launched a variety of other reality shows, including The Pitch for AMC, Consumed for CNBC, The People's Couch for Bravo, The Million Second Quiz for NBC, Weed Country and Outlaw Empires for Discovery, Trouble Next Door for OWN, Be The Boss for TNT, Rat Bastards and Diamond Divers for Spike, Mel B: It's a Scary World for Style Network, Fairy Jobmother and Supermarket Superstar for Lifetime, Mystery Millionaire for WEtv, Model Employee for VH1, and Southern Fried Stings for TruTV. ### All3Media America In 2013, Studio Lambert USA merged with the other Los Angeles-based production companies owned by British super-indie All3Media to form All3Media America. Holzman oversaw the operation which housed production companies including Studio Lambert USA, Maverick, Objective, Lime Pictures, Morocco Junction, MME/Filmpool, and Zoo Productions. Holzman also launched All3Media's American scripted television operation. Series produced under the various All3Media America companies included Make Me a Millionaire Inventor for CNBC, Slednecks for MTV, True Tori for Lifetime, Chrisley Knows Best for USA, Hot Grits for VH1, Work Out New York for Bravo, and United Shades of America and Declassified: The Untold Stories of American Spies for CNN. In 2014, Holzman produced the critically acclaimed documentary The Seven Five, chronicling the misdeeds of the infamous, corrupt NYC cop Michael Dowd. The documentary is currently being adapted into a scripted feature by Sony Pictures and Annapurna, with Holzman producing. ### The Intellectual Property Corporation (IPC) In 2016, Holzman left All3Media America to found and launch The Intellectual Property Corporation (IPC), assuming the role of CEO. Aaron Saidman, previously the EVP of All3Media America, joined him as co-founder and president. The company was financed by private equity investors, Sheldon Yellen, Michael G. Rubin, and David J. Adelman. Yellen and Rubin had both previously appeared on Undercover Boss. As CEO of IPC, Holzman oversees the company's day-to-day operations and its diverse slate of series, features, and projects in development across broadcast, cable and the major streaming services. As President of SPT Nonfiction, Holzman oversees the independent production companies which form the SPT Nonfiction group: 19 Entertainment & 19 Recordings, Sharp Entertainment, B17 Entertainment, Maxine, This Machine Filmworks, Trilogy Films, House of Non-Fiction, and The Intellectual Property Corporation. IPC soon went into production on its inaugural series, Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath for A&E, and was the television network's highest rated premiere in two years. The series became a commercial and critical success, winning a Primetime Emmy Award in 2017. At IPC, Holzman has created and produced a broad range of unscripted television series, including Living Undocumented for Netflix, Free Meek and This Giant Beast That Is The Global Economy for Amazon, The Substitute and America's Most Musical Family for Nickelodeon, Kingpin for History, Active Shooter: America Under Fire for Showtime, Mind Field for YouTube Premium, Sticker Shock for Discovery, and the critically acclaimed feature documentary Operation Odessa, which currently holds a "100% Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. In 2017, The Hollywood Reporter included Holzman and Saidman on their list of "Reality TV's Ruling Class: The Top 10 Players of 2017." In 2019, it was announced that Holzman would serve as a producer on the HBO drama series Dirty Thirty, created by Courtney Kemp. The project is currently in development. ### Industrial Media In 2018, Core Media acquired The Intellectual Property Corporation and immediately relaunched as Industrial Media, with Holzman assuming the role of CEO and board member, while remaining the CEO of IPC. Aaron Saidman became president of Industrial Media, while remaining the president of IPC. Comprising 19 Entertainment, Sharp Entertainment, B17, and The Intellectual Property Corporation, Industrial Media had over 40 series on 20 different networks at launch. Industrial Media has since entered deals with production companies including RJ Cutler's This Machine and Don Cheadle's Radicle Act. As CEO of Industrial Media, Holzman also serves as an executive producer on ABC's American Idol, and FOX's So You Think You Can Dance. In May 2021, Deadline announced Holzman would be the executive producer of The D'Amelio Show. ### Sony Pictures Entertainment In March 2022, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired Industrial Media and Holzman was named President of Sony Pictures Television Nonfiction. As President of SPT Nonfiction, Holzman oversees the independent production companies which form the SPT Nonfiction group: 19 Entertainment & 19 Recordings, Sharp Entertainment, B17 Entertainment, Maxine, This Machine Filmworks, This Radicle Act Productions, Trilogy Films, House of Non-Fiction, and The Intellectual Property Corporation. ### Entrepreneurial endeavors In 2008, Holzman invented the frozen novelties Q-Bee Treats, rice crispy treats and brownies filled with ice cream. The novelties were sold nationwide in stores such as Whole Foods and Safeway. In 2010, Holzman became a founding and managing partner of The Meatball Shop restaurant group. In 2014, he became a founding partner of Itani Ramen in Oakland, California. Both restaurants were partnerships led by Holzman's brother, celebrity chef Daniel Holzman. ## Personal life Holzman lives in Venice Beach, California, with his two children. ## Awards Primetime Emmy Award wins - 2012: Outstanding Reality Program – Undercover Boss - 2013: Outstanding Reality Program – Undercover Boss - 2017: Outstanding Informational Series or Special – Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath - 2020: Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special – Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath: Waiting for Justice Primetime Emmy Award nominations - 2002: Outstanding Non-Fiction Program – Project Greenlight - 2004: Outstanding Reality Program - Project Greenlight - 2005: Outstanding Reality Program – Project Runway - 2005: Outstanding Reality Program – Project Greenlight - 2010: Outstanding Reality Program – Undercover Boss - 2011: Outstanding Reality Program – Undercover Boss[45][46] - 2014: Outstanding Structured Reality Program – Undercover Boss - 2015: Outstanding Structured Reality Program – Undercover Boss - 2016: Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program United Shades of America - 2018: Outstanding Informational Series or Special - Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath - 2019: Outstanding Informational Series or Special - Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath - 2020: Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program - We're Here - 2021: Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program - Indian Matchmaking - 2023: Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program - Indian Matchmaking - 2024: Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series - Quiet on Set: The Dark Side of Kids TV Critics' Choice Real TV Awards wins - 2022: Outstanding Achievement in Nonfiction Production: The Intellectual Property Corporation - 2022: Best Crime/Justice Show: Secrets of Playboy - 2022: Best Culinary Show: Cooking With Paris Critics' Choice Real TV Awards nominations - 2021: Outstanding Achievement in Nonfiction Production: The Intellectual Property Corporation - 2022: Best Unstructured Series: We're Here MTV Movie & TV Awards wins - 2021: Best New Unscripted Series: Selena + Chef - 2022: Best Lifestyle Show: Selena + Chef - 2022: Best New Unscripted Series: The D'Amelio Show MTV Movie & TV Awards nominations - 2022: Best Reality Return: Cooking With Paris News & Documentary Emmy Award nominations - 2018: Outstanding Social Issue Documentary: Active Shooter: America Under Fire - 2020: Outstanding Editing: Documentary: Living Undocumented Daytime Emmy Award nominations - 2019: Outstanding Education or Informational Series – Mind Field - 2018: Outstanding Education or Informational Series – Mind Field Film Independent Spirit Awards nominations - 2021: Best New Non-Scripted or Documentary Series – We're Here Producers Guild of America Award wins - 2018: Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television – Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath Producers Guild of America Award nominations - 2003: Television Producer of the Year Award in Reality/Game/Informational Series – Project Greenlight - 2004: Television Producer of the Year Award in Reality/Game/Informational Series – Project Greenlight - 2011: Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television – Undercover Boss - 2012: Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television - Undercover Boss - 2019: Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television - Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath[47] Realscreen Awards Award wins - 2020: Non-Fiction - Crime & Investigation Program - Kids Behind Bars: Life or Parole - 2021: Non-Fiction - Arts & Culture Program - Free Meek - 2022: Lifestyle - Studio-based Food Program - Selena + Chef Realscreen Awards Award nominations - 2022: Reality - Structured Reality - Selena + Chef International Documentary Association Award nominations - 2016: Best Episodic Series - United Shades of America - 2019: Best Episodic Series - Kids Behind Bars: Life or Parole - 2019: Best Episodic Series - Living Undocumented - 2021: Best Episodic Series - We're Here GLAAD Media Awards Award wins - 2021: Outstanding Reality Program - We're Here Television Critics Association Awards Award wins - 2017: Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming - Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath Television Critics Association Awards Award nominations - 2020: Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming - We're Here IDA Awards Award nominations - 2021: Best Episodic Series - We're Here Taste Awards Award wins - 2021: Best Home Chef in a Series - Selena + Chef - 2022: Best Home Chef in a Series - Selena + Chef ## Filmography Executive producer - 2001: Project Greenlight - 2004: Project Runway - 2005: Beauty and the Geek - 2007: The Block - 2008: Stylista - 2009: Fabulously Richie - 2010: Southern Fried Stings - 2010: Undercover Boss[48] - 2010: Work of Art: The Next Great Artist - 2010: The Fairy Jobmother - 2010: Mel B: It's a Scary World - 2010: Dance Complex - 2012: Outlaw Empires - 2012: Diamond Divers - 2012: Rat Bastards - 2012: Be The Boss - 2012: Supermarket Superstar - 2013: Trouble Next Door - 2013: Weed Country - 2013: The Million Second Quiz - 2013: The Pitch - 2013: The People's Couch - 2013: Goin' Pearl Crazy - 2014: Make Me a Millionaire Inventor - 2014: Mystery Millionaire - 2014: Slednecks - 2014: True Tori - 2014: Chrisley Knows Best - 2014: The Seven Five - 2015: Hot Grits - 2015: Consumed: The Real Restaurant Business - 2015: Work Out New York - 2016: True Life - 2016: United Shades of America - 2016: Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath - 2017: Mind Field - 2017: Active Shooter: America Under Fire - 2018: Operation Odessa - 2018: Kingpin - 2018: Sticker Shock - 2018: Cults and Extreme Belief - 2018: The Price of Duty - 2018: Lost Gold - 2019: Deadly Cults - 2019: This Giant Beast That Is The Global Economy - 2019: Kids Behind Bars: Life or Parole - 2019: Almost Ready - 2019: Injustice with Nancy Grace - 2019: Free Meek - 2019: Living Undocumented - 2020: Indian Matchmaking - 2021: The D'Amelio Show - 2021: Cooking with Paris	enwiki/26623076	enwiki	26,623,076	Eli Holzman	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Holzman	2025-06-05T14:39:26Z	en	Q5360242	199,315	{{Short description\|American television producer and writer}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2023}} {{coi\|date=January 2022}} {{Infobox writer \| name = Eli Holzman \| image = \| caption = \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1974\|3\|30}} \| birth_place = New York City, U.S. \| death_date = \| death_place = \| occupation = Television producer, screenwriter \| period = 1998–present <!---this list needs reducing - choose 4-5 most notable---> \| notableworks = ''[[Project Runway]]''<br />''[[Project Greenlight]]''<br />''[[Undercover Boss (U.S. TV series)\|Undercover Boss]]''<br />''[[United Shades of America]]''<br />''[[The People's Couch]]''<br />''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]''<br />''[[The Seven Five]]''<br />''[[Free Meek]]''<br />''[[Living Undocumented]]''<br />''[[American Idol]]''<br />''[[So You Think You Can Dance]]''<br />''[[Night Stalker: The Hunt for a Serial Killer]]'' \| website = {{url\|theipcorp.com}} <br />{{url\|sonypictures.com/tv/nonfiction}} \| genres = [[Reality television]], documentary, feature films \| spouse = \| children = }} '''Eli Holzman''' is an American [[Creativity#Creative industries and services\|creator–developer]], writer, producer and television executive. He is known for creating or serving as executive producer on a number of [[Reality television\|reality-based television]] series and documentaries, such as ''[[Project Runway]]'', ''[[Project Greenlight]]'', ''[[The Seven Five]]'', ''[[Undercover Boss]]'', ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]], [[Free Meek]], [[Living Undocumented]], [[American Idol]]'' and ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (American TV series)\|So You Think You Can Dance]]''. Holzman is the founder and CEO of [[The Intellectual Property Corporation]], as well as the president of [[Sony Pictures Television Nonfiction]]. He is the former head of [[Miramax\|Miramax Television]], [[Katalyst Films]], [[Studio Lambert]], and [[All3Media\|All3Media America]]. He has won four [[Primetime Emmy Award]]s for the television series' ''Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath'' and ''Undercover Boss'', and won the [[PGA Awards\|PGA Award]] for Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television for ''Scientology and the Aftermath'' in 2016. ==Career== === Miramax === After graduating from [[The Bronx High School of Science]], Eli Holzman began his career at [[Miramax Films]] in early 1996. There, he worked on numerous films, including ''[[In Too Deep (1999 film)\|In Too Deep]]'' and ''[[Rounders (film)\|Rounders]]''.<ref name="imdb">{{cite web\|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1093506/filmotype\|title=Filmography \|website=[[IMDb]]\|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref>{{better source\|date=April 2024}} Holzman was soon promoted to junior executive, working for top exec [[Meryl Poster]]. As a junior executive, he identified television as an untapped market for the studio.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.broadcastingcable.com/archive/unscripted-lifer-seeks-million-second-hit-114745\|title=Unscripted Lifer Seeks 'Million-Second' Hit\|last=Baysinger\|first=Tim\|website=Broadcasting & Cable\|date=August 19, 2013\|language=en-us\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> Holzman moved to Los Angeles in 1998 to play a role in founding Miramax's television arm, [[Miramax\|Miramax Television]]. While there, he helped develop a wide variety of projects, covering the full breadth of genres, including [[Kevin Smith]]'s ''[[Clerks: The Animated Series]]'', [[Kevin Williamson (screenwriter)\|Kevin Williamson]]'s ''Wasteland'' for ABC, ''[[Glory Days (2002 TV series)\|Glory Days]]'' for [[The WB]] and ''[[The Nanny Diaries (film)\|The Nanny Diaries]].''<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://variety.com/2004/scene/markets-festivals/miramax-babysits-nanny-1117904490/\|title=Miramax babysits 'Nanny'\|last=Adalian\|first=Josef\|date=May 7, 2004\|website=Variety\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> Holzman's first major unscripted hit series came after he developed and produced the [[HBO]] series ''[[Project Greenlight]]'' with [[Ben Affleck]] and [[Matt Damon]], helping to drive the initial boom in popularity for reality television shows.<ref name="deadline">{{cite news\|last=Andreeva\|first=Nellie\|date=October 1, 2010\|title=Eli Holzman Now President of 'Undercover Boss' Producer Studio Lambert USA\|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood\|Deadline]]\|url=https://deadline.com/2010/10/eli-holzman-now-president-of-undercover-boss-producer-studio-lambert-usa-71721/\|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref> He was soon promoted to the top executive position at Miramax Television where he created the popular show ''[[Project Runway]],'' which has run for 17 seasons to date and currently airs on Bravo in the United States.<ref name="slambert">{{cite news \|url = http://www.studiolambert.com/eli.html \|title = Eli Lambert \|publisher = [[Studio Lambert]] \|access-date = July 3, 2010 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100626080149/http://www.studiolambert.com/eli.html \|archive-date = June 26, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/09/style/project-runway-bravo-karlie-kloss-christian-siriano.html\|title='Project Runway' Is Back on Bravo. Here's What to Expect.\|last=Safronova\|first=Valeriya\|date=March 9, 2019\|work=The New York Times\|access-date=October 24, 2019\|language=en-US\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> === Katalyst Films === After his departure from Miramax, Holzman was hired in 2005 as president of [[Ashton Kutcher]]'s production company [[Katalyst Films]], best known for the MTV prank series ''[[Punk'd]].''<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://variety.com/2004/scene/markets-festivals/big-deals-for-punk-d-pair-1117910542/\|title=Big deals for 'Punk'd' pair\|last=Adalian\|first=Josef\|date=September 17, 2004\|website=Variety\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> In 2005, Holzman developed and launched the reality television show ''[[Beauty and the Geek]]'' and developed Katalyst's inaugural slate of scripted programming''.''<ref name="deadline"/><ref name="slambert"/> ===Independent producer=== In 2006, Holzman left Katalyst to become an independent producer. While independent, he created and/or executive produced such primetime reality shows as the [[The CW Television Network\|CW]] reality series ''[[Stylista]],'' along with Desiree Gruber, Jane Cha, [[Tyra Banks]] and [[Ken Mok]].<ref name="slambert"/><ref name="vartwo">{{cite news \|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117938780?refcatid=32&query=stylista \|title=Stylista \|last=Lowry \|first=Brian \|date=October 21, 2008 \|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref> Holzman was inspired to create Stylista after a meeting with [[Anna Wintour]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thecut.com/2008/07/the_meeting_with_anna_wintour.html\|title=The Meeting With Anna Wintour That Inspired 'Stylista'\|website=The Cut\|date=July 21, 2008 \|language=en-us\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> Holzman also served as the executive producer on the first two seasons of the [[G4 (U.S. TV channel)\|G4]] reality series ''[[The Block (US TV series)\|The Block]]''. In 2009, he co-created [[Bravo (US TV channel)\|Bravo]] reality series ''[[Work of Art: The Next Great Artist]]'' with [[Sarah Jessica Parker]].<ref name="tvguide">{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/eli-holzman/293857 \|title=Eli Holzman \|magazine=[[TV Guide]] \|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref><ref name="media">{{cite news \|url = http://www.nbcumv.com/mediavillage/networks/bravo/workofartthenextgreatartist \|title = Work of Art: The Next Great Artist \|publisher = [[NBC]] Universal \|access-date = July 3, 2010 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101112084813/http://www.nbcumv.com/mediavillage/networks/bravo/workofartthenextgreatartist \|archive-date = November 12, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="variety">{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117942936?refCatId=4033 \|title=Work of Art: The Next Great Artist \|last=Berkshire \|first=Geoffrey \|date=June 7, 2010 \|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref><ref name="artdaily">{{cite news \|url=http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=35436 \|title=NBC Universal Presents Bravo Reality Series "Work of Art: The Next Great Artist" \|publisher=Art Daily \|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref> ===Studio Lambert=== Holzman founded and ran [[Studio Lambert]]'s American business when it was launched in 2008, serving as the company's president.<ref name="slambert"/> He was recruited for the role by reality television executive [[Stephen Lambert (media executive)\|Stephen Lambert]]. Lambert and Holzman's first collaboration was the CBS reality show ''[[Undercover Boss]]'', which premiered to 38.7 million viewers after the [[Super Bowl]], the largest audience ever for a new series following the Super Bowl.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://deadline.com/2011/02/the-super-bowl-tied-as-highest-rated-ever-104171/\|title=Super Bowl XLV Most Watched TV Show; Post-Game 'Glee' Trails 'Undercover Boss'\|last=Andreeva\|first=Nellie\|date=February 7, 2011\|website=Deadline\|language=en\|access-date=October 25, 2019}}</ref> The show went on to earn two Primetime Emmy Awards.<ref name="deadline"/><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.emmys.com/bios/eli-holzman\|title=Eli Holzman\|website=Television Academy\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> In November 2010, Holzman and Lambert published a book entitled ''Undercover Boss: Inside the TV Phenomenon That Is Changing Bosses and Employees Everywhere.''<ref name="tv">{{cite news \|url = http://www.tv.com/undercover-bosss-eli-holzman-tells-us-what-really-goes-on-behind-the-scenes/story/24475.html \|title = Undercover Boss's Eli Holzman Tells Us What Really Goes on Behind the Scenes \|last = Trolio \|first = Jen \|date = November 5, 2010\|publisher = [[TV.com]] \|access-date = July 3, 2010 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101108092000/http://www.tv.com/undercover-bosss-eli-holzman-tells-us-what-really-goes-on-behind-the-scenes/story/24475.html \|archive-date = November 8, 2010}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{cite news\|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/11/17/undercover.boss/index.html\|title='Undercover Boss': The inside story\|last=Ridgeway\|first=Eliza\|date=November 17, 2010\|publisher=[[CNN]]\|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref> While at Studio Lambert USA, Holzman oversaw and launched a variety of other reality shows, including [[The Pitch (TV series)\|''The Pitch'']] for AMC, [[Consumed (TV series)\|''Consumed'']] for CNBC, ''[[The People's Couch]]'' for Bravo, ''[[The Million Second Quiz]]'' for NBC, ''[[Weed Country]]'' and ''[[Outlaw Empires]]'' for Discovery, ''Trouble Next Door'' for OWN, [[Be the Boss\|''Be The Boss'']] for TNT, ''Rat Bastards'' and ''Diamond Divers'' for Spike, ''[[Mel B: It's a Scary World]]'' for Style Network, ''[[The Fairy Jobmother\|Fairy Jobmother]]'' and ''[[Supermarket Superstar]]'' for Lifetime, ''[[Mystery Millionaire]]'' for WEtv, ''Model Employee'' for VH1, and ''Southern Fried Stings'' for TruTV.<ref name="deadline"/><ref name="deadtwo">{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.deadline.com/tag/eli-holzman-studio-lambert-usa/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229091428/http://www.deadline.com/tag/eli-holzman-studio-lambert-usa/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=December 29, 2011 \|title=Studio Lambert Partners with U.K. Unscripted Producer Nutopia \|last=Andreeva \|first=Nellie \|date=March 2, 2011 \|magazine=Deadline \|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1683442/home-chefs-get-a-crash-course-in-the-realities-of-the-food-business-on-supermarket-superstar\|title=Home Chefs Get A Crash Course In The Realities Of The Food Business On "Supermarket Superstar"\|last=Champagne\|first=Christine\|date=July 25, 2013\|website=Fast Company\|language=en-US\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> === All3Media America === In 2013, Studio Lambert USA merged with the other Los Angeles-based production companies owned by British super-indie [[All3Media]] to form All3Media America.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://deadline.com/2012/12/uks-all3media-launches-us-production-arm-run-by-eli-holzman-stephen-lambert-386583/\|title=UK's All3Media Launches US Production Arm Run By Eli Holzman & Stephen Lambert\|last=Andreeva\|first=Nellie\|date=December 11, 2012\|website=Deadline\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> Holzman oversaw the operation which housed production companies including Studio Lambert USA, [[Maverick (company)\|Maverick]], [[Objective Productions\|Objective]], [[Lime Pictures]], Morocco Junction, MME/Filmpool, and [[Zoo Productions]]. Holzman also launched All3Media's American scripted television operation.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://tbivision.com/2013/05/16/all3-america-unveils-scripted-arm/\|title=All3 America unveils scripted arm\|date=May 16, 2013\|website=TBI Vision\|language=en-US\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> Series produced under the various All3Media America companies included ''[[Make Me a Millionaire Inventor]]'' for CNBC, ''[[Slednecks]]'' for MTV, ''[[True Tori]]'' for Lifetime, ''[[Chrisley Knows Best]]'' for USA, ''[[Hot Grits]]'' for VH1, ''[[Work Out New York]]'' for Bravo, and ''[[United Shades of America]]'' and [[Declassified (TV series)\|''Declassified: The Untold Stories of American Spies'']] for CNN. In 2014, Holzman produced the critically acclaimed documentary ''[[The Seven Five]],'' chronicling the misdeeds of the infamous, corrupt NYC cop [[Michael Dowd (police officer)\|Michael Dowd]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/seven-five-film-review-794160\|title='The Seven Five': Film Review\|website=The Hollywood Reporter\|date=May 7, 2015\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> The documentary is currently being adapted into a scripted feature by [[Sony Pictures]] and [[Annapurna Pictures\|Annapurna]], with Holzman producing.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://west.realscreen.com/2017/speakers/912750/eliholzman/\|title=Realscreen West 2019 - Eli Holzman\|website=west.realscreen.com\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/scott-frank-seven-five-screenwriter-sony-1201392440/\|title=Sony's 'The Seven Five' Looking To Call Scribe Scott Frank's Number\|last=Fleming\|first=Mike Jr.\|date=March 13, 2015\|website=Deadline\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> === The Intellectual Property Corporation (IPC) === In 2016, Holzman left All3Media America to found and launch [[The Intellectual Property Corporation\|The Intellectual Property Corporation (IPC)]], assuming the role of CEO. [[Aaron Saidman]], previously the EVP of All3Media America, joined him as co-founder and president. The company was financed by private equity investors, [[Sheldon Yellen]], [[Michael G. Rubin]], and David J. Adelman. Yellen and Rubin had both previously appeared on ''[[Undercover Boss]]''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://realscreen.com/2016/01/19/holzman-launches-the-intellectual-property-corporation/\|title=Eli Holzman unveils IPC\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> As CEO of IPC, Holzman oversees the company's day-to-day operations and its diverse slate of series, features, and projects in development across broadcast, cable and the major streaming services. As President of SPT Nonfiction, Holzman oversees the independent production companies which form the SPT Nonfiction group: [[19 Entertainment]] & [[19 Recordings]], [[Sharp Entertainment]], B17 Entertainment, Maxine, This Machine Filmworks, Trilogy Films, House of Non-Fiction, and The Intellectual Property Corporation.{{cn\|date=April 2024}} IPC soon went into production on its inaugural series, ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' for A&E, and was the television network's highest rated premiere in two years.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thewrap.com/leah-remini-scientology-aftermath-audits-way-2-1-million-viewers/\|title=Leah Remini Scientology Series Draws Top A&E Premiere Ratings in Two Years\|last=Otterson\|first=Joe\|date=November 30, 2016\|website=TheWrap\|language=en-US\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> The series became a commercial and critical success, winning a Primetime Emmy Award in 2017. At IPC, Holzman has created and produced a broad range of unscripted television series, including ''[[Living Undocumented]]'' for Netflix,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://deadline.com/video/selena-gomez-netflix-living-undocumented-docuseries-first-look-trailer/\|title=Selena Gomez-Produced 'Living Undocumented' Docuseries Set On Netflix; First-Look Trailer\|last=Petski\|first=Denise\|date=September 17, 2019\|website=Deadline\|language=en\|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> ''[[Free Meek]]''<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://deadline.com/video/free-meek-trailer-meek-mill-docuseries-sets-premiere-date-amazon/\|title='Free Meek' Trailer: Amazon's Meek Mill Docuseries Exposes Criminal Justice System Flaws; Premiere Date Set\|last=Ramos\|first=Dino-Ray\|date=June 24, 2019\|website=Deadline\|language=en\|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> and ''This Giant Beast That Is The Global Economy'' for Amazon, ''[[The Substitute (American TV series)\|The Substitute]]'' and ''[[America's Most Musical Family]]'' for Nickelodeon, ''[[Kingpin (TV series)\|Kingpin]]'' for History, ''Active Shooter: America Under Fire'' for Showtime, ''[[Mind Field]]'' for [[YouTube Premium]], ''[[Sticker shock\|Sticker Shock]]'' for Discovery, and the critically acclaimed feature documentary ''Operation Odessa,'' which currently holds a "100% Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes''.''<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.imdb.com/search/title/?companies=co0615685\|title=With The Intellectual Property Corporation (IPC) (Sorted by Popularity Ascending)\|website=IMDb\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/search.aspx?q=Eli+holzman&type=people\|title=TheFutonCritic.com - The Web's Best Television Resource\|website=www.thefutoncritic.com\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>Rotten Tomatoes - {{Citation\|title=Operation Odessa (2018)\|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/operation_odessa\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> In 2017, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' included Holzman and Saidman on their list of "Reality TV's Ruling Class: The Top 10 Players of 2017."<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/reality-tvs-ruling-class-top-10-power-players-2017-989484\|title=Reality TV's Ruling Class: Top 10 Power Players of 2017\|website=The Hollywood Reporter\|date=March 30, 2017\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> In 2019, it was announced that Holzman would serve as a producer on the HBO drama series ''Dirty Thirty,'' created by [[Courtney A. Kemp\|Courtney Kemp]]. The project is currently in development.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/dirty-thirty-courtney-kemp-new-series-hbo-power-1202549403/\|title=HBO & 'Power' Creator Courtney Kemp Developing 'Dirty Thirty' Cop Drama With Lionsgate\|last=Patten\|first=Dominic\|date=February 4, 2019\|website=Deadline\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> === Industrial Media === In 2018, Core Media acquired The Intellectual Property Corporation and immediately relaunched as [[Industrial Media]], with Holzman assuming the role of CEO and board member, while remaining the CEO of IPC. Aaron Saidman became president of Industrial Media, while remaining the president of IPC. Comprising [[19 Entertainment]], [[Sharp Entertainment]], B17, and [[The Intellectual Property Corporation]], Industrial Media had over 40 series on 20 different networks at launch.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/american-idol-producer-core-media-rebrands-eli-holzman-lead-1132401 \| title=Core Media Group Rebrands as "Industrial Media" with Eli Holzman at Helm \| website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] \| date=August 6, 2018 }}</ref> Industrial Media has since entered deals with production companies including [[R. J. Cutler\|RJ Cutler]]'s This Machine and [[Don Cheadle]]'s Radicle Act.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/don-cheadle-launches-production-company-inks-first-look-deal-with-industrial-media-1202668450/\|title=Don Cheadle Launches Production Company, Inks First-Look Deal With Industrial Media\|last=Petski\|first=Denise\|date=August 15, 2019\|website=Deadline\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Fleming\|first=Mike Jr.\|date=October 19, 2020\|title=Lauded Docu Helmer R.J. Cutler Launches This Machine Production Shingle With Industrial Media Backing\|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/lauded-docu-helmer-r-j-cutler-launches-this-machine-production-shingle-with-industrial-media-backing-1234599685/\|access-date=April 19, 2021\|website=Deadline\|language=en-US}}</ref> As CEO of Industrial Media, Holzman also serves as an executive producer on ABC's ''[[American Idol]]'', and FOX's ''[[So You Think You Can Dance]]''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.fox.com/so-you-think-you-can-dance/article/about-the-show-597bbdd0ef528f0026dc030c/\|title=About the Show {{!}} So You Think You Can Dance on FOX\|website=FOX\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://abc.go.com/shows/american-idol/news/updates/ryan-seacrest-returns-as-host-of-american-idol\|title=Ryan Seacrest Returns as Host of American Idol {{!}} American Idol\|website=ABC\|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> In May 2021, ''[[Deadline Hollywood\|Deadline]]'' announced Holzman would be the executive producer of ''[[The D'Amelio Show]]''.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Grobar\|first=Matt\|date=May 18, 2021\|title='The D'Amelio Show' Teaser: TikTok Star Charli D'Amelio & Family Take Center Stage In Hulu Reality Series\|url=https://deadline.com/video/the-damelio-show-teaser-hulu-reality-series/\|access-date=May 18, 2021\|website=Deadline\|language=en-US}}</ref> === Sony Pictures Entertainment === In March 2022, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired Industrial Media and Holzman was named President of Sony Pictures Television Nonfiction. As President of SPT Nonfiction, Holzman oversees the independent production companies which form the SPT Nonfiction group: 19 Entertainment & 19 Recordings, Sharp Entertainment, B17 Entertainment, Maxine, This Machine Filmworks, This Radicle Act Productions, Trilogy Films, House of Non-Fiction, and The Intellectual Property Corporation.{{cn\|date=April 2024}} === Entrepreneurial endeavors === In 2008, Holzman invented the frozen novelties Q-Bee Treats, rice crispy treats and brownies filled with ice cream. The novelties were sold nationwide in stores such as Whole Foods and Safeway.<ref name="qb">{{cite news\|url=http://qbtreats.com/about-qbees/\|title=About Q-Bee Treats\|access-date=July 3, 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027073546/http://qbtreats.com/about-qbees/\|archive-date=October 27, 2010\|publisher=Q-Bee Treats}}</ref> In 2010, Holzman became a founding and managing partner of [[The Meatball Shop]] restaurant group. In 2014, he became a founding partner of Itani Ramen in Oakland, California. Both restaurants were partnerships led by Holzman's brother, celebrity chef Daniel Holzman.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.saveur.com/japan-ramen-yuji-kyle-itani/\|title=Behind Japan's (And America's) Ramen Obsession\|website=Saveur\|date=March 18, 2019\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/american-idol-producer-core-media-rebrands-eli-holzman-lead-1132401\|title=Core Media Group Rebrands as "Industrial Media" With Eli Holzman at Helm\|website=The Hollywood Reporter\|date=August 6, 2018\|language=en\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> ==Personal life== Holzman lives in [[Venice Beach, California]], with his two children.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.venicepaparazzi.com/recent-events-covered/wave-awards/\|title=WAVE Awards! Celebrating our local teachers – Venice Paparazzi {{!}} Venice Beach CA, Photo Agency, Community Info, News, Events\|language=en-US\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.industrial-media.com/industrialmedia/eli-holzman-ceo/\|title=Eli Holzman CEO – Industrial Media\|website=www.industrial-media.com\|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> ==Awards== {{refimprove\|date=April 2024}} ; ;'''[[Primetime Emmy Award]] wins''' 2012: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program\|Outstanding Reality Program]] – ''[[Undercover Boss]]'' 2013: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program\|Outstanding Reality Program]] – ''[[Undercover Boss]]'' 2017: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special\|Outstanding Informational Series or Special]] – ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' 2020: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special\|Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special]] – ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]: Waiting for Justice'' '''[[Primetime Emmy Award]] nominations''' 2002: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program\|Outstanding Non-Fiction Program]] – ''[[Project Greenlight]]'' 2004: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program\|Outstanding Reality Program]] - ''[[Project Greenlight]]'' 2005: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program\|Outstanding Reality Program]] – ''[[Project Runway]]'' 2005: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program\|Outstanding Reality Program]] – ''[[Project Greenlight]]'' 2010: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program\|Outstanding Reality Program]] – ''[[Undercover Boss]]'' 2011: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program\|Outstanding Reality Program]] – ''[[Undercover Boss]]''<ref name="emmys">{{cite news 2014: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program\|Outstanding Structured Reality Program]] – ''[[Undercover Boss]]'' 2015: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program\|Outstanding Structured Reality Program]] – ''[[Undercover Boss]]'' 2016: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program\|Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program]] ''[[United Shades of America]]'' 2018: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special\|Outstanding Informational Series or Special]] - ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' 2019: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special\|Outstanding Informational Series or Special]] - ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' 2020: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program\|Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program]] - ''[[We're Here]]'' 2021: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program\|Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program]] - ''[[Indian Matchmaking]]'' \|url=http://www.emmys.com/nominations?tid=109 \|title=2010 Emmy Nominations: Outstanding Reality Program \|year=2010 \|publisher=[[Emmys]] \|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref><ref name="cbs">{{cite news \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2010-primetime-emmy-award-nominations/ \|title=2010 Primetime Emmy Award Nominations \|date=July 8, 2010 \|work=[[CBS News]] \|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref> 2014: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program\|Outstanding Structured Reality Program]] – ''[[Undercover Boss]]'' 2015: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program\|Outstanding Structured Reality Program]] – ''[[Undercover Boss]]'' 2016: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program\|Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program]] ''[[United Shades of America]]'' 2018: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special\|Outstanding Informational Series or Special]] - ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' 2019: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special\|Outstanding Informational Series or Special]] - ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' 2020: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program\|Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program]] - ''[[We're Here]]'' 2021: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program\|Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program]] - ''[[Indian Matchmaking]]'' 2023: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program\|Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program]] - ''[[Indian Matchmaking]]'' 2024: [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series\|Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series]] - ''[[Quiet on Set: The Dark Side of Kids TV]]'' '''[[Critics' Choice Real TV Awards]] wins''' * 2022: Outstanding Achievement in Nonfiction Production: ''[[The Intellectual Property Corporation]]'' * 2022: Best Crime/Justice Show: ''[[Secrets of Playboy]]'' * 2022: Best Culinary Show: ''[[Cooking With Paris]]'' '''[[Critics' Choice Real TV Awards]] nominations''' * 2021: Outstanding Achievement in Nonfiction Production: ''[[The Intellectual Property Corporation]]'' * 2022: Best Unstructured Series: ''[[We're Here]]'' '''[[MTV Movie & TV Awards]] wins''' * 2021: Best New Unscripted Series: ''[[Selena + Chef]]'' * 2022: Best Lifestyle Show: ''[[Selena + Chef]]'' * 2022: Best New Unscripted Series: ''[[The D'Amelio Show]]'' '''[[MTV Movie & TV Awards]] nominations''' * 2022: Best Reality Return: ''[[Cooking With Paris]]'' '''[[News & Documentary Emmy Award]] nominations''' * 2018: Outstanding Social Issue Documentary: ''Active Shooter: America Under Fire'' * 2020: Outstanding Editing: Documentary: ''Living Undocumented'' '''[[Daytime Emmy Award]] nominations''' * 2019: Outstanding Education or Informational Series – ''[[Mind Field]]'' * 2018: Outstanding Education or Informational Series – ''Mind Field'' '''[[Film Independent Spirit Awards]] nominations''' * 2021: Best New Non-Scripted or Documentary Series – ''We're Here'' '''[[Producers Guild of America]] Award wins''' * 2018: Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television – ''Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath'' '''[[Producers Guild of America]] Award nominations''' 2003: Television Producer of the Year Award in Reality/Game/Informational Series – ''Project Greenlight'' 2004: Television Producer of the Year Award in Reality/Game/Informational Series – ''Project Greenlight'' 2011: Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television – ''Undercover Boss'' 2012: Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television - ''Undercover Boss'' 2019: Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television - ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]''<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/producers-guild-awards-pga-2017-winners-list-1202671339/\|title=Producers Guild Awards 2017\|last=McNary\|first=Dave\|date=January 21, 2018\|website=Variety\|language=en\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121102538/http://variety.com/2018/film/news/producers-guild-awards-pga-2017-winners-list-1202671339/ \|archive-date=January 21, 2018 \|access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> '''[[Realscreen Awards]] Award wins''' 2020: Non-Fiction - Crime & Investigation Program - ''[[Kids Behind Bars: Life or Parole]]'' 2021: Non-Fiction - Arts & Culture Program - ''[[Free Meek]]'' 2022: Lifestyle - Studio-based Food Program - ''[[Selena + Chef]]'' '''[[Realscreen Awards]] Award nominations''' 2022: Reality - Structured Reality - ''[[Selena + Chef]]'' '''[[International Documentary Association]] Award nominations''' 2016: Best Episodic Series - ''[[United Shades of America]]'' 2019: Best Episodic Series - ''[[Kids Behind Bars: Life or Parole]]'' 2019: Best Episodic Series - ''Living Undocumented'' 2021: Best Episodic Series - ''[[We're Here]]'' '''[[GLAAD Media Awards]] Award wins''' 2021: Outstanding Reality Program - ''[[We're Here]]'' '''[[Television Critics Association Awards]] Award wins''' 2017: Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming - ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' '''[[Television Critics Association Awards]] Award nominations''' 2020: Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming - ''[[We're Here]]'' '''[[IDA Awards]] Award nominations''' 2021: Best Episodic Series - ''[[We're Here]]'' '''[[Taste Awards]] Award wins''' 2021: Best Home Chef in a Series - ''[[Selena + Chef]]'' 2022: Best Home Chef in a Series - ''[[Selena + Chef]]'' ==Filmography== ;Executive producer {{div-col}} 2001: ''[[Project Greenlight]]'' 2004: ''[[Project Runway]]'' 2005: ''[[Beauty and the Geek]]'' 2007: ''The Block'' 2008: ''[[Stylista]]'' 2009: ''Fabulously Richie'' 2010: ''Southern Fried Stings'' 2010: ''[[Undercover Boss]]''<ref name="futon">{{cite web \|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/interviews.aspx?id=20100219_undercoverboss \|title=Interview: "Undercover Boss" Executive Producer Eli Holzman \|last=Halterman \|first=Jim \|date=February 19, 2010 \|website=The Futon Critic \|access-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref> 2010: ''[[Work of Art: The Next Great Artist]]'' 2010: ''[[The Fairy Jobmother]]'' 2010: ''[[Mel B: It's a Scary World]]'' 2010: ''Dance Complex'' 2012: ''[[Outlaw Empires]]'' 2012: ''Diamond Divers'' 2012: ''Rat Bastards'' 2012: ''[[Be the Boss\|Be The Boss]]'' 2012: ''[[Supermarket Superstar]]'' 2013: ''Trouble Next Door'' 2013: ''[[Weed Country]]'' 2013: ''[[The Million Second Quiz]]'' 2013: ''[[The Pitch (TV series)\|The Pitch]]'' 2013: ''[[The People's Couch]]'' 2013: ''Goin' Pearl Crazy'' 2014: ''[[Make Me a Millionaire Inventor]]'' 2014: ''[[Mystery Millionaire]]'' 2014: ''[[Slednecks]]'' 2014: ''[[True Tori]]'' 2014: ''[[Chrisley Knows Best]]'' 2014: ''[[The Seven Five]]'' 2015: ''Hot Grits'' 2015: ''Consumed: The Real Restaurant Business'' 2015: ''[[Work Out New York]]'' 2016: ''[[True Life]]'' 2016: ''[[United Shades of America]]'' 2016: ''[[Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath]]'' 2017: ''[[Mind Field]]'' 2017: ''Active Shooter: America Under Fire'' 2018: ''Operation Odessa'' 2018: ''[[Kingpin (TV series)\|Kingpin]]'' 2018: ''Sticker Shock'' 2018: ''[[Cults and Extreme Belief]]'' 2018: ''The Price of Duty'' 2018: ''Lost Gold'' 2019: ''Deadly Cults'' 2019: ''This Giant Beast That Is The Global Economy'' 2019: ''Kids Behind Bars: Life or Parole'' 2019: ''Almost Ready'' 2019: ''Injustice with Nancy Grace'' 2019: ''[[Free Meek]]'' 2019: ''[[Living Undocumented]]'' 2020: ''[[Indian Matchmaking]]'' 2021: ''The D'Amelio Show'' 2021: ''[[Cooking with Paris]]'' {{div-col-end}} ==Further reading== [http://www.thefutoncritic.com/interviews.aspx?id=20100219_undercoverboss ''The Futon Critic'': Interview with Eli Holzman] (February 2010) [http://edition.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/11/17/undercover.boss/index.html ''CNN'': Eli Holzman on 'Undercover Boss'] (November 2010) == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{IMDb name\|1093506\|Eli Holzman}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holzman, Eli}} [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American reality television producers]] [[Category:People from Manhattan]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Project Runway (American series)]] [[Category:Television producers from New York City]] [[Category:American television show creators]] [[Category:Sony Pictures Television employees]]	1,294,092,019	[{"title": "Eli Holzman", "data": {"Born": "March 30, 1974 \u00b7 New York City, U.S.", "Occupation": "Television producer, screenwriter", "Period": "1998\u2013present", "Genres": "Reality television, documentary, feature films", "Notable works": "Project Runway \u00b7 Project Greenlight \u00b7 Undercover Boss \u00b7 United Shades of America \u00b7 The People's Couch \u00b7 Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath \u00b7 The Seven Five \u00b7 Free Meek \u00b7 Living Undocumented \u00b7 American Idol \u00b7 So You Think You Can Dance \u00b7 Night Stalker: The Hunt for a Serial Killer"}}, {"title": "Website", "data": {"Website": "theipcorp.com \u00b7 sonypictures.com/tv/nonfiction"}}]	false
# Stages (Jimi Hendrix album) Stages is a four-CD box set consisting of live performances by Jimi Hendrix covering four years of his career. Disc one is the complete September 5, 1967, concert in Stockholm. Disc two is the complete January 29, 1968 (late show) concert in Paris; this was later released on Dagger Records as part of Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968. Disc three is most of the May 24, 1969, concert in San Diego with "Foxey Lady" missing from the set. Disc four is a majority of the July 4, 1970, concert at the Atlanta International Pop Festival with five songs missing from the set. These additional five songs can be found on the album Freedom: Atlanta Pop Festival, which also presents the performance in the correct playing order. Stages was released in November 1991 on Reprise Records, and is currently out of print. ## Critical reception \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| AllMusic \| [ 1 ] \| In a retrospective review for AllMusic, critic Greg Prato gave the album three out of five stars. He described the recording quality "crystal clear": The four discs are an obviously interesting musical journey, showing the rapid musical transformation of Hendrix from showman to serious virtuoso. And although there is a bit of overlap on the discs ("Purple Haze" rears its head on all four), the versions of the repeated songs are strikingly different. ## Track listing All tracks written by Jimi Hendrix except where noted. \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (Lennon-McCartney) \| 1:58 \| \| 2. \| "Fire" \| 3:11 \| \| 3. \| "The Wind Cries Mary" \| 3:58 \| \| 4. \| "Foxy Lady" \| 3:48 \| \| 5. \| "Hey Joe" (Billy Roberts) \| 4:13 \| \| 6. \| "I Don't Live Today" \| 4:43 \| \| 7. \| "Burning of the Midnight Lamp" \| 4:17 \| \| 8. \| "Purple Haze" \| 5:27 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 31:35 \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Killin' Floor" (Howlin' Wolf) \| 4:28 \| \| 2. \| "Catfish Blues" (Muddy Waters) \| 8:49 \| \| 3. \| "Foxy Lady" \| 5:22 \| \| 4. \| "Red House" \| 4:35 \| \| 5. \| "Drivin' South" (Curtis Knight) \| 9:00 \| \| 6. \| "The Wind Cries Mary" \| 4:08 \| \| 7. \| "Fire" \| 4:00 \| \| 8. \| "Little Wing" \| 4:15 \| \| 9. \| "Purple Haze" \| 5:53 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 50:30 \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| ------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Intro Riffs" \| 4:25 \| \| 2. \| "Fire" \| 4:01 \| \| 3. \| "Hey Joe" (Roberts) \| 5:16 \| \| 4. \| "Spanish Castle Magic" / "Sunshine of Your Love" (Pete Brown, Jack Bruce, Eric Clapton) \| 10:52 \| \| 5. \| "Red House" \| 13:42 \| \| 6. \| "I Don't Live Today" \| 7:04 \| \| 7. \| "Purple Haze" \| 4:50 \| \| 8. \| "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" \| 10:20 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 60:30 \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Fire" \| 4:35 \| \| 2. \| "Lover Man" \| 2:59 \| \| 3. \| "Spanish Castle Magic" \| 5:07 \| \| 4. \| "Foxy Lady" \| 4:30 \| \| 5. \| "Purple Haze" \| 3:54 \| \| 6. \| "Hear My Train A Comin'" \| 10:30 \| \| 7. \| "Stone Free" \| 5:25 \| \| 8. \| "Star-Spangled Banner" (trad. arr. Hendrix) \| 2:47 \| \| 9. \| "Straight Ahead" \| 4:36 \| \| 10. \| "Room Full of Mirrors" \| 3:12 \| \| 11. \| "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" \| 7:09 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 54:44 \| ## Personnel ### Musicians Stockholm '67, Paris '68, San Diego '69 – The Jimi Hendrix Experience: - Jimi Hendrix – guitar, vocals - Mitch Mitchell – drums - Noel Redding – bass guitar Atlanta '70 – The Cry of Love Tour band: - Jimi Hendrix – guitar, vocals - Mitch Mitchell – drums - Billy Cox – bass guitar, backing vocals ### Production - Producer: Alan Douglas - Associate Producer: Bruce Gary - Project Consultant: Michael Fairchild - Mixing Engineer: Mark Linett (San Diego '69 & Atlanta '70) - Assistant Engineer: Michael Kloster (San Diego '69 & Atlanta '70) - Mixed At: Sunset Sound - Mastering: Joe Gastwirt at Ocean View Digital - Album Notes: Michael Fairchild - Photography: Jim Marshall (Stockholm '67), Jean-Pierre Leloir (Paris '68), Barry Wentzell/Repfoto (San Diego '69), Joe Sia (Atlanta '70) - Art Direction: Jeff Gold, Deborah Norcross - Design: Deborah Norcross	enwiki/5538440	enwiki	5,538,440	Stages (Jimi Hendrix album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stages_(Jimi_Hendrix_album)	2025-06-03T02:27:43Z	en	Q2742989	75,511	{{one source\|date=October 2011}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox album \| name = Stages \| type = live \| artist = [[Jimi Hendrix]] \| cover = Stages by Jimi Hendrix.jpg \| alt = \| released = {{Start date\|1991\|11}} \| recorded = 1967–1970 \| studio = [[Radiohuset (Stockholm)\|Radiohuset]] (Stockholm) \| venue = {{Plainlist\| [[Olympia (Paris)\|Olympia]] (Paris) [[San Diego Sports Arena]] (San Diego, California) [[Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970)\|Atlanta Pop 1970]] (Byron, Georgia) }} \| genre = [[Rock music\|Rock]] \| length = 197:19 \| label = [[Reprise Records\|Reprise]] \| producer = [[Alan Douglas (record producer)\|Alan Douglas]], Bruce Gary \| prev_title = [[Cornerstones: 1967–1970]] \| prev_year = 1990 \| next_title = [[Live Isle of Wight '70]] \| next_year = 1991 }} '''''Stages''''' is a four-CD [[box set]] consisting of live performances by [[Jimi Hendrix]] covering four years of his career. Disc one is the complete September 5, 1967, concert in [[Stockholm]]. Disc two is the complete January 29, 1968 (late show) concert in [[Paris]]; this was later released on [[Dagger Records]] as part of ''[[Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968]]''. Disc three is most of the May 24, 1969, concert in [[San Diego]] with "Foxey Lady" missing from the set. Disc four is a majority of the July 4, 1970, concert at the [[Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970)\|Atlanta International Pop Festival]] with five songs missing from the set. These additional five songs can be found on the album ''[[Freedom: Atlanta Pop Festival]]'', which also presents the performance in the correct playing order. ''Stages'' was released in November 1991 on [[Reprise Records]], and is currently out of print. ==Critical reception== {{Music ratings \| rev1 = [[AllMusic]] \| rev1Score = {{Rating\|3\|5}}<ref name="Prato">{{cite web \|url= http://www.allmusic.com/album/r9241 \|title=Jimi Hendrix: ''Stages''{{snd}}Review \|first=Greg \|last=Prato \|work=[[AllMusic]] \|year=2011 \|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> \| rev2 = \| rev2Score = }} In a retrospective review for [[AllMusic]], critic Greg Prato gave the album three out of five stars. He described the recording quality "crystal clear": {{blockquote\|The four discs are an obviously interesting musical journey, showing the rapid musical transformation of Hendrix from showman to serious virtuoso. And although there is a bit of overlap on the discs ("[[Purple Haze]]" rears its head on all four), the versions of the repeated songs are strikingly different.<ref name="Prato"/>}} ==Track listing== All tracks written by Jimi Hendrix except where noted. {{track listing \| headline = Stockholm '67 \| total_length = 31:35 \| title1 = [[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)\|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]] \| note1 = [[Lennon-McCartney]] \| length1 = 1:58 \| title2 = [[Fire (The Jimi Hendrix Experience song)\|Fire]] \| length2 = 3:11 \| title3 = [[The Wind Cries Mary]] \| length3 = 3:58 \| title4 = [[Foxy Lady]] \| length4 = 3:48 \| title5 = [[Hey Joe]] \| note5 = [[Billy Roberts]] \| length5 = 4:13 \| title6 = [[I Don't Live Today]] \| length6 = 4:43 \| title7 = [[Burning of the Midnight Lamp]] \| length7 = 4:17 \| title8 = [[Purple Haze]] \| length8 = 5:27 }} {{track listing \| headline = Paris '68 \| total_length = 50:30 \| title1 = [[Killing Floor (Howlin' Wolf song)\|Killin' Floor]] \| note1 = [[Howlin' Wolf]] \| length1 = 4:28 \| title2 = Catfish Blues \| note2 = [[Muddy Waters]] \| length2 = 8:49 \| title3 = Foxy Lady \| length3 = 5:22 \| title4 = [[Red House (song)\|Red House]] \| length4 = 4:35 \| title5 = Drivin' South \| note5 = [[Curtis Knight]] \| length5 = 9:00 \| title6 = [[The Wind Cries Mary]] \| length6 = 4:08 \| title7 = Fire \| length7 = 4:00 \| title8 = [[Little Wing]] \| length8 = 4:15 \| title9 = Purple Haze \| length9 = 5:53 }} {{track listing \| headline = San Diego '69 \| total_length = 60:30 \| title1 = Intro Riffs \| length1 = 4:25 \| title2 = Fire \| length2 = 4:01 \| title3 = [[Hey Joe]] \| note3 = Roberts \| length3 = 5:16 \| title4 = [[Spanish Castle Magic]]" /<br>"[[Sunshine of Your Love]] \| note4 = [[Pete Brown]], [[Jack Bruce]], [[Eric Clapton]] \| length4 = 10:52 \| title5 = Red House \| length5 = 13:42 \| title6 = I Don't Live Today \| length6 = 7:04 \| title7 = Purple Haze \| length7 = 4:50 \| title8 = [[Voodoo Child (Slight Return)]] \| length8 = 10:20 }} {{track listing \| headline = Atlanta '70 \| total_length = 54:44 \| title1 = Fire \| length1 = 4:35 \| title2 = Lover Man \| length2 = 2:59 \| title3 = Spanish Castle Magic \| length3 = 5:07 \| title4 = Foxy Lady \| length4 = 4:30 \| title5 = Purple Haze \| length5 = 3:54 \| title6 = [[Hear My Train A Comin'\|Hear My Train A Comin{{'-}}]] \| length6 = 10:30 \| title7 = [[Stone Free]] \| length7 = 5:25 \| title8 = [[Star-Spangled Banner]] \| note8 = {{Trad}} {{Arr.}} Hendrix \| length8 = 2:47 \| title9 = Straight Ahead \| length9 = 4:36 \| title10 = Room Full of Mirrors \| length10 = 3:12 \| title11 = Voodoo Child (Slight Return) \| length11 = 7:09 }} == Personnel == ===Musicians=== Stockholm '67, Paris '68, San Diego '69{{snd}}[[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]]: [[Jimi Hendrix]] – guitar, vocals * [[Mitch Mitchell]] – drums * [[Noel Redding]] – bass guitar Atlanta '70{{snd}}[[The Cry of Love Tour]] band: * [[Jimi Hendrix]] – guitar, vocals * [[Mitch Mitchell]] – drums * [[Billy Cox]] – bass guitar, backing vocals ===Production=== Producer: Alan Douglas Associate Producer: Bruce Gary Project Consultant: Michael Fairchild Mixing Engineer: Mark Linett (San Diego '69 & Atlanta '70) Assistant Engineer: Michael Kloster (San Diego '69 & Atlanta '70) Mixed At: [[Sunset Sound]] Mastering: [[Joe Gastwirt]] at Ocean View Digital Album Notes: Michael Fairchild Photography: Jim Marshall (Stockholm '67), Jean-Pierre Leloir (Paris '68), Barry Wentzell/Repfoto (San Diego '69), Joe Sia (Atlanta '70) Art Direction: Jeff Gold, Deborah Norcross *Design: Deborah Norcross ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Jimi Hendrix}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Compilation albums published posthumously]] [[Category:Jimi Hendrix live albums]] [[Category:1991 live albums]] [[Category:1991 compilation albums]] [[Category:Warner Records live albums]] [[Category:Warner Records compilation albums]] [[Category:Live albums published posthumously]]	1,293,672,544	[{"title": "Live album by Jimi Hendrix", "data": {"Released": "November 1991", "Recorded": "1967\u20131970", "Venue": "- Olympia (Paris) - San Diego Sports Arena (San Diego, California) - Atlanta Pop 1970 (Byron, Georgia)", "Studio": "Radiohuset (Stockholm)", "Genre": "Rock", "Length": "197:19", "Label": "Reprise", "Producer": "Alan Douglas, Bruce Gary"}}, {"title": "Jimi Hendrix chronology", "data": {"Cornerstones: 1967\u20131970 \u00b7 (1990)": "Stages \u00b7 (1991) \u00b7 Live Isle of Wight '70 \u00b7 (1991)"}}, {"title": "Jimi Hendrix", "data": {"Original studio albums": "Are You Experienced Axis: Bold as Love Electric Ladyland", "Posthumous studio albums": "The Cry of Love Rainbow Bridge War Heroes Loose Ends Crash Landing Midnight Lightning Nine to the Universe Voodoo Soup First Rays of the New Rising Sun South Saturn Delta Valleys of Neptune People, Hell and Angels Both Sides of the Sky", "Live albums": "Band of Gypsys Historic Performances Recorded at the Monterey International Pop Festival Experience Isle of Wight Hendrix in the West More Experience The Jimi Hendrix Concerts Jimi Plays Monterey Johnny B. Goode Band of Gypsys 2 Live at Winterland Radio One Stages Live Isle of Wight '70 Woodstock BBC Sessions Live at the Fillmore East Live at Woodstock Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight Live at Berkeley Live at Monterey Winterland Miami Pop Festival Freedom: Atlanta Pop Festival Machine Gun: The Fillmore East First Show Songs for Groovy Children: The Fillmore East Concerts Live in Maui Los Angeles Forum: April 26, 1969", "Anthologies and \u00b7 retrospective \u00b7 albums": "Smash Hits Soundtrack Recordings from the Film Jimi Hendrix The Essential Jimi Hendrix The Essential Jimi Hendrix Volume Two The Singles Album Kiss the Sky Live & Unreleased: The Radio Show Cornerstones: 1967\u20131970 Lifelines: The Jimi Hendrix Story The Ultimate Experience Blues South Saturn Delta Experience Hendrix: The Best of Jimi Hendrix The Jimi Hendrix Experience Voodoo Child: The Jimi Hendrix Collection The Singles Collection Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: Jimi Hendrix West Coast Seattle Boy: The Jimi Hendrix Anthology Fire: The Jimi Hendrix Collection", "Official bootlegs": "Live at the Oakland Coliseum Live at Clark University Morning Symphony Ideas Live in Ottawa Baggy's Rehearsal Sessions Paris 1967/San Francisco 1968 Hear My Music Live at the Isle of Fehmarn Burning Desire Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968 Live at Woburn Live in Cologne", "Concert tours": "The Cry of Love Tour", "Films, books, \u00b7 and tributes": "Rainbow Bridge Jimi Hendrix Stone Free: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Hendrix Power of Soul: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Room Full of Mirrors An Illustrated Experience Becoming Jimi Hendrix Jimi: All Is by My Side", "Related people \u00b7 and acts": "Curtis Knight Lonnie Youngblood Jimmy James and the Blue Flames The Jimi Hendrix Experience Noel Redding Mitch Mitchell Chas Chandler Eddie Kramer Roger Mayer Michael Jeffery Billy Cox Buddy Miles Alan Douglas Leon Hendrix Kathy Etchingham Monika Dannemann", "Related articles": "Canadian drug charges and trial Handel & Hendrix in London Fender Stratocaster Electric Lady Studios Black Gold Unfinished fourth album"}}]	false
# 2006 Waveney District Council election The 2006 Waveney District Council election took place on 4 May 2006 to elect members of Waveney District Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections. ## Summary \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| 2006 Waveney District Council election \| \| Party \| Party \| This election \| This election \| This election \| Full council \| Full council \| Full council \| This election \| This election \| This election \| \| Party \| Party \| Seats \| Net \| Seats % \| Other \| Total \| Total % \| Votes \| Votes % \| +/− \| \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| \| \| Conservative \| 11 \| 5 \| 68.8 \| 18 \| 29 \| 60.4 \| 9,162 \| 40.7 \| +2.7 \| \| \| Labour \| 3 \| 4 \| 18.8 \| 9 \| 12 \| 25.0 \| 5,798 \| 25.7 \| -2.8 \| \| \| Independent \| 1 \| 1 \| 6.3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 8.3 \| 1,942 \| 8.6 \| +1.9 \| \| \| Liberal Democrats \| 1 \| Steady \| 6.3 \| 2 \| 3 \| 6.3 \| 2,898 \| 12.9 \| -0.6 \| \| \| Green \| 0 \| Steady \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 2,043 \| 9.1 \| -1.3 \| \| \| UKIP \| 0 \| Steady \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 689 \| 3.1 \| +0.2 \|	enwiki/72157292	enwiki	72,157,292	2006 Waveney District Council election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Waveney_District_Council_election	2025-01-29T22:49:13Z	en	Q115802841	115,180	{{Short description\|2006 UK local government election}} [[File:Waveney UK ward map 2006.svg\|thumb\|Map of the results]] The '''2006 Waveney District Council election''' took place on 4 May 2006 to elect members of [[Waveney District Council]] in [[England]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.electionscentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Waveney-1973-2011.pdf \|title=Waveney District Council Election Results 1973-2011 \|access-date=1 November 2022 \|work=Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher }}</ref> This was on the same day as other [[2006 United Kingdom local elections\|local elections]]. ==Summary== {{Election summary partial council net begin\|title = 2006 Waveney District Council election}} {{Election summary partial council net party\| \|party = Conservative Party (UK) \|seats = 11 \|net = {{increase}} 5 \|seats % = 68.8 \|other seats = 18 \|total seats = '''29''' \|total seats % = 60.4 \|votes = 9,162 \|votes % = 40.7 \|plus/minus = +2.7 }} {{Election summary partial council net party\| \|party = Labour Party (UK) \|seats = 3 \|net = {{decrease}} 4 \|seats % = 18.8 \|other seats = 9 \|total seats = '''12''' \|total seats % = 25.0 \|votes = 5,798 \|votes % = 25.7 \|plus/minus = -2.8 }} {{Election summary partial council net party\| \|party = Independent politician \|seats = 1 \|net = {{decrease}} 1 \|seats % = 6.3 \|other seats = 3 \|total seats = '''4''' \|total seats % = 8.3 \|votes = 1,942 \|votes % = 8.6 \|plus/minus = +1.9 }} {{Election summary partial council net party\| \|party = Liberal Democrats (UK) \|seats = 1 \|net = {{steady}} \|seats % = 6.3 \|other seats = 2 \|total seats = '''3''' \|total seats % = 6.3 \|votes = 2,898 \|votes % = 12.9 \|plus/minus = -0.6 }} {{Election summary partial council net party\| \|party = Green Party of England and Wales \|seats = 0 \|net = {{steady}} \|seats % = 0.0 \|other seats = 0 \|total seats = '''0''' \|total seats % = 0.0 \|votes = 2,043 \|votes % = 9.1 \|plus/minus = -1.3 }} {{Election summary partial council net party\| \|party = UKIP \|seats = 0 \|net = {{steady}} \|seats % = 0.0 \|other seats = 0 \|total seats = '''0''' \|total seats % = 0.0 \|votes = 689 \|votes % = 3.1 \|plus/minus = +0.2 }} {{Election box end}} ==Ward results== {{Empty section\|date=January 2025}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{United Kingdom local elections, 2006}} {{Suffolk elections}} [[Category:2006 English local elections]] [[Category:May 2006 in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Mid Suffolk District Council elections\|2006]] [[Category:2000s in Suffolk]]	1,272,707,979	[]	false
# Sanremo Music Festival 1961 The Sanremo Music Festival 1961 (Italian: Festival di Sanremo 1961), officially the 11th Italian Song Festival (11º Festival della canzone italiana), was the eleventh annual Sanremo Music Festival, held at the Sanremo Casino in Sanremo between 26 January and 6 February 1961, and broadcast by Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI). The show was presented by Lilli Lembo and Giuliana Calandra for the first three nights, while Alberto Lionello replaced Calandra in the final night. Ezio Radaelli served as artistic director. According to the rules of this edition every song was performed in a double performance by a couple of singers or groups. The winners of the festival were Luciano Tajoli and Betty Curtis with the song "Al di là". Curtis went on to perform the song for Italy at the Eurovision Song Contest 1961. ## Participants and results \| Participants and results \| Participants and results \| Participants and results \| \| Song, performing artist(s) and writer(s) \| Rank \| \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ------------------------ \| ------------------------ \| \| "Al di là" – Luciano Tajoli, Betty Curtis (Mogol, Carlo Donida) \| 1 \| \| \| "24.000 baci" – Little Tony, Adriano Celentano (Piero Vivarelli, Lucio Fulci, Adriano Celentano) \| 2 \| \| \| "Il mare nel cassetto" – Gino Latilla, Milva (Piero Carlo Rolla, Eligio La Valle, Fernando Lattuada) \| 3 \| \| \| "Io amo tu ami" – Mina, Nelly Fioramonti (Gino Redi, Enzo Bonagura) \| 4 \| \| \| "Le mille bolle blu" - Jenny Luna, Mina (Vito Pallavicini, Carlo Alberto Rossi) \| 5 \| \| \| "Come sinfonia" - Pino Donaggio, Teddy Reno (Pino Donaggio) \| 6 \| \| \| "Febbre di musica" - Arturo Testa, Tonina Torrielli (Biri, Vittorio Mascheroni) \| 7 \| \| \| "Mandolino… mandolino" - Sergio Bruni, Teddy Reno (Vian, Pugliese) \| 8 \| \| \| "Carolina, dai!" – Rocco Granata, Sergio Bruni (Daniele Pace, Mario Panzeri) \| 9 \| \| \| "Un uomo vivo" - Gino Paoli, Tony Dallara (Gino Paoli) \| 10 \| \| \| "Non mi dire chi sei" - Miranda Martino, Umberto Bindi (Giorgio Calabrese, Umberto Bindi) \| 11 \| \| \| "Lei" - Fausto Cigliano, Joe Sentieri (Riccardo Pazzaglia, Joe Sentieri) \| 12 \| \| \| "A.A.A. Adorabile cercasi" - Bruno Martino, Jula de Palma (Bruno Martino, Brighetti, Vito Pallavicini) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Benzina e cerini" - Giorgio Gaber, Maria Monti (Giorgio Gaber) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Che freddo!" - Edoardo Vianello, Luciano Rondinella (Carlo Rossi, Edoardo Vianello) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Una goccia di cielo" - Jolanda Rossin, Nadia Liani (Gino Negri) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Lady Luna" - Jimmy Fontana, Miranda Martino (Dino Verde, Armando Trovajoli) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Libellule" - Betty Curtis, Joe Sentieri (Alberto Testa, Guido Viezzoli) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Mare di dicembre" - Claudio Villa, Sergio Renda (Luciano Beretta, Giulio Libano) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Notturno senza luna" - Aura D'Angelo, Silvia Guidi (Giovanni D'Anzi) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Patatina" - Gianni Meccia, Wilma De Angelis (Gianni Meccia, Franco Migliacci) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Pozzanghere" - Niki Davis, Tony Renis (Orfellius, Lamberto Pellini, Tony Renis, Matteo Treppiedi) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Qualcuno mi ama" - Achille Togliani, Cocky Mazzetti (Piero Soffici, Manlio Darena) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Tu con me" - Aurelio Fierro, Carla Boni (Antonio Amurri, Ettore Ballotta) \| Eliminated \| \| ## Broadcasts ### Local broadcast All shows were broadcast on Italian Television and Secondo Programma, beginning at 22:00 CET (21:00 UTC). ### International broadcast Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below. \| Country \| Broadcaster \| Channel(s) \| Commentator(s) \| Ref(s) \| \| ------------- \| ---------------- \| ---------------- \| -------------- \| ----------- \| \| France \| RTF \| RTF \| \| [ 2 ] [ 3 ] \| \| Switzerland \| SRG SSR \| TV DRS \| \| [ 4 ] \| \| Switzerland \| SRG SSR \| TSR \| Denis Michel \| [ 5 ] \| \| Switzerland \| SRG SSR \| RSI \| \| [ 6 ] \| \| Turkey \| İstanbul Radyosu \| İstanbul Radyosu \| \| [ 7 ] \| \| United States \| WOL \| WOL \| \| [ 8 ] \|	enwiki/52152011	enwiki	52,152,011	Sanremo Music Festival 1961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival_1961	2025-07-05T18:27:00Z	en	Q2142382	99,881	{{short description\|Italian song contest (11th edition)}} {{Infobox song contest \| name = Sanremo Music Festival \| year = 1961 \| competing = artists \| logo = \| alt = \| semi1 = 26 January 1961 \| semi2 = 27 January 1961 \| semi3 = 28 January 1961 \| semi4 = \| final = 6 February 1961 \| presenters = Lilli Lembo, [[Giuliana Calandra]], [[Alberto Lionello]] \| artistic director = \| musdirector = \| broadcaster = {{lang\|it\|[[RAI\|Radiotelevisione italiana]]\|i=no}} (RAI) \| venue = [[Sanremo Casino]]<br/>Sanremo, Italy \| entries1 = 24 \| vote1 = \| winner1 = [[Luciano Tajoli]] and [[Betty Curtis]]<br/>"[[Al di là]]" }} The '''Sanremo Music Festival 1961''' ({{langx\|it\|Festival di Sanremo 1961}}), officially the '''11th Italian Song Festival''' ({{lang\|it\|11º Festival della canzone italiana}}), was the eleventh annual [[Sanremo Music Festival]], held at the [[Sanremo Casino]] in [[Sanremo]] between 26 January and 6 February 1961,<ref name="music"/> and broadcast by {{lang\|it\|[[RAI\|Radiotelevisione italiana]]\|i=no}} (RAI). The show was presented by Lilli Lembo and [[Giuliana Calandra]] for the first three nights, while [[Alberto Lionello]] replaced Calandra in the final night. Ezio Radaelli served as artistic director.<ref name=music>{{cite book\|last=Eddy Anselmi\|title=Festival di Sanremo: almanacco illustrato della canzone italiana\|publisher=Panini Comics, 2009\|isbn=8863462291}}</ref> According to the rules of this edition every song was performed in a double performance by a couple of singers or groups.<ref name="music"/> The winners of the festival were [[Luciano Tajoli]] and [[Betty Curtis]] with the song "[[Al di là]]".<ref name="music"/> Curtis went on to perform the song for {{esccnty\|Italy}} at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1961]]. ==Participants and results == {\| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" \|- !colspan="3"\|Participants and results<ref name="music"/> \|- ! Song, performing artist(s) and writer(s) ! Rank \|- !scope="row"\|"[[Al di là]]" – [[Luciano Tajoli]], [[Betty Curtis]] <br/><small> ([[Mogol (lyricist)\|Mogol]], Carlo Donida) </small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|1 \|- !scope="row"\|"[[24.000 baci]]" – [[Little Tony (singer)\|Little Tony]], [[Adriano Celentano]] <br/><small> ([[Piero Vivarelli]], [[Lucio Fulci]], Adriano Celentano) </small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|2 \|- !scope="row"\|"Il mare nel cassetto" – [[Gino Latilla]], [[Milva]] <br/><small> (Piero Carlo Rolla, Eligio La Valle, Fernando Lattuada)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|3 \|- !scope="row"\| "Io amo tu ami" – [[Mina (Italian singer)\|Mina]], Nelly Fioramonti <br/><small> ([[Gino Redi]], Enzo Bonagura)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|4 \|- !scope="row"\|"[[Le mille bolle blu]]" - [[Jenny Luna]], [[Mina (Italian singer)\|Mina]] <br/><small> ([[Vito Pallavicini]], [[Carlo Alberto Rossi]])</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|5 \|- !scope="row"\|"[[Come sinfonia]]" - [[Pino Donaggio]], [[Teddy Reno]] <br/><small> (Pino Donaggio)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|6 \|- !scope="row"\|"Febbre di musica" - Arturo Testa, [[Tonina Torrielli]] <br/><small> (Biri, Vittorio Mascheroni)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|7 \|- !scope="row"\|"Mandolino… mandolino" - [[Sergio Bruni]], [[Teddy Reno]] <br/><small> (Vian, Pugliese)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|8 \|- !scope="row"\| "Carolina, dai!" – [[Rocco Granata]], [[Sergio Bruni]] <br/><small> ([[Daniele Pace]], [[Mario Panzeri]])</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|9 \|- !scope="row"\|"Un uomo vivo" - [[Gino Paoli]], [[Tony Dallara]] <br/><small> (Gino Paoli)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|10 \|- !scope="row"\| "Non mi dire chi sei" - [[Miranda Martino]], [[Umberto Bindi]] <br/><small> ([[Giorgio Calabrese]], Umberto Bindi)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|11 \|- !scope="row"\| "Lei" - [[Fausto Cigliano]], [[Joe Sentieri]] <br/><small> ([[Riccardo Pazzaglia]], Joe Sentieri)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|12 \|- !scope="row"\| "A.A.A. Adorabile cercasi" - [[Bruno Martino]], [[Jula de Palma]] <br/><small> (Bruno Martino, Brighetti, Vito Pallavicini)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Benzina e cerini" - [[Giorgio Gaber]], [[Maria Monti]] <br/><small> (Giorgio Gaber)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Che freddo!" - [[Edoardo Vianello]], Luciano Rondinella <br/><small> ([[Carlo Rossi (lyricist)\|Carlo Rossi]], Edoardo Vianello)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Una goccia di cielo" - Jolanda Rossin, Nadia Liani <br/><small> (Gino Negri)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Lady Luna" - [[Jimmy Fontana]], [[Miranda Martino]] <br/><small> ([[Dino Verde]], [[Armando Trovajoli]]) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Libellule" - [[Betty Curtis]], [[Joe Sentieri]] <br/><small> ([[Alberto Testa (lyricist)\|Alberto Testa]], Guido Viezzoli)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Mare di dicembre" - [[Claudio Villa]], Sergio Renda <br/><small> ([[Luciano Beretta]], Giulio Libano)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Notturno senza luna" - Aura D'Angelo, Silvia Guidi <br/><small> (Giovanni D'Anzi)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Patatina" - [[Gianni Meccia]], [[Wilma De Angelis]] <br/><small> (Gianni Meccia, [[Franco Migliacci]])</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Pozzanghere" - Niki Davis, [[Tony Renis]] <br/><small> (Orfellius, Lamberto Pellini, Tony Renis, Matteo Treppiedi)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Qualcuno mi ama" - [[Achille Togliani]], [[Cocky Mazzetti]] <br/><small> ([[Piero Soffici]], Manlio Darena)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Tu con me" - [[Aurelio Fierro]], [[Carla Boni]] <br/><small> ([[Antonio Amurri]], Ettore Ballotta)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- \|} == Broadcasts == === Local broadcast === All shows were broadcast on [[Rai 1\|Italian Television]] and [[Rai Radio 2\|Secondo Programma]], beginning at 22:00 [[Central European Time\|CET]] (21:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time\|UTC]]). === International broadcast === Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below. {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" \|+International broadcasters of the Sanremo Music Festival 1961 ! scope="col" \| Country ! scope="col" \| Broadcaster ! scope="col" \| Channel(s) ! scope="col" \| Commentator(s) ! scope="col" \| {{abbr\|Ref(s)\|References}} \|- ! scope="row" \| {{Flagu\|France}} \| [[Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française\|RTF]] \| [[TF1\|RTF]]{{efn\|Delayed broadcast at 12 February at 22:35 ([[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]])<ref name="France" />}} \| {{N/A\|}} \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="France">{{cite news \|date=6 February 1961 \|title=Radiodiffusion et télévision \|page=13 \|work=[[Le Monde]] \|publisher=ProQuest Historical Newspapers \|url=https://www.proquest.com/hnplemonde/docview/2500902411/pageviewPDF/72F4322F279C4FADPQ/119 \|url-access=subscription \|access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Thill \|first=Robert \|date=12 February 1961 \|title=Un jury de 550 téléspectateurs va désigner la chanson qui représentera la France \|language=fr \|page=26 \|work=[[Télérama]] \|issue=578}}</ref> \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" \| {{Flagu\|Switzerland}} \| rowspan="3" \| [[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation\|SRG SSR]] \| [[SRF 1\|TV DRS]]{{efn\|Delayed broadcast on semi-final 3 the following day at 21:00 ([[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]])<ref name="DerBund" />}} \| {{N/A\|}} \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="DerBund">{{cite news \|title=Radio und Fernsehen \|trans-title=Radio and television \|url=https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=DBB19610129-01.1.31 \|access-date=15 May 2025 \|work=[[Der Bund]] \|page=31 \|date=29 January 1961 \|location=[[Bern]], Switzerland \|language=de \|via=[[E-newspaperarchives.ch]]}}</ref> \|- \| [[RTS 1 (Swiss TV channel)\|TSR]]{{efn\|Delayed broadcast on semi-final 3 at 12 February at 20:35 ([[Central European Summer Time\|CEST]])<ref name="Je vois tout" />}} \| Denis Michel \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="Je vois tout">{{cite magazine \|title=TV \|url=https://scriptorium.ch/zoom/323074/view?page=24&p=separate&view=0,443,2984,3735 \|access-date=13 September 2024 \|work=[[Radio TV – Je vois tout]] \|publisher=Héliographia SA \|date=9 March 1961 \|issue=10 \|location=Lausanne, Switzerland \|pages=24, 26 \|language=fr \|via=[[Scriptorium (website)\|Scriptorium]]}}</ref> \|- \| [[RSI Rete Uno\|RSI]]{{efn\|Delayed broadcast on the 15 February at 22:35 ([[Central European Time\|CET]])<ref name="Radio" />}} \| {{N/A\|}} \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="Radio">{{cite magazine \|title=Programmes des Émissions Suisses et Étrangères \|trans-title=Swiss and Foreign Broadcast Programmes \|url=https://scriptorium.ch/zoom/323074/view?page=41&p=separate&view=0,0,2989,4159 \|access-date=13 September 2024 \|work=[[Radio TV – Je vois tout]] \|publisher=Héliographia SA \|date=9 February 1961 \|issue=6 \|location=Lausanne, Switzerland \|pages=33, 35–36 \|language=fr \|via=[[Scriptorium (website)\|Scriptorium]]}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| {{Flagu\|Turkey}} \| colspan="2" \| {{ill\|TRT İstanbul Radyosu\|tr\|lt=İstanbul Radyosu}}{{efn\|Delayed broadcast in a shortened format on 5 May at 10:00 ([[Eastern European Summer Time\|EEST]])<ref name="Milliyet" />}} \| {{N/A\|}} \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="Milliyet">{{cite news \|date=5 May 1961 \|title=Radyo \|trans-title=Radio \|url=https://gazetearsivi.milliyet.com.tr/liste?tarih=1961.03.05 \|url-access=registration \|access-date=13 September 2024 \|work=[[Milliyet]] \|page=2 \|language=tr}}</ref> \|- ! scope="rowgroup" \| {{Flagu\|United States}} \| colspan="2" \| [[WOL (AM)\|WOL]]{{efn\|Delayed broadcast in a shortened format on 19 February at 12:35 ([[Eastern Time Zone\|EDT]])<ref name="Washington" />}} \| {{N/A\|}} \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="Washington">{{cite news \|title=Today's radio highlights \|work=[[The Washington Star\|Evening Star]] \|date=19 February 1961 \|location=[[Washington, D.C.]] \|page=D-4}}</ref> \|} ==Notes and references== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===References=== {{Reflist}} {{Sanremo Music Festival}} [[Category:Sanremo Music Festival by year\|1961]] [[Category:1961 in Italian music]] [[Category:1961 in Italian television]] [[Category:1961 music festivals]]	1,298,946,682	[{"title": "Dates and venue", "data": {"Semi-final 1": "- 26 January 1961", "Semi-final 2": "- 27 January 1961", "Semi-final 3": "- 28 January 1961", "Final": "- 6 February 1961", "Venue": "Sanremo Casino \u00b7 Sanremo, Italy"}}, {"title": "Organisation", "data": {"Broadcaster": "Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI)", "Presenters": "Lilli Lembo, Giuliana Calandra, Alberto Lionello"}}, {"title": "Vote", "data": {"Number of entries": "24", "Winner": "Luciano Tajoli and Betty Curtis \u00b7 \"Al di l\u00e0\""}}]	false
# Outline of Burundi The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Burundi: Burundi is a small sovereign country located in the Great Lakes region of Africa. Geographically isolated, facing population pressures and having sparse resources, Burundi has the lowest GDP per capita in the world, arguably making it the poorest country on the planet. One scientific study of 178 nations rated Burundi's population as having the lowest satisfaction with life of all. ## General reference - Pronunciation: /bəˈrʊndɪ/ or /bəˈrʌndi/ - Common English country name: Burundi - Official English country name: The Republic of Burundi - Common endonym(s): - Official endonym(s): - Adjectival(s): Burundian - Demonym(s): - ISO country codes: BI, BDI, 108 - ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:BI - Internet country code top-level domain: .bi ## Geography of Burundi Geography of Burundi - Burundi is: a landlocked country - Location: Africa - Southern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere - Africa - Central Africa - East Africa - Time zone: Central Africa Time (UTC+02) - Extreme points of Burundi - High: Mount Heha 2,684 m (8,806 ft) - Low: Lake Tanganyika 772 m (2,533 ft) - Land boundaries: 974 km Tanzania 451 km Rwanda 290 km Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km - Coastline: none - Population: 3,589,434(1978) - Size: 27,830 square kilometres (10,750 sq mi) - 145th largest country - Atlas of Burundi ### Environment of Burundi - Climate of Burundi - Ecoregions in Burundi - Geology of Burundi - Protected areas of Burundi - National parks of Burundi - Wildlife of Burundi - Fauna of Burundi - Birds of Burundi - Mammals of Burundi #### Natural geographic features of Burundi - Glaciers in Burundi: none[3] - Lakes of Burundi - Lake Tanganyika - Lake Cohoha - Lake Rweru - Mountains of Burundi - Mitumba Mountains - Rivers of Burundi - Kagera River - Ruvyironza River - Rurubu River - Ruzizi River - World Heritage Sites in Burundi: none ### Regions of Burundi Regions of Burundi #### Ecoregions of Burundi List of ecoregions in Burundi #### Administrative divisions of Burundi Administrative divisions of Burundi - Provinces of Burundi - Communes of Burundi - Collines of Burundi ##### Provinces of Burundi Provinces of Burundi \| 1. Bubanza 2. Bujumbura Mairie 3. Bujumbura Rural 4. Bururi 5. Cankuzo 6. Cibitoke 7. Gitega 8. Karuzi \| 1. Kayanza 2. Kirundo 3. Makamba 4. Muramvya 5. Muyinga 6. Mwaro 7. Ngozi 8. Rutana 9. Ruyigi \| ##### Communes of Burundi Communes of Burundi The provinces of Burundi are divided into 117 communes, which are further divided into 2,637 collines. ##### Municipalities of Burundi - Capital of Burundi: Bujumbura - Cities of Burundi - List of cities in Burundi - Bubanza - Bujumbura - Bururi - Cankuzo - Cibitoke - Gitega - Karuzi - Kayanza - Kibumbu - Kirundo - Makamba - Muramvya - Muyinga - Mwaro - Ngozi - Rutana - Ruyigi ### Demography of Burundi Demographics of Burundi ## Government and politics of Burundi Politics of Burundi - Form of government: presidential representative democratic republic - Capital of Burundi: Bujumbura - Elections in Burundi - Political parties in Burundi - Rulers of Burundi - United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi ### Branches of government Government of Burundi #### Executive branch of the government of Burundi - Head of state: President of Burundi - Vice-President of Burundi - Head of government: President of Burundi - List of heads of government of Burundi - Cabinet of Burundi: Council of Ministers ##### Ministries of the Burundian Government - Ministry of Public Security of Burundi #### Legislative branch of the government of Burundi - Parliament of Burundi (bicameral) - Upper house: Senate of Burundi (upper chamber) - Lower house: National Assembly of Burundi (lower chamber) #### Judicial branch of the government of Burundi Court system of Burundi - Supreme Court of Burundi ### Foreign relations of Burundi Foreign relations of Burundi - Diplomatic missions in Burundi - Diplomatic missions of Burundi - United States-Burundi relations #### International organization membership The Republic of Burundi is a member of: \| - Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) - Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM) - Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) - International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) - International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) - International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) - International Energy Agency (IEA) - International Finance Corporation (IFC) - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) - International Labour Organization (ILO) - International Olympic Committee (IOC) - International Organization for Migration (IOM) \| - International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) - International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) - Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) - Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) - Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) - United Nations (UN) - United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - United Nations University (UNU) - World Confederation of Labour (WCL) - World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) - World Food Program (WFP) - World Health Organization (WHO) - World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) - World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) \| ### Law and order in Burundi Law of Burundi - Constitution of Burundi - Human rights in Burundi - LGBT rights in Burundi - Freedom of religion in Burundi - Polygamy in Burundi - Law enforcement in Burundi - Ministry of Public Security of Burundi ### Military of Burundi Military of Burundi - Command - Commander-in-chief: - Forces - Army of Burundi - Navy of Burundi: None - Air Force of Burundi ### Local government in Burundi Local government in Burundi - List of Burundian provincial governors ## History of Burundi History of Burundi - Current events of Burundi ### By period - Kingdom of Burundi - Burundian monarchy - List of kings of Burundi - Karyenda - Mutaga IV Mbikije of Burundi - Mwambutsa I Mbariza - Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi - Mwami - Mwami Mutaga III Senyamwiza Mutamo - Mwezi III Ndagushimiye of Burundi - Mwezi IV Gisabo of Burundi - Ntare I Kivimira Savuyimba Semunganzashamba Rushatsi Cambarantama - Ntare IV Rutaganzwa Rugamba - Ntare V - Burundi Colonial Period - German East Africa - German East African rupie - Colonial heads of Burundi - Ruanda-Urundi - Colonial heads of Burundi (Ruanda-Urundi) - Colonial heads of Burundi (Urundi) - League of Nations Class B Mandate - United Nations Trust Territory#Former German Schutzgebiete - Burundi independence - Martyazo - Heads of state of Martyazo - Burundi Civil War - Itaba massacre - United Nations Security Council Resolution 1375 - United Nations Security Council Resolution 1286 - Titanic Express massacre - Gatumba massacre - United Nations Operation in Burundi - United Nations Security Council Resolution 1545 - United Nations Security Council Resolution 1577 - United Nations Security Council Resolution 1602 - United Nations Security Council Resolution 1606 - Burundian constitutional referendum, 2005 ### By subject - Burundi genocide - History of rail transport in Burundi - National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy - Second Congo War ## Culture of Burundi Culture of Burundi - Cuisine of Burundi - Languages of Burundi - Rundi language - Media of Burundi - National symbols of Burundi - Coat of arms of Burundi - Flag of Burundi - National anthem of Burundi: Burundi Bwacu - Karyenda - Public holidays in Burundi - Scouting and Guiding in Burundi - World Heritage Sites in Burundi: none ### Art in Burundi - Music of Burundi - Karyenda - Master Drummers of Burundi - Royal Drummers of Burundi - Television in Burundi ### People of Burundi - People of Burundi #### Ethnic groups in Burundi - Ethnic groups in Burundi - Hutu - List of Hutus - Tutsi - List of Tutsis - Great Lakes Twa ##### African Pygmies - Aka people - Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon) - Ota Benga - Efé people - Pygmy - Pygmy music - Twa peoples ###### Pygmy mythology - Bambuti mythology - Khonvoum ### Religion in Burundi - Religion in Burundi - Christianity in Burundi - Anglican Church of Burundi - Roman Catholicism in Burundi - Apostolic Nuncio to Burundi - List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Burundi - Islam in Burundi ### Sports in Burundi Sports in Burundi - Football in Burundi - Burundi national football team - Burundi Premier League - Football Federation of Burundi - List of football clubs in Burundi - Burundian footballers - Shabani Nonda - David Opango - Mohammed Tchité - Football venues in Burundi - Prince Louis Rwagasore Stadium - Rugby Union in Burundi - Burundi national rugby union team - Burundi at the Olympics - Burundi at the 1996 Summer Olympics - Burundi at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Burundi at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Burundi at the 2008 Summer Olympics #### Burundian athletes - Arthémon Hatungimana - Dieudonné Kwizera - Jean-Patrick Nduwimana - Vénuste Niyongabo - Charles Nkazamyampi ##### Olympic competitors for Burundi - Arthémon Hatungimana - Jean-Patrick Nduwimana - Vénuste Niyongabo - Charles Nkazamyampi ## Economy and infrastructure of Burundi Economy of Burundi - Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 168th (one hundred and sixty eighth) - One of the ten poorest countries in the world. - Has the lowest per capita GDP of any nation in the world.[4] - Agriculture in Burundi - Banking in Burundi - National bank of Burundi: Bank of the Republic of Burundi - List of banks in Burundi - Communications in Burundi - Media of Burundi - Internet in Burundi - .bi - Telephone service in Burundi - AfricaPhonebook/Annulaires Afrique - Telephone numbers in Burundi - Postal service in Burundi - Companies of Burundi - Currency of Burundi: Franc - ISO 4217: BIF - Energy in Burundi - Health care in Burundi - Mining in Burundi - Tourism in Burundi - Visa policy of Burundi - Trade unions in Burundi - Confederation of Trade Unions of Burundi - Trade Union Confederation of Burundi - Transportation in Burundi - Air transport in Burundi - Air Burundi - Airports in Burundi - Bujumbura International Airport - Rail transport in Burundi ## Education in Burundi Education in Burundi - University of Burundi ## Health in Burundi - Health in Burundi	enwiki/16278518	enwiki	16,278,518	Outline of Burundi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Burundi	2025-07-10T22:28:06Z	en	Q7112216	110,720	{{Short description\|Country in Central Africa}} {{See also\|Index of Burundi-related articles}} <!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE part of the set of 830+ outlines listed at [[Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines]]. Wikipedia outlines are a special type of list article. They make up one of Wikipedia's content navigation systems See [[Wikipedia: Outlines]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines]] for more details. Further improvements to this outline are on the way ...--> {{multiple image \| align = right \| image1 = Flag of Burundi.svg \| width1 = 202 \| alt1 = \| caption1 = The [[Flag of Burundi]] \| image2 = Coat of arms of Burundi.svg \| width2 = 95 \| alt2 = \| caption2 = The [[Coat of arms of Burundi]] \| footer = }} [[image:LocationBurundi.svg\|thumb\|The location of [[Burundi]]]] [[image:Un-burundi.png\|thumb\|An enlargeable map of [[Burundi]]]] The following [[Outline (list)\|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Burundi: '''[[Burundi]]''' is a small [[List of sovereign states\|sovereign country]] located in the [[Great Lakes (Africa)\|Great Lakes]] region of [[Africa]].<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook>{{cite web\|date=July 3, 2009\|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/\|title=Burundi\|work=[[The World Factbook]]\|publisher=[[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]]\|access-date=July 23, 2009}}</ref> Geographically isolated, facing population pressures and having sparse resources, Burundi has the lowest GDP per capita in the world, arguably making it the poorest country on the planet. One scientific study of 178 nations rated Burundi's population as having the lowest [[Satisfaction with Life Index\|satisfaction with life]] of all.<ref>[http://www.le.ac.uk/users/aw57/world/sample.html A Global Projection of Subjective Well-being: A Challenge to Positive Psychology?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105043130/http://www.le.ac.uk/users/aw57/world/sample.html \|date=2007-11-05 }}</ref> {{TOC limit\|limit=2}} ==General reference== [[image:Burundi-CIA WFB Map.png\|thumb\|An enlargeable basic map of [[Burundi]]]] * [[International Phonetic Alphabet\|Pronunciation]]: {{IPAc-en\|b\|ə\|ˈ\|r\|ʊ\|n\|d\|ᵻ}} or {{IPAc-en\|b\|ə\|ˈ\|r\|ʌ\|n\|d\|i}} * Common English country name: [[Burundi]] * Official English country name: The [[Republic of Burundi]] * Common [[endonym]](s): [[List of countries and capitals in native languages\| ]] * Official endonym(s): [[List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states\| ]] * [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations\|Adjectival]](s): [[Burundian (disambiguation)\|Burundian]] * [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations\|Demonym]](s): * [[ISO country codes]]: BI, BDI, 108 * [[ISO region codes]]: See [[ISO 3166-2:BI]] * [[Internet]] [[country code top-level domain]]: [[.bi]] == Geography of Burundi == [[image:Burundi Topography.png\|thumb\|An enlargeable topographic map of [[Burundi]]]] [[Geography of Burundi]] * Burundi is: a [[landlocked country]] * Location: Africa [[Southern Hemisphere]] and [[Eastern Hemisphere]] [[Africa]] * [[Central Africa]] * [[East Africa]] [[Time zone]]: [[Central Africa Time]] ([[UTC+02]]) Extreme points of Burundi * High: [[Mount Heha]] {{convert\|2684\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}} * Low: [[Lake Tanganyika]] {{convert\|772\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}} ** Land boundaries: 974 km ::{{Flag\|Tanzania}} 451 km ::{{Flag\|Rwanda}} 290 km ::{{Flag\|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} 233 km :* Coastline: ''none'' * [[Population of Burundi\|Population]]: 3,589,434(1978) * [[Area of Burundi\|Size]]: {{convert\|27830\|km2\|sqmi}} - [[List of countries and outlying territories by area\|145th largest country]] * [[:commons:Atlas of Burundi\|Atlas of Burundi]] === Environment of Burundi === [[image:Satellite image of Burundi in February 2003.jpg\|thumb\|An enlargeable satellite image of [[Burundi]]]] * [[Climate of Burundi]] * [[List of ecoregions in Burundi\|Ecoregions in Burundi]] * [[Geology of Burundi]] * Protected areas of Burundi ** [[List of national parks of Burundi\|National parks of Burundi]] * [[Wildlife of Burundi]] Fauna of Burundi * [[List of birds of Burundi\|Birds of Burundi]] *** [[List of mammals of Burundi\|Mammals of Burundi]] ==== Natural geographic features of Burundi ==== * Glaciers in Burundi: none<ref>The only [[List of glaciers in Africa\|glaciers in Africa]] are on Mt Kenya (in Kenya), on Kilimanjaro (in Tanzania), and in the Ruwenzori Mountains (which are located in [[Uganda]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]). See [http://iahs.info/redbooks/a126/iahs_126_0197.pdf Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, September 1978; Actes de l'Atelier de Riederalp, septembre 1978): IAHS-AISH Publ. no. 126, 1980.]</ref> * [[List of lakes in Burundi\|Lakes of Burundi]] [[Lake Tanganyika]] [[Lake Cohoha]] ** [[Lake Rweru]] * Mountains of Burundi ** [[Mitumba Mountains]] * [[List of rivers of Burundi\|Rivers of Burundi]] [[Kagera River]] [[Ruvyironza River]] [[Rurubu River]] [[Ruzizi River]] * World Heritage Sites in Burundi: none === Regions of Burundi === [[Regions of Burundi]] ==== Ecoregions of Burundi ==== [[List of ecoregions in Burundi]] ==== Administrative divisions of Burundi ==== [[Administrative divisions of Burundi]] * [[Provinces of Burundi]] [[Communes of Burundi]] * [[Collines of Burundi]] ===== Provinces of Burundi ===== [[Provinces of Burundi]] {\| \|- \| #[[Bubanza Province\|Bubanza]] #[[Bujumbura Mairie Province\|Bujumbura Mairie]] #[[Bujumbura Rural Province\|Bujumbura Rural]] #[[Bururi Province\|Bururi]] #[[Cankuzo Province\|Cankuzo]] #[[Cibitoke Province\|Cibitoke]] #[[Gitega Province\|Gitega]] #[[Karuzi Province\|Karuzi]] \| <ol start="8"> <li>[[Kayanza Province\|Kayanza]] <li>[[Kirundo Province\|Kirundo]] <li>[[Makamba Province\|Makamba]] <li>[[Muramvya Province\|Muramvya]] <li>[[Muyinga Province\|Muyinga]] <li>[[Mwaro Province\|Mwaro]] <li>[[Ngozi Province\|Ngozi]] <li>[[Rutana Province\|Rutana]] <li>[[Ruyigi Province\|Ruyigi]] </ol> \|} ===== Communes of Burundi ===== [[Communes of Burundi]] The provinces of Burundi are divided into 117 communes, which are further divided into 2,637 [[Collines of Burundi\|collines]]. ===== Municipalities of Burundi ===== * [[Capital (political)\|Capital]] of Burundi: [[Capital of Burundi\|Bujumbura]] * [[List of cities in Burundi\|Cities of Burundi]] * [[List of cities in Burundi]] [[Bubanza]] [[Bujumbura]] [[Bururi]] [[Cankuzo]] [[Cibitoke]] [[Gitega]] [[Karuzi]] [[Kayanza]] [[Kibumbu]] [[Kirundo]] [[Makamba, Burundi\|Makamba]] [[Muramvya]] [[Muyinga]] [[Mwaro]] [[Ngozi, Burundi\|Ngozi]] [[Rutana]] ** [[Ruyigi]] === Demography of Burundi === [[Demographics of Burundi]] == Government and politics of Burundi == [[Politics of Burundi]] * [[Form of government]]: [[presidential system\|presidential]] [[representative democracy\|representative democratic]] [[republic]] * [[Capital (political)\|Capital]] of Burundi: [[Capital of Burundi\|Bujumbura]] * [[Elections in Burundi]] * [[List of political parties in Burundi\|Political parties in Burundi]] * [[List of rulers of Burundi\|Rulers of Burundi]] * [[United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi]] ===Branches of government=== [[Government of Burundi]] ==== Executive branch of the government of Burundi ==== * [[Head of state]]: [[President of Burundi]] ** [[Vice-President of Burundi]] * [[Head of government]]: [[President of Burundi]] ** [[List of heads of government of Burundi]] * Cabinet of Burundi: [[Ministers of the Burundian Government\|Council of Ministers]] ===== Ministries of the Burundian Government ===== * [[Ministry of Public Security of Burundi]] ==== Legislative branch of the government of Burundi ==== * [[Parliament of Burundi]] ([[bicameral]]) [[Upper house]]: [[Senate of Burundi]] ([[upper chamber]]) [[Lower house]]: [[National Assembly of Burundi]] ([[lower chamber]]) ==== Judicial branch of the government of Burundi ==== Court system of Burundi * [[Supreme Court of Burundi]] === Foreign relations of Burundi === [[Foreign relations of Burundi]] * [[List of diplomatic missions in Burundi\|Diplomatic missions in Burundi]] * [[Diplomatic missions of Burundi]] * [[United States-Burundi relations]] ==== International organization membership ==== The Republic of Burundi is a member of:<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook/> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} [[Central African Customs and Economic Union]] (UDEAC) [[Coordinating Committee on Export Controls]] (COCOM) [[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa]] (CEMAC) [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) [[International Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC) [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC) [[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol) [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA) [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) [[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM) {{Col-2}} [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) [[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]] (ITSO) [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU) ''[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]'' (OIF) [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) [[United Nations]] (UN) [[United Nations Environment Program]] (UNEP) [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) [[United Nations University]] (UNU) [[World Confederation of Labour]] (WCL) [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) [[World Food Program]] (WFP) [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) {{Col-end}} === Law and order in Burundi === Law of Burundi [[Constitution of Burundi]] * [[Human rights in Burundi]] [[LGBT rights in Burundi]] [[Freedom of religion in Burundi]] ** [[Polygamy in Burundi]] * [[Law enforcement in Burundi]] ** [[Ministry of Public Security of Burundi]] === Military of Burundi === [[Military of Burundi]] * Command ** [[Commander-in-chief]]: * Forces [[Army of Burundi]] [[Navy]] of Burundi: None ** [[Air Force of Burundi]] === Local government in Burundi === Local government in Burundi * [[List of Burundian provincial governors]] == History of Burundi == [[History of Burundi]] Current events of Burundi === By period === [[Kingdom of Burundi]] [[Burundian monarchy]] [[List of kings of Burundi]] * [[Karyenda]] * [[Mutaga IV Mbikije of Burundi]] * [[Mwambutsa I Mbariza]] * [[Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi]] * [[King of Burundi\|Mwami]] * [[Mwami Mutaga III Senyamwiza Mutamo]] * [[Mwezi III Ndagushimiye of Burundi]] * [[Mwezi IV Gisabo of Burundi]] * [[Ntare I Kivimira Savuyimba Semunganzashamba Rushatsi Cambarantama]] * [[Ntare IV Rutaganzwa Rugamba]] *** [[Ntare V]] * Burundi Colonial Period [[German East Africa]] * [[German East African rupie]] * [[Colonial heads of Burundi]] [[Ruanda-Urundi]] * [[Colonial heads of Burundi (Ruanda-Urundi)]] * [[Colonial heads of Burundi (Urundi)]] * [[League of Nations Class B Mandate]] * [[United Nations Trust Territory#Former German Schutzgebiete]] * Burundi independence [[Martyazo]] * [[Heads of state of Martyazo]] [[Burundi Civil War]] * [[Itaba massacre]] * [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1375]] * [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1286]] * [[Titanic Express massacre]] * [[Gatumba Massacre\|Gatumba massacre]] [[United Nations Operation in Burundi]] * [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1545]] * [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1577]] * [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1602]] * [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1606]] [[Burundian constitutional referendum, 2005]] === By subject === * [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi\|Burundi genocide]] * [[History of rail transport in Burundi]] * [[National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy]] * [[Second Congo War]] == Culture of Burundi == [[Culture of Burundi]] * [[Cuisine of Burundi]] * [[Languages of Burundi]] ** [[Rundi language]] * [[Media of Burundi]] * National symbols of Burundi [[Coat of arms of Burundi]] [[Flag of Burundi]] National anthem of Burundi: [[Burundi Bwacu]] * [[Karyenda]] * [[Public holidays in Burundi]] * [[Scouting and Guiding in Burundi]] * World Heritage Sites in Burundi: none === Art in Burundi === * [[Music of Burundi]] [[Karyenda]] [[Master Drummers of Burundi]] ** [[Royal Drummers of Burundi]] * [[Television in Burundi]] === People of Burundi === * [[People of Burundi]] ==== Ethnic groups in Burundi ==== * [[Ethnic groups in Burundi]] [[Hutu]] [[List of Hutus]] * [[Tutsi]] * [[List of Tutsis]] [[Great Lakes Twa]] ===== African Pygmies ===== * [[Aka people]] * [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)]] * [[Ota Benga]] * [[Efé people]] * [[Pygmy]] * [[Pygmy music]] * [[Twa peoples]] ======Pygmy mythology====== * [[Bambuti mythology]] * [[Khonvoum]] === Religion in Burundi === * [[Religion in Burundi]] [[Christianity in Burundi]] * [[Anglican Church of Burundi]] * [[Roman Catholicism in Burundi]] [[Apostolic Nuncio to Burundi]] [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Burundi]] [[Islam in Burundi]] === Sports in Burundi === Sports in Burundi * [[Football in Burundi]] [[Burundi national football team]] [[Burundi Premier League]] [[Football Federation of Burundi]] [[List of football clubs in Burundi]] Burundian footballers * [[Shabani Nonda]] * [[David Opango]] * [[Mohammed Tchité]] Football venues in Burundi * [[Prince Louis Rwagasore Stadium]] * Rugby Union in Burundi ** [[Burundi national rugby union team]] * Burundi at the Olympics [[Burundi at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] [[Burundi at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] [[Burundi at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Burundi at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ====Burundian athletes==== * [[Arthémon Hatungimana]] * [[Dieudonné Kwizera]] * [[Jean-Patrick Nduwimana]] * [[Vénuste Niyongabo]] * [[Charles Nkazamyampi]] =====Olympic competitors for Burundi===== * [[Arthémon Hatungimana]] * [[Jean-Patrick Nduwimana]] * [[Vénuste Niyongabo]] * [[Charles Nkazamyampi]] == Economy and infrastructure of Burundi == [[Economy of Burundi]] * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)\|Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007)]]: 168th (one hundred and sixty eighth) One of the ten [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita\|poorest countries in the world]]. Has the lowest per capita GDP of any nation in the world.<ref name="xlix">Eggers, E., ''Historical Dictionary of Burundi'', p. xlix.</ref> * [[Agriculture in Burundi]] * Banking in Burundi National bank of Burundi: [[Bank of the Republic of Burundi]] [[List of banks in Burundi]] * [[Communications in Burundi]] [[Media of Burundi]] * [[Internet in Burundi]] ** [[.bi]] * Telephone service in Burundi ** [[AfricaPhonebook]]/[[Annulaires Afrique]] [[Telephone numbers in Burundi]] Postal service in Burundi * [[List of companies of Burundi\|Companies of Burundi]] [[Currency\|Currency of Burundi]]: [[Burundian franc\|Franc]] [[ISO 4217]]: [[Burundian franc\|BIF]] [[Energy in Burundi]] * [[Health care in Burundi]] * [[Mining in Burundi]] * [[Tourism in Burundi]] ** [[Visa policy of Burundi]] * [[Trade unions in Burundi]] [[Confederation of Trade Unions of Burundi]] [[Trade Union Confederation of Burundi]] * [[Transportation in Burundi]] Air transport in Burundi * [[Air Burundi]] * [[List of airports in Burundi\|Airports in Burundi]] [[Bujumbura International Airport]] [[Rail transport in Burundi]] == Education in Burundi == [[Education in Burundi]] * [[University of Burundi]] == Health in Burundi == * [[Health in Burundi]] == See also == {{Portal\|Burundi\|Africa}} [[Burundi]] {{PrefixAllPages\|Burundi}} {{Intitle\|Burundi}} {{PrefixAllPages\|Burundian}} {{Intitle\|Burundian}} [[List of Burundi-related topics]] [[List of international rankings]] [[Member state of the United Nations]] [[Outline of Africa]] [[Outline of geography]] {{Clear}} ==References== {{Reflist\|1}} ==External links== {{Wikiatlas\|Burundi}} [http://www.burundi-gov.bi/ Official Burundi government website] (in French) [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ Burundi]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/burundi.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Burundi''] directory category *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Burundi.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Burundi''] directory category {{Sister bar\|auto=1\|Burundi\|iw=rn\|iw1=fr}} {{Outline footer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burundi}} [[Category:Burundi-related lists\| ]] [[Category:Outlines of countries\|Burundi]] [[Category:Burundi\| ]] [[Category:Outlines]]	1,299,870,025	[]	false
# La Bohème (1926 film) La Bohème is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by King Vidor, based on the 1896 opera La bohème by Giacomo Puccini. Lillian Gish and John Gilbert star in a tragic romance in which a tubercular seamstress sacrifices her life so that her lover, a bohemian playwright, might pen his masterpiece. Gish, at the height of her influence with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios, asserted significant control over the production, determining the story, director, cast, cinematography, and costume design. In February 2020, the film was shown at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival, as part of a retrospective dedicated to King Vidor's career. ## Plot Several struggling bohemians try to survive in the Latin Quarter of Paris in the winter of 1830, hoping to one day become famous. Playwright Rodolphe and his painter roommate Marcel have trouble with Bernard, the landlord, who threatens to throw them out if they do not come up with the monthly rent that night. Rodolphe reluctantly starts writing an overdue article for a journal editor to earn some money, but the editor rejects his work. With the help of their friends, musician Schaunard and bookish Colline, they are able to raise the money. Their next door neighbor, Mimi, an orphaned, friendless embroiderer, has the same problem. Bernard is attracted to her, but when she does not respond to his overture, he issues the same threat. She takes her meager belongings to the municipal pawnshop, but does not receive enough money to pay the rent. On her way back, she is nearly run over (deliberately) by the carriage of the rich, idle aristocrat Vicomte Paul. She has to fend off his advances. When Marcel is invited to dinner by his girlfriend and downstairs neighbor, Musette, he persuades her to allow Schaunard to join them. Then the musician gets her to include Colline, who asks for Rodolphe. Rodolphe misses his cue to join the festivities in order to become acquainted with Mimi. Seeing how cold she is, he invites her to warm herself in his apartment. Later, after she vacates her room, Rodolphe entices her to share in the food Musette has provided. Then Vicomte Paul comes over. She thinks he wants some embroidery done, not realizing he has baser motives. Rodolphe does and immediately becomes jealous of the aristocrat. In any case, Mimi is able to pay her rent and stay. In spring, Mimi joins her friends out in the country for her very first picnic. She and the love-smitten Rodolphe wander away. After a while, she admits that she loves him. This inspires Rodolphe to write a play. When Mimi takes his latest, long overdue article to his editor, she is requested to tell him that he is discharged. Wanting Rodolphe to continue working undisturbed on his play, she works secretly at night to keep up the deception that he still has a paying job. The strain, however, makes her sick. When Vicomte Paul comes to pick up Mimi's handiwork, she tells him of Rodolphe's new play. Still hoping to seduce her, he offers to show it to a theatrical manager, if she will come with him to the theatre. Rodolphe sees them together and, in a rage, accuses Mimi of having an affair. She tries to explain, but he refuses to listen. Rodolphe tries to forget Mimi. When he runs into the editor, he is surprised to hear he was fired five weeks ago. Meanwhile, Mimi, with Musette's help, dresses up and goes with Vicomte Paul to the theatre, hoping to get Rodolphe's play accepted. She once again rejects the vicomte's advances. Returning home, she is confronted by Rodolphe. She admits having worked in secret for him. He initially forgives her, until he finds out that she went out with Vicomte Paul and jumps to the conclusion she got the money from him. He hits her, but soon apologizes when he discovers she is very sick. Rodolphe goes to find a doctor, but she leaves before they return, explaining in a letter that she will come back when his play is a success. He searches for her for months. Out of his anguish, a new and greater play is born. This turns out to be a hit, but he is miserable without Mimi. Meanwhile, Mimi is toiling in the slums of Paris, but the hard work is too much for the frail woman. She collapses. The doctor tells her coworkers she will not live out the night. She stumbles out into the street and eventually reaches her old apartment. Rodolphe is ecstatic to see her. Their friends, however, realize her condition. While he goes to fetch her pet bird, she tells Musette she is happy, before dying. ## Cast - Lillian Gish as Mimi Brodeuse - John Gilbert as Rodolphe - Renée Adorée as Musette - George Hassell as Schaunard - Roy D'Arcy as Vicomte Paul - Edward Everett Horton as Colline - Karl Dane as Benoit (Janitor) - Mathilde Comont as Madame Benoit - Gino Corrado as Marcel - Eugene Pouyet as Bernard (as Gene Pouyet) - Frank Currier as Theatre Manager - David Mir as Alexis - Catherine Vidor as Louise - Valentina Zimina as Phemie - Harry Crocker as Bit Part (uncredited) - Blanche Payson (uncredited) ## Production Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer producer Irving Thalberg matched the two biggest stars on the studio roster for the adaption of La bohème: John Gilbert, fresh from his triumphant success in The Big Parade (1925), with one of the greatest actresses in Hollywood, Lillian Gish, a veteran of legendary film director D. W. Griffith’s stock company. The highly sought after Gish, who extracted an $800,000 salary from Thalberg for two pictures, was M-G-M’s highest paid actor and could dictate her terms. As such, her contract "stipulated for her input into stories, directors, and cast, although the studio kept the final decision". Gish, who possessed creative and practical expertise in all aspects of film-making, selected an adaption of Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's 1896 opera La bohème for her debut film with the studio. Viewing two-reels of the as yet unreleased The Big Parade and accompanied by producer Thalberg, she was impressed and approved her pairing with Gilbert and much of the film’s supporting cast, as well enlisting director King Vidor. Vidor, a great admirer of D.W. Griffith, acquiesced when Gish insisted on full rehearsals in the "Master’s style" for each scene, but she abandoned the practice when cast and crew registered objections. Another Gish idea had genuine promise: she and Gilbert would refrain from any physical contact between their characters Mimi and lover Rodolphe so as to create a powerful sense of anticipation in the audience: only in the ultimate scene would they be rewarded with a lover's carnal embrace. Though Vidor shot the sequences using Gish's innovation, they were emphatically rejected by the studio when preview audiences clamored for frequent and ardent contact between the stars. When the cast was scheduled for a more conventional re-shooting, Gish is reported to have remarked, "Oh dear, I've got to go through another day of kissing John Gilbert." Gish benefited from the distinctive soft-focus lighting technique developed expressly for her by Orphans of the Storm cinematographer Hendrik Sartov, and termed the "Lillian Gish". (M-G-M's Mae Murray, a top ranking star, employed the talented cinematographer Oliver Marsh to handle her closeups with use of the "baby spot" lighting that erased signs of aging.) Gilbert's appearance was not enhanced by these "glamorized, heavily gauzed" effects and his performance suffered for it. The famous costume designer Erté, favored by the studio, failed to meet Gish's requirement that Mimi's clothing fully reflect her impoverished condition. Gish demanded "old and worn" – albeit silk – dresses. Gish's preparation for Mimi's death scene involved visits to sanatoriums to observe victims of terminal consumption, the disease to which Mimi succumbs. Three days in advance of the shooting, Gish stopped drinking fluids of any kind which helped her to physiologically produce "a sense of sickness". Gish effectively conveyed the exhaustion and isolation of Mimi's dying struggle to return to her lover Rodolphe through the streets of Paris. Vidor and his crew were "disturbed" and "traumatized" by her performance. Gish's "rich, moving characterization" had the effect of trivializing the joie de vivre preoccupations that Gilbert and his bohemian companions portrayed. Neither Vidor nor Gilbert favored Gish's interpretation of Mimi's character in the production. In an interview with Theatre Arts Magazine, Gilbert expressed his reservations about his famous co-star: Mimi is supposed to be a creature whose very body and soul crave for Rudolph, a woman who loves with a passion that absorbs every fiber of her being. And what is unbeautiful about such a grand, vital love? No, instead, we had to make her a pale, passive, prim phantom. Lillian Gish had returned from a visit to Europe and wanted especially to reach out to her European fans. Making a film which takes place in Paris seemed be a good way to do this. When she first arrived at the studio for filming, Gish was treated as "a queen". Co-stars said she was acting very arrogant, with Marion Davies saying that Gish brushed off Gilbert and did not want to give director King Vidor a hand. According to Robert Osborne, host of Turner Classic Movies, Gish prepared for the death scene by not drinking or eating for three days. When Vidor saw her condition, he worried that it might be Gish's death scene as well as Mimi's. She also learned how to breathe without visible movement and visited hospitals to learn about stages of tuberculosis. Shooting lasted from August 19 to November 5, 1925. A previous version of the story had been filmed in 1916 with Alice Brady in a production financed by her father William A. Brady for his World Pictures. ## Reception The film made a profit of $377,000. ## Footnotes 1. ↑ Landazuri, 2011 Baxter, 1976 pp. 26–27 2. ↑ "Berlinale 2020: Retrospective "King Vidor"". Berlinale. Retrieved February 28, 2020. 3. ↑ Landazuri, 2011: "she had a reputation as a great actress...a veteran of Griffith’s stock company since." 4. ↑ Landazuri, 2011: "[Gish] was involved in all aspects of production" when she was under contract to Inspiration Pictures "from casting and editing to approving the purchase of equipment." Baxter, 1976. p. 26: She was in a position to "dictate her terms to Thalberg". 5. ↑ Landazuri, 2011: "...Gish proved to be the true auteur of La Bohème". 6. ↑ Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 76: "...Gish's auteurism" a major factor in the film's production. 7. ↑ Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 76 Landazuri, 2011: "MGM executive Irving Thalberg showed her...two reels of the as-yet unreleased The Big Parade (1925), directed by King Vidor and starring the studio's biggest male star, John Gilbert. Suitably impressed, Gish asked for Vidor as director and Gilbert to play Rodolphe to her Mimi. The Big Parade actors Renée Adorée, Roy D'Arcy, and Karl Dane also joined the La Bohème cast in supporting roles." Baxter, 1976 pp. 27–28 Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 59 8. ↑ Brownlow, 1979 p. 194: "Gish...anxious to experiment with the love scenes...without physical contact" so as to generate "immense power [however] the front office decisively rejected it". Landazuri, 2011: "...[Gish] argued that the romantic tension between the lovers would be dissipated if they kissed. Both Vidor and Gilbert were skeptical but, once again, Gish convinced them to do it her way." And "Oh Dear" remark was told to her chauffeur. 9. ↑ Lanazuri, 2011 Koszarski, 1983 p. 163: "Murray’s face is one of the most fanciful icons of the silent screen." Baxter, 1970 p. 55: "...the brilliant Oliver Marsh". 10. ↑ Baxter, 1976 p. 28: Sartov's lighting "undermined [Gilbert's] importance to the story". 11. ↑ Landazuri, 2011: "She disliked the stiff dresses [Erte] designed for her La Bohème wardrobe, saying that Mimi was very poor and wouldn't have new clothes, even if made from the cheap calico Erté had chosen. She felt that Mimi's clothes should be old and worn..." Baxter, 1976 p. 28: "...the star rejected his designs as too fancy". 12. ↑ Baxter, 1976 p. 28: Gish's performance "disturbing in its sense of sickness...Baxter provides a thumbnail sketch of the preparation and performance by Gish." Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 76 13. ↑ Landazuri, 2009 Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 202: "Vidor's impatience with unnecessary self-denial (as [Gish’s Mimi] in La Bohème)". 14. ↑ Charles Affron: Lillian Gish: Her Legend, Her Life, p. 207 15. 1 2 John Douglas Eames: The MGM Story, p. 24 16. ↑ Charles Affron: Lillian Gish: Her Legend, Her Life, p. 209 17. ↑ Charles Affron: Lillian Gish: Her Legend, Her Life, p. 210 18. ↑ Scott Eyman, Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer, Robson, 2005 p. 124 ### Sources - Baxter, John. 1970. Hollywood in the Thirties. International Film Guide Series. Paperback Library, New York. LOC Card Number 68–24003. - Baxter, John. 1976. King Vidor. Simon & Schuster, Inc. Monarch Film Studies. LOC Card Number 75–23544. - Brownlow, Kevin and Kobal, John. 1979. Hollywood: The Pioneers. Alfred A. Knopf Inc. A Borzoi Book, New York. ISBN 0-394-50851-3 - Durgnat, Raymond and Simmon, Scott. 1988. King Vidor, American. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-05798-8 - Landazuri, Roberto. 2009. Bardelys the Magnificent. San Francisco Silent Film Festival (SFSFF) https://silentfilm.org/bardelys-the-magnificent/ Retrieved 28 May 2020. - Landazuri, Margarita. 2011. La Bohème. San Francisco Silent Film Festival (SFSFF), Winter 2011. https://silentfilm.org/la-boheme/ Retrieved 28 May 2020	enwiki/14261811	enwiki	14,261,811	La Bohème (1926 film)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Boh%C3%A8me_(1926_film)	2025-07-17T07:28:15Z	en	Q1748703	115,552	{{short description\|1926 American silent drama film}} {{Use American English\|date=January 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox film \| name = La Bohème \| image = La Boheme 1926.jpg \| caption = Promotional poster \| director = [[King Vidor]] \| producer = [[Irving Thalberg]] \| based_on = {{basedon\|''[[La bohème]]''<br>(1896) opera\|[[Giacomo Puccini]]}} \| writer = [[Fred de Gresac]]<br />''(screenplay)''<br />[[Harry Behn]]<br />Ray Doyle<br />''(continuity)''<br />[[William M. Conselman]]<br />[[Ruth Cummings]]<br />''(titles)'' \| starring = [[Lillian Gish]]<br />[[John Gilbert (actor)\|John Gilbert]] \| cinematography = {{Interlanguage link\|Hendrik Sartov\|fr}} \| editing = [[Hugh Wynn]] \| music = [[William Axt]] (uncredited)<br />David Mendoza (uncredited) \| distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] \| released = {{film date\|1926\|2\|24}} \| runtime = 95 minutes \| country = United States \| language = Silent (English [[intertitle]]s) \| budget = \| gross = }} '''''La Bohème''''' is a 1926 American [[silent film\|silent]] [[drama film]] directed by [[King Vidor]], based on the 1896 opera ''[[La bohème]]'' by [[Giacomo Puccini]]. [[Lillian Gish]] and [[John Gilbert (actor)\|John Gilbert]] star in a tragic romance in which a [[Tuberculosis\|tubercular]] seamstress sacrifices her life so that her lover, a [[Bohemianism\|bohemian]] playwright, might pen his masterpiece. Gish, at the height of her influence with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] studios, asserted significant control over the production, determining the story, director, cast, cinematography, and costume design.<ref>Landazuri, 2011<br>Baxter, 1976 pp. 26–27</ref> In February 2020, the film was shown at the [[70th Berlin International Film Festival]], as part of a retrospective dedicated to King Vidor's career.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/press/press-releases/detail_8008.html \|title=Berlinale 2020: Retrospective "King Vidor" \|work=Berlinale \|access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> ==Plot== [[File:Lillian Gish and John Gilbert - La Boheme (1926) 2.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Lillian Gish]] and [[John Gilbert (actor)\|John Gilbert]] in ''La Bohème'']] [[File:La Bohème ad in Motion Picture News (weekly, July 3, 1926 to August 28, 1926) (page 193 crop).jpg\|thumb\|''La Bohème'' advertisement in ''[[Motion Picture News]]'', 1926]] Several struggling [[Bohemianism\|bohemians]] try to survive in the [[Latin Quarter, Paris\|Latin Quarter]] of [[Paris]] in the winter of 1830, hoping to one day become famous. Playwright Rodolphe and his painter roommate Marcel have trouble with Bernard, the [[landlord]], who threatens to throw them out if they do not come up with the monthly rent that night. Rodolphe reluctantly starts writing an overdue article for a journal editor to earn some money, but the editor rejects his work. With the help of their friends, musician Schaunard and bookish Colline, they are able to raise the money. Their next door neighbor, Mimi, an orphaned, friendless [[Embroidery\|embroiderer]], has the same problem. Bernard is attracted to her, but when she does not respond to his overture, he issues the same threat. She takes her meager belongings to the municipal [[Pawnbroker\|pawnshop]], but does not receive enough money to pay the rent. On her way back, she is nearly run over (deliberately) by the carriage of the rich, idle aristocrat Vicomte Paul. She has to fend off his advances. When Marcel is invited to dinner by his girlfriend and downstairs neighbor, Musette, he persuades her to allow Schaunard to join them. Then the musician gets her to include Colline, who asks for Rodolphe. Rodolphe misses his cue to join the festivities in order to become acquainted with Mimi. Seeing how cold she is, he invites her to warm herself in his apartment. Later, after she vacates her room, Rodolphe entices her to share in the food Musette has provided. Then Vicomte Paul comes over. She thinks he wants some embroidery done, not realizing he has baser motives. Rodolphe does and immediately becomes jealous of the aristocrat. In any case, Mimi is able to pay her rent and stay. In spring, Mimi joins her friends out in the country for her very first picnic. She and the love-smitten Rodolphe wander away. After a while, she admits that she loves him. This inspires Rodolphe to write a play. When Mimi takes his latest, long overdue article to his editor, she is requested to tell him that he is discharged. Wanting Rodolphe to continue working undisturbed on his play, she works secretly at night to keep up the deception that he still has a paying job. The strain, however, makes her sick. When Vicomte Paul comes to pick up Mimi's handiwork, she tells him of Rodolphe's new play. Still hoping to seduce her, he offers to show it to a theatrical manager, if she will come with him to the theatre. Rodolphe sees them together and, in a rage, accuses Mimi of having an affair. She tries to explain, but he refuses to listen. Rodolphe tries to forget Mimi. When he runs into the editor, he is surprised to hear he was fired five weeks ago. Meanwhile, Mimi, with Musette's help, dresses up and goes with Vicomte Paul to the theatre, hoping to get Rodolphe's play accepted. She once again rejects the vicomte's advances. Returning home, she is confronted by Rodolphe. She admits having worked in secret for him. He initially forgives her, until he finds out that she went out with Vicomte Paul and jumps to the conclusion she got the money from him. He hits her, but soon apologizes when he discovers she is very sick. Rodolphe goes to find a doctor, but she leaves before they return, explaining in a letter that she will come back when his play is a success. He searches for her for months. Out of his anguish, a new and greater play is born. This turns out to be a hit, but he is miserable without Mimi. Meanwhile, Mimi is toiling in the [[slum]]s of Paris, but the hard work is too much for the frail woman. She collapses. The doctor tells her coworkers she will not live out the night. She stumbles out into the street and eventually reaches her old apartment. Rodolphe is ecstatic to see her. Their friends, however, realize her condition. While he goes to fetch her pet bird, she tells Musette she is happy, before dying. ==Cast== {{Cast listing\| * [[Lillian Gish]] as Mimi Brodeuse * [[John Gilbert (actor)\|John Gilbert]] as Rodolphe * [[Renée Adorée]] as Musette * [[George Hassell (actor)\|George Hassell]] as Schaunard * [[Roy D'Arcy]] as Vicomte Paul * [[Edward Everett Horton]] as Colline * [[Karl Dane]] as Benoit (Janitor) <!-- exactly as listed in the onscreen credits !--> * [[Mathilde Comont]] as Madame Benoit * [[Gino Corrado]] as Marcel * Eugene Pouyet as Bernard (as Gene Pouyet) * [[Frank Currier]] as Theatre Manager * David Mir as Alexis * Catherine Vidor as Louise * [[Valentina Zimina]] as Phemie * [[Harry Crocker]] as Bit Part (uncredited) * [[Blanche Payson]] (uncredited) }} ==Production== [[File:La bohème (1926 film). M-G-M studios publicity still. L to R, John Gilbert, Lillian Gish, King Vidor (director).jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|Rehearsing on the set of ''La Bohème'': L to R: John Gilbert, Lillian Gish, King Vidor (director)]] [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] producer [[Irving Thalberg]] matched the two biggest stars on the studio roster for the adaption of [[La bohème]]: John Gilbert, fresh from his triumphant success in ''[[The Big Parade]]'' (1925), with one of the greatest actresses in Hollywood, Lillian Gish, a veteran of legendary film director [[D. W. Griffith]]’s stock company.<ref>Landazuri, 2011: "she had a reputation as a great actress...a veteran of Griffith’s stock company since."</ref> The highly sought after Gish, who extracted an $800,000 salary from Thalberg for two pictures, was M-G-M’s highest paid actor and could dictate her terms. As such, her contract "stipulated for her input into stories, directors, and cast, although the studio kept the final decision".<ref>Landazuri, 2011: "[Gish] was involved in all aspects of production" when she was under contract to Inspiration Pictures "from casting and editing to approving the purchase of equipment."<br>Baxter, 1976. p. 26: She was in a position to "dictate her terms to Thalberg".</ref> Gish, who possessed creative and practical expertise in all aspects of film-making,<ref>Landazuri, 2011: "...Gish proved to be the true auteur of ''La Bohème''".</ref><ref>Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 76: "...Gish's auteurism" a major factor in the film's production.</ref> selected an adaption of Italian composer [[Giacomo Puccini]]'s 1896 opera ''[[La bohème]]'' for her debut film with the studio. Viewing two-reels of the as yet unreleased ''The Big Parade'' and accompanied by producer Thalberg, she was impressed and approved her pairing with Gilbert and much of the film’s supporting cast, as well enlisting director King Vidor.<ref>Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 76<br>Landazuri, 2011: "MGM executive Irving Thalberg showed her...two reels of the as-yet unreleased ''The Big Parade'' (1925), directed by King Vidor and starring the studio's biggest male star, John Gilbert. Suitably impressed, Gish asked for Vidor as director and Gilbert to play Rodolphe to her Mimi. ''The Big Parade'' actors [[Renée Adorée]], [[Roy D'Arcy]], and Karl Dane also joined the ''La Bohème'' cast in supporting roles."<br>Baxter, 1976 pp. 27–28<br>Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 59</ref> Vidor, a great admirer of D.W. Griffith, acquiesced when Gish insisted on full rehearsals in the "Master’s style" for each scene, but she abandoned the practice when cast and crew registered objections. Another Gish idea had genuine promise: she and Gilbert would refrain from any physical contact between their characters Mimi and lover Rodolphe so as to create a powerful sense of anticipation in the audience: only in the ultimate scene would they be rewarded with a lover's carnal embrace. Though Vidor shot the sequences using Gish's innovation, they were emphatically rejected by the studio when preview audiences clamored for frequent and ardent contact between the stars. When the cast was scheduled for a more conventional re-shooting, Gish is reported to have remarked, "Oh dear, I've got to go through another day of kissing John Gilbert."<ref>Brownlow, 1979 p. 194: "Gish...anxious to experiment with the love scenes...without physical contact" so as to generate "immense power [however] the front office decisively rejected it".<br>Landazuri, 2011: "...[Gish] argued that the romantic tension between the lovers would be dissipated if they kissed. Both Vidor and Gilbert were skeptical but, once again, Gish convinced them to do it her way." And "Oh Dear" remark was told to her chauffeur.</ref> Gish benefited from the distinctive soft-focus lighting technique developed expressly for her by ''[[Orphans of the Storm]]'' cinematographer Hendrik Sartov, and termed the "Lillian Gish". (M-G-M's [[Mae Murray]], a top ranking star, employed the talented cinematographer [[Oliver Marsh]] to handle her closeups with use of the "baby spot" lighting that erased signs of aging.)<ref>Lanazuri, 2011<br>Koszarski, 1983 p. 163: "Murray’s face is one of the most fanciful icons of the silent screen."<br> Baxter, 1970 p. 55: "...the brilliant Oliver Marsh".</ref> Gilbert's appearance was not enhanced by these "glamorized, heavily gauzed" effects and his performance suffered for it.<ref>Baxter, 1976 p. 28: Sartov's lighting "undermined [Gilbert's] importance to the story".</ref> The famous costume designer [[Erté]], favored by the studio, failed to meet Gish's requirement that Mimi's clothing fully reflect her impoverished condition. Gish demanded "old and worn" – albeit silk – dresses.<ref>Landazuri, 2011: "She disliked the stiff dresses [Erte] designed for her ''La Bohème'' wardrobe, saying that Mimi was very poor and wouldn't have new clothes, even if made from the cheap calico Erté had chosen. She felt that Mimi's clothes should be old and worn..."<br> Baxter, 1976 p. 28: "...the star rejected his designs as too fancy".</ref> Gish's preparation for Mimi's death scene involved visits to [[sanatorium]]s to observe victims of terminal [[Tuberculosis\|consumption]], the disease to which Mimi succumbs. Three days in advance of the shooting, Gish stopped drinking fluids of any kind which helped her to physiologically produce "a sense of sickness". Gish effectively conveyed the exhaustion and isolation of Mimi's dying struggle to return to her lover Rodolphe through the streets of Paris. Vidor and his crew were "disturbed" and "traumatized" by her performance. Gish's "rich, moving characterization" had the effect of trivializing the ''joie de vivre'' preoccupations that Gilbert and his bohemian companions portrayed.<ref>Baxter, 1976 p. 28: Gish's performance "disturbing in its sense of sickness...Baxter provides a thumbnail sketch of the preparation and performance by Gish."<br>Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 76</ref> Neither Vidor nor Gilbert favored Gish's interpretation of Mimi's character in the production. In an interview with ''[[Theatre Arts Magazine]]'', Gilbert expressed his reservations about his famous co-star: <blockquote> Mimi is supposed to be a creature whose very body and soul crave for Rudolph, a woman who loves with a passion that absorbs every fiber of her being. And what is unbeautiful about such a grand, vital love? No, instead, we had to make her a pale, passive, prim phantom.<ref>Landazuri, 2009<br>Durgnat and Simmon, 1988 p. 202: "Vidor's impatience with unnecessary self-denial (as [Gish’s Mimi] in ''La Bohème'')".</ref></blockquote> Lillian Gish had returned from a visit to Europe and wanted especially to reach out to her European fans. Making a film which takes place in Paris seemed be a good way to do this.<ref name="Affron-p207">Charles Affron: ''Lillian Gish: Her Legend, Her Life'', p. 207</ref> When she first arrived at the studio for filming, Gish was treated as "a queen".<ref name="mgm">John Douglas Eames: ''The MGM Story'', p. 24</ref> Co-stars said she was acting very arrogant, with [[Marion Davies]] saying that Gish brushed off Gilbert and did not want to give director [[King Vidor]] a hand.<ref>Charles Affron: ''Lillian Gish: Her Legend, Her Life'', p. 209</ref> According to [[Robert Osborne]], host of [[Turner Classic Movies]], Gish prepared for the death scene by not drinking or eating for three days. When Vidor saw her condition, he worried that it might be Gish's death scene as well as Mimi's. She also learned how to breathe without visible movement<ref name="mgm" /> and visited hospitals to learn about stages of [[tuberculosis]]. Shooting lasted from August 19 to November 5, 1925.<ref>Charles Affron: ''Lillian Gish: Her Legend, Her Life'', p. 210</ref> A previous [[La Bohème (1916 film)\|version]] of the story had been filmed in 1916 with [[Alice Brady]] in a production financed by her father [[William A. Brady]] for his World Pictures. ==Reception== The film made a profit of $377,000.<ref name="scott">Scott Eyman, ''Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer'', Robson, 2005 p. 124</ref> ==See also== * [[Lillian Gish filmography]] ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} ===Sources=== * Baxter, John. 1970. ''Hollywood in the Thirties''. International Film Guide Series. Paperback Library, New York. LOC Card Number 68–24003. Baxter, John. 1976. ''King Vidor''. Simon & Schuster, Inc. Monarch Film Studies. LOC Card Number 75–23544. [[Kevin Brownlow\|Brownlow, Kevin]] and [[John Kobal\|Kobal, John]]. 1979. ''Hollywood: The Pioneers''. Alfred A. Knopf Inc. A Borzoi Book, New York. {{ISBN\|0-394-50851-3}} * [[Raymond Durgnat\|Durgnat, Raymond]] and Simmon, Scott. 1988. ''King Vidor, American.'' University of California Press, Berkeley. {{ISBN\|0-520-05798-8}} * Landazuri, Roberto. 2009. ''Bardelys the Magnificent''. San Francisco Silent Film Festival (SFSFF) https://silentfilm.org/bardelys-the-magnificent/ Retrieved 28 May 2020. * Landazuri, Margarita. 2011. ''La Bohème''. San Francisco Silent Film Festival (SFSFF), Winter 2011. https://silentfilm.org/la-boheme/ Retrieved 28 May 2020 ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb title\|0016669}} * {{TCMDb title\|496847}} * {{AFI film\|2950}} * {{IMSLP\|work=La Bohème (Axt, William)\|cname=''La Bohème''\|descr=score to accompany this film by [[William Axt]]}} {{King Vidor}} {{Irving Thalberg}} {{Giacomo Puccini}} {{La Vie de Bohème}} {{Portal bar\|Film}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bohème (1926 film), La}} [[Category:1926 films]] [[Category:1926 drama films]] [[Category:1920s American films]] [[Category:1920s English-language films]] [[Category:1920s historical drama films]] [[Category:American black-and-white films]] [[Category:American historical drama films]] [[Category:American silent feature films]] [[Category:English-language historical drama films]] [[Category:Films about orphans]] [[Category:Films based on La bohème]] [[Category:Films based on works by Giuseppe Giacosa]] [[Category:Films directed by King Vidor]] [[Category:Films produced by Irving Thalberg]] [[Category:Films scored by William Axt]] [[Category:Films set in Paris]] [[Category:Films set in the 19th century]] [[Category:Films with screenplays by Harry Behn]] [[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]] [[Category:Surviving American silent films]] [[Category:Tuberculosis in fiction]]	1,300,945,591	[{"title": "La Boh\u00e8me", "data": {"Directed by": "King Vidor", "Written by": "Fred de Gresac \u00b7 (screenplay) \u00b7 Harry Behn \u00b7 Ray Doyle \u00b7 (continuity) \u00b7 William M. Conselman \u00b7 Ruth Cummings \u00b7 (titles)", "Based on": "La boh\u00e8me \u00b7 (1896) opera \u00b7 by Giacomo Puccini", "Produced by": "Irving Thalberg", "Starring": "Lillian Gish \u00b7 John Gilbert", "Cinematography": "Hendrik Sartov", "Edited by": "Hugh Wynn", "Music by": "William Axt (uncredited) \u00b7 David Mendoza (uncredited)", "Distributed by": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer", "Release date": "- February 24, 1926", "Running time": "95 minutes", "Country": "United States", "Language": "Silent (English intertitles)"}}]	false
# Bi Jinhao Bi Jinhao (Chinese: 毕津浩; born 5 January 1991) is a professional Chinese football player who currently plays for Dalian Yingbo, on loan from Shandong Taishan in the Chinese Super League. ## Club career Born in Dalian, Bi joined Dalian Shide's youth academy when he was still a schoolboy, where he initially started his career as a forward. At his time with their youth academy he was sent out to Dalian Shide's satellite team Dalian Shide Siwu, who played as a foreign team in Singapore's S.League in the 2008 league season. ### Stints in Portugal Upon his return to Dalian Shide, he was unable to break into the senior team and moved abroad to Portugal's Segunda Divisão side, Boavista in 2010 as a youth player. He joined Terceira Divisão club Leça FC in January 2011 and he would make his debut on 22 January in a 1-1 draw against GD Joane, which was then followed by his first goal for club on 20 February in a 2-1 victory against CD Candal. ### Return to China Bi returned to China in the summer of 2011 and sought a trial with Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye in July, where despite an unimpressive trial the management still decided to offer him a contract believing he had potential as a future prospect. Throughout the rest of the season Bi was included in the club's reserve team until the following season he was included in the senior team where he made his début on 13 May 2012, in a 2-1 away defeat against Guangzhou R&F where he also scored his first goal for the club. Despite his goalscoring debut he was unable to score in any of his following outings as the club suffered relegation to the second tier at the end of the 2012 campaign. Despite being part of the squad that won immediate promotion back into the top tier the next season Bi still failed to establish himself as a centre forward, scoring one goal throughout the campaign and none in the following 2014 Chinese Super League campaign. The club's manager Jia Xiuquan decided transition Bi into a centre back, which seemed to transform the player as he established himself at the heart of the club's defence and helped guide them to fifth within the league at the end of the 2015 league season, which resulted in selection for the Chinese national team in August 2015. On 15 January 2016, Bi transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua. He made his debut for the club in a league game against Yanbian Funde F.C. on 5 March 2016, which resulted in a 1-1 draw. Despite a slow start to his career at the club he would start to establish himself as a regular within the team and he extended his contract with the club for five years on 19 November 2017. He would repay the club by going on to win the 2017 Chinese FA Cup against local rivals Shanghai SIPG. Bi suffered from subarachnoid hemorrhage on 11 April 2018. After a year out of the game Bi would return on 10 March 2019 in a league game against Hebei China Fortune F.C. in a 2-1 defeat. As the season progressed he gradually started to become a regular within the team again and go on to win the 2019 Chinese FA Cup with the club. On 22 July 2025, Bi was loaned out to Dalian Yingbo. ## International career Bi made his debut for the Chinese national team on 17 November 2015 in a 0-0 draw against Hong Kong in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, coming on as a substitute for Wu Lei in the 81st minute. ## Career statistics Statistics accurate as of match played 31 January 2023. \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| National Cup \| National Cup \| League Cup \| League Cup \| Continental \| Continental \| Other \| Other \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| -------------------- \| ------------ \| -------------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ---------- \| ---------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Dalian Shide Siwu FC \| 2008 \| S.League \| 19 \| 5 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 20 \| 6 \| \| Leça F.C. \| 2010-11 \| Terceira Divisão \| 8 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 8 \| 1 \| \| Henan Jianye \| 2011 \| Chinese Super League \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Henan Jianye \| 2012 \| Chinese Super League \| 6 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 7 \| 1 \| \| Henan Jianye \| 2013 \| China League One \| 12 \| 1 \| 2 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 14 \| 1 \| \| Henan Jianye \| 2014 \| Chinese Super League \| 7 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 7 \| 0 \| \| Henan Jianye \| 2015 \| Chinese Super League \| 30 \| 4 \| 3 \| 1 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 33 \| 5 \| \| Henan Jianye \| Total \| Total \| 55 \| 6 \| 6 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 61 \| 7 \| \| Shanghai Shenhua \| 2016 \| Chinese Super League \| 6 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 8 \| 0 \| \| Shanghai Shenhua \| 2017 \| Chinese Super League \| 18 \| 0 \| 6 \| 0 \| - \| - \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| 24 \| 0 \| \| Shanghai Shenhua \| 2018 \| Chinese Super League \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| \| Shanghai Shenhua \| 2019 \| Chinese Super League \| 8 \| 0 \| 4 \| 1 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 12 \| 1 \| \| Shanghai Shenhua \| 2020 \| Chinese Super League \| 12 \| 4 \| 1 \| 0 \| - \| - \| 6 \| 1 \| - \| - \| 19 \| 5 \| \| Shanghai Shenhua \| 2021 \| Chinese Super League \| 13 \| 1 \| 4 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 17 \| 1 \| \| Shanghai Shenhua \| 2022 \| Chinese Super League \| 8 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 8 \| 1 \| \| Shanghai Shenhua \| Total \| Total \| 65 \| 6 \| 17 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 7 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 90 \| 8 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 147 \| 18 \| 24 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 7 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 179 \| 22 \| 1. ↑ Appearances in Chinese FA Super Cup ## Honours ### Club Henan Jianye - China League One: 2013 Shanghai Shenhua - Chinese FA Cup: 2017,[9] 2019[12]	enwiki/36269939	enwiki	36,269,939	Bi Jinhao	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_Jinhao	2025-07-22T16:28:12Z	en	Q4902383	90,006	{{short description\|Chinese footballer (born 1991)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2024}} {{family name hatnote\|[[Bi (surname)\|Bi]]\|lang=Chinese}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Bi Jinhao <br> 毕津浩 \| image = File:Bi Jinhao 2024-08-13 (2) (cropped).jpg \| caption = Bi Jinhao in August 2024 \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1991\|1\|5\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[Dalian]], [[Liaoning]], China \| height = {{height\|m=1.92}} \| position = [[Forward (association football)\|Forward]], [[Defender (association football)\|Centre-back]] \| currentclub = [[Dalian Yingbo F.C.\|Dalian Yingbo]] (on loan from [[Shandong Taishan F.C.\|Shandong Taishan]]) \| clubnumber = 36 \| youthyears1 = 2006–2010 \| youthclubs1 = [[Dalian Shide F.C.\|Dalian Shide]] \| youthyears2 = 2010–2011 \| youthclubs2 = [[Boavista F.C.\|Boavista]] \| years1 = 2008 \| clubs1 = [[Dalian Shide Siwu FC\|Dalian Shide Siwu]] \| caps1 = 19 \| goals1 = 5 \| years2 = 2011 \| clubs2 = [[Leça F.C.\|Leça]] \| caps2 = 8 \| goals2 = 1 \| years3 = 2011–2015 \| clubs3 = [[Henan F.C.\|Henan Jianye]] \| caps3 = 55 \| goals3 = 6 \| years4 = 2016–2022 \| clubs4 = [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.\|Shanghai Shenhua]] \| caps4 = 65 \| goals4 = 6 \| years5 = 2023 \| clubs5 = [[Changchun Yatai F.C.\|Changchun Yatai]] \| caps5 = 16 \| goals5 = 0 \| years6 = 2024– \| clubs6 = [[Shandong Taishan F.C.\|Shandong Taishan]] \| caps6 = 15 \| goals6 = 1 \| years7 = 2025– \| clubs7 = → [[Dalian Yingbo F.C.\|Dalian Yingbo]] (loan) \| caps7 = 0 \| goals7 = 0 \| nationalyears1 = 2009–2010 \| nationalteam1 = [[China national under-20 football team\|China U19]] \| nationalyears2 = 2012 \| nationalteam2 = [[China national under-23 football team\|China U22]] \| nationalyears3 = 2015 \| nationalteam3 = [[China national football team\|China]] \| nationalcaps3 = 1 \| nationalgoals3 = 0 \| pcupdate = 24 December 2023 \| ntupdate = 31 October 2016 }} '''Bi Jinhao''' ({{zh\|s=毕津浩}}; born 5 January 1991) is a professional Chinese football player who currently plays for [[Dalian Yingbo F.C.\|Dalian Yingbo]], on loan from [[Shandong Taishan F.C.\|Shandong Taishan]] in the [[Chinese Super League]]. ==Club career== Born in [[Dalian]], Bi joined [[Dalian Shide F.C.\|Dalian Shide]]'s youth academy when he was still a schoolboy, where he initially started his career as a forward. At his time with their youth academy he was sent out to Dalian Shide's satellite team [[Dalian Shide Siwu FC\|Dalian Shide Siwu]], who played as a foreign team in [[Singapore]]'s [[S.League]] in the [[2008 S.League\|2008 league season]]. === Stints in Portugal === Upon his return to Dalian Shide, he was unable to break into the senior team and moved abroad to [[Portugal]]'s [[Segunda Divisão]] side, [[Boavista F.C.\|Boavista]] in 2010 as a youth player.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=199101050003 \|title=Bi \|publisher=foradejogo.net \|date= \|accessdate=2016-03-30}}</ref> He joined [[Terceira Divisão]] club [[Leça F.C.\|Leça FC]] in January 2011 and he would make his debut on 22 January in a 1-1 draw against [[GD Joane]], which was then followed by his first goal for club on 20 February in a 2-1 victory against [[CD Candal]]. === Return to China === Bi returned to China in the summer of 2011 and sought a trial with [[Chinese Super League]] side [[Henan Jianye F.C.\|Henan Jianye]] in July, where despite an unimpressive trial the management still decided to offer him a contract believing he had potential as a future prospect.<ref>[http://sports.sohu.com/20110708/n312872717.shtml 建业二次转会共引进2外援3内援前葡超小将加盟] at sports.sohu.com 2011-07-08 Retrieved 2012-07-17 {{in lang\|zh}}</ref> Throughout the rest of the season Bi was included in the club's reserve team until the following season he was included in the senior team where he made his début on 13 May 2012, in a 2-1 away defeat against [[Guangzhou R&F F.C.\|Guangzhou R&F]] where he also scored his first goal for the club.<ref>[http://sports.sohu.com/20120514/n343134656.shtml 建业新人表现获认可下半场围攻富力仍错失70万] at sports.sohu.com 2012-05-14 Retrieved 2012-07-17 {{in lang\|zh}}</ref> Despite his goalscoring debut he was unable to score in any of his following outings as the club suffered relegation to the second tier at the end of the [[2012 Chinese Super League\|2012 campaign]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/china2012.html \|title=China 2012 \|date=2014-01-30 \|website=[[RSSSF]] \|accessdate=2016-03-30}}</ref> Despite being part of the squad that won immediate promotion back into the top tier the next season Bi still failed to establish himself as a centre forward, scoring one goal throughout the campaign and none in the following [[2014 Chinese Super League]] campaign.<ref name="position">[http://sports.qq.com/a/20150819/038470.htm 恩师揭秘新锐国脚毕津浩踢中锋差点就被废掉] at sports.sohu.com 2015-08-19 Retrieved 2015-11-18 {{in lang\|zh}}</ref> The club's manager [[Jia Xiuquan]] decided transition Bi into a centre back, which seemed to transform the player as he established himself at the heart of the club's defence and helped guide them to fifth within the league at the end of the 2015 league season, which resulted in selection for the [[Chinese national football team\|Chinese national team]] in August 2015.<ref name="position"/> On 15 January 2016, Bi transferred to fellow [[Chinese Super League]] side [[Shanghai Shenhua]].<ref>[http://sports.sohu.com/20160115/n434698410.shtml 申花官宣三内援：秦升携国脚中卫加盟] at sports.sohu.com 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2016-01-16 {{in lang\|zh}}</ref> He made his debut for the club in a league game against [[Yanbian Funde F.C.]] on 5 March 2016, which resulted in a 1-1 draw.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://sports.sohu.com/20160305/n439500702.shtml\|title=河太均建功登巴巴点射救主申花1-1富德\|work=sports.sohu.com\|date=2016-03-05\|accessdate=2020-01-31\|language=zh}}</ref> Despite a slow start to his career at the club he would start to establish himself as a regular within the team and he extended his contract with the club for five years on 19 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2017-11-19/doc-ifynwxum5847897.shtml\|title=足协杯决赛前定军心申花官方宣布与四将续约5年\|work=Sina\|date=19 November 2017\|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref> He would repay the club by going on to win the [[2017 Chinese FA Cup]] against local rivals [[Shanghai Port F.C.\|Shanghai SIPG]].<ref name="2017 FA Cup">{{cite news\|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/cfacup/2017-11-26/doc-ifypathz6175124.shtml\|title=足协杯-马丁斯轰世界波申花总分3-3上港夺冠\|publisher=sports.sina.com.cn\|date=2017-11-26 \|accessdate=2019-08-16}}</ref> Bi suffered from [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]] on 11 April 2018.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://sports.163.com/18/0411/13/DF45MIMC00058780.html\|title=网传毕津浩突发疾病入院申花:正等待检查报告\|work=Neteasea\|date=11 April 2018\|accessdate=12 April 2018\|language=zh}}</ref> After a year out of the game Bi would return on 10 March 2019 in a league game against Hebei China Fortune F.C. in a 2-1 defeat.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/300326765_463728\|title=中超-伊哈洛破门难救主申花1-2负华夏吞两连败\|work=sohu.com\|date=2019-03-10\|accessdate=2020-01-31\|language=zh}}</ref> As the season progressed he gradually started to become a regular within the team again and go on to win the [[2019 Chinese FA Cup]] with the club.<ref name="2019 FA Cup">{{cite news\|url=https://sports.sina.com.cn/china/cfacup/2019-12-06/doc-iihnzhfz4146419.shtml\|title=申花打破足协杯先主后客夺冠魔咒并终结尴尬纪录\|publisher=sports.sina.com.cn\|date=2019-12-06 \|accessdate=2020-01-31}}</ref> On 22 July 2025, Bi was loaned out to [[Dalian Yingbo F.C.\|Dalian Yingbo]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1838338546062936689&wfr=spider&for=pc\|title=大连英博官方：毕津浩租借加盟球队，闫奕涵转会加盟球队\|publisher=baijiahao.baidu.com\|date=2025-07-22 \|accessdate=2025-07-22}}</ref> ==International career== Bi made his debut for the [[Chinese national football team\|Chinese national team]] on 17 November 2015 in a 0-0 draw against [[Hong Kong national football team\|Hong Kong]] in the [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)\|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]], coming on as a substitute for [[Wu Lei]] in the 81st minute.<ref>[http://sports.sohu.com/20151117/n426779855.shtml 国足奇兵首秀险成救世主补时中门柱立功差一步] at sports.sohu.com 2015-11-17 Retrieved 2015-11-18 {{in lang\|zh}}</ref> == Career statistics == ''Statistics accurate as of match played 31 January 2023.''<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/jinhao-bi/208673/ Bi Jinhao] at soccerway.com Retrieved 2017-06-25</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" \|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|National Cup !colspan="2"\|League Cup !colspan="2"\|Continental !colspan="2"\|Other !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|[[Dalian Shide Siwu FC]]\|\|[[2008 S.League\|2008]]\|\|[[S.League]]\|\|19\|\|5\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|20\|\|6 \|- \|[[Leça F.C.]]\|\|[[2010–11 Terceira Divisão\|2010-11]]\|\|[[Terceira Divisão]]\|\|8\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|8\|\|1 \|- \|rowspan="6"\|[[Henan Jianye]]\|\|[[2011 Chinese Super League\|2011]]\|\|rowspan="2"\|[[Chinese Super League]]\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|[[2012 Chinese Super League\|2012]]\|\|6\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|7\|\|1 \|- \|[[2013 China League One\|2013]]\|\|[[China League One]]\|\|12\|\|1\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|14\|\|1 \|- \|[[2014 Chinese Super League\|2014]]\|\|rowspan="2"\|Chinese Super League\|\|7\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|7\|\|0 \|- \|[[2015 Chinese Super League\|2015]]\|\|30\|\|4\|\|3\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|33\|\|5 \|- !colspan="2"\|'''Total''' !55\|\|6\|\|6\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|61\|\|7 \|- \|rowspan=8\|[[Shanghai Shenhua]]\|\|[[2016 Chinese Super League\|2016]]\|\|rowspan=7\|Chinese Super League\|\|6\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|8\|\|0 \|- \|[[2017 Chinese Super League\|2017]]\|\|18\|\|0\|\|6\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|24\|\|0 \|- \|[[2018 Chinese Super League\|2018]]\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|1\|\|0\|\|1{{efn\|Appearances in [[Chinese FA Super Cup]]}}\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0 \|- \|[[2019 Chinese Super League\|2019]]\|\|8\|\|0\|\|4\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|12\|\|1 \|- \|[[2020 Chinese Super League\|2020]]\|\|12\|\|4\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|6\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|19\|\|5 \|- \|[[2021 Chinese Super League\|2021]]\|\|13\|\|1\|\|4\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|17\|\|1 \|- \|[[2022 Chinese Super League\|2022]]\|\|8\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|8\|\|1 \|- !colspan="2"\|'''Total''' !65\|\|6\|\|17\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|7\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|90\|\|8 \|- ! colspan=3 \| Career total !147\|\|18\|\|24\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|7\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|179\|\|22 \|} {{notelist}} ==Honours== ===Club=== '''[[Henan F.C.\|Henan Jianye]]''' * [[China League One]]: [[2013 China League One\|2013]] '''[[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.\|Shanghai Shenhua]]''' [[Chinese FA Cup]]: [[2017 Chinese FA Cup\|2017]],<ref name="2017 FA Cup"/> [[2019 Chinese FA Cup\|2019]]<ref name="2019 FA Cup"/> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{NFT\|61370<!-- /Jinhao_Bi -->}} * {{Soccerway\|jinhao-bi/208673}} {{Dalian Yingbo F.C. squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bi, Jinhao}} [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Men's association football forwards]] [[Category:Chinese men's footballers]] [[Category:Footballers from Dalian]] [[Category:Singapore Premier League players]] [[Category:Dalian Shide F.C. players]] [[Category:Boavista F.C. players]] [[Category:Leça F.C. players]] [[Category:Henan F.C. players]] [[Category:Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players]] [[Category:Changchun Yatai F.C. players]] [[Category:Shandong Taishan F.C. players]] [[Category:Dalian Yingbo F.C. players]] [[Category:Chinese expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal]] [[Category:Chinese Super League players]] [[Category:China League One players]] [[Category:Chinese expatriate sportspeople in Portugal]] [[Category:China men's international footballers]] [[Category:21st-century Chinese sportsmen]]	1,301,959,866	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Date of birth": "5 January 1991", "Place of birth": "Dalian, Liaoning, China", "Height": "1.92 m (6 ft 3+1\u20442 in)", "Position(s)": "Forward, Centre-back"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Dalian Yingbo (on loan from Shandong Taishan)", "Number": "36"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"2006\u20132010": "Dalian Shide", "2010\u20132011": "Boavista"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2008": "Dalian Shide Siwu \u00b7 19 \u00b7 (5)", "2011": "Le\u00e7a \u00b7 8 \u00b7 (1)", "2011\u20132015": "Henan Jianye \u00b7 55 \u00b7 (6)", "2016\u20132022": "Shanghai Shenhua \u00b7 65 \u00b7 (6)", "2023": "Changchun Yatai \u00b7 16 \u00b7 (0)", "2024\u2013": "Shandong Taishan \u00b7 15 \u00b7 (1)", "2025\u2013": "\u2192 Dalian Yingbo (loan) \u00b7 0 \u00b7 (0)"}}, {"title": "International career\u2021", "data": {"2009\u20132010": "China U19", "2012": "China U22", "2015": "China \u00b7 1 \u00b7 (0)"}}]	false
# Cruise/Wagner Productions Cruise/Wagner Productions, also abbreviated as C/W Productions, was an American independent film production company. It was founded by actor Tom Cruise and his agent Paula Wagner in July 1992. Wagner had been representing Cruise for eleven years before the formation of C/W Productions. The company has grossed more than $2.9 billion in box office proceeds since its inception. Cruise/Wagner Productions was formed to give Cruise more creative freedom over his film projects and to give him the opportunity to produce and direct motion pictures. In October 1992, Cruise/Wagner Productions signed an exclusive three-year multi-picture financing and distribution deal with Paramount Pictures. The deal was renewed and expanded several times over the next fourteen years. In August 2006 Sumner Redstone, chairman of Viacom (parent company of Paramount Pictures) terminated that relationship citing Cruise's comments in the media about psychiatry, anti-depressants and Brooke Shields' handling of postpartum depression, and his taking up Scientology. However, the termination may have been more about money than anything else. Within a week, Daniel Snyder, owner of the Washington Redskins and two hedge funds, secured financial backing to buy the company. In November 2006, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) came to Cruise/Wagner with a deal that gave them a percentage of the ownership in United Artists (UA) in an effort to revive the floundering production company. This deal fell apart when Wagner left the studio in August 2008. ## Productions ### Feature films \| Year \| Title \| Director \| Distributor \| Budget \| Box office \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ----------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| -------------- \| ------------------------------------------------- \| \| 1996 \| Mission: Impossible \| Brian De Palma \| Paramount Pictures \| $80 million \| $457.7 million \| Installment of the Mission: Impossible franchise. \| \| 1998 \| Without Limits \| Robert Towne \| Warner Bros. \| $25 million \| $777,423 \| \| \| 2000 \| Mission: Impossible 2 \| John Woo \| Paramount Pictures \| $125 million \| $546.4 million \| Installment of the Mission: Impossible franchise. \| \| 2001 \| The Others \| Alejandro Amenábar \| Dimension Films/Miramax Films \| $17 million \| $209.9 million \| \| \| 2001 \| Vanilla Sky \| Cameron Crowe \| Paramount Pictures \| $68 million \| $203.4 million \| Remake of Open Your Eyes. \| \| 2002 \| Narc \| Joe Carnahan \| Paramount Pictures \| $6.5 million \| $12.6 million \| \| \| 2002 \| Minority Report \| Steven Spielberg \| 20th Century Fox \| $102 million \| $358.4 million \| \| \| 2003 \| Shattered Glass \| Billy Ray \| Lionsgate Films \| $6 million \| $2.9 million \| \| \| 2003 \| The Last Samurai \| Edward Zwick \| Warner Bros. \| $140 million \| $456.8 million \| \| \| 2004 \| Suspect Zero \| E. Elias Merhige \| Paramount Pictures \| $27 million \| $11.4 million \| \| \| 2005 \| War of the Worlds \| Steven Spielberg \| Paramount Pictures \| $132 million \| $603.9 million \| Remake of The War of the Worlds. \| \| 2005 \| Elizabethtown \| Cameron Crowe \| Paramount Pictures \| $45 million \| $52 million \| \| \| 2006 \| Ask the Dust \| Robert Towne \| Paramount Pictures \| — \| $2.5 million \| \| \| 2006 \| Mission: Impossible III \| J. J. Abrams \| Paramount Pictures \| $150 million \| $398.5 million \| Installment of the Mission: Impossible franchise. \| \| 2007 \| Lions for Lambs \| Robert Redford \| Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (United States) 20th Century Fox (International) \| $35 million \| $63.2 million \| \| \| 2008 \| The Eye \| David Moreau and Xavier Palud \| Paramount Pictures Lionsgate Films \| $12 million \| $56.7 million \| Remake of The Eye. \| \| 2008 \| Death Race \| Paul W. S. Anderson \| Universal Pictures \| $45–65 million \| $76 million \| Installment of the Death Race franchise. \| \| 2008 \| Valkyrie \| Bryan Singer \| Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (United States) 20th Century Fox (International) \| $75–90 million \| $201.5 million \| \| #### Developed projects - Criminal Conversation (1993, Iain Softley)[21][22] - Timejumpers (1997)[23] - Metamorphosis (1997)[24] - The Five Year Plan (1997, Phillip Kerr)[24] - Earth, Wings, and Fire (1997)[25] - In the Blue Light of African Dreams (1997)[25] - Untitled Phil Spector biopic (1997, Cameron Crowe)[26] - Sylvia (1997, Lawrence Kasdan)[27] - I Married a Witch (1998, Danny DeVito)[28][29] - Touching the Void (1998)[30] - The Lovers of the Arctic Circle (1998)[31] - The Higher Ground (1999, Jim Sheridan)[32] - Meet the Shaggs (1999)[33] - A Firing Offense (2000)[34] - Sunrise at Hastings (2000)[35] - Night Train (2000, William Friedkin)[36] - The War Magician (2001, Peter Weir)[37][38] - Ghost Soldiers (2002, Steven Spielberg)[39] - The Bridge (2002)[40] - Carter Beats the Devil (2002, Robert Towne)[41] - The Light at the End of the Chunnel (2002)[42] - Bondswoman's Narrative (2002)[43] - 17 Stone Angels (2002)[44] - The Devil in the White City (2003, Kathryn Bigelow)[45] - The Few (2003, Michael Mann)[46] - Untitled Peter Landesman script (2004)[47] - The Devil's Banker (2004)[48] - One Shot (2005)[49] - The Fall of the Warrior King (2006)[38]	enwiki/13999888	enwiki	13,999,888	Cruise/Wagner Productions	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise/Wagner_Productions	2025-08-20T20:48:49Z	en	Q3005562	160,879	{{Short description\|American film production company}} {{Infobox company \| name = Cruise/Wagner Productions \| logo = [[File:Cruise-Wagner Productions logo.svg\|130px\|class=skin-invert]] \| logo_size = 130px \| caption = \| type = \| foundation = {{Start date and age\|1992\|7}} \| defunct = {{end date and age\|2008\|08}} \| fate = Partnership dissolved \| successor = [[Tom Cruise\|TC Productions]] \| founder = [[Tom Cruise]]<br/>[[Paula Wagner]] \| location = United States \| industry = [[Film industry\|Film]] \| owner = Tom Cruise<br/>Paula Wagner \| parent = \| divisions = \| subsid = \| homepage = \| num_employees = }} '''Cruise/Wagner Productions''', also abbreviated as '''C/W Productions''', was an American independent film [[production company]]. It was founded by actor [[Tom Cruise]] and his agent [[Paula Wagner]] in July 1992.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Cruise makes a picture deal \|publisher=Lima News \|work=NewspaperARCHIVE.com \|page=A4 \|date=November 4, 1992}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|title=The Los Angeles Times from Los Angeles, California on July 13, 1992 · Page 152\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/177328500/\|access-date=2022-02-26\|website=Newspapers.com\|date=13 July 1992 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|work=Evening Standard \|title=Tom Cruise forms his own film company \|quote=Scroll down to 'Show 12 article text' \|issn=2041-4404 \|date=July 14, 1992 \|page=12 \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/725459662/\|access-date=2022-02-26\|location=Newspapers.com\|language=en}}</ref> Wagner had been representing Cruise for eleven years before the formation of C/W Productions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The company has grossed more than $2.9 billion in box office proceeds since its inception.<ref name="PRN-2006-11-02">{{cite news\|date=2 November 2006\|title=MGM Partners With Tom Cruise and Paula Wagner to Form New United Artists\|publisher=Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios\|agency=PR Newswire\|url=http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20061102/LATH10602112006-1.html\|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929115013/http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20061102/LATH10602112006-1.html\|archivedate=29 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="CNN-Money-2006-08-22">[https://money.cnn.com/2006/08/22/news/newsmakers/cruise_paramount/index.htm?cnn=yes Paramount: Cruise is risky business] - [[CNN]]-''[[Money Magazine]]'' with [[Reuters]] (c/o CNNMoney.com) - 23 August 2006</ref><ref name="AtkinsJ-2006-08-24">Atkins, Jill. [https://www.nationalledger.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=3&num=7912 "Sumner Redstone Rebuke of Tom Cruise: Now What?] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118075140/http://www.nationalledger.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=3&num=7912\|date=2007-11-18}} - ''[[National Ledger]]'' - 24 August 2006</ref><ref name="USAToday-2006-08-23">Lieberman, David and Laura Petrecca. [https://www.usatoday.com/money/media/2006-08-23-hedge-films-usat_x.htm "Cruise seeks financial backing from hedge funds"] - ''[[USA Today]]'' - 24 August 2006</ref><ref name="Epstein-FT-2006-08-24">Epstein, Edward Jay. [https://www.ft.com/content/d817b680-33a0-11db-981f-0000779e2340 The Financial Times: Paramount vs. Cruise: all down the killer cut] - ''[[Financial Times]]'' - 24 August 2006</ref><ref name="ClarkJ-2007-08-23">Clark, John. [https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/2007/08/23/2007-08-23_the_business_of_cruise_control.html?ref=rss "The business of Cruise control"] - ''[[New York Daily News]]'' - 23 August 2007</ref> Cruise/Wagner Productions was formed to give Cruise more creative freedom over his film projects and to give him the opportunity to produce and direct motion pictures.<ref name=":1" /> In October 1992, Cruise/Wagner Productions signed an exclusive three-year multi-picture financing and distribution deal with [[Paramount Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Evening Standard from London, Greater London, England on October 29, 1992 · 19\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/725452427/\|access-date=2022-02-26\|website=Newspapers.com\|date=29 October 1992 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=The Index-Journal from Greenwood, South Carolina on November 4, 1992 · Page 10\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/70156199/\|access-date=2022-02-26\|website=Newspapers.com\|date=4 November 1992 \|language=en}}</ref> The deal was renewed and expanded several times over the next fourteen years. In August 2006 [[Sumner Redstone]], chairman of [[Viacom (2005–2019)\|Viacom]] (parent company of Paramount Pictures) terminated that relationship citing Cruise's comments in the media about [[psychiatry]], [[anti-depressant]]s and [[Brooke Shields]]' handling of [[postpartum depression]], and his taking up [[Scientology]].<ref name="CNN-Money-2006-08-22" /><ref name="AtkinsJ-2006-08-24" /><ref name="USAToday-2006-08-23" /><ref name="Epstein-FT-2006-08-24" /><ref name="ClarkJ-2007-08-23" /><ref name="GardnerC-2006-08-22">Gardner, Chris. [https://variety.com/article/VR1117948838.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 "It's a war of the words"] - ''[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]'' - August 22, 2006</ref> However, the termination may have been more about money than anything else.<ref name="ClarkJ-2007-08-23" /><ref>Kimball, Trevor. [http://www.anactorsjourney.com/2006/08/paramount_gives_tom_cruise_the_1.html "Paramount Gives Tom Cruise the Boot"] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110151750/http://www.anactorsjourney.com/2006/08/paramount_gives_tom_cruise_the_1.html \|date=2008-01-10 }} - AnActorsJourney.com - 23 August 2006</ref><ref>Sperling, Nicole. [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003052563 "Biz eyeing economics of Cruise-Par breakup: DVD slowdown forcing restraint"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113093430/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003052563 \|date=2009-01-13 }} - ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' - 24 August 2006</ref> Within a week, [[Daniel Snyder]], owner of the [[Washington Redskins]] and two [[hedge fund]]s, secured financial backing to buy the company.<ref name="USAToday-2006-08-23" /><ref name="GardnerC-2006-08-22" /><ref>Olson, Parmy. [https://archive.today/20130123112851/http://www.forbes.com/2006/08/29/cruise-dan-snyder-cx_po_0829autofacescan03.html "Redskins' Snyder Gambles On Tom Cruise"] - ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine - 29 August 2006</ref><ref>Fischer, Martha. [http://www.cinematical.com/2006/08/23/cruise-wagner-fight-back/ "Cruise, Wagner Fight Back"] - Cinematical - 23 August 2006</ref> In November 2006, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (MGM) came to Cruise/Wagner with a deal that gave them a percentage of the ownership in [[United Artists]] (UA) in an effort to revive the floundering production company.<ref name=PRN-2006-11-02 /><ref name=ClarkJ-2007-08-23 /> This deal fell apart when Wagner left the studio in August 2008.<ref name=FinkN-2008-08-13>Finke, Nikki. [https://deadline.com/2008/08/paula-wagner-out-at-united-artists-was-it-suicide-or-murder-by-mgm-6674/ "Tom Cruise's Movie Studio Imploding: Paula Wagner Is DOA At United Artists; But Was It Suicide or Murder By MGM?] - ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' - 13 August 2008</ref><ref name=FlemmingM-2008-08-13>Flemming, Michael. [https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/paula-wagner-leaves-ua-1117990504/ "Paula Wagner leaves UA] - ''[[Variety (magazine)]]'' - 13 August 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tom-cruise-splits-from-long-time-partner-20080815-gdsqtp.html Tom Cruise Splits From Long Time Partner] (Sydney Morning Herald newspaper)</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/aug/14/tomcruise Cruise loses studio partner] (The Guardian newspaper)</ref> ==Productions== ===Feature films=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! [[Film director\|Director]] ! [[Film distributor\|Distributor]] ! Budget ! Box office ! Notes \|- \| 1996 \| [[Mission: Impossible (film)\|''Mission: Impossible'']] \| [[Brian De Palma]] \| [[Paramount Pictures]] \| $80 million \| $457.7 million \| Installment of the [[Mission: Impossible (film series)\|''Mission: Impossible'' franchise]]. \|- \| 1998 \| ''[[Without Limits]]'' \| [[Robert Towne]] \| [[Warner Bros.]] \| $25 million \| $777,423 \| \|- \| 2000 \| ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]'' \| [[John Woo]] \| [[Paramount Pictures]] \| $125 million \| $546.4 million \| Installment of the [[Mission: Impossible (film series)\|''Mission: Impossible'' franchise]]. \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2001 \| [[The Others (2001 film)\|''The Others'']] \| [[Alejandro Amenábar]] \| [[Dimension Films]]/[[Miramax Films]] \| $17 million \| $209.9 million \| \|- \| ''[[Vanilla Sky]]'' \| [[Cameron Crowe]] \| rowspan="2" \| [[Paramount Pictures]] \| $68 million \| $203.4 million \| Remake of [[Open Your Eyes (1997 film)\|''Open Your Eyes'']]. \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2002 \| [[Narc (film)\|''Narc'']] \| [[Joe Carnahan]] \| $6.5 million \| $12.6 million \| \|- \| [[Minority Report (film)\|''Minority Report'']] \| [[Steven Spielberg]] \| [[20th Century Fox]] \| $102 million \| $358.4 million \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2003 \| [[Shattered Glass (film)\|''Shattered Glass'']] \| [[Billy Ray (screenwriter)\|Billy Ray]] \| [[Lionsgate Films]] \| $6 million \| $2.9 million \| \|- \| ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' \| [[Edward Zwick]] \| [[Warner Bros.]] \| $140 million \| $456.8 million \| \|- \| 2004 \| ''[[Suspect Zero]]'' \| [[E. Elias Merhige]] \| rowspan="5" \| [[Paramount Pictures]] \| $27 million \| $11.4 million \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2005 \| [[War of the Worlds (2005 film)\|''War of the Worlds'']] \| [[Steven Spielberg]] \| $132 million \| $603.9 million \| Remake of [[The War of the Worlds (1953 film)\|''The War of the Worlds'']]. \|- \| [[Elizabethtown (film)\|''Elizabethtown'']] \| [[Cameron Crowe]] \| $45 million \| $52 million \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2006 \| ''[[Ask the Dust (film)\|Ask the Dust]]'' \| [[Robert Towne]] \| {{N/A}} \| $2.5 million \| \|- \| ''[[Mission: Impossible III]]'' \| [[J. J. Abrams]] \| $150 million \| $398.5 million \| Installment of the [[Mission: Impossible (film series)\|''Mission: Impossible'' franchise]]. \|- \| 2007 \| ''[[Lions for Lambs]]'' \| [[Robert Redford]] \| [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] {{small\|(United States)}}<br />[[20th Century Fox]] {{small\|(International)}} \| $35 million \| $63.2 million \| \|- \| rowspan="3" \| 2008 \| [[The Eye (2008 film)\|''The Eye'']] \| David Moreau and Xavier Palud \| [[Paramount Pictures]]<br />[[Lionsgate Films]] \| $12 million \| $56.7 million \| Remake of [[The Eye (2002 film)\|''The Eye'']]. \|- \| [[Death Race (2008 film)\|''Death Race'']] \| [[Paul W. S. Anderson]] \| [[Universal Pictures]] \| $45–65 million \| $76 million \| Installment of the [[Death Race (franchise)\|''Death Race'' franchise]]. \|- \| [[Valkyrie (film)\|''Valkyrie'']] \| [[Bryan Singer]] \| [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] {{small\|(United States)}}<br />[[20th Century Fox]] {{small\|(International)}} \| $75–90 million \| $201.5 million \| \|- \|} ====Developed projects==== * ''Criminal Conversation'' (1993, [[Iain Softley]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Fleming\|first=Michael\|url=https://variety.com/1993/film/news/cruise-has-criminal-intent-116200/\|title=Cruise has 'Criminal' intent\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=November 30, 1993\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Fleming\|first=Michael\|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/wahlberg-circles-criminal-1117782463/\|title=Wahlberg circles 'Criminal'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=June 12, 2000\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''Timejumpers'' (1997)<ref>{{cite magazine\|author1=Johnson, Ted\|author2=Hindes, Andrew\|url=https://variety.com/1997/film/news/par-and-cruise-buying-time-1117433136/\|title=Par and Cruise buying 'Time'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=January 21, 1997\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''Metamorphosis'' (1997)<ref name="Variety">{{cite magazine\|author1=Fleming, Michael\|author2=Petrikin, Chris\|url=https://variety.com/1997/voices/columns/sarkin-s-life-line-1117435984/\|title=SARKIN'S LIFE LINE\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=February 4, 1997\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''The Five Year Plan'' (1997, [[Phillip Kerr]])<ref name="Variety"/> * ''Earth, Wings, and Fire'' (1997)<ref name="Variety2">{{cite magazine\|last=Hindes\|first=Andrew\|url=https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/for-new-battalion-of-studio-pix-war-is-swell-1117342146/\|title=For new battalion of studio pix, war is swell\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=March 25, 1997\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''In the Blue Light of African Dreams'' (1997)<ref name="Variety2"/> * Untitled [[Phil Spector]] biopic (1997, [[Cameron Crowe]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Fleming\|first=Michael\|url=https://variety.com/1997/voices/columns/cruise-talks-spector-pic-1117434171/\|title=Cruise talks Spector pic\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=April 22, 1997\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''Sylvia'' (1997, [[Lawrence Kasdan]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Busch\|first=Anita M.\|url=https://variety.com/1997/film/news/sylvia-to-bark-onscreen-1116679147/\|title='Sylvia' to bark onscreen\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=June 23, 1997\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''I Married a Witch'' (1998, [[Danny DeVito]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|author=Variety Staff\|url=https://variety.com/1998/film/news/harling-lands-ladykillers-1117466866/\|title=Harling lands 'Ladykillers'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=January 20, 1998\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Harris\|first=Dana\|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/markets-festivals/embarrassment-of-witches-at-col-1117881146/\|title=Embarrassment of witches at Col\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=February 24, 2003\|access-date=June 24, 2024}}</ref> * ''Touching the Void'' (1998)<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Carver\|first=Benedict\|url=https://variety.com/1998/film/news/cruise-may-enter-void-1117477802/\|title=Cruise may enter 'Void'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=June 23, 1998\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''The Lovers of the Arctic Circle'' (1998)<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Carver\|first=Benedict\|url=https://variety.com/1998/film/news/fine-line-hot-about-arctic-1117480629/\|title=Fine Line hot about 'Arctic'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=September 22, 1998\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''The Higher Ground'' (1999, [[Jim Sheridan]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|author=Variety Staff\|url=https://variety.com/1999/voices/columns/blum-work-blooms-countdown-to-13-days-1117490870/\|title=Blum work blooms; countdown to '13 Days'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=February 1, 1999\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''Meet the Shaggs'' (1999)<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Bing\|first=Jonathan\|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/artisan-tunes-up-shaggs-1117784104/\|title=Artisan tunes up Shaggs\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=July 24, 2000\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''A Firing Offense'' (2000)<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Lyons\|first=Charles\|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/bruckheimer-pacts-with-journo-1117760778/\|title=Bruckheimer pacts with journo\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=January 11, 2000\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''Sunrise at Hastings'' (2000)<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Brodesser\|first=Claude\|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/a-blazing-sunrise-1117822231/\|title=A blazing 'Sunrise'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=May 30, 2000\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''Night Train'' (2000, [[William Friedkin]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Fleming\|first=Michael\|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/salerno-tries-on-jersey-deal-1117787515/\|title=Salerno tries on Jersey deal\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=October 10, 2000\|access-date=June 24, 2024}}</ref> * ''The War Magician'' (2001, [[Peter Weir]])<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/jan/29/news.tomcruise\|title=Cruise set to play British war magician\|website=[[The Guardian]]\|date=January 29, 2001\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Variety3">{{cite magazine\|author1=Fleming, Michael\|author2=Gardner, Chris\|url=https://variety.com/2006/film/features/who-gets-what-1200341321/\|title=Who gets what?\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=August 23, 2006\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''Ghost Soldiers'' (2002, [[Steven Spielberg]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|author1=Brodesser, Claude\|author2=Bing, Jonathan\|url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/cruise-wagner-drafting-soldiers-1117859135/\|title=Cruise-Wagner drafting 'Soldiers'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=January 24, 2002\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''The Bridge'' (2002)<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Fleming\|first=Michael\|url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/par-cruise-lift-bridge-1117860446/\|title=Par, Cruise lift 'Bridge'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=February 7, 2002\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''Carter Beats the Devil'' (2002, [[Robert Towne]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|author1=Dunkley, Cathy\|author2=Bing, Jonathan\|url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/par-cruise-wagner-set-to-beat-the-devil-1117860575/\|title=Par, Cruise/Wagner set to beat the 'Devil'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=February 11, 2002\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''The Light at the End of the Chunnel'' (2002)<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-30051282.html\|title=Cruise 'to make Channel Tunnel' movie\|newspaper=[[Irish Examiner]]\|date=May 23, 2002\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''Bondswoman's Narrative'' (2002)<ref>{{cite web\|last=Nakao\|first=Annie\|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Newest-finds-in-slave-narratives-2712299.php\|title=Newest finds in slave narratives\|website=[[SFGate]]\|date=June 23, 2004\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''17 Stone Angels'' (2002)<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Bing\|first=Jonathan\|url=https://variety.com/2002/film/columns/par-blesses-angels-soccer-moms-kicking-1117869296/\|title=Par blesses 'Angels'; soccer moms 'Kicking'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=July 2, 2002\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''The Devil in the White City'' (2003, [[Kathryn Bigelow]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|author1=Bing, Jonathan\|author2=McNary, Dave\|author2-link=Dave McNary\|title=All's fair in race to make killer bios\|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/markets-festivals/all-s-fair-in-race-to-make-killer-bios-1117884351/\|date=April 8, 2003\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|access-date=January 10, 2023}}</ref> * ''The Few'' (2003, [[Michael Mann]])<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Fleming\|first=Michael\|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/markets-festivals/new-flight-plan-for-cruise-1117892183/\|title=New flight plan for Cruise\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=September 9, 2003\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * Untitled [[Peter Landesman]] script (2004)<ref>{{cite magazine\|author1=Fleming, Michael\|author2=Bing, Jonathan\|url=https://variety.com/2004/film/markets-festivals/centropolis-sets-slave-pic-1117899942/\|title=Centropolis sets slave pic\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=February 10, 2004\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''The Devil's Banker'' (2004)<ref>{{cite magazine\|author2=Fleming, Michael\|author1=McNary, Dave\|url=https://variety.com/2004/film/markets-festivals/cruise-wagner-cash-in-on-novel-banker-1117913393/\|title=Cruise/Wagner cash in on novel 'Banker'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=November 10, 2004\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''One Shot'' (2005)<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Fleming\|first=Michael\|url=https://variety.com/2005/film/features/paramount-takes-a-shot-1117924994/\|title=Paramount takes a 'Shot'\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=June 23, 2005\|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> * ''The Fall of the Warrior King'' (2006)<ref name="Variety3"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Tom Cruise}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cruise Wagner Productions}} [[Category:1992 establishments in California]] [[Category:2008 disestablishments in California]] [[Category:American companies established in 1992]] [[Category:American companies disestablished in 2008]] [[Category:American independent film studios]] [[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles]] [[Category:Defunct film and television production companies of the United States]] [[Category:Entertainment companies based in California]] [[Category:Mass media companies established in 1992]] [[Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 2008]] [[Category:Privately held companies based in California]] [[Category:Tom Cruise]]	1,306,982,308	[{"title": "Cruise/Wagner Productions", "data": {"Industry": "Film", "Founded": "July 1992", "Founder": "Tom Cruise \u00b7 Paula Wagner", "Defunct": "August 2008", "Fate": "Partnership dissolved", "Successor": "TC Productions", "Headquarters": "United States", "Owner": "Tom Cruise \u00b7 Paula Wagner"}}]	false
# 1805 in the United States Events from the year 1805 in the United States. ## Incumbents ### Federal government - President: Thomas Jefferson (DR-Virginia) - Vice President: Aaron Burr (DR-New York) (until March 4) George Clinton (DR-New York) (starting March 4) - Chief Justice: John Marshall (Virginia) - Speaker of the House of Representatives: Nathaniel Macon (DR-North Carolina) - Congress: 8th (until March 4), 9th (starting March 4) \| Governors and lieutenant governors \| \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| - Governor of Connecticut: Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (Federalist) - Governor of Delaware: David Hall (Democratic-Republican) (until January 15), Nathaniel Mitchell (Federalist) (starting January 15) - Governor of Georgia: John Milledge (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of Kentucky: Christopher Greenup (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of Maryland: Robert Bowie (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of Massachusetts: Caleb Strong (Federalist) - Governor of New Hampshire: John Taylor Gilman (Federalist) (until June 6), John Langdon (Democratic-Republican) (starting June 6) - Governor of New Jersey: Joseph Bloomfield (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of New York: Morgan Lewis (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of North Carolina: James Turner (Democratic-Republican) (until December 10), Nathaniel Alexander (Democratic-Republican) (starting December 10) - Governor of Ohio: Edward Tiffin (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of Pennsylvania: Thomas McKean (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of Rhode Island: Arthur Fenner (Country) (until October 15), Henry Smith (Country) (starting October 15) - Governor of South Carolina: Paul Hamilton (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of Tennessee: John Sevier (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of Vermont: Isaac Tichenor (Democratic-Republican) - Governor of Virginia: John Page (Democratic-Republican) (until December 7), William H. Cabell (Democratic-Republican) (starting December 7) - Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut: John Treadwell (Federalist) - Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky: vacant - Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts: Edward Robbins (political party unknown) - Lieutenant Governor of New York: John Broome (Democratic-Republican) - Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island: Paul Mumford (political party unknown) (until July 20), vacant (starting July 20) - Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina: Thomas Sumter, Jr. (Democratic-Republican) - Lieutenant Governor of Vermont: Paul Brigham (Democratic-Republican) \| ## Events - January 11 – Michigan Territory is created. - February 11 – Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea, is born with Meriwether Lewis aiding in the baby's delivery. - February 15 – Harmony Society formally established in the U.S. at Harmony, Pennsylvania. - March 1 – Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate. - March 3 – Louisiana Territory is created. - March 4 – Thomas Jefferson is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States, and George Clinton is sworn in as Vice President of the United States. - April 7 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition departs Fort Mandan, beginning their journey to the Pacific Ocean.[1] - April 27 – Battle of Derne: United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The "Shores of Tripoli"). - June 4 – The First Barbary War ends between Tripoli and the United States of America. - June 11 – Detroit burns to the ground; most of the city is destroyed. - June 13 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River, confirming they are heading in the right direction.[2] - June 30 – Michigan Territory is effective. - July 4 – Louisiana Territory is effective. - October 18 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: William Clark sights Mount Hood through the fog, some 45 miles (72 km) away.[3] - November 7 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrives at the Pacific Ocean. ### Undated - Boston Gleaning Circle, a female literary organization, is established.[4] ### Ongoing - First Barbary War (1801–1805) - Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) ## Births - January 8 – Orson Hyde, religious leader (died 1878) - February 11 – Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea, explorer, guide, fur trapper, trader and military scout (died 1866) - February 18 – Louis M. Goldsborough, admiral (died 1877) - March 23 – Sears Cook Walker, mathematician and astronomer (died 1853) - June 14 – Robert Anderson, United States Army officer during the American Civil War (died 1871 in France) - June 15 – William B. Ogden, Chicago politician and railroad executive (died 1877) - July 10 – Jacob M. Howard, U.S. Senator from Michigan from 1862 to 1871 (died 1871) - September 6 – Horatio Greenough, sculptor (died 1852) - September 19 – John Stevens Cabot Abbott, historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (died 1877) - October 9 – William M. Gwin, U.S. Senator from California from 1850 to 1855 and from 1857 to 1861 (died 1885) - November 28 – John Lloyd Stephens, traveler, diplomat and Mayanist archaeologist (died 1852) - December 2 – Cicero Price, commodore (died 1888) - December 10 – William Lloyd Garrison, abolitionist (died 1879) - December 12 – Henry Wells, businessman, founder of Wells Fargo (died 1878) - December 23 – Joseph Smith, religious leader, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (died 1844) ## Deaths - January 7 – Ebenezer Sproat, Continental Army officer, pioneer in the Ohio Country (born 1752) - January 9 – Noble Wimberly Jones, physician and delegate to the Continental Congress in 1781 and 1782 (born c. 1723) - February 4 – John Sloss Hobart, jurist and politician (born 1738) - June 17 – John Ames, captain in the American Revolutionary War (born 1738) - August 28 – Christopher Gadsden, statesman (born 1724) - September 27 – William Moultrie, general (born 1730) - November – Robert Alexander, Maryland politician (born c. 1740)	enwiki/24804661	enwiki	24,804,661	1805 in the United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1805_in_the_United_States	2025-03-03T10:05:18Z	en	Q2809739	126,166	{{short description\|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Year in the United States\|1805}} {{Year in U.S. states and territories\|1805}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=February 2023}} {{Use American English\|date=February 2023}} [[File:1805 Cary Map of the Great Lakes and Western Territory (Kentucky, Virginia, Ohio, etc..) - Geographicus - WesternTerritory-cary-1805.jpg\|thumb\|1805 Cary map of the Great Lakes and Western Territory (Kentucky, Virginia, Ohio, etc.)]] Events from the year '''1805 in the United States'''. == Incumbents == === [[Federal government of the United States\|Federal government]] === * [[President of the United States\|President]]: [[Thomas Jefferson]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|DR]]-[[Virginia]]) * [[Vice President of the United States\|Vice President]]: ::[[Aaron Burr]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|DR]]-[[New York (state)\|New York]]) (until March 4) ::[[George Clinton (vice president)\|George Clinton]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|DR]]-[[New York (state)\|New York]]) (starting March 4) * [[Chief Justice of the United States\|Chief Justice]]: [[John Marshall]] ([[Virginia]]) * [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives\|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]: [[Nathaniel Macon]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|DR]]-[[North Carolina]]) * [[United States Congress\|Congress]]: [[8th United States Congress\|8th]] (until March 4), [[9th United States Congress\|9th]] (starting March 4) {\| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! [[Governor (United States)\|Governor]]s and [[Lieutenant governor (United States)\|lieutenant governor]]s \|- \| === Governors === * [[List of governors of Connecticut\|Governor of Connecticut]]: [[Jonathan Trumbull Jr.]] ([[Federalist Party\|Federalist]]) * [[List of governors of Delaware\|Governor of Delaware]]: [[David Hall (Delaware politician)\|David Hall]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) (until January 15), [[Nathaniel Mitchell]] ([[Federalist Party\|Federalist]]) (starting January 15) * [[List of governors of Georgia\|Governor of Georgia]]: [[John Milledge]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Governor of Kentucky]]: [[Christopher Greenup]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Governor of Maryland]]: [[Robert Bowie]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Governor of Massachusetts]]: [[Caleb Strong]] ([[Federalist Party\|Federalist]]) * [[Governor of New Hampshire]]: [[John Taylor Gilman]] ([[Federalist Party\|Federalist]]) (until June 6), [[John Langdon (politician)\|John Langdon]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) (starting June 6) * [[Governor of New Jersey]]: [[Joseph Bloomfield]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Governor of New York]]: [[Morgan Lewis (governor)\|Morgan Lewis]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Governor of North Carolina]]: [[James Turner (North Carolina politician)\|James Turner]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) (until December 10), [[Nathaniel Alexander (governor)\|Nathaniel Alexander]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) (starting December 10) * [[List of governors of Ohio\|Governor of Ohio]]: [[Edward Tiffin]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[List of governors of Pennsylvania\|Governor of Pennsylvania]]: [[Thomas McKean]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[List of governors of Rhode Island\|Governor of Rhode Island]]: [[Arthur Fenner]] ([[Country Party (Rhode Island)\|Country]]) (until October 15), [[Henry Smith (Rhode Island governor)\|Henry Smith]] ([[Country Party (Rhode Island)\|Country]]) (starting October 15) * [[Governor of South Carolina]]: [[Paul Hamilton (politician)\|Paul Hamilton]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Governor of Tennessee]]: [[John Sevier]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Governor of Vermont]]: [[Isaac Tichenor]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Governor of Virginia]]: [[John Page (Virginia politician)\|John Page]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) (until December 7), [[William H. Cabell]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) (starting December 7) === Lieutenant governors === * [[Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut]]: [[John Treadwell]] ([[Federalist Party\|Federalist]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky]]: vacant * [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts]]: [[Edward Robbins]] (political party unknown) * [[Lieutenant Governor of New York]]: [[John Broome (politician)\|John Broome]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island]]: [[Paul Mumford]] (political party unknown) (until July 20), vacant (starting July 20) * [[Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina]]: Thomas Sumter, Jr. ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Vermont]]: [[Paul Brigham]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party\|Democratic-Republican]]) \|} ==Events== [[Image:Lewis and Clark.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] sights the [[Great Falls of the Missouri River]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]].]] [[File:George Clinton by Ezra Ames.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|[[George Clinton (vice president)\|George Clinton]] becomes the fourth U.S. vice president]] * January 11 – [[Michigan Territory]] is created. * February 11 – [[Jean Baptiste Charbonneau]], son of [[Sacagawea]], is born with [[Meriwether Lewis]] aiding in the baby's delivery. * February 15 – [[Harmony Society]] formally established in the U.S. at [[Harmony, Pennsylvania]]. * March 1 – Justice [[Samuel Chase]] is [[Impeachment of Samuel Chase\|acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate]]. * March 3 – [[Louisiana Territory]] is created. * March 4 – [[Thomas Jefferson]] is [[Thomas Jefferson 1805 presidential inauguration\|sworn in]] for a second term as [[President of the United States]], and [[George Clinton (vice president)\|George Clinton]] is sworn in as [[Vice President of the United States]]. * April 7 – The [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] departs [[Fort Mandan]], beginning their journey to the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Lewis\|first1=Meriwether\|author-link1=Meriwether Lewis\|last2=Clark\|first2=William\|author-link2=William Clark\|editor-last=Moulton\|editor-first=Gary E.\|edition=Nebraska \|title=April 7, 1805\|journal=Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition Online\|url=https://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/item/lc.jrn.1805-04-07\|publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln\|access-date=October 13, 2022}}</ref> * April 27 – [[Battle of Derne]]: [[United States Marines]] and [[Berber people\|Berbers]] attack the [[Tripoli, Libya\|Tripoli]]tan city of [[Derna, Libya\|Derna]] (The "Shores of Tripoli"). * June 4 – The [[First Barbary War]] ends between Tripoli and the United States of America. * June 11 – [[Detroit]] burns to the ground; most of the city is destroyed. * June 13 – [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the [[Great Falls of the Missouri River]], confirming they are heading in the right direction.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Lewis\|first1=Meriwether\|author-link1=Meriwether Lewis\|last2=Clark\|first2=William\|author-link2=William Clark\|editor-last=Moulton\|editor-first=Gary E.\|edition=Nebraska \|title=June 13, 1805\|journal=Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition Online\|url=https://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/item/lc.jrn.1805-06-13\|publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln\|access-date=October 13, 2022}}</ref> * June 30 – [[Michigan Territory]] is effective. * July 4 – [[Louisiana Territory]] is effective. * October 18 – [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]: [[William Clark]] sights [[Mount Hood]] through the fog, some 45 miles (72 km) away.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Lewis\|first1=Meriwether\|author-link1=Meriwether Lewis\|last2=Clark\|first2=William\|author-link2=William Clark\|editor-last=Moulton\|editor-first=Gary E.\|edition=Nebraska \|title=October 18, 1805\|journal=Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition Online\|url=https://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/item/lc.jrn.1805-10-18\|publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln\|access-date=October 13, 2022}}</ref> * November 7 – The [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] arrives at the [[Pacific Ocean]]. ===Undated=== * [[Boston Gleaning Circle]], a female literary organization, is established.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Reading Acts: U.S. Readers' Interactions with Literature, 1800-1950 \|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press \|author1=Ryan, Barbara \|author2=Thomas, Amy M. \|name-list-style=amp \|year=2002 \|page=68 \|isbn=9781572331822}}</ref> ===Ongoing=== * [[First Barbary War]] (1801–1805) * [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] (1804–1806) ==Births== * January 8 – [[Orson Hyde]], religious leader (died [[1878 in the United States\|1878]]) * February 11 – [[Jean Baptiste Charbonneau]], son of [[Sacagawea]], explorer, guide, fur trapper, trader and military scout (died [[1866 in the United States\|1866]]) * February 18 – [[Louis M. Goldsborough]], admiral (died [[1877 in the United States\|1877]]) * March 23 – [[Sears Cook Walker]], mathematician and astronomer (died [[1853 in the United States\|1853]]) * June 14 – [[Robert Anderson (Union officer)\|Robert Anderson]], [[United States Army]] officer during the [[American Civil War]] (died [[1871 in France]]) * June 15 – [[William B. Ogden]], Chicago politician and railroad executive (died [[1877 in the United States\|1877]]) * July 10 – [[Jacob M. Howard]], U.S. Senator from Michigan from 1862 to 1871 (died [[1871 in the United States\|1871]]) * September 6 – [[Horatio Greenough]], sculptor (died [[1852 in the United States\|1852]]) * September 19 – [[John Stevens Cabot Abbott]], historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (died [[1877 in the United States\|1877]]) * October 9 – [[William M. Gwin]], U.S. Senator from California from 1850 to 1855 and from 1857 to 1861 (died [[1885 in the United States\|1885]]) * November 28 – [[John Lloyd Stephens]], traveler, diplomat and Mayanist archaeologist (died [[1852 in the United States\|1852]]) * December 2 – [[Cicero Price]], commodore (died [[1888 in the United States\|1888]]) * December 10 – [[William Lloyd Garrison]], abolitionist (died [[1879 in the United States\|1879]]) * December 12 – [[Henry Wells]], businessman, founder of [[Wells Fargo]] (died [[1878 in the United States\|1878]]) * December 23 – [[Joseph Smith]], religious leader, founder of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (died [[1844 in the United States\|1844]]) ==Deaths== * January 7 – [[Ebenezer Sproat]], Continental Army officer, pioneer in the Ohio Country (born [[1752]]) * January 9 – [[Noble Wimberly Jones]], physician and delegate to the [[Continental Congress]] in 1781 and 1782 (born c. [[1723]]) * February 4 – [[John Sloss Hobart]], jurist and politician (born [[1738]]) * June 17 – [[John Ames (captain)\|John Ames]], captain in the [[American Revolutionary War]] (born [[1738]]) * August 28 – [[Christopher Gadsden]], statesman (born [[1724]]) * September 27 – [[William Moultrie]], general (born [[1730]]) * November – [[Robert Alexander (Maryland politician)\|Robert Alexander]], Maryland politician (born c. 1740) ==See also== * [[Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition]] * [[Timeline of United States history (1790–1819)]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * John Lathrop. Effects of Lightning on the House of Capt. Daniel Merry, and Several Other Houses in the Vicinity, on the Evening of the 11th of May 1805. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1809), pp. 86–91 * William Lattimore to his Constituents, 1805. The American Historical Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (April, 1924), pp. 506–510 * [[Harry Armytage\|W. H. G. Armytage]]. A Sheffield Quaker in Philadelphia 1804-1806. Pennsylvania History, Vol. 17, No. 3 (1950), pp. 192–205 * [[Rollo G. Silver]]. Belcher & Armstrong Set up Shop: 1805. Studies in Bibliography, Vol. 4, (1951/1952), pp. 201–204 * Dorothy Wollon, Margaret Kinard. Sir Augustus J. Foster and "The Wild Natives of the Woods," 1805-1807. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 9, No. 2 (April, 1952), pp. 191–214 * Jerry W. Knudson. The Jeffersonian Assault on the Federalist Judiciary, 1802–1805; Political Forces and Press Reaction. The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 14, No. 1 (January, 1970), pp. 55–75 * Charles Merrill Mount. Gilbert Stuart in Washington: With a Catalogue of His Portraits Painted between December 1803 and July 1805. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., Vol. 71/72, The 48th separately bound book (1971/1972), pp. 81–127 * John W. Wagner. New York City Concert Life, 1801-5. American Music, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Summer, 1984), pp. 53–69 * [[Linda K. Kerber]]. The Paradox of Women's Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin vs. Massachusetts, 1805. The American Historical Review, Vol. 97, No. 2 (April, 1992), pp. 349–378 * Trey Berry. The Expedition of William Dunbar and George Hunter along the Ouachita River, 1804-1805. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 4, The Louisiana Purchase: Empires, Nations, Communities (Winter, 2003), pp. 386–403 * John Craig Hammond. "They Are Very Much Interested in Obtaining an Unlimited Slavery": Rethinking the Expansion of Slavery in the Louisiana Purchase Territories, 1803-1805. Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Autumn, 2003), pp. 353–380 ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Years in the United States}} {{Year in North America\|1805}} [[Category:1805 in the United States\| ]] [[Category:1800s in the United States]] [[Category:1805 by country\|United States]] [[Category:1805 in North America\|United States]] [[Category:Years of the 19th century in the United States]]	1,278,587,110	[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 - 1804 - 1803 - 1802": "1805 \u00b7 in \u00b7 the United States \u00b7 \u2192 - 1806 - 1807 - 1808", "Decades": "1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s", "See also": "History of the United States (1789\u20131849) Timeline of United States history (1790\u20131819) List of years in the United States"}}]	false
# Starlight (Wagakki Band EP) Starlight is the second EP by Japanese band Wagakki Band, released on June 9, 2021 by Universal Sigma in three editions: CD only, Mars Red First Edition with DVD, and Tokyo Singing First Edition with Blu-ray. In addition, an Official Fan Club exclusive box set with all versions will be released. The Tokyo Singing First Edition concert Blu-ray features the band's concert from the 2020 tour show at Tokyo Garden Theater. The track "Seimei no Aria" was used as the opening theme of the anime TV series Mars Red, while the title track was the ending theme of the Fuji TV drama series Ichikei no Karasu. The EP peaked at No. 5 on Oricon's albums chart. ## Track listing All tracks are written by Machiya, except where indicated; all tracks are arranged by Wagakki Band. \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Starlight" \| \| \| 2. \| "Seimei no Aria" ((生命のアリア, "Aria of Life")) \| \| \| 3. \| "Blue Daisy" (Burū Deijī (ブルーデイジー) \| \| \| 4. \| "Ameagari no Parade" (Ameagari no Parēdo (雨上がりのパレード, "Post-Rain Parade")) \| \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| ----------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 5. \| "Starlight" (Instrumental) \| \| \| 6. \| "Seimei no Aria" (Instrumental) \| \| \| 7. \| "Blue Daisy" (Instrumental) \| \| \| 8. \| "Ameagari no Parade" (Instrumental) \| \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| -------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Seimei no Aria (Mars Red Ver.)" (Music video) \| \| \| 2. \| "Seimei no Aria (Wagakki Band Ver.)" (Music video) \| \| \| 3. \| "Seimei no Aria (Wagakki Band Ver.)" (Behind the Scenes) \| \| \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Length \| \| --- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Overture ~Tokyo Singing~" \| \| \| \| 2. \| "Calling" \| \| \| \| 3. \| "Ignite" \| \| \| \| 4. \| "Reload Dead" \| Asa \| \| \| 5. \| "Ikitoshi Ikeru Hana" ((生きとしいける花, "Living Flowers")) \| Yuko Suzuhana \| \| \| 6. \| "Tsukishita Bijin" ((月下美人, "Moonlight Beauty")) \| Suzuhana \| \| \| 7. \| "Sakura Rising" (feat. Amy Lee of Evanescence) \| Lee Machiya Suzuhana \| \| \| 8. \| "Guernica" (Gerunika (ゲルニカ) \| \| \| \| 9. \| "Setsuna" ((刹那) \| \| \| \| 10. \| "Iki Kaketa Yume no Atogaki" ((生きかけた夢のあとがき, "After a Dream I Lived in")) \| \| \| \| 11. \| "Jinsenpuu" ((塵旋風, "Hurricane Demon")) \| \| \| \| 12. \| "Homura" ((焔, "Flame")) \| Machiya Asa Wasabi \| \| \| 13. \| "Tokyo Sensation" \| Suzuhana \| \| \| 14. \| "Origami-ism" (Origami-izumu (オリガミイズム) \| Kurona \| \| \| 15. \| "Atena no Nai Tegami" ((宛名のない手紙, "A Letter with No Name")) \| Suzuhana \| \| \| 16. \| "Drum Wadaiko Battle ~Kyoei Todoroki Bullet/Kai ~" ((ドラム和太鼓バトル〜響映轟弾・改〜) \| Wasabi Kurona \| \| \| 17. \| "Nichirin" ((日輪, "Sun Wheel")) \| \| \| \| 18. \| "Eclipse" \| \| \| \| 19. \| "Singin' for..." \| Wasabi \| \| \| 20. \| "EN1. ROKI" ((EN1. ロキ) \| Mikito-P \| \| \| 21. \| "EN2. Senbonzakura" ((EN2. 千本桜, "EN2. A Thousand Sakura")) \| Kurousa-P \| \| ## Personnel - Yuko Suzuhana – vocals - Machiya – guitar - Beni Ninagawa – tsugaru shamisen - Kiyoshi Ibukuro – koto - Asa – bass - Daisuke Kaminaga – shakuhachi - Wasabi – drums - Kurona – wadaiko ## Charts \| Chart (2020) \| Peak position \| \| ---------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Japanese Albums (Oricon) \| 5 \| \| Japanese Hot Albums (Billboard) \| 8 \| \| Japanese Top Download Albums (Billboard) \| 2 \|	enwiki/67679756	enwiki	67,679,756	Starlight (Wagakki Band EP)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlight_(Wagakki_Band_EP)	2025-01-01T09:18:32Z	en	Q107040851	75,763	{{Infobox album \| name = Starlight \| type = EP \| artist = [[Wagakki Band]] \| cover = Wagakki Band - Starlight.jpg \| alt = \| caption = \| released = {{Start date\|2021\|06\|09}} \| recorded = 2020 \| studio = \| genre = {{hlist\|[[J-pop]]\|[[Heavy metal music\|heavy metal]]\|[[folk rock]]}} \| length = \| language = Japanese \| label = [[Universal Music Japan\|Universal Sigma]] \| producer = \| prev_title = [[Tokyo Singing]] \| prev_year = 2020 \| next_title = [[Vocalo Zanmai 2]] \| next_year = 2022 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = Starlight \| type = EP \| single1 = Seimei no Aria \| single1date = February 5, 2021 \| single2 = Starlight \| single2date = May 4, 2021 }} {{External music video \| type = EP \| 1 = {{YouTube\|b5El83AzBZU\|''Tokyo Singing'' Tokyo Garden Theater Live digest}} }} {{Extra album cover \| header = Alternate cover \| type = EP \| cover = Wagakki Band - Starlight Mars Red.jpg \| border = \| alt = \| caption = ''[[Mars Red]]'' First Edition cover }} }} '''''Starlight''''' is the second [[Extended play\|EP]] by Japanese band [[Wagakki Band]], released on June 9, 2021 by [[Universal Music Japan\|Universal Sigma]] in three editions: CD only, ''[[Mars Red]]'' First Edition with [[DVD]], and ''[[Tokyo Singing]]'' First Edition with [[Blu-ray]]. In addition, an Official Fan Club exclusive box set with all versions will be released. The ''Tokyo Singing'' First Edition concert Blu-ray features the band's concert from the 2020 tour show at [[Tokyo Garden Terrace Kioicho\|Tokyo Garden Theater]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://artist.cdjournal.com/d/-/4121041561 \|title=和楽器バンド / Starlight E.P. \|website=CDJournal \|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000200941 \|title=WGB（和楽器バンド）、EP「Starlight」＆映像作品『大新年会2021』同時発売決定 \|website=BARKS \|date=2021-05-03 \|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/426955 \|title=和楽器バンド「イチケイのカラス」主題歌収録の新作リリース、同日に「大新年会2021」映像作品も \|website=[[Natalie (website)\|Natalie.mu]] \|date=2021-05-03 \|access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/goods/detail/672459 \|title=Starlight E.P. {{!}} 和楽器バンド \|publisher=[[Billboard Japan]] \|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref> The track "Seimei no Aria" was used as the opening theme of the anime TV series ''Mars Red'', while the title track was the ending theme of the [[Fuji TV]] drama series ''Ichikei no Karasu''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-01-04/wagakki-band-performs-mars-red-anime-opening-song/.168116 \|title=Wagakki Band Performs Mars Red Anime's Opening Song \|first=Alex \|last=Mateo \|website=[[Anime News Network]] \|date=2021-04-01 \|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref> The EP peaked at No. 5 on [[Oricon]]'s albums chart.<ref name="Oricon">{{cite web \|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/608253/products/1396552/1/ \|title=Starlight E.P. {{!}} 和楽器バンド \|publisher=[[Oricon]] \|access-date=2021-06-15}}</ref> ==Track listing== All tracks are written by Machiya, except where indicated; all tracks are arranged by Wagakki Band. {{Track listing \| headline = CD \| total_length = \| title1 = Starlight \| length1 = \| title2 = Seimei no Aria \| note2 = {{nihongo4\|\|生命のアリア\|\|"Aria of Life"}} \| length2 = \| title3 = Blue Daisy \| note3 = {{nihongo4\|\|ブルーデイジー\|Burū Deijī}} \| length3 = \| title4 = Ameagari no Parade \| note4 = {{nihongo4\|\|雨上がりのパレード\|Ameagari no Parēdo\|"Post-Rain Parade"}} \| length4 = }} {{Track listing \| headline = CD Only release bonus tracks \| total_length = \| title5 = Starlight \| note5 = Instrumental \| length5 = \| title6 = Seimei no Aria \| note6 = Instrumental \| length6 = \| title7 = Blue Daisy \| note7 = Instrumental \| length7 = \| title8 = Ameagari no Parade \| note8 = Instrumental \| length8 = }} {{Track listing \| headline = ''Mars Red'' First Edition DVD \| total_length = \| title1 = Seimei no Aria (Mars Red Ver.) \| note1 = Music video \| length1 = \| title2 = Seimei no Aria (Wagakki Band Ver.) \| note2 = Music video \| length2 = \| title3 = Seimei no Aria (Wagakki Band Ver.) \| note3 = Behind the Scenes \| length3 = }} {{Track listing \| headline = ''Tokyo Singing'' First Edition Live Blu-ray \| total_length = \| title1 = Overture ~Tokyo Singing~ \| length1 = \| title2 = Calling \| length2 = \| title3 = Ignite \| length3 = \| title4 = Reload Dead \| writer4 = Asa \| length4 = \| title5 = Ikitoshi Ikeru Hana \| note5 = {{nihongo4\|\|生きとしいける花\|\|"Living Flowers"}} \| writer5 = [[Yuko Suzuhana]] \| length5 = \| title6 = Tsukishita Bijin \| note6 = {{nihongo4\|\|月下美人\|\|"Moonlight Beauty"}} \| writer6 = Suzuhana \| length6 = \| title7 = Sakura Rising \| note7 = feat. [[Amy Lee]] of [[Evanescence]] \| writer7 = {{hlist\|Lee\|Machiya\|Suzuhana}} \| length7 = \| title8 = Guernica \| note8 = {{nihongo4\|\|ゲルニカ\|Gerunika}} \| length8 = \| title9 = Setsuna \| note9 = {{nihongo4\|\|刹那}} \| writer9 = \| length9 = \| title10 = Iki Kaketa Yume no Atogaki \| note10 = {{nihongo4\|\|生きかけた夢のあとがき\|\|"After a Dream I Lived in"}} \| writer10 = \| length10 = \| title11 = Jinsenpuu \| note11 = {{nihongo4\|\|塵旋風\|\|"Hurricane Demon"}} \| writer11 = \| length11 = \| title12 = Homura \| note12 = {{nihongo4\|\|焔\|\|"Flame"}} \| writer12 = {{hlist\|Machiya\|Asa\|Wasabi}} \| length12 = \| title13 = Tokyo Sensation \| writer13 = Suzuhana \| length13 = \| title14 = Origami-ism \| note14 = {{nihongo4\|\|オリガミイズム\|Origami-izumu}} \| writer14 = Kurona \| length14 = \| title15 = Atena no Nai Tegami \| note15 = {{nihongo4\|\|宛名のない手紙\|\|"A Letter with No Name"}} \| writer15 = Suzuhana \| length15 = \| title16 = Drum Wadaiko Battle ~Kyoei Todoroki Bullet/Kai ~ \| note16 = {{nihongo4\|\|ドラム和太鼓バトル〜響映轟弾・改〜}} \| writer16 = {{hlist\|Wasabi\|Kurona}} \| length16 = \| title17 = Nichirin \| note17 = {{nihongo4\|\|日輪\|\|"Sun Wheel"}} \| length17 = \| title18 = Eclipse \| length18 = \| title19 = Singin' for... \| writer19 = Wasabi \| length19 = \| title20 = EN1. ROKI \| note20 = {{nihongo4\|\|EN1. ロキ}} \| writer20 = Mikito-P \| length20 = \| title21 = EN2. [[Senbonzakura (song)\|Senbonzakura]] \| note21 = {{nihongo4\|\|EN2. 千本桜\|\|"EN2. A Thousand [[Sakura]]"}} \| writer21 = Kurousa-P \| length21 = }} == Personnel == * [[Yuko Suzuhana]] – vocals * Machiya – guitar * Beni Ninagawa – [[Tsugaru-jamisen\|tsugaru shamisen]] * Kiyoshi Ibukuro – [[Koto (instrument)\|koto]] * Asa – bass * Daisuke Kaminaga – [[shakuhachi]] * Wasabi – drums * Kurona – [[Taiko\|wadaiko]] == Charts == {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2020) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br /> position \|- ! scope="row"\| Japanese Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref name="Oricon"/> \| 5 \|- ! scope="row"\| Japanese Hot Albums ([[Billboard Japan\|Billboard]])<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&year=2021&month=06&day=14 \|title=Billboard Japan Hot Albums \|publisher=[[Billboard Japan]] \|date=2021-06-09 \|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref> \| 8 \|- ! scope="row"\| Japanese Top Download Albums ([[Billboard Japan\|Billboard]])<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=dlalbums&year=2021&month=06&day=14 \|title=Billboard Japan Top Download Albums \|publisher=[[Billboard Japan]] \|date=2021-06-09 \|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref> \| 2 \|} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * {{Official website\|https://wagakkiband.com/musics/10415}} * {{Official website\|https://www.universal-music.co.jp/wagakkiband/products/umck-1687/}} (Universal Music Japan) * {{MusicBrainz release group\|mbid=96a64ad5-102c-4c20-8c5b-1aca7076ddd4\|name=Starlight\|type=album}} {{Wagakki Band}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Wagakki Band albums]] [[Category:2021 EPs]] [[Category:2020s Japanese-language albums]] [[Category:Universal Sigma EPs]]	1,266,591,796	[{"title": "EP by Wagakki Band", "data": {"Released": "June 9, 2021", "Recorded": "2020", "Genre": "J-pop heavy metal folk rock", "Language": "Japanese", "Label": "Universal Sigma"}}, {"title": "Wagakki Band chronology", "data": {"Tokyo Singing \u00b7 (2020)": "Starlight \u00b7 (2021) \u00b7 Vocalo Zanmai 2 \u00b7 (2022)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Starlight", "data": {"Singles from Starlight": "1. \"Seimei no Aria\" \u00b7 Released: February 5, 2021 2. \"Starlight\" \u00b7 Released: May 4, 2021"}}, {"title": "Music video", "data": {"Music video": "Tokyo Singing Tokyo Garden Theater Live digest on YouTube"}}, {"title": "Alternate cover", "data": {"Alternate cover": "Mars Red First Edition cover"}}, {"title": "Wagakki Band", "data": {"Studio albums": "Vocalo Zanmai Yas\u014d Emaki Shikisai Otonoe Tokyo Singing Vocalo Zanmai 2 I vs I", "Live albums": "Wagakki Band 1st US Tour Sh\u014dgeki: Deep Impact", "Compilations": "Kiseki Best Collection + Kiseki Best Collection II All Time Best Album Thanks: Yas\u014d no Oto", "Extended plays": "React Starlight", "Singles": "\" Phony \"", "Other songs": "\" Senbonzakura \"", "Videos": "Vocalo Zanmai Dai Ens\u014dkai Wagakki Band Daishinnenkai 2016 Nippon Budokan: Akatsuki no Utage Wagakki Band 1st US Tour Sh\u014dgeki: Deep Impact Wagakki Band Daishinnenkai 2017 Tokyo Taiikukan: Yuki no Utage/Sakura no Utage Wagakki Band Daishinnenkai 2018 Yokohama Arena: Ashita e no K\u014dkai Wagakki Band Daishinnenkai 2019 Saitama Super Arena 2 Days: Ry\u016bg\u016b no Tobira Manatsu no Daishinnenkai 2020 Yokohama Arena: Tenky\u016b no Kakehashi Daishinnenkai 2021 Nippon Budokan: Amanoiwato Daishinnenkai 2022 Nippon Budokan: Yas\u014dkenbunroku Wagakki Band Daishinnenkai 2024 Nippon Budokan: Yae no Tsubasa", "Related articles": "Discography Hanafugetsu"}}]	false
# Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands The community of Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands, particularly in Amsterdam, was of major importance in the seventeenth century. The Portuguese Jews in the Netherlands did not refer to themselves as "Sephardim", but rather as "Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation." The Portuguese-speaking community grew from conversos, Jews forced to convert to Catholicism in Spain and Portugal, who rejudaized under rabbinical authority, to create an openly self-identified Portuguese Jewish community. As a result of the expulsions from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1496, as well as the religious persecution by the Inquisition that followed, many Spanish and Portuguese Jews left the Iberian Peninsula at the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century, in search of religious freedom. Some migrated to the newly independent Dutch provinces which allowed Jews to become residents. Many Jews who left for the Dutch provinces were crypto-Jews. Others had been sincere New Christians, who, despite their conversion, were targeted by Old Christians as suspect. Some of these sought to return to the religion of their ancestors. Ashkenazi Jews began migrating to the Netherlands in the mid-seventeenth century, but Portuguese Jews viewed them with ambivalence. ## State of the community before the large-scale migration Many Jews migrating from the Kingdom of Portugal, where Spanish Jews had fled after the Spanish Inquisition had been introduced in Spain in 1478, followed by the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. In 1497, the Portuguese forcibly converted all Jews in Portugal, including many who had returned to Judaism after fleeing Spain and its Inquisition. Following the establishment in 1536 of the Portuguese Inquisition, descendants of Jews who had converted to Catholicism dating back to a forced conversion in Spain in 1391 through the Portuguese forced conversion, were looked upon with suspicion by Old Christians. In search of greater religious and economic freedoms, many crypto-Jews left Portugal for places with more lenient religious legislation and opportunities where their unique skill sets could thrive. Many left for Brazil, where Europeans were Portuguese-speaking, and France. A couple of decades later, groups of crypto-Jews started reaching the Dutch Republic. ## Migration to Amsterdam Amsterdam became one of the most favored destinations in the Netherlands for Sephardic Jews. Because many were merchants and traders, Amsterdam benefited economically from their arrival. However, the reason to settle in Amsterdam was not merely voluntary; many crypto-Jews or marranos had been refused admission in trading centers such as Middelburg and Haarlem and because of that settled in Amsterdam. Soon many Jews settled at Vlooienburg. There were three struggling congregations. In 1638 a reconciliation was achieved, whereby one synagogue was sold, one remained in existence and the third continued to be used as a schoolroom which merged to Talmud Torah, a united Sephardic congregation. Several Sephardic Jews supported the House of Orange and were in return protected by the stadholder. ## Relationship with Amsterdam officials Many types of discriminatory laws commonplace in Europe and previously in medieval times were no longer in place in Amsterdam starting ca. 1600; to the extent such laws were on the books, they weren't always followed strictly. In part, such general religious toleration arose before Jews came to Amsterdam, as city officials adopted a policy of freedom of conscience in joining the Union of Utrecht. Despite voiced challenges toward the loose legislation tolerating Jews, Burgomasters continued to enact laws tailored to their own pragmatic vision of society, even if they were contrary to popular opinion disfavoring Jews. Much of the toleration expressed by the Amsterdam officials was rooted in the economic assets the new Portuguese Jewish community could provide, as well as the officials’ lack of prior experience with Jewish residents. These factors made Amsterdam officials and even residents less susceptible to labeling the entire Jewish community by their negatively perceived history in Christian tradition. While the Jews of Amsterdam enjoyed greater freedoms in the religious and economic spheres of everyday life, which helped them assimilate more quickly and efficiently into Amsterdam society, they were denied certain political privileges, like participation in municipal government. ## Religious identity and community in Amsterdam The Jewish community of Amsterdam was self-governing, with the Imposta board overseeing communal and individual conduct until the establishment of the unified Ma'amad or governing committee in 1639, seven prominent men who had final say over all that happened in the Jewish community. The Ma'amad was self-sustaining, with members appointing their successors, thus keeping the communal power in the hands of the merchant elite among the Portuguese Jews. Besides providing for and overseeing the institutions of Portuguese Jewry in Amsterdam, the Ma'amad also closely controlled the process of rejudaization, helping those who were outwardly Catholic return to a Jewish life. In this process, several individuals rejected Rabbinic Judaism or advanced ideas outside of the norms of Judaism at that time and were disciplined by the Ma'amad through the process of ḥerem, which could be anything from denial of Torah honors to an outright ban on the individual. The most famous of those to receive a full ḥerem was philosopher Baruch Spinoza, whose intellectual contributions were very important in his time and continue to influence thinkers to this day. Less influential were Solomon Ayllon and Tzvi Ashkenazi, who had Romaniote origins. Ayllon was connected to kabbalah, a mystical aspect of Judaism, and Tzvi Ashkenazi to the Sabbateans, a significant Jewish messianic movement. In Salonica, Ashkenazi witnessed the impact of Sabbatai Zevi, the Jewish messiah claimant, on the community. This experience became a determining factor in his whole career. On 30 June 1713, Nehemiah Hayyun arrived at Amsterdam and requested the permission of the Portuguese Congregation or Esnoga to circulate his writings, which had been published in Berlin. Tzvi Ashkenazi thought Hayyun was an old enemy of his from Sarajevo and Salonica, and immediately requested Ayllon, who was the hakham of the Esnoga and was also from Salonica, not to accord patronage to Hayyun, who was unfavorably known to him. On 23 July Tzvi Ashkenazi pronounced the ban of exclusion upon Ḥayyun and his heretical book. Ayllon was no doubt the rabbi who laid charges against Tzvi Ashkenazi before the Amsterdam magistrates, and thus made an internal dissension of the Jewish community a matter of public discussion. ## Commerce ### International commerce The migration of Jews from Portugal and Spain to many places other than Amsterdam allowed them to build a strong international trading network that was unique to diaspora members. Because of the business and family relations many Amsterdam Jews had in light of their former community’s dispersal, they established trading connections with the Levant and Morocco. For instance, the Jewish-Moroccan merchant Samuel Pallache (ca. 1550-1616) was sent to the Dutch Republic by Sultan Zidan Abu Maali of Morocco in 1608 to be his ambassador at The Hague. In particular, the relations between the Dutch and South America were established by Sephardic Jews; they contributed to the establishment of the Dutch West Indies Company in 1621, and some of them were members of its directorate. The ambitious schemes of the Dutch for the conquest of Brazil were carried into effect through Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in Holland. After the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars — Isaac Aboab da Fonseca and Moses Raphael de Aguilar. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil, the Dutch were supported by the Jews. The Jews of Amsterdam also established commercial relations with various countries in Europe. In a letter dated November 25, 1622, King Christian IV of Denmark invited Jews from Amsterdam to settle in Glückstadt, where, among other privileges, the free exercise of their religion would be assured to them. ### Commerce and occupations in Amsterdam Besides merchants, a great number of physicians were among the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam, including Samuel Abravanel, David Nieto, Elijah Montalto, and the Bueno family. Joseph Bueno was consulted in the illness of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (April 1623). Jews were admitted as students at the university, where they studied medicine as the only branch of science which was of practical use to them, for they were not permitted to practise law, and the oath they would be compelled to take excluded them from the professorships. Neither were Jews taken into the trade guilds: a resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam in 1632 excluded them. Exceptions, however, were made in the case of trades which stood in peculiar relations to their religion: printing, bookselling, the selling of meat, poultry, groceries, and drugs. Jews tended to involve themselves in newer industries in Amsterdam, like the importation of colonial products, that just so happened to not have as many guild restrictions attached to them. In 1655, a Jew was permitted to establish a sugar refinery. Jews also became heavily involved in the jewelry and tobacco industries. While occupational status did not differ greatly between Jews and the rest of the Amsterdam population, Jews were far more concentrated in particular lines of commerce. ## Decline The migration of Portuguese Jews from the Netherlands to the Caribbean Antilles began in the mid-17th century, after the Dutch fleet captured the island of Curaçao from Spain in 1634. One generation later, several waves of migrant Jewish and Protestant families from the Netherlands had established a shipping and trading settlement in Willemstad, a natural harbor controlled by the Dutch West Indies Company. The Dutch troops lost the Brazilian colony of Recife to the Portuguese in 1654, which forced many Dutch Sephardic refugees from Brazil to move to Curaçao or to the colony of New Amsterdam (Manhattan). By the 1680s, the Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam went into decline, in spite of having built a new synagogue, the monumental Esnoga, which was inaugurated in 1675. With the Netherlands experiencing economic difficulty (in part due to loss of New World colonies) some Jews left and immigration slowed. The Ashkenazic community became the larger Jewish community in Amsterdam, even as the Sephardic Jews kept positions of power and remained the significantly wealthier community. The process of emancipation, granting Jews full Dutch citizenship in the late 18th and early 19th century, continued the erosion of power the Mahamad held over the community. ## Holocaust On the eve of the Holocaust, approximately 4300 Sephardic Jews were living in the Netherlands out of a total Jewish population of some 140,000 (3%). After World War II, the Sephardic community had declined to some 800 people, 20% of the prewar population. The Holocaust ended the existence of the Sephardic community in The Hague, with its Jews deported to Nazi concentration camps and with no post-war resettlement in any numbers. ## Current era The Sephardic community in the Netherlands, called the Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap "Portuguese-Israelite Religious Community" (PIK), has a membership of some 270 families (approximately 600 persons), and is concentrated in Amsterdam. They constitute now some 2% of the Dutch Jewish community. The PIK also has a youth movement, J-PIG (Jongeren Portugees-Israëlitische Gemeente - Youth Portuguese-Israelite Community). Amsterdam is still home to works of its once vibrant Sephardic community. The Esnoga, which was inaugurated in 1675, is located at the heart of Amsterdam's Jewish Cultural Quarter and it is still in use today. The venerable Library Ets Haim - Livraria Montezinos was founded in 1616 and it is the oldest functioning Jewish library in the world. Also, the Sephardic cemetery Beth Haim of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel, in a village on the outskirts of Amsterdam, has been in use since 1614 and is the oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands. Another reminder of the Sephardic community in Amsterdam is the Huis de Pinto, a residence for the wealthy Sephardic family de Pinto, constructed in 1680. ## Notable Portuguese Jews - Abraham Blauvelt, a 17th century Jewish privateer and explorer of Central America and the western Caribbean, after whom the towns of Bluefields, Nicaragua, and Bluefields, Jamaica, were both named[13] - David de Aaron de Sola – rabbi and author (1796–1860) - Abraham Cohen Pimentel – rabbi Amsterdam Synagogue (died 1697) - Jacob Abendana – rabbi and philosopher (1630–1695) - Jacob Israel Belmonte – poet, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (1570–1629) - Isaac Aboab da Fonseca – rabbi, kabbalist, scholar, writer (February 1, 1605 – April 4, 1693) - Hedy d'Ancona – female politician, well-known feminist (b. October 1, 1937) - Abraham Bueno de Mesquita – comedian, actor (July 23, 1918 – August 19, 2005) - Benjamin Cardozo – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (May 24, 1870 – July 9, 1938) - Uri Coronel – sports director and chairman of Ajax Amsterdam (December 24, 1946 – July 18, 2016) - Daniel De Leon – American Socialist leader (December 14, 1852 – May 11, 1914) - Isaac da Costa – poet (January 14, 1798 – April 28, 1860) - Manasseh ben Israel – rabbi, influential in the readmission of the Jews to England (1604–1657) - Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita – graphic artist, mentor of M. C. Escher (June 6, 1868 – February 11, 1944, Auschwitz) - Abraham Lopes Cardozo – hazzan of Congregation Shearith Israel (1914–2006) - George Maduro – resistance fighter, distinguished officer (July 15, 1916 – February 9, 1945, Dachau concentration camp) - Balthazar (Isaac) Orobio de Castro – philosopher (1617–1687) - Samuel Pallache – Moroccan envoy to the Dutch Republic, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1550–1616) - Samuel Sarphati – physician, city planner (1813–1866) - Baruch Spinoza – philosopher and optician (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), excommunicated 1656 - Jacob Tirado – merchant and shipowner, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1540–1620) - Joseph de la Vega – author, poet and economist (1650–1692) - Isaac de Pinto – merchant/banker, political philosopher (1717–1780) - Joseph Teixeira de Mattos – watercolor painter and pastellist (1892–1971) - Joseph Mendes da Costa – sculptor and teacher (1863–1939) - Rehuel Lobatto – mathematician (1797–1866) - Nathan Lopes Cardozo - contemporary rabbi, philosopher and scholar of Judaism ## Persons of partial Dutch Jewish descent - Frieda Belinfante – cellist and conductor, Jewish father (May 10, 1904 – April 26, 1995) - Neve Campbell – Canadian actress, daughter of an Amsterdam-born mother of Portuguese Jewish descent (October 3, 1973) - Abraham Pais – particle physicist, science historian, Portuguese Jewish father, Ashkenazi mother (May 19, 1918 – July 28, 2000) - Ophir Pines-Paz – Israeli politician, Dutch-Sephardic father (July 11, 1961)	enwiki/4297119	enwiki	4,297,119	Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands	2025-04-06T10:38:38Z	en	Q7451872	161,635	[[File:Inwijding van de Portugese Synagoge te Amsterdam, 1675 La dedicace de la synagogue des Juifs Portugais, a Amsterdam (titel op object), RP-P-1921-359.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|Inauguration of the [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)\|Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam]], 1675 (Illustration by [[Bernard Picart]], 1721)]] {{Jews and Judaism sidebar}} {{See also\|History of the Jews in the Netherlands\|History of the Jews in Amsterdam}} The community of '''Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands''', particularly in Amsterdam, was of major importance in the seventeenth century. The '''Portuguese Jews in the Netherlands''' did not refer to themselves as "Sephardim",<ref>Swetschinski, Daniel M. ''Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam''. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization 2000, xii</ref> but rather as "Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation."<ref>Bodian, Miriam. ''Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997</ref> The Portuguese-speaking community grew from ''[[converso]]s'', Jews forced to convert to Catholicism in Spain and Portugal, who rejudaized under [[Rabbinical Judaism\|rabbinical]] authority, to create an openly self-identified Portuguese Jewish community.<ref>Bodian, Miriam. ''Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation''.</ref> As a result of the expulsions from [[Alhambra Decree\|Spain in 1492]] and [[Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal\|Portugal in 1496]], as well as the religious persecution by the [[Inquisition]] that followed, many [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] left the [[Iberian Peninsula]] at the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century, in search of religious freedom. Some migrated to the newly independent Dutch provinces which allowed Jews to become residents. Many Jews who left for the Dutch provinces were [[crypto-Jews]]. Others had been sincere [[New Christians]], who, despite their conversion, were targeted by Old Christians as suspect. Some of these sought to return to the religion of their ancestors. [[Ashkenazi Jews]] began migrating to the Netherlands in the mid-seventeenth century, but Portuguese Jews viewed them with ambivalence.<ref>Bodian, ''Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation'', 4, 125-33, 136, 153</ref> == State of the community before the large-scale migration == Many Jews migrating from the [[Kingdom of Portugal]], where Spanish Jews had fled after the [[Spanish Inquisition]] had been introduced in Spain in 1478, followed by the [[Alhambra Decree\|expulsion of the Jews from Spain]] in 1492. In 1497, the Portuguese forcibly converted all Jews in Portugal, including many who had returned to Judaism after fleeing Spain and its Inquisition. Following the establishment in 1536 of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], descendants of Jews who had converted to Catholicism dating back to a forced conversion in Spain in 1391 through the Portuguese forced conversion, were looked upon with suspicion by Old Christians. In search of greater religious and economic freedoms, many crypto-Jews left Portugal for places with more lenient religious legislation and opportunities where their unique skill sets could thrive. Many left for [[Brazil]], where Europeans were Portuguese-speaking, and [[France]]. A couple of decades later, groups of crypto-Jews started reaching the [[Dutch Republic]]. == Migration to Amsterdam == [[Amsterdam]] became one of the most favored destinations in the Netherlands for Sephardic Jews. Because many were merchants and traders, Amsterdam benefited economically from their arrival. However, the reason to settle in Amsterdam was not merely voluntary; many crypto-Jews or [[marranos]] had been refused admission in trading centers such as [[Middelburg, Zeeland\|Middelburg]] and [[Haarlem]] and because of that settled in Amsterdam. Soon many Jews settled at [[Vlooienburg]]. There were three struggling congregations. In 1638 a reconciliation was achieved, whereby one synagogue was sold, one remained in existence and the third continued to be used as a schoolroom which merged to [[Talmud Torah]], a united Sephardic congregation.<ref>[https://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/baruch-de-spinoza/#:~:text=De%20Joodse%20gemeenschap%20in%20Amsterdam,derde%20werd%20ingericht%20als%20schoollokaal BARUCH SPINOZA]</ref> Several Sephardic Jews supported the [[House of Orange]] and were in return protected by the [[stadholder]]. == Relationship with Amsterdam officials == Many types of discriminatory laws commonplace in Europe and previously in medieval times were no longer in place in Amsterdam starting ca. 1600; to the extent such laws were on the books, they weren't always followed strictly. In part, such general religious toleration arose before Jews came to Amsterdam, as city officials adopted a policy of freedom of conscience in joining the [[Union of Utrecht]].<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Reluctant Cosmopolitans\|last=Swetschinski\|first=Daniel\|publisher=The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization\|year=2000\|isbn=1-874774-46-3\|location=Portland, Oregon\|pages=11\|quote="Freedom of conscience, as defined by Article XIII of the Union of Utrecht - namely, as the absence of persecution - required no greater degree of explicitness on the part of Amsterdam's burgomasters than this resolution exhibited, and the subject was never taken up again."}}</ref> Despite voiced challenges toward the loose legislation tolerating Jews, Burgomasters continued to enact laws tailored to their own pragmatic vision of society, even if they were contrary to popular opinion disfavoring Jews. Much of the toleration expressed by the Amsterdam officials was rooted in the economic assets the new Portuguese Jewish community could provide, as well as the officials’ lack of prior experience with Jewish residents. These factors made Amsterdam officials and even residents less susceptible to labeling the entire Jewish community by their negatively perceived history in Christian tradition.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Reluctant Cosmopolitans\|last=Swetschinski\|first=Daniel\|publisher=The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization\|year=2000\|isbn=1-874774-46-3\|location=Portland, Oregon\|pages=14\|quote="Their introduction into Amsterdam at this juncture, in a form altogether milder than in previous centuries, does not seem to have been prompted by any awareness of their history in Christian tradition but rather by specific contemporary incidents."}}</ref> While the Jews of Amsterdam enjoyed greater freedoms in the religious and economic spheres of everyday life, which helped them assimilate more quickly and efficiently into Amsterdam society, they were denied certain political privileges, like participation in municipal government.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Sorkin\|first=David\|year=2010\|title=Beyond the east-west divide: rethinking the narrative of the Jews' political status in Europe, 1600–1750\|doi=10.1007/s10835-010-9113-z\|journal=Jewish History\|volume=24.3-4\|issue=3–4\|pages=252\|s2cid=55397970}}</ref> == Religious identity and community in Amsterdam == [[File:Picart Passover Portuguese Jews.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|The [[Passover Seder]] of the Portuguese Jews, Amsterdam (illustration circa 1733–1739 by [[Bernard Picart]])]] The Jewish community of Amsterdam was self-governing, with the Imposta board overseeing communal and individual conduct until the establishment of the unified ''[[Ma'amad]]'' or governing committee in 1639, seven prominent men who had final say over all that happened in the Jewish community. The ''Ma'amad'' was self-sustaining, with members appointing their successors, thus keeping the communal power in the hands of the merchant elite among the Portuguese Jews. Besides providing for and overseeing the institutions of Portuguese Jewry in Amsterdam, the ''Ma'amad'' also closely controlled the process of rejudaization, helping those who were outwardly Catholic return to a Jewish life. In this process, several individuals rejected Rabbinic Judaism or advanced ideas outside of the norms of Judaism at that time and were disciplined by the ''Ma'amad'' through the process of ''[[herem (censure)\|ḥerem]]'', which could be anything from denial of [[Torah]] honors to an outright ban on the individual. The most famous of those to receive a full ''ḥerem'' was philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]], whose intellectual contributions were very important in his time and continue to influence thinkers to this day. Less influential were [[Solomon Ayllon]] and [[Tzvi Ashkenazi]], who had [[Romaniote Jews\|Romaniote]] origins. Ayllon was connected to [[kabbalah]], a mystical aspect of [[Judaism]], and Tzvi Ashkenazi to the [[Sabbateans]], a significant Jewish messianic movement. In [[Salonica]], Ashkenazi witnessed the impact of [[Sabbatai Zevi]], the [[messiah in Judaism\|Jewish messiah claimant]], on the community. This experience became a determining factor in his whole career. On 30 June 1713, [[Nehemiah Hayyun]] arrived at Amsterdam and requested the permission of the [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)\|Portuguese Congregation]] or ''Esnoga'' to circulate his writings, which had been published in Berlin. Tzvi Ashkenazi thought Hayyun was an old enemy of his from [[Sarajevo]] and Salonica, and immediately requested Ayllon, who was the [[hakham]] of the Esnoga and was also from Salonica, not to accord patronage to Hayyun, who was unfavorably known to him.<ref name=Jewish>{{Jewish Encyclopedia\|inline=1 \|article=Ashkenazi, Zebi Hirsch (Ḥakam Ẓebi) B. Jacob\|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1994-ashkenazi-zebi-hirsch-hakam-zebi-b-jacob \|author=[[Louis Ginzberg]] \|author2=J. Vredenburg \|access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref> On 23 July Tzvi Ashkenazi pronounced the [[Herem (censure)\|ban of exclusion]] upon Ḥayyun and his heretical book. Ayllon was no doubt the rabbi who laid charges against Tzvi Ashkenazi before the Amsterdam magistrates, and thus made an internal dissension of the Jewish community a matter of public discussion.{{cn\|date=January 2024}} == Commerce == === International commerce === The migration of Jews from Portugal and Spain to many places other than Amsterdam allowed them to build a strong international trading network that was unique to diaspora members. Because of the business and family relations many Amsterdam Jews had in light of their former community’s dispersal, they established trading connections with the [[Levant]] and [[Morocco]]. For instance, the [[History of the Jews in Morocco\|Jewish-Moroccan]] merchant [[Samuel Pallache]] (ca. 1550-1616) was sent to the Dutch Republic by Sultan [[Zidan Abu Maali]] of [[Morocco]] in 1608 to be his ambassador at [[The Hague]]. In particular, the relations between the Dutch and [[South America]] were established by Sephardic Jews; they contributed to the establishment of the [[Dutch West Indies Company]] in 1621, and some of them were members of its directorate. The ambitious schemes of the [[Dutch Brazil\|Dutch for the conquest]] of [[Brazil]] were carried into effect through Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in [[Holland]]. After the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars — [[Isaac Aboab da Fonseca]] and Moses Raphael de Aguilar. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil, the Dutch were supported by the Jews. The Jews of Amsterdam also established commercial relations with various countries in [[Europe]]. In a letter dated November 25, 1622, King [[Christian IV of Denmark]] invited Jews from Amsterdam to settle in [[Glückstadt]], where, among other privileges, the free exercise of their religion would be assured to them. === Commerce and occupations in Amsterdam === Besides merchants, a great number of physicians were among the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam, including Samuel Abravanel, [[David Nieto]], [[Elijah Montalto]], and the Bueno family. Joseph Bueno was consulted in the illness of [[Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange]] (April 1623). Jews were admitted as students at the university, where they studied medicine as the only branch of science which was of practical use to them, for they were not permitted to practise law, and the oath they would be compelled to take excluded them from the professorships. Neither were Jews taken into the trade guilds: a resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam in 1632 excluded them. Exceptions, however, were made in the case of trades which stood in peculiar relations to their religion: printing, bookselling, the selling of meat, poultry, groceries, and drugs. Jews tended to involve themselves in newer industries in Amsterdam, like the importation of colonial products, that just so happened to not have as many guild restrictions attached to them.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Reluctant Cosmopolitans\|last=Swetschinski\|first=Daniel\|publisher=The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization\|year=2000\|isbn=1-874774-46-3\|location=Portland, Oregon\|pages=149\|quote="In practice, those areas of industrial initiative to which the Portuguese Jews were most attracted were relatively new fields not restricted by existing guild regulations, and these entrepreneurs pursued particular industrial initiatives not because they happened to be free of guild exclusivism but because their commercial concentration on the importation of colonial products suggested specific industries which by their very nature were of relatively recent vintage and, therefore, free of guild traditions.}}</ref> In 1655, a Jew was permitted to establish a sugar refinery. Jews also became heavily involved in the jewelry and tobacco industries.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Reluctant Cosmopolitans\|last=Swetschinski\|first=Daniel\|publisher=The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization\|year=2000\|isbn=1-874774-46-3\|location=Portland, Oregon\|pages=154\|quote="The sugar refineries, tobacco workshops, and diamond-processing ateliers established by Portuguese Jews were a direct offshoot of Portuguese Jewish commercial activities.}}</ref> While occupational status did not differ greatly between Jews and the rest of the Amsterdam population, Jews were far more concentrated in particular lines of commerce.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Tammes\|first=Peter\|year=2012\|title="Hack, Pack, Sack": Occupational Structure, Status, and Mobility of Jews in Amsterdam, 1851–1941\|journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History\|volume=xliii:1\|pages=12\|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> == Decline == The migration of Portuguese Jews from the Netherlands to the Caribbean Antilles began in the mid-17th century, after the Dutch fleet captured the island of [[Curaçao]] from Spain in 1634. One generation later, several waves of migrant Jewish and Protestant families from the Netherlands had established a shipping and trading settlement in [[Willemstad]], a natural harbor controlled by the [[Dutch West Indies Company]]. The Dutch troops lost the Brazilian colony of [[Recife]] to the Portuguese in 1654, which forced many Dutch Sephardic refugees from Brazil to move to Curaçao or to the colony of [[New Amsterdam]] (Manhattan). By the 1680s, the Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam went into decline, in spite of having built a new synagogue, the monumental [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)\|Esnoga]], which was inaugurated in 1675. With the Netherlands experiencing economic difficulty (in part due to loss of New World colonies) some Jews left and immigration slowed. The Ashkenazic community became the larger Jewish community in Amsterdam, even as the Sephardic Jews kept positions of power and remained the significantly wealthier community. The process of [[Jewish emancipation\|emancipation]], granting Jews full Dutch citizenship in the late 18th and early 19th century, continued the erosion of power the ''Mahamad'' held over the community. ==Holocaust== On the eve of [[the Holocaust]], approximately 4300 Sephardic Jews were living in the Netherlands out of a total Jewish population of some 140,000 (3%).{{citation needed\|date=January 2024}} After [[World War II]], the Sephardic community had declined to some 800 people, 20% of the prewar population. The Holocaust ended the existence of the Sephardic community in [[The Hague]], with its Jews deported to [[Nazi concentration camps]] and with no post-war resettlement in any numbers. ==Current era== [[Image:SPAmster.JPG\|thumb\|Interior of the 1675 ''[[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)\|Esnoga]]'' (Sephardic synagogue) in [[Amsterdam]]]] The Sephardic community in the Netherlands, called the ''[[Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap]]'' "Portuguese-Israelite Religious Community" (PIK), has a membership of some 270 families (approximately 600 persons), and is concentrated in Amsterdam. They constitute now some 2% of the Dutch Jewish community. The PIK also has a youth movement, J-PIG (''Jongeren Portugees-Israëlitische Gemeente'' - Youth Portuguese-Israelite Community). [[File:Interieur van de bibliotheek Ets Haim van de Portugese Synagoge te Amsterdam - Amsterdam - 20408341 - RCE.jpg\|thumb\|Library Ets Haim - ''Livraria Montezinos'' -]] Amsterdam is still home to works of its once vibrant Sephardic community. The ''Esnoga'', which was inaugurated in 1675, is located at the heart of Amsterdam's [http://jck.nl/en/ Jewish Cultural Quarter] and it is still in use today. The venerable [http://etshaimmanuscripts.nl/about/ Library Ets Haim - ''Livraria Montezinos''] was founded in 1616 and it is the oldest functioning Jewish library in the world. Also, the Sephardic cemetery [[Beth Haim of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel]], in a village on the outskirts of Amsterdam, has been in use since 1614 and is the oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands. Another reminder of the Sephardic community in Amsterdam is the [[Huis de Pinto]], a residence for the wealthy Sephardic family de Pinto, constructed in 1680. ==Notable Portuguese Jews== {{see also\|Category:Dutch Sephardi Jews}} <!--this list has no structure, neither alphabetically nor chronologically--> [[Abraham Blauvelt]], a 17th century [[Jewish pirates\|Jewish privateer]] and explorer of [[Central America]] and the western [[Caribbean]], after whom the towns of [[Bluefields]], [[Nicaragua]], and [[Bluefields, Jamaica]], were both named<ref>{{Cite book\|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-13-2898-5_117\|doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_117\|chapter = Displaced Minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito People\|title = The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity\|year = 2019\|last1 = Cwik\|first1 = Christian\|pages = 1593–1609\|isbn = 978-981-13-2897-8\| s2cid=239122464 }}</ref> [[David de Aaron de Sola]] – rabbi and author (1796–1860) [[Abraham Cohen Pimentel]] – rabbi Amsterdam Synagogue (died 1697) [[Jacob Abendana]] – rabbi and philosopher (1630–1695) Jacob Israel Belmonte – poet, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (1570–1629) [[Isaac Aboab da Fonseca]] – rabbi, kabbalist, scholar, writer (February 1, 1605 – April 4, 1693) [[Hedy d'Ancona]] – female politician, well-known feminist (b. October 1, 1937) [[Abraham Bueno de Mesquita]] – comedian, actor (July 23, 1918 – August 19, 2005) [[Benjamin Cardozo]] – Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] (May 24, 1870 – July 9, 1938) [[Uri Coronel]] – sports director and chairman of [[Ajax Amsterdam]] (December 24, 1946 – July 18, 2016) [[Daniel De Leon]] – American Socialist leader (December 14, 1852 – May 11, 1914) [[Isaac da Costa]] – poet (January 14, 1798 – April 28, 1860) [[Manasseh ben Israel]] – rabbi, influential in the readmission of the Jews to England (1604–1657) [[Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita]] – graphic artist, mentor of [[M. C. Escher]] (June 6, 1868 – February 11, 1944, [[Auschwitz]]) [[File:Portrait of a man, thought to be Baruch de Spinoza, attributed to Barend Graat.jpg\|thumb\|165px\|[[Baruch Spinoza]], born and raised in Amsterdam's Portuguese Jewish community, became of the most influential figures of [[Western philosophy]] after his permanent expulsion by religious leaders]] [[Abraham Lopes Cardozo]] – [[hazzan]] of [[Congregation Shearith Israel]] (1914–2006) [[George Maduro]] – resistance fighter, distinguished officer (July 15, 1916 – February 9, 1945, [[Dachau concentration camp]]) [[Balthazar (Isaac) Orobio de Castro]] – philosopher (1617–1687) [[Samuel Pallache]] – Moroccan envoy to the [[Dutch Republic]], co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1550–1616) [[Samuel Sarphati]] – physician, city planner (1813–1866) [[Baruch Spinoza]] – philosopher and optician (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), excommunicated 1656 [[Jacob Tirado]] – merchant and shipowner, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1540–1620) [[Joseph de la Vega]] – author, poet and economist (1650–1692) [[Isaac de Pinto]] – merchant/banker, political philosopher (1717–1780) [[Joseph Teixeira de Mattos]] – watercolor painter and pastellist (1892–1971) [[Joseph Mendes da Costa]] – sculptor and teacher (1863–1939) [[Rehuel Lobatto]] – mathematician (1797–1866) [[Nathan Lopes Cardozo]] - contemporary rabbi, philosopher and scholar of Judaism ==Persons of partial Dutch Jewish descent== [[Frieda Belinfante]] – cellist and conductor, Jewish father (May 10, 1904 – April 26, 1995) [[Neve Campbell]] – [[Canadians\|Canadian]] actress, daughter of an Amsterdam-born mother of Portuguese Jewish descent (October 3, 1973) [[Abraham Pais]] – particle physicist, science historian, Portuguese Jewish father, [[Ashkenazi]] mother (May 19, 1918 – July 28, 2000) [[Ophir Pines-Paz]] – [[Israel]]i politician, Dutch-Sephardic father (July 11, 1961) ==See also== [[History of the Jews in Amsterdam]] * [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== Bodian, Miriam, ''Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam'': Indiana University Press 1997.! da Silva Rosa, J. S., ''Geschiedenis der Portugeesche Joden te Amsterdam 1593-1925'' (History of the Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam 1593-1925): Amsterdam 1925 (Dutch) Katchen, Aaron L., ''Christian Hebraists and Dutch Rabbis: Seventeenth Century Apologetics and the Study of Maimonides' Mishneh Torah'': Harvard University Press 1985 Sorkin, David, ''Beyond the east-west divide: rethinking the narrative of the Jews’ political status in Europe, 1600–1750'': Jewish History 2000 Swetschinski, Daniel M., ''Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews Of Seventeenth-century Amsterdam'': Littman Library of Jewish Civilisation 2004 Tammes, Peter., ''“Hack, Pack, Sack”: Occupational Structure, Status, and Mobility of Jews in Amsterdam, 1851–1941'': Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2012 ==External links== * [https://www.esnoga.com/en/ The Portuguese Jewish Community of Amsterdam] {{Sephardi Jews topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sephardic Jews In The Netherlands}} [[Category:Dutch people of Portuguese-Jewish descent\| ]] [[Category:Dutch people of Spanish-Jewish descent\| ]] [[Category:Jewish Dutch history]] [[Category:Sephardi Jews topics\|Netherlands]] [[Category:Spanish-Jewish diaspora in Europe]] [[Category:Portuguese-Jewish diaspora in Europe]] [[Category:Sephardi Jewish culture in the Netherlands\| ]] [[Category:Religion in the Dutch Republic]] [[Category:Jewish Portuguese history]]	1,284,233,298	[]	false
# Orchestra Baobab Orchestra Baobab is a Senegalese band established in 1970 as the house band of the Baobab Club in Dakar. Many of the band's original members had previously played with Star Band de Dakar in the 1960s. Directed by timbalero and vocalist Balla Sidibé, the group featured saxophonists Issa Cissoko and Thierno Koité, two singers, two guitarists and a rhythm section with drums, congas and bass guitar. Since their formation, the band has predominantly played a mix of son cubano, Wolof music, and to a lesser extent Mande musical traditions. Following the deaths of Cissoko in 2019 and Sidibé in 2020, Thierno Koité has become the leader of the band. Orchestra Baobab became one of the dominant African bands of the 1970s, recording 20 albums before their breakup in 1987, which occurred as a result of the increase in popularity of mbalax, a more contemporary genre of Senegalese music. In the years following their disbandment, World Circuit released several of their albums on CD, making the band very popular among world music fans in the UK and the rest of Europe. This prompted their reformation in 2001, which was followed by the recording of a new album, Specialist in All Styles. The group continues to tour extensively and has released two more studio albums, Made in Dakar (2007) and Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng (2017). ## History ### Early years: 1970–1972 Many of the original members were veterans of the famous Star Band, whose alumni later included the Étoile de Dakar, El Hadji Faye and Youssou N’Dour. Star Band were the resident band of the upscale Dakar Miami Club. When the Baobab Club opened in Dakar in 1970, six musicians, led by saxophonist Baro N'Diaye, were lured from Star Band and the Orchestra Baobab was born. The club, in turn, is named for the baobab tree (Adansonia). The original frontmen of the band were the Casamance singers Balla Sidibé and Rudy Gomis, who came from the melting pot of Casamance musical styles, and most famously Laye M'Boup, who provided vocals in the Wolof griot style. His Wolof language lyrics and his soaring, nasal voice defined the sound of Baobab's early hits. Togolese guitarist and arranger Barthélémy Attisso was a law student in Dakar, and a self-taught musician, whose arpeggiated runs became instantly recognizable. With the saxophone of Baro N'Diaye, this was the first core of the band. After touring Cameroon in 1971, N'Diaye was replaced by tenor saxophonist Issa Cissoko, who became leader of the band, and was joined by clarinettist Peter Udo. Both Cissoko and drummer Mountaga Koité were from Maninka griot families, from Mali and eastern Senegal, respectively. The group's lineup was rounded out by the slow groove Latin styles of Latfi Benjeloum (rhythm guitar), who came from a Moroccan family exiled to Saint-Louis, Senegal, and Charlie N'Diaye (bass) from Casamance. The group's first recordings were released as Orchestre Saf Mounadem on a split album with Orchestre Laye Thiam, another band of ex-Star Band musicians. Attisso is credited as musical director, and singers Balla Sidibé and Medoune Diallo (who had stayed with the Star Band a bit longer than the others), along with Issa Cissoko are also credited on the cover. Like most of the recordings by Star Band, the album was produced by Ibrahim Kassé, and was later reissued in France under the title Star Band de Dakar Vol. 7. Their first two albums under the name Orchestra Baobab, were recorded at the Baobab Club between 1970 and 1972, and self-produced by the band. Both bear the title Orchestre du Baobab. ### Rise to fame: 1973–1978 The band continued to tour throughout Africa, popularising their combination of Afro-Cuban music and Senegalese traditions. Unlike other bands from the country, they combined the Casamance harmonies and drumming from southern Senegal with melodies from Togo and Morocco to the Wolof tradition from northern Senegal. Traditional Wolof singing was provided by Laye M´Boup until his death in June 1975. He was replaced by Ndiouga Dieng, who stayed with the band until his own death in 2016. In 1974, an 18-year old singer joined the band on recommendation of M'Boup himself: Thione Seck, who later achieved great success as a solo artist when he left the band in 1979. His younger brother Mapenda Seck also provided vocals occasionally after the death of M'Boup. Most of the Spanish-language hits by the band were sung by Medoune Diallo, whose mother tongue was Fula. With the independent Dakar-based label Buur Records, run by the owners of the Baobab Club, the group released five albums between 1975 and 1976: Bawobab 75, Guy Gu Rey Gi, Senegaal Sunugaal, Visage du Senegaal and Adduna jarul naawo. Looking for success beyond the African continent, Orchestra Baobab went to Paris in 1978 to record new material with producer Abou Sylla. The resulting two LPs, On verra ça and Africa 78, although receiving great critical acclaim retrospectively, did not prove successful. The group lost money on the trip and returned to Senegal. They recorded two albums, released by Musicafrique: Ndeleng Ndeleng and Une nuit au Jandeer. ### Club closure and new recordings: 1979–1982 By the end of the 1970s, the band concluded its residency at the Baobab Club, which closed its doors in 1979. At this point, they were Senegal's biggest band, "commanding fees of about $4,500 for a single show." In the early 1980s, with the advent of the cassette, the group began releasing albums in this format. Their 1981 albums Mouhamadou Bamba and Sibou odia extended their success into the new decade, helped by their hit "Autorail", composed by Medoune Diallo. In 1982, they recorded enough material for several cassettes (Vol. 1: Senegambie, Vol. 2: Ngalam), as well as an LP, Ken dow werente. Among the songs recorded for these sessions was "Utru horas", which was included in the various artists compilation Panorama du Senegal. ### Decline and disbandment: 1983–1987 As the 1980s progressed, competition from mbalax, a new funk-inspired genre spearheaded by Youssou N'Dour's Super Étoile de Dakar, overwhelmed Orchestra Baobab. Although bandleader Balla Sidibé tried to make some changes in the mid-1980s by including two female singers in their lineup and getting Rudy Gomis back as lead singer, their popularity had been significantly reduced. Their 1986 cassette releases did not have the impact of previous albums and in 1987 the band effectively broke up. Many of the members formed or joined other groups, and Barthélémy Attisso returned to Togo to practice law and stopped playing his instrument. ### European reissues: 1989–1999 By the end of the 1980s, world music had become one of the newest trends in the European and American music industry, with albums such as Paul Simon's Graceland selling millions of copies. This prompted specialized music labels to seek African recordings and reissue them on CD. One of such labels, World Circuit, run from London by Nick Gold, released Orchestra Baobab's 1982 sessions in 1989 under the title Pirate's Choice, a reference to the many bootleg releases of such songs. In 1992, World Circuit reissued the 1978 Paris sessions on one CD, and in 1993 Stern's Music, another London-based world music label, released Bamba, a compilation of the band's 1981 albums. In 1998, the band's debut album, along with several bonus tracks recorded between 1970 and 1971, were released in the Netherlands as N'Wolof. In 1999, the German label Popular African Music released Roots and Fruit, a compilation of the band's 1970s recordings. ### Reunion: 2001–present #### Specialist in All Styles Following the widespread critical acclaim received by the band's European releases, World Circuit persuaded the group to reform in 2001. Most of the original line up reunited to play London's Barbican Centre in May 2001. Afterwards, the band re-recorded many of their classic songs in state-of-the-art studios in London (Livingston Studios), Paris (Studio Davout) and Dakar (Studio Xippi). The resulting album, Specialist in All Styles, was released in 2002. It was produced by Youssou N'Dour and featured a guest appearance by Cuban singer Ibrahim Ferrer alongside N'Dour himself. Ferrer had been retired for decades before the 1996 recording of the Buena Vista Social Club album, organised and produced by Nick Gold. The release of the album was accompanied by a world tour, which included performances on TV such as their appearance on Later... with Jools Holland in October 2002. Orchestra Baobab gained attention from American media in 2003 when musicians Trey Anastasio and Dave Matthews filmed a documentary named Trey and Dave go to Africa which aired on VH1. The two visited Senegal and performed with Orchestra Baobab during the program. They performed again together on the Late Show with David Letterman in May 2004. In July 2005, Orchestra Baobab performed at Live 8 in Johannesburg, a series of concerts to raise awareness and funds to end poverty. #### Made in Dakar In October 2007, Orchestra Baobab released the album Made in Dakar on World Circuit to critical acclaim. The album contains new recordings of some of their classic songs such as "Pape Ndiaye" and "Nijaay". In May 2009, Syllart released La Belle Époque, a compilation of the band's 1970s recordings, including several previously unreleased songs. The package included a biography by Radio France Internationale journalist Pierre René-Worms, focusing on the early years before the group split. CD 1 comprises recordings made at Club Baobab, Dakar, in 1971, 1973 and 1976, while CD 2 includes their 1978 Paris sessions. A second volume was released in 2011, featuring recordings made between 1973 and 1976. #### Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng Ten years on from their previous release, after the retirement of Attisso, the departure of Benjeloun and the death of Ndiouga Dieng in November 2016, Orchestra Baobab continue to tour and record new material. Dieng was replaced by his son, Alpha Dieng. Under Balla Sidibé's leadership, they released Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng on 31 March 2017. The album features Beninese guitarist René Sowatche as Attisso's replacement and, for the first time, the band incorporates a kora player, Abdoulaye Cissoko. There are also appearances of ex-member Thione Seck and popular singer Cheikh Lô. The album release was accompanied by a world tour with concerts in played in the UK, France and Norway. As the band approached its 50th anniversary, its key members passed away. Issa Cissoko died in March 2019 at the age of 72, while Balla Sidibé died in July 2020, aged 78. Despite the loss of both of its leaders, Orchestra Baobab decided to continue, with longtime saxophonist Thierno Koité as its new director. Former lead singer Thione Seck (aged 66) and former guitarist Barthélémy Attisso (aged 76) both died in 2021. Rudy Gomis suffered from severe meningitis in October 2016 and went into a coma. He fully recovered in 2020, but died at the age of 75 in April 2022. ## Awards After being separated for 15 years Orchestra Baobab reunited in 2001. The reunited group went on to win the award for best African artists and the critics' choice award at the 2003 BBC Radio 3 World Music Awards. The group won both awards for Specialist in All Styles, their first album since their split in 1987. In winning the Best African Artists award Orchestra Baobab beat the African musicians Kassé Mady Diabaté and Tony Allen. ## Discography This list includes all the studio albums by Orchestra Baobab, with label information to identify the original issues. As usual in Africa, most cassettes were released with no label or catalog number. - Orchestre Laye Thiam / Orchestre Saf Mounadem (1970, Ibrahim Kassé 3026) - Orchestre du Baobab (1971, Baobab BAO 1) - Orchestre du Baobab (1972, Baobab BAO 2) - Orchestre Baobab '75' (1975, Buur BRLP 001) - Guy Gu Rey Gi (1975, Buur BRLP 002) - Senegaal sunugaal (1975, Buur BRLP 003) - Visage du Senegal (1975, Buur BRLP 004) - Aduna jarul naawoo (1976, Buur BRLP 005) - N'Deleng N'Deleng (1977, Musicafrique MSCLP 001) - Une nuit au Jandeer (1978, Musicafrique MSCLP 002) - Baobab à Paris Vol. 1: On verra ça (1978, Ledoux ASL 7001) - Baobab à Paris Vol. 2: Africa 78 (1978, Ledoux ASL 7002) - Mohamadou Bamba (1981, Jambaar JM 5000) - Sibou odia (1981, Jambaar JM 5004) - Vol. 1: Senegambie (1982) - Vol. 2: Ngalam (1982) - Ken Dou Werente (1982, MCA 307) - Vol. 3: Coumba Ndiaye (1986) - Mame Diarra Bousso (1986) - Yamdoulene (1986) - Nouvelle formation (1986, Syllart SYL 83105) - Specialist in All Styles (2002, World Circuit WCD 064) - Made in Dakar (2007, World Circuit WCD 078) - Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng (2017, World Circuit WCD 092) ### Compilations - Gouygui dou daanou (1979, Discafrique DARL 001) – reissue of 1978 Paris sessions - Hommage à Laye M'Boup (1982, Bellot 3806) - Pirates Choice (1989, World Circuit WCD 014) – reissue of 1982 sessions - On verra ça: The 1978 Paris Sessions (1992, World Circuit WCD 027) – reissue of 1978 Paris sessions - Bamba (1993, Stern's STCD 3003) – reissue of 1980–81 sessions - N'Wolof (1998, Dakar Sound 014) – reissue of 1970–71 sessions - Roots and Fruit (1999, Popular African Music 304) - Pirates Choice (2001, World Circuit WCD 063) – double CD edition - A Night at Club Baobab (2006, Oriki ORK 001) - Classics Titles (2006, Cantos) - La Belle Époque (2009, Syllart 361) - La Belle Époque Vol. 2 (2011, Syllart 990)	enwiki/1526394	enwiki	1,526,394	Orchestra Baobab	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra_Baobab	2025-06-14T07:58:04Z	en	Q263471	105,027	{{Short description\|Senegalese band}} {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> \| name = Orchestra Baobab \| image = Orch baob 062608 001.jpg \| caption = Orchestra Baobab performing in [[Brooklyn]], New York, in 2008 \| image_size = \| landscape = yes \| background = group_or_band \| alias = Gouye Guy de Dakar \| origin = [[Dakar]], Senegal \| genre = [[Son cubano]], [[Wolof music]], [[Mande music]], [[Afro-Cuban jazz]] \| years_active = 1970–1987<br />2001–present \| label = Buur Records, Musicafrique, Ledoux, [[World Circuit (record label)\|World Circuit]] \| associated_acts = \| website = [http://www.orchestrabaobab.com/ orchestrabaobab.com] \| current_members = Thierno Koité Wilfrid Zinsou Mountaga Koité Oumar Sow Rene Sowatche Yakhya Fall Abdouleye Cissoko Moussa Cissoko Ndeye Korka Dieng Zaccharia Koité Malick Sy \| past_members = Alpha Dieng Balla Sidibé† [[Issa Cissoko]]† Rudy Gomis† Baro N'Diaye Charlie N'diaye† Laye M'Boup† Latfi Benjeloum† [[Barthélémy Attisso]]† Sidath Ly Medoune Diallo† Ndiouga Dieng† [[Thione Seck]]† Peter Udo Papa Ba Mapenda Seck Moussa Kane }} '''Orchestra Baobab''' is a Senegalese band established in 1970 as the [[house band]] of the Baobab Club in [[Dakar]]. Many of the band's original members had previously played with [[Star Band\|Star Band de Dakar]] in the 1960s. Directed by ''[[timbalero]]'' and vocalist Balla Sidibé, the group featured saxophonists [[Issa Cissoko]] and Thierno Koité, two singers, two guitarists and a rhythm section with [[drum kit\|drums]], [[conga]]s and bass guitar. Since their formation, the band has predominantly played a mix of [[son cubano]], [[Wolof music]], and to a lesser extent [[Mande music\|Mande musical traditions]]. Following the deaths of Cissoko in 2019 and Sidibé in 2020, Thierno Koité has become the leader of the band. Orchestra Baobab became one of the dominant African bands of the 1970s, recording 20 albums before their breakup in 1987, which occurred as a result of the increase in popularity of [[mbalax]], a more contemporary genre of Senegalese music. In the years following their disbandment, [[World Circuit (record label)\|World Circuit]] released several of their albums on CD, making the band very popular among [[world music]] fans in the UK and the rest of Europe. This prompted their reformation in 2001, which was followed by the recording of a new album, ''[[Specialist in All Styles]]''. The group continues to tour extensively and has released two more studio albums, ''Made in Dakar'' (2007) and ''Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng'' (2017). ==History== ===Early years: 1970–1972=== Many of the original members were veterans of the famous [[Star Band]], whose alumni later included the [[Étoile de Dakar]], [[El Hadji Faye]] and [[Youssou N’Dour]]. Star Band were the resident band of the upscale [[Dakar]] Miami Club. When the Baobab Club opened in Dakar in 1970, six musicians, led by saxophonist [[Baro N'Diaye]], were lured from Star Band and the Orchestra Baobab was born. The club, in turn, is named for the baobab tree (''[[Adansonia]]''). The original frontmen of the band were the [[Casamance]] singers [[Balla Sidibé]] and [[Rudy Gomis]], who came from the melting pot of Casamance musical styles, and most famously [[Laye M'Boup]], who provided vocals in the [[Wolof people\|Wolof]] [[griot]] style. His [[Wolof language]] lyrics and his soaring, nasal voice defined the sound of Baobab's early hits. [[Togolese]] guitarist and arranger [[Barthélémy Attisso]] was a law student in Dakar, and a self-taught musician, whose arpeggiated runs became instantly recognizable. With the saxophone of Baro N'Diaye, this was the first core of the band. After touring [[Cameroon]] in 1971, N'Diaye was replaced by tenor saxophonist [[Issa Cissoko]], who became leader of the band, and was joined by clarinettist Peter Udo.<ref name="FM">{{cite book\|last1=Mazzoleni\|first1=Florent\|title=L'épopée de la musique africaine: rythmes d'Afrique atlantique\|date=2008\|publisher=Hors Collection\|location=Paris, France\|pages=71–72\|language=fr}}</ref> Both Cissoko and drummer [[Mountaga Koité]] were from [[Maninka]] griot families, from [[Mali]] and eastern Senegal, respectively. The group's lineup was rounded out by the slow groove Latin styles of [[Latfi Benjeloum]] (rhythm guitar), who came from a [[Morocco\|Moroccan]] family exiled to [[Saint-Louis, Senegal]], and [[Charlie N'Diaye]] (bass) from Casamance. The group's first recordings were released as '''Orchestre Saf Mounadem''' on a split album with [[Laye Thiam\|Orchestre Laye Thiam]], another band of ex-Star Band musicians. Attisso is credited as musical director, and singers Balla Sidibé and Medoune Diallo (who had stayed with the Star Band a bit longer than the others), along with Issa Cissoko are also credited on the cover. Like most of the recordings by Star Band, the album was produced by Ibrahim Kassé, and was later reissued in France under the title ''Star Band de Dakar Vol. 7''. Their first two albums under the name Orchestra Baobab, were recorded at the Baobab Club between 1970 and 1972, and self-produced by the band. Both bear the title ''Orchestre du Baobab''. ===Rise to fame: 1973–1978=== The band continued to tour throughout Africa, popularising their combination of [[Afro-Cuban music]] and Senegalese traditions. Unlike other bands from the country, they combined the [[Casamance]] harmonies and drumming from southern Senegal with melodies from [[Togo]] and [[Morocco]] to the [[Wolof music\|Wolof]] tradition from northern Senegal. Traditional Wolof singing was provided by Laye M´Boup until his death in June 1975. He was replaced by [[Ndiouga Dieng]], who stayed with the band until his own death in 2016. In 1974, an 18-year old singer joined the band on recommendation of M'Boup himself: [[Thione Seck]], who later achieved great success as a solo artist when he left the band in 1979.<ref>Interview by Samy Ben Redjeb, January 29th, 2012 in Dakar. Liner notes of ''Senegal 70 – Sonic Gems & Previously Unreleased Recordings from the 70s'' (2015). p. 41.</ref> His younger brother [[Mapenda Seck]] also provided vocals occasionally after the death of M'Boup. Most of the Spanish-language hits by the band were sung by Medoune Diallo, whose mother tongue was [[Fula language\|Fula]]. With the independent Dakar-based label Buur Records, run by the owners of the Baobab Club, the group released five albums between 1975 and 1976: ''Bawobab 75'', ''Guy Gu Rey Gi'', ''Senegaal Sunugaal'', ''Visage du Senegaal'' and ''Adduna jarul naawo''.<ref name="FM" /> Looking for success beyond the African continent, Orchestra Baobab went to Paris in 1978 to record new material with producer Abou Sylla. The resulting two LPs, ''On verra ça'' and ''Africa 78'', although receiving great critical acclaim retrospectively, did not prove successful. The group lost money on the trip and returned to Senegal.<ref name="AMG">Nickson, Chris. [{{AllMusic\|class=artist\|id=p26819\|pure_url=yes}} Orchestra Baobab Biography]. AllMusic. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</ref> They recorded two albums, released by Musicafrique: ''Ndeleng Ndeleng'' and ''Une nuit au Jandeer''. ===Club closure and new recordings: 1979–1982=== By the end of the 1970s, the band concluded its residency at the Baobab Club, which closed its doors in 1979. At this point, they were Senegal's biggest band, "commanding fees of about $4,500 for a single show."<ref name="AMG" /> In the early 1980s, with the advent of the cassette, the group began releasing albums in this format. Their 1981 albums ''Mouhamadou Bamba'' and ''Sibou odia'' extended their success into the new decade, helped by their hit "Autorail", composed by Medoune Diallo.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Médoune Diallo: 11/02/1949 – 10/02/2017. R.I.P.\|url=http://sternsmusic.blogspot.co.uk/2018/02/medoune-diallo-11021949-10022017-rip.html\|website=Sterns Music Blog\|access-date=5 May 2018\|date=12 February 2018\|archive-date=6 May 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506035306/http://sternsmusic.blogspot.co.uk/2018/02/medoune-diallo-11021949-10022017-rip.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1982, they recorded enough material for several cassettes (''Vol. 1: Senegambie'', ''Vol. 2: Ngalam''), as well as an LP, ''Ken dow werente''. Among the songs recorded for these sessions was "Utru horas", which was included in the various artists compilation ''Panorama du Senegal''. ===Decline and disbandment: 1983–1987=== As the 1980s progressed, competition from [[mbalax]], a new funk-inspired genre spearheaded by [[Youssou N'Dour]]'s Super Étoile de Dakar, overwhelmed Orchestra Baobab. Although bandleader Balla Sidibé tried to make some changes in the mid-1980s by including two female singers in their lineup and getting Rudy Gomis back as lead singer, their popularity had been significantly reduced. Their 1986 cassette releases did not have the impact of previous albums and in 1987 the band effectively broke up.<ref name="AMG" /> Many of the members formed or joined other groups, and Barthélémy Attisso returned to Togo to practice law and stopped playing his instrument.<ref>Durán, Lucy. [http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=1292 Orchestra Baobab] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606115600/http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=1292 \|date=2011-06-06 }}. World Music Central]</ref> ===European reissues: 1989–1999=== By the end of the 1980s, [[world music]] had become one of the newest trends in the European and American music industry, with albums such as [[Paul Simon]]'s ''[[Graceland (album)\|Graceland]]'' selling millions of copies. This prompted specialized music labels to seek African recordings and reissue them on CD. One of such labels, [[World Circuit (record label)\|World Circuit]], run from London by Nick Gold, released Orchestra Baobab's 1982 sessions in 1989 under the title ''Pirate's Choice'', a reference to the many bootleg releases of such songs. In 1992, World Circuit reissued the 1978 Paris sessions on one CD, and in 1993 [[Stern's Music]], another London-based world music label, released ''Bamba'', a compilation of the band's 1981 albums. In 1998, the band's debut album, along with several bonus tracks recorded between 1970 and 1971, were released in the Netherlands as ''N'Wolof''. In 1999, the German label Popular African Music released ''Roots and Fruit'', a compilation of the band's 1970s recordings. ===Reunion: 2001–present=== ====''Specialist in All Styles''==== [[File:Orchestra Baobab, KOKO, 2017.jpg\|thumb\|right\|350px\|Orchestra Baobab live at [[KOKO (music venue)\|KOKO]], London, in October 2017. Left to right: Balla Sidibé (timbales), Abdoulaye Cissoko (kora), Issa Cissoko (tenor saxophone), Thierno Koité (alto saxophone).]] Following the widespread critical acclaim received by the band's European releases, World Circuit persuaded the group to reform in 2001. Most of the original line up reunited to play London's [[Barbican Centre]] in May 2001. Afterwards, the band re-recorded many of their classic songs in state-of-the-art studios in London (Livingston Studios), Paris (Studio Davout) and Dakar (Studio Xippi). The resulting album, ''[[Specialist in All Styles]]'', was released in 2002. It was produced by [[Youssou N'Dour]] and featured a guest appearance by Cuban singer [[Ibrahim Ferrer]] alongside N'Dour himself. Ferrer had been retired for decades before the 1996 recording of the ''[[Buena Vista Social Club (album)\|Buena Vista Social Club]]'' album, organised and produced by Nick Gold. The release of the album was accompanied by a world tour, which included performances on TV such as their appearance on ''[[Later... with Jools Holland]]'' in October 2002. Orchestra Baobab gained attention from American media in 2003 when musicians [[Trey Anastasio]] and [[Dave Matthews]] filmed a documentary named ''Trey and Dave go to Africa'' which aired on [[VH1]].<ref>[http://stateofmindmusic.com/articles_read.php?articleId=44 News Article on joint concert in Vermont]. {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117211927/http://stateofmindmusic.com/articles_read.php?articleId=44 \|date=November 17, 2006}}</ref> The two visited Senegal and performed with Orchestra Baobab during the program. They performed again together on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'' in May 2004. In July 2005, Orchestra Baobab performed at [[Live 8]] in [[Johannesburg]], a series of concerts to raise awareness and funds to end [[poverty]]. ====''Made in Dakar''==== In October 2007, Orchestra Baobab released the album ''[[Made in Dakar]]'' on World Circuit to critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Made In Dakar \|first=Robin \|last=Denselow \|url=http://music.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2178441,00.html \|newspaper=The Guardian \|date=28 September 2007 \|access-date=22 February 2011 \|archive-date=16 April 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416010413/http://music.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2178441,00.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> The album contains new recordings of some of their classic songs such as "Pape Ndiaye" and "Nijaay".<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Klein\|first1=Joshua\|title=Orchestra Baobab: Made in Dakar Album Review\|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11595-made-in-dakar/\|website=Pitchfork\|access-date=4 May 2018\|date=18 June 2008\|archive-date=5 May 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070436/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11595-made-in-dakar/\|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2009, Syllart released ''La Belle Époque'', a compilation of the band's 1970s recordings, including several previously unreleased songs. The package included a biography by [[Radio France Internationale]] journalist [[Pierre René-Worms]], focusing on the early years before the group split. CD 1 comprises recordings made at Club Baobab, Dakar, in 1971, 1973 and 1976, while CD 2 includes their 1978 Paris sessions.<ref name=lbe-rfi>{{cite web \|url=http://www.rfimusique.com/musiqueen/articles/113/article_8211.asp \|title=Senegal – Orchestra Baobab \|publisher=RFI Musique \|date=2009-05-15 \|access-date=2012-04-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115124030/http://www.rfimusique.com/musiqueen/articles/113/article_8211.asp \|archive-date=2010-11-15 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> A second volume was released in 2011, featuring recordings made between 1973 and 1976. ====''Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng''==== Ten years on from their previous release, after the retirement of Attisso, the departure of Benjeloun and the death of Ndiouga Dieng in November 2016, Orchestra Baobab continue to tour and record new material.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Orchestra-Baobab-to-Release-New-Album-Tribute-to-Ndiouga-Dieng-331-20170123\|title=Orchestra Baobab to Release New Album 'Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng,' 3/31\|author=BWW News Desk\|access-date=2017-02-06\|language=en\|archive-date=2017-02-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207032138/http://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Orchestra-Baobab-to-Release-New-Album-Tribute-to-Ndiouga-Dieng-331-20170123\|url-status=live}}</ref> Dieng was replaced by his son, Alpha Dieng. Under Balla Sidibé's leadership, they released ''Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng'' on 31 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/7662450/orchestra-baobab-foulo-new-song-tribute-to-ndiouga-dieng\|title=Orchestra Baobab is Back With New Song 'Foulo': Premiere\|newspaper=Billboard\|access-date=2017-02-06\|archive-date=2017-02-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207033135/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/7662450/orchestra-baobab-foulo-new-song-tribute-to-ndiouga-dieng\|url-status=live}}</ref> The album features Beninese guitarist René Sowatche as Attisso's replacement and, for the first time, the band incorporates a [[Kora (instrument)\|kora]] player, Abdoulaye Cissoko.<ref>{{cite magazine\|last1=Hermes\|first1=Will\|title=Brilliant, Genre-Blurred African Pop Artists Thrive in Age of Xenophobia\|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/brilliant-african-pop-artists-thrive-in-age-of-xenophobia-w476362\|magazine=Rolling Stone\|access-date=5 May 2018\|date=12 April 2017\|archive-date=6 May 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173530/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/brilliant-african-pop-artists-thrive-in-age-of-xenophobia-w476362\|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also appearances of ex-member [[Thione Seck]] and popular singer [[Cheikh Lô]]. The album release was accompanied by a world tour with concerts in played in the UK, France and Norway.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.songkick.com/artists/5364-orchestra-baobab\|title=Orchestra Baobab\|website=Songkick\|language=en\|access-date=2017-02-06\|archive-date=2017-02-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112947/http://www.songkick.com/artists/5364-orchestra-baobab\|url-status=live}}</ref> As the band approached its 50th anniversary, its key members passed away. Issa Cissoko died in March 2019 at the age of 72, while Balla Sidibé died in July 2020, aged 78. Despite the loss of both of its leaders, Orchestra Baobab decided to continue, with longtime saxophonist Thierno Koité as its new director.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Durán \|first1=Lucy \|author1-link=Lucy Durán \|title=Balla Sidibé: 1942–2020 \|url=https://medium.com/@worldcircuitrecords/balla-sidib%C3%A9-1942-2020-9244bc2076f5 \|website=Medium \|publisher=World Circuit Records \|access-date=15 July 2021 \|language=en \|date=19 August 2020 \|archive-date=15 July 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715235100/https://medium.com/@worldcircuitrecords/balla-sidib%C3%A9-1942-2020-9244bc2076f5 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Former lead singer Thione Seck (aged 66) and former guitarist Barthélémy Attisso (aged 76) both died in 2021.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Armstrong \|first1=John \|title=Barthélemy Attisso: An Accidental Guitar Hero \|url=https://medium.com/@worldcircuitrecords/barth%C3%A9lemy-attisso-an-accidental-guitar-hero-a29d03c25450 \|website=Medium \|publisher=World Circuit Records \|access-date=4 August 2022 \|language=en \|date=13 September 2021 \|archive-date=12 May 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512023803/https://medium.com/@worldcircuitrecords/barth%C3%A9lemy-attisso-an-accidental-guitar-hero-a29d03c25450 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Rudy Gomis suffered from severe [[meningitis]] in October 2016 and went into a coma. He fully recovered in 2020, but died at the age of 75 in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Sénégal \|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/Senegal \|access-date=2022-04-28 \|website=VOA \|language=fr \|archive-date=2022-07-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703203222/https://www.voaafrique.com/Senegal \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==Awards== After being separated for 15 years Orchestra Baobab reunited in 2001. The reunited group went on to win the award for best African artists and the critics' choice award at the 2003 [[BBC Radio 3 World Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Senegal's stars scoop music awards \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2740023.stm \|newspaper=BBC News \|date=12 February 2003 \|access-date=22 February 2011 \|archive-date=13 July 2004 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040713122048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2740023.stm \|url-status=live }}</ref> The group won both awards for ''Specialist in All Styles'', their first album since their split in 1987. In winning the Best African Artists award Orchestra Baobab beat the African musicians [[Kassé Mady Diabaté]] and [[Tony Allen (musician)\|Tony Allen]]. ==Discography== This list includes all the studio albums by Orchestra Baobab, with label information to identify the original issues.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://biochem.chem.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~endo/EABaobab.html \|title=Discography of Orchestre Baobab \|author=Toshiya Endo \|date=18 May 2010 \|access-date=22 February 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603233908/http://biochem.chem.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~endo/EABaobab.html \|archive-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~xx3n-di/07-disco/07052.html \|title=Discography of Orchestre Baobab \|access-date=22 February 2011 \|archive-date=22 July 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722120727/http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~xx3n-di/07-disco/07052.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> As usual in Africa, most cassettes were released with no label or catalog number. * ''Orchestre Laye Thiam / Orchestre Saf Mounadem'' (1970, Ibrahim Kassé 3026) * ''Orchestre du Baobab'' (1971, Baobab BAO 1) * ''Orchestre du Baobab'' (1972, Baobab BAO 2) * ''Orchestre Baobab '75''' (1975, Buur BRLP 001) * ''Guy Gu Rey Gi'' (1975, Buur BRLP 002) * ''Senegaal sunugaal'' (1975, Buur BRLP 003) * ''Visage du Senegal'' (1975, Buur BRLP 004) * ''Aduna jarul naawoo'' (1976, Buur BRLP 005) * ''N'Deleng N'Deleng'' (1977, Musicafrique MSCLP 001) * ''Une nuit au Jandeer'' (1978, Musicafrique MSCLP 002) * ''Baobab à Paris Vol. 1: On verra ça'' (1978, Ledoux ASL 7001) * ''Baobab à Paris Vol. 2: Africa 78'' (1978, Ledoux ASL 7002) * ''Mohamadou Bamba'' (1981, Jambaar JM 5000) * ''Sibou odia'' (1981, Jambaar JM 5004) * ''Vol. 1: Senegambie'' (1982) * ''Vol. 2: Ngalam'' (1982) * ''Ken Dou Werente'' (1982, MCA 307) * ''Vol. 3: Coumba Ndiaye'' (1986) * ''Mame Diarra Bousso'' (1986) * ''Yamdoulene'' (1986) * ''Nouvelle formation'' (1986, Syllart SYL 83105) * ''[[Specialist in All Styles]]'' (2002, World Circuit WCD 064) * ''Made in Dakar'' (2007, World Circuit WCD 078) * ''Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng'' (2017, World Circuit WCD 092) ===Compilations=== * ''Gouygui dou daanou'' (1979, Discafrique DARL 001) – reissue of 1978 Paris sessions * ''Hommage à Laye M'Boup'' (1982, Bellot 3806) * ''Pirates Choice'' (1989, World Circuit WCD 014) – reissue of 1982 sessions * ''On verra ça: The 1978 Paris Sessions'' (1992, World Circuit WCD 027) – reissue of 1978 Paris sessions * ''Bamba'' (1993, Stern's STCD 3003) – reissue of 1980–81 sessions * ''N'Wolof'' (1998, Dakar Sound 014) – reissue of 1970–71 sessions * ''Roots and Fruit'' (1999, Popular African Music 304) * ''Pirates Choice'' (2001, World Circuit WCD 063) – double CD edition * ''A Night at Club Baobab'' (2006, Oriki ORK 001) * ''Classics Titles'' (2006, Cantos) * ''La Belle Époque'' (2009, Syllart 361) * ''La Belle Époque Vol. 2'' (2011, Syllart 990) ==See also== [[Africando]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} [http://www.orchestrabaobab.com/ Official Site: Orchestra Baobab] [http://www.myspace.com/orchestrabaobabofficial Official MySpace Page] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100814113419/http://www.worldcircuit.co.uk/#Orchestra_Baobab Official Page] on their label [[World Circuit (record label)\|World Circuit]] * {{Discogs artist\|Orchestra Baobab}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070216193054/http://www.africasounds.com/super_rail_band.htm Photos from Orchestra Baobab & Super Rail Band]; Live in [[Central Park]], July 14, 2002. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artist/8dxm/ BBC Music: Essential Guide to World Music]. Frank Bessem, [https://web.archive.org/web/20020123061316/http://www.geocities.com/MotorCity/Speedway/4939/frames/art_baobab.html “Musiques d'Afrique: Orchestre Baobab”] Banning Eyre, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071224023223/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/orchestra_baobab_2122 National Geographic World Music Guide], from [http://www.globalrhythm.net/AfricanLegends/OrchestraBaobab.cfm Global Rhythm Magazine], 9 November 2006. *{{cite web \|url=http://www.afrique-music.com/2007100888/artistes/discographie/orchestra-baobab.html \|title=ORCHESTRA BAOBAB \|language=fr \|publisher=Afrique Music \|access-date=23 February 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125051929/http://www.afrique-music.com/2007100888/artistes/discographie/orchestra-baobab.html \|archive-date=25 November 2010 \|url-status=dead }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Senegalese musical groups]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 1970]] [[Category:Senegalese world music groups]] [[Category:World Circuit (record label) artists]] [[Category:1970 establishments in Senegal]] [[Category:Son cubano groups]]	1,295,523,554	[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Also known as": "Gouye Guy de Dakar", "Origin": "Dakar, Senegal", "Genres": "Son cubano, Wolof music, Mande music, Afro-Cuban jazz", "Years active": "1970\u20131987 \u00b7 2001\u2013present", "Labels": "Buur Records, Musicafrique, Ledoux, World Circuit"}}, {"title": "Orchestra Baobab", "data": {"Members": "- Thierno Koit\u00e9 - Wilfrid Zinsou - Mountaga Koit\u00e9 - Oumar Sow - Rene Sowatche - Yakhya Fall - Abdouleye Cissoko - Moussa Cissoko - Ndeye Korka Dieng - Zaccharia Koit\u00e9 - Malick Sy"}}, {"title": "Orchestra Baobab", "data": {"Past members": "- Alpha Dieng - Balla Sidib\u00e9\u2020 - Issa Cissoko\u2020 - Rudy Gomis\u2020 - Baro N'Diaye - Charlie N'diaye\u2020 - Laye M'Boup\u2020 - Latfi Benjeloum\u2020 - Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Attisso\u2020 - Sidath Ly - Medoune Diallo\u2020 - Ndiouga Dieng\u2020 - Thione Seck\u2020 - Peter Udo - Papa Ba - Mapenda Seck - Moussa Kane"}}]	false
# 1999 Central Michigan Chippewas football team \| East Division \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| No. 10 Marshall x$ \| \| 8 \| – \| 0 \| \| \| \| \| 13 \| – \| 0 \| \| \| Miami (OH) \| \| 6 \| – \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| – \| 4 \| \| \| Akron \| \| 5 \| – \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| – \| 4 \| \| \| Ohio \| \| 5 \| – \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| 5 \| – \| 6 \| \| \| Bowling Green \| \| 3 \| – \| 5 \| \| \| \| \| 5 \| – \| 6 \| \| \| Kent State \| \| 2 \| – \| 6 \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| – \| 9 \| \| \| Buffalo \| \| 0 \| – \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| 0 \| – \| 11 \| \| \| West Division \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Western Michigan x \| \| 6 \| – \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| – \| 5 \| \| \| Toledo \| \| 5 \| – \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| 6 \| – \| 5 \| \| \| Northern Illinois \| \| 5 \| – \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| 5 \| – \| 6 \| \| \| Eastern Michigan \| \| 4 \| – \| 4 \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| – \| 7 \| \| \| Central Michigan \| \| 3 \| – \| 5 \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| – \| 7 \| \| \| Ball State \| \| 0 \| – \| 8 \| \| \| \| \| 0 \| – \| 11 \| \| \| Championship: Marshall 34, Western Michigan 30 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - $ – Conference champion - x – Division champion/co-champions Rankings from AP Poll \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| The 1999 Central Michigan Chippewas football team was an American football team that represented Central Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their sixth and final season under head coach Dick Flynn, the Chippewas compiled a 4–7 record (3–5 against MAC opponents), finished in fifth place in the MAC's West Division, and were outscored by their opponents, 344 to 229. The team played its home games in Kelly/Shorts Stadium in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, with attendance of 89,698 in five home games. The team's statistical leaders included Pete Shepherd with 2,295 passing yards, Eric Flowers with 766 rushing yards, and Jammarl O'Neal with 1,085 receiving yards. O'Neal became only the second Central Michigan player to total over 1,000 receiving yards. Defensive tackle Joe Adam was selected as the team's most valuable player. On November 9, Flynn announced his resignation as Central Michigan's head coach, effective after the final two games of the season. He had been with Central Michigan for 22 years, including the final six years as the head football coach. Flynn compiled a 28–37 record as head coach. ## Schedule \| September 2 \| Eastern Illinois* \| Kelly/Shorts Stadium Mount Pleasant, MI \| W 33–17 \| 19,267 \| [ 9 ] \| \| September 11 \| at Syracuse* \| Carrier Dome Syracuse, NY \| L 7–47 \| 45,563 \| [ 10 ] \| \| September 18 \| at No. 14 Purdue* \| Ross–Ade Stadium West Lafayette, IN \| L 16–58 \| 58,349 \| [ 11 ] \| \| September 25 \| Miami (OH) \| Kelly/Shorts Stadium Mount Pleasant, MI \| L 16–24 \| 27,041 \| [ 12 ] \| \| October 2 \| at Western Michigan \| Waldo Stadium Kalamazoo, MI ( rivalry ) \| L 16–38 \| 36,102 \| [ 13 ] \| \| October 9 \| at Buffalo \| University at Buffalo Stadium Buffalo, NY \| W 38–19 \| 16,128 \| [ 14 ] \| \| October 16 \| Northern Illinois \| Kelly/Shorts Stadium Mount Pleasant, MI \| L 27–31 \| 21,047 \| [ 15 ] \| \| October 30 \| at Bowling Green \| Doyt Perry Stadium Bowling Green, OH \| L 7–31 \| 8,573 \| [ 16 ] \| \| November 6 \| Toledo \| Kelly/Shorts Stadium Mount Pleasant, MI \| L 13–32 \| 9,012 \| [ 17 ] \| \| November 13 \| Eastern Michigan \| Kelly/Shorts Stadium Mount Pleasant, MI ( rivalry ) \| W 29–26 \| 13,321 \| [ 18 ] \| \| November 20 \| at Ball State \| Scheumann Stadium Muncie, IN \| W 27–21 \| 17,327 \| [ 19 ] \| \| *Non-conference game Homecoming Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game \| \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/51116655	enwiki	51,116,655	1999 Central Michigan Chippewas football team	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Central_Michigan_Chippewas_football_team	2025-03-07T22:48:20Z	en	Q28445881	115,975	{{short description\|American college football season}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox college sports team season \| year = 1999 \| team = Central Michigan Chippewas \| sport = football \| image = Central Michigan Chippewas logo.svg \| image_size = 200 \| conference = [[Mid-American Conference]] \| division = West Division \| short_conf = MAC \| record = 4–7 \| conf_record = 3–5 \| head_coach = [[Dick Flynn (American football)\|Dick Flynn]] \| hc_year = 6th \| off_coach = \| oc_year = \| off_scheme = \| def_coach = \| dc_year = \| def_scheme = \| mvp = Joe Adam \| captain = \| stadium = [[Kelly/Shorts Stadium]] }} {{1999 Mid-American Conference football standings}} The '''1999 Central Michigan Chippewas football team''' was an [[American football]] team that represented [[Central Michigan University]] in the [[Mid-American Conference]] (MAC) during the [[1999 NCAA Division I-A football season]]. In their sixth and final season under head coach [[Dick Flynn (American football)\|Dick Flynn]], the Chippewas compiled a 4–7 record (3–5 against MAC opponents), finished in fifth place in the MAC's West Division, and were outscored by their opponents, 344 to 229.<ref>{{cite web\|title=1999 Central Michigan Chippewas Schedule and Results\|publisher=Sports Reference LLC\|work=SR/College Football\|accessdate=July 18, 2016\|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/central-michigan/1999-schedule.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Central Michigan 2015 Football Media Guide\|publisher=Central Michigan University\|accessdate=July 18, 2016\|pages=100, 114\|year=2015\|url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/cmu/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2015-16/misc_non_event/2015-Football-Media-Guide.pdf\|archive-date=October 26, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026171041/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/cmu/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2015-16/misc_non_event/2015-Football-Media-Guide.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The team played its home games in [[Kelly/Shorts Stadium]] in [[Mount Pleasant, Michigan]],<ref>{{cite web\|title=Football Facilities\|publisher=Central Michigan University\|accessdate=July 18, 2016\|url=http://www.cmuchippewas.com/facilities/football-facilities.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625081349/http://www.cmuchippewas.com/facilities/football-facilities.html\|archive-date=June 25, 2016\|url-status=dead}}</ref> with attendance of 89,698 in five home games.<ref>2015 Media Guide, p. 87.</ref> The team's statistical leaders included Pete Shepherd with 2,295 passing yards, Eric Flowers with 766 rushing yards, and Jammarl O'Neal with 1,085 receiving yards.<ref>{{cite web\|title=1999 Central Michigan Chippewas Stats\|publisher=Sports Reference LLC\|work=SR/College Football\|accessdate=July 18, 2016\|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/central-michigan/1999.html}}</ref> O'Neal became only the second Central Michigan player to total over 1,000 receiving yards.<ref>2015 Media Guide, p. 90.</ref> Defensive tackle Joe Adam was selected as the team's most valuable player.<ref>2015 Media Guide, p. 95.</ref> On November 9, Flynn announced his resignation as Central Michigan's head coach, effective after the final two games of the season. He had been with Central Michigan for 22 years, including the final six years as the head football coach. Flynn compiled a 28–37 record as head coach.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Flynn quits as Central Michigan coach\|newspaper=Detroit Free Press\|author=Jack Saylor\|date=November 10, 1999\|page=7C\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5941761/flynn_quits_as_central_michigan_coach/}}</ref> ==Schedule== {{CFB schedule \| rankyear = 1999 \| poll = AP \| attend = y \| source = y \|September 2\|\|[[1999 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team\|Eastern Illinois]]<ncg>\|[[Kelly/Shorts Stadium]]\|[[Mount Pleasant, Michigan\|Mount Pleasant, MI]]\|W 33-17\|19,267\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Chippewas, Flowers bloom in opener, 33-17\|newspaper=Detroit Free Press\|author=Jack Saylor\|date=September 3, 1999\|page=7C\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99379119/chippewas-flowers-bloom-in-opener/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|September 11\|at\|[[1999 Syracuse Orangemen football team\|Syracuse]]<ncg>\|[[Carrier Dome]]\|[[Syracuse, New York\|Syracuse, NY]]\|L 7-47\|45,563\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Syracuse routs Central Michigan\|newspaper=Detroit Free Press\|date=September 12, 1999\|page=5E\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99379322/syracuse-routs-central-michigan/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|September 18\|at\|No. 14 [[1999 Purdue Boilermakers football team\|Purdue]]<ncg>\|[[Ross–Ade Stadium]]\|[[West Lafayette, Indiana\|West Lafayette, IN]]\|L 16-58\|58,349\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Sutherland stars in mismatch\|newspaper=Journal and Courier\|location=Lafayette, Indiana\|pages=B1, B3\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99379550/sutherland-stars-in-mismatch/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|September 25\|\|[[1999 Miami RedHawks football team\|Miami (OH)]]\|Kelly/Shorts Stadium\|Mount Pleasant, MI\|L 16-24\|27,041\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Miami of Ohio runs over Central Michigan\|newspaper=Detroit Free Press\|author=Don VanderVeen\|date=September 26, 1999\|page=5E\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99379918/miami-of-ohio-runs-over-central-michigan/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|October 2\|at\|[[1999 Western Michigan Broncos football team\|Western Michigan]] ([[Central Michigan–Western Michigan football rivalry\|rivalry]])\|[[Waldo Stadium]]\|[[Kalamazoo, Michigan\|Kalamazoo, MI]]\|L 16-38\|36,102\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Lester, defense lift Western Michigan\|newspaper=Lansing State Journal\|date=October 3, 1999\|page=6D\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99380416/lester-defense-lift-western-michigan/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|October 9\|at\|[[1999 Buffalo Bulls football team\|Buffalo]]\|[[University at Buffalo Stadium]]\|[[Buffalo, New York\|Buffalo, NY]]\|W 38-19\|16,128\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Central Michigan 38, Buffalo 19\|newspaper=Lansing State Journal\|date=October 10, 1999\|page=7C\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99380586/central-michigan-38-buffalo-19/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|October 16\|\|[[1999 Northern Illinois Huskies football team\|Northern Illinois]]<hc>\|Kelly/Shorts Stadium\|Mount Pleasant, MI\|L 27-31\|21,047\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=NIU claims second in MAC West with 31-27 win\|newspaper=The Daily Chronicle\|location=DeKalb, Illinois\|date=October 17, 1999\|pages=15, 17\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99380794/niu-claims-second-in-mac-west-with/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|October 30\|at\|[[1999 Bowling Green Falcons football team\|Bowling Green]]\|[[Doyt Perry Stadium]]\|[[Bowling Green, Ohio\|Bowling Green, OH]]\|L 7-31\|8,573\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Bowling Green 31, CMU 7\|newspaper=Detroit Free Press\|date=October 31, 1999\|pages=4E, 5E\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99380995/bowling-green-31-cmu-7/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|November 6\|\|[[1999 Toledo Rockets football team\|Toledo]]\|Kelly/Shorts Stadium\|Mount Pleasant, MI\|L 13-32\|9,012\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Toledo 32, CMU 13\|newspaper=Detroit Free Press\|date=November 7, 1999\|page=6E\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99381579/toledo-32-cmu-13/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|November 13\|\|[[1999 Eastern Michigan Eagles football team\|Eastern Michigan]] ([[Central Michigan–Eastern Michigan football rivalry\|rivalry]])\|Kelly/Shorts Stadium\|Mount Pleasant, MI\|W 29-26\|13,321\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Central turns back Eastern\|newspaper=Detroit Free Press\|date=November 14, 1999\|pages=2E, 5E\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99381321/central-turns-back-eastern/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> \|November 20\|at\|[[1999 Ball State Cardinals football team\|Ball State]]\|[[Scheumann Stadium]]\|[[Muncie, Indiana\|Muncie, IN]]\|W 27-21\|17,327\|<ref>{{cite news\|title=Halftime lead evaporates\|newspaper=The Star Press\|author=Ron LeMasters\|date=November 21, 1999\|pages=1C, 4C\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99381749/halftime-lead-evaporates/\|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> }} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Central Michigan Chippewas football navbox}} [[Category:1999 Mid-American Conference football season\|Central Michigan]] [[Category:Central Michigan Chippewas football seasons]] [[Category:1999 in sports in Michigan\|Central Michigan Chippewas football]] {{collegefootball-1999-season-stub}}	1,279,333,947	[{"title": "1999 Central Michigan Chippewas football", "data": {"Conference": "Mid-American Conference", "Division": "West Division", "Record": "4\u20137 (3\u20135 MAC)", "Head coach": "- Dick Flynn (6th season)", "MVP": "Joe Adam", "Home stadium": "Kelly/Shorts Stadium"}}]	false
# Oran "Juice" Jones Oran "Juice" Jones (born March 28, 1957) is an American retired R&B singer. ## Early life Jones was born in Houston, Texas, but raised in Harlem, New York City, New York. ## Career ### Military career He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1981. Jones served as a sniper officer in the Marine Corps before becoming a musician. ### Music career Jones was the first musician signed to OBR Records, a subsidiary of Def Jam (which is now part of Universal Music Group). His song "The Rain" became a hit in 1986, peaking at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100. It ranks him on VH1's top 100 One Hit Wonders of the '80s. He followed it with "How to Love Again," a duet with labelmate Alyson Williams. Jones received a Grammy nomination for "The Rain", with Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male. Jones released two more albums, but these did not achieve significant success. He collaborated twice with pornographic actress and singer Midori. In 1997 they record a duet of "Let's Stay Together" for his album Player's Call and Jones appeared on Midori's single "5,10,15,20" on the Porn to Rock compilation album released in 1999. ## Discography ### Studio albums \| Juice \| - Released: 1986 - Label: Def Jam/Columbia \| 44 \| 4 \| \| GTO: Gangsters Takin' Over \| - Released: 1987 - Label: Def Jam/Columbia \| — \| 36 \| \| To Be Immortal \| - Released: 1989 - Label: Def Jam/Columbia \| — \| — \| \| Player's Call \| - Released: 1997 - Label: Tommy Boy \| — \| — \| \| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. \| \| \| \| ### Singles \| Year \| Song \| Peak chart positions \| Peak chart positions \| Peak chart positions \| Peak chart positions \| Peak chart positions \| Certifications \| Album \| \| Year \| Song \| US Hot 100 \| US R&B \| US Dance \| AUS \| UK \| Certifications \| Album \| \| ---------------------------------------- \| -------------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------------- \| -------------------------- \| \| 1986 \| "Curiosity" \| — \| 45 \| — \| — \| — \| \| Juice \| \| 1986 \| "1.2.1." \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| Juice \| \| 1986 \| "The Rain" \| 9 \| 1 \| 7 \| 85 \| 4 \| - BPI: Silver \| Juice \| \| 1986 \| "You Can't Hide from Love" \| — \| 75 \| — \| — \| — \| \| Juice \| \| 1987 \| "Here I Go Again" \| — \| 45 \| — \| — \| — \| \| Juice \| \| 1987 \| "Cold Spending My Money" \| — \| 41 \| — \| — \| — \| \| GTO: Gangsters Takin' Over \| \| 1987 \| "I Just Can't Say Goodbye" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| GTO: Gangsters Takin' Over \| \| 1987 \| "Not on the Outside" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| GTO: Gangsters Takin' Over \| \| 1989 \| "Pipe Dreams" \| — \| 47 \| — \| — \| — \| \| To Be Immortal \| \| 1990 \| "Shaniqua" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| To Be Immortal \| \| 1997 \| "Poppin' That Fly" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| Player's Call \| \| 1997 \| "Player's Call" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| Player's Call \| \| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/3320115	enwiki	3,320,115	Oran "Juice" Jones	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_%22Juice%22_Jones	2025-07-12T02:07:08Z	en	Q7099432	77,665	{{Short description\|American R&B singer}} {{about\|the R&B singer\|the JPEGMafia and Danny Brown song\|Scaring the Hoes}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2022}} {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> \| name = Oran "Juice" Jones \| image = \| image_size = \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|March 28, 1957}}<ref name="Index">Texas, U.S., Birth Index, 1903-1997.</ref><ref name="Billboard">{{cite magazine \|last1=Whitburn\|first1=Joel\|title=The Billboard Book of Top 40 R&B and Hip-Hop Hits\|date=2006\|magazine=Billboard\|location=[[University of Michigan]] \|isbn=9780823082834\|page=300\|edition=illustrated}}</ref> \| birth_name = Oran Edward Jones \| birth_place = [[Houston, Texas]], United States \| background = solo_singer \| origin = \| instrument = Vocals \| genre = [[Contemporary R&B\|R&B]], [[Soul music\|soul]], [[Electro music\|electro]] \| occupation = Singer \| years_active = 1986–1997 \| label = [[Def Jam]]/[[Columbia Records\|Columbia]]<br/>[[Tommy Boy Records\|Tommy Boy]] \| associated_acts = \| website = }} '''Oran''' "'''Juice'''" '''Jones''' (born March 28, 1957)<ref name="Index"/><ref name="Billboard"/> is an American retired [[Contemporary R&B\|R&B]] singer. ==Early life== Jones was born in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], but raised in [[Harlem]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)\|New York]].<ref name= "AllMusic"/><ref name="Billboard"/> ==Career== ===Military career === He graduated from the [[United States Naval Academy]] in 1981.{{cn\|date= June 2023}} Jones served as a sniper officer in the [[United States Marine Corps\|Marine Corps]] before becoming a musician.<ref>{{cite web\| title=Oran 'Juice' Jones: Still 'In The Rain' & Healthy 35 Years Later\| website= blackdoctor.org \|url= https://blackdoctor.org/oran-juice-jones-in-the-rain-30-years-later/\| access-date=3 January 2022\| date= February 22, 2020\| first=T. Carter\| last= Williamson}}</ref> ===Music career=== Jones was the first musician signed to [[OBR Records]], a subsidiary of [[Def Jam]] (which is now part of [[Universal Music Group]]).<ref name="soul">{{cite web\|title=Oran Juice Jones Page\| website=Soulwalking.co.uk\|url=http://www.soulwalking.co.uk/Oran%20Juice%20Jones.html\|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref name= "AllMusic">{{cite web\| last1= Wynn\| first1=Ron\|title=Artist Biography\| url= https://www.allmusic.com/artist/oran-juice-jones-mn0000403839/biography\| website=[[AllMusic]]\| access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> His song "[[The Rain (Oran "Juice" Jones song)\|The Rain]]" became a [[hit single\|hit]] in 1986, peaking at #9 on the [[Billboard Hot 100\|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite book\|title=Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004\| last= Whitburn\|first=Joel \|author-link=Joel Whitburn \|year=2004 \|publisher= Record Research \|page= 307}}</ref> It ranks him on [[VH1]]'s top 100 [[One-hit wonder\|One Hit Wonders]] of the '80s.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://ew.com/article/2009/04/07/vh1s-100-greate/\|title=VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the '80s: Do You Agree?\|magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]] \| first1= Leah\| last1=Greenblatt\|date=7 April 2009}}</ref> He followed it with "How to Love Again," a [[duet (music)\|duet]] with labelmate [[Alyson Williams]].<ref name="AllMusic"/> Jones received a Grammy nomination for "The Rain", with Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Oran Juice Jones\| work= Grammy.com\| url= https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/oran-juice-jones/3511\|access-date= 2021-05-08}}</ref> Jones released two more albums, but these did not achieve significant success. He collaborated twice with pornographic actress and singer [[Midori (actress)\|Midori]]. In 1997 they record a duet of "Let's Stay Together" for his album ''Player's Call''<ref name="Lewis">{{cite news\|last1=Lewis \|first1=Miles Marshall\|title=[INTERVIEW] Jody Watley: Pop's Fashionista Godmother\|url=https://www.ebony.com/entertainment/interview-jody-watley/\| access-date=12 January 2020\|work=[[Ebony (magazine)\|Ebony]]\|date=22 July 2016}}</ref> and Jones appeared on Midori's single "5,10,15,20" on the ''[[Porn to Rock]]'' compilation album released in 1999.<ref name= "Lindemulder">{{cite web\|last1= Lindemulder\|first1=Janine\|title=Weekendowa Bezsensja: Muzyka 18+, czyli muzyka a branża porno (3)\|url= https://esensja.pl/muzyka/publicystyka/tekst.html?id=13124&ref=ak_wj\| website=Esensja.pl\|access-date=15 January 2020\|language=pl}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {\| class="wikitable" !align=center rowspan=2 width=150\|Title !align=center rowspan=2 width=200\|Album details !align=center colspan=2\|Peak chart positions \|- !width=40\|<small>[[Billboard 200\|US 200]]</small><br><ref name="Awards">{{cite web\|title=Oran "Juice" Jones - Awards\|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/oran-juice-jones-mn0000403839/awards\|website=AllMusic\|access-date=3 January 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408033617/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/oran-juice-jones-mn0000403839/awards\|archive-date=April 8, 2013}}</ref> !width=40\|<small>[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\|US R&B]]</small><br><ref name="Awards"/> \|- \|align=left\|''[[Juice (Oran "Juice" Jones album)\|Juice]]'' \| * Released: {{start date\|1986}} * Label: [[Def Jam Recordings\|Def Jam]]/[[Columbia Records\|Columbia]] \|align=center\|44 \|align=center\|4 \|- \|align=left valign=center\|''[[GTO: Gangsters Takin' Over]]'' \| * Released: 1987 * Label: Def Jam/Columbia \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|36 \|- \|align=left\|''[[To Be Immortal]]'' \|align=left\| * Released: 1989 * Label: Def Jam/Columbia \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|- \|align=left\|''[[Player's Call]]'' \| * Released: 1997 * Label: [[Tommy Boy Entertainment\|Tommy Boy]] \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|- \| colspan="8" style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt;"\| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. \|} ===Singles=== {\| class="wikitable" !align=center rowspan=2\|Year !align=center rowspan=2\|Song !align=center colspan=5\|Peak chart positions !align=center rowspan=2\|[[Music recording sales certification\|Certifications]] !align=center rowspan=2\|Album \|- !width=40\|<small>[[Billboard Hot 100\|US Hot 100]]</small><br /><ref name="VF">{{cite web \|title=Oran Juice Jones Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography \|url=https://www.musicvf.com/Oran+Juice+Jones.art \|website=Music VF \|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> !width=40\|<small>[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\|US R&B]]</small><br /><ref name="VF"/> !width=40\|<small>[[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales\|US Dance]]</small><br /><ref name="VF"/> !width=40\|<small>[[Kent Music Report\|AUS]]</small><br /><ref name=aus>{{cite book\|last=Kent\|first=David\|author-link=David Kent (historian)\|title=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992\|edition=illustrated\|publisher=Australian Chart Book\|location=St Ives, N.S.W.\|year=1993\|isbn=0-646-11917-6\|page=161}}</ref> !width=40\|<small>[[UK Singles Chart\|UK]]</small><br /><ref name="UK">{{cite web\|title=ORAN 'JUICE' JONES - full Official Chart History\| url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/23753/oran-juice-jones/\|website=[[Official Charts Company]]\|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> \|- \|align=left rowspan=4\|1986 \|align=left\|"Curiosity" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|45 \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|align=left rowspan=5\|''Juice'' \|- \|align=left\|"1.2.1." \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|- \|align=left\|"[[The Rain (Oran "Juice" Jones song)\|The Rain]]" \|align=center\|9 \|align=center\|1 \|align=center\|7 \|align=center\|85 \|align=center\|4 \| * [[British Phonographic Industry\|BPI]]: Silver<ref>{{cite web\|title=Oran 'Juice' Jones - The Rain\|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/7237-1033-1 \|website=bpi.co.uk\|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> \|- \|align=left\|"You Can't Hide from Love" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|75 \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|- \|align=left rowspan=4\|1987 \|align=left\|"Here I Go Again" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|45 \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|- \|align=left\|"Cold Spending My Money" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|41 \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|align=left rowspan=3\|''GTO: Gangsters Takin' Over'' \|- \|align=left\|"I Just Can't Say Goodbye" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|- \|align=left\|"Not on the Outside" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|- \|align=left\| 1989 \|align=left\|"Pipe Dreams" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|47 \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|align=left rowspan=2\|''To Be Immortal'' \|- \|align=left\| 1990 \|align=left\|"Shaniqua" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|- \|align=left rowspan=2\|1997 \|align=left\|"Poppin' That Fly" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|align=left rowspan=2\|''Player's Call'' \|- \|align=left\|"Player's Call" \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \|align=center\|— \| \|- \| colspan="9" style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt;"\| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{AllMusic\|class=artist\|id=p4635\|label=Oran "Juice" Jones}} [http://www.soulinstereo.com/2013/11/what-ever-happened-to-oran-juice-jones.html SoulInStereo.com's update page, "Whatever Happened To...," on Oran "Juice" Jones, contributed by Edward Bowser on November 19, 2013] {{Def Jam Recordings}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Oran Juice}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American soul singers]] [[Category:Singers from Houston]] [[Category:United States Marines]] [[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni]] [[Category:20th-century African-American male singers]] [[Category:20th-century American male singers]] [[Category:20th-century American singers]]	1,300,055,940	[{"title": "Oran \"Juice\" Jones", "data": {"Birth name": "Oran Edward Jones", "Born": "March 28, 1957 \u00b7 Houston, Texas, United States", "Genres": "R&B, soul, electro", "Occupation": "Singer", "Instrument": "Vocals", "Years active": "1986\u20131997", "Labels": "Def Jam/Columbia \u00b7 Tommy Boy"}}]	false
# Russula virescens Russula virescens is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Russula, and is commonly known as the green-cracking russula, the quilted green russula, or the green brittlegill. The species was described as new to science in 1774 by Jacob Christian Schaeffer. It can be recognized by its distinctive pale green cap that measures up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter, the surface of which is covered with darker green angular patches. It has crowded white gills, and a firm, white stipe that is up to 8 cm (3 in) tall and 4 cm (1.6 in) thick. It resembles species such as Russula parvovirescens and R. crustosa. Its distribution encompasses Eurasia, North Africa, and possibly Central America. It fruits singly or scattered on the ground in both deciduous and mixed forests, forming mycorrhizal associations with broadleaf trees such as oak, European beech, and aspen. In Asia, it associates with several species of tropical lowland rainforest trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae. Considered to be one of the best edible mushrooms of its genus, it is especially popular in Spain and China. With a taste that is described variously as mild, nutty, fruity, or sweet, it is cooked by grilling, frying, sautéeing, or eaten raw. The mushrooms are rich in carbohydrates and proteins, with a low fat content. R. virescens has a ribonuclease enzyme with a biochemistry unique among edible mushrooms. It also has biologically active polysaccharides, and a laccase enzyme that can break down several dyes used in the laboratory and in the textile industry. ## Taxonomy Russula virescens was first described by German polymath Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1774 as Agaricus virescens. The species was subsequently transferred to the genus Russula by Elias Fries in 1836. According to the nomenclatural authority MycoBank, Russula furcata var. aeruginosa (published by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1796) and Agaricus caseosus (published by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth in 1883) are synonyms of Russula virescens. The variety albidocitrina, defined by Claude Casimir Gillet in 1876, is no longer considered to have independent taxonomic significance. According to Rolf Singer's 1986 classification of Russula, R. virescens is the type species of subsection Virescentinae in section Rigidae, a grouping of mushrooms characterized by a cap surface that breaks into patches of bran-like (furfuraceous) particles. In a molecular phylogenetic analysis of European Russula, R. virescens formed a clade with R. mustelina; these two species were sister to a clade containing R. amoenicolor and R. violeipes. The specific epithet virescens is Latin for "becoming green". The characteristic pattern of the cap surface has earned the species common names such as the green-cracking russula, the quilted green russula, and the green brittlegill. In the mid-Atlantic United States, it is also known locally as the moldy russula. ## Description Described by mushroom enthusiast Antonio Carluccio as "not exactly nice to look at", the cap is at first dome or barrel-shaped, becoming convex and flattened with age with a diameter of up to 15 cm (6 in). The cap center is often depressed. The cuticle of the cap is green, most profoundly in the center, with patches of the same color dispersed radially around the center in an areolate pattern. The color of the cuticle is often of variable shade, ranging from gray to verdigris to grass-green. The extent of the patching of the cuticle is also variable, giving specimens with limited patches a resemblance to other green-capped species of Russula, such as R. aeruginea. The green patches of the cap lie on a white to pale green background. The cap, while frequently round, may also exhibit irregular lobes and cracks. The cap cuticle is thin, and can be readily peeled off the surface to a distance of about halfway towards the cap center. The gills are white to cream colored, and fairly crowded together; they are mostly free from attachment to the stipe. Gills are interconnected at their bases by veins. The stipe is cylindrical, white, and of variable height, up to 8 cm (3 in) tall and 4 cm (1.6 in) wide; it is roughly the same thickness at both the top and the base. The top portion of the stipe may be farinose—covered with a white, mealy powder. It may turn slightly brown with age, or when it is injured or bruised from handling. Like other mushrooms in the Russulales, the flesh is brittle, owing to the sphaerocyst cytoarchitecture—cylindrical cells that contrast with the typical fibrous, filamentous hyphae present in other orders of the basidiomycota. The spores of R. virescens are elliptical or ellipsoid with warts, translucent (hyaline), and produce a white, pale or pale yellow spore print; the spore dimensions are 6–9 by 5–7 μm. A partial reticulum (net-like pattern of ridges) interconnects the warts. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are club-shaped and have dimensions of 24–33 by 6–7.5 μm; they are colorless, and each hold from two to four spores. The pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are 40–85 by 6–8 μm and end abruptly in a sharp point. ### Similar species Young specimens are pale and can be hard to identify, but the characteristic pattern of older fruit bodies makes them hard to confuse with other species. When collecting R. virescens for consumption, caution is of vital importance to avoid confusion with the dangerously poisonous Amanita phalloides (the death cap), a mushroom that can be most easily identified by its volva and ring. Russula parvovirescens, found in the eastern United States, can be distinguished from R. virescens by its smaller stature, with caps measuring 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) wide and stipe up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long by 2 cm (0.8 in) thick. Compared to R. virescens, it tends to be more bluish-green, the patches on its cap are larger, and it has a lined cap margin. Microscopically, the terminal cells in the cap cuticle of R. parvovirescens are more swollen than those of R. virescens, which has tapered and elongated terminal cells. Another green-capped Russula is R. aeruginea, but this species may be distinguished from R. virescens by its smaller size and smooth cap. Other green russulas with a smooth cap include R. heterophylla and R. cyanoxantha var. peltereaui. Russula crustosa, like R. virescens, also has an areolate cap, but the cap becomes sticky (viscid) when moist, and its color is more variable, as it may be reddish, yellowish, or brown. Also, the spore print of R. crustosa is a darker yellow than R. virescens. R. redolens has a cap that is "drab-green to blue-green", but unlike R. virescens, is smooth. R. redolens has an unpleasant taste and smells of parsley. ## Habitat and distribution Russula virescens can be found fruiting on soil in both deciduous forests and mixed forests, forming ectomycorrhizal symbiotic relationships with a variety of trees, including oaks (Quercus), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), and aspen (Populus tremula). Preliminary investigations suggest that the fungus also associates with at least ten species of Dipterocarpaceae, an important tree family prevalent in the tropical lowland forests of Southeast Asia. Fruit bodies may appear singly or in groups, reappear in the same spots year after year, and are not common. In Europe, fruiting occurs mainly during the months of summer to early autumn. A Mexican study of the seasonal occurrence of several common mushroom species in subtropical forests in Xalapa showed that the fruiting period of R. virescens occurred in April, before the onset of the rainy season. The distribution of R. virescens in North America is subject to debate, where a number of similar species such as R. parvovirescens and R. crustosa are also recognized. One author even suggests that R. virescens "is strictly a European species", citing Buyck and collaborators (2006), who say "the virescens-crustosa group is much more complex than suspected and embraces at least a dozen taxa in the eastern US". As in Europe, Russula virescens has a widespread distribution in Asia, having been recorded from India, Malaysia, Korea, the Philippines, Nepal, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is also found in North Africa and Central America. ## Edibility Although care must be taken to distinguish from the death cap, R. virescens is an edible mushroom considered to be one of the best of its genus. Its smell is not distinctive, but its taste has been described as mild, nutty, fruity, or even sweet. Old specimens may smell of herrings. Drying the mushrooms enhances the nutty flavor and the green color disappears with cooking. Mushrooms can be sautéed; young specimens prepared this way have a potato taste that pairs well with shallots. They are also fried or grilled, and can be used raw in salads. It is popular in Europe, particularly in Spain. In an 1875 work on the uses of fungi, English mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke remarked about the mushroom that "the peasants about Milan are in the habit of putting [it] over wood embers to toast, and eating [it] afterwards with a little salt." The mushroom is often sold as a dried product in Asia; in China, it can be found in roadside markets, and used in traditional herbal medicines. A lady amateur mycophagist of the writer's acquaintance, ... who is especially fond of the green Russula, is never at a loss for this especially prized tidbit as a reward for her daily stroll among the trees. A visitor may often see upon her buffet a small glass dish filled with the mushrooms, nicely scraped and cut in pieces—an ever-present relish between meals. For even in their natural state, as she discriminatingly says, they are "as sweet as chestnuts". This is especially the case with the "buttons" or younger specimens.— William Hamilton Gibson, Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms and How to Distinguish Them (1895) The nutritional components of R. virescens mushrooms have been characterized. Fresh mushrooms contain about 92.5% moisture. A 100-gram (3.5 oz) sample of dried mushroom (100 g dw) has 365 kcal (1527 kilojoules). Carbohydrates make up the bulk of the fruit bodies, comprising 62% of the dry weight; 11.1% of the carbohydrates are sugars, the large majority of which (10.9%) is mannitol. The total lipid, or crude fat, content makes up 1.85% of the dry matter of the mushroom. The proportion of fatty acids (expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids) are 28.78% saturated, 41.51% monounsaturated, and 29.71% polyunsaturated. The most prevalent fatty acids include: palmitic acid, 17.3% of total fatty acids; stearic acid, 7.16%; oleic acid, 40.27%; and linoleic acid, 29.18%. Several bioactive compounds are present in the mushroom. One hundred grams (dry weight) contains 49.3 micrograms (μg) of tocopherols (20.0 μg alpha, 21.3 μg beta, and 8.0 μg gamma) and 0.19 milligrams (mg) of the carotenoid pigment lycopene. There are 4.46 g of organic acids per 100 g of dry mushrooms, including oxalic acid (0.78 g), malic acid (2.71 g), citric acid (0.55 g), and fumaric acid (0.23 g). Mushrooms have 22.6 mg/100 g dw of the phenolic compound 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 15.8 mg/100 g dw of cinnamic acid. ## Chemistry Russula virescens has a limited capacity to bioaccumulate the micronutrients iron, copper, and zinc from the soil. The concentration of these trace metals is slightly higher in the caps than the stipes. A 300-gram (11 oz) meal of fresh mushroom caps would supply 16% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of copper for an adult male or female (ages 19–50); 16% or 7.3% of the RDA of iron for an adult male or female, respectively; and 16–22% of the adult RDA of zinc. The mushroom is a poor bioaccumulator of the toxic heavy metals arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel. Biologically active mushroom polysaccharides have been a frequent research topic in recent decades due to their possible stimulatory effect on innate and cell-mediated immune responses, antitumor activities, and other activities. Immunostimulatory activity, antioxidant activity, cholesterol-lowering, and blood sugar-lowering effects have been detected in extracts of R. virescens fruit bodies, which are attributed to polysaccharides. A water-insoluble beta-glucan, RVS3-II, has been isolated from the fruit bodies. Sulfated derivatives of this compound have antitumor activities against sarcoma tumor cell lines. RVP, a water-soluble polysaccharide present in the mushroom, is made largely of galactomannan subunits and has antioxidant activity. Ribonucleases (or RNases) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid (RNA), and collectively they play a critical role in many biological processes. A RNase from R. virescens was shown to be biochemically unique amongst seven edible mushroom species in several ways: it has a co-specificity towards cleaving RNA at poly A and poly C, compared to the monospecific RNases of the others; it can be adsorbed on chromatography columns containing DEAE–cellulose as the adsorbent; it has a pH optimum of 4.5, lower than all other species; and, it has a "distinctly different" N-terminal amino acid sequence. The mushroom contains a unique laccase enzyme that can break down several dyes used in the laboratory and in the textile industry, such as bromothymol blue, eriochrome black T, malachite green, and reactive brilliant blue. Laccases are being used increasingly in the textile industry as environmental biocatalysts for the treatment of dye wastewater.	enwiki/4243440	enwiki	4,243,440	Russula virescens	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula_virescens	2025-07-11T04:22:29Z	en	Q677341	290,577	{{Short description\|Species of edible fungus}} {{featured article}} {{stack begin}} {{Speciesbox \| image = Russula virescens3.JPG \| image_caption = \| image_alt = Mushroom cap with small green patches on a light green surface. The cap becomes greener towards the center as the concentrations of patches increases; the center of the cap surface is depressed. \| image2 = Russula virescens 105518.jpg \| image2_caption = \| image2_alt = The underside of a mushroom cap, lying on the forest floor, showing white lines arranged radially around them central white stipe; the lines are packed closely together, with little space between them \| genus = Russula \| species = virescens \| authority = ([[Jacob Christian Schäffer\|Schaeff.]]) [[Elias Magnus Fries\|Fr.]] (1836) \| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Russula virescens"/> \| synonyms = {{plainlist\| ''Agaricus virescens'' <small>Schaeff. (1774)</small> ''Russula furcata'' var. ''aeruginosa'' <small>[[Pers.]] (1796)</small> ''Agaricus caseosus'' <small>[[Wallr.]] (1883)</small> ''Russula virescens'' var. ''albidocitrina'' <small>[[Claude Casimir Gillet\|Gillet]] (1876)<ref name="Gillet 1876"/></small> }} }} {{mycomorphbox \| name = ''Russula virescens'' \| whichGills = adnate \| capShape = convex \| capShape2 = flat \| hymeniumType = gills \| stipeCharacter = bare \| ecologicalType = mycorrhizal \| sporePrintColor = white \| sporePrintColor2 = yellow \| howEdible = choice }} {{stack end}} '''''Russula virescens''''' is a [[basidiomycete]] mushroom of the [[genus]] ''[[Russula]]'', and is commonly known as the '''green-cracking russula''', the '''quilted green russula''', or the '''green brittlegill'''. The species was described as new to science in 1774 by [[Jacob Christian Schaeffer]]. It can be recognized by its distinctive pale green [[pileus (mycology)\|cap]] that measures up to {{convert\|15\|cm\|in\|0\|abbr=on}} in diameter, the surface of which is covered with darker green angular patches. It has crowded white [[lamella (mycology)\|gills]], and a firm, white [[stipe (mycology)\|stipe]] that is up to {{convert\|8\|cm\|in\|0\|abbr=on}} tall and {{convert\|4\|cm\|in\|1\|abbr=on}} thick. It resembles species such as ''[[Russula parvovirescens]]'' and ''[[Russula crustosa\|R. crustosa]]''. Its distribution encompasses Eurasia, North Africa, and possibly Central America. It fruits singly or scattered on the ground in both [[deciduous]] and [[mixed forest]]s, forming [[mycorrhiza]]l associations with broadleaf trees such as [[oak]], [[Fagus sylvatica\|European beech]], and [[aspen]]. In Asia, it associates with several species of tropical lowland [[rainforest]] trees of the family [[Dipterocarpaceae]]. Considered to be one of the best [[edible mushroom]]s of its genus, it is especially popular in Spain and China. With a taste that is described variously as mild, nutty, fruity, or sweet, it is cooked by [[grilling]], [[frying]], [[sautéeing]], or eaten raw. The mushrooms are rich in [[carbohydrate]]s and [[Protein (nutrient)\|proteins]], with a low [[fat]] content. ''R. virescens'' has a [[ribonuclease]] enzyme with a [[biochemistry]] unique among edible mushrooms. It also has [[biological activity\|biologically active]] [[polysaccharide]]s, and a [[laccase]] enzyme that can break down several [[dye]]s used in the laboratory and in the [[textile industry]]. == Taxonomy == [[File:Russula virescens illustration 1898.jpg\|thumb\|1898 illustration by [[Louis Charles Christopher Krieger]]]] ''Russula virescens'' was first described by German [[polymath]] [[Jacob Christian Schaeffer]] in 1774 as ''Agaricus virescens''.<ref name="Schaeffer 1774"/> The species was subsequently transferred to the genus ''Russula'' by [[Elias Magnus Fries\|Elias Fries]] in 1836.<ref name="Fries 1836"/><ref name="urlFungorum: Russula virescens"/> According to the [[Scientific nomenclature\|nomenclatural]] authority [[MycoBank]], ''Russula furcata'' var. ''aeruginosa'' (published by [[Christian Hendrik Persoon]] in 1796<ref name="Persoon 1796"/>) and ''Agaricus caseosus'' (published by [[Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth]] in 1883<ref name="Wallroth 1833"/>) are [[synonym (biology)\|synonyms]] of ''Russula virescens''.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Russula virescens"/> The [[variety (botany)\|variety]] ''albidocitrina'', defined by [[Claude Casimir Gillet]] in 1876,<ref name="Gillet 1876"/> is no longer considered to have independent [[taxonomy (biology)\|taxonomic]] significance.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Russula virescens var. albidocitrina"/> According to [[Rolf Singer]]'s 1986 [[classification (biology)\|classification]] of ''Russula'', ''R. virescens'' is the [[type species]] of [[Subsection (botany)\|subsection]] ''Virescentinae'' in section ''Rigidae'', a grouping of mushrooms characterized by a cap surface that breaks into patches of bran-like (furfuraceous) particles.<ref name="Singer 1986"/> In a [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis of European ''Russula'', ''R. virescens'' formed a [[clade]] with ''[[Russula mustelina\|R. mustelina]]''; these two species were [[sister group\|sister]] to a clade containing ''[[Russula amoenicolor\|R. amoenicolor]]'' and ''[[Russula violeipes\|R. violeipes]]''.<ref name="Miller 2002"/> The [[specific name (botany)\|specific epithet]] ''virescens'' is [[Latin]] for "becoming green".<ref name="Findlay 1967"/> The characteristic pattern of the cap surface has earned the species [[common name]]s such as the green-cracking russula, the quilted green russula,<ref name="Arora 1986"/> and the green brittlegill.<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> In the [[mid-Atlantic United States]], it is also known locally as the moldy russula.<ref name="Russell 2006"/> == Description == Described by mushroom enthusiast [[Antonio Carluccio]] as "not exactly nice to look at", the [[Pileus (mycology)\|cap]] is at first dome or barrel-shaped, becoming convex and flattened with age with a diameter of up to {{convert\|15\|cm\|in\|0\|abbr=on}}. The cap center is often depressed.<ref name="Carluccio 2003"/> The [[pileipellis\|cuticle]] of the cap is green, most profoundly in the center, with patches of the same color dispersed radially around the center in an [[wikt:areolate\|areolate]] pattern.<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> The color of the cuticle is often of variable shade, ranging from gray to [[verdigris]] to grass-green. The extent of the patching of the cuticle is also variable, giving specimens with limited patches a resemblance to other green-capped species of ''Russula'', such as ''[[Russula aeruginea\|R. aeruginea]]''. The green patches of the cap lie on a white to pale green background. The cap, while frequently round, may also exhibit irregular lobes and cracks. The cap cuticle is thin, and can be readily peeled off the surface to a distance of about halfway towards the cap center.<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> The [[Lamella (mycology)\|gills]] are white to cream colored, and fairly crowded together; they are mostly free from attachment to the [[stipe (mycology)\|stipe]]. Gills are interconnected at their bases by veins.<ref name="urlRogers Mushrooms"/> The stipe is cylindrical, white, and of variable height, up to {{convert\|8\|cm\|in\|0\|abbr=on}} tall and {{convert\|4\|cm\|in\|1\|abbr=on}} wide;<ref name="Petersen 1990"/> it is roughly the same thickness at both the top and the base. The top portion of the stipe may be farinose—covered with a white, mealy powder.<ref name="Jordan 2004"/> It may turn slightly brown with age, or when it is injured or bruised from handling.<ref name="Healy 2008"/> Like other mushrooms in the [[Russulales]], the [[trama (mycology)\|flesh]] is brittle, owing to the sphaerocyst cytoarchitecture—cylindrical cells that contrast with the typical fibrous, filamentous [[hypha]]e present in other orders of the [[basidiomycota]].<ref name="urlRussulales News / Characteristics of the russuloid fungi"/> [[File:Russula virescens 105520.jpg\|thumb\|Spores are translucent and warted.]] The [[basidiospore\|spores]] of ''R. virescens'' are elliptical or [[ellipsoid]] with warts, translucent ([[hyaline]]), and produce a white, pale or pale yellow [[spore print]];<ref name="Arora 1986"/><ref name="Hinkova 1986"/> the spore dimensions are 6–9 by 5–7 [[micrometre\|μm]].<ref name="Arora 1986"/> A partial reticulum (net-like pattern of ridges) interconnects the warts. The spore-bearing cells, the [[basidia]], are club-shaped and have dimensions of 24–33 by 6–7.5 μm; they are colorless, and each hold from two to four spores. The pleurocystidia ([[cystidia]] on the gill face) are 40–85 by 6–8 μm and end abruptly in a sharp point.<ref name="Bi 1993"/> === Similar species === Young specimens are pale and can be hard to identify, but the characteristic pattern of older fruit bodies makes them hard to confuse with other species. When collecting ''R. virescens'' for consumption, caution is of vital importance to avoid confusion with the dangerously poisonous ''[[Amanita phalloides]]'' (the [[death cap]]), a mushroom that can be most easily identified by its [[volva (mycology)\|volva]] and [[annulus (mycology)\|ring]].<ref name="Zeitlmayr 1976" /> ''Russula parvovirescens'', found in the eastern United States, can be distinguished from ''R. virescens'' by its smaller stature, with caps measuring {{convert\|4\|–\|8\|cm\|in\|abbr=on}} wide and stipe up to {{convert\|6\|cm\|in\|abbr=on}} long by {{convert\|2\|cm\|in\|1\|abbr=on}} thick. Compared to ''R. virescens'', it tends to be more bluish-green, the patches on its cap are larger, and it has a lined cap margin. Microscopically, the terminal cells in the cap cuticle of ''R. parvovirescens'' are more swollen than those of ''R. virescens'', which has tapered and elongated terminal cells.<ref name="Buyck 2006"/> Another green-capped ''Russula'' is ''[[Russula aeruginea\|R. aeruginea]]'', but this species may be distinguished from ''R. virescens'' by its smaller size and smooth cap.<ref name="Metzler 1992"/> Other green russulas with a smooth cap include ''[[Russula heterophylla\|R. heterophylla]]'' and [[Russula cyanoxantha\|''R. cyanoxantha'' var. ''peltereaui'']].<ref name="Cullington 2004"/> ''[[Russula crustosa]]'', like ''R. virescens'', also has an areolate cap, but the cap becomes sticky (viscid) when moist, and its color is more variable, as it may be reddish, yellowish, or brown.<ref name="Arora 1986"/><ref name="McKnight 1987"/> Also, the spore print of ''R. crustosa'' is a darker yellow than ''R. virescens''.<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> ''[[Russula redolens\|R. redolens]]'' has a cap that is "drab-green to blue-green", but unlike ''R. virescens'', is smooth. ''R. redolens'' has an unpleasant taste and smells of [[parsley]].<ref name="Miller 2006"/> == Habitat and distribution == [[File:Russula virescens 89201.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Young mushrooms with light green coloration]] ''Russula virescens'' can be found fruiting on soil in both [[Temperate deciduous forest\|deciduous forests]] and [[mixed forest]]s,<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> forming [[ectomycorrhiza]]l [[symbiosis\|symbiotic]] relationships with a variety of trees, including oaks (''[[Quercus]]''), European beech (''[[Fagus sylvatica]]''), and aspen (''[[Populus tremula]]'').<ref name="Trappe 1962"/> Preliminary investigations suggest that the fungus also associates with at least ten species of [[Dipterocarpaceae]], an important tree family prevalent in the tropical lowland forests of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Brearly 2012"/> Fruit bodies may appear singly or in groups,<ref name="Roody 2003"/> reappear in the same spots year after year, and are not common. In Europe, fruiting occurs mainly during the months of summer to early autumn.<ref name="Jordan 2004"/> A Mexican study of the seasonal occurrence of several common mushroom species in [[subtropical]] forests in [[Xalapa]] showed that the fruiting period of ''R. virescens'' occurred in April, before the onset of the [[Wet season\|rainy season]].<ref name="Chacon 1995"/> The distribution of ''R. virescens'' in North America is subject to debate, where a number of similar species such as ''[[Russula parvovirescens\|R. parvovirescens]]'' and ''R. crustosa'' are also recognized.<ref name="Buyck 2006"/><ref name="urlKuo"/> One author even suggests that ''R. virescens'' "is strictly a European species",<ref name="urlKuo"/> citing Buyck and collaborators (2006), who say "the ''virescens''-''crustosa'' group is much more complex than suspected and embraces at least a dozen taxa in the eastern US".<ref name="Buyck 2006"/> As in Europe, ''Russula virescens'' has a widespread distribution in Asia, having been recorded from India,<ref name="Das 2002"/> Malaysia,<ref name="Watling 1998"/> Korea,<ref name="Lee 1986"/> the Philippines,<ref name="Sims 1997"/> Nepal,<ref name="Christensen 2008"/> China,<ref name="Peng 2003"/> Thailand,<ref name="Høiland 2008"/> and Vietnam.<ref name="Kiet 1998"/> It is also found in North Africa and Central America.<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> == Edibility == [[File:Russula virescens 107410.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Despite its "moldy" appearance, ''R. virescens'' is a good edible mushroom.]] Although care must be taken to distinguish from the death cap,<ref name="Zeitlmayr 1976" /> ''R. virescens'' is an [[edible mushroom]] considered to be one of the best of its genus''.'' Its smell is not distinctive, but its taste has been described as mild, nutty,<ref name="urlKuo" /> fruity,<ref name="Zeitlmayr 1976" /> or even sweet.<ref name="Carluccio 2003" /> Old specimens may smell of [[herring]]s.<ref name="Zeitlmayr 1976" /> Drying the mushrooms enhances the nutty flavor and the green color disappears with cooking. Mushrooms can be [[Sautéing\|sautéed]]; young specimens prepared this way have a potato taste that pairs well with [[shallot]]s.<ref name="Kuo 2007" /> They are also fried or grilled,<ref name="Zeitlmayr 1976" /> and can be used raw in salads.<ref name="Schunko 2010" /> It is popular in Europe,<ref name="Russell 2006" /><ref name="Hinkova 1986" /><ref name="Boa 2006" /><ref name="urlRussulales News / Russula virescens" /> particularly in Spain.<ref name="Carluccio 2003" /> In an 1875 work on the uses of fungi, English mycologist [[Mordecai Cubitt Cooke]] remarked about the mushroom that "the peasants about Milan are in the habit of putting [it] over wood embers to toast, and eating [it] afterwards with a little salt."<ref name="Cooke 1875" /> The mushroom is often sold as a dried product in Asia;<ref name="Sitta 2012" /> in China, it can be found in roadside markets,<ref name="Lincoff 2011" /> and used in [[Chinese herbology\|traditional herbal medicines]].<ref name="yingicones">Ying, J., et al. "Icones of medicinal fungi from China, Yuehan X, trans." (1987).</ref>{{quotation\|text=A lady amateur mycophagist of the writer's acquaintance, ... who is especially fond of the green Russula, is never at a loss for this especially prized tidbit as a reward for her daily stroll among the trees. A visitor may often see upon her buffet a small glass dish filled with the mushrooms, nicely scraped and cut in pieces—an ever-present relish between meals. For even in their natural state, as she discriminatingly says, they are "as sweet as chestnuts". This is especially the case with the "buttons" or younger specimens.\|author=[[William Hamilton Gibson]]\|source=''Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms and How to Distinguish Them'' (1895)<ref name="Gibson 1895"/>}} The nutritional components of ''R. virescens'' mushrooms have been characterized. Fresh mushrooms contain about 92.5% moisture. A {{convert\|100\|g\|oz\|adj=on}} sample of dried mushroom (100 g dw) has 365 [[calorie\|kcal]] (1527 [[kilojoules]]). [[Carbohydrate]]s make up the bulk of the fruit bodies, comprising 62% of the dry weight; 11.1% of the carbohydrates are [[sugar]]s, the large majority of which (10.9%) is [[mannitol]]. The total [[lipid]], or crude fat, content makes up 1.85% of the dry matter of the mushroom. The proportion of [[fatty acid]]s (expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids) are 28.78% [[saturated fat\|saturated]], 41.51% [[monounsaturated fat\|monounsaturated]], and 29.71% [[polyunsaturated fatty acid\|polyunsaturated]]. The most prevalent fatty acids include: [[palmitic acid]], 17.3% of total fatty acids; [[stearic acid]], 7.16%; [[oleic acid]], 40.27%; and [[linoleic acid]], 29.18%. Several [[biological activity\|bioactive]] compounds are present in the mushroom. One hundred grams (dry weight) contains 49.3 [[microgram]]s (μg) of [[tocopherol]]s (20.0 μg [[alpha-Tocopherol\|alpha]], 21.3 μg [[beta-Tocopherol\|beta]], and 8.0 μg [[gamma-Tocopherol\|gamma]]) and 0.19 milligrams (mg) of the [[carotenoid]] pigment [[lycopene]]. There are 4.46 g of [[organic acid]]s per 100 g of dry mushrooms, including [[oxalic acid]] (0.78 g), [[malic acid]] (2.71 g), [[citric acid]] (0.55 g), and [[fumaric acid]] (0.23 g). Mushrooms have 22.6 mg/100 g dw of the [[phenols\|phenolic]] compound [[4-hydroxybenzoic acid]], and 15.8 mg/100 g dw of [[cinnamic acid]].<ref name="Leal 2013" /> == Chemistry == ''Russula virescens'' has a limited capacity to [[bioaccumulation\|bioaccumulate]] the [[micronutrient]]s [[iron]], [[copper]], and [[zinc]] from the soil. The concentration of these trace metals is slightly higher in the caps than the stipes. A {{convert\|300\|g\|adj=on}} meal of fresh mushroom caps would supply 16% of the [[recommended daily allowance]] (RDA) of copper for an adult male or female (ages 19–50); 16% or 7.3% of the RDA of iron for an adult male or female, respectively; and 16–22% of the adult RDA of zinc.<ref name="Busuioc 2011"/> The mushroom is a poor bioaccumulator of the toxic [[heavy metal (chemistry)\|heavy metals]] [[arsenic]], [[cadmium]], [[lead]], [[mercury (element)\|mercury]], and [[nickel]].<ref name="Chen 2009"/> [[Biological activity\|Biologically active]] mushroom [[polysaccharide]]s have been a frequent research topic in recent decades due to their possible stimulatory effect on [[innate immune system\|innate]] and [[cell-mediated immunity\|cell-mediated]] immune responses, antitumor activities, and other activities.<ref name="Wasser 2011"/> Immunostimulatory activity, [[antioxidant]] activity, [[cholesterol]]-lowering, and [[blood sugar]]-lowering effects have been detected in extracts of ''R. virescens'' fruit bodies, which are attributed to polysaccharides.<ref name="Badalyan 2012"/> A water-insoluble [[beta-glucan]], RVS3-II, has been isolated from the fruit bodies. [[Sulfation\|Sulfated]] [[derivative (chemistry)\|derivatives]] of this compound have antitumor activities against [[sarcoma]] tumor [[cell line]]s.<ref name="Sun 2009"/> RVP, a water-soluble polysaccharide present in the mushroom, is made largely of [[galactomannan]] subunits and has antioxidant activity.<ref name="Sun 2010"/> [[Ribonuclease]]s (or RNases) are [[enzyme]]s that [[enzyme catalysis\|catalyze]] the [[hydrolysis]] of [[ribonucleic acid]] (RNA), and collectively they play a critical role in many biological processes. A RNase from ''R. virescens'' was shown to be biochemically unique amongst seven edible mushroom species in several ways: it has a co-[[Specificity (biochemistry)#Specificity\|specificity]] towards cleaving RNA at poly [[adenine\|A]] and poly [[cytosine\|C]], compared to the monospecific RNases of the others; it can be [[adsorption\|adsorbed]] on [[column chromatography\|chromatography]] columns containing [[Diethylaminoethyl cellulose\|DEAE–cellulose]] as the adsorbent; it has a [[pH]] optimum of 4.5, lower than all other species; and, it has a "distinctly different" [[N-terminal]] [[amino acid sequence]].<ref name="Wang 2003"/> The mushroom contains a unique [[laccase]] enzyme that can break down several [[dye]]s used in the laboratory and in the [[textile industry]], such as [[bromothymol blue]], [[eriochrome black T]], [[malachite green]], and reactive brilliant blue. Laccases are being used increasingly in the textile industry as environmental biocatalysts for the treatment of dye [[wastewater]].<ref name="Zhu 2013"/> == See also == {{Portal\|Fungi}} * [[List of Russula species\|List of ''Russula'' species]] {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist\|colwidth=30em\|refs= <ref name="Arora 1986">{{cite book \|author=Arora D. \|title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi \|publisher=Ten Speed Press \|location=Berkeley \|year=1986 \|page=95 \|isbn=978-0-89815-169-5 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vY8FXXrlHFMC&pg=PA95}}</ref> <ref name="Badalyan 2012">{{cite book \|author=Badalyan S. \|chapter=Medicinal aspects of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms \|title=Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects \|veditors=Zambonelli A, Bonita GM \|series=Soil Biology \|volume=34 \|year=2012 \|pages=317–34 \|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg \|isbn=978-3-642-33822-9}}</ref> <ref name="Bi 1993">{{cite book 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and Uses \|series=International Scientific Series \|volume=15 \|year=1875 \|publisher=D. Appleton \|location=New York \|page=93 \|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924000646509#page/n113/mode/2up}}</ref> <ref name="Cullington 2004">{{cite journal \|author=Cullington P. \|title=Those green russulas! \|journal=Field Mycology \|year=2004 \|volume=5 \|issue=1 \|pages=24–7 \|doi=10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60236-8\|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Das 2002">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Das N, Mahapatra SC, Chattopadhyay RN \|title=Wild edible mushrooms: Non-wood forest products for livelihood generation \|journal=The Indian Forester \|year=2002 \|volume=128 \|issue=4 \|pages=445–55 \|issn=0019-4816}}</ref> <ref name="Findlay 1967">{{cite book \|author=Findlay WPK. \|title=Wayside and Woodland Fungi \|series=Wayside and Woodland Series \|year=1967 \|publisher=Frederick Warne \|location=London \|page=117 \|isbn=978-0-7232-0008-6}}</ref> <ref name="Fries 1836">{{cite book \|author=Fries EM. 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Iowa Press \|location=Iowa City \|year=2008 \|page=117 \|isbn=978-1-58729-627-7 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tl2fVAHuej4C&pg=PA117}}</ref> <ref name="Hinkova 1986">{{cite book \|author=Hinkova T. \|title=Нашите Гъби \|trans-title=Our Mushrooms \|year=1986 \|page=107 \|publisher=Zemizdat (Bulgaria) \|language=bg}}</ref> <ref name="Høiland 2008">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Høiland K, Schumacher T \|title=Agarics, clavarioid and some heterobasidiomycetous fungi from Northern Thailand \|journal=Nordic Journal of Botany \|year=1982 \|volume=2 \|issue=3 \|pages=265–71 \|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01188.x \|bibcode=1982NorJB...2..265H }}</ref> <ref name="Jordan 2004">{{cite book \|author=Jordan M. \|title=The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe \|year=2004 \|publisher=Frances Lincoln \|location=London \|page=328 \|isbn=978-0-7112-2378-3 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhwByKCyEwC&pg=PA328}}</ref> <ref name="Kiet 1998">{{cite journal \|author=Kiet TT. \|title=Charakteristika der Großpilzflora Vietnams \|journal=Feddes Repertorium \|year=1998 \|volume=109 \|issue=3–4 \|pages=249–55 \|doi=10.1002/fedr.19981090308 \|language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Kuo 2007">{{cite book \|author=Kuo M. \|title=100 Edible Mushrooms \|publisher=The University of Michigan Press \|location=Ann Arbor \|year=2007 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/100ediblemushroo00kuom/page/212 212] \|isbn=978-0-472-03126-9 \|url=https://archive.org/details/100ediblemushroo00kuom/page/212 }}</ref> <ref name="Leal 2013">{{cite journal \|author1=Leal AR \|author2=Barros L \|author3=Barreira JCM \|author4=Sousa MJ \|author5=Martins A \|author6=Santos-Buelga C \|author7=Ferreira ICFR. \|title=Portuguese wild mushrooms at the "pharma–nutrition" interface: Nutritional characterization and antioxidant properties \|year=2013 \|journal=Food Research International \|volume=50 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–9 \|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.012\|url=https://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/bitstream/10198/8532/4/Ana%20Raquel_FRI%20-Revised%20-%202.pdf \|hdl=10198/8532 \|hdl-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Lee 1986">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Lee KJ, Kim YS \|title=Host range and host specificity of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi collected under ten different artificial forest types in Korea \|journal=Agricultural Research Seoul National University \|year=1986 \|volume=11 \|issue=2 \|pages=41–8 \|issn=0255-7010}}</ref> <ref name="Lincoff 2011">{{cite book \|author=Lincoff G. \|title=The Complete Mushroom Hunter: An Illustrated Guide to Finding, Harvesting, and Enjoying Wild Mushrooms \|year=2011 \|publisher=Quarry Books \|location=Beverly \|isbn=978-1-61058-099-1 \|page=16 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxAFmzA1300C&pg=PA16}}</ref> <ref name="McKnight 1987">{{cite book \|vauthors=McKnight VB, McKnight KH \|title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin \|location=Boston \|year=1987 \|page=325 \|isbn=978-0-395-91090-0 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&pg=RA1-PA325}}</ref> <ref name="Metzler 1992">{{cite book \|vauthors=Metzler V, Metzler S \|title=Texas Mushrooms: A Field Guide \|publisher=University of Texas Press \|location=Austin \|year=1992 \|page=110 \|isbn=978-0-292-75125-5 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRtfvVigMmsC&pg=PA110}}</ref> <ref name="Miller 2002">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Miller SL, Buyck B \|title=Molecular phylogeny of the genus ''Russula'' in Europe with a comparison of modern infrageneric classifications \|journal=Mycological Research \|year=2002 \|volume=106 \|issue=3 \|pages=259–76 \|doi=10.1017/S0953756202005610}}</ref> <ref name="Miller 2006">{{cite book \|vauthors=Miller HR, Miller OK \|title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi \|publisher=Falcon Guide \|location=Guilford \|year=2006 \|page=79 \|isbn=978-0-7627-3109-1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjvXkLpqsEgC&pg=PA79}}</ref> <ref name="Peng 2003">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Peng W, Gan B, Tan W, Guo Y \|title=Studies on economic mushrooms in Longmen mountain areas \|journal=Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences \|year=2003 \|volume=16 \|issue=1 \|pages=36–41 \|issn=1001-4829 \|language=zh}}</ref> <ref name="Persoon 1796">{{cite book \|author=Persoon CH. \|title=Observationes mycologicae \|year=1796 \|volume=1 \|publisher=Petrum Phillippum Wolf \|location=Leipzig \|page=103 \|url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5680 \|language=la \|access-date=2013-04-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219091343/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5680 \|archive-date=2013-12-19 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Petersen 1990">{{cite book \|vauthors=Petersen JH, Vesterholt J \|title=Danske storsvampe. Basidiesvampe \|trans-title=A Key to Danish Basidiomycetes \|year=1990 \|publisher=Gyldendal \|location=Viborg \|isbn=978-87-01-09932-5 <!--ISBN-status = May be invalid - please double check-->}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts 2011">{{cite book \|vauthors=Roberts P, Evans S \|title=The Book of Fungi \|year=2011 \|publisher=University of Chicago Press \|location=Chicago \|page=296 \|isbn=978-0-226-72117-0}}</ref> <ref name="Roody 2003">{{cite book \|author=Roody WC. \|title=Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians \|year=2003 \|publisher=University Press of Kentucky \|location=Lexington \|page=234 \|isbn=978-0-8131-9039-6 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&pg=PA234}}</ref> <ref name="Russell 2006">{{cite book \|author=Russell B. \|title=Field Guide to the Wild Mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic \|year=2006 \|location=University Park \|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press \|isbn=978-0-271-02891-0 \|pages=97–8 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLgjr5p0XFkC&pg=PA97}}</ref> <ref name="Schaeffer 1774">{{cite book \|author=Schaeffer JC. \|title=Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones \|year=1774 \|location=Regensburg \|publisher=Apud J.J. Palmium \|volume=4 \|page=40; plate 94 \|language=la, de \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3887522}}</ref> <ref name="Sims 1997">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Sims K, Watling R, de la Cruz R, Jeffries P \|title=Ectomycorrhizal fungi of the Philippines: A preliminary survey and notes on the geographic biodiversity of the Sclerodermatales \|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation \|year=1997 \|volume=6 \|issue=1 \|pages=45–58 (see p. 53) \|doi=10.1023/A:1018371515051\|bibcode=1997BiCon...6...43S \|s2cid=28701896 }}</ref> <ref name="Singer 1986">{{cite book \|author=Singer R. \|title=The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy \|edition=4th \|year=1986 \|publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books \|location=Königstein im Taunus \|pages=820–1 \|isbn=978-3-87429-254-2}}</ref> <ref name="Schunko 2010">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Schunko C, Vogl CR \|title=Organic farmers use of wild food plants and fungi in a hilly area in Styria (Austria) \|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine \|year=2010 \|volume=6 \|article-number=17 \|doi=10.1186/1746-4269-6-17 \|pmid=20565945 \|pmc=2913933 \|doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name="Sitta 2012">{{cite book \|vauthors=Sitta N, Davoli P \|chapter=Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: International markets and regulations \|title=Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects \|veditors=Zambonelli A, Bonita GM \|series=Soil Biology \|volume=34 \|year=2012 \|pages=355–80 (see p. 356) \|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg \|isbn=978-3-642-33822-9}}</ref> <ref name="Sun 2009">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Sun Z, He Y, Liang Z, Zhou W, Niu T \|title=Sulfation of (1→3)-β-D-glucan from the fruiting bodies of ''Russula virescens'' and antitumor activities of the modifiers \|journal=Carbohydrate Polymers \|year=2009 \|volume=77 \|issue=3 \|pages=628–33 \|doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.02.001}}</ref> <ref name="Sun 2010">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Sun YX, Liu JC, Yang XD, Kennedy JF \|title=Purification, structural analysis and hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of ''Russula virescens'' \|journal=Process Biochemistry \|year=2010 \|volume=45 \|issue=6 \|pages=874–98 \|doi=10.1016/j.procbio.2010.02.007}}</ref> <ref name="Trappe 1962">{{cite journal \|author=Trappe JM. \|title=Fungus associates of ectotrophic mycorrhizae \|volume=28 \|issue=4 \|journal=Botanical Review \|year=1962 \|pages=538–606 \|jstor=4353659 \|doi=10.1007/BF02868758\|bibcode=1962BotRv..28..538T \|s2cid=42698903 }}</ref> <ref name="urlFungorum: Russula virescens">{{cite web \|title=''Russula virescens'' (Schaeff.) Fr., Anteckn. Sver. Ätl. Svamp.: 50 (1836) \|publisher=[[Index Fungorum]]. CAB International \|url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=203449 \|access-date=2013-04-24}}</ref> <ref name="urlKuo">{{cite web \|author=Kuo M. \|title=''Russula virescens'' \|publisher=Mushroom Expert \|url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/russula_virescens.html \|date=March 2009 \|access-date=2013-04-24}}</ref> <ref name="urlMycoBank: Russula virescens">{{cite web \|title=''Russula virescens'' (Schaeff.) Fr., Anteckningar öfver de i Sverige växande ätliga svampar: 50, 1836 \|url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=122777&Fields=All \|publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association \|access-date=2013-04-24}}</ref> <ref name="urlMycoBank: Russula virescens var. albidocitrina">{{cite web \|title=''Russula virescens'' var. ''albidocitrina'' Gillet, Les Hyménomycètes ou Description de tous les Champignons qui Croissent en France: 234, t. 54, 1876 \|url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=461104&Fields=All \|publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association \|access-date=2013-04-25}}</ref> <ref name="urlRogers Mushrooms">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6085.asp \|title=Rogers Mushrooms \| Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference \|author=Phillips R \|publisher=Rogers Plants \|access-date=2013-04-24 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220125959/http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6085.asp \|archive-date=2013-12-20 }}</ref> <ref name="urlRussulales News / Characteristics of the russuloid fungi">{{cite web \|url=http://www.mtsn.tn.it/russulales-news/in_characteristics.asp \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707154827/http://www.mtsn.tn.it/russulales-news/in_characteristics.asp \|archive-date=2013-07-07 \|work=Russulales News \|title=Characteristics of the russuloid fungi \|publisher=Russulales News Team \|access-date=2013-05-07}}</ref> <ref name="urlRussulales News / Russula virescens">{{cite web \|url=http://www.mtsn.tn.it/russulales-news/tx_photos.asp?index=6457 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013060220/http://www.mtsn.tn.it/russulales-news/tx_photos.asp?index=6457 \|archive-date=2011-10-13 \|work=Russulales News \|title=''Russula virescens'' \|publisher=Russulales News Team \|access-date=2013-05-07}}</ref> <ref name="Wallroth 1833">{{cite book \|author=Wallroth CFW. \|title=Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae \|year=1833 \|volume=2 \|publisher=J.L. Schrag \|location=Nürnberg \|page=728 \|language=la }}</ref> <ref name="Wang 2003">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Wang H, Ng TB \|title=A ribonuclease with distinctive features from the wild green-headed mushroom ''Russulus virescens''\|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications \|year=2003 \|volume=312 \|issue=4 \|pages=965–8 \|pmid=14651965 \|doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.201 \|bibcode=2003BBRC..312..965W }}</ref> <ref name="Wasser 2011">{{cite journal \|author=Wasser SP. \|title=Current findings, future trends, and unsolved problems in studies of medicinal mushrooms \|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology \|year=2011 \|volume=89 \|issue=5 \|pages=1323–32 \|doi=10.1007/s00253-010-3067-4 \|pmid=21190105\|s2cid=26580016 }}</ref> <ref name="Watling 1998">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Watling R, SuSee L \|title=Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with members of the Dipterocarpaceae in Peninsular Malaysia – II \|journal=Journal of Tropical Forest Science \|year=1998 \|volume=10 \|issue=4 \|pages=421–30 \|issn=0128-1283}}</ref> <ref name="Zeitlmayr 1976">{{cite book \|author=Zeitlmayr L. \|title=Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook \|year=1976 \|publisher=Garden City Press \|location=Hertfordshire \|page=62 \|isbn=978-0-584-10324-3}}</ref> <ref name="Zhu 2013">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Zhu MJ, Du F, Zhang GQ, Wang HX, Ng TB \|title=Purification of a laccase exhibiting dye decolorizing ability from an edible mushroom ''Russula virescens'' \|journal=International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation \|year=2013 \|volume=82 \|pages=33–39 \|doi=10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.02.010 \|bibcode=2013IBiBi..82...33Z }}</ref> }} ==External links== {{Commons}} {{Wikispecies}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q677341}} [[Category:Russula\|virescens]] [[Category:Edible fungi]] [[Category:Fungi described in 1774]] [[Category:Fungi of Africa]] [[Category:Fungi of Asia]] [[Category:Fungi of Central America]] [[Category:Fungi of Europe]] [[Category:Fungi of North America]] [[Category:Fungus species]]	1,299,913,841	[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Domain": "Eukaryota", "Kingdom": "Fungi", "Division": "Basidiomycota", "Class": "Agaricomycetes", "Order": "Russulales", "Family": "Russulaceae", "Genus": "Russula", "Species": "R. virescens"}}, {"title": "Binomial name", "data": {"Binomial name": "Russula virescens \u00b7 (Schaeff.) Fr. (1836)"}}, {"title": "Synonyms", "data": {"Synonyms": "- Agaricus virescens Schaeff. (1774) - Russula furcata var. aeruginosa Pers. (1796) - Agaricus caseosus Wallr. (1883) - Russula virescens var. albidocitrina Gillet (1876)"}}]	false
# RCA connector The RCA connector is a type of electrical connector commonly used to carry analog audio and video signals. The name refers to the popular name of Radio Corporation of America, which introduced the design in the 1930s. Typically, the output is a plug type connector and the input a jack type connector. These are referred to as RCA plug and RCA jack respectively. It is also called a phono connector, referring to its early use to connect a phonograph turntable to a radio receiver. As home audio systems became more complex, RCA cables became a standard way to connect components such as radio receivers, amplifiers, turntables, tape decks, and CD players. Their ubiquity led to them also being used for video: connecting analog televisions, videocassette recorders, DVD players, and game consoles. They remain in use as a simple, widely supported means of connection. In some European countries such as France and Germany, the name cinch is still used as an antonomasia of the Chicago-based manufacturer Cinch, for such a connector and socket. ## History The following dates were derived from historical RCA documentation. RCA introduced this connector by 1937, when it was used inside a RCA model U-109 radio-phonograph and model R-97 phonograph. In the U-109, the internal amplifier chassis had female connectors which accepted male cables from the internal radio chassis and built-in phonograph player. Originally, the concept was intended as an easy method to unhook sources while troubleshooting the console during servicing. By 1938, RCA had migrated the female connector to the rear panel of many of their desktop AM radio models to allow customers an easy method to attach an external phonograph or television at a later date. The connector was labeled on the back of radio with one of the following terms: "Victrola", "Phono", "Pick-up", or "Television". RCA later marketed a special turntable for 45 RPM records, the model 9JY. In 1939, RCA introduced two radio-television floor consoles (TRK-9, TRK-12) which used the same internal connection concept but the audio output of the television chassis was connected to the radio/amplifier chassis via a male to male cable. Three lower-cost 1939 television models had an audio output connector on their rear panel instead of an integrated amplifier and speaker: RCA TT-5, Westinghouse WRT-700, GE HM-171. In the 1950s, RCA connectors began to replace the older 1⁄4 inch (6.35 mm) phone connectors for many other applications in the consumer audio world when component high-fidelity systems started becoming popular during the transistor revolution. Refinement of the RCA connectors came with later designs, although they remained compatible. In the 1980s, some computer monitors and TVs had a RCA jack for composite video input. These were typically high end TVs for the time, a notable example being the Sony ProFeel line. While in theory this improved image quality by eliminating the need for an RF modulator, when connecting devices such as VCRs and computers, there was no guarantee for higher image quality. Later, some televisions had RCA jacks for audio and video out or component video inputs. ## Other uses In the most normal use, cables have a standard plug on each end, consisting of a central male connector, surrounded by a ring. The ring is often segmented to provide spring gripping pressure when mated. Devices mount the socket (female jack), consisting of a central hole with a ring of metal around it. The ring on the jack is slightly smaller in diameter and longer than the ring on the plug, allowing the plug's ring to fit tightly over it. The jack has a small area between the outer and inner rings which is filled with an insulator, typically plastic (very early versions, or those made for use as RF connectors, used ceramic). The RCA connector was initially used for audio signals. As with many other connectors, it has been adopted for uses other than originally intended, including as a DC power connector, an RF connector, and as a connector for loudspeaker cables. Its use as a connector for composite video signals is extremely common but provides poor impedance matching: there is neither a standard for plug impedance, nor is it feasible to provide a true match to 75 Ω due to plug dimensions. RCA connectors and cable are also commonly used to carry S/PDIF-formatted digital audio, with plugs colored orange to differentiate them from other typical connections. Connections are made by pushing the cable's plug into the female jack on the device. The signal-carrying pin protrudes from the plug, and often comes into contact with the socket before the grounded rings meet, resulting in loud hum or buzz if the audio components do not share a common ground and are powered while making connections. Continuous noise can occur if the plug partially falls out of the jack, breaking the ground connection but not the signal. Some variants of the plug, especially cheaper versions, also give very poor grip and contact between the ground sheaths due to their lack of spring action. They are often color-coded, yellow for composite video, red for the right audio channel, and white or black for the left channel of stereo audio. This trio (or pair) of jacks can often be found on the back of audio and video equipment. One or more sets are often found on TV sets to facilitate connection of camcorders, other portable video sources and video game consoles. Although nearly all connectors, including analog and S/PDIF audio as well as composite and component video, can use identical 75 Ω cables, sales of special-purpose cables for each use have proliferated. Varying cable quality means that a cheap line-level audio cable might not successfully transfer component video. For digital audio, as long as a connection is successfully made using the cables the sound will remain faithful to the original signal because a digital signal can only be fully received or not received at all. Cables should meet the S/PDIF specification as defined by the international standard IEC 60958-3 for assured performance. The male plug has a center pin that is 1⁄8 inch (3.175 mm) in diameter, and is surrounded by an outer shell that is 1⁄3 inch (8.47 mm) in diameter. ## Disadvantages When connecting the male into the female, the inner, hot (signal) connection is made before the ground connection has been guaranteed; this often produces a loud buzz if the equipment is active when the connection is made. The hot signal wire and signal ground provided by an RCA connection implement an unbalanced connection. A true balanced connection is generally preferred in certain applications, particularly professional settings because it allows for the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise. Using RCA connectors, each signal requires its own plug. Even the simple case of attaching a cassette deck may need four of them – two for stereo input and two for stereo output. In any common setup this quickly leads to a disarray of cables and confusion in how to connect them. This situation is made worse if one considers more complex signals like component video (a total of three for video and two for analog audio – or one for digital coaxial audio). Attempts were made to introduce combined audio/video connectors for direct signals - the most successful example was the SCART connector, which was successful in Europe but did not enter widespread use elsewhere. For a time the 5-pin DIN connector was popular for bi-directional stereo connection between A/V equipment, but it has been entirely displaced on modern consumer devices. Though RF modulators inherently transmit combined A/V signals in video applications, they depend on broadcast television systems and RF connectors which are not universal worldwide; RF signals are also generally inferior to direct signals due to protocol conversion and the RF limitations of the three major analog TV systems (NTSC, PAL and SECAM). Before HD television became a standard, nearly all TV sets, VCRs, and DVD players sold in Europe had SCART connectors, although these were sometimes supplemented by RCA and/or RF connectors. SCART–RCA adapters also exist, which usually allow input of composite video and stereo audio. Outside Europe, separate RCA connectors are usually used, supplemented by RF connectors for backward compatibility and simplicity. Although mini-DIN connectors are used for S-Video connections, composite video, component video, and analog audio (mono or stereo) all use RCA connectors unless the signals are sent via SCART. In the digital realm, however, combined A/V connectors are gaining ground: HDMI is commonly used today for consumer electronics; and DisplayPort, a potential competitor to HDMI, is often found on home computers and peripherals. ## Color coding in consumer equipment Plugs and sockets on consumer equipment are conventionally color-coded to aid correct connections. The standard colors for the various signals are shown in the table below; however, beyond 7.1 audio, the standard has degraded to a more general white/yellow, red/blue, and green/yellow color scheme for each cable respectively. Stereo audio applications use either black and red, grey and red, or white and red RCA connectors; in all three cases, red denotes right. White or purple may also be replaced by black. Some older tape recorders, and equipment like receivers designed to connect to them, use a 5-pin DIN connector to connect left and right for record and playback with a single cable. Adapters between this connector and RCA connectors have used white and red for left and right channel recording, and blue (or sometimes black) and yellow for playback, but this is not universal. Most modern equipment with RCA connectors for recording devices simply uses white and red for all stereo pairs, whether record or playback. While these are the standard colors found on commercially made products, cables with different-colored connectors may be used, as long as the cable itself is compatible with the application (for example, cables with 75 ohms impedance for video and S/PDIF). \| Composite analog video \| Composite \| Yellow \| \| \| Analog audio \| Left/Mono (record if 4 connector tape cable) \| White \| \| \| Analog audio \| Right (record if 4 connector tape cable) \| Red \| \| \| Analog audio \| Left tape (play if 4 connector tape cable) \| Black \| \| \| Analog audio \| Right tape (play if 4 connector tape cable) \| Yellow \| \| \| Analog audio \| Center \| Green \| \| \| Analog audio \| Left surround \| Blue \| \| \| Analog audio \| Right surround \| Grey \| \| \| Analog audio \| Left back surround \| Brown \| \| \| Analog audio \| Right back surround \| Tan \| \| \| Analog audio \| Subwoofer \| Purple \| \| \| Digital audio \| S/PDIF \| Orange \| \| \| Component analog video (YPBPR) \| Y \| Green \| \| \| Component analog video (YPBPR) \| PB/CB \| Blue \| \| \| Component analog video (YPBPR) \| PR/CR \| Red \| \| \| Component analog video/VGA (RGB/HV) \| R \| Red \| \| \| Component analog video/VGA (RGB/HV) \| G \| Green \| \| \| Component analog video/VGA (RGB/HV) \| B \| Blue \| \| \| Component analog video/VGA (RGB/HV) \| H (Horizontal sync)/S(Composite Sync) \| Yellow \| \| \| Component analog video/VGA (RGB/HV) \| V (Vertical sync) \| White \| \| ## Examples of devices with RCA jacks - RCA stereo output on a CD player - DVD player with video and audio outputs - Backside of an AV Receiver from 2012 - Early 2000s CRT projection TV with 1080i HD ready capabilities - First generation of the Apple TV with RCA stereo outputs	enwiki/153626	enwiki	153,626	RCA connector	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_connector	2025-07-18T06:47:19Z	en	Q399653	157,457	{{Short description\|Electrical connector used for analog audio and video}} {{Distinguish\|Phone connector (audio)}} {{Use American English\|date=May 2023}} {{Infobox connector \|name = RCA connector \|type = [[RF coaxial connector]] \|image = [[Image:Composite-cables.jpg\|250px]] \|logo = \|caption = RCA plugs for [[composite video]] (yellow) and [[stereo audio]] (white and red) \|designer = [[Radio Corporation of America]] \|design_date = 1930s \|manufacturer = \|diameter = {{convert\|0.327\|in\|mm\|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert\|0.126\|in\|mm\|abbr=on}} ''contact dia.''<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cuidevices.com/product/resource/rcj-05x.pdf \| title=RCJ Jack, Vertical, PCB Mount \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028130235/https://www.cuidevices.com/product/resource/rcj-05x.pdf \|archive-date=28 October 2022 \|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.cuidevices.com/product/resource/rcp-02x.pdf \|title=RCA Plug, Modular, Plastic Handle \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028130234/https://www.cuidevices.com/product/resource/rcp-02x.pdf \|archive-date=28 October 2022 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> \|width = \|height = \|electrical = \|earth = \|maximum_voltage = \|maximum_current = \|cable = [[Coaxial cable\|Coaxial]] \|passband = Typically 0–100 MHz \|physical_connector = }} The '''RCA connector'''<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.cuidevices.com/catalog/interconnect/connectors/rca-connectors \|title=RCA {{!}} Connectors {{!}} CUI Devices \|website=CUI Devices}}</ref> is a type of [[electrical connector]] commonly used to carry analog audio and video signals. The name refers to the popular name of [[Radio Corporation of America]], which introduced the design in the 1930s.<ref name="RCA-GT-1939"/> Typically, the output is a [[Plug (connector)\|plug]] type connector and the input a [[Jack (connector)\|jack]] type connector. These are referred to as '''RCA plug''' and '''RCA jack''' respectively. It is also called a '''phono connector''',<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Electronics/50s/1953/Radio-Electronics-1953-07.pdf \|title=Music-Center Control Box \|magazine=Radio-Electronics \|date=July 1953 \|pages=93{{ndash}}94}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Catalogs/Lafayette-Catalogs/Lafayette-1951-951A.pdf \|title=Phono Tip Plug and Jack \|magazine=Lafayette \|publisher=Radio Wire Television Inc. \|issue=951A \|page=63 \|date= 1951}}</ref><ref name="SC-440M"/> referring to its early use to connect a [[phonograph]] turntable to a radio receiver.<ref name="RCA-GT-1939"/> As [[Home audio\|home audio systems]] became more complex, RCA cables became a standard way to connect components such as [[Radio receiver\|radio receivers]], [[Amplifier\|amplifiers]], turntables, [[Tape recorder\|tape decks]], and [[CD player\|CD players]]. Their ubiquity led to them also being used for video: connecting [[Analog television\|analog televisions]], [[Videocassette recorder\|videocassette recorders]], [[DVD player\|DVD players]], and [[Video game console\|game consoles]]. They remain in use as a simple, widely supported means of connection. In some European countries such as [[:fr:Connecteur_RCA\|France]] and [[:de:Cinch\|Germany]], the name ''cinch'' is still used as an [[antonomasia]] of the Chicago-based manufacturer Cinch,<ref>{{cite web \|title=Cinch Cables \|website=[[Teufel Audio]] \|location=Berlin \|url=https://lu.teufelaudio.com/accessories/all-cables/cinch-cables#:~:text=Where%20does%20the%20name%20cinch%20come%20from? \|access-date=August 17, 2024 }}</ref> for such a connector and socket. ==History== [[File:RCAradio45EMback.JPG\|thumb\|Rear panel of a 1939 RCA model 45EM [[vacuum tube]] desktop [[AM radio]] with a female RCA jack.<ref>{{cite web \|title=1939 RCA Model 45EM AM Radio \|url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/rca_45em_45_em_ch_rc_435a_rc4.html \|website=Radio Museum \|access-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref> Tag reads "An inexpensive RCA Victor record player will make a fine [[Victrola]] of this radio. Plug here."]] The following dates were derived from historical RCA documentation. RCA introduced this connector by 1937, when it was used inside a RCA model U-109 [[AM radio\|radio]]-[[phonograph]] and model R-97 phonograph. In the U-109, the internal amplifier chassis had female connectors which accepted male cables from the internal radio chassis and built-in phonograph player.<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/ARCHIVE-RCA/RCA-Service/RCA-Victor-Service-Notes-1937.pdf \|title=RCA Victor Service Notes for 1937 Broadcast Radio Receivers, All-Wave Radio Receivers, Phonograph Combination Instruments, and Miscellaneous Service Information \|edition=1st \|publisher=RCA Manufacturing Company \|chapter=Model U-109: Sixteen-Tube, Three-Band, A-C, Radio-Phonograph \|page=256}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/ARCHIVE-RCA/RCA-Service/RCA-Victor-Service-Notes-1937.pdf \|title=RCA Victor Service Notes for 1937 Broadcast Radio Receivers, All-Wave Radio Receivers, Phonograph Combination Instruments, and Miscellaneous Service Information \|edition=1st \|publisher=RCA Manufacturing Company \|chapter=Models R-96 and R-97: Three-Tube, A-C, Electric Phonographs \|page=290}}</ref> Originally, the concept was intended as an easy method to unhook sources while [[troubleshooting]] the console during servicing.{{Citation needed\|date=January 2021}} By 1938,<ref name="RCA-GT-1939">{{cite magazine \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Early-Radio-Assorted/RCA-Globetrotter-1939.pdf \|title=Improved Electric Tuning For All Is Keystone of New RCA Victor Standard Line of Domestic Models \|first1=Paul \|last1=Richardson \|magazine=RCA Globe Trotter \|date=June 1938 \|volume=2 \|number=3 \|page=15}}</ref> RCA had migrated the female connector to the rear panel of many of their desktop AM radio models to allow customers an easy method to attach an external phonograph or television at a later date.<ref name="SC-440M">{{Cite web \|url=https://antiqueradio.org/StrombergCarlson440M.htm \|title=Stromberg-Carlson Model 440M Console Radio (1939) \|website=Phil's Old Radios}}</ref> The connector was labeled on the back of radio with one of the following terms: "[[Victrola]]", "[[Phonograph\|Phono]]", "Pick-up", or "Television".<ref name="ET-EET"/><ref name="RCA-TT5-DS">{{cite web \|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/pdf/rca_tt5_dealer_sheet.pdf \|title=RCA Victor Television Attachment Model TT-5 \|type=Dealer sheet \|date=1939}}</ref> RCA later marketed a special turntable for [[Gramophone record\|45 RPM]] records, the model 9JY.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.blueboyrecords.com/record-player/rca-45-rpm-9-jy-record-player-and-rca-tube-radio-6-xd-5 \|title=RCA 45 RPM 9-JY Record Player and RCA Tube Radio 6-XD-5 \|publisher=BlueBoy Records \|access-date=2011-08-23 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910211432/http://www.blueboyrecords.com/record-player/rca-45-rpm-9-jy-record-player-and-rca-tube-radio-6-xd-5 \|archive-date=2011-09-10 }}</ref> In 1939, RCA introduced two [[AM radio\|radio]]-[[television]] floor consoles (TRK-9, TRK-12) which used the same internal connection concept but the audio output of the television chassis was connected to the radio/amplifier chassis via a male to male cable.<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/ARCHIVE-RCA/RCA-Service/RCA-Service-Data-1938-1942-C.pdf \|title=RCA Victor Service Data Volume II: 1938-1942: Radio Receivers, Phonographs, and Television \|publisher=Radio Corporation of America, RCA Victor Division \|edition=1st \|date=1944 \|chapter=Models TRK-9, TRK-12, TRK-90, and TRK-120: AC, Superheterodyne, High-Picture-Definition, Five-Television-Channel, Receiver and Three-Band, Electric Tuning, AC, Superheterodyne Broadcast Receiver \|pages=261{{hyphen}}C, 275{{hyphen}}C}}</ref> Three lower-cost 1939 television models had an audio output connector on their rear panel instead of an integrated amplifier and speaker: RCA TT-5, Westinghouse WRT-700, GE HM-171.<ref name="ET-EET">{{Cite web \|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/wireless_tv_sound.html \|title=Wireless TV Sound \|website=Early Television Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/rca_tt-5.html \|title=RCA TT-5 \|website=Early Television Museum}}</ref> In the 1950s, RCA connectors began to replace the older {{convert\|1/4\|in\|mm\|2}} [[Phone connector (audio)\|phone connectors]] for many other applications in the consumer audio world when component [[high-fidelity]] systems started becoming popular during the transistor revolution.{{Citation needed\|date=January 2021}} Refinement of the RCA connectors came with later designs, although they remained compatible.{{Citation needed\|date=January 2021}} In the 1980s, some computer monitors<ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/zenith/monitor/585-033-1_ZVM-122_123_Video_Monitors_Service_Manual_1983.pdf \| title=Video Monitors - Service Manual \| website=www.bitsavers.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\| title=AppleColor Composite Monitor Owners Guide \| url=http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/fichiers/AppleColorCompositeMonitorOwnersGuide.pdf \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515033711/http://www.apple-iigs.info:80/doc/fichiers/AppleColorCompositeMonitorOwnersGuide.pdf \| archive-date=2013-05-15}}</ref> and TVs had a RCA jack for composite video input.<ref>Sony KV-1965 television</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://archive.org/details/kv-2501/page/n6/mode/1up \| title=Sony KX-2501 Service Manual }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://archive.org/details/sonykv25xbrservicemanual \| title=Sony KV-25XBR Service Manual }}</ref> These were typically high end TVs for the time, a notable example being the Sony ProFeel line.<ref>{{Cite web\| title=Computers & Electronics \| date=June 1983 \| url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Poptronics/80s/1983/CE-1983-06.pdf \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831064905/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Poptronics/80s/1983/CE-1983-06.pdf \| archive-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> While in theory this improved image quality by eliminating the need for an RF modulator, when connecting devices such as VCRs and computers, there was no guarantee for higher image quality.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=video+input+monitor+vcr+1983&pg=PA82 \| title=Popular Mechanics \| date=February 1985 \| publisher=Hearst Magazines }}</ref> Later, some televisions had RCA jacks for audio and video out<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sony.com/electronics/support/res/manuals/W000/W0006260M.pdf\|title=Sony Trinitron color TV KV-2786R\|website=www.sony.com}}</ref> or component video inputs.<ref>{{Cite web\| title=Trinitron Color TV \| url=https://www.sony.com/electronics/support/res/manuals/3860/38603712M.pdf \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205155532/https://www.sony.com/electronics/support/res/manuals/3860/38603712M.pdf \| archive-date=2020-12-05}}</ref><ref>Pioneer Service Manual. LD DVD player DVL-909.</ref> ==Other uses== [[File:Component video jack.jpg\|thumb\|RCA female jacks used for [[YPbPr]] [[component video]] output]] [[File:Microsoft-Xbox-360-AV-Cables-Composite.jpg\|thumb\|Composite video cable with RCA male plugs for the [[Xbox 360]]]] In the most normal use, cables have a standard plug on each end, consisting of a central [[male connector]], surrounded by a ring. The ring is often segmented to provide spring gripping pressure when mated. Devices mount the socket ([[Gender of connectors and fasteners\|female jack]]), consisting of a central hole with a ring of metal around it. The ring on the jack is slightly smaller in diameter and longer than the ring on the plug, allowing the plug's ring to fit tightly over it. The jack has a small area between the outer and inner rings which is filled with an insulator, typically plastic (very early versions, or those made for use as [[RF connector]]s, used ceramic). The RCA connector was initially used for [[audio signal]]s. As with many other connectors, it has been adopted for uses other than originally intended, including as a [[DC power connector]], an RF connector, and as a connector for [[loudspeaker]] cables. Its use as a connector for composite video signals is extremely common but provides poor [[impedance matching]]: there is neither a standard for plug impedance, nor is it feasible to provide a true match to 75 Ω due to plug dimensions.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=1&doc_id=1283456\|last=Pell\|first=Rich\|title=The RCA phono plug: An outdated relic?\|publisher=EETimes\|date=April 21, 2010\|access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> RCA connectors and cable are also commonly used to carry [[S/PDIF]]-formatted [[digital audio]], with plugs colored orange to differentiate them from other typical connections. Connections are made by pushing the cable's plug into the female jack on the device. The signal-carrying pin protrudes from the plug, and often comes into contact with the socket before the grounded rings meet, resulting in loud hum or buzz if the audio components do not share a common ground and are powered while making connections. Continuous noise can occur if the plug partially falls out of the jack, breaking the ground connection but not the signal. Some variants of the plug, especially cheaper versions, also give very poor grip and contact between the ground sheaths due to their lack of spring action. They are often color-coded, yellow for [[composite video]], red for the right audio channel, and white or black for the left channel of [[stereo audio]]. This trio (or pair) of jacks can often be found on the back of audio and video equipment. One or more sets are often found on TV sets to facilitate connection of [[camcorder]]s, other portable video sources and [[video game console]]s.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kotaku.com.au/2013/12/how-to-connect-your-old-video-game-consoles-to-a-new-tv/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226082923/http://www.kotaku.com.au/2013/12/how-to-connect-your-old-video-game-consoles-to-a-new-tv/\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=December 26, 2013\|title=How To Connect Your Old Video Game Consoles To A New TV\|author=Alan Henry\|publisher=[[Kotaku]]\|date=25 December 2013\|access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Although nearly all connectors, including analog and S/PDIF audio as well as composite and [[component video]], can use identical 75 Ω cables, sales of special-purpose cables for each use have proliferated. Varying cable quality means that a cheap line-level audio cable might not successfully transfer component video. For digital audio, as long as a connection is successfully made using the cables the sound will remain faithful to the original signal because a [[digital signal]] can only be [[Cliff effect\|fully received or not received at all]]. Cables should meet the S/PDIF specification as defined by the international standard [[IEC 60958\|IEC 60958-3]] for assured performance. The male plug has a center pin that is {{convert\|1/8\|in\|mm\|3}} in diameter, and is surrounded by an outer shell that is {{convert\|1/3\|in\|mm\|2}} in diameter.<!-- OD or ID? ID would be the critical one.--> ==Disadvantages== [[File:High-quality-RCA-bullet-plug-Eichmann.jpg\|thumb\|right\|"Bullet plug" variation – Note the hollow center conductor and the pin point for the return signal.]] When connecting the male into the female, the inner, ''hot'' (signal) connection is made before the ground connection has been guaranteed; this often produces a loud buzz if the equipment is active when the connection is made. The hot signal wire and signal ground provided by an RCA connection implement an [[Balanced audio\|unbalanced]] connection. A true balanced connection is generally preferred in certain applications, particularly professional settings because it allows for the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise. Using RCA connectors, each signal requires its own plug. Even the simple case of attaching a cassette deck may need four of them{{snd}}two for stereo input and two for stereo output. In any common setup this quickly leads to a disarray of cables and confusion in how to connect them. This situation is made worse if one considers more complex signals like component video (a total of three for video and two for analog audio – or one for digital coaxial audio). Attempts were made to introduce combined audio/video connectors for direct signals - the most successful example was the [[SCART]] connector, which was successful in [[Europe]] but did not enter widespread use elsewhere.<ref name="scarpers">{{citation \|url=http://uk.cinenow.com/articles/7249-hdmi-when-scart-scarpers \|title=HDMI : when SCART scarpers! \|date=January 1, 2006 \|access-date=2011-08-27 \|archive-date=2008-11-23 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123130017/http://uk.cinenow.com/articles/7249-hdmi-when-scart-scarpers \|url-status=dead }}</ref> For a time the 5-pin [[DIN connector]] was popular for bi-directional stereo connection between A/V equipment, but it has been entirely displaced on modern consumer devices. Though [[RF modulator]]s inherently transmit combined A/V signals in video applications, they depend on [[broadcast television systems]] and RF connectors which are not universal worldwide; RF signals are also generally inferior to direct signals due to protocol conversion and the RF limitations of the three major analog TV systems ([[NTSC]], [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]]). Before HD television became a standard, nearly all TV sets, [[VCRs]], and [[DVD]] players sold in Europe had SCART connectors,<ref name="scarpers"/> although these were sometimes supplemented by RCA and/or RF connectors. SCART–RCA [[adapter]]s also exist, which usually allow input of composite video and stereo audio.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.amabilidade2002.com/scart5.htm \|title=3 RCA plugs to Scart plug \|access-date=2011-08-23}}</ref> Outside Europe, separate RCA connectors are usually used,{{Citation needed\|date=May 2009}} supplemented by RF connectors for [[backward compatibility]] and simplicity. Although [[mini-DIN connector]]s are used for [[S-Video]] connections, composite video, component video, and analog audio ([[Monaural\|mono]] or stereo) all use RCA connectors unless the signals are sent via SCART. In the digital realm, however, combined A/V connectors are gaining ground: [[HDMI]] is commonly used today for consumer electronics; and [[DisplayPort]], a potential competitor to HDMI, is often found on home computers and peripherals. ==Color coding in consumer equipment== [[File:Output connectors for component video (green, blue, red RCA jacks), digital audio (TOSLINK), digital audio (orange), analog stereo (red, white), composite video (yel.) and S-Video (Mini-DIN) on Sony DVP-NS53P DVD player (2005).jpg\|thumb\|Various color coded RCA connectors on a DVD player]] Plugs and sockets on consumer equipment are conventionally color-coded to aid correct connections. The standard<ref>{{citation \|url=http://www.ce.org/Standards/browseByCommittee_6548.asp \|title=Consumer Electronics Association standard CEA-863-B - Connection Color Codes for Home Theater Systems \|publisher=CEA \|date=February 2011 \|access-date=2011-08-27 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712090413/http://www.ce.org/Standards/browseByCommittee_6548.asp \|archive-date=2011-07-12 }}</ref> colors for the various signals are shown in the table below; however, beyond 7.1 audio, the standard has degraded to a more general white/yellow, red/blue, and green/yellow color scheme for each cable respectively. Stereo audio applications use either black and red, grey and red, or white and red RCA connectors; in all three cases, red denotes right. White or purple may also be replaced by black. Some older tape recorders, and equipment like receivers designed to connect to them, use a 5-pin DIN connector to connect left and right for record and playback with a single cable. Adapters between this connector and RCA connectors have used white and red for left and right channel recording, and blue (or sometimes black) and yellow for playback, but this is not universal. Most modern equipment with RCA connectors for recording devices simply uses white and red for all stereo pairs, whether record or playback. While these are the standard colors found on commercially made products, cables with different-colored connectors may be used, as long as the cable itself is compatible with the application (for example, cables with 75 ohms impedance for video and [[S/PDIF]]). {\| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" \|- \|align="right"\|[[Composite video\|Composite analog video]] \|Composite \|Yellow \|style="background:#fde910; "\|   \|- \| style="text-align:right;" rowspan="10"\|Analog audio \|Left/Mono (record if 4 connector tape cable) \|White \| style="background:#fff;"\|   \|- \|Right (record if 4 connector tape cable) \|Red \|style="background:#fd1b14; "\|   \|- \|Left tape (play if 4 connector tape cable) \|Black \|style="background:#000000; "\|   \|- \|Right tape (play if 4 connector tape cable) \|Yellow \|style="background:#fde910; "\|   \|- \|Center \|Green \| style="background:#6c3;"\|   \|- \|Left [[Surround sound\|surround]] \|Blue \|style="background:#0088ce; "\|   \|- \|Right surround \|Grey \|style="background:#9d9d9d; "\|   \|- \|Left back surround \|Brown \|style="background:#964b00; "\|   \|- \|Right back surround \|Tan \| style="background:tan;"\|   \|- \|Subwoofer \|Purple \| style="background:purple;"\|   \|- \|align="right"\|Digital audio \|[[S/PDIF]] \|Orange \|style="background:#ffa000; "\|   \|- \| style="text-align:right;" rowspan="3"\|[[Component video\|Component analog video]] ([[YPbPr\|{{YPbPr}}]]) \|Y \|Green \|style="background:#6c3;"\|   \|- \|P<sub>B</sub>/C<sub>B</sub> \|Blue \|style="background:#0088ce; "\|   \|- \|P<sub>R</sub>/C<sub>R</sub> \|Red \|style="background:#fd1b14; "\|   \|- \| style="text-align:right;" rowspan="5"\|[[Component video\|Component analog video]]/[[VGA]] (RGB/HV) \|R \|Red \|style="background:#fd1b14; "\|   \|- \|G \|Green \| style="background:#6c3;"\|   \|- \|B \|Blue \|style="background:#0088ce; "\|   \|- \|H (Horizontal sync)/S(Composite Sync) \|Yellow \|style="background:#fde910; "\|   \|- \|V (Vertical sync) \|White \| style="background:#fff;"\|   \|} == Examples of devices with RCA jacks == <gallery> Yamaha CD-555 rear panel.jpg\|RCA stereo output on a [[CD player]] DVD player output.jpg\|[[DVD player]] with video and audio outputs IFA 2012 Yamaha RX-A2020 rear.jpg\|Backside of an AV Receiver from 2012 Later model projection TV wiring I-O panel.jpg\|Early 2000s [[Rear-projection television\|CRT projection TV]] with 1080i [[HD ready]] capabilities File:Apple TV. 1st generation-2290.jpg\|First generation of the [[Apple TV]] with RCA stereo outputs </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|RCA connectors}} {{Portal\|Electronics}} {{AVconn\|state=uncollapsed}} {{Audio_and_video_interfaces_and connectors}} {{RF connectors}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rca Connector}} [[Category:Electrical connectors]] [[Category:Audiovisual connectors]] [[Category:RF connectors]]	1,301,127,501	[{"title": "RCA connector", "data": {"Type": "RF coaxial connector"}}, {"title": "Production history", "data": {"Designer": "Radio Corporation of America", "Designed": "1930s"}}, {"title": "General specifications", "data": {"Diameter": "0.327 in (8.3 mm) \u00b7 0.126 in (3.2 mm) contact dia.", "Cable": "Coaxial", "Passband": "Typically 0\u2013100 MHz"}}]	false
# Soviet destroyer Gromky (1937) Gromky (Russian: Громкий, lit. 'Loud') was one of 29 Gnevny-class destroyers (officially known as Project 7) built for the Soviet Navy during the late 1930s. Completed in 1938, the ship was initially assigned to the Baltic Fleet before being transferred to the Northern Fleet in mid-1939 where she played a minor role in the 1939–1940 Winter War against Finland. After the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) in June 1941, Gromky covered an amphibious landing along the Arctic coast and laid several minefields. The ship spent most of her service escorting the Arctic Convoys, run by the British to provide weapons and supplies to the Soviets, or providing naval gunfire support to Soviet troops along the Arctic coast. She ran out of fuel during one escort mission in early 1942 and had to be rescued. A few months later a storm nearly ripped her bow off. Later that year Gromky helped to rescue crewmen from one of her sister ships after it had broken in half during heavy weather in 1942. She also was badly damaged by the storm and spent several months under repair. The ship resumed her convoy escort duties until October 1944 when she provided fire support during the Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive. Gromky was mostly inactive after that until the end of the war. After a lengthy modernization that lasted from 1948 to 1954, she was reclassified as a test ship in 1956 and was expended in a nuclear test the following year. ## Design and description Having decided on the specifications of the large 40-knot (74 km/h; 46 mph) Leningrad-class destroyer leaders, the Soviet Navy sought Italian assistance in designing smaller and cheaper destroyers. They licensed the plans for the Folgore class and, in modifying it for their purposes, overloaded a design that was already somewhat marginally stable. The Gnevnys had an overall length of 112.8 meters (370 ft 1 in), a beam of 10.2 meters (33 ft 6 in), and a draft of 4.8 meters (15 ft 9 in) at deep load. The ships were significantly overweight, almost 200 metric tons (197 long tons) heavier than designed, displacing 1,612 metric tons (1,587 long tons) at standard load and 2,039 metric tons (2,007 long tons) at deep load. Their crew numbered 197 officers and sailors in peacetime and 236 in wartime. The ships had a pair of geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller, rated to produce 48,000 shaft horsepower (36,000 kW) using steam from three water-tube boilers which was intended to give them a maximum speed of 37 knots (69 km/h; 43 mph). The designers had been conservative in rating the turbines and many, but not all, of the ships handily exceeded their designed speed during their sea trials. Others fell considerably short of it, although specific figures for most individual ships have not survived. Variations in fuel oil capacity meant that the range of the Gnevnys varied between 1,670 to 3,145 nautical miles (3,093 to 5,825 km; 1,922 to 3,619 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). As built, the Gnevny-class ships mounted four 130-millimeter (5.1 in) B-13 guns in two pairs of superfiring single mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a pair of 76.2-millimeter (3 in) 34-K AA guns in single mounts and a pair of 45-millimeter (1.8 in) 21-K AA guns as well as two 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in) DK or DShK machine guns. They carried six 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in two rotating triple mounts; each tube was provided with a reload. The ships could also carry a maximum of either 60 or 95 mines and 25 depth charges. They were fitted with a set of Mars hydrophones for anti-submarine work, although they were useless at speeds over 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). The ships were equipped with two K-1 paravanes intended to destroy mines and a pair of depth-charge throwers. ### Modifications At some point between 1942 and 1945, Gromky had her 21-K guns replaced by three 37-millimeter (1.5 in) 70-K AA guns in single mounts and three twin-gun mounts for Lend-Lease, water-cooled 12.7 mm Colt-Browning machine guns and two single mounts for improved DShK machine guns. By the end of the war, she had received a British ASDIC system and a Soviet Gyuys-1 early-warning radar. After the war, all of her AA guns were replaced by eight water-cooled V-11M versions of the 70-K gun in twin mounts and her electronics were replaced by Soviet systems. ## Construction and service Built in Leningrad's Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov) as yard number 503, Gromky was laid down on 29 April 1936, launched on 6 December 1937, and was completed on 31 December 1938. The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet before she was transferred to the Northern Fleet via the White Sea Canal in early 1939. During the Winter War, her only action was to help to cover the laying of a minefield off Petsamo with her sister ship Grozny on 2–3 January 1940. When Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941, the ship was based in Polyarny. Together with her sisters Stremitelny and Gremyashchy, Gromky covered the landing of troops on the western side of the mouth of the Zapadnaya Litsa River on 14 July during Operation Platinum Fox, the German attempt to capture Murmansk. On 10–15 September, Gromky and her sisters in the 1st Destroyer Division (Gremyashchy, Sokrushitelny and Grozny) laid a pair of minefields off the Rybachy Peninsula using British mines delivered by the minelayer HMS Adventure. From 20 to 29 October, Gromky bombarded German positions near the Zapadnaya Litsa River with a total of 1,251 shells from her 130 mm guns. On 14 November, Gromky and Gremyashchy rendezvoused with a British light cruiser and a pair of destroyers to bombarded German-occupied Vardø, Norway, and then met up with Convoy PQ 3 to escort it to Arkhangelsk. Gromky shelled German troops near the Zapadnaya Litsa River again on 19 November with 103 rounds. Gromky, Gremyashchy and the same three British ships made an unsuccessful search for German ships off the Norwegian coast and then bombarded Vardø again on 24–25 November, during which Gromky expended 112 shells from her main guns. She returned to the Litsa on 30 December and fired 100 rounds at German positions, before starting a refit on 2 January 1942 that lasted until 2 February. After refitting in January 1942, Grozny, together with Gromky, escorted the light cruiser HMS Nigeria to rendezvous with Convoy PQ 11 on 20 February, but the destroyers were forced to return to port because of a strong storm. It frustrated a subsequent attempts two days later, but they were finally able to meet the convoy that evening. Gromky helped to escort Convoy QP 8 on 1–4 March, but ran out of fuel the following day as she was headed for port in heavy weather that washed four crewmen overboard. Grozny was the first ship to reach the destroyer which was successfully refueled and subsequently reached port. On 30 March, Gromky escorted the badly damaged light cruiser HMS Trinidad and the destroyer HMS Eclipse into Kola Bay. At the beginning of May, the ship provided naval gunfire support to Soviet troops, firing a total of 446 shells on 1 and 3 May. While returning from one such mission during a Force 8 storm on 6 May, cracks developed on the deck and sides of her bow and the ship was only able to make a speed of 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) in the heavy weather. Gromky reached struggled to reach Murmansk where an inspection revealed that only the ship's keel held her bow in place. After temporary repairs were completed, she arrived in Molotovsk on 20 June to begin permanent repairs. After the repairs were completed on 9 October and working up, Gromky put to sea on 22 November and rescued some of Sokrushitelny's crew after that ship had broken in half and sunk during a bad storm; Gromky's hull was damaged by the search and she returned to port two days later. Her repairs began on 29 November and lasted until 25 January 1943. In early February, the ship escorted convoys between Murmansk and the White Sea. On 26 February, she rendezvoused with Convoy JW 53 and escorted the bulk of it into Kola Bay. Together with the destroyer leader Baku and Grozny, Gromky unsuccessfully attempted to intercept German supply ships along the coast of Norway on 27–28 and 30–31 March. She helped to escort five Allied cargo ships from Murmansk to Arkhangelsk on 17–18 May before beginning repairs on 18 June that lasted until 10 September. Together with Gremyashchy and the minesweeper HMS Britomart, Gromky escorted a pair of Allied cargo ships from Murmansk to Arkhangelsk on 29 September–2 October. While escorting a Soviet convoy on 12 October, the transport SS Maria Raskova's steering gear failed in a storm and Gremyashchy took her in tow. She was still uncontrollable and Gromky passed a cable from her bow to Maria Raskova's stern to steady her. Two days later, the cable snapped, but a new one was rigged shortly afterwards. That night the new cable snapped, but the remaining piece of the cable hung down off the stern and dragged along the seafloor which steadied the ship so another attempt to pass a cable was not made. On 22 October, Gromky helped to escort Soviet icebreakers from the Kara Strait to the White Sea. The following month she was one of the escorts for Convoys RA 54, JW 54A and RA 55 before beginning a refit on 29 November. After it was completed on 12 December. Gromky escorted Convoy JW 55A on 21–22 December. Another attempt by Gromky and three other destroyers to intercept German supply ships off the Norwegian coast on 20–22 January 1944 was unsuccessful. She rendezvoused with Convoy JW 56A on 26 January and helped to escort it into Kola Bay. Gromky was one of the escorts for ships from Convoy JW 56A 27–29 January and then she escorted Convoy RA 56 outbound from Murmansk on 3–4 March. While escorting a convoy from Murmansk to Archangelsk on 8 March, Gromky claimed to have damaged a German submarine, although that engagement cannot be confirmed from German records. The ship then escorted a Soviet convoy in the opposite direction on 7 April so that the ships could join Convoy RA 58. She then spent the next several months escorting convoys in the White and Barents Seas. Gromky escorted Convoy JW 59 on 24–26 August and then resumed escort duties for local convoys. On 9–11 October the ship provided gunfire support to Soviet troops during the Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive, firing 715 rounds during those three days. She was refitted from the end of October to the end of the year and was inactive for the rest of the war. Gromky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 6 March. After the war, the ship received a lengthy modernization that last from 27 March 1948 to 31 December 1954. Gromky was reclassified as test ship OS-3 on 27 December 1956 and was used as a target during a nuclear test on 7 September 1957 on Novaya Zemlya. The ship sank there on 10 October. ## Citations 1. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 99, 102–103 2. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, p. 101 3. ↑ Budzbon, p. 330 4. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 106–107 5. ↑ Hill, p. 40 6. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 105–106 7. ↑ Berezhnoy, p. 335 8. ↑ Hill, p. 36; Yakubov & Worth, pp. 105–106 9. ↑ Rohwer & Monakov, p. 233; Yakubov & Worth, p. 107 10. ↑ Rohwer, p. 13 11. ↑ Platonov, p. 177; Rohwer, pp. 86, 99, 114, 118 12. ↑ Platonov, pp. 177–178; Rohwer, pp. 141, 149; Yakubov & Worth, p. 103 13. ↑ Platonov, p. 178; Rohwer, pp. 232, 239–240, 252, 279, 282 14. ↑ Platonov, p. 179; Rohwer, pp. 300–301, 311, 320 15. ↑ Yakubov & Worth, p. 108 ## Sources - Berezhnoy, Sergey (2002). Крейсера и миноносцы. Справочник [Guide to Cruisers and Destroyers] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN 5-203-01780-8. - Budzbon, Przemysaw (1980). "Soviet Union". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 318–346. ISBN 0-85177-146-7. - Hill, Alexander (2018). Soviet Destroyers of World War II. New Vanguard. Vol. 256. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-2256-7. - Platonov, Andrey V. (2002). Энциклопедия советских надводных кораблей 1941–1945 [Encyclopedia of Soviet Surface Ships 1941–1945] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Poligon. ISBN 5-89173-178-9. - Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2. - Rohwer, Jürgen & Monakov, Mikhail S. (2001). Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4895-7. - Yakubov, Vladimir & Worth, Richard (2008). "The Soviet Project 7/7U Destroyers". In Jordan, John & Dent, Stephen (eds.). Warship 2008. London: Conway. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-1-84486-062-3.	enwiki/59323738	enwiki	59,323,738	Soviet destroyer Gromky (1937)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Gromky_(1937)	2025-07-31T16:30:23Z	en	Q60792117	98,678	{{short description\|Destroyer of the Soviet Navy}} {\|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image \|Ship image=Aerial view of Razumny A 22471.jpg \|Ship caption=Aerial view of [[sister ship]] {{ship\|Soviet destroyer\|Razumny\|1939\|2}}, March 1944 }} {{Infobox ship career \|Hide header= \|Ship country=[[Soviet Union]] \|Ship flag={{shipboxflag\|Soviet Union\|naval}} \|Ship name=''Gromky'' ({{lang\|ru\|Громкий}} (Loud)) \|Ship renamed=''OS-3'', 27 December 1956 \|Ship ordered=[[Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union#Second plan, 1933–1937\|2nd Five-Year Plan]] \|Ship builder=[[Severnaya Verf\|Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov)]], [[Leningrad]] \|Ship laid down=29 April 1936 \|Ship launched=6 December 1937 \|Ship struck=17 February 1956 \|Ship reclassified=As a test ship, 27 December 1956 \|Ship completed= 31 December 1938 \|Ship commissioned= \|Ship fate=Sunk after a nuclear test, 10 October 1957 \|Ship honors=[[Order of the Red Banner]], 6 March 1945 }} {{Infobox ship characteristics \|Hide header= \|Header caption= (''Gnevny'' as completed, 1938) \|Ship class= {{sclass\|Gnevny\|destroyer}} \|Ship displacement={{cvt\|1612\|t\|LT\|lk=on}} ([[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement\|standard]]) \|Ship length= {{cvt\|112.8\|m\|ftin}} ([[o/a]]) \|Ship beam={{cvt\|10.2\|m\|ftin}} \|Ship draft={{cvt\|4.8\|m\|ftin}} \|Ship propulsion=2 shafts; 2 geared [[steam turbine]]s \|Ship speed= {{convert\|38\|kn\|lk=in}} \|Ship range={{cvt\|2720\|nmi\|lk=in}} at {{convert\|19\|kn}} \|Ship power=3 [[water-tube boiler]]s {{cvt\|48000\|shp\|kW\|lk=on}} \|Ship complement=197 (236 wartime) \|Ship sensors=Mars [[hydrophone]] \|Ship armament=4 × single [[130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936\|{{cvt\|130\|mm}} guns]] 2 × single [[76.2 mm anti-aircraft gun Model 1935 (34-K)\|{{cvt\|76.2\|mm\|0}}]] [[AA gun]]s 2 × single [[45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K)\|{{cvt\|45\|mm}}]] AA guns 2 × single [[DShK\|{{cvt\|12.7\|mm}}]] [[anti-aircraft machinegun\|AA machineguns]] 2 × triple {{cvt\|533\|mm\|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s 60–96 [[Naval mine\|mine]]s 2 × [[depth charge]] racks, 25 depth charges \|Ship notes= }} \|} '''''Gromky''''' ({{langx\|ru\|Громкий\|lit=Loud}}) was one of 29 {{sclass\|Gnevny\|destroyer}}s (officially known as [[List of ships of Russia by project number\|Project 7]]) built for the [[Soviet Navy]] during the late 1930s. Completed in 1938, the ship was initially assigned to the [[Baltic Fleet]] before being transferred to the [[Northern Fleet]] in mid-1939 where she played a minor role in the 1939–1940 [[Winter War]] against [[Finland]]. After the start of the [[Operation Barbarossa\|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] (Operation Barbarossa) in June 1941, ''Gromky'' covered an amphibious landing along the Arctic coast and laid several [[minefield]]s. The ship spent most of her service escorting the [[Arctic convoys of World War II\|Arctic Convoys]], run by the British to provide weapons and supplies to the Soviets, or providing [[naval gunfire support]] to Soviet troops along the Arctic coast. She ran out of fuel during one escort mission in early 1942 and had to be rescued. A few months later a storm nearly ripped her [[bow (watercraft)\|bow]] off. Later that year ''Gromky'' helped to rescue crewmen from one of her [[sister ship]]s after it had broken in half during heavy weather in 1942. She also was badly damaged by the storm and spent several months under repair. The ship resumed her convoy escort duties until October 1944 when she provided fire support during the [[Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive]]. ''Gromky'' was mostly inactive after that until the end of the war. After a lengthy modernization that lasted from 1948 to 1954, she was reclassified as a test ship in 1956 and was expended in a nuclear test the following year. ==Design and description== Having decided on the specifications of the large {{convert\|40\|kn\|lk=in\|adj=on}} {{sclass\|Leningrad\|destroyer\|0}} [[flotilla leader\|destroyer leader]]s, the Soviet Navy sought Italian assistance in designing smaller and cheaper destroyers. They licensed the plans for the {{sclass\|Folgore\|destroyer\|4}} and, in modifying it for their purposes, overloaded a design that was already somewhat marginally [[ship stability\|stable]].<ref>Yakubov & Worth, pp. 99, 102–103</ref> The ''Gnevny''s had an [[length overall\|overall length]] of {{convert\|112.8\|m\|ftin\|sp=us}}, a [[beam (nautical)\|beam]] of {{convert\|10.2\|m\|ftin\|sp=us}}, and a [[draft (hull)\|draft]] of {{convert\|4.8\|m\|ftin\|sp=us}} at [[deep load]]. The ships were significantly overweight, almost {{convert\|200\|MT\|LT\|0\|lk=on}} heavier than designed, displacing {{convert\|1612\|MT\|LT}} at [[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement\|standard load]] and {{convert\|2039\|MT\|LT}} at deep load. Their crew numbered 197 officers and sailors in peacetime and 236 in wartime.<ref>Yakubov & Worth, p. 101</ref> The ships had a pair of geared [[steam turbine]]s, each driving one propeller, rated to produce {{convert\|48000\|shp\|lk=on}} using steam from three [[water-tube boiler]]s which was intended to give them a maximum speed of {{convert\|37\|kn}}.<ref>Budzbon, p. 330</ref> The designers had been conservative in rating the turbines and many, but not all, of the ships handily exceeded their designed speed during their [[sea trial]]s. Others fell considerably short of it, although specific figures for most individual ships have not survived. Variations in [[fuel oil]] capacity meant that the range of the ''Gnevny''s varied between {{convert\|1670\|to\|3145\|nmi\|lk=in}} at {{convert\|19\|kn}}.<ref>Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 106–107</ref> As built, the ''Gnevny''-class ships mounted four [[130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936\|{{convert\|130\|mm\|in\|adj=on\|sp=us}} B-13 guns]] in two pairs of [[superfiring]] single mounts fore and aft of the [[superstructure]]. [[Anti-aircraft warfare\|Anti-aircraft defense]] was provided by a pair of [[76.2 mm anti-aircraft gun Model 1935 (34-K)\|{{convert\|76.2\|mm\|adj=on\|sp=us\|0}} 34-K]] [[AA gun]]s in single mounts and a pair of [[45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K)\|{{convert\|45\|mm\|adj=on\|sp=us}} 21-K]] AA guns<ref>Hill, p. 40</ref> as well as two {{convert\|12.7\|mm\|adj=on\|sp=us}} [[DShK\|DK or DShK]] [[machine gun]]s. They carried six {{cvt\|533\|mm\|in}} [[torpedo tube]]s in two rotating triple mounts; each tube was provided with a reload. The ships could also carry a maximum of either 60 or 95 [[naval mine\|mines]] and 25 [[depth charge]]s. They were fitted with a set of Mars [[hydrophone]]s for [[anti-submarine warfare\|anti-submarine work]], although they were useless at speeds over {{convert\|3\|kn}}.<ref>Yakubov & Worth, pp. 101, 105–106</ref> The ships were equipped with two K-1 [[Paravane (weapon)\|paravanes]] intended to destroy mines and a pair of depth-charge throwers.<ref>Berezhnoy, p. 335</ref> ===Modifications=== At some point between 1942 and 1945, ''Gromky'' had her 21-K guns replaced by three [[37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)\|{{convert\|37\|mm\|adj=on\|sp=us}} 70-K]] AA guns in single mounts and three twin-gun mounts for [[Lend-Lease]], water-cooled [[M1921 Browning machine gun\|12.7 mm Colt-Browning]] machine guns and two single mounts for improved DShK machine guns. By the end of the war, she had received a British [[ASDIC]] system and a Soviet [[Gyuys radar\|Gyuys-1]] [[early-warning radar]]. After the war, all of her AA guns were replaced by eight water-cooled V-11M versions of the 70-K gun in twin mounts and her electronics were replaced by Soviet systems.<ref>Hill, p. 36; Yakubov & Worth, pp. 105–106</ref> == Construction and service == Built in [[Leningrad]]'s [[Severnaya Verf\|Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov)]] as [[yard number]] 503, ''Gromky'' was [[laid down]] on 29 April 1936, [[Ceremonial ship launching\|launched]] on 6 December 1937, and was completed on 31 December 1938. The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet before she was transferred to the Northern Fleet via the [[White Sea Canal]] in early 1939.<ref>Rohwer & Monakov, p. 233; Yakubov & Worth, p. 107</ref> During the Winter War, her only action was to help to cover the laying of a [[minefield]] off [[Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast\|Petsamo]] with her [[sister ship]] {{ship\|Soviet destroyer\|Grozny\|1936\|2}} on 2–3 January 1940.<ref>Rohwer, p. 13</ref> When [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began on 22 June 1941, the ship was based in Polyarny. Together with her sisters {{ship\|Soviet destroyer\|Stremitelny\|1937\|2}} and {{ship\|Soviet destroyer\|Gremyashchy\|1937\|2}}, ''Gromky'' covered the landing of troops on the western side of the mouth of the [[Zapadnaya Litsa River]] on 14 July during [[Operation Platinum Fox]], the German attempt to capture [[Murmansk]]. On 10–15 September, ''Gromky'' and her sisters in the 1st Destroyer Division (''Gremyashchy'', {{ship\|Soviet destroyer\|Sokrushitelny\|1937\|2}} and {{ship\|Soviet destroyer\|Grozny\|1936\|2}}) laid a pair of minefields off the [[Rybachy Peninsula]] using British mines delivered by the [[minelayer]] {{HMS\|Adventure\|M23\|6}}. From 20 to 29 October, ''Gromky'' bombarded German positions near the [[Zapadnaya Litsa River]] with a total of 1,251 shells from her 130 mm guns. On 14 November, ''Gromky'' and ''Gremyashchy'' rendezvoused with a British light cruiser and a pair of destroyers to bombarded German-occupied [[Vardø (town)\|Vardø]], [[Norway]], and then met up with [[Convoy PQ 3]] to escort it to [[Arkhangelsk]]. ''Gromky'' shelled German troops near the Zapadnaya Litsa River again on 19 November with 103 [[Cartridge (firearms)\|rounds]]. ''Gromky'', ''Gremyashchy'' and the same three British ships made an unsuccessful search for German ships off the Norwegian coast and then bombarded Vardø again on 24–25 November, during which ''Gromky'' expended 112 shells from her main guns. She returned to the Litsa on 30 December and fired 100 rounds at German positions, before starting a refit on 2 January 1942 that lasted until 2 February.<ref>Platonov, p. 177; Rohwer, pp. 86, 99, 114, 118</ref> After refitting in January 1942, ''Grozny'', together with ''Gromky'', escorted the [[light cruiser]] {{HMS\|Nigeria\|60\|6}} to rendezvous with [[Convoy PQ 11]] on 20 February, but the destroyers were forced to return to port because of a strong storm. It frustrated a subsequent attempts two days later, but they were finally able to meet the convoy that evening. ''Gromky'' helped to escort [[Convoy QP 8]] on 1–4 March, but ran out of fuel the following day as she was headed for port in heavy weather that washed four crewmen overboard. ''Grozny'' was the first ship to reach the destroyer which was successfully refueled and subsequently reached port. On 30 March, ''Gromky'' escorted the badly damaged light cruiser {{HMS\|Trinidad\|46\|6}} and the destroyer {{HMS\|Eclipse\|H08\|6}} into [[Kola Bay]]. At the beginning of May, the ship provided naval gunfire support to Soviet troops, firing a total of 446 shells on 1 and 3 May. While returning from one such mission during a [[Beaufort scale\|Force 8]] storm on 6 May, cracks developed on the deck and sides of her [[bow (watercraft)\|bow]] and the ship was only able to make a speed of {{convert\|4\|kn}} in the heavy weather. ''Gromky'' reached struggled to reach Murmansk where an inspection revealed that only the ship's [[keel]] held her bow in place. After temporary repairs were completed, she arrived in [[Molotovsk]] on 20 June to begin permanent repairs.<ref>Platonov, pp. 177–178; Rohwer, pp. 141, 149; Yakubov & Worth, p. 103</ref> After the repairs were completed on 9 October and [[Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)#working up\|working up]], ''Gromky'' put to sea on 22 November and rescued some of ''Sokrushitelny''{{'}}s crew after that ship had broken in half and sunk during a bad storm; ''Gromky''{{'}}s hull was damaged by the search and she returned to port two days later. Her repairs began on 29 November and lasted until 25 January 1943. In early February, the ship escorted convoys between Murmansk and the White Sea. On 26 February, she rendezvoused with [[Convoy JW 53]] and escorted the bulk of it into Kola Bay. Together with the [[flotilla leader\|destroyer leader]] {{ship\|Soviet destroyer\|Baku\|\|2}} and ''Grozny'', ''Gromky'' unsuccessfully attempted to intercept German supply ships along the coast of Norway on 27–28 and 30–31 March. She helped to escort five Allied [[cargo ship]]s from Murmansk to Arkhangelsk on 17–18 May before beginning repairs on 18 June that lasted until 10 September. Together with ''Gremyashchy'' and the minesweeper {{HMS\|Britomart\|J22\|6}}, ''Gromky'' escorted a pair of Allied cargo ships from Murmansk to Arkhangelsk on 29 September–2 October. While escorting a Soviet convoy on 12 October, the transport {{SS\|Maria Raskova}}'s steering gear failed in a storm and ''Gremyashchy'' took her in tow. She was still uncontrollable and ''Gromky'' passed a cable from her bow to ''Maria Raskova''{{'}}s stern to steady her. Two days later, the cable snapped, but a new one was rigged shortly afterwards. That night the new cable snapped, but the remaining piece of the cable hung down off the stern and dragged along the seafloor which steadied the ship so another attempt to pass a cable was not made. On 22 October, ''Gromky'' helped to escort Soviet [[icebreaker]]s from the [[Kara Strait]] to the White Sea. The following month she was one of the escorts for [[Convoy RA 54\|Convoys RA 54]], [[Convoy JW 54A\|JW 54A]] and [[Convoy RA 55\|RA 55]] before beginning a refit on 29 November. After it was completed on 12 December. ''Gromky'' escorted [[Convoy JW 55A]] on 21–22 December.<ref>Platonov, p. 178; Rohwer, pp. 232, 239–240, 252, 279, 282</ref> Another attempt by ''Gromky'' and three other destroyers to intercept German supply ships off the Norwegian coast on 20–22 January 1944 was unsuccessful. She rendezvoused with [[Convoy JW 56A]] on 26 January and helped to escort it into Kola Bay. ''Gromky'' was one of the escorts for ships from [[Convoy JW 56A]] 27–29 January and then she escorted [[Convoy RA 56]] outbound from Murmansk on 3–4 March. While escorting a convoy from Murmansk to Archangelsk on 8 March, ''Gromky'' claimed to have damaged a German submarine, although that engagement cannot be confirmed from German records. The ship then escorted a Soviet convoy in the opposite direction on 7 April so that the ships could join [[Convoy RA 58]]. She then spent the next several months escorting convoys in the White and Barents Seas. ''Gromky'' escorted [[Convoy JW 59]] on 24–26 August and then resumed escort duties for local convoys. On 9–11 October the ship provided gunfire support to Soviet troops during the Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive, firing 715 rounds during those three days. She was refitted from the end of October to the end of the year and was inactive for the rest of the war. ''Gromky'' was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 6 March.<ref>Platonov, p. 179; Rohwer, pp. 300–301, 311, 320</ref> After the war, the ship received a lengthy modernization that last from 27 March 1948 to 31 December 1954. ''Gromky'' was reclassified as test ship ''OS-3'' on 27 December 1956 and was used as a target during a nuclear test on [[1957 Soviet nuclear tests\|7 September 1957]] on Novaya Zemlya. The ship sank there on 10 October.<ref>Yakubov & Worth, p. 108</ref> ==Citations== {{Reflist\|30em}} ==Sources== {{Cite book\|title=Крейсера и миноносцы. Справочник\|last=Berezhnoy\|first=Sergey\|publisher=Voenizdat\|year=2002\|isbn=5-203-01780-8\|location=Moscow\|language=ru\|trans-title=Guide to Cruisers and Destroyers}} {{cite book\|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946\|editor-last=Chesneau\|publisher=Conway Maritime Press\|location=Greenwich, UK\|year=1980\|isbn=0-85177-146-7\|last=Budzbon\|first=Przemysaw\|pages=318–346\|chapter=Soviet Union\|editor-first=Roger}} * {{cite book \| last = Hill \| first = Alexander \| year = 2018 \| title = Soviet Destroyers of World War II \| place = Oxford, UK\| publisher = Osprey Publishing\| isbn = 978-1-4728-2256-7\|series=New Vanguard\|volume=256}} {{cite book \|last1=Platonov \|first1=Andrey V.\|title=Энциклопедия советских надводных кораблей 1941–1945 \|trans-title=Encyclopedia of Soviet Surface Ships 1941–1945 \|date=2002 \|publisher=Poligon \|location=Saint Petersburg \|isbn=5-89173-178-9 \|language=ru}} {{cite book\|last=Rohwer\|first=Jürgen\|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two\|publisher=Naval Institute Press\|location=Annapolis, Maryland\|year=2005\|edition=Third Revised\|isbn=1-59114-119-2\|author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}} {{cite book\|last1=Rohwer\|first1=Jürgen\|last2=Monakov\|first2=Mikhail S.\|title=Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet\|publisher=Frank Cass\|location=London\|year=2001\|isbn=0-7146-4895-7\|name-list-style=amp}} {{cite book\|last1=Yakubov\|first1=Vladimir\|last2=Worth \|first2=Richard \|chapter=The Soviet Project 7/7U Destroyers\|editor1-last=Jordan \|editor1-first=John \|editor2-last=Dent \|editor2-first=Stephen \|publisher=Conway\|location=London\|year=2008\|title=Warship 2008\|pages=99–114\|isbn=978-1-84486-062-3\|name-list-style=amp}} ==Further reading== {{Cite book\|title=Легендарные "семёрки" Эсминцы "сталинской" серии\|last=Balakin\|first=Sergey\|publisher=Yauza/Eksmo\|year=2007\|isbn=978-5-699-23784-5\|location=Moscow\|language=ru\|trans-title=Legendary Sevens: Stalin's destroyer series}} {{cite book\|last=Whitley\|first=M. J.\|title=Destroyers of World War 2\|publisher=Naval Institute Press\|location=Annapolis, Maryland\|year=1988\|isbn=0-87021-326-1}} {{Gnevny-class destroyer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gromky (1937)}} [[Category:Gnevny-class destroyers]] [[Category:1937 ships]] [[Category:Ships built at Severnaya Verf]] [[Category:Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner]] [[Category:Cold War destroyers of the Soviet Union]]	1,303,544,878	[{"title": "Soviet Union", "data": {"Name": "Gromky (\u0413\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438\u0439 (Loud))", "Ordered": "2nd Five-Year Plan", "Builder": "Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov), Leningrad", "Laid down": "29 April 1936", "Launched": "6 December 1937", "Completed": "31 December 1938", "Renamed": "OS-3, 27 December 1956", "Reclassified": "As a test ship, 27 December 1956", "Stricken": "17 February 1956", "Honors & \u00b7 awards": "Order of the Red Banner, 6 March 1945", "Fate": "Sunk after a nuclear test, 10 October 1957"}}, {"title": "General characteristics (Gnevny as completed, 1938)", "data": {"Class & type": "Gnevny-class destroyer", "Displacement": "1,612 t (1,587 long tons) (standard)", "Length": "112.8 m (370 ft 1 in) (o/a)", "Beam": "10.2 m (33 ft 6 in)", "Draft": "4.8 m (15 ft 9 in)", "Installed power": "- 3 water-tube boilers - 48,000 shp (36,000 kW)", "Propulsion": "2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines", "Speed": "38 knots (70 km/h; 44 mph)", "Range": "2,720 nmi (5,040 km; 3,130 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)", "Complement": "197 (236 wartime)", "Sensors & \u00b7 processing systems": "Mars hydrophone", "Armament": "- 4 \u00d7 single 130 mm (5.1 in) guns - 2 \u00d7 single 76.2 mm (3 in) AA guns - 2 \u00d7 single 45 mm (1.8 in) AA guns - 2 \u00d7 single 12.7 mm (0.50 in) AA machineguns - 2 \u00d7 triple 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes - 60\u201396 mines - 2 \u00d7 depth charge racks, 25 depth charges"}}]	false
# WPTV-TV WPTV-TV (channel 5) is a television station in West Palm Beach, Florida, United States, affiliated with NBC. It is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company alongside WHDT (channel 9), an independent station licensed to Stuart. Scripps also provides certain services to Fox affiliate WFLX (channel 29) under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Gray Media. The stations share studios on Banyan Boulevard in downtown West Palm Beach; WPTV-TV's transmitter is located in Lake Worth along US 441. Channel 5 began broadcasting as WJNO-TV on August 22, 1954. It broadcast from a former greenhouse in Palm Beach and was the first VHF television station in the area. The station was sold to John Phipps in 1956, becoming WPTV, and to Scripps in 1961. It moved its studios to West Palm Beach in 1971, relocating to its present site in 2001. An NBC affiliate from the outset, WPTV has spent much of its history as the news ratings leader in the market, though in the 2020s, WPBF has challenged it and surpassed it in some time periods. ## History ### Construction and early years In 1952, channel 5 was allocated to West Palm Beach by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Two groups applied. One was WJNO (1230 AM), a West Palm Beach radio station that had been waiting for the FCC to lift its multi-year freeze on new television station licenses to make an application. The other was Palm Beach Television, a consortium that counted Theodore Granik—creator of The American Forum of the Air—among its stockholders. On November 4, 1953, the two groups combined their bids, ending the contest and receiving a construction permit. Palm Beach Television changed its name to WJNO-TV, Inc., and joined forces with WJNO to put the new station on the air. WJNO-TV began broadcasting on August 22, 1954. Frank Folsom, president of the Radio Corporation of America, put the station formally on air and launched a two-hour dedication that included appearances from stars Dorothy Sarnoff, Vaughn Monroe, Eddy Arnold, Lou Monte, and Paul Gilbert. It was an affiliate of NBC. Studios were in Palm Beach at the Palm Beach Playhouse. The studio had previously functioned as the greenhouse of the Royal Poinciana Hotel. WJNO-TV was the first VHF television station in the city, which already had a UHF outlet: WIRK-TV on channel 21, which started in September 1953. WTVJ in Miami, whose signal also covered the Palm Beaches, dropped its remaining NBC programming a month later. West Palm Beach gained a second VHF station, WEAT-TV (channel 12, now WPEC), in 1955; it was an ABC affiliate. WIRK-TV folded in 1956, and channel 5 aired some CBS programs. In 1956, WJNO-TV, Inc. sold the station to John H. Phipps, owner of WCTV serving Tallahassee. When the sale closed in November, channel 5 changed call signs to WPTV. Phipps sold the station for $2 million in 1961 to Scripps-Howard Broadcasting, making it the fourth Scripps-Howard television station. In the early 1960s, WPTV made two efforts to improve its signal and expand its coverage area. When Phipps filed to sell the station to Scripps-Howard, WPTV also filed to move its transmitter from Lake Park to a site near US 441 and Lantana Road in Lake Worth, with a new, 1,031-foot (314 m) tower. The proposed relocation, as well as a similar application by WEAT-TV, alarmed the Miami stations, who feared an incursion by WPTV and WEAT-TV into areas of Broward and Dade counties that previously were only to receive the three commercial stations in Miami. The FCC approved the tower in February 1962, and WPTV began broadcasting from the site that September. Not long after, WPTV made a second and more controversial tower proposal. It proposed building a 2,000-foot (610 m) tower at Boca Raton, further south than the Lake Worth site. This would have been the tallest television tower in Florida. Despite securing support from the Palm Beach County school board and Florida Atlantic University, both of which planned new educational TV stations, the new tower posed a further threat to the Miami TV stations by extending a city-grade picture further south into south Broward and Dade. It also faced an uphill battle obtaining federal approval. The FCC and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) had issued policies that required broadcasters seeking to build towers over 2,000 feet in height to overcome what Broadcasting magazine called "a virtual ban". The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association opposed the tower plan, which it believed to create "an unacceptable hazard to air navigation", while six Miami and Fort Lauderdale stations objected to the increased competition and potential to hurt the development of UHF telecasting in South Florida. Miami NBC affiliate WCKT also objected to the potential overlap of stations carrying NBC programming. The application remained pending until WPTV moved to dismiss it in 1968. ### Flagler Drive studio era (1971–2001) By the end of the 1960s, WPTV had outgrown the former greenhouse in Palm Beach; Jerry Renninger of The Palm Beach Post-Times described the studio as "dark" and "crowded" and the newsroom as "a narrow, corridor-like room", and the building was developing structural problems. In 1969, WPTV purchased a waterfront plot of land across the Intracoastal Waterway in West Palm Beach, at the west end of the Flagler Memorial Bridge. Ground on the 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m2) facility was broken in August 1970, and WPTV moved operations at the end of May 1971. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, WPTV remained number one in the West Palm Beach market in spite of the network's number-three status and ratings struggles. WPTV's popularity was such that NBC network programming outperformed its national average; in 1990, even weak parts of NBC's lineup on a national level, such as soap operas and the NBC Nightly News, rated first in West Palm Beach. For much of the Flagler Drive period, between 1981 and 1998, WPTV was run by general manager Bill Brooks, a former Roman Catholic priest who had previously served as the station's public service director. ### Move to Banyan Boulevard (2001–present) WPTV outgrew its Flagler Drive studio facility in the mid-1990s, when the sales department was forced to move to an office across the street. The waterfront property had become increasingly valuable. Scripps contended it had the right to develop the property with high-rise waterfront apartments, but development on the east side of Flagler Drive had become locally unpopular since the construction of the nearby, 27-story Waterview Towers. In 1982, the city of West Palm Beach imposed a moratorium to stop Scripps from developing; five years later, it scuttled a voter-approved settlement with the company. The company into the 1990s continued to push for local approval to replace the studio building with a 15-story office tower and 13-story apartment complex. In December 1995, Scripps won approval for Catalfumo Construction and Development to build the site. Two years, Scripps agreed to a land swap with Catalfumo for a site at the intersection of Australian Avenue and Banyan Boulevard on which to build a new WPTV studio. The replacement was designed in a Mediterranean style, in keeping with local architectural tastes. The station began broadcasting from the new, 70,000-square-foot (6,500 m2) facility on March 16, 2001. Anchors Jim Sackett and Laurel Sauer began the 6 p.m. newscast from the old studio and then traveled by helicopter to the new facility to finish the newscast within half an hour. The facility featured three studios, as opposed to the prior building's two, as well as additional space for the news department and station staff. Some space was rented out, first to a commercial production company and later to Paxson Communications Corporation; WPTV provided services to Pax affiliate WPXP (channel 67) under a joint sales agreement at the time. The studio was used for exterior shots on the second season of the NBC sitcom Good Morning, Miami. On January 1, 2011, WPTV replaced WPEC as the provider of newscasts for Fox affiliate WFLX (channel 29), owned by Raycom Media. That March, Scripps and Raycom entered into a shared services agreement under which Scripps provided technical and promotional functions, as well as business office space, to WFLX while Raycom continued to manage programming and sales. ## News operation WPTV built itself up as the dominant station in local news programming in West Palm Beach from early in its history. While WEAT-TV generally underinvested in news, WPTV built a well-remembered anchor team of newsman Bill Gordon, sportscaster Buck Kinnaird, and weatherman Tony Glenn that persisted throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Gordon's popularity with the older TV viewing audience in West Palm Beach propelled WPTV to large leads in total viewers. WPEC anchorman Bill Markham observed, "One of the reasons everybody watches Channel 5 in West Palm Beach is just force of habit." In 1978, Steve Sonsky wrote in The Miami Herald, "Gordon is to West Palm what Ralph Renick and Wayne Fariss are to Miami, what Cronkite is to America: an institution." Gordon anchored and served as news director from 1961 to 1978 and returned as a commentator from 1979 to 1981. In addition to usually being the first local station to introduce new technology, WPTV broadly benefited from news talent stability for much of its history. Gordon was replaced by Bob Howick, who served as news director and anchor from 1978 to 1984, and Barry Judge, who anchored from 1985 to 1989. When Judge left, Jim Sackett—already at WPTV since 1978—became the station's main evening anchor. At 6 and 11 p.m., he was paired with Laurel Sauer. Sauer had been a popular anchor at WPEC until being demoted in January 1988, a move that caused picketing outside that station's studios. She sued WPEC to get out of the non-compete clause in her contract; a judge agreed her demotion was a breach of contract, allowing her to immediately go to work for WPTV. Sackett and Sauer were WPTV's main evening team for the next 18 years. WPTV demoted Sauer from the 11 p.m. newscast in October 2007, prompting her to leave the next year; Sackett retired in 2011, ending a 33-year career at WPTV, This level of stability and loyalty sustained high ratings over the decades, with large gaps to second-place WPEC. In 1990, ratings surveys found that WPTV had nearly as many or more viewers than all other local stations combined for its 5:30, 6, and 11 p.m. newscasts. The news department gradually expanded, introducing a 5 p.m. newscast in 1990 and weekend morning news in 1992 and lengthening its morning newscast from 30 minutes to two hours over the course of the decade. The market's news ratings race tightened in the 2000s, when WPBF (channel 25)—which had been the third-place station since its 1989 debut—improved its product as WPEC narrowed the gap with WPTV. In November 2007, WPEC beat out WPTV in late news by 155 households. While WPTV led most news ratings races in 2014, it had mostly been supplanted by WPBF as of 2024; WPTV placed second at 5, 6, and 11 p.m. but led at 6 a.m. When WPTV took over news production for WFLX, it began producing 17 hours a week of newscasts for that station, consisting of an hour-long 10 p.m. nightly newscast and a two-hour morning show at 7 a.m. weekdays. WFLX newscasts originated from a separate set. A half-hour 4 p.m. newscast was added in August 2011 and discontinued in 2014. Under the most recent version of the WFLX agreement with Raycom's successor Gray Media, signed in 2020, Scripps dedicates two anchors, a meteorologist, and two repeaters to each of the morning and 10 p.m. newscasts, as well as a total of four producers to newscasts on WFLX. Also included in the agreement was a clause allowing WFLX to launch a 6:30 p.m. newscast if WPTV added a 7 p.m. newscast. ### Notable former on-air staff - Mark Alford – environmental reporter, 1991–1993[69] - Glenn Burns — meteorologist, 1976–1979[70][71] - Andrea Canning – reporter[72] - Cari Champion – reporter and anchor, 2003-2006[73] - Tom Dunn – weekend anchor, 1988–1998[74] - Marci Gonzalez – reporter, weekend anchor[75] - Van Hackett – anchor, 1973–1976[76][77] - Bob Lorenz – sports anchor[78] - Jennifer Lopez – meteorologist, 1996–1997[79][80] - Jim Mueller – sports anchor, 1968–1971[81] - Jennifer Valoppi – reporter and anchor, 1981–1985[82][83] ## Technical information ### Subchannels WPTV-TV's transmitter is located in Lake Worth along US 441. The station's signal is multiplexed: \| Channel \| Res. \| Aspect \| Short name \| Programming \| \| ------- \| ----- \| ------ \| ---------- \| ----------------- \| \| 5.1 \| 1080i \| 16:9 \| WPTV-TV \| NBC \| \| 5.2 \| 480i \| 16:9 \| IONPLUS \| Ion Plus \| \| 5.3 \| 480i \| 16:9 \| LAFF \| Laff \| \| 5.4 \| 480i \| 16:9 \| Ion \| Ion Television \| \| 5.5 \| 480i \| 16:9 \| GET \| Get \| \| 5.6 \| 480i \| 16:9 \| QVC2 \| QVC2 \| \| 5.7 \| 480i \| 16:9 \| Shop LC \| Shop LC \| \| 48.2 \| 480i \| 16:9 \| Charge! \| Charge! (WWHB-CD) \| ### Analog-to-digital conversion WPTV began broadcasting a digital signal on UHF channel 55 in April 2003, at the culmination of a tower replacement project at the Lantana Road site. The new mast was 300 feet (91 m) taller than the existing one and provided space to co-locate other TV and radio transmission facilities. WPTV maintained separate digital and analog signals until the digital television transition on June 12, 2009; after the transition, the digital signal relocated from channel 55 to channel 12 in the VHF band.	enwiki/3922704	enwiki	3,922,704	WPTV-TV	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPTV-TV	2025-08-17T22:57:15Z	en	Q7954513	355,763	{{Short description\|Television station in West Palm Beach, Florida}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox television station \| callsign = WPTV-TV \| logo = WPTV-TV NBC 5 West Palm Beach, Florida Logo.svg \| logo_alt = A silver circle containing and incorporating a sans serif numeral 5, with dark blue fill and the NBC peacock logo overlapping in the lower right corner. Beneath are the letters WPTV in a sans serif. \| logo_size = 180px \| branding = WPTV \| digital = 12 ([[VHF]]) \| virtual = 5 \| repeaters = [[WHDT]] 5.11 [[Stuart, Florida\|Stuart]] \| affiliations = {{ubl\|'''5.1:''' [[NBC]]\|''for others, see {{section link\|\|Subchannels}}''}} \| owner = [[E. W. Scripps Company]] \| licensee = Scripps Broadcasting Holdings [[LLC]] \| location = [[West Palm Beach, Florida]] \| country = United States \| airdate = {{start date and age\|1954\|8\|22\|p=y\|br=yes}} \| callsign_meaning = West Palm Television{{r\|Palm020721}} \| sister_stations = [[WFLX]], [[WHDT]] \| former_callsigns = {{ubl\|WJNO-TV (1954–1956)\|WPTV (1956–2010)}} \| former_channel_numbers = {{ubl\|'''Analog:''' 5 (VHF, 1954–2009)\|'''Digital:''' 55 ([[UHF]], 2003–2009)}} \| erp = 50 [[kW]] \| haat = {{convert\|386.3\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}} \| class = \| facility_id = 59443 \| coordinates = {{coord\|26\|35\|21.2\|N\|80\|12\|42.8\|W\|type:landmark_scale:2000\|name=WPTV-TV}} \| licensing_authority = [[FCC]] \| website = {{URL\|https://www.wptv.com/}} }} '''WPTV-TV''' (channel 5) is a [[television station]] in [[West Palm Beach, Florida]], United States, affiliated with [[NBC]]. It is owned by the [[E. W. Scripps Company]] alongside [[WHDT]] (channel 9), an [[independent station]] licensed to [[Stuart, Florida\|Stuart]]. Scripps also provides certain services to [[Fox Broadcasting Company\|Fox]] affiliate [[WFLX]] (channel 29) under a [[shared services]] agreement (SSA) with [[Gray Media]]. The stations share studios on Banyan Boulevard in downtown West Palm Beach; WPTV-TV's transmitter is located in [[Lake Worth, Florida\|Lake Worth]] along [[U.S. Route 441 in Florida\|US 441]]. Channel 5 began broadcasting as WJNO-TV on August 22, 1954. It broadcast from a former greenhouse in [[Palm Beach, Florida\|Palm Beach]] and was the first [[VHF]] television station in the area. The station was sold to John Phipps in 1956, becoming WPTV, and to Scripps in 1961. It moved its studios to West Palm Beach in 1971, relocating to its present site in 2001. An NBC affiliate from the outset, WPTV has spent much of its history as the news ratings leader in the market, though in the 2020s, [[WPBF]] has challenged it and surpassed it in some time periods. ==History== ===Construction and early years=== In 1952, channel 5 was allocated to [[West Palm Beach, Florida\|West Palm Beach]] by the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC). Two groups applied. One was [[WBZT\|WJNO (1230 AM)]], a West Palm Beach radio station that had been waiting for the FCC to lift its multi-year freeze on new television station licenses to make an application.<ref name="Palm520509">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-wjno-to-seek-televis/122307563/\|date=May 9, 1952\|pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-wjno-tv/122307567/ 3]\|title=WJNO To Seek Television Permit: Long Delay Seen\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> The other was Palm Beach Television, a consortium that counted Theodore Granik—creator of ''[[The American Forum of the Air]]''—among its stockholders.<ref name="Palm520504">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-corporation-plans-te/177981843/\|date=May 4, 1952\|page=1\|title=Corporation Plans Television Outlet In Palm Beaches\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post-Times\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --><ref name="Tamp520718">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-times-west-palm-beach-station/178115232/\|date=July 18, 1952\|page=1\|title=West Palm Beach Station Asks TV\|newspaper=The Tampa Daily Times\|agency=Associated Press\|location=Tampa, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> On November 4, 1953, the two groups combined their bids, ending the contest and receiving a [[construction permit]]. Palm Beach Television changed its name to WJNO-TV, Inc., and joined forces with WJNO to put the new station on the air.<ref name="Palm531105">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-channel-5-tv-permit/177981915/\|date=November 5, 1953\|pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-channel-5-tv/177981934/ 3]\|title=Channel 5 TV Permit Granted To WJNO-TV, Inc.\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --> WJNO-TV began broadcasting on August 22, 1954. Frank Folsom, president of the [[Radio Corporation of America]], put the station formally on air and launched a two-hour dedication that included appearances from stars [[Dorothy Sarnoff]], [[Vaughn Monroe]], [[Eddy Arnold]], [[Lou Monte]], and [[Paul Gilbert (actor)\|Paul Gilbert]].<ref name="MiamH540823">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-stars-help-celebrate-pr/177982173/\|date=August 23, 1954\|page=2-C\|title=Stars Help Celebrate Premiere: West Palm's WJNO-TV in Debut\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --><ref name="MiamDN540823">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-w-palm-beach-station-mak/177982136/\|date=August 23, 1954\|page=12-A\|title=W. Palm Beach Station Makes Bow In TV Field\|newspaper=Miami Daily News\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --> It was an affiliate of NBC. Studios were in [[Palm Beach, Florida\|Palm Beach]] at the Palm Beach Playhouse.<ref name="Palm540815">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-wjno-tv-will-start-t/162495926/\|date=August 15, 1954\|page=28\|title=WJNO-TV Will Start Telecasting Here On Next Sunday: Program Over Channel 5 To Start At 1 PM\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post-Times\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --> The studio had previously functioned as the greenhouse of the [[Royal Poinciana Hotel]].<ref name="Palm710530">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-channel-5-the-end-o/178014481/\|date=May 30, 1971\|page=H1\|first=Jerry\|last=Renninger\|title=Channel 5: The End Of An Era\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post-Times\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --> WJNO-TV was the first [[VHF]] television station in the city, which already had a [[UHF]] outlet: [[WIRK-TV]] on channel 21, which started in September 1953.<ref name="Miam530901">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-tv-station-at-west-palm/162497100/\|date=September 1, 1953\|page=7\|title=TV Station At West Palm Starts Test\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Tue --> [[WTVJ]] in Miami, whose signal also covered the Palm Beaches, dropped its remaining NBC programming a month later.<ref name="Miam540926">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-new-time-network-shift/147208542/\|date=September 26, 1954\|page=1-A\|title=New Time, Network Shift: Miami Must Change TV Viewing Habits\|newspaper=Miami Daily News\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --> West Palm Beach gained a second VHF station, WEAT-TV (channel 12, now [[WPEC]]), in 1955; it was an ABC affiliate. WIRK-TV folded in 1956, and channel 5 aired some CBS programs.<ref name="Palm560811">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-wjno-reports-tv-stat/177982254/\|date=August 11, 1956\|page=16\|title=WJNO Reports TV Station Sold\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> In 1956, WJNO-TV, Inc. sold the station to John H. Phipps, owner of [[WCTV]] serving [[Tallahassee]].<ref name="Palm560811">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-wjno-reports-tv-stat/177982254/\|date=August 11, 1956\|page=16\|title=WJNO Reports TV Station Sold\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> When the sale closed in November, channel 5 changed [[call sign]]s to WPTV.<ref name="Miam561106">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-west-palm-tv-changes-lett/162496454/\|date=November 6, 1956\|page=13B\|title=West Palm TV Changes Letters\|newspaper=Miami Daily News\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref><!-- Tue --> Phipps sold the station for $2 million in 1961 to [[Scripps-Howard Broadcasting]], making it the fourth Scripps-Howard television station.<ref name="Palm610909">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-channel-5-sale-appro/178013664/\|date=September 9, 1961\|page=1\|title=Channel 5 Sale Approval Awaits FCC\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --><ref name="Palm611215">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-fcc-okays-wptv-sale/178013713/\|date=December 15, 1961\|page=1\|title=FCC Okays WPTV Sale To Scripps\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> In the early 1960s, WPTV made two efforts to improve its signal and expand its coverage area. When Phipps filed to sell the station to Scripps-Howard, WPTV also filed to move its transmitter from [[Lake Park, Florida\|Lake Park]] to a site near [[U.S. Route 441 in Florida\|US 441]] and Lantana Road in [[Lake Worth, Florida\|Lake Worth]], with a new, {{convert\|1031\|ft\|m\|adj=on}} tower.{{r\|Palm610909}} The proposed relocation, as well as a similar application by WEAT-TV, alarmed the Miami stations, who feared an incursion by WPTV and WEAT-TV into areas of [[Broward County, Florida\|Broward]] and [[Miami-Dade County, Florida\|Dade]] counties that previously were only to receive the three commercial stations in Miami.<ref name="Miam611102">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-palm-beach-county-tv-al/178013620/\|date=November 2, 1961\|page=5-F\|first=Jack E.\|last=Anderson\|title=Palm Beach County TV Alarms Stations Here\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --> The FCC approved the tower in February 1962,<ref name="Palm620215">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-fcc-approves-new-tv/178013874/\|date=February 15, 1962\|page=24\|title=FCC Approves New TV Tower Transmitter\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --> and WPTV began broadcasting from the site that September.<ref name="Miam620928">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-palm-beach-ch-12-on-ai/178117464/\|date=September 28, 1962\|page=7-D\|title=Palm Beach Ch. 12 on Air Today\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> Not long after, WPTV made a second and more controversial tower proposal. It proposed building a {{convert\|2000\|ft\|m\|adj=on}} tower at [[Boca Raton, Florida\|Boca Raton]], further south than the Lake Worth site. This would have been the tallest television tower in Florida.<ref name="Miam650122">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-tower-hits-clouds-fau/178013984/\|date=January 22, 1965\|page=1-B (Palm Beach)\|first=Jon\|last=Margolis\|title=Tower Hits Clouds: FAU Snubs 2,000-Ft.-Tall 'Gift'\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> Despite securing support from the [[Palm Beach County]] school board and [[Florida Atlantic University]], both of which planned new educational TV stations, the new tower posed a further threat to the Miami TV stations by extending a city-grade picture further south into south Broward and Dade.<ref name="Miam650127">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-channel-5s-aces-pb-sc/178061313/\|date=January 27, 1965\|page=2-B (Palm Beach)\|first=Jim\|last=Giltmier\|title=Channel 5's Aces: PB School Board, FAU\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Wed --> It also faced an uphill battle obtaining federal approval. The FCC and [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) had issued policies that required broadcasters seeking to build towers over 2,000 feet in height to overcome what ''[[Broadcasting & Cable\|Broadcasting]]'' magazine called "a virtual ban".<ref>{{Cite news\|title=FAA joins FCC in tower rule: Virtual ban on more than 2,000 feet follows rule first adopted year ago\|page=56\|id={{pq\|1014494083}}\|work=Broadcasting\|date=July 18, 1966}}</ref> The [[Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association]] opposed the tower plan, which it believed to create "an unacceptable hazard to air navigation",<ref name="Miam651214">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-faa-holding-hearing-tod/178014082/\|date=December 14, 1965\|page=2-B (Palm Beach)\|first=John\|last=Van Gieson\|title=FAA Holding Hearing Today On Tower Plan\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Tue --> while six Miami and Fort Lauderdale stations objected to the increased competition and potential to hurt the development of UHF telecasting in South Florida.<ref name="Miam651216">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news-sam-gyson-chief-miami-unc/178014098/\|date=December 16, 1965\|page=14A\|first=Agnes\|last=Ash\|title=Sam Gyson Chief Miami Uncoverer; Format A Secret\|newspaper=The Miami News\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --><ref name="Fort660117">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-lauderdale-news-tv-tower-protested/95270764/\|date=January 17, 1966\|page=2B\|title=TV Tower Protested\|newspaper=Fort Lauderdale News\|location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --> Miami NBC affiliate [[WSVN\|WCKT]] also objected to the potential overlap of stations carrying NBC programming.<ref name="Fort660304">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-lauderdale-news-tv-tower-battle-due/178014117/\|date=March 4, 1966\|page=3E\|first=Joe\|last=Rukenbrod\|title=TV Tower Battle Due Showdown\|newspaper=Fort Lauderdale News\|location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> The application remained pending until WPTV moved to dismiss it in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/api/download/attachment/b02c5e5f-1e21-6d46-eebc-f96145146601\|title=History Cards for WPTV\|publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]]}}</ref> ===Flagler Drive studio era (1971–2001)=== By the end of the 1960s, WPTV had outgrown the former greenhouse in Palm Beach; Jerry Renninger of ''The Palm Beach Post-Times'' described the studio as "dark" and "crowded" and the newsroom as "a narrow, corridor-like room", and the building was developing structural problems.{{r\|Palm710530}} In 1969, WPTV purchased a waterfront plot of land across the [[Intracoastal Waterway]] in West Palm Beach, at the west end of the [[Flagler Memorial Bridge]].<ref name="Miam690307">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-wptv-buys-land-for-new/178014285/\|date=March 7, 1969\|page=1-C (Palm Beach)\|title=WPTV Buys Land For New Facility\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --><ref name="Palm690308">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-lakefront-building-p/178014251/\|date=March 8, 1969\|page=4\|title=Lakefront Building Planned By WPTV\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post-Times\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> Ground on the {{convert\|20000\|ft2\|adj=on}} facility was broken in August 1970,<ref name="Fort700808">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-lauderdale-news-channel-5-facility/178014380/\|date=August 8, 1970\|page=64\|title=Channel 5 Facility Launched\|newspaper=Fort Lauderdale News\|location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> and WPTV moved operations at the end of May 1971.{{r\|Palm710530}} During the late 1970s and early 1980s, WPTV remained number one in the West Palm Beach market in spite of the network's number-three status and ratings struggles.<ref name="Fort040821">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-pierce-tribune-top-rated-wptv-turns/177982400/\|date=August 21, 2004\|pages=A1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-pierce-tribune-wptv/177982383/ A2]\|first=Bob\|last=Betcher\|title=Top-rated WPTV turns 50\|newspaper=Fort Pierce Tribune\|location=Fort Pierce, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> WPTV's popularity was such that NBC network programming outperformed its national average; in 1990, even weak parts of NBC's lineup on a national level, such as soap operas and the ''[[NBC Nightly News]]'', rated first in West Palm Beach.<ref name="Sout900608">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/south-florida-sun-sentinel-channel-5-clo/163835691/\|date=June 8, 1990\|page=6E\|title=Channel 5 clobbers its local competition\|newspaper=South Florida Sun-Sentinel\|location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> For much of the Flagler Drive period, between 1981 and 1998, WPTV was run by general manager Bill Brooks, a former Roman Catholic priest who had previously served as the station's public service director.<ref name="Palm980308">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/palm-beach-daily-news-brooks-not-retirin/178019133/\|date=March 8, 1998\|pages=A1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/palm-beach-daily-news-brooks/178019149/ A3]\|first=John\|last=Henderson\|title=Brooks not retiring but will leave WPTV\|newspaper=Palm Beach Daily News\|location=Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun -->{{r\|Fort040821}} ===Move to Banyan Boulevard (2001–present)=== WPTV outgrew its Flagler Drive studio facility in the mid-1990s, when the sales department was forced to move to an office across the street.<ref name="Stua010103">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-station-to-station-chan/178017955/\|date=January 3, 2001\|pages=C1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-station/178017928/ C2]\|first=Bob\|last=Betcher\|title=Station to Station: Channel 5 finds new home in West Palm Beach\|newspaper=The Stuart News\|location=Stuart, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Wed --> The waterfront property had become increasingly valuable. Scripps contended it had the right to develop the property with high-rise waterfront apartments, but development on the east side of Flagler Drive had become locally unpopular since the construction of the nearby, 27-story Waterview Towers. In 1982, the city of West Palm Beach imposed a moratorium to stop Scripps from developing; five years later, it scuttled a voter-approved settlement with the company. The company into the 1990s continued to push for local approval to replace the studio building with a 15-story office tower and 13-story apartment complex.<ref name="Palm950521">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-flagler-property-bat/178276812/\|date=May 21, 1995\|page=22A\|first=Joel\|last=Engelhardt\|title=Flagler property battle boiling\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --> In December 1995, Scripps won approval for Catalfumo Construction and Development to build the site. Two years, Scripps agreed to a land swap with Catalfumo for a site at the intersection of Australian Avenue and Banyan Boulevard on which to build a new WPTV studio.<ref name="Palm970325">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-land-swap-gives-wptv/178276934/\|date=March 25, 1997\|page=6B\|first=Angie\|last=Francalancia\|title=Land swap gives WPTV new building\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Tue --> The replacement was designed in a Mediterranean style, in keeping with local architectural tastes.<ref name="Palm000820">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/palm-beach-daily-news-new-waves-for-chan/178277098/\|date=August 20, 2000\|pages=A6, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/palm-beach-daily-news-television/178277121/ A7]\|first=Stephanie\|last=Murphy\|title=New Waves for Channel 5: WPTV ready to usher in cutting-edge technology, $20 million home\|newspaper=Palm Beach Daily News\|location=Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --> The station began broadcasting from the new, {{convert\|70000\|ft2\|adj=on}} facility on March 16, 2001.<ref name="Stua010316">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-its-moving-day-for-chan/178018108/\|date=March 16, 2001\|page=A18\|first=Bob\|last=Betcher\|title=It's moving day for Channel 5\|newspaper=The Stuart News\|location=Stuart, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> Anchors Jim Sackett and Laurel Sauer began the 6 p.m. newscast from the old studio and then traveled by helicopter to the new facility to finish the newscast within half an hour.<ref name="Palm010316">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-channel-5-plans-risk/178120426/\|date=March 16, 2001\|page=2E\|first=Thom\|last=Smith\|title=Channel 5 plans risky on-air move\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> The facility featured three studios, as opposed to the prior building's two, as well as additional space for the news department and station staff.{{r\|Stua010103}} Some space was rented out, first to a commercial production company{{r\|Stua010103}} and later to [[Paxson Communications Corporation]]; WPTV provided services to [[Ion Television\|Pax]] affiliate [[WPXP]] (channel 67) under a [[joint sales agreement]] at the time.<ref name="Palm020721">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/palm-beach-daily-news-high-five-nbc-aff/178277411/\|date=July 21, 2002\|pages=A6, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/palm-beach-daily-news-channel-5/178277433/ A7]\|first=Stephanie\|last=Murphy\|title=High Five: NBC affiliate on a roll with its expanded digs, new technology and work on digital signal tower\|newspaper=Palm Beach Daily News\|location=Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --> The studio was used for exterior shots on the second season of the NBC sitcom ''[[Good Morning, Miami]]''.<ref name="Stua031012">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-channel-5-building-gets/178277321/\|date=October 12, 2003\|page=TVPastime 4\|first=Bob\|last=Betcher\|title=Channel 5 building gets national attention on NBC\|newspaper=The Stuart News\|location=Stuart, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --> On January 1, 2011, WPTV replaced WPEC as the provider of newscasts for [[Fox Broadcasting Company\|Fox]] affiliate [[WFLX]] (channel 29), owned by [[Raycom Media]].<ref name="TVNC101230">{{cite news\|url=https://tvnewscheck.com/uncategorized/article/wptv-to-produce-news-for-wflx/\|date=December 30, 2010\|first=Mark K.\|last=Miller\|work=TVNewsCheck\|title=WPTV To Produce News For WFLX\|access-date=April 13, 2023\|archive-date=April 13, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413042758/https://tvnewscheck.com/uncategorized/article/wptv-to-produce-news-for-wflx/\|url-status=live}}</ref> That March, Scripps and Raycom entered into a [[shared services]] agreement under which Scripps provided technical and promotional functions, as well as business office space, to WFLX while Raycom continued to manage programming and sales.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/raycom-scripps-take-next-step-west-palm-relationship-42773\|first=Michael\|last=Malone\|date=March 11, 2011\|work=Broadcasting & Cable\|title=Raycom, Scripps Take Next Step in West Palm Relationship}}</ref> ==News operation== [[File:FEMA - 38677 - FEMA PIO and CR with news crew.jpg\|right\|thumb\|A WPTV news crew conducts an interview in 2008\|alt=A WPTV reporter talks with guests in front of a satellite newsgathering truck bearing the WPTV logo and the slogan "Coverage You Can Count On"]] WPTV built itself up as the dominant station in local news programming in West Palm Beach from early in its history. While WEAT-TV generally underinvested in news, WPTV built a well-remembered anchor team of newsman Bill Gordon, sportscaster Buck Kinnaird, and weatherman Tony Glenn that persisted throughout the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="Fort010316">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-pierce-tribune-tony-glenn-remembere/178120499/\|date=March 16, 2001\|page=C1\|first=Bob\|last=Betcher\|title=Tony Glenn remembered as TV's jack-of-all-trades\|newspaper=Fort Pierce Tribune\|location=Fort Pierce, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> Gordon's popularity with the older TV viewing audience in West Palm Beach propelled WPTV to large leads in total viewers. WPEC anchorman Bill Markham observed, "One of the reasons everybody watches Channel 5 in West Palm Beach is just force of habit." In 1978, Steve Sonsky wrote in ''The Miami Herald'', "Gordon is to West Palm what [[Ralph Renick]] and Wayne Fariss are to Miami, what [[Walter Cronkite\|Cronkite]] is to America: an institution."<ref name="Miam780226">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122775780/bill-gordon-reluctant-institutionafter/\|date=February 26, 1978\|pages=TV 48, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-wptvwpec/122775759/ 49]\|first=Steve\|last=Sonsky\|title=Bill Gordon: Reluctant Institution—After 17 Years on TV, Palm Beach Anchorman Can Do Without Stardom\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=April 13, 2023\|archive-date=April 13, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413042755/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122775780/bill-gordon-reluctant/\|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Sun --> Gordon anchored and served as news director from 1961 to 1978<ref name="Miam780520">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-wptv-anchorman-bill-gor/178161972/\|date=May 20, 1978\|page=1-B (Martin)\|first=Charles W.\|last=Stevens\|title=WPTV Anchorman Bill Gordon Announces Retirement on Show\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> and returned as a commentator from 1979 to 1981.<ref name="Boca810226">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/boca-raton-news-the-thrill-has-gone-fo/178014877/\|date=February 26, 1981\|page=11A\|first=Robin\|last=Engle\|title='The thrill has gone' for newscaster Bill Gordon\|newspaper=Boca Raton News\|location=Boca Raton, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --> In addition to usually being the first local station to introduce new technology,<ref name="Palm770407">{{Cite news\|url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-ratings-determine-al/147905527/\|date=April 7, 1977\|pages=B1, [https://newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-ratings/147905499/ B2], [https://newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-ratings/147905581/ B3]\|title=Ratings Determine All in Television: Local Stations Feel Pinch of Pressure\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=May 23, 2024\|archive-date=May 23, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523032611/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-ratings-determine-al/147905527/\|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Thu --> WPTV broadly benefited from news talent stability for much of its history. Gordon was replaced by Bob Howick, who served as news director and anchor from 1978 to 1984,<ref name="Miam841025">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-anchor-bob-howick-quits/178164002/\|date=October 25, 1984\|page=3PB\|first=Mike\|last=Wilson\|title=Anchor Bob Howick quits Channel 5\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --> and Barry Judge, who anchored from 1985<ref name="Palm850121">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-barry-judge-debuts-a/178163937/\|date=January 21, 1985\|page=18\|title=Barry Judge Debuts As WPTV Anchor\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --> to 1989.<ref name="Sout890301">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/south-florida-sun-sentinel-channel-5s-j/178163517/\|date=March 1, 1989\|page=7B\|first=Michael\|last=Saunders\|first2=Neil\|last2=Santaniello\|title=Channel 5's Judge, station parts company\|newspaper=South Florida Sun-Sentinel\|location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Wed --> When Judge left, Jim Sackett—already at WPTV since 1978—became the station's main evening anchor.<ref name="Stua890301">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-wptv-anchorman-leaves-in/178235958/\|date=March 1, 1989\|page=B1\|first=Jon\|last=Pine\|title=WPTV anchorman leaves in dispute\|newspaper=The Stuart News\|location=Stuart, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Wed --><ref name="Palm971110">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-the-jim-sackett-you/178235680/\|date=November 10, 1997\|pages=1D, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-jim-sacketts-laid-b/178235631/ 4D]\|first=Kevin D.\|last=Thompson\|title=The Jim Sackett you don't know: The veteran Channel 5 newsman and passionate softball player is not always as unflappable as he seems on camera\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --> At 6 and 11 p.m., he was paired with Laurel Sauer.{{r\|Stua890301}} Sauer had been a popular anchor at WPEC until being demoted in January 1988, a move that caused picketing outside that station's studios.<ref name="Miam880129">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122569805/outraged-viewers-to-picket-channel-12s/\|date=January 29, 1988\|page=D1\|first=Don\|last=Van Natta\|title=Outraged viewers to picket Channel 12's change of anchors\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=April 12, 2023\|archive-date=April 13, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413042811/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122569805/outraged-viewers-to-picket-channel-12s/\|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Fri --> She sued WPEC to get out of the [[non-compete clause]] in her contract; a judge agreed her demotion was a breach of contract, allowing her to immediately go to work for WPTV.<ref name="Flor880731">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/florida-today-laurel-sauer-sued/178165224/\|date=July 31, 1988\|page=1D\|title=Laurel Sauer sued\|first=Pam\|last=Platt\|newspaper=Florida Today\|location=Cocoa, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --> Sackett and Sauer were WPTV's main evening team for the next 18 years. WPTV demoted Sauer from the 11 p.m. newscast in October 2007, prompting her to leave the next year;<ref name="Stua080927">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-laurel-sauer-quitting-wp/178020329/\|date=September 27, 2008\|page=A9\|first=Melissa E.\|last=Holsman\|title=Laurel Sauer quitting WPTV\|newspaper=The Stuart News\|location=Stuart, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> Sackett retired in 2011, ending a 33-year career at WPTV, <ref name="Stua111122">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-sacketts-ready-to-sign/178020193/\|date=November 22, 2011\|pages=1A, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-sackett/178020214/ 5A]\|first=Christin\|last=Erazo\|title=Sackett's ready to sign off after 33 years as mainstay at WPTV\|newspaper=The Stuart News\|location=Stuart, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Tue --> This level of stability and loyalty sustained high ratings over the decades, with large gaps to second-place WPEC.{{r\|Palm770407}} In 1990, ratings surveys found that WPTV had nearly as many or more viewers than all other local stations combined for its 5:30, 6, and 11 p.m. newscasts.<ref name="Sout900608">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/south-florida-sun-sentinel-channel-5-clo/163835691/\|date=June 8, 1990\|page=6E\|title=Channel 5 clobbers its local competition\|newspaper=South Florida Sun-Sentinel\|location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> The news department gradually expanded, introducing a 5 p.m. newscast in 1990<ref name="Palm900601">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-stations-to-add-news/178239560/\|date=June 1, 1990\|pages=1D, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-local-stations-expan/178239526/ 7D]\|first=Paul\|last=LoMartire\|title=Stations to add news at 5 p.m.\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> and weekend morning news in 1992<ref name="Palm920801">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-nbc-dumps-yogi-mari/178237176/\|date=August 1, 1992\|pages=1D, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-more-sports-weather/178237205/ 6D]\|first=Paul\|last=LoMartire\|title=NBC dumps Yogi, Mario Bros. for newscasts\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 5, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> and lengthening its morning newscast from 30 minutes to two hours over the course of the decade.<ref name="Palm930924">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-hard-rock-cafe-rolls/178275258/\|date=September 24, 1993\|page=1D\|first=Thom\|last=Smith\|title=Hard Rock Cafe rolls into Miami with neon guitar\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --><ref name="Stua960725">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-early-bird-local-news-sh/178237337/\|date=July 25, 1996\|page=A2\|first=Bob\|last=Betcher\|title=Early-bird local news shows announce identical changes\|newspaper=The Stuart News\|location=Stuart, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --><ref name="Palm990827">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-wptv-to-add-5-am-n/178275285/\|date=August 27, 1999\|page=9F\|first=Kevin D.\|last=Thompson\|title=WPTV to add 5 a.m. news\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> The market's news ratings race tightened in the 2000s, when [[WPBF]] (channel 25)—which had been the third-place station since its 1989 debut—improved its product as WPEC narrowed the gap with WPTV.<ref name="Palm060612">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97443705/channel-25s-extreme-makeover-how-the-a/\|date=June 12, 2006\|page=1D, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97443719/ 5D]\|first=Kevin D.\|last=Thompson\|title=Channel 25's Extreme Makeover: How the ABC affiliate has changed its image to face the competition\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=March 12, 2022\|archive-date=March 13, 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313034304/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97443705/channel-25s-extreme-makeover-how-the/\|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Mon --> In November 2007, WPEC beat out WPTV in late news by 155 households.<ref name="Palm071130">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-broadcast-news/178096044/\|date=November 30, 2007\|page=A2\|first=Jose\|last=Lambiet\|title=Broadcast News\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> While WPTV led most news ratings races in 2014,<ref name="BC141020">{{Cite news \|last=Malone \|first=Michael \|date=2014-10-20 \|title=Market Eye: Gunning for Best in 'West' \|url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/market-eye-gunning-best-west-134939 \|access-date=2025-08-06 \|website=Broadcasting & Cable \|language=en}}</ref> it had mostly been supplanted by WPBF as of 2024; WPTV placed second at 5, 6, and 11 p.m. but led at 6 a.m.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Malone \|first=Michael \|date=2024-03-05 \|title=Local News Close-Up: Fun, Sun and New Arrivals in West Palm Beach \|url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/local-news-close-up-fun-sun-and-new-arrivals-in-west-palm-beach \|access-date=2025-08-06 \|website=Broadcasting & Cable \|language=en}}</ref> When WPTV took over news production for WFLX, it began producing 17 hours a week of newscasts for that station, consisting of an hour-long 10 p.m. nightly newscast and a two-hour morning show at 7 a.m. weekdays.{{r\|TVNC101230}} WFLX newscasts originated from a separate set.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.wptv.com/dpp/about_us/wptv-to-produce-daily-newscasts-for-wflx \|title=WPTV to produce daily newscasts for WFLX \|access-date=October 23, 2010 \|archive-date=September 28, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928180131/http://www.wptv.com/dpp/about_us/wptv-to-produce-daily-newscasts-for-wflx \|url-status=dead }}</ref> A half-hour 4 p.m. newscast was added in August 2011<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2011-08-17 \|title=WPTV, WFLX Create 4 P.M. Newscast \|url=https://tvnewscheck.com/uncategorized/article/wptv-wflx-create-4-p-m-newscast/ \|access-date=2025-08-06 \|website=TVNewsCheck \|language=en-US}}</ref> and discontinued in 2014.{{r\|BC141020}} Under the most recent version of the WFLX agreement with Raycom's successor [[Gray Media]], signed in 2020, Scripps dedicates two anchors, a meteorologist, and two repeaters to each of the morning and 10 p.m. newscasts, as well as a total of four producers to newscasts on WFLX. Also included in the agreement was a clause allowing WFLX to launch a 6:30 p.m. newscast if WPTV added a 7 p.m. newscast.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/api/manager/download/1ac3f694-bb23-77c6-091b-fafa9b7c9e4d/5623f19a-6833-4ae4-aedd-08648aa465a9.pdf\|title=Amended and Restated Shared Services Agreement\|date=October 28, 2020\|website=Public Inspection File\|publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]]}}</ref> ===Notable former on-air staff=== * [[Mark Alford]] – environmental reporter, 1991–1993<ref name="Palm930830">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-kennedy-estate-not-f/178095724/\|date=August 30, 1993\|page=1D\|first=Thom\|last=Smith\|title=Kennedy estate not for sale — for now\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --> * [[Glenn Burns]] — meteorologist, 1976–1979<ref name="Palm761125">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-tv-newsman-resigns/178015289/\|date=November 25, 1976\|page=C2\|title=TV Newsman Resigns\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --><ref name="Palm790601">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-bob-nichols-resigns/178276029/\|date=June 1, 1979\|page=B12\|first=Bob\|last=Michals\|title=Bob Nichols Resigns, Cites Health Reasons\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> * [[Andrea Canning]] – reporter<ref name="Sout010205">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/south-florida-sun-sentinel-kcs-casey-sh/178096236/\|date=February 5, 2001\|page=1B\|first=Jose\|last=Lambiet\|title=KC's Casey shakes his booty at the big 5-0\|newspaper=South Florida Sun Sentinel\|location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --> * [[Cari Champion]] – reporter and anchor, 2003-2006<ref name="Palm060210">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-channel-5s-champion/178096112/\|date=February 10, 2006\|page=2A\|first=Jose\|last=Lambiet\|title=Channel 5's Champion Atlanta bound\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> * [[Tom Dunn (journalist)\|Tom Dunn]] – weekend anchor, 1988–1998<ref name="Stua980411">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-veteran-anchorman-to-dep/178135943/\|date=April 11, 1998\|page=B3\|first=Bob\|last=Betcher\|title=Veteran anchorman to depart Channel 5, ending 51-year career\|newspaper=The Stuart News\|location=Stuart, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> * [[Marci Gonzalez]] – reporter, weekend anchor<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Marci Gonzalez Official Biography \|url=https://abcnews.go.com/ABCNews/marci-gonzalez-official-biography/story?id=47922726 \|access-date=2025-08-06 \|website=[[ABC News (United States)\|ABC News]] \|language=en}}</ref> * [[Van Hackett]] – anchor, 1973–1976<ref name="Stua731018">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-stuart-news-assistant-director/178015406/\|date=October 18, 1973\|page=6-C\|title=Assistant Director\|newspaper=The Stuart News\|location=Stuart, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --><ref name="Palm760401">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-television-station-w/178015453/\|date=April 1, 1976\|page=C-2\|first=Thom\|last=Smith\|title=Television Station WPTV Dismisses Newsman Hackett\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --> * [[Bob Lorenz]] – sports anchor<ref name="Palm910802">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-channel-25-out-of-t/178096571/\|date=August 2, 1991\|page=125\|title=Channel 25 'out of the ballgame'\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Fri --> * [[Jennifer Lopez (meteorologist)\|Jennifer Lopez]] – meteorologist, 1996–1997<ref name="Palm960610">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-boca-bald-man-contes/178276244/\|date=June 10, 1996\|page=1D\|first=Thom\|last=Smith\|title=Boca bald man contest may be a close shave\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --><ref name="Palm970929">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-britt-may-get-old-na/168367290/\|date=September 29, 1997\|page=2D\|first=Thom\|last=Smith\|title=BRITT may get old name back\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=March 19, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --> * [[Jim Mueller]] – sports anchor, 1968–1971<ref name="Cour710814">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal-3-man-team-whas-nam/178276292/\|date=August 14, 1971\|page=B2\|first=James\|last=Doussard\|title=3-man team: WHAS names Jim Mueller to sports staff\|newspaper=The Courier-Journal\|location=Louisville, Kentucky\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sat --> * [[Jennifer Valoppi]] – reporter and anchor, 1981–1985<ref name="Fort810802">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-pierce-tribune-new-news-lady-at-wpt/178131792/\|date=August 2, 1981\|page=Treasure Coast Showcase 15\|title=New news lady at WPTV\|newspaper=Fort Pierce Tribune\|location=Fort Pierce, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Sun --><ref name="Miam850826">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-valoppi-says-shes-copi/178131946/\|date=August 26, 1985\|page=2PB\|first=Glenn\|last=Singer\|title=Valoppi says she's coping with life in New York\|newspaper=The Miami Herald\|location=Miami, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 6, 2025}}</ref><!-- Mon --> ==Technical information== ===Subchannels=== WPTV-TV's transmitter is located in [[Lake Worth, Florida\|Lake Worth]] along [[U.S. Route 441 in Florida\|US 441]].{{r\|FCC-LMS-59443}} The station's signal is [[Multiplex (TV)\|multiplexed]]: {\| class="wikitable" \|+Subchannels of WPTV-TV<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=WPTV#station \|title=RabbitEars TV Query for WPTV\|website=[[RabbitEars]]\|accessdate=June 30, 2024}}</ref> ! scope = "col" \| [[Digital subchannel#United States\|Channel]] ! scope = "col" \| [[Display resolution\|Res.]] ! scope = "col" \| [[Aspect ratio (image)\|Aspect]] ! scope = "col" \| Short name ! scope = "col" \| Programming \|- ! scope = "row" \| 5.1 \| [[1080i]] \|\| rowspan="7" \| [[16:9]] \|\| WPTV-TV \|\| [[NBC]] \|- ! scope = "row" \| 5.2 \| rowspan="6" \| [[480i]] \|\| IONPLUS \|\| [[Ion Plus]] \|- ! scope = "row" \| 5.3 \| LAFF \|\| [[Laff (TV network)\|Laff]] \|- ! scope = "row" \| 5.4 \| Ion \|\| [[Ion Television]] \|- ! scope = "row" \| 5.5 \| GET \|\| [[Get (TV network)\|Get]] \|- ! scope = "row" \| 5.6 \| QVC2 \|\| [[QVC2]] \|- ! scope = "row" \| 5.7 \| Shop LC \|\| [[Shop LC]] \|- style="background-color:#DFEBF6; border-top: 2px solid #003399;" ! scope = "row" \| 48.2 \| 480i \|\| 16:9 \|\| Charge! \|\| [[Charge! (TV network)\|Charge!]] ([[WWHB-CD]]) \|} ===Analog-to-digital conversion=== WPTV began broadcasting a digital signal on [[UHF]] channel 55 in April 2003, at the culmination of a tower replacement project at the Lantana Road site.<ref name="Palm030501">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-all-major-tv-network/178020686/\|date=May 1, 2003\|pages=1D, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-digital/178020655/ 2D]\|first=Susan T.\|last=Port\|title=All major TV networks now have digital locally\|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post\|location=West Palm Beach, Florida\|via=Newspapers.com\|access-date=August 2, 2025}}</ref><!-- Thu --> The new mast was {{convert\|300\|ft\|m}} taller than the existing one and provided space to co-locate other TV and radio transmission facilities.{{r\|Palm020721}} WPTV maintained separate digital and analog signals until the [[Digital television transition in the United States\|digital television transition]] on June 12, 2009;<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.wptv.com/news/local/story/WPTV-delays-DTV-switch/9d1dffb9BU6mIy4tZHMTeg.cspx \|title=WPTV delays DTV switch \|website=WPTV \|access-date=February 10, 2009 \|archive-date=February 13, 2009 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090213214348/http://www.wptv.com/news/local/story/WPTV-delays-DTV-switch/9d1dffb9BU6mIy4tZHMTeg.cspx \|url-status=dead }}</ref> after the transition, the digital signal relocated from channel 55 to channel 12 in the VHF band.<ref name="Analog to Digital">{{Cite web \|date=May 23, 2006 \|title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and Second Rounds \|url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf \|archive-date=August 29, 2013 \|access-date=August 29, 2021 \|publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Official website\|https://www.wptv.com/}} [https://www.wflx.com/ WFLX "Fox 29"] {{WPB TV}} {{Miami TV}} {{NBC Florida}} {{EWS CORP}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wptv-Tv}} [[Category:1954 establishments in Florida]] [[Category:Ion Plus affiliates]] [[Category:E. W. Scripps Company television stations]] [[Category:Get (TV network) affiliates]] [[Category:Ion Television affiliates]] [[Category:Laff (TV network) affiliates]] [[Category:NBC affiliates]] [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1954]] [[Category:Television stations in West Palm Beach, Florida\|PTV-TV]]	1,306,472,714	[{"title": "- West Palm Beach, Florida - United States", "data": {"Channels": "- Digital: 12 (VHF) - Virtual: 5", "Branding": "WPTV"}}, {"title": "Programming", "data": {"Affiliations": "- 5.1: NBC - for others, see \u00a7 Subchannels"}}, {"title": "Ownership", "data": {"Owner": "- E. W. Scripps Company - (Scripps Broadcasting Holdings LLC)", "Sister stations": "WFLX, WHDT"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"First air date": "August 22, 1954", "Former call signs": "- WJNO-TV (1954\u20131956) - WPTV (1956\u20132010)", "Former channel number(s)": "- Analog: 5 (VHF, 1954\u20132009) - Digital: 55 (UHF, 2003\u20132009)", "Call sign meaning": "West Palm Television"}}, {"title": "Technical information", "data": {"Licensing authority": "FCC", "Facility ID": "59443", "ERP": "50 kW", "HAAT": "386.3 m (1,267 ft)", "Transmitter coordinates": "26\u00b035\u203221.2\u2033N 80\u00b012\u203242.8\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff26.589222\u00b0N 80.211889\u00b0W", "Repeater(s)": "WHDT 5.11 Stuart"}}, {"title": "Links", "data": {"Public license information": "- Public file - LMS", "Website": "www.wptv.com"}}]	false
# This Is the End This Is the End is a 2013 American meta apocalyptic comedy film written, directed and produced by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg in their directorial debuts. It is a feature-length film adaptation of Rogen and Goldberg's short film Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse (2007), which was directed by Jason Stone, who serves as an executive producer on the film. Starring an ensemble cast including Rogen, Jay Baruchel, James Franco, Craig Robinson, Jonah Hill, Danny McBride, Emma Watson and Michael Cera, the film centers on fictionalized versions of its cast in the wake of a global biblical apocalypse in Los Angeles. Produced by Mandate Pictures and Rogen and Goldberg's Point Grey Pictures, This Is the End premiered at the Fox Village Theater on June 3, 2013, before being released theatrically in the United States nine days later on June 12 by Sony Pictures Releasing, via its Columbia Pictures label. Upon release, the film became both a critical and commercial success. Critic reviews were generally positive, with praise directed towards the six leads' chemistry, and the film grossed $126 million worldwide on a budget of $32–41.9 million. ## Plot Jay Baruchel arrives in Los Angeles to visit old friend and fellow Canadian actor Seth Rogen, who invites him to a housewarming party hosted by James Franco. There, Baruchel is uncomfortable at the crowded party, so Rogen takes him to a convenience store for cigarettes. When a rapture occurs, Rogen and Baruchel flee back to Franco's house and find the party unharmed. An earthquake strikes and the crowd rushes outside, witnessing a sinkhole opening up in Franco's yard. Several celebrities and partygoers are killed as Rogen, Baruchel, Franco, Jonah Hill and Craig Robinson run back inside and discover on the news that the earthquake has destroyed most of Los Angeles. The remaining partygoers take inventory of their supplies, set up a ration system, board up the house and await help. Danny McBride, who crashed the party and fell asleep, wakes up first the next morning and wastes much of the group's food and water due to his ignorance of the crisis. He disbelieves what the others tell him of the previous night's events until a man outside gets decapitated by an unseen creature. Tensions rise due to various conflicts, including Baruchel and Rogen's growing estrangement and the others' skepticism of Baruchel's belief that the disaster might be the Apocalypse predicted in the Book of Revelation. Emma Watson makes her way back to Franco's house, only to flee with the group's remaining drinks after misinterpreting an overheard conversation, believing they intend to rape her. Robinson tries to obtain water from Franco's cellar, only to find the doors locked. Outside he encounters an unknown being, causing him to believe Baruchel's theory. Baruchel and Rogen dig through the floor and find the water, but McBride wastes most of it out of spite and the others kick him out of the house. Before leaving, McBride reveals that Baruchel was in town two months prior, but stayed at a hotel instead of with Rogen due to their strained friendship. That night, Hill prays for Baruchel to die and is possessed by a demon. While Robinson and Baruchel head to a neighbor's house to scavenge for supplies, Rogen and Franco get attacked by the possessed Hill. Baruchel and Robinson return and help subdue Hill, tying him to a bed. During an exorcism attempt, Baruchel and Rogen fight and knock over a candle, starting a fire that engulfs Hill and the house and forces the others outside. Franco suggests driving to his home in Malibu, but finds his car guarded by a demon. Robinson volunteers to sacrifice himself to help the others get into the car and is raptured into Heaven; the others realize they can save themselves by performing a selfless act. On the way to Malibu, the three encounter cannibals led by McBride and his sex slave, Channing Tatum. Franco offers to sacrifice himself and a blue beam that begins to pull him to Heaven appears. However, Franco taunts and insults McBride, causing the beam to vanish and for McBride and the other cannibals to eat him alive while Rogen and Baruchel escape and encounter Satan, who attempts to eat them. After Baruchel apologizes to Rogen for his wrongdoings, a blue beam strikes and causes him to ascend to Heaven without Rogen. Baruchel grabs Rogen's hand as he heads up, but his presence prevents them from ascending into Heaven; Rogen forces Baruchel to leave him behind, after which another beam appears around Rogen and inadvertently castrates Satan. On the way to Heaven, Rogen and Baruchel reconcile with each other. In Heaven, Rogen and Baruchel are reunited with Robinson, who tells them that any wish comes true there. After Baruchel wishes for the Backstreet Boys, the band performs "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" as everyone dances. ## Cast Most of the film's cast portray fictionalized and exaggerated versions of themselves: - James Franco - Jonah Hill - Seth Rogen - Jay Baruchel - Danny McBride - Craig Robinson - Michael Cera - Emma Watson - Mindy Kaling - David Krumholtz - Christopher Mintz-Plasse - Rihanna - Martin Starr - Paul Rudd - Channing Tatum - Kevin Hart - Aziz Ansari - Backstreet Boys - Nick Carter - Howie Dorough - Brian Littrell - AJ McLean - Kevin Richardson - Evan Goldberg (uncredited) - Jason Segel (uncredited) - Bentley Stingley (uncredited) Additionally, Brian Huskey portrays a survivor who attempts to enter Franco's home and Ricky Mabe appears as one of McBride's cannibals, dressed as Santa Claus. Jason Trost makes an uncredited appearance as JTRO, a character he previously portrayed in The FP (2011). Carol Sutton also appears as a gas station cashier in an early scene. Jason Stone (who previously directed Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse, the short film This Is the End is based on), provides the voices of Satan, the possessed Hill and the other demons in an uncredited role. ## Production This Is the End was based on Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse, a short film written by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg and directed by Jason Stone (who serves as an executive producer on the film) in 2007. Regarding the film, Rogen and Goldberg told interviewers that they "always wanted to do a movie where people played themselves and something extraordinary happened; the initial version of the film was Seth Rogen and Busta Rhymes were filming a music video and a film respectively, on the Sony lot, and Antmen attacked from the center of the earth." In an interview with The Guardian, Goldberg commented on the influences contributing to the film, "If you drilled down to the core of what I do, it's just ripping off little bits of Charlie Kaufman. Seth and I always loved The Larry Sanders Show too. And the popularity of reality television now also feeds into that idea of whether what we're watching is actually real. We thought working with our friends in that situation would be awesome because they're all comedians willing to take stabs at themselves." The actors play fictionalized and exaggerated versions of themselves in the film. While the film is set in Los Angeles, principal photography took place in New Orleans due to financial incentives from that city. Filming rolled from February to early July 2012. The film had a production budget of $42 million, with $32 million spent in Louisiana. Modus FX created over 240 visual effects for the film, such as natural disasters, set extensions for the house, computer-generated demons and the Rapture beams. After filming wrapped, Rogen and Goldberg were displeased with their ending; they considered putting Morgan Freeman in Heaven, but he declined. Since "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" already played in an earlier scene and Rogen and Goldberg wanted to close on an over-the-top note, they decided to feature the Backstreet Boys in the scene instead. During filming, Emma Watson left the set due to scenes being improvised that she felt uncomfortable with, such as the progression of the graphic nature of the scenes involving Danny McBride as a cannibal and Channing Tatum as his sex slave. Rogen confirmed this, stating it was "an overall shitty situation, and it must've been hard for her to say something", elaborating "I'm very sorry and disappointed it happened, and I wish I had done more to prevent it." Originally, the film's working title was The Apocalypse, which was later changed to The End of the World. The name was then changed to This Is the End on December 20, 2012 (which is just one day before the Mayan prediction for the apocalypse), upon the release of its first trailer and poster. This was done at the request of Rogen's Paul costar Simon Pegg, who wrote to Rogen in concern that The End of the World was similar to his own comedy film The World's End, which was also released in the summer of 2013 and centered around an apocalypse with an ensemble cast. As The World's End was also the name of a key location in that film, Pegg felt that he could not change the name of his film. In a May 2023 interview with The Daily Beast, Jay Baruchel revealed that the onscreen depiction of his difficulties with Jonah Hill in the film were not entirely fictional, saying “Not telling tales out of school, I don't think, Jonah and I don't get along super well, or at least didn't back then.” ## Music This Is the End: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on June 11, 2013, by RCA Records. ### Score The score by Henry Jackman, with additional material by Dominic Lewis and Matthew Margeson and conducted by Nick Glennie-Smith, was not officially released on its own, not even as bonus tracks on the CD or digital releases on RCA's album. Despite that, a promotional album for the score does exist, according to Soundtrack.net. Jackman took heavy influence from The Omen score while writing the score. ## Release On April 1, 2013, Sony released an April Fools' Day trailer for Pineapple Express 2, which was actually a teaser trailer for This Is the End and was later shown in that film itself. According to Rogen and Goldberg however, the homemade Pineapple Express 2 film in This Is the End depicts what they envision for the actual sequel. On June 7, MTV released a promotional video featuring the main cast of the film in character in an alternate scenario in which they are roommates with two members of The Real World: Portland during the apocalypse. The film was rated R for "crude and sexual content throughout, brief graphic nudity, pervasive language, drug use and some violence" by the Motion Picture Association of America; this rating shocked both Rogen and Goldberg, who expected an adults-only NC-17 rating for the film. Goldberg stated that "All the ratings stuff doesn't make sense in the first place, but this is like ludicrous"; Rogen commented: "We actually made it even a little worse than we wanted and that [original] version got approved. Insanely, [we] didn't have a ratings issue." Sony re-released the film in 2,000 theaters across North America on September 6, 2013. ## Home media The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 1, 2013. It was the last film to be rented by Blockbuster Video before they went out of business at 11:00 PM on November 9, 2013. The Blu-ray release fully contains the original short film the film was based on, Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse, as a special feature. ## Reception ### Box office This Is the End grossed $101.5 million in North America and $25.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $126.5 million, against a production budget of $32–41.9 million. It made a net profit of $50 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film. The film was released in North America on June 12, 2013, alongside Man of Steel, and was projected to open to around $12 million from 3,055 theaters. The film made $7.8 million on its first day and went on to debut to $20.7 million in its opening weekend (a five-day total of $33 million), finishing second at the box office behind Man of Steel ($116.6 million). In its second weekend it grossed $13.3 million, dropping to 4th. ### Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 228 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Energetic, self-deprecating performances and enough guffaw-inducing humor make up for the flaws in This Is the End's loosely written script." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a letter grade of "A" and said, "You could sit through a year's worth of Hollywood comedies and still not see anything that's genuinely knock-your-socks-off audacious. But This Is the End . . truly is. It's the wildest screen comedy in a long time and also the smartest, the most fearlessly inspired and the snort-out-loud funniest." Brian D. Johnson of Maclean's wrote, "There could be worse ways to experience the apocalypse than with a party of stoned celebrities at James Franco's house. For one thing, his epic art collection can be used to board up the cracking walls against demons and zombies. That's the screwball scenario of This Is the End...The film unfolds as a profanely funny showbiz parody. But with perfect timing, it also sends up a genre that has recently gone viral at the multiplex: the apoca-blockbuster." Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of five, comparing the film to the interminable wait for a cancelled bus and referring to the actors in the film as "the lazy, the privileged and the mirthless". ## Possible sequel When Goldberg was asked whether a sequel to the film was probable, he replied, "If you ask me, I'd say there's a pretty good chance of a sequel. If you ask Seth Rogen, he'd say no." In June 2013, Goldberg revealed some ideas for a sequel in which the apocalypse occurs at the premiere of the first film. "Seth's a cokehead in this version, Michael Cera is a calm dude with a boyfriend, Rihanna and The Backstreet Boys are back," Goldberg stated in an interview. "We have a lot of ideas: a heaven and hell for example and a Garden of Eden version where Danny [McBride] is Adam." Despite this, Goldberg has also said that it would be difficult to recreate the casting conditions from the first film due to different schedules, believing them to be a stroke of luck by saying: "I honestly don't know if we could get the guys together [again]." In May 2014, Rogen posted an update on Twitter about a potential sequel, saying: "I don't think we'll make a sequel to This Is the End, but if we did, it would be called No, THIS Is the End." ## Attraction This Is the End was adapted into a 3D maze titled This Is the End 3D for Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood in 2015, two years after the film's release. The maze served as the event's first comedy-based attraction.	enwiki/35056679	enwiki	35,056,679	This Is the End	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_the_End	2025-08-20T17:23:50Z	en	Q607363	230,021	{{short description\|2013 film by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg}} {{about\|\|the Machine Head song\|Unto the Locust{{!}}''Unto the Locust''\|the Doors song\|The End (The Doors song)\|the Ghost of Paul Revere Song\|The Ghost of Paul Revere}} {{Use American English\|date=November 2022}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox film \| image = This-is-the-End-Film-Poster.jpg \| alt = Six worried-looking men stand on a suspended part of a street over a fiery pit. The primary cast members are listed across the top, and the tagline "Nothing ruins a party like the end of the world" is at the bottom. \| caption = Theatrical release poster \| director = {{plainlist\| * [[Seth Rogen]] * [[Evan Goldberg]] }} \| writer = {{plainlist\| * Seth Rogen * Evan Goldberg }} \| based_on = {{basedon\|''[[Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse]]''\|Jason Stone}} \| producer = {{plainlist\| * Seth Rogen * Evan Goldberg * James Weaver }} \| starring = {{Plainlist\| * Seth Rogen * [[Jay Baruchel]] * [[James Franco]] * [[Craig Robinson (actor)\|Craig Robinson]] * [[Jonah Hill]] * [[Danny McBride]] * [[Emma Watson]] * [[Michael Cera]] }} \| cinematography = [[Brandon Trost]] \| editing = [[Zene Baker]] \| music = [[Henry Jackman]] \| production_companies = {{Plainlist\| * [[Columbia Pictures]] * [[Mandate Pictures]] * [[Point Grey Pictures]] }} \| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]] \| released = {{Film date\|2013\|6\|3\|[[Fox Theater, Westwood Village\|Fox Village Theater]]\|2013\|6\|12\|United States\|ref2=<ref name="NUM"/><!--- per [[WP:FILMRELEASE]] --->}} \| runtime = 107 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 106:32--><ref>{{cite web\|title=''This Is the End'' (15)\|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/this-is-the-end-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzi3mzi\|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]\|date=April 23, 2013\|access-date=April 23, 2013\|archive-date=March 28, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328231649/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/this-is-the-end-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodq2odmy\|url-status=live}}</ref> \| country = United States \| language = English \| budget = $32–41.9 million<ref name="NUM"/><ref name=BOM>{{cite web\|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt1245492/news/\|title=This Is the End (2013)\|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]\|access-date=January 26, 2025}}</ref><ref name=NextGen>{{Cite web \|title=Initial Certification Search \|url=https://fastlaneng.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/public/search/ent \|website=Fastlane NextGen \|format=Type "The End of the World" in the search box \|access-date=August 3, 2020 \|archive-date=June 15, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615095911/https://fastlaneng.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/public/search/ent \|url-status=live }}</ref> \| gross = $126.5 million<ref name="NUM"/> }} '''''This Is the End''''' is a 2013 American [[Meta (prefix)\|meta]] [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction\|apocalyptic]] [[comedy film]] written, directed and produced by [[Seth Rogen]] and [[Evan Goldberg]] in their [[List of directorial debuts\|directorial debuts]]. It is a feature-length [[film adaptation]] of Rogen and Goldberg's [[short film]] ''[[Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse]]'' (2007), which was directed by Jason Stone, who serves as an [[executive producer]] on the film. Starring an ensemble cast including Rogen, [[Jay Baruchel]], [[James Franco]], [[Craig Robinson (actor)\|Craig Robinson]], [[Jonah Hill]], [[Danny McBride]], [[Emma Watson]] and [[Michael Cera]], the film centers on fictionalized versions of its cast in the wake of a global [[Bible\|biblical]] [[apocalypse]] in [[Los Angeles]]. Produced by [[Mandate Pictures]] and Rogen and Goldberg's [[Point Grey Pictures]], ''This Is the End'' premiered at the [[Fox Theater, Westwood Village\|Fox Village Theater]] on June 3, 2013, before being released theatrically in the United States nine days later on June 12 by [[Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group#Sony Pictures Releasing\|Sony Pictures Releasing]], via its [[Columbia Pictures]] label. Upon release, the film became both a critical and commercial success. Critic reviews were generally positive, with praise directed towards the six leads' chemistry, and the film grossed $126 million worldwide on a budget of $32–41.9 million.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=This is the End Review \|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/31/this-is-the-end-review \|access-date=July 6, 2024 \|website=IGN\|date=May 31, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=THIS IS THE END Review \|url=https://collider.com/this-is-the-end-review/ \|access-date=July 6, 2024 \|website=Collider\|date=June 11, 2013 }}</ref> ==Plot== <!--Per [[WP:FILMPLOT]], summaries should remain between 400–700 words. Please keep rewrites within this range! (It's a summary, not a competition to see who can remember the most detail.)--> [[Jay Baruchel]] arrives in [[Los Angeles]] to visit old friend and fellow Canadian actor [[Seth Rogen]], who invites him to a [[housewarming party]] hosted by [[James Franco]]. There, Baruchel is uncomfortable at the crowded party, so Rogen takes him to a convenience store for cigarettes. When a [[rapture]] occurs, Rogen and Baruchel flee back to Franco's house and find the party unharmed. An [[earthquake]] strikes and the crowd rushes outside, witnessing a [[sinkhole]] opening up in Franco's yard. Several celebrities and partygoers are killed as Rogen, Baruchel, Franco, [[Jonah Hill]] and [[Craig Robinson (actor)\|Craig Robinson]] run back inside and discover on the news that the earthquake has destroyed most of Los Angeles. The remaining partygoers take inventory of their supplies, set up a ration system, board up the house and await help. [[Danny McBride]], who crashed the party and fell asleep, wakes up first the next morning and wastes much of the group's food and water due to his ignorance of the crisis. He disbelieves what the others tell him of the previous night's events until a man outside gets decapitated by an unseen creature. Tensions rise due to various conflicts, including Baruchel and Rogen's growing estrangement and the others' skepticism of Baruchel's belief that the disaster might be the [[Apocalypse]] predicted in the [[Book of Revelation]]. [[Emma Watson]] makes her way back to Franco's house, only to flee with the group's remaining drinks after misinterpreting an overheard conversation, believing they intend to rape her. Robinson tries to obtain water from Franco's cellar, only to find the doors locked. Outside he encounters an unknown being, causing him to believe Baruchel's theory. Baruchel and Rogen dig through the floor and find the water, but McBride wastes most of it out of spite and the others kick him out of the house. Before leaving, McBride reveals that Baruchel was in town two months prior, but stayed at a hotel instead of with Rogen due to their strained friendship. That night, Hill prays for Baruchel to die and is [[Demonic possession\|possessed]] by a [[demon]]. While Robinson and Baruchel head to a neighbor's house to scavenge for supplies, Rogen and Franco get attacked by the possessed Hill. Baruchel and Robinson return and help subdue Hill, tying him to a bed. During an [[exorcism]] attempt, Baruchel and Rogen fight and knock over a candle, starting a fire that engulfs Hill and the house and forces the others outside. Franco suggests driving to his home in [[Malibu, California\|Malibu]], but finds his car guarded by a demon. Robinson volunteers to sacrifice himself to help the others get into the car and is raptured into [[Heaven]]; the others realize they can save themselves by performing a selfless act. On the way to Malibu, the three encounter cannibals led by McBride and his sex slave, [[Channing Tatum]]. Franco offers to sacrifice himself and a blue beam that begins to pull him to Heaven appears. However, Franco taunts and insults McBride, causing the beam to vanish and for McBride and the other cannibals to eat him alive while Rogen and Baruchel escape and encounter [[Satan]], who attempts to eat them. After Baruchel apologizes to Rogen for his wrongdoings, a blue beam strikes and causes him to ascend to Heaven without Rogen. Baruchel grabs Rogen's hand as he heads up, but his presence prevents them from ascending into Heaven; Rogen forces Baruchel to leave him behind, after which another beam appears around Rogen and inadvertently castrates Satan. On the way to Heaven, Rogen and Baruchel reconcile with each other. In Heaven, Rogen and Baruchel are reunited with Robinson, who tells them that any wish comes true there. After Baruchel wishes for the [[Backstreet Boys]], the band performs "[[Everybody (Backstreet's Back)]]" as everyone dances. ==Cast== [[File:Seth Rogen, Jay Baruchel, Jonah Hill This is the End Screening 1 (cropped).jpg\|220px\|thumb\|[[Seth Rogen]], [[Jay Baruchel]] and [[Jonah Hill]] at a screening of the film in 2013]] Most of the film's cast portray fictionalized and exaggerated versions of themselves:<ref>{{cite web \|last=Chitwood \|first=Adam \|date=December 20, 2012 \|title=First Red-Band Clip and Poster for Seth Rogen's THIS IS THE END Starring Jay Baruchel, James Franco, Danny McBride, Jonah Hill, and Many More \|url=http://collider.com/this-is-the-end-red-band-trailer/219114/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230234623/http://collider.com/this-is-the-end-red-band-trailer/219114 \|archive-date=December 30, 2012 \|access-date=December 20, 2012 \|publisher=Collider.com \|df=mdy-all}}</ref> {{cast listing\| * [[James Franco]] * [[Jonah Hill]] * [[Seth Rogen]] * [[Jay Baruchel]] * [[Danny McBride]] * [[Craig Robinson (actor)\|Craig Robinson]] * [[Michael Cera]] * [[Emma Watson]] * [[Mindy Kaling]] * [[David Krumholtz]] * [[Christopher Mintz-Plasse]] * [[Rihanna]] * [[Martin Starr]] * [[Paul Rudd]] * [[Channing Tatum]] * [[Kevin Hart]] * [[Aziz Ansari]] * [[Backstreet Boys]] [[Nick Carter (musician)\|Nick Carter]] [[Howie Dorough]] [[Brian Littrell]] [[AJ McLean]] ** [[Kevin Richardson (musician)\|Kevin Richardson]] * [[Evan Goldberg]] (uncredited) * [[Jason Segel]] (uncredited) * Bentley Stingley (uncredited) }} Additionally, [[Brian Huskey]] portrays a survivor who attempts to enter Franco's home and Ricky Mabe appears as one of McBride's cannibals, dressed as [[Santa Claus]].<ref name="Feature">{{cite AV media \|people=[[Seth Rogen\|Rogen, Seth]] and [[Evan Goldberg]] (directors) \|year=2013 \|title=This Is the End \|medium=Motion picture \|publisher = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]}}</ref> [[Jason Trost]] makes an uncredited appearance as JTRO, a character he previously portrayed in ''[[The FP]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news \|last=Francisco \|first=Eric \|title=Indie Director Jason Trost Wants His Rematch in 'The FP' Sequel \|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/10997-indie-director-jason-trost-wants-his-rematch-in-the-fp-sequel \|work=[[Inverse (website)\|Inverse]] \|date=February 4, 2016 \|access-date=November 2, 2019 \|archive-date=January 28, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128081142/https://www.inverse.com/article/10997-indie-director-jason-trost-wants-his-rematch-in-the-fp-sequel \|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Carol Sutton (actress)\|Carol Sutton]] also appears as a gas station cashier in an early scene. Jason Stone (who previously directed ''[[Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse]]'', the short film ''This Is the End'' is based on), provides the voices of [[Satan]], the possessed Hill and the other demons in an uncredited role. ==Production== ''This Is the End'' was based on ''[[Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse]]'', a [[short film]] written by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg and directed by Jason Stone (who serves as an executive producer on the film) in 2007.<ref name="Chitwood">{{cite web \|last=Chitwood \|first=Adam \|date=April 6, 2012 \|title=Aziz Ansari Joins Seth Rogen in THE APOCALYPSE \|url=http://collider.com/the-apocalypse-aziz-ansari/157660/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815165409/http://collider.com/the-apocalypse-aziz-ansari/157660 \|archive-date=August 15, 2012 \|access-date=March 28, 2013 \|publisher=[[Collider (website)\|Collider]] \|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Regarding the film, Rogen and Goldberg told interviewers that they "always wanted to do a movie where people played themselves and something extraordinary happened; the initial version of the film was Seth Rogen and [[Busta Rhymes]] were filming a [[music video]] and a film respectively, on the [[Sony Pictures\|Sony]] lot, and Antmen attacked from the center of the earth."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1gd6yr/we_are_seth_rogen_and_evan_goldberg_ask_us/caj3yuv?context=3\|title=We are Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg - Ask Us Anything\|work=[[Reddit]]\|date=June 14, 2013\|access-date=June 21, 2013\|author1=Rogen, Seth\|author2=Goldberg, Evan\|archive-date=June 9, 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609231808/http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1gd6yr/we_are_seth_rogen_and_evan_goldberg_ask_us/caj3yuv?context=3\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed\|reason=See [[WP:UGC]]\|date=July 2025}} In an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', Goldberg commented on the influences contributing to the film, "If you drilled down to the core of what I do, it's just ripping off little bits of [[Charlie Kaufman]]. Seth and I always loved ''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]'' too. And the popularity of [[reality television]] now also feeds into that idea of whether what we're watching is actually real. We thought working with our friends in that situation would be awesome because they're all comedians willing to take stabs at themselves."<ref>{{cite web\|first=Ryan\|last=Gilbey\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jun/06/this-is-the-end-actors-play-themselves\|title=''This is the End'': why actors love to play themselves\|date=June 6, 2013\|work=The Guardian\|access-date=June 11, 2013\|archive-date=October 2, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002145703/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jun/06/this-is-the-end-actors-play-themselves\|url-status=live}}</ref> The actors play fictionalized and exaggerated versions of themselves in the film.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Mandell \|first=Andrea \|date=June 10, 2013 \|title=Good friends made 'This Is the End' into a real party \|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/06/10/this-is-the-end-stars-talk-reuniting-for-new-apocalypse-comedy/2406015/ \|access-date= \|website=USA Today \|language=en-US \|archive-date=August 10, 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810212713/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/06/10/this-is-the-end-stars-talk-reuniting-for-new-apocalypse-comedy/2406015/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> While the film is set in Los Angeles, [[principal photography]] took place in [[New Orleans]] due to financial incentives from that city. Filming rolled from February to early July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Scott \|first=Mike \|date=June 10, 2013 \|title=Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg's New Orleans: 'This Is the End' co-directors dive stomach-first into city \|url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/seth-rogen-and-evan-goldbergs-new-orleans-this-is-the-end-co-directors-dive-stomach/article_7b110813-f70b-5c24-ba49-fa21cdff2fc1.html \|access-date= \|website=NOLA.com \|language=en \|archive-date=December 27, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227074956/https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/seth-rogen-and-evan-goldbergs-new-orleans-this-is-the-end-co-directors-dive-stomach/article_7b110813-f70b-5c24-ba49-fa21cdff2fc1.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> The film had a production budget of $42 million, with $32 million spent in [[Louisiana]].<ref name=NextGen/> [[Modus FX]] created over 240 [[visual effects]] for the film, such as natural disasters, set extensions for the house, [[Computer-generated imagery\|computer-generated]] demons and the Rapture beams.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Wolfe \|first=Jennifer \|date=June 20, 2013 \|title=Modus FX Creates Monsters and Mayhem for 'This Is The End' \|url=http://www.awn.com/news/modus-fx-creates-monsters-and-mayhem-end \|access-date=August 14, 2016 \|website=Animation World Network \|archive-date=March 4, 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225831/http://www.awn.com/news/modus-fx-creates-monsters-and-mayhem-end \|url-status=live }}</ref> After filming wrapped, Rogen and Goldberg were displeased with their ending; they considered putting [[Morgan Freeman]] in Heaven, but he declined.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Vineyard \|first=Jennifer \|date=June 17, 2013 \|title=How This Is the End Was Originally Going to End \|url=https://www.vulture.com/2013/06/how-this-is-the-end-was-originally-going-to-end.html \|access-date=2022-12-27 \|website=[[Vulture (website)\|Vulture]] \|language=en-us \|archive-date=December 27, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227074955/https://www.vulture.com/2013/06/how-this-is-the-end-was-originally-going-to-end.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Since "[[Everybody (Backstreet's Back)]]" already played in an earlier scene and Rogen and Goldberg wanted to close on an over-the-top note, they decided to feature the [[Backstreet Boys]] in the scene instead.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Atkinson \|first=Katie \|date=June 17, 2013 \|title='This Is the End': Seth Rogen on film's warm welcome and subconscious 'Ghostbusters' vibe \|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/06/17/seth-rogen-this-is-the-end-interview/ \|access-date= \|website=EW.com \|language=en \|archive-date=December 27, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227074956/https://ew.com/article/2013/06/17/seth-rogen-this-is-the-end-interview/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> During filming, Emma Watson left the set due to scenes being improvised that she felt uncomfortable with, such as the progression of the graphic nature of the scenes involving Danny McBride as a cannibal and Channing Tatum as his sex slave. Rogen confirmed this, stating it was "an overall shitty situation, and it must've been hard for her to say something", elaborating "I'm very sorry and disappointed it happened, and I wish I had done more to prevent it."<ref>{{cite web \|date=March 29, 2021 \|title=Seth Rogen Says Emma Watson Did Not "Storm Off the Set" of 'This Is The End' \|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/seth-rogen-says-emma-watson-did-not-storm-off-the-set-of-this-is-the-end \|access-date=March 29, 2021 \|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|archive-date=March 30, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330025822/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/seth-rogen-says-emma-watson-did-not-storm-off-the-set-of-this-is-the-end \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last=Shafer \|first=Ellise \|date=29 March 2021 \|title=Seth Rogen Clarifies That Emma Watson Did Not 'Storm Off the Set' of 'This Is the End' \|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/seth-rogen-emma-watson-this-is-the-end-1234940521/ \|website=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=March 31, 2021 \|archive-date=March 30, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330170038/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/seth-rogen-emma-watson-this-is-the-end-1234940521/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Originally, the film's [[working title]] was ''The Apocalypse'', which was later changed to ''The End of the World''.<ref name="Chitwood"/><ref>{{cite web\|title=Aziz Ansari Joins 'The Apocalypse'\|url=http://my.spill.com/profiles/blogs/aziz-ansari-joins-the-apocalypse\|publisher=[[Spill.com]]\|access-date=April 9, 2012\|date=April 8, 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618063122/http://my.spill.hollywood.com/profiles/blogs/aziz-ansari-joins-the-apocalypse\|archive-date=June 18, 2013\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The name was then changed to ''This Is the End'' on December 20, 2012 (which is just one day before [[2012 phenomenon\|the Mayan prediction for the apocalypse]]), upon the release of its first trailer and poster.<ref>{{cite web\|first=Germain\|last=Lussier\|title='This Is The End' Red-Band Teaser Clip and Poster: Seth Rogen's End Of The World Comedy Debuts, Before Possible End Of The World\|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/this-is-the-end-red-band-teaser-clip-seth-rogens-end-of-the-world-comedy-debuts-before-possible-end-of-the-world/\|publisher=[[/Film]]\|date=December 20, 2012\|access-date=December 20, 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230234708/http://www.slashfilm.com/this-is-the-end-red-band-teaser-clip-seth-rogens-end-of-the-world-comedy-debuts-before-possible-end-of-the-world/\|archive-date=December 30, 2012\|url-status=live\|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This was done at the request of Rogen's ''[[Paul (2011 film)\|Paul]]'' costar [[Simon Pegg]], who wrote to Rogen in concern that ''The End of the World'' was similar to his own comedy film ''[[The World's End (film)\|The World's End]]'', which was also released in the summer of 2013 and centered around an apocalypse with an ensemble cast. As ''The World's End'' was also the name of a key location in that film, Pegg felt that he could not change the name of his film.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Vineyard \|first=Jennifer \|date=August 23, 2013 \|title=Simon Pegg and Nick Frost on The World's End, Pub Crawls, and Destruction Porn \|url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/simon-pegg-nick-frost-the-worlds-end-interview.html \|access-date=February 26, 2014 \|website=Vulture \|archive-date=September 27, 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927153121/http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/simon-pegg-nick-frost-the-worlds-end-interview.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> In a May 2023 interview with ''[[The Daily Beast]]'', Jay Baruchel revealed that the onscreen depiction of his difficulties with Jonah Hill in the film were not entirely fictional, saying “Not telling tales out of school, I don't think, Jonah and I don't get along super well, or at least didn't back then.”<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Wilstein \|first1=Matt \|title=Jay Baruchel on His 'Stupid' Attempt to Become a Movie Star \|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jay-baruchel-really-wanted-to-be-the-next-jake-gyllenhaal \|website=The Daily Beast \|access-date=23 May 2023 \|language=en \|date=23 May 2023 \|archive-date=May 23, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523171443/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jay-baruchel-really-wanted-to-be-the-next-jake-gyllenhaal \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==Music== {{main\|This Is the End (soundtrack)\|l1=''This Is The End'' (soundtrack)}} ''This Is the End: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack'' was released on June 11, 2013, by [[RCA Records]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.amazon.com/This-Is-The-End-Soundtrack/dp/B00CVCJKNS/ \|title=This Is The End: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack [Explicit]: Various: MP3 Downloads \|website=Amazon \|access-date=May 29, 2013 \|archive-date=June 20, 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620152907/http://www.amazon.com/This-Is-The-End-Soundtrack/dp/B00CVCJKNS \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/this-is-end-original-motion/650116988 \|title=iTunes Music – This Is the End (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Various Artists \|publisher=iTunes Store \|access-date=May 29, 2013 \|archive-date=October 24, 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024090209/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/this-is-end-original-motion/id650116988 \|url-status=live }}</ref> ===Score=== The score by [[Henry Jackman]],<ref>{{cite news \|date=November 7, 2012 \|title=Henry Jackman to Score 'The End of the World' \|publisher=FilmMusicReporter.com \|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2012/11/07/henry-jackman-to-score-the-end-of-the-world/ \|access-date=November 7, 2012 \|archive-date=September 28, 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928133852/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2012/11/07/henry-jackman-to-score-the-end-of-the-world/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> with additional material by [[Dominic Lewis]] and Matthew Margeson and conducted by [[Nick Glennie-Smith]], was not officially released on its own, not even as bonus tracks on the CD or digital releases on RCA's album. Despite that, a promotional album for the score does exist, according to Soundtrack.net.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=10506\|title="This Is the End" Original Score (Promotional Album) 2013\|publisher=Soundtrack.net\|access-date=June 30, 2013\|archive-date=November 4, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104061328/https://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=10506\|url-status=live}}</ref> Jackman took heavy influence from The Omen score while writing the score. ==Release== On April 1, 2013, Sony released an [[April Fools' Day]] [[Trailer (promotion)\|trailer]] for ''[[Pineapple Express (film)\|Pineapple Express]] 2'', which was actually a [[teaser trailer]] for ''This Is the End'' and was later shown in that film itself.<ref>{{cite AV media \|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sW67OiY7xVw \|title= PINEAPPLE EXPRESS 2 - Official Trailer \|via= [[YouTube]] \|date= April 1, 2013 \|access-date= June 11, 2013 \|archive-date= June 3, 2013 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603103304/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sW67OiY7xVw \|url-status= live }}</ref> According to Rogen and Goldberg however, the homemade ''Pineapple Express 2'' film in ''This Is the End'' depicts what they envision for the actual sequel.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1gd6yr/we_are_seth_rogen_and_evan_goldberg_ask_us/caj2z9d?context=3\|title=We are Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg - Ask Us Anything\|work=Reddit\|date=June 14, 2013\|access-date=June 21, 2013\|last1=Rogen\|first1=Seth\|last2=Goldberg\|first2=Evan\|archive-date=December 25, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225020950/https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1gd6yr/we_are_seth_rogen_and_evan_goldberg_ask_us/caj2z9d/?context=3\|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 7, [[MTV]] released a promotional video featuring the main cast of the film in character in an alternate scenario in which they are roommates with two members of ''[[The Real World: Portland]]'' during the apocalypse.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/fn915w/real-world-this-is-the-end-edition \|title=Check Out MTV's 'Real World: This is the End' Edition, Starring James Franco, Seth Rogen and Danny McBride [Video] \|website=[[MTV]] \|access-date=July 29, 2023 \|archive-date=July 29, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729060418/https://www.mtv.com/news/fn915w/real-world-this-is-the-end-edition \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was rated [[MPAA rating system#Ratings\|R]] for "crude and sexual content throughout, brief graphic nudity, pervasive language, drug use and some violence" by the [[Motion Picture Association of America]]; this rating shocked both Rogen and Goldberg, who expected an adults-only [[Motion Picture Association film rating system#Ratings\|NC-17]] rating for the film. Goldberg stated that "All the ratings stuff doesn't make sense in the first place, but this is like ludicrous"; Rogen commented: "We actually made it even a little worse than we wanted and that [original] version got approved. Insanely, [we] didn't have a ratings issue."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-jun-05-la-et-mn-this-is-the-end-mpaa-rating-20130604-story.html\|title='This Is the End' filmmakers: We expected NC-17, not R, rating\|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]\|date=June 5, 2013\|access-date=April 15, 2019\|archive-date=April 15, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415022941/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-jun-05-la-et-mn-this-is-the-end-mpaa-rating-20130604-story.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Sony re-released the film in 2,000 theaters across North America on September 6, 2013.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://cinemablend.com/new/Seth-Rogen-Evan-Goldberg-End-Returning-Theaters-39272.html\|title=Seth Rogen And Evan Goldberg's "This Is The End" Is Returning To Theaters\|publisher=CinemaBlend.com\|date=September 3, 2013\|access-date=October 17, 2013\|archive-date=October 13, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013195108/http://www.cinemablend.com/new/seth-rogen-evan-goldberg-end-returning-theaters-39272.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Home media== The film was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc\|Blu-ray]] on October 1, 2013.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/This-Is-the-End-Blu-ray/69291/\|title=This Is the End Blu-ray\|publisher=Blu-ray.com\|access-date=October 17, 2013\|archive-date=October 13, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013151901/http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/This-Is-the-End-Blu-ray/69291/\|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the last film to be rented by [[Blockbuster LLC\|Blockbuster Video]] before they went out of business at 11:00 PM on November 9, 2013.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Pulver \|first=Andrew \|date=2013-11-12 \|title=Blockbuster's final film rental is... This Is the End \|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/nov/12/blockbuster-final-rental-this-is-the-end \|access-date=2022-12-27 \|website=The Guardian \|language=en \|archive-date=December 27, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227075013/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/nov/12/blockbuster-final-rental-this-is-the-end \|url-status=live}}</ref> The Blu-ray release fully contains the original short film the film was based on, ''Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse'', as a special feature. ==Reception== ===Box office=== ''This Is the End'' grossed $101.5 million in North America and $25.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $126.5 million, against a production budget of $32–41.9 million.<ref name="NUM">{{cite web\|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/This-is-the-End#tab=summary\|title=This is the End (2013)\|work=[[The Numbers (website)\|The Numbers]]\|access-date=July 5, 2013\|archive-date=August 17, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817022905/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/This-is-the-End#tab=summary\|url-status=live}}</ref> It made a [[Net income\|net profit]] of $50 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/sony-hack-reveals-top-secret-754491\|title=Sony Hack Reveals Top-Secret Profitability of 2013 Movies\|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]\|date=December 5, 2014\|access-date=June 29, 2017\|archive-date=July 8, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708041403/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sony-hack-reveals-top-secret-754491\|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released in North America on June 12, 2013, alongside ''[[Man of Steel (film)\|Man of Steel]]'', and was projected to open to around $12 million from 3,055 theaters.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Stewart \|first=Andrew \|date=June 11, 2013 \|title=Box Office: 'This Is the End' Laughing its Way to $30 Million-Plus Start \|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/box-office/box-office-this-is-the-end-laughing-its-way-to-30-million-plus-start-1200495508/ \|access-date=December 27, 2022 \|work=Variety \|archive-date=December 27, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227080124/https://variety.com/2013/film/box-office/box-office-this-is-the-end-laughing-its-way-to-30-million-plus-start-1200495508/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> The film made $7.8 million on its first day and went on to debut to $20.7 million in its opening weekend (a five-day total of $33 million), finishing second at the box office behind ''Man of Steel'' ($116.6 million).<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2013&wknd=24&p=.htm\|title=Weekend Box Office Results for June 14-16, 2013\|work=Box Office Mojo\|publisher=Internet Movie Database\|date=July 4, 2013\|access-date=July 5, 2013\|archive-date=July 7, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083554/http://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2013&wknd=24&p=.htm\|url-status=live}}</ref> In its second weekend it grossed $13.3 million, dropping to 4th.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2013&wknd=25&p=.htm\|title=Weekend Box Office Results for June 21-23, 2013\|work=Box Office Mojo\|publisher=Internet Movie Database\|date=June 24, 2013\|access-date=February 15, 2017\|archive-date=February 7, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207025553/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2013&wknd=25&p=.htm\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Critical response=== On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of {{RT data\|score}} based on {{RT data\|count}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data\|average}}. The site's critical consensus reads, "Energetic, self-deprecating performances and enough guffaw-inducing humor make up for the flaws in ''This Is the End'''s loosely written script."<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes \|id=this_is_the_end \|title=This Is the End \|type=m \|access-date={{RT data\|access-date}}}}{{RT data\|edit}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite Metacritic \|id=this-is-the-end \|type=m \|title=This Is the End \|access-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite web \|first=Anthony \|last=D'Alessandro \|url=https://deadline.com/2015/11/hunger-games-mockingjay-part-2-weekend-box-office-the-night-before-the-secret-in-their-eyes-1201631411/ \|title=Was It Wise To Divide Up 'Mockingjay'? Finale's $102.4M Debut Is 5th Highest Of 2015, But Lowest In Series \|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] \|date=November 22, 2015 \|access-date=March 11, 2018 \|archive-date=April 15, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415123216/http://deadline.com/2015/11/hunger-games-mockingjay-part-2-weekend-box-office-the-night-before-the-secret-in-their-eyes-1201631411/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Owen Gleiberman]] of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a [[Academic grading in the United States\|letter grade]] of "A" and said, "You could sit through a year's worth of Hollywood comedies and still not see anything that's genuinely knock-your-socks-off audacious. But ''This Is the End'' . . truly is. It's the wildest screen comedy in a long time and also the smartest, the most fearlessly inspired and the snort-out-loud funniest."<ref>{{cite magazine \|first= Owen \|last= Gleiberman \|author-link= Owen Gleiberman \|url= https://ew.com/ew/article/0,,20687779,00.html \|title= Movie Review: This Is the End \|magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]] \|date= June 8, 2013 \|access-date= June 11, 2013 \|archive-date= May 28, 2013 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130528152202/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20687779,00.html \|url-status= dead }}</ref> Brian D. Johnson of ''[[Maclean's]]'' wrote, "There could be worse ways to experience the apocalypse than with a party of stoned celebrities at James Franco's house. For one thing, his epic art collection can be used to board up the cracking walls against demons and [[zombie]]s. That's the [[Screwball comedy film\|screwball]] scenario of ''This Is the End''...The film unfolds as a profanely funny showbiz parody. But with perfect timing, it also sends up a genre that has recently gone viral at the multiplex: the [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction\|apoca]]-[[Blockbuster (entertainment)\|blockbuster]]."<ref>{{cite web\|last=Johnson\|first=Brian D.\|url=http://www.macleans.ca/2013/06/07/was-armageddon-always-this-complicated/\|title=Was Armageddon always this complicated?\|work=Maclean's\|date=June 7, 2013\|access-date=June 11, 2013\|archive-date=June 10, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610011611/http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/06/07/was-armageddon-always-this-complicated/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Rick Groen of ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of five, comparing the film to the interminable wait for a cancelled bus and referring to the actors in the film as "the lazy, the privileged and the mirthless".<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/summer-entertainment/this-is-the-end-leaves-viewers-asking-when-will-it-be-over/article12469461/#dashboard/follows/\|title=This Is the End leaves viewers asking: When will it be over?\|work=The Globe and Mail\|last=Groen\|first=Rick D.\|access-date=February 26, 2014\|archive-date=June 15, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615063055/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/summer-entertainment/this-is-the-end-leaves-viewers-asking-when-will-it-be-over/article12469461/#dashboard/follows/\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Possible sequel== When Goldberg was asked whether a [[sequel]] to the film was probable, he replied, "If you ask me, I'd say there's a pretty good chance of a sequel. If you ask Seth Rogen, he'd say no." In June 2013, Goldberg revealed some ideas for a sequel in which the apocalypse occurs at the [[premiere]] of the first film. "Seth's a cokehead in this version, Michael Cera is a calm dude with a boyfriend, Rihanna and The Backstreet Boys are back," Goldberg stated in an interview. "We have a lot of ideas: a heaven and [[hell]] for example and a [[Garden of Eden]] version where Danny [McBride] is [[Adam and Eve\|Adam]]."<ref>{{cite web \|last=Anderton \|first=Ethan \|date=June 26, 2013 \|title=Evan Goldberg Thinks 'This is The End' Sequel is Entirely Possible \|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2013/evan-goldberg-thinks-this-is-the-end-sequel-is-entirely-possible/ \|access-date=August 14, 2016 \|website=FirstShowing.net \|archive-date=December 8, 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208073614/http://www.firstshowing.net/2013/evan-goldberg-thinks-this-is-the-end-sequel-is-entirely-possible/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, Goldberg has also said that it would be difficult to recreate the casting conditions from the first film due to different schedules, believing them to be a stroke of luck by saying: "I honestly don't know if we could get the guys together [again]." In May 2014, Rogen posted an update on [[Twitter]] about a potential sequel, saying: "I don't think we'll make a sequel to ''This Is the End'', but if we did, it would be called ''No, THIS Is the End''."<ref>{{cite tweet\|number=472174283360567296\|title=I don't think we'll make a sequel to This Is The End, but if we did it would be called "No, THIS Is The End". \|user=Sethrogen\|date=May 29, 2014 \|access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref> ==Attraction== ''This Is the End'' was adapted into a [[three-dimensional space\|3D]] [[Haunted attraction (simulated)\|maze]] titled ''This Is the End 3D'' for [[Halloween Horror Nights]] at [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] in 2015, two years after the film's release. The maze served as the event's first comedy-based attraction.<ref>{{cite web \|date=2015-08-12 \|title=New "This is the End 3D" Maze coming to Halloween Horror Nights 2015 \|url=http://socalattractions360.com/new-this-is-the-end-3d-maze-coming-to-halloween-horror-nights-2015/ \|access-date=December 27, 2022 \|website=SoCalAttractions.com \|archive-date=December 27, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227074956/http://socalattractions360.com/new-this-is-the-end-3d-maze-coming-to-halloween-horror-nights-2015/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==See also== * [[List of films featuring fictional films]] * [[List of films that most frequently use the word fuck]] * ''[[It's a Disaster]]'', a 2012 black comedy film about couples at a brunch realizing that the world is ending * ''[[Rapture-Palooza]]'', a 2013 apocalypse-themed comedy film starring [[Craig Robinson (actor)\|Craig Robinson]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Official website}} * {{IMDb title\|1245492}} * {{Mojo title\|thisistheend}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes\|this_is_the_end}} {{Seth Rogen & Evan Goldberg}} {{Point Grey Pictures}} {{Authority control}} {{Portal bar\|Film\|United States\|Comedy\|Speculative fiction\|Horror\|Bible\|California\|2010s}} {{DEFAULTSORT:This Is The End}} [[Category:2013 films]] [[Category:2010s English-language films]] [[Category:2013 black comedy films]] [[Category:2013 comedy horror films]] [[Category:2013 directorial debut films]] [[Category:2010s satirical films]] [[Category:2010s disaster films]] [[Category:2010s monster movies]] [[Category:2010s buddy comedy films]] [[Category:2010s fantasy comedy films]] [[Category:2010s sex comedy films]] [[Category:2010s American films]] [[Category:American disaster films]] [[Category:American dystopian films]] [[Category:American monster movies]] [[Category:American buddy comedy films]] [[Category:American black comedy films]] [[Category:American comedy horror films]] [[Category:American fantasy comedy films]] [[Category:American sex comedy films]] [[Category:American satirical films]] [[Category:Apocalyptic films]] [[Category:Giant monster films]] [[Category:The Devil in film]] [[Category:Demons in film]] [[Category:Features based on short films]] [[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Films set in heaven]] [[Category:Films set in 2012]] [[Category:Films about actors]] [[Category:Films about adultery in the United States]] [[Category:Films about death]] [[Category:Films about cannibalism]] [[Category:Films about drugs]] [[Category:Films about the rapture]] [[Category:Films about the afterlife]] [[Category:Films about parties]] [[Category:Films about religion]] [[Category:American films about cannabis]] [[Category:Cultural depictions of actors]] [[Category:Films directed by Seth Rogen]] [[Category:Films produced by Seth Rogen]] [[Category:Films with screenplays by Seth Rogen]] [[Category:Films directed by Evan Goldberg]] [[Category:Films produced by Evan Goldberg]] [[Category:Films with screenplays by Evan Goldberg]] [[Category:Films scored by Henry Jackman]] [[Category:Films shot in New Orleans]] [[Category:Columbia Pictures films]] [[Category:Mandate Pictures films]] [[Category:Point Grey Pictures films]] [[Category:Religious comedy films]] [[Category:American religious horror films]] [[Category:Religious satire films]] [[Category:Parodies of horror]] [[Category:English-language comedy horror films]] [[Category:English-language science fiction horror films]] [[Category:English-language sex comedy films]] [[Category:English-language fantasy comedy films]] [[Category:English-language buddy comedy films]]	1,306,954,710	[{"title": "This Is the End", "data": {"Directed by": "- Seth Rogen - Evan Goldberg", "Written by": "- Seth Rogen - Evan Goldberg", "Based on": "Jay and Seth Versus the Apocalypse \u00b7 by Jason Stone", "Produced by": "- Seth Rogen - Evan Goldberg - James Weaver", "Starring": "- Seth Rogen - Jay Baruchel - James Franco - Craig Robinson - Jonah Hill - Danny McBride - Emma Watson - Michael Cera", "Cinematography": "Brandon Trost", "Edited by": "Zene Baker", "Music by": "Henry Jackman", "Production \u00b7 companies": "- Columbia Pictures - Mandate Pictures - Point Grey Pictures", "Distributed by": "Sony Pictures Releasing", "Release dates": "- June 3, 2013 (Fox Village Theater) - June 12, 2013 (United States)", "Running time": "107 minutes", "Country": "United States", "Language": "English", "Budget": "$32\u201341.9 million", "Box office": "$126.5 million"}}]	false
# List of Trinity Seven characters The following is a list of characters from the Trinity Seven manga series. ## Main characters ### Arata Kasuga Voiced by: Yoshimasa Hosoya (drama CD), Yoshitsugu Matsuoka (anime) (Japanese); Cameron Bautsch (English) Arata Kasuga (春日アラタ, Kasuga Arata) is the main protagonist of the series and the Demon Lord (魔王, Maō) of the Superbia archive, possessing the ability to nullify and copy magic. After a Breakdown Phenomenon destroys his hometown and causes his cousin Hijiri to disappear (but not before giving him her grimoire), Arata becomes determined to save her by becoming a magus and transferring to the Royal Biblia Academy where he meets the Trinity Seven. He is calm in dealing with adversity (and often breaks the fourth wall). He is often referred to as the "Demon Lord Candidate" because only those mages of Demon Lord-class are able to create worlds, but actually the world he created was merely a wish that he had made with the grimoire to return the world the way it was. As a mage researches the one thing that is the farthest away from them, his thema is Impel (支配, Inperu, lit. "Control"). #### Sora Voiced by: Mariya Ise (drama CD), Rie Kugimiya (anime) (Japanese); Jad Saxton (English) Sora (ソラ) is the grimoire that Arata holds. She was called as Sora by Hijiri before she is given to Arata and before the Breakdown Phenomenon. Arata ordered her to bring back his normal days in his desperation, and she recreates the world in a different dimension, posing as Hijiri until Lilith's arrival. She is also known as Astil Manuscript (アスティルの写本, Asutiru no Shahon). It is rumored that she had knowledge from other worlds. #### Ilia Voiced by: Chinatsu Akasaki (Japanese); Melissa Molano (English) Ilia (イリア) is another grimoire that Arata holds. She took on Hijiri's memories and appearance and acted as a substitute. Whenever Hijiri was out of the house on magus duty, she would take her place and cook for Arata or do the household chores. She later submitted herself to Arata in order to escape the world that she created to trap Mira and Arata. She is also known as Ilias Fragment (イーリアス断章, Īriasu Danshō). ### Hijiri Kasuga Voiced by: Noriko Shitaya (drama CD), Ayaka Suwa (anime) (Japanese); Kira Vincent Davis (English) Hijiri Kasuga (春日聖, Kasuga Hijiri), disguised as Arata's cousin, was a magus before she was engulfed by the Breakdown Phenomenon that Arata created. Later, she was 'reborn' to become the member of Iscariot, which seeks to destroy the cycle of the Demon Lord and the Trinity Seven, destroying the world and the rebirth of the world. Although she becomes Arata's enemy, she still values Arata more highly than anything and wishes to make a world Arata could enjoy freely. She is referred to as the "Fallen Saint" by Anastasia-L during their encounter. She is a magus of the Ira (Wrath) archive with the themas Ruina (Ruin), Partum (Birth), and Analysis (Disassembly). ### Trinity Seven #### Lilith Asami Voiced by: Ai Kayano (drama CD), Yumi Hara (anime) (Japanese); Allison Sumrall (English) Lilith Asami (浅見リリス, Asami Ririsu) is the Trinity Seven of Luxuria (Lust) and her magic Outer Alchemic (錬金術) materializes in the form of a gun which comes in two versions: a short pistol that she utilizes in close quarter combat and a long rifle that resembles an anti-tank gun which she uses at long range. Although she is the same age as Arata and wears the same uniform as the rest of the female students of Royal Biblia Academy, she is actually a teacher of the academy. She is the first magus to appear in front of Arata during the Black Sun gravitational phenomenon incident in Arata's world where she was sent to investigate it; this incident eventually led her to introducing him to the academy. She becomes one of his earliest allies and friend, watching and supporting him in any way, though at times she becomes an unwitting victim of his unintended and indirect perversion. As she is rather prudish, her thema is Abies (生命, Abiesu, lit. "Life") from the Luxuria (Lust) archive. According to Hijiri, she is considered a prodigy and is the youngest to join the Trinity Seven. #### Arin Kannazuki Voiced by: Noriko Shitaya (drama CD), Aya Uchida (anime) (Japanese); Christina Stroup (English) Arin Kannazuki (神無月アリン, Kannazuki Arin) is the Trinity Seven of Ira (Anger) and user of Chaotic Rune magic, whose appearance is strikingly similar to Hijiri. She has a stoic personality where she has no reservation or shame about doing what she wants in front of Arata. She was first seen naked in the boys' bathroom when Arata went in for a bath. She is also the Demon Lord's partner, becoming an early ally and later close friend to Arata. She claims herself to be Arata's wife as he is the Demon Lord candidate. As she only shows little emotion much less and can't even imagine destructive anger, her thema is Ruina (崩壊, Ruīna, lit. "Ruin") from the Ira (Anger) Archive. Her magic, Chaosic Rune (聖儀術, Kaoshikku Rūn), allows her to put up barriers and create destruction. #### Levi Kazama Voiced by: Saki Fujita (drama CD), Ayane Sakura (anime) (Japanese); Carli Mosier (English) Levi Kazama (風間レヴィ, Kazama Revi) is a ninja and the Trinity Seven of Invidia, as well as a student at the Royal Biblia Academy. As a user of Shamanic Spells (忍法術, Shāmanikku Superu), she is considered to be one of the world's top five fighters, becoming one of Arata's earliest allies. She is the only member of the Trinity Seven that hasn't been seen naked by Arata, and her naked body is considered by Arata to be his "final frontier". She often desires to fight Akio in a one-on-one fight, but has never had the opportunity to do so. Due to being a ninja, who often works alone, she doesn't expect anything from others and thus her thema is Expectatio (期待, Ekusupekuto, lit. "Expectation") from the Invidia (Envy) Archive. #### Mira Yamana Voiced by: Suzuko Mimori (drama CD), Yōko Hikasa (anime) (Japanese); Chelsea McCurdy (English) Mira Yamana (山奈ミラ, Yamana Mira) is the Head of Grimoire Security (王立図書館検閲官, Gurimowāru Sekyuriti, lit. "Royal Library Censorate") and one of the Trinity Seven. She treats Arata with hostility, but later warms up to Arata during the investigation of the Liber Academy's disappearance where they are stuck in the world created by Ilya. Her orb is her grimoire. Her thema is Justitia (Justice), which is part of the Superbia (Pride) Archive, like Arata. It allows her to activate the "Gehenna Scope" (映晶術, Gehena Sukōpu), which she uses to analyze and counter any magic. #### Akio Fudō Voiced by: Yū Kobayashi (drama CD), Ryōka Yuzuki (anime); Patricia Duran (English) Akio Fudō (不動アキオ, Fudō Akio) is the partner of Mira in operating Grimoire Security as well as a member of the Trinity Seven. She was a spriggan (秘宝巫女, supurigan, lit. "secret treasure priestess") who lived in a town that rested underneath the Sky Library, guarding it; however, the Demon Lord from another world, Abyss Trinity, used the weapons of the Sky Library to destroy the city. Her mother had sufficient power to save only one person and chose Akio, making her the only survivor of her home town. In the process, she lost her faith, so that her thema is Fides (信仰, Fidesu, lit. "Faith"), which is part of the Gula (Gluttony) archive. Her magic, Mantra Enchant (真言術, Mantora Enchanto), gives her superior physical skills that she uses for close combat. #### Yui Kurata Voiced by: Rumi Ōkubo (drama CD), Rie Murakawa (anime) (Japanese); Cynthia Martinez (English) Yui Kurata (倉田ユイ, Kurata Yui) is a special magus who lives in the dungeon underneath the academy and is also a member of the Trinity Seven. She is first introduced when she saves Arata from being killed by Akio by teleporting him to her dream world. She helped him to understand magic by explaining to him the concept of archives and themas. Later, when she was rescued by Arata and other Trinity Seven members, Yui is able to return to a normal life with other people and Levi as her close friend. She constantly shows her affection to Arata. She is known to be a Cardinal-Class magus, second only to the Biblia Academy headmaster. As she secludes herself from others, her thema is Amicitia (友情, Amikitia, lit. "Friendship), which is part of the Avaritia (Greed) archive. Her magic, Arch Symphony (重唱術, Āku Shinfonī), allows her to boost the magic of others. #### Lieselotte Sherlock Voiced by: Ayumi Fujimura, (drama CD), Nao Tōyama (anime) (Japanese); Shelby Blocker (English) Lieselotte Sherlock (リーゼロッテ＝シャルロック, Rīzerotte Sharurokku) is the older twin sister of Selina who vanished in a school library six months before Arata enrolled at this school. She is the last of the Trinity Seven to meet Arata. At first, she was opposed by the other members of the Trinity Seven because she infiltrated the forbidden library, which is the 'eternal library', and obtained the Demon Lord element sealed in the library to become the Demon Lord candidate. After being defeated during the attack on the academy, Arata rescues her from the time dimension she is trapped in during the investigation on the Sky Library. She, like Arata and the principal, speak in a somewhat perverted manner. As a restless girl, her thema is Stagna (停滞, Sutaguna, lit. "Stagnation"), which is part of the Acedia (Sloth) archive. Her magic, Logos Art (数秘術, Rogosu Āto), allows her to steal the magic of others. ## Supporting characters ### Selina Sherlock Voiced by: Shiori Mikami (drama CD), Aya Suzaki (anime) (Japanese); Brittney Karbowski (English) Selina Sherlock (セリナ＝シャルロック, Serina Sharurokku) is the younger twin sister of Lieselotte, and student reporter in Royal Biblia Academy. Because her elder sister is a member of Trinity Seven, Selina becomes closely affiliated with some of the other members and later Arata as well. Her thema is Ligare (束縛, Rigāre, lit. "Bind"). ### Headmaster Voiced by: Kōji Yusa (drama CD), Shin-ichiro Miki (anime) (Japanese); Kregg Dailey (English) The Headmaster (学園長, Gakuenchō) is a Paladin-Class mage who presides over the Biblia Magic Academy. He usually speaks in somewhat a relaxed and perverted manner. Early in the series, he is said to be one of the five most powerful mages in the world. ### Master Liber Voiced by: Nanami Yamashita (Japanese); Chaney Moore (English) Master Liber (マスターリベル, Mastā Liberu) is a Paladin Class mage and headmaster of Royal Liber Academy, which has been destroyed. She is the head of the Iscariot. ### Abyss Trinity Voiced by: Tomoaki Maeno Abyss Trinity (アビィストリニティ, Abisu Toriniti) is the Crimson Demon Lord and the Demon Lord of Luxuria. He is Lilith's father, which gave Lilith her Demon Lord element. ### Lugh Voiced by: Ayaka Fukuhara (Japanese); Shunte Lofton (English) Lugh (ルーグ, Rūgu) is a member of Iscariot, magus of the Invidia Archive and a thief. ### Lilim Voiced by: Rina Hidaka Lilim (リリム, Ririmu) is a girl who appeared when Arata touched Lilith's "Hermes Apocrypha" Grimoire. She calls Arata and Lilith "Papa" and "Mama." ### Last Trinity Voiced by: Nobunaga Shimazaki Last Trinity (ラスト・トリニティ, Rasuto Toriniti) is the head of the Eternal Library, the White Demon Lord. He was brought into existence solely to fight Arata, the Demon Lord candidate. He can cause Breakdown Phenomena, and plots to destroy the world. ### Anastasia-L Voiced by: M.A.O Anastasia-L (アナスタシア＝L, Anasutashia-L) is a mysterious girl from the Royal Akasha Academy who Arata meets and becomes captivated by during the Biblia Academy school festival. Eventually, she is later revealed to be a former Akasha student who died and recently became resurrected. She is referred to as the "Saint of Resurrection" by Hijiri and referred to Hijiri as the "Fallen Saint" during their encounter during the Biblia Academy school festival. Her thema is Terminus (終焉, Tāminasu, lit. "Demise"). ### Master Akasha Voiced by: Yoshino Nanjō Master Akasha (マスター・アカーシャ, Masutā Akāsha) is the principal of the Royal Akasha Academy who works alongside Anastasia-L.	enwiki/55204937	enwiki	55,204,937	List of Trinity Seven characters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trinity_Seven_characters	2024-07-30T01:04:20Z	en	Q40888718	80,840	{{short description\|None}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Trinity Seven'' characters}} [[File:Trinity Seven, Characters.jpg\|thumb\|The major characters of the series as they appear in the manga.]] The following is a list of characters from the ''[[Trinity Seven]]'' [[manga]] series. {{TOC limit\|limit=3}} ==Main characters== ===Arata Kasuga=== :{{Voiced by\|[[Yoshimasa Hosoya]] (drama CD), [[Yoshitsugu Matsuoka]] (anime)\|Cameron Bautsch}}<ref name="dubcast">{{cite web\|url=http://www.sentaifilmworks.com/news/trinity-seven-english-dub-cast-list\|title=''Trinity Seven'' English Dub Cast\|publisher=[[Sentai Filmworks]]\|date=July 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-07-07/trinity-seven-anime-english-dub-cast-revealed-previewed-in-clip/.104039\|title=''Trinity Seven'' Anime's English Dub Cast Revealed, Previewed in Clip\|date=July 7, 2016\|work=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4M9YMh3eDp0\|title=''Trinity Seven'' English Dub Preview - Available for Pre-Order\|date=July 7, 2016\|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> {{Nihongo\|Arata Kasuga\|春日アラタ\|Kasuga Arata}} is the main protagonist of the series and the {{Nihongo\|Demon Lord\|魔王\|Maō}} of the Superbia archive, possessing the ability to nullify and copy magic. After a Breakdown Phenomenon destroys his hometown and causes his cousin Hijiri to disappear (but not before giving him her grimoire), Arata becomes determined to save her by becoming a magus and transferring to the Royal Biblia Academy where he meets the Trinity Seven. He is calm in dealing with adversity (and often breaks the [[fourth wall]]). He is often referred to as the "Demon Lord Candidate" because only those mages of Demon Lord-class are able to create worlds, but actually the world he created was merely a wish that he had made with the grimoire to return the world the way it was. As a mage researches the one thing that is the farthest away from them, his thema is {{Nihongo\|Impel\|{{Ruby-ja\|支配\|インペル}}\|Inperu\|lit. "Control"}}. ====Sora==== :{{Voiced by\|[[Mariya Ise]] (drama CD), [[Rie Kugimiya]] (anime)\|[[Jad Saxton]]}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Sora\|ソラ}} is the grimoire that Arata holds. She was called as Sora by Hijiri before she is given to Arata and before the Breakdown Phenomenon. Arata ordered her to bring back his normal days in his desperation, and she recreates the world in a different dimension, posing as Hijiri until Lilith's arrival. She is also known as {{Nihongo\|Astil Manuscript\|アスティルの写本\|Asutiru no Shahon}}. It is rumored that she had knowledge from other worlds. ====Ilia==== :{{Voiced by\|[[Chinatsu Akasaki]]\|Melissa Molano}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Ilia\|イリア}} is another grimoire that Arata holds. She took on Hijiri's memories and appearance and acted as a substitute. Whenever Hijiri was out of the house on magus duty, she would take her place and cook for Arata or do the household chores. She later submitted herself to Arata in order to escape the world that she created to trap Mira and Arata. She is also known as {{Nihongo\|Ilias Fragment\|イーリアス断章\|Īriasu Danshō}}. ===Hijiri Kasuga=== :{{Voiced by\|[[Noriko Shitaya]] (drama CD), [[Ayaka Suwa]] (anime)\|[[Kira Vincent Davis]]}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Hijiri Kasuga\|春日聖\|Kasuga Hijiri}}, disguised as Arata's cousin, was a magus before she was engulfed by the Breakdown Phenomenon that Arata created. Later, she was 'reborn' to become the member of Iscariot, which seeks to destroy the cycle of the Demon Lord and the Trinity Seven, destroying the world and the rebirth of the world. Although she becomes Arata's enemy, she still values Arata more highly than anything and wishes to make a world Arata could enjoy freely. She is referred to as the "Fallen Saint" by Anastasia-L during their encounter. She is a magus of the Ira (Wrath) archive with the themas Ruina (Ruin), Partum (Birth), and Analysis (Disassembly). ===Trinity Seven=== ====Lilith Asami==== :{{Voiced by\|[[Ai Kayano]] (drama CD), [[Yumi Hara]] (anime)\|[[Allison Sumrall]]}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Lilith Asami\|浅見リリス\|Asami Ririsu}} is the Trinity Seven of Luxuria (Lust) and her magic Outer Alchemic ({{Ruby-ja\|錬金術\|アウター・アルケミック}}) materializes in the form of a gun which comes in two versions: a short pistol that she utilizes in close quarter combat and a long rifle that resembles an anti-tank gun which she uses at long range. Although she is the same age as Arata and wears the same uniform as the rest of the female students of Royal Biblia Academy, she is actually a teacher of the academy. She is the first magus to appear in front of Arata during the Black Sun gravitational phenomenon incident in Arata's world where she was sent to investigate it; this incident eventually led her to introducing him to the academy. She becomes one of his earliest allies and friend, watching and supporting him in any way, though at times she becomes an unwitting victim of his unintended and indirect perversion. As she is rather prudish, her thema is {{Nihongo\|Abies\|{{Ruby-ja\|生命\|アビエス}}\|Abiesu\|lit. "Life"}} from the Luxuria (Lust) archive. According to Hijiri, she is considered a prodigy and is the youngest to join the Trinity Seven. ====Arin Kannazuki==== :{{Voiced by\|[[Noriko Shitaya]] (drama CD), [[Aya Uchida]] (anime)\|Christina Stroup}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Arin Kannazuki\|神無月アリン\|Kannazuki Arin}} is the Trinity Seven of Ira (Anger) and user of Chaotic Rune magic, whose appearance is strikingly similar to Hijiri. She has a stoic personality where she has no reservation or shame about doing what she wants in front of Arata. She was first seen naked in the boys' bathroom when Arata went in for a bath. She is also the Demon Lord's partner, becoming an early ally and later close friend to Arata. She claims herself to be Arata's wife as he is the Demon Lord candidate. As she only shows little emotion much less and can't even imagine destructive anger, her thema is {{Nihongo\|Ruina\|{{Ruby-ja\|崩壊\|ルイーナ}}\|Ruīna\|lit. "Ruin"}} from the Ira (Anger) Archive. Her magic, {{Nihongo\|Chaosic Rune\|{{Ruby-ja\|聖儀術\|カオシック・ルーン}}\|Kaoshikku Rūn}}, allows her to put up barriers and create destruction. ====Levi Kazama==== :{{Voiced by\|[[Saki Fujita]] (drama CD), [[Ayane Sakura]] (anime)\|[[Carli Mosier]]}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Levi Kazama\|風間レヴィ\|Kazama Revi}} is a ninja and the Trinity Seven of Invidia, as well as a student at the Royal Biblia Academy. As a user of {{Nihongo\|Shamanic Spells\|{{Ruby-ja\|忍法術\|シャーマニック・スペル}}\|Shāmanikku Superu}}, she is considered to be one of the world's top five fighters, becoming one of Arata's earliest allies. She is the only member of the Trinity Seven that hasn't been seen naked by Arata, and her naked body is considered by Arata to be his "final frontier". She often desires to fight Akio in a one-on-one fight, but has never had the opportunity to do so. Due to being a ninja, who often works alone, she doesn't expect anything from others and thus her thema is {{Nihongo\|Expectatio\|{{Ruby-ja\|期待\|エクスペクト}}\|Ekusupekuto\|lit. "Expectation"}} from the Invidia (Envy) Archive. ====Mira Yamana==== :{{Voiced by\|[[Suzuko Mimori]] (drama CD), [[Yōko Hikasa]] (anime)\|Chelsea McCurdy}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Mira Yamana\|山奈ミラ\|Yamana Mira}} is the Head of {{Nihongo\|Grimoire Security\|{{Ruby-ja\|王立図書館検閲官\|グリモワールセキュリティ}}\|Gurimowāru Sekyuriti\|lit. "Royal Library Censorate"}} and one of the Trinity Seven. She treats Arata with hostility, but later warms up to Arata during the investigation of the Liber Academy's disappearance where they are stuck in the world created by Ilya. Her orb is her grimoire. Her thema is Justitia (Justice), which is part of the Superbia (Pride) Archive, like Arata. It allows her to activate the {{Nihongo\|"Gehenna Scope"\|{{Ruby-ja\|映晶術\|ゲヘナ・スコープ}}\|Gehena Sukōpu}}, which she uses to analyze and counter any magic. ====Akio Fudō==== :{{Voiced by\|[[Yū Kobayashi]]}} (drama CD), [[Ryōka Yuzuki]] (anime); Patricia Duran (English) {{Nihongo\|Akio Fudō\|不動アキオ\|Fudō Akio}} is the partner of Mira in operating Grimoire Security as well as a member of the Trinity Seven. She was a {{Nihongo\|spriggan\|{{Ruby-ja\|秘宝巫女\|スプリガン}}\|supurigan\|lit. "secret treasure priestess"}} who lived in a town that rested underneath the Sky Library, guarding it; however, the Demon Lord from another world, Abyss Trinity, used the weapons of the Sky Library to destroy the city. Her mother had sufficient power to save only one person and chose Akio, making her the only survivor of her home town. In the process, she lost her faith, so that her thema is {{Nihongo\|Fides\|{{Ruby-ja\|信仰\|フィデス}}\|Fidesu\|lit. "Faith"}}, which is part of the Gula (Gluttony) archive. Her magic, {{Nihongo\|Mantra Enchant\|{{Ruby-ja\|真言術\|マントラ・エンチャント}}\|Mantora Enchanto}}, gives her superior physical skills that she uses for close combat. ====Yui Kurata==== :{{Voiced by\|[[Rumi Ōkubo]] (drama CD), [[Rie Murakawa]] (anime)\| [[Cynthia Martinez]]}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Yui Kurata\|倉田ユイ\|Kurata Yui}} is a special magus who lives in the dungeon underneath the academy and is also a member of the Trinity Seven. She is first introduced when she saves Arata from being killed by Akio by teleporting him to her dream world. She helped him to understand magic by explaining to him the concept of archives and themas. Later, when she was rescued by Arata and other Trinity Seven members, Yui is able to return to a normal life with other people and Levi as her close friend. She constantly shows her affection to Arata. She is known to be a Cardinal-Class magus, second only to the Biblia Academy headmaster. As she secludes herself from others, her thema is {{Nihongo\|Amicitia\|{{Ruby-ja\|友情\|アミキティア}}\|Amikitia\|lit. "Friendship}}, which is part of the Avaritia (Greed) archive. Her magic, {{Nihongo\|Arch Symphony\|{{Ruby-ja\|重唱術\|アーク・シンフォニー}}\|Āku Shinfonī}}, allows her to boost the magic of others. ====Lieselotte Sherlock==== :{{Voiced by\|[[Ayumi Fujimura]], (drama CD), [[Nao Tōyama]] (anime)\|Shelby Blocker}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Lieselotte Sherlock\|リーゼロッテ＝シャルロック\|Rīzerotte Sharurokku}} is the older twin sister of Selina who vanished in a school library six months before Arata enrolled at this school. She is the last of the Trinity Seven to meet Arata. At first, she was opposed by the other members of the Trinity Seven because she infiltrated the forbidden library, which is the 'eternal library', and obtained the Demon Lord element sealed in the library to become the Demon Lord candidate. After being defeated during the attack on the academy, Arata rescues her from the time dimension she is trapped in during the investigation on the Sky Library. She, like Arata and the principal, speak in a somewhat perverted manner. As a restless girl, her thema is {{Nihongo\|Stagna\|{{Ruby-ja\|停滞\|スタグナ}}\|Sutaguna\|lit. "Stagnation"}}, which is part of the Acedia (Sloth) archive. Her magic, {{Nihongo\|Logos Art\|{{Ruby-ja\|数秘術\|ロゴス・アート}}\|Rogosu Āto}}, allows her to steal the magic of others. ==Supporting characters== ===Selina Sherlock=== :{{Voiced by\|[[Shiori Mikami]] (drama CD), [[Aya Suzaki]] (anime)\|[[Brittney Karbowski]]}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Selina Sherlock\|セリナ＝シャルロック\|Serina Sharurokku}} is the younger twin sister of Lieselotte, and student reporter in Royal Biblia Academy. Because her elder sister is a member of Trinity Seven, Selina becomes closely affiliated with some of the other members and later Arata as well. Her thema is {{Nihongo\|Ligare\|{{Ruby-ja\|束縛\|リガーレ}}\|Rigāre\|lit. "Bind"}}. ===Headmaster=== :{{Voiced by\|[[Kōji Yusa]] (drama CD), [[Shin-ichiro Miki]] (anime)\|Kregg Dailey}}<ref name="dubcast" /> The {{Nihongo\|Headmaster\|学園長\|Gakuenchō}} is a Paladin-Class mage who presides over the Biblia Magic Academy. He usually speaks in somewhat a relaxed and perverted manner. Early in the series, he is said to be one of the five most powerful mages in the world. ===Master Liber=== :{{Voiced by\|[[Nanami Yamashita]]\|Chaney Moore}}<ref name="dubcast" /> {{Nihongo\|Master Liber\|マスターリベル\|Mastā Liberu}} is a Paladin Class mage and headmaster of Royal Liber Academy, which has been destroyed. She is the head of the Iscariot. ===Abyss Trinity=== :{{voiced by\|[[Tomoaki Maeno]]}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-02-07/trinity-seven-heavens-library-and-crimson-lord-film-trailer-previews-zaq-theme-song/.143107\|title=Trinity Seven: Heavens Library & Crimson Lord Film's Trailer Previews ZAQ's Theme Song\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|date=February 7, 2019\|accessdate=February 7, 2019}}</ref> {{Nihongo\|Abyss Trinity\|アビィストリニティ\|Abisu Toriniti}} is the Crimson Demon Lord and the Demon Lord of Luxuria. He is Lilith's father, which gave Lilith her Demon Lord element. ===Lugh=== :{{Voiced by\|[[Ayaka Fukuhara]]\|Shunte Lofton}} {{Nihongo\|Lugh\|ルーグ\|Rūgu}} is a member of Iscariot, magus of the Invidia Archive and a thief. ===Lilim=== :{{voiced by\|[[Rina Hidaka]]}}<ref name="film preview">{{cite web\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-02-07/trinity-seven-eternal-library-and-alchemic-girl-anime-film-1st-6-minutes-streamed/.111955\|title=Trinity Seven Eternal Library & Alchemic Girl Anime Film's 1st 6 Minutes Streamed\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|date=February 7, 2017\|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref> {{Nihongo\|Lilim\|リリム\|Ririmu}} is a girl who appeared when Arata touched Lilith's "Hermes Apocrypha" Grimoire. She calls Arata and Lilith "Papa" and "Mama." ===Last Trinity=== :{{voiced by\|[[Nobunaga Shimazaki]]}}<ref name="film preview"/> {{Nihongo\|Last Trinity\|ラスト・トリニティ\|Rasuto Toriniti}} is the head of the Eternal Library, the White Demon Lord. He was brought into existence solely to fight Arata, the Demon Lord candidate. He can cause Breakdown Phenomena, and plots to destroy the world. ===Anastasia-L=== :{{voiced by\|[[M.A.O]]}}<ref name="film preview"/> {{Nihongo\|Anastasia-L\|アナスタシア＝L\|Anasutashia-L}} is a mysterious girl from the Royal Akasha Academy who Arata meets and becomes captivated by during the Biblia Academy school festival. Eventually, she is later revealed to be a former Akasha student who died and recently became resurrected. She is referred to as the "Saint of Resurrection" by Hijiri and referred to Hijiri as the "Fallen Saint" during their encounter during the Biblia Academy school festival. Her thema is {{Nihongo\|Terminus\|{{Ruby-ja\|終焉\|ターミナス}}\|Tāminasu\|lit. "Demise"}}. ===Master Akasha=== :{{voiced by\|[[Yoshino Nanjō]]}}<ref name="film preview"/> {{Nihongo\|Master Akasha\|マスター・アカーシャ\|Masutā Akāsha}} is the principal of the Royal Akasha Academy who works alongside Anastasia-L. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Lists of anime and manga characters\|Trinity Seven]]	1,237,481,309	[]	false
# Severian (character) Severian is the narrator and main character of Gene Wolfe's four-volume science fiction series The Book of the New Sun, as well as its sequel, The Urth of the New Sun. He is a Journeyman of the Seekers for Truth and Penitence (a Guild of torturers) who is exiled after showing mercy to one of his clients. Severian claims to have perfect memory (his eidetic memory is stated as a fact by Gene Wolfe in Shadows of the New Sun). In spite of this, some critics and analysis claim him to be an unreliable narrator. ## Severian's life ### Youth Severian was raised by his guild from birth. His mother was pregnant when she was imprisoned in Matachin Tower of the torturers. They kept him alive after her death, which was their method for getting new candidates for members of the guild. He led a sheltered life there, not knowing much about the rest of the world. He did hear about Vodalus—an aristocratic rebel, claiming to fight to restore Urth to its former glory—and accidentally saved the outlaw's life. Severian later idolized Vodalus and wanted to join him, but with time he learnt the bitter truth about him. Severian starts the novel as an apprentice but shortly becomes the captain of apprentices, and later a Journeyman in the Guild of Torturers. As a boy, he rescues a dog named Triskele, which leads him through secret tunnels to a courtyard belonging to an "exultant" (aristocratic) family, where he meets a girl named Valeria. While still captain of apprentices, Severian meets and befriends the Chatelaine Thecla, a woman who is part of the Autarch's court who has been imprisoned because her sister had become the consort of Vodalus. Thecla is to be treated with special care, and since she takes a liking to Severian, asks that he sit with her for a while each day. Severian eventually falls in love with Thecla. When Thecla is tortured, Severian is moved by love and pity, and sneaks a knife into her cell, allowing her to take her own life and end her suffering. Severian is briefly imprisoned, but it is decided that his life is to be spared, and (after being given the sword Terminus Est) he is sent to be the Lictor of Thrax, a city in the north. He is also allowed to keep his Torturer's cloak, which is fuligin, "the color that is darker than black." ### Journey to Thrax As he exits the Necropolis he must pass through the city of Nessus. As he does this, he meets Dorcas and Agia, two diametrically different women he falls in love with. He also obtains the Claw of the Conciliator, a gem with apparently supernatural powers that Severian is attempting to return to its rightful owners, the Pelerines. He frequently encounters and occasionally travels with a troupe of actors composed of Dr. Talos; a giant, Baldanders; and a beautiful woman, Jolenta. Dr. Talos appears to be the leader of the group but is later revealed to be a homunculus created by Baldanders to be his doctor and servant. Baldanders' gigantism is later revealed to be self-experimentation designed to increase his intelligence and longevity so he may better understand alien technology. During his travels, he meets with Vodalus and agrees to join his insurrection. At a feast that evening, Severian ingests a portion of Thecla's recovered body together with a drug taken from an (apparently alien) creature called an alzabo, a ritual that conveys to him Thecla's memories. Part of her personality and presence occasionally emerge and some characters seem to recognize, or sense, Thecla when they look at him. Travelling further, Severian visits the House Absolute, the throne of the commonwealth's Autarch, and is persuaded by the Autarch to change sides and act as a spy on Vodalus' cause. ### Thrax and further journey When Dorcas and Severian reach Thrax, he thrives as the city's Lictor for a while. However, he once again shows mercy (allowing a woman to escape rather than strangling her to death) and is forced again to flee, leaving Dorcas behind. He climbs a series of high mountains and rescues a small boy, also named Severian, from an alzabo, a bear-like animal that speaks with the voices of dead people it has eaten. The boy is later killed by a trap set up by Typhon, the former dictator of Urth. Severian accidentally revives Typhon from suspended animation and then kills him. In additional travels, he eventually becomes a mercenary in the north and is seriously injured. During his convalescence he encounters an Ascian man, before venturing out once again. Towards the end of the final volume of Book of the New Sun, he encounters the Autarch again, but they're captured by Vodalus. The Autarch is critically injured and can only survive within Severian's mind, who eats the forebrain of the Autarch with a mixture the ruler kept along himself at all times, inheriting the throne and all the memories of his predecessors. Severian marries Valeria and apparently rules the Commonwealth before leaving Urth to bring the New Sun. These events are covered in the follow-up novel Urth of the New Sun, a corollary piece further detailing Severian's travels, offering much insight into some abstruse events in the 4 part Book of the New Sun ## Lineage Dorcas, whom Severian inadvertently resurrects at the Lake of Birds, is almost certainly Severian's paternal grandmother. (Wolfe has named her for the Biblical Dorcas, who was also resurrected.) Ouen, the waiter at the Inn of Lost Loves in Nessus, refers to Dorcas as his "mother come again". Ouen later tells Severian that a locket he has contains a picture of said mother, who died young; Severian recognizes it as Dorcas. The innkeeper there then notes that while Ouen does resemble his mother's picture, in profile he's very like Severian. Severian quizzes Ouen about his past loves, asking "A woman you loved—or perhaps only one who loved you—a dark woman—was taken once?" Ouen confirms that a woman named Catherine was taken by the law (and therefore handed to the Torturers) after having run off from some religious order (probably the Pelerines). Catherine's child was raised by the Guild, which is where we find the young Severian at the beginning of the book. At the end of the book, after becoming Autarch and returning to Nessus, Severian takes Ouen to see Dorcas, who has gone to the abandoned outlying districts of Nessus to look for her husband. He tells him to look after Dorcas. As the Book of the New Sun is full of puns and double meanings, the name of Severian's presumed father, Ouen, is Welsh for the name 'Gene,' the author of the series itself. Catherine is the name of the patron saint of the Guild of Torturers, associated with the real-life torture instrument known as a Catherine wheel. ## Personality Severian's personality is open to interpretation. John Clute wrote in Wolfe's obituary that: "Severian is a torturer who forgives his victims, who has perfect verbal recall but lies constantly. He is a man of insuperable ambition who tells us he has none, even though he is somehow destined to become the ruler of his land. The twist is that he is also something like Christ, transfigured by millions of years of history, but darkly eternal." Severian is prone to self-doubt and at one point in his narrative, he says he may be insane. As a professional torturer, despite his displays of mercy, he tends to be clinical and detached when describing his work activities, to the point where he assumes the reader is already familiar with his methods and rationalizations. By the middle of the first book, he carries with him, at all times, an unusual artifact, the "Claw," which apparently has the power to bring the dead back to life, as he does with Dorcas and, later on, a young soldier (before he brings this young man back to life, Severian seems to realize that he almost prefers the company of the dead to the living). ## Appearance Severian describes himself as having a straight nose, deep-set eyes and sunken cheeks. Thecla states she has "never seen such white skin coupled with dark hair." Regarding Severian's appearance of strength, the Autarch remarks that Severian "seemed to me a construction of horn and boiled leather." He is said to be tall, although not at genetically-altered exultant levels. Cyriaca, who never saw him without his mask, describes Severian as having a narrow waist, a sharp chin with a cleft, deeply set, large and mobile eyes, high cheekbones, flat cheeks, black hair and thin lips. He is usually dressed in the habit of his guild: a fuligin mask, fuligin cloak and fuligin breeches, a belt, hose, black boots & a bare chest. He also carries his sword, Terminus Est, in a "sable manskin" sheath slung over his left shoulder in a baldric. He carries his few possessions in a sabretache attached to his belt. Severian's height and apparent strength, along with his intelligent and educated manner of speaking, repeatedly lead him to be singled out for special treatment by people who have known him only briefly. These include Dr. Talos, who offers Severian a partnership; the Autarch, who recognizes him as his successor; Cyriaca, who seduces him; the people of the lake, who follow him into battle; Foila, who asks him to judge a story contest; Mannea of the Pelerines, who sends him on an important mission; Guasacht, who offers him a place in the cavalry; and the captain of the Samru, who gives Severian free passage and protection on his vessel. Meeting Severian at the Saltus fair, the green man says, "I'm a fool, I suppose, to put any confidence in you. And yet I do." However, the Cumean's acolyte Merryn calls him "common," and none of the servitors or courtiers of the House Absolute pay him any heed, except for steward Odilo, who takes him for a nobleman [and later, the younger Odilo, in The Urth of the New Sun, who does the same.] Wolfe describes Severian in Shadows of the New Sun as being 6'1", 175 pounds, with straight black hair and a high square forehead. He has slightly large hands, a long bony face, with moderately high cheekbones and a strong chin. He has dark eyes, pale skin, and good teeth. ## Severian's sword Before Severian leaves the Citadel, Master Palaemon gives him Terminus Est. A sharp, intimidating sword, it serves as a symbol of his authority and as a deadly weapon. Despite its utility, the sword is apparently extremely ostentatious, as "art had been lavished upon her," according to the narrator. Terminus Est is described as being "Light to raise, weighty to descend." This is due to (in addition to the obvious ethical quandary, in that raising the sword causes no harm, but the descending stroke ends a life by decapitation) a channel in the spine of the blade, containing liquid hydrargyrum, another name for mercury. (Wolfe makes use of obscure terms from Latin and Greek in many of his works, and in the New Sun Cycle additionally makes heavy use of French and Spanish.) During the course of Severian's travels Terminus Est plays a vital role, alternately saving his life and placing it in peril. Shortly after leaving the Citadel of Nessus, Severian is caught in a ploy masterminded by Agia and her twin brother Agilus, designed to deprive him of his sword and belongings after he loses a duel to the disguised Agilus. Terminus Est is described as having been one of the last works of a famous swordsmith—so in addition to its inherent utility, it is also an antique; Agia describes it as being worth ten times the value of her shop and its inventory. The sword is double-edged, having both a "male" and "female" side, designed to sever only male heads with one edge and only female heads with the other. Severian takes meticulous care of the sword, always cleaning, oiling, and sharpening the blade before and after an execution, to the point where he uses Terminus Est to shave with, forgoing a razor. It is analogous to a real-world Sword of Justice, which is designed solely for the purpose of execution. Just like this sword, Terminus Est has a square end and therefore cannot be used as a thrusting weapon. Terminus Est is eventually destroyed while Severian wields it in battle. This occurs during his fight against Baldanders, his former traveling companion. When Terminus Est strikes the massive and bizarre mace Baldanders wields, which seems to be tuned to the resonant frequency at which Terminus Est would shatter, both weapons are destroyed. Upon the destruction of Terminus Est, Severian recovers the hilt of the shattered blade, later returning it to Master Palaemon upon his return to the Citadel at the close of the series. ### Other meanings Terminus Est is commonly translated from the Latin as "This is the end", or literally "It is the end". It can also mean "this is the limit", "this is an end" (due to the lack of the definite article), or "this is the border". However, Severian interprets the phrase to mean "this is the line of division", and Typhon translates it as "this is the place of parting". While it is not strictly in accordance with the grammar of the original Latin, it might perhaps be considered appropriate by some to rephrase the translation "This is the end" as "It is finished." This adjustment would provide a further nod to Christian symbolism, as in the section below. ### Symbolism Severian describes Terminus Est several times as a "paterissa" or cross (the sword has long, straight guards and is carried over the shoulder, tip-downward) and once as an "iron phallus" (an image suggested by the fluid-filled channel inside the blade.) The cross is of course an instrument of torture and death, but in Christianity it symbolizes resurrection. Master Gurloes's iron phallus was also a torture instrument, but phallic images have long been used to symbolize fertility and therefore life. ## Character creation Wolfe had an idea for a character being a torturer well before he started to work on The Book of the New Sun. When he started writing what was initially to be a novella, he planned for Severian to be banished and return in position of high authority and also to face the problem with Thecla and role of suffering in human life. ## Character analysis ### Severian as a Christ figure Wolfe said in an interview, "I don't think of Severian as being a Christ figure; I think of Severian as being a Christian figure. He is a man who has been born into a very perverse background, who is gradually trying to become better." ### Severian as The New Sun Severian in his existence earned many names, one of them is Apu-Punchau, which Wolfe borrowed from the Incan Sun God. While Apu-Punchau's identity isn't outwardly revealed in the Tetralogy, it's confirmed in Urth of the New Sun.	enwiki/3748527	enwiki	3,748,527	Severian (character)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severian_(character)	2025-04-06T03:53:58Z	en	Q7457865	74,531	{{short description\|Fictional character in The Book of the New Sun}} {{primary sources\|date=October 2011}} '''Severian''' is the narrator and main character of [[Gene Wolfe]]'s four-volume [[science fiction]] series ''[[The Book of the New Sun]]'', as well as its sequel, ''[[The Urth of the New Sun]]''. He is a [[Journeyman]] of the Seekers for Truth and Penitence (a [[Guild]] of torturers) who is exiled after showing mercy to one of his clients. Severian claims to have [[Eidetic memory\|perfect memory]] (his eidetic memory is stated as a fact by Gene Wolfe in ''Shadows of the New Sun''). In spite of this, some critics and analysis claim him to be an [[unreliable narrator]]. == Severian's life == === Youth === Severian was raised by his guild from birth. His mother was pregnant when she was imprisoned in Matachin Tower of the torturers. They kept him alive after her death, which was their method for getting new candidates for members of the guild. He led a sheltered life there, not knowing much about the rest of the world. He did hear about Vodalus{{emdash}}an aristocratic rebel, claiming to fight to restore Urth to its former glory{{emdash}}and accidentally saved the outlaw's life. Severian later idolized Vodalus and wanted to join him, but with time he learnt the bitter truth about him. Severian starts the novel as an apprentice but shortly becomes the captain of apprentices, and later a Journeyman in the Guild of Torturers. As a boy, he rescues a dog named Triskele, which leads him through secret tunnels to a courtyard belonging to an "exultant" (aristocratic) family, where he meets a girl named Valeria. While still captain of apprentices, Severian meets and befriends the [[Châtelain\|Chatelaine]] Thecla, a woman who is part of the Autarch's court who has been imprisoned because her sister had become the consort of Vodalus. Thecla is to be treated with special care, and since she takes a liking to Severian, asks that he sit with her for a while each day. Severian eventually falls in love with Thecla. When Thecla is tortured, Severian is moved by love and pity, and sneaks a knife into her cell, allowing her to take her own life and end her suffering. Severian is briefly imprisoned, but it is decided that his life is to be spared, and (after being given the sword Terminus Est) he is sent to be the [[Lictor]] of Thrax, a city in the north. He is also allowed to keep his Torturer's cloak, which is ''[[The Book of the New Sun#Language\|fuligin]], '' "the color that is darker than black." === Journey to Thrax === As he exits the [[Necropolis]] he must pass through the city of Nessus. As he does this, he meets Dorcas and Agia, two diametrically different women he falls in love with. He also obtains the Claw of the Conciliator, a gem with apparently supernatural powers that Severian is attempting to return to its rightful owners, the Pelerines. He frequently encounters and occasionally travels with a troupe of actors composed of Dr. Talos; a giant, Baldanders; and a beautiful woman, Jolenta. Dr. Talos appears to be the leader of the group but is later revealed to be a [[homunculus]] created by Baldanders to be his doctor and servant. Baldanders' [[gigantism]] is later revealed to be [[self-experimentation]] designed to increase his intelligence and longevity so he may better understand alien technology. During his travels, he meets with Vodalus and agrees to join his insurrection. At a feast that evening, Severian ingests a portion of Thecla's recovered body together with a drug taken from an (apparently alien) creature called an alzabo, a ritual that conveys to him Thecla's memories. Part of her personality and presence occasionally emerge and some characters seem to recognize, or sense, Thecla when they look at him. Travelling further, Severian visits the House Absolute, the throne of the commonwealth's Autarch, and is persuaded by the Autarch to change sides and act as a spy on Vodalus' cause. ===Thrax and further journey=== When Dorcas and Severian reach Thrax, he thrives as the city's Lictor for a while. However, he once again shows mercy (allowing a woman to escape rather than strangling her to death) and is forced again to flee, leaving Dorcas behind. He climbs a series of high mountains and rescues a small boy, also named Severian, from an alzabo, a bear-like animal that speaks with the voices of dead people it has eaten. The boy is later killed by a trap set up by Typhon, the former dictator of Urth. Severian accidentally revives Typhon from [[suspended animation]] and then kills him. In additional travels, he eventually becomes a mercenary in the north and is seriously injured. During his convalescence he encounters an [[Ascian Language\|Ascian]] man, before venturing out once again. Towards the end of the final volume of Book of the New Sun, he encounters the Autarch again, but they're captured by Vodalus. The Autarch is critically injured and can only survive within Severian's mind, who eats the forebrain of the Autarch with a mixture the ruler kept along himself at all times, inheriting the throne and all the memories of his predecessors. Severian marries Valeria and apparently rules the Commonwealth before leaving Urth to bring the New Sun. These events are covered in the follow-up novel ''Urth of the New Sun'', a corollary piece further detailing Severian's travels, offering much insight into some abstruse events in the 4 part ''Book of the New Sun'' == Lineage == Dorcas, whom Severian inadvertently resurrects at the Lake of Birds, is almost certainly Severian's paternal grandmother. (Wolfe has named her for the Biblical [[Dorcas]], who was also resurrected.) Ouen, the waiter at the Inn of Lost Loves in Nessus, refers to Dorcas as his "mother come again". Ouen later tells Severian that a locket he has contains a picture of said mother, who died young; Severian recognizes it as Dorcas. The innkeeper there then notes that while Ouen does resemble his mother's picture, in profile he's very like Severian.{{citation needed\|date=March 2020}} Severian quizzes Ouen about his past loves, asking "A woman you loved—or perhaps only one who loved you—a dark woman—was taken once?" Ouen confirms that a woman named Catherine was taken by the law (and therefore handed to the Torturers) after having run off from some religious order (probably the Pelerines). Catherine's child was raised by the Guild, which is where we find the young Severian at the beginning of the book.<ref>{{cite book \|title= Strokes \|author= John Clute \|publisher= Orion Publishing Group \|year= 2016 \|isbn= 9781473219830}}</ref> At the end of the book, after becoming Autarch and returning to Nessus, Severian takes Ouen to see Dorcas, who has gone to the abandoned outlying districts of Nessus to look for her husband. He tells him to look after Dorcas. As the Book of the New Sun is full of puns and double meanings, the name of Severian's presumed father, Ouen, is Welsh for the name 'Gene,' the author of the series itself. Catherine is the name of the patron saint of the Guild of Torturers, associated with the real-life torture instrument known as a [[Breaking wheel\|Catherine wheel]].<ref>{{cite book \|title= Science Fiction: Ten Explorations \|author= Colin N. Manlove \|edition= illustrated \|publisher= Springer \|year= 1986 \|isbn= 9781349072590 \|page= 214}}</ref> == Personality == Severian's personality is open to interpretation. John Clute wrote in Wolfe's obituary that: "Severian is a torturer who forgives his victims, who has perfect verbal recall but lies constantly. He is a man of insuperable ambition who tells us he has none, even though he is somehow destined to become the ruler of his land. The twist is that he is also something like Christ, transfigured by millions of years of history, but darkly eternal."<ref name=obituary>{{citation \| url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/29/gene-wolfe-obituary \| title= Gene Wolfe obituary \| first= John\| last=Clute\| newspaper= The Guardian \| date= April 29, 2019 \| access-date= March 20, 2020}}</ref> Severian is prone to self-doubt and at one point in his narrative, he says he may be [[insane]].<ref name=genius>{{citation \| url= https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/sci-fis-difficult-genius \| title= Sci-Fi's Difficult Genius \| first= Peter \| last=Bebergal\| magazine = [[The New Yorker]] \| date= April 24, 2019 \| access-date= March 20, 2020}}</ref> As a professional [[torture]]r, despite his displays of mercy, he tends to be clinical and detached when describing his work activities, to the point where he assumes the reader is already familiar with his methods and rationalizations. By the middle of the first book, he carries with him, at all times, an unusual artifact, the "Claw," which apparently has the power to bring the dead back to life, as he does with Dorcas and, later on, a young [[soldier]] (before he brings this young man back to life, Severian seems to realize that he almost ''prefers'' the company of the dead to the living). == Appearance == Severian describes himself as having a straight nose, deep-set eyes and sunken cheeks. Thecla states she has "never seen such white skin coupled with dark hair." Regarding Severian's appearance of strength, the Autarch remarks that Severian "seemed to me a construction of horn and boiled leather." He is said to be tall, although not at genetically-altered exultant levels. Cyriaca, who never saw him without his mask, describes Severian as having a narrow waist, a sharp chin with a cleft, deeply set, large and mobile eyes, high cheekbones, flat cheeks, black hair and thin lips. He is usually dressed in the habit of his guild: a fuligin mask, fuligin cloak and fuligin breeches, a belt, hose, black boots & a bare chest. He also carries his sword, Terminus Est, in a "sable manskin" sheath slung over his left shoulder in a [[baldric]]. He carries his few possessions in a [[sabretache]] attached to his belt. Severian's height and apparent strength, along with his intelligent and educated manner of speaking, repeatedly lead him to be singled out for special treatment by people who have known him only briefly. These include Dr. Talos, who offers Severian a partnership; the Autarch, who recognizes him as his successor; Cyriaca, who seduces him; the people of the lake, who follow him into battle; Foila, who asks him to judge a story contest; Mannea of the Pelerines, who sends him on an important mission; Guasacht, who offers him a place in the cavalry; and the captain of the ''Samru'', who gives Severian free passage and protection on his vessel. Meeting Severian at the Saltus fair, the green man says, "I'm a fool, I suppose, to put any confidence in you. And yet I do." However, the Cumean's acolyte Merryn calls him "common," and none of the servitors or courtiers of the House Absolute pay him any heed, except for steward Odilo, who takes him for a nobleman [and later, the younger Odilo, in ''The Urth of the New Sun, '' who does the same.] Wolfe describes Severian in ''Shadows of the New Sun'' as being 6'1", 175 pounds, with straight black hair and a high square forehead. He has slightly large hands, a long bony face, with moderately high cheekbones and a strong chin. He has dark eyes, pale skin, and good teeth.<ref>{{cite book \|title= Shadows of the New Sun: Wolfe on Writing, Writers on Wolfe \|author= Gene Wolfe \|editor= Peter Wright \|publisher= University Press \|year= 2007 \|isbn= 9781846310577 \|page= 52}}</ref> ==Severian's sword== Before Severian leaves the Citadel, Master Palaemon gives him ''Terminus Est''.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news \| url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/nov/23/the-book-of-the-new-sun-science-fiction-ulysses \| title= The Book of the New Sun: science fiction's Ulysses? \| first= Alison \| last=Flood\| work = [[The Guardian]] \| date=November 23, 2009 \| access-date= November 25, 2019}}</ref> A sharp, intimidating sword, it serves as a symbol of his authority and as a deadly weapon. Despite its utility, the sword is apparently extremely ostentatious, as "art had been lavished upon her," according to the narrator. ''Terminus Est'' is described as being "Light to raise, weighty to descend." This is due to (in addition to the obvious ethical quandary, in that raising the sword causes no harm, but the descending stroke ends a life by decapitation) a channel in the spine of the blade, containing liquid [[hydrargyrum]], another name for [[Mercury (element)\|mercury]].<ref name=phys>{{citation \| url= http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211_fall2010.web.dir/Brendon_Fuhs/Terminus.html \| title= Physics in The Book of the New Sun \| first= Brendon \| last=Fuhs\| date= 2010 \| access-date= November 25, 2019}}</ref> (Wolfe makes use of obscure terms from [[Latin language\|Latin]] and [[Greek language\|Greek]] in many of his works, and in the New Sun Cycle additionally makes heavy use of [[French language\|French]] and [[Spanish language\|Spanish]].) During the course of Severian's travels ''Terminus Est'' plays a vital role, alternately saving his life and placing it in peril. Shortly after leaving the Citadel of Nessus, Severian is caught in a ploy masterminded by Agia and her twin brother Agilus, designed to deprive him of his sword and belongings after he loses a duel to the disguised Agilus. ''Terminus Est'' is described as having been one of the last works of a famous [[swordsmith]]—so in addition to its inherent utility, it is also an antique; Agia describes it as being worth ten times the value of her shop and its inventory. The sword is double-edged, having both a "male" and "female" side, designed to sever only male heads with one edge and only female heads with the other. Severian takes meticulous care of the sword, always cleaning, oiling, and sharpening the blade before and after an execution, to the point where he uses ''Terminus Est'' to shave with, forgoing a razor. It is analogous to a real-world [[Executioner's sword\|Sword of Justice]], which is designed solely for the purpose of execution. Just like this sword, ''Terminus Est'' has a square end and therefore cannot be used as a thrusting weapon. ''Terminus Est'' is eventually destroyed while Severian wields it in battle. This occurs during his fight against Baldanders, his former traveling companion. When ''Terminus Est'' strikes the massive and bizarre mace Baldanders wields, which seems to be tuned to the resonant frequency at which Terminus Est would shatter, both weapons are destroyed. Upon the destruction of ''Terminus Est'', Severian recovers the hilt of the shattered blade, later returning it to Master Palaemon upon his return to the Citadel at the close of the series. ===Other meanings=== ''Terminus Est'' is commonly translated from the [[Latin]] as "This is the end", or literally "It is the end". It can also mean "this is the limit", "this is an end" (due to the lack of the definite article), or "this is the border". However, Severian interprets the phrase to mean "this is the line of division", and Typhon translates it as "this is the place of parting". While it is not strictly in accordance with the grammar of the original Latin, it might perhaps be considered appropriate by some to rephrase the translation "This is the end" as "It is finished." This adjustment would provide a further nod to Christian symbolism, as in the section below. ===Symbolism=== Severian describes ''Terminus Est'' several times as a "paterissa" or cross (the sword has long, straight guards and is carried over the shoulder, tip-downward) and once as an "iron phallus" (an image suggested by the fluid-filled channel inside the blade.) The cross is of course an instrument of torture and death, but in [[Christianity]] it symbolizes resurrection. Master Gurloes's iron [[phallus]] was also a torture instrument, but phallic images have long been used to symbolize fertility and therefore life. ==Character creation== Wolfe had an idea for a character being a torturer well before he started to work on ''The Book of the New Sun''. When he started writing what was initially to be a novella, he planned for Severian to be banished and return in position of high authority and also to face the problem with Thecla and role of suffering in human life.<ref>[http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/interviews/wolfe46interview.htm On Encompassing the Entire Universe: An Interview with Gene Wolfe]</ref> == Character analysis== ===Severian as a Christ figure=== {{main\|The Book of the New Sun#Major Themes}} Wolfe said in an interview, "I don't think of Severian as being a Christ figure; I think of Severian as being a Christian figure. He is a man who has been born into a very perverse background, who is gradually trying to become better."<ref>{{cite book \| title = Shadows of the New Sun \| editor = Peter Wright \| author = James B. Jordan \| author-link = James B. Jordan \| chapter = Gene Wolfe Interview \| publisher = Liverpool University Press \| year = 2009 \| isbn = 978-1846310577 \| page = 109 \| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MkPfjCVo3g4C&pg=PA109 \| access-date = 2019-11-09}} The interview was conducted in 1992. It is available in full at https://www.gwern.net/docs/fiction/1992-jordan.pdf.</ref> ===Severian as The New Sun=== Severian in his existence earned many names, one of them is Apu-Punchau, which Wolfe borrowed from the [[Inti\|Incan Sun God]]. While Apu-Punchau's identity isn't outwardly revealed in the Tetralogy, it's confirmed in ''[[Urth of the New Sun]]''. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Gene Wolfe}} [[Category:Characters in American novels of the 20th century]] [[Category:Characters in fantasy novel series of the 20th century]] [[Category:Characters in written science fiction]] [[Category:Christ figures in fiction]] [[Category:Fictional characters with eidetic memory]] [[Category:Fictional executioners]] [[Category:Fictional exiles]] [[Category:Fictional regicides]] [[Category:Fictional swordfighters in literature]] [[Category:Fictional torturers]] [[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1980]] [[Category:Male characters in literature]] [[Category:Orphan characters in literature]] [[Category:Science fantasy characters]] [[Category:Solar Cycle]]	1,284,191,894	[]	false
# Aichi Loop Line The Aichi Loop Line (愛知環状鉄道線, Aichi Kanjō Tetsudō-sen, "Aichi Loop Railway Line") is a Japanese railway line connecting Okazaki Station in Okazaki and Kōzōji Station in Kasugai, operated by the Aichi Loop Railway (愛知環状鉄道, Aichi Kanjō Tetsudō). The company or the line is abbreviated as Aikan (愛環). This is the only line the company operates. Despite its name, the line is not a true loop, but a north-south line situated east of Nagoya, which can be considered as an unclosed loop (with the JR Tokaido line and Chuo Line serving as the portions of the circle). The Aichi Loop Railway is a third-sector company, with shares held by public sector such as Aichi Prefecture, the city of Toyota, and also by private companies. Unlike typical third-sector lines in Japan, the Aichi Loop Line makes a profit, since the line functions as a commuter rail line for nearby Toyota Motor factories. ## Basic data - Operators, distances: - Aichi Loop Railway (Category 1) - Okazaki – Kōzōji: 45.3 km (ca. 28.1 mi.) - Japan Freight Railway Company (Category 2) - Okazaki – Kita-Okazaki: 5.3 km (ca. 3.3 mi.) - Freight operation ceased in 1999. - Track: - Double: Naka-Okazaki – Kita-Okazaki, Kitano-Masuzuka – Mikawa-Kamigō, Mikawa-Toyota – Shin-Toyota, Setoshi – Kōzōji - Single: the rest - Railway signalling: Automatic (ATS-ST) ## Services There are no rapid services. All trains stop at every station. Three to four trains run per hour. ## Station list - All stations are located in Aichi Prefecture. - Trains can pass each other at stations marked "◇", "^", and "v". \| Station No. \| Station \| Japanese \| Distance (km) \| Distance (km) \| Transfers \| \| Location \| \| Station No. \| Station \| Japanese \| Between stations \| Total \| Transfers \| \| Location \| \| ----------- \| --------------- \| -------- \| ---------------- \| ------------- \| --------------------------------------- \| -- \| -------- \| \| 01 \| Okazaki \| 岡崎 \| - \| 0.0 \| Tōkaidō Main Line \| ｜ \| Okazaki \| \| 02 \| Mutsuna \| 六名 \| 1.7 \| 1.7 \| \| ◇ \| Okazaki \| \| 03 \| Naka-Okazaki \| 中岡崎 \| 1.7 \| 3.4 \| Meitetsu Nagoya Line (Okazaki-Kōen-Mae) \| ^ \| Okazaki \| \| 04 \| Kita-Okazaki \| 北岡崎 \| 1.9 \| 5.3 \| \| v \| Okazaki \| \| 05 \| Daimon \| 大門 \| 1.2 \| 6.5 \| \| ｜ \| Okazaki \| \| 06 \| Kitano-Masuzuka \| 北野桝塚 \| 2.2 \| 8.7 \| \| ^ \| Okazaki \| \| 07 \| Mikawa-Kamigō \| 三河上郷 \| 2.0 \| 10.7 \| \| v \| Toyota \| \| 08 \| Ekaku \| 永覚 \| 1.7 \| 12.4 \| \| ｜ \| Toyota \| \| 09 \| Suenohara \| 末野原 \| 1.6 \| 14.0 \| \| ◇ \| Toyota \| \| 10 \| Mikawa-Toyota \| 三河豊田 \| 1.9 \| 15.9 \| \| ^ \| Toyota \| \| 11 \| Shin-Uwagoromo \| 新上挙母 \| 1.7 \| 17.6 \| Meitetsu Mikawa Line (Uwagoromo) \| ∥ \| Toyota \| \| 12 \| Shin-Toyota \| 新豊田 \| 1.9 \| 19.5 \| Meitetsu Mikawa Line (Toyotashi) \| v \| Toyota \| \| 13 \| Aikan-Umetsubo \| 愛環梅坪 \| 2.0 \| 21.5 \| \| ｜ \| Toyota \| \| 14 \| Shigō \| 四郷 \| 2.0 \| 23.5 \| \| ◇ \| Toyota \| \| 15 \| Kaizu \| 貝津 \| 2.0 \| 25.5 \| \| ｜ \| Toyota \| \| 16 \| Homi \| 保見 \| 1.3 \| 26.8 \| \| ◇ \| Toyota \| \| 17 \| Sasabara \| 篠原 \| 2.4 \| 29.2 \| \| ◇ \| Toyota \| \| 18 \| Yakusa \| 八草 \| 2.8 \| 32.0 \| Linimo (L09) \| ◇ \| Toyota \| \| 19 \| Yamaguchi \| 山口 \| 2.6 \| 34.6 \| \| ◇ \| Seto \| \| 20 \| Setoguchi \| 瀬戸口 \| 2.1 \| 36.7 \| \| ◇ \| Seto \| \| 21 \| Setoshi \| 瀬戸市 \| 2.4 \| 39.1 \| Meitetsu Seto Line (Shin-Seto) \| ^ \| Seto \| \| 22 \| Nakamizuno \| 中水野 \| 2.8 \| 41.9 \| \| ∥ \| Seto \| \| 23 \| Kōzōji \| 高蔵寺 \| 3.4 \| 45.3 \| Chūō Main Line \| ∥ \| Kasugai \| 1. ↑ (some trains through to/from Nagoya) ## Rolling stock Services are operated by a fleet of 2-car 2000 series EMUs. ## History The first section of the line between Okazaki and Kitano-Masuzuka opened in 1970 as the Okata Line (岡多線), a freight rail line of Japanese National Railways (JNR). The section between Kitano-Masuzuka and Shin-Toyota was extended and the whole line started a passenger service in 1976. Another part of the line, between Setoshi and Kōzōji, was originally planned as the JNR Seto Line, a (later cancelled) freight line. The Okata Line, merged with the planned Seto Line route and the link between two, was renamed the Aichi Loop Line in 1988. The newly founded Aichi Loop Line Company took over the line from Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central), with services starting on 31 January 1988. Beginning on 1 October 2005, through-service began over the JR Chuo Main Line to Nagoya Station. This service has since been discontinued.	enwiki/12747581	enwiki	12,747,581	Aichi Loop Line	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Loop_Line	2025-04-23T14:02:57Z	en	Q4696578	98,808	{{Short description\|Railway line in Aichi prefecture, Japan}} {{Infobox rail line \| name = Aichi Loop Line \| color = 0000CD <!-- MediumBlue --> \| logo = Aikan logomark.svg \| logo_width = 50px \| logo_alt = Logo of Aichi Loop Line \| image = Aikan Series2000-G7.jpg \| image_width = 300px \| image_alt = \| caption = Local train approaching [[Mutsuna Station]] \| type = [[Commuter rail]] \| system = \| status = \| locale = [[Aichi Prefecture]] \| start = {{STN\|Okazaki\|x}} \| end = {{STN\|Kōzōji\|x}} \| stations = 23 \| routes = \| open = 31 January 1988 \| close = \| owner = \| operator = Aichi Loop Railway \| depot = \| stock = [[Aichi Loop Railway 2000 series]] \| linelength_km = 45.3 \| tracklength = \| tracks = \| gauge = {{track gauge\|1067mm\|lk=on}} \| old_gauge = \| minradius = \| electrification = 1,500 V DC \| speed_km/h = 110 \| website = \| map = [[File:Aichi Loop Line Area Map.png\|center\|300px\|Map of Aichi loop line and other nearby lines]] \| map_state = }} The {{nihongo\|'''Aichi Loop Line'''\|愛知環状鉄道線\|Aichi Kanjō Tetsudō-sen\|"Aichi Loop Railway Line"}} is a Japanese railway line connecting [[Okazaki Station]] in [[Okazaki, Aichi\|Okazaki]] and [[Kōzōji Station]] in [[Kasugai, Aichi\|Kasugai]], operated by the {{nihongo\|'''Aichi Loop Railway'''\|愛知環状鉄道\|Aichi Kanjō Tetsudō}}. The company or the line is abbreviated as {{nihongo\|'''Aikan'''\|愛環}}. This is the only line the company operates. Despite its name, the line is not a true loop, but a north-south line situated east of [[Nagoya, Aichi\|Nagoya]], which can be considered as an unclosed loop (with the JR [[Tōkaidō Main Line\|Tokaido line]] and [[Chūō Main Line\|Chuo Line]] serving as the portions of the circle). The Aichi Loop Railway is a [[Third-sector railway\|third-sector]] company, with shares held by public sector such as [[Aichi Prefecture]], the city of [[Toyota, Aichi\|Toyota]], and also by private companies. Unlike typical third-sector lines in Japan, the Aichi Loop Line makes a profit,{{Citation needed\|date=November 2024}} since the line functions as a [[commuter rail]] line for nearby [[Toyota\|Toyota Motor]] factories. ==Basic data== Operators, distances: [[Aichi Loop Railway]] (Category 1) Okazaki – Kōzōji: 45.3 km (ca. 28.1 mi.) [[Japan Freight Railway Company]] (Category 2) *Okazaki – Kita-Okazaki: 5.3 km (ca. 3.3 mi.) [[Freight train\|Freight]] operation ceased in 1999. Track: Double: Naka-Okazaki – Kita-Okazaki, Kitano-Masuzuka – Mikawa-Kamigō, Mikawa-Toyota – Shin-Toyota, Setoshi – Kōzōji Single: the rest [[Railway signalling]]: Automatic ([[Automatic train stop\|ATS-ST]]) ==Services== There are no rapid services. All trains stop at every station. Three to four trains run per hour. ==Station list== All stations are located in [[Aichi Prefecture]]. * Trains can pass each other at stations marked "◇", "^", and "v". {\| class="wikitable" \|- !rowspan="2"\|Station<br/>No. !rowspan="2"\|Station !rowspan="2"\|Japanese !colspan="2"\|Distance (km) !rowspan="2"\|Transfers !rowspan="2"\|  !rowspan="2"\|Location \|- !Between<br/>stations !Total \|- !01 \|{{STN\|Okazaki\|x}} \|岡崎 \|style="text-align:right;"\|- \|style="text-align:right;"\|0.0 \|[[Tōkaidō Main Line]] \|style="text-align:center;"\|｜ \|rowspan="6"\|[[Okazaki, Aichi\|Okazaki]] \|- !02 \|{{STN\|Mutsuna\|x}} \|六名 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.7 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.7 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|◇ \|- !03 \|{{STN\|Naka-Okazaki\|x}} \|中岡崎 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.7 \|style="text-align:right;"\|3.4 \|[[Meitetsu Nagoya Line]] ({{STN\|Okazaki-Kōen-Mae\|x}}) \|style="text-align:center;"\|^ \|- !04 \|{{STN\|Kita-Okazaki\|x}} \|北岡崎 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.9 \|style="text-align:right;"\|5.3 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|v \|- !05 \|{{STN\|Daimon\|x\|Aichi}} \|大門 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.2 \|style="text-align:right;"\|6.5 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|｜ \|- !06 \|{{STN\|Kitano-Masuzuka\|x}} \|北野桝塚 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.2 \|style="text-align:right;"\|8.7 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|^ \|- !07 \|{{STN\|Mikawa-Kamigō\|x}} \|三河上郷 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.0 \|style="text-align:right;"\|10.7 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|v \|rowspan="12"\|[[Toyota, Aichi\|Toyota]] \|- !08 \|{{STN\|Ekaku\|x}} \|永覚 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.7 \|style="text-align:right;"\|12.4 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|｜ \|- !09 \|{{STN\|Suenohara\|x}} \|末野原 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.6 \|style="text-align:right;"\|14.0 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|◇ \|- !10 \|{{STN\|Mikawa-Toyota\|x}} \|三河豊田 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.9 \|style="text-align:right;"\|15.9 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|^ \|- !11 \|{{STN\|Shin-Uwagoromo\|x}} \|新上挙母 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.7 \|style="text-align:right;"\|17.6 \|[[Meitetsu Mikawa Line]] ({{STN\|Uwagoromo\|x}}) \|style="text-align:center;"\|∥ \|- !12 \|{{STN\|Shin-Toyota\|x}} \|新豊田 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.9 \|style="text-align:right;"\|19.5 \|[[Meitetsu Mikawa Line]] ({{STN\|Toyotashi\|x}}) \|style="text-align:center;"\|v \|- !13 \|{{STN\|Aikan-Umetsubo\|x}} \|愛環梅坪 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.0 \|style="text-align:right;"\|21.5 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|｜ \|- !14 \|{{STN\|Shigō\|x}} \|四郷 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.0 \|style="text-align:right;"\|23.5 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|◇ \|- !15 \|{{STN\|Kaizu\|x}} \|貝津 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.0 \|style="text-align:right;"\|25.5 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|｜ \|- !16 \|{{STN\|Homi\|x}} \|保見 \|style="text-align:right;"\|1.3 \|style="text-align:right;"\|26.8 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|◇ \|- !17 \|{{STN\|Sasabara\|x}} \|篠原 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.4 \|style="text-align:right;"\|29.2 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|◇ \|- !18 \|{{STN\|Yakusa\|x}} \|八草 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.8 \|style="text-align:right;"\|32.0 \|[[Linimo]] (L09) \|style="text-align:center;"\|◇ \|- !19 \|{{STN\|Yamaguchi\|x\|Aichi}} \|山口 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.6 \|style="text-align:right;"\|34.6 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|◇ \|rowspan="4"\|[[Seto, Aichi\|Seto]] \|- !20 \|{{STN\|Setoguchi\|x}} \|瀬戸口 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.1 \|style="text-align:right;"\|36.7 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|◇ \|- !21 \|{{STN\|Setoshi\|x}} \|瀬戸市 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.4 \|style="text-align:right;"\|39.1 \|[[Meitetsu Seto Line]] ({{STN\|Shin-Seto\|x}}) \|style="text-align:center;"\|^ \|- !22 \|{{STN\|Nakamizuno\|x}} \|中水野 \|style="text-align:right;"\|2.8 \|style="text-align:right;"\|41.9 \|  \|style="text-align:center;"\|∥ \|- !23 \|{{STN\|Kōzōji\|x}} \|高蔵寺 \|style="text-align:right;"\|3.4 \|style="text-align:right;"\|45.3 \|[[Chūō Main Line]]<ref group="">(some trains through to/from {{STN\|Nagoya\|x}})</ref> \|style="text-align:center;"\|∥ \|[[Kasugai, Aichi\|Kasugai]] \|} <references group=""/> ==Rolling stock== Services are operated by a fleet of 2-car [[Aichi Loop Railway 2000 series\|2000 series]] EMUs.<ref name="jrrprivate2012">{{cite book \|title = 私鉄車両編成表 2012 \|trans-title=Private Railway Rolling Stock Formations - 2012\| publisher = JRR \| date = July 2012 \| location = Japan \| page = 97\| isbn = 978-4-330-29911-2}}</ref> ==History== The first section of the line between Okazaki and Kitano-Masuzuka opened in 1970 as the {{nihongo\|Okata Line\|岡多線}}, a [[Freight train\|freight rail]] line of [[Japanese National Railways]] (JNR). The section between Kitano-Masuzuka and Shin-Toyota was extended and the whole line started a passenger service in 1976. Another part of the line, between Setoshi and Kōzōji, was originally planned as the JNR [[Tōkai Transport Service Jōhoku Line\|Seto Line]], a (later cancelled) freight line. The Okata Line, merged with the planned Seto Line route and the link between two, was renamed the Aichi Loop Line in 1988. The newly founded Aichi Loop Line Company took over the line from [[Central Japan Railway Company]] (JR Central), with services starting on 31 January 1988.<ref name="terada2013">{{cite book \| last = Terada \| first = Hirokazu \|title = データブック日本の私鉄 \|trans-title=Databook: Japan's Private Railways \| publisher = Neko Publishing \| date = 19 January 2013 \| location = Japan \| page = 110\| isbn = 978-4-7770-1336-4}}</ref> Beginning on 1 October 2005, through-service began over the JR [[Chuo Main Line]] to [[Nagoya Station]].<ref name="terada2013"/> This service has since been discontinued.{{When\|date=November 2024}} ==See also== [[List of railway lines in Japan]] [[Tōkai Transport Service Jōhoku Line]] [[Musashino Line]], semi-closed outer loop around Tokyo [[Osaka Higashi Line]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website\|http://www.aikanrailway.co.jp}} {{in lang\|ja}} {{Nagoya transit}} [[Category:Rail transport in Aichi Prefecture]] [[Category:Rail transport in Nagoya]] [[Category:1067 mm gauge railways in Japan]] [[Category:Japanese third-sector railway lines]] [[Category:Railway lines opened in 1988]] [[Category:1988 establishments in Japan]]	1,287,021,339	[{"title": "Overview", "data": {"Locale": "Aichi Prefecture", "Termini": "- Okazaki - K\u014dz\u014dji", "Stations": "23"}}, {"title": "Service", "data": {"Type": "Commuter rail", "Operator(s)": "Aichi Loop Railway", "Rolling stock": "Aichi Loop Railway 2000 series"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Opened": "31 January 1988"}}, {"title": "Technical", "data": {"Line length": "45.3 km (28.1 mi)", "Track gauge": "1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)", "Electrification": "1,500 V DC", "Operating speed": "110 km/h (68 mph)"}}]	false
# Salem's Lot (2004 miniseries) Salem's Lot is a 2004 two-part television miniseries which first aired on TNT on June 20 and ended its run on June 21, 2004. It is the second television adaptation of Stephen King's 1975 vampire novel 'Salem's Lot following the 1979 miniseries adaptation. Although the novel and original miniseries were both set in the 1970s, this version updates the story to take place in the 2000s. ## Plot Ben Mears attacks priest Donald Callahan in a homeless shelter in Detroit, and they fall out a window. In the hospital where he and Callahan are taken, Ben is asked by an orderly why, as a Christian, he should not let Ben die for attacking a priest. Ben tells his story. Sometime earlier, Ben, a writer, returns to his hometown of Jerusalem's Lot (known as "'Salem's Lot") in Maine, to write a novel. He tells Susan Norton, a waitress and former art student, that when he was a child he entered the house of Hubie Marsten, a Prohibition-era gangster. Local legend has it the Marsten House is possessed by evil, and that Marsten was a devil worshipper who murdered children. Ben overheard Marsten begging for his life to some unseen evil force before seemingly hanging himself. Attempting to flee from the house, Ben believed he heard Marsten's last victim crying for help, but was too afraid to find him. Thirty years later, Ben plans to rent the house to find catharsis and gather material for his novel, but discovers it has been sold by Larry Crockett to antique dealers Richard Straker and Kurt Barlow. Salem's Lot is rife with dark secrets: Crockett is an immoral businessman who sexually abuses his teenage daughter Ruth. When Ruth spends time with a disabled garbageman named Dud Rodgers, Crockett gets him fired. Eva Prunier, proprietor of the boarding house where Ben stays, played evil games with Marsten when she and her peers were teenagers. Charlie Rhodes, cruelty-obsessed Vietnam veteran and school bus driver, torments the children he transports. Trailer park residents Roy and Sandy McDougall physically abuse their baby, blackmailing Dr. Jimmy Cody after he has an affair with Sandy. Following Straker and Barlow's arrival, young Ralphie Glick is murdered; his body is never found. His brother Danny sickens and dies after being visited by Ralphie, now a vampire. Dud Rodgers meets Barlow, who offers him freedom from his disability. Dud accepts and Barlow turns him into a vampire. Laborer Mike Ryerson buries Danny after his funeral, then also sickens and dies. Becoming a vampire, he tempts gay high school teacher Matt Burke, who repels him but suffers a heart attack. Ben's blossoming relationship with Susan causes jealousy with her old boyfriend Floyd Tibbits. Floyd is bitten by Dud and starts to become a vampire. After starting a fight with Ben, the two spend the night in jail. Ben refuses to allow Floyd into his cell, and he is found dead the following morning, having chewed open his wrists in an attempt to drink his own blood. Susan and schoolboy Mark Petrie are captured by Straker when they break into the Marsten house. Mark escapes, but Susan is taken to the cellar to meet Barlow. Ben, Mark, Callahan and Cody act as vampire hunters. In the Marsten house, they find Straker's body drained of blood. They destroy the vampires in the cellar, but Ben discovers Susan has been turned. Instead of destroying her, Ben intends to destroy Barlow, hopeful that Susan might be restored. After Barlow kills Mark's mother, Callahan tries saving Mark by confronting Barlow, but his religious faith is insufficient. Callahan is forced to drink Barlow's blood, turning him into Barlow's servant. Burke is murdered by Callahan. Ben, Jimmy and Mark realize Barlow is hiding at Eva's boarding house. As they arrive, Jimmy is killed by a booby trap. Ben and Mark destroy Barlow. Susan, still a vampire, tempts Ben into joining her. When Susan turns to attack Mark, Ben destroys her with a stake. Ben and Mark set the Marsten House afire, and during a chase with the vampiric Charlie, a gas station explodes. As fires spread, Callahan vows revenge against Ben. The town's vampires flock to him as their leader. As Ben concludes his story, the orderly realizes Ben was not acting alone. The orderly finds Callahan suffocated with a pillow by Mark. Mark slips into Ben's room and tells him the hunt is over. Ben suffers a cardiac arrest. The orderly finds Mark tells him he cannot believe the story, but lets him go. Doctors battle to keep Ben alive as he begins passing away, finally at peace. ## Cast ### Main cast - Rob Lowe as Ben Mears - Samantha Mathis as Susan Norton - Dan Byrd as Mark Petrie - Rutger Hauer as Kurt Barlow - Andre Braugher as Matt Burke - Robert Mammone as Dr. Jimmy Cody - Donald Sutherland as Richard Straker - James Cromwell as Father Callahan ### Supporting cast - Tara Morice as Joyce Petrie - Andy Anderson as Charlie Rhodes - Robert Grubb as Larry Crockett - Penny McNamee as Ruth Crockett - Steven Vidler as Sheriff Parkins Gillespie - Brendan Cowell as Dud Rogers - Christopher Morris as Mike Ryerson - Todd MacDonald as Floyd Tibbits - Paul Ashcroft as Royce McDougall - André De Vanny as Danny Glick - Zac Richmond as Ralphie Glick - Rebecca Gibney as Marjorie Glick - Joe Petruzzi as Tony Glick - Bree Desborough as Sandy McDougall - Elizabeth Alexander as Ann Norton - Julia Blake as Eva Prunier - Martin Vaughan as Ed "Weasel" Craig - Queenie van de Zandt as Betty - Daniel Smorgon as Young Ben - Nicholas Bell as Frank ## Production In February 2003, it was announced TNT had cast Rob Lowe as the lead in a new adaptation of Stephen King's 'Salem's Lot with Peter Filardi writing the script and Mikael Salomon directing. Rutger Hauer and Samantha Mathis joined the cast in April of that year. In his memoir, Love Life, Rob Lowe stated that he had a difficult time working with Rutger Hauer. Lowe said, "I once starred in a big miniseries that culminated with the villain giving a two-page monologue trying to goad me into killing him. The actor playing the bad guy wanted to ad lib his own version of the movie-ending speech. Although he was playing a vampire, he went into a soliloquy about being a cowboy. The director was not impressed. After a very tense negotiation, the actor was forced to shit-can his self-penned opus and stick to the original script. There was only one problem: He hadn't bothered to learn it." Lowe noted that because there wasn't time for Hauer to memorize the lines organically, his character's monologue had to be written on cue cards and placed next to Lowe's head. ## Reception ### Critical response Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the miniseries a 69% approval rating based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Salem's Lot is a bit anemic due to a dearth of proper scares, but its effectively creepy atmosphere and solid performances make for a respectable adaptation of Stephen King's revered novel." On Metacritic, the miniseries has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "Generally favorable reviews" ### Viewership The broadcast of Salem's Lot drew 5.9 million viewers upon its debut, making it the number 1 longform program on basic cable for the year. ### Accolades \| Year \| Award \| Category \| Nominee(s) \| Result \| \| ---- \| -------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------- \| \| 2005 \| Primetime Emmy Awards \| Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited or Anthology Series, Movie or Special \| Christopher Gordon and Lisa Gerrard \| Nominated \| \| 2005 \| Saturn Awards \| Best Television Presentation \| Jeffrey M. Hayes, Brett Popplewell, Marc van Buuren and Mark Wolper \| Nominated \| \| 2005 \| Saturn Awards \| Best Supporting Actress on Television \| Samantha Mathis \| Nominated \| \| 2005 \| American Society of Cinematographers \| Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Motion Picture, Limited Series, or Pilot Made for Television \| Ben Nott \| Nominated \| \| 2005 \| Australian Cinematographers Society \| Cinematographer of the Year \| Ben Nott \| Won \| \| 2005 \| Australian Cinematographers Society \| Gold Tripod \| Ben Nott \| Won \| \| 2005 \| International Film Music Critics Association \| Best Original Score for Television \| Christopher Gordon and Lisa Gerrard \| Nominated \| \| 2005 \| Screen Music Awards \| Best Soundtrack Album \| Christopher Gordon and Lisa Gerrard \| Nominated \| \| 2005 \| Screen Music Awards \| Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie \| Christopher Gordon and Lisa Gerrard \| Nominated \| \| 2005 \| Young Artist Award \| Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special - Leading Young Actor \| Dan Byrd \| Nominated \|	enwiki/5221717	enwiki	5,221,717	Salem's Lot (2004 miniseries)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem%27s_Lot_(2004_miniseries)	2025-06-13T21:12:18Z	en	Q727223	113,931	{{Short description\|2004 television miniseries}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=March 2025}} {{Use American English\|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox television \| image = Salempromo1.jpg \| image_size = \| image_alt = \| caption = \| genre = \| creator = \| based_on = {{Based on\|''[['Salem's Lot]]''\|[[Stephen King]]}} \| writer = \| screenplay = Peter Filardi \| story = \| director = [[Mikael Salomon]] \| starring = {{Plainlist\| * [[Rob Lowe]] * [[Andre Braugher]] * [[Donald Sutherland]] * [[Samantha Mathis]] * [[Robert Mammone]] * [[Dan Byrd]] * [[Rutger Hauer]] * [[James Cromwell]] }} \| narrated = \| theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist\| * [[Christopher Gordon (composer)\|Christopher Gordon]] * [[Lisa Gerrard]] }} \| country = United States<br>Australia \| language = English \| num_episodes = 2 \| producer = {{Plainlist\| * Jeffrey M. Hayes * Brett Popplewell * Marc van Buuren * Mark Wolper }} \| editor = Robert A. Ferretti \| cinematography = Ben Nott \| runtime = 181 minutes \| company = [[The Wolper Organization]]<br>[[Warner Bros. Television]] \| budget = $15 million<ref name="LoweLot">{{cite news\|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/tnt-casts-lot-with-lowe-1117881147/\|title= TNT casts 'Lot' with Lowe \|publisher=Variety\|access-date=September 12, 2024\|archive-date=September 12, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912202025/https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/tnt-casts-lot-with-lowe-1117881147/\|url-status=live}}</ref> \| network = [[TNT (American TV network)\|TNT]] \| first_aired = {{Start date\|2004\|06\|20}} \| last_aired = {{End date\|2004\|06\|21}} }} '''''Salem's Lot''''' is a 2004 two-part television [[miniseries]] which first aired on [[TNT (American TV network)\|TNT]] on June 20 and ended its run on June 21, 2004. It is the second television adaptation of [[Stephen King]]'s 1975 [[vampire]] novel ''[['Salem's Lot]]'' following the [[Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)\|1979 miniseries adaptation]]. Although the novel and original miniseries were both set in the 1970s, this version updates the story to take place in the 2000s. == Plot == Ben Mears attacks priest Donald Callahan in a homeless shelter in [[Detroit]], and they fall out a window. In the hospital where he and Callahan are taken, Ben is asked by an [[orderly]] why, as a Christian, he should not let Ben die for attacking a priest. Ben tells his story. Sometime earlier, Ben, a writer, returns to his hometown of Jerusalem's Lot (known as "'Salem's Lot") in Maine, to write a novel. He tells Susan Norton, a waitress and former art student, that when he was a child he entered the house of Hubie Marsten, a Prohibition-era gangster. Local legend has it the Marsten House is possessed by evil, and that Marsten was a [[devil worship]]per who murdered children. Ben overheard Marsten begging for his life to some unseen evil force before seemingly hanging himself. Attempting to flee from the house, Ben believed he heard Marsten's last victim crying for help, but was too afraid to find him. Thirty years later, Ben plans to rent the house to find catharsis and gather material for his novel, but discovers it has been sold by Larry Crockett to antique dealers Richard Straker and Kurt Barlow. Salem's Lot is rife with dark secrets: Crockett is an immoral businessman who sexually abuses his teenage daughter Ruth. When Ruth spends time with a disabled garbageman named Dud Rodgers, Crockett gets him fired. Eva Prunier, proprietor of the boarding house where Ben stays, played evil games with Marsten when she and her peers were teenagers. Charlie Rhodes, cruelty-obsessed Vietnam veteran and school bus driver, torments the children he transports. Trailer park residents Roy and Sandy McDougall physically abuse their baby, blackmailing Dr. Jimmy Cody after he has an affair with Sandy. Following Straker and Barlow's arrival, young Ralphie Glick is murdered; his body is never found. His brother Danny sickens and dies after being visited by Ralphie, now a vampire. Dud Rodgers meets Barlow, who offers him freedom from his disability. Dud accepts and Barlow turns him into a vampire. Laborer Mike Ryerson buries Danny after his funeral, then also sickens and dies. Becoming a vampire, he tempts gay high school teacher Matt Burke, who repels him but suffers a heart attack. Ben's blossoming relationship with Susan causes jealousy with her old boyfriend Floyd Tibbits. Floyd is bitten by Dud and starts to become a vampire. After starting a fight with Ben, the two spend the night in jail. Ben refuses to allow Floyd into his cell, and he is found dead the following morning, having chewed open his wrists in an attempt to drink his own blood. Susan and schoolboy Mark Petrie are captured by Straker when they break into the Marsten house. Mark escapes, but Susan is taken to the cellar to meet Barlow. Ben, Mark, Callahan and Cody act as vampire hunters. In the Marsten house, they find Straker's body drained of blood. They destroy the vampires in the cellar, but Ben discovers Susan has been turned. Instead of destroying her, Ben intends to destroy Barlow, hopeful that Susan might be restored. After Barlow kills Mark's mother, Callahan tries saving Mark by confronting Barlow, but his religious faith is insufficient. Callahan is forced to drink Barlow's blood, turning him into Barlow's servant. Burke is murdered by Callahan. Ben, Jimmy and Mark realize Barlow is hiding at Eva's boarding house. As they arrive, Jimmy is killed by a booby trap. Ben and Mark destroy Barlow. Susan, still a vampire, tempts Ben into joining her. When Susan turns to attack Mark, Ben destroys her with a stake. Ben and Mark set the Marsten House afire, and during a chase with the vampiric Charlie, a gas station explodes. As fires spread, Callahan vows revenge against Ben. The town's vampires flock to him as their leader. As Ben concludes his story, the orderly realizes Ben was not acting alone. The orderly finds Callahan suffocated with a pillow by Mark. Mark slips into Ben's room and tells him the hunt is over. Ben suffers a cardiac arrest. The orderly finds Mark tells him he cannot believe the story, but lets him go. Doctors battle to keep Ben alive as he begins passing away, finally at peace. == Cast == ===Main cast=== {{castlist\| * [[Rob Lowe]] as Ben Mears * [[Samantha Mathis]] as Susan Norton * [[Dan Byrd]] as Mark Petrie * [[Rutger Hauer]] as [[Kurt Barlow]] * [[Andre Braugher]] as Matt Burke * [[Robert Mammone]] as Dr. Jimmy Cody * [[Donald Sutherland]] as [[Kurt Barlow#Straker\|Richard Straker]] * [[James Cromwell]] as [[Father Callahan]] }} ===Supporting cast=== {{castlist\| * [[Tara Morice]] as Joyce Petrie * [[Andy Anderson (actor)\|Andy Anderson]] as Charlie Rhodes * [[Robert Grubb]] as Larry Crockett * [[Penny McNamee]] as Ruth Crockett * [[Steven Vidler (actor)\|Steven Vidler]] as Sheriff Parkins Gillespie * [[Brendan Cowell]] as Dud Rogers * Christopher Morris as Mike Ryerson * [[Todd MacDonald]] as Floyd Tibbits * Paul Ashcroft as Royce McDougall * [[André De Vanny]] as Danny Glick * Zac Richmond as Ralphie Glick * [[Rebecca Gibney]] as Marjorie Glick * Joe Petruzzi as Tony Glick * [[Bree Desborough]] as Sandy McDougall * [[Elizabeth Alexander (actress)\|Elizabeth Alexander]] as Ann Norton * [[Julia Blake]] as Eva Prunier * [[Martin Vaughan]] as Ed "Weasel" Craig * [[Queenie van de Zandt]] as Betty * Daniel Smorgon as Young Ben * [[Nicholas Bell]] as Frank }} ==Production== In February 2003, it was announced [[TNT (American TV network)\|TNT]] had cast [[Rob Lowe]] as the lead in a new adaptation of [[Stephen King]]'s ''[['Salem's Lot]]'' with Peter Filardi writing the script and [[Mikael Salomon]] directing.<ref name="LoweLot" /> [[Rutger Hauer]] and [[Samantha Mathis]] joined the cast in April of that year.<ref name="HauerMathisLot">{{cite news\|url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/lot-adds-duo-to-cast-1117884042/\|title= 'Lot' adds duo to cast \|publisher=Variety\|access-date=September 12, 2024\|archive-date=September 12, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912203048/https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/lot-adds-duo-to-cast-1117884042/\|url-status=live}}</ref> In his memoir, ''Love Life'', [[Rob Lowe]] stated that he had a difficult time working with [[Rutger Hauer]]. Lowe said, "I once starred in a big miniseries that culminated with the villain giving a two-page monologue trying to goad me into killing him. The actor playing the bad guy wanted to ad lib his own version of the movie-ending speech. Although he was playing a vampire, he went into a soliloquy about being a cowboy. The director was not impressed. After a very tense negotiation, the actor was forced to shit-can his self-penned opus and stick to the original script. There was only one problem: He hadn't bothered to learn it." Lowe noted that because there wasn't time for Hauer to memorize the lines organically, his character's monologue had to be written on [[cue card]]s and placed next to Lowe's head.<ref>''Love Life'', by Rob Lowe (2014) p. 56</ref> ==Reception== ===Critical response=== [[Review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the miniseries a 69% approval rating based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "''Salem's Lot'' is a bit anemic due to a dearth of proper scares, but its effectively creepy atmosphere and solid performances make for a respectable adaptation of Stephen King's revered novel."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1135630-salems_lot\|title=Salem's Lot (2004)\|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]\|date=12 October 2004 \|publisher=[[Fandango Media]]\|access-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the miniseries has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "Generally favorable reviews"<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/salems-lot-2004\|title=Salem's Lot (2004)\|publisher=[[Metacritic]]\|access-date=September 16, 2021}}</ref> ===Viewership=== The broadcast of ''Salem's Lot'' drew 5.9 million viewers upon its debut, making it the number 1 longform program on basic cable for the year.<ref name="LotRatings">{{cite news\|url=https://variety.com/2004/scene/markets-festivals/cablers-bouncing-back-1117906864/\|title= Cablers bouncing back \|publisher=Variety\|access-date=September 12, 2024\|archive-date=September 12, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912204022/https://variety.com/2004/scene/markets-festivals/cablers-bouncing-back-1117906864/\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Accolades=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" \|- ! scope="col"\| Year ! scope="col"\| Award ! scope="col"\| Category ! scope="col"\| Nominee(s) ! scope="col"\| Result \|- \| [[57th Primetime Emmy Awards\|2005]] \| [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] \| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited or Anthology Series, Movie or Special\|Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited or Anthology Series, Movie or Special]] \| [[Christopher Gordon (composer)\|Christopher Gordon]] and [[Lisa Gerrard]] \| {{nom}} \|- \| rowspan="2"\| [[31st Saturn Awards\|2005]] \| rowspan="2"\| [[Saturn Awards]] \| [[Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation\|Best Television Presentation]] \| Jeffrey M. Hayes, Brett Popplewell, Marc van Buuren and Mark Wolper \| {{nom}} \|- \| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television\|Best Supporting Actress on Television]] \| [[Samantha Mathis]] \| {{nom}} \|- \| [[2004 American Society of Cinematographers Awards\|2005]] \| [[American Society of Cinematographers]] \| [[American Society of Cinematographers Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Motion Picture, Limited Series, or Pilot Made for Television\|Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Motion Picture, Limited Series, or Pilot Made for Television]] \| rowspan="3"\| Ben Nott \| {{nom}} \|- \| rowspan="5"\| 2005 \| rowspan="2"\| [[Australian Cinematographers Society]] \| Cinematographer of the Year \| {{won}} \|- \| Gold Tripod \| {{won}} \|- \| [[International Film Music Critics Association]] \| [[International Film Music Critics Association Award for Best Original Score for Television\|Best Original Score for Television]] \| rowspan="3"\| Christopher Gordon and Lisa Gerrard \| {{nom}} \|- \| rowspan="2"\| [[APRA Awards (Australia)\|Screen Music Awards]] \| Best Soundtrack Album \| {{nom}} \|- \| Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie \| {{nom}} \|- \| [[26th Young Artist Awards\|2005]] \| [[Young Artist Award]] \| Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special - Leading Young Actor \| [[Dan Byrd]] \| {{nom}} \|- \|} ==See also== * [[Vampire film]] * [[List of vampire television series]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{IMDb title\|id=0355987\|title=Salem's Lot}} * {{rotten-tomatoes\|1135630-salems_lot}} * [http://www.warnervideo.com/salemslot/ Official Website] {{Media based on Stephen King works}} {{Mikael Salomon}} {{TNTShows}} {{'Salem's Lot}} [[Category:'Salem's Lot]] [[Category:2004 television films]] [[Category:2004 films]] [[Category:Vampires in television]] [[Category:Television shows set in Maine]] [[Category:TNT (American TV network) original films]] [[Category:American horror television films]] [[Category:2000s American television miniseries]] [[Category:2000s Australian television miniseries]] [[Category:Television shows based on American novels]] [[Category:Television shows based on works by Stephen King]] [[Category:Films based on American horror novels]] [[Category:Films directed by Mikael Salomon]] [[Category:Television series by The Wolper Organization]] [[Category:Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios]] [[Category:American vampire films]] [[Category:2000s American films]]	1,295,451,606	[{"title": "Salem's Lot", "data": {"Based on": "'Salem's Lot \u00b7 by Stephen King", "Screenplay by": "Peter Filardi", "Directed by": "Mikael Salomon", "Starring": "- Rob Lowe - Andre Braugher - Donald Sutherland - Samantha Mathis - Robert Mammone - Dan Byrd - Rutger Hauer - James Cromwell", "Theme music composer": "- Christopher Gordon - Lisa Gerrard", "Country of origin": "United States \u00b7 Australia", "Original language": "English", "No. of episodes": "2"}}, {"title": "Production", "data": {"Producers": "- Jeffrey M. Hayes - Brett Popplewell - Marc van Buuren - Mark Wolper", "Cinematography": "Ben Nott", "Editor": "Robert A. Ferretti", "Running time": "181 minutes", "Production companies": "The Wolper Organization \u00b7 Warner Bros. Television", "Budget": "$15 million"}}, {"title": "Original release", "data": {"Network": "TNT", "Release": "June 20 \u2013 \u00b7 June 21, 2004"}}]	false
# Leonhard Sohncke Leonhard Sohncke (22 February 1842 in Halle (Kingdom of Prussia) – 1 November 1897 in Munich (German Empire)) was a German mathematician, physicist, and mineralogist. ## Life and career Leonhard Sohncke was born as son of Ludwig Adolf Sohncke, a professor for mathematics in Halle. Leonhard Sohncke studied mathematics and sciences at the University in his native town, and passed the examination for high school teachers in 1862. With this qualification he became teacher at the Collegium Fridericianum in Königsberg in the Prussian province of East Prussia, and worked in this position until 1871. In this time he wrote his doctoral thesis in mathematics, which he submitted to Halle University, where he was in contact with Eduard Heine and Carl Neumann. With the duty of twenty-two lessons a week as teacher, he additionally continued his studies at the University of Königsberg, where he attended courses at the Königsberg Seminar for Physics, once founded by his father L. A. Sohncke together with Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi and Franz Ernst Neumann, the father of Carl Neumann. Franz Neumann interested Sohncke for mineralogical problems, and he eventually qualified himself as private lecturer at the university in 1869 with a habilitation thesis in mineralogy. Two years later he was claimed as professor of physics to the Polytechnical School in Karlsruhe, which was the first German Technische Hochschule and the preceding institution of today's Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. He was also appointed head of the meteorological observatory with responsibility for the meteorological service of the Grand Duchy of Baden, and started research on meteorology. In the academic year 1878/79 Sohncke was elected Director of the Karlsruhe Institute. In 1883, he followed a claim to the University of Jena as first director of the new founded institute of physics, after Emil Warburg had declined; there he drew his attention mainly to experimental physics. Finally in 1886, he moved to the Technical University of Munich, where he worked until his death. Sohncke was a successful academic teacher. His lectures in Jenas had the greatest frequency of students. In 1866, Sohncke married his cousin Elise Berhardi; they had two daughters. He died from a kidney disease on 1 November 1897 in Munich. ## Scientific work Leonhard Sohncke wanted to understand the relations between the structure of crystals and their physical properties. A major experimental study dealt with the cohesion of rock salt by measuring its ultimate tensile strength in the different crystallographic directions (1869). He investigated the influence of temperature on the optical rotation of crystalline material both theoretically and experimentally (1875), and found that natural light is affected by electromagnetic forces in the same way as polarized light (1886). Leonhard Sohncke is mainly known for his mathematical studies on the structure of crystals that kept him for more than a decade. He combined the 14 Bravais lattices with the rotation axes and the screw axes and thereby got the totally 65 space groups that are commonly called "Sohncke groups", in which chiral crystal structures form (1879). Sohncke discussed thoroughly the results of previous researches on that matter, especially Auguste Bravais and Jordan. This sense for history of science led him write a special publication on Johann F. C. Hessel (1891), who had discovered the 32 crystallographic point groups in 1830, but was nearly completely ignored by his colleagues. Early in Königsberg (1867), he demonstrated a presumption of the Göttingen astronomer Wilhelm Klinkerfues on an influence of a star's motion to the refraction of its light, with consequence of breaking the Doppler effect, was in error. In Jena, he researched on Newton's rings and thin-film interference, in cooperation with Albert Wangerin in Halle, whom he knew from the Königsberg Seminar of Physics; Wangerin took the theoretical part, and Sohncke the experimental one. They found errors in the previous concepts on this matter; in contrary to preceding research they took into account the thickness of the plane glass and the extension of the source of light. Other cooperation partners in Jena were Ernst Abbe and Siegfried Czapski on the field of optical polarization. Sohncke developed a theory on atmosperical electricity applying Faraday's discovery, that friction of water on ice causes static electricity. to the atmosphere. Sohncke was engaged in the popularization of science, and gave general comprehensible lectures, most of them in his Jena and Munich time, some of them were edited in 1892. In Karlsruhe, he was co-founder of the "Oberrheinischer Geologischer Verein" (Upper Rhenanian Geological Association). In Jena, he was member of the "Medizinisch-naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft" (Association for Medicin and Science). In Munich, his interest in meteorology let him come in contact to the airship and balloon community. He was co-founder and chairman of the "Münchener Vereinigung für Luftschiffahrt" (Munich Association for Airshipping), and published meteorological results taken from balloon journeys together with Sebastian Finsterwalder. Sohncke and Finsterwalder were the scientific observers during the first balloon night flight of the Munich Association. ## Honours Leonhard Sohncke was awarded the following orders, titles, and memberships of scientific institutions. - Member of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences[25] - Honorary member of the "Naturwissenschaftlicehr Verein Karlsruhe" - Member of the "Physikalisch-medizinische Societät Erlangen" - Honorary doctorate of the University of Padua - Knight 1st class, of the Order of the Zähringer Lion (Grand Duchy of Baden) - Order of Saint Michael, 4th class (Kingdom of Bavaria) - Honorary title "Hofrath" (Grand Duchy of Baden) ## Selected writings - De aequatione differentiali seriei hypergeometrica (in Latin), Halle, 1866{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (Doctoral thesis) - "Die Gruppierung der Molecüle in den Krystallen" [The Grouping of Molecules in Crystals], Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German), 132: 75–106, 1867 - "Ueber den Einfluss der Bewegung einer Lichtquelle auf die Brechung. Kritische Bemerkungen zu der Entdeckung des Hrn. Prof. Klinkerfues" [On the influence of a source of light motion to the refraction. Critical remarks to a discovery of Prof. Klinkerfues], Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German), 132: 279–292, 1867 - Sohncke, L. (1869), "Ueber die Cohäsion des Steinsalzes in krystallographisch verschiedenen Richtungen" [On the Cohesion of Rock salt in different crystallographic Directions], Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German), 137 (6): 177–200, Bibcode:1869AnP...213..177S, doi:10.1002/andp.18692130602 - "Die regelmäßigen ebenen Punktsysteme von unbegrenzter Ausdehnung" [The regular plane Point systems of unlimited Extension], Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (in German), 77: 47–101, 1874 - Sohncke, L. (1875), "Zur Theorie des optischen Drehvermögens von Krystallen" [On the Theory of optical Rotation of Crystals], Mathematische Annalen (in German), 9 (4): 504–529, doi:10.1007/BF01442477 - Die unbegrenzten regelmäßigen Punktsysteme als Grundlage einer Theorie der Krystallstruktur [The unlimited plane Point systems as a basis of a Crystal Structure Theory] (in German), Karlsruhe: G. Braun'sche Hofbuchhandlung, 1876 - Sohncke, Leonhard (1878), "Ueber den Einfluss der Temperatur auf das optische Drehvermögen des Quarzes und des chlorsauren Natrons" [On the Influence of Temperature to the optical Rotation of Quartz and Sodium chloratum], Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge (in German), 3 (4): 516–531, Bibcode:1878AnP...239..516S, doi:10.1002/andp.18782390407 - Entwickelung einer Theorie der Krystallstruktur [Development of a Theory of Crystal Structure] (in German), Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1879 - Sohncke, L.; Wangerin, A. (1881), "Neue Untersuchungen über die Newton'schen Ringe" [New Investigations on Newton's rings], Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge (in German), 12: 1–40, 201–249 - Sohncke, L.; Wangerin, A. (1883), "Ueber Interferenzerscheinungen an dünnen, insbesondere keilförmigen Blättchen" [On Interferences at thin, especially wedge-shaped sheets], Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge (in German), 20: 127–227, 391–425 - Der Ursprung der Gewitter-Elektricität und der gewöhnlichen Elektricität der Atmosphäre. Eine meteorologisch-physikalische Untersuchung [The origin of the Electricity of Lightnings and the common Electricity of the Atmosphere] (in German), Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1885 - Sohncke, L. (1886), "Electromagnetische Drehung natürlichen Lichts" [Electromagnetical Rotation of natural light], Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge (in German), 27 (2): 203–219, Bibcode:1886AnP...263..203S, doi:10.1002/andp.18862630207 - "Electrisierung von Eis durch Wasserreibung" [Electric Charging of Ice by Friction with Water], Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge (in German), 28: 550–560, 1886 - "Erweiterung der Theorie der Kristallstruktur" [Extension of the Theory of Crystals], Zeitschrift für Kristallographie (in German), 14: 426–446, 1888 - Sohncke, L. (1890), "Die schliessliche Dicke eines auf Wasser sich ausbreitenden Oeltropfens" [The final thickness of an oil drop spreading on water], Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge (in German), 40 (6): 345–355, Bibcode:1890AnP...276..345S, doi:10.1002/andp.18902760611 - "Die Entdeckung des Eintheilungsprincips der Krystalle durch J. F. C. Hessel. Eine historische Studie" [The Discovery of the Principle of ordering of Crystals by J. F. C. Hessel. A historical study], Zeitschrift für Kristallographie (in German), 18: 486–498, 1891 - Gemeinverständliche Vorträge aus dem Gebiete der Physik [Commonly comprehensible Lectures on the field of Physics] (in German), Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1892 - Ueber die Bedeutung wissenschaftlicher Ballonfahrten. (Festrede) [On the Importance of scientific Balloon flights. (Speech)] (in German), Munich: Verlag der k. b. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1894 - "Ueber die Aenderung der specifischen Wärme mit der Temperatur" [On the Change of specific Heat with Temperature], Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-physikalischen Classe der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften (in German), 27: 337–342, 1888 ## Sources - Erk, Fritz (1898), "Leonhard Sohncke", Illustrierte Aeronautische Mittheilungen (in German), 2: 2–4 - Finsterwalder, Sebastian; Ebert, Hermann (1898), "Leonhard Sohncke", Jahresbericht der Königlich Technischen Hochschule in München 1897/98, Anhang (in German): 1–21 - Siegmund Günther (1908). "Sohncke, Leonhard". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 54. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 377–379. - Scholz, Erhard (1989). Symmetrie, Gruppe, Dualität : Zur Beziehung zwischen theoretischer Mathematik und Anwendungen in Kristallographie und Baustatik des 19. Jahrhunderts (PDF) (in German). Basel: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-0348-9267-4. OCLC 851772224. - Olesko, Kathryn M. (1991), Physics as a Calling. Discipline and practice in the Königsberg Seminar for Physics, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-2248-5 - Seidel, Paul (2009), "Leben und Werke von Leonhard Sohncke (1842–1897), einem Mitbegründer des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins", Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins, Neue Folge (in German), 91: 101–112, doi:10.1127/jmogv/91/2009/101 - Schlote, Karl-Heinz; Schneider, Martina (2011), Mathematische Naturphilosophie, Optik und Begrifsschrift. Zu den Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Mathematik und Physik an der Universität Jena in der Zeit von 1816 bis 1900 (in German), Harri Deutsch, ISBN 978-3-8171-1843-4 - Leonhard Sohncke at the Mathematics Genealogy Project	enwiki/37572822	enwiki	37,572,822	Leonhard Sohncke	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Sohncke	2025-07-03T21:23:53Z	en	Q84370	150,393	{{Short description\|German mathematician (1842–1897)}} {{Infobox scientist \|name = Leonhard Sohncke \|image = Leonhard-Sohncke.jpg \|caption = \|birth_date = {{Birth date\|df=yes\| 1832\|02\|22}} \|birth_place = [[Halle (Saale)]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] \|death_date = {{Death date and age\|df=yes\| 1897\|11\|01\|1832\|02\|22}} \|death_place = [[Munich, Germany]] \|alma_mater = [[University of Halle]] \|known_for = [[Space group]]s \|footnotes = \|spouse = {{marriage\| Elise Bernhardi\|1866}} \|children = two daughters \|field = [[Mathematics]], [[Crystallography]], [[Physics]], [[Meteorology]] \|work_institutions = {{ubl\|[[Collegium Fridericianum]]\|[[University of Königsberg]]\|[[Technical University of Karlsruhe]]\|[[University of Jena]]\|[[Technical University of Munich]]}} \|doctoral_advisor = \|doctoral_students = }} '''Leonhard Sohncke''' (22 February 1842 in [[Halle (Saale)\|Halle]] ([[Kingdom of Prussia]]) – 1 November 1897 in [[Munich]] ([[German Empire]])) was a German mathematician, physicist, and mineralogist. ==Life and career== Leonhard Sohncke was born as son of [[Ludwig Adolf Sohncke]], a professor for mathematics in Halle.{{sfn\|Günther\|1908\|}} Leonhard Sohncke studied mathematics and sciences at the [[Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg\|University]] in his native town,{{sfn\|Günther\|1908\|}} and passed the examination for high school teachers in 1862. With this qualification he became teacher at the [[Collegium Fridericianum]] in [[Königsberg]] in the Prussian province of [[East Prussia]],{{sfn\|Olesko\|1991\|pp=341–342}}<ref>{{Citation \| author-last = Ellendt \| author-first = G. \| chapter = Lehrer und Abiturienten des Königlichen Friedrichs-Kollegiums zu Königsberg Pr. \| title = Geschichte des Königlichen Friedrichs-Kollegiums zu Königsberg Pr. 1698–1898 von G. Zippel \| publisher = Hartung \| year = 1898 \| isbn = 978-5-88354-715-6 \| place = Königsberg \| language = de \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qF9OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA251}} p. 34</ref> and worked in this position until 1871. In this time he wrote his doctoral thesis in mathematics, which he submitted to Halle University, where he was in contact with [[Eduard Heine]] and [[Carl Neumann]].{{sfn\|Olesko\|1991\|pp=341–342}} With the duty of twenty-two lessons a week as teacher,{{sfn\|Olesko\|1991\|pp=341–342}} he additionally continued his studies at the [[University of Königsberg]], where he attended courses at the Königsberg Seminar for Physics, once founded by his father L. A. Sohncke together with [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi]] and [[Franz Ernst Neumann]], the father of Carl Neumann.{{sfn\|Olesko\|1991\|pp=341–342}} Franz Neumann interested Sohncke for mineralogical problems, and he eventually qualified himself as [[lecturer\|private lecturer]] at the university in 1869 with a [[habilitation ]] thesis in mineralogy. Two years later he was claimed as professor of physics to the Polytechnical School in [[Karlsruhe]],{{sfn\|Günther\|1908\|}} which was the first German [[Technische Hochschule]] and the preceding institution of today's [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]. He was also appointed head of the meteorological observatory with responsibility for the meteorological service of the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]],{{sfn\|Schlote\|Schneider\|2011\|p=244}}{{sfn\|Günther\|1908\|}} and started research on meteorology.{{sfn\|Erk\|1898\|p=3}} In the academic year 1878/79 Sohncke was elected Director of the Karlsruhe Institute.<ref> {{Citation \| author-last = Hoepke \| author-first = Klaus-Peter \| author-link = \| title = Geschichte der Fridericiana. Stationen in der Geschichte der Universität Karlsruhe (TH) von der Gründung 1825 bis zum Jahr 2000 \| year = 2007 \| place = Karlsruhe \| publisher = Universitätsverlag \| url = https://www.archiv.kit.edu/downloads/Hoepke_Geschichte_Fridericiana.pdf}} p. 164</ref> In 1883, he followed a claim to the [[University of Jena\|University]] of [[Jena]] as first director of the new founded institute of physics, after [[Emil Warburg]] had declined;{{sfn\|Schlote\|Schneider\|2011\|p=119}} there he drew his attention mainly to experimental physics.<ref>{{Citation \| author = Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena \| title = Erstes Physikalisches Institut \| language = de \| url = https://www.physik.uni-jena.de/erstesphysikalischesinstitut \| access-date = 29 April 2024}}</ref>{{sfn\|Schlote\|Schneider\|2011\|p=119}} Finally in 1886, he moved to the [[Technical University of Munich]], where he worked until his death. Sohncke was a successful academic teacher. His lectures in Jenas had the greatest frequency of students.{{sfn\|Schlote\|Schneider\|2011\|pp=170-171}} In 1866, Sohncke married his cousin Elise Berhardi; they had two daughters.{{sfn\|Günther\|1908\|}} He died from a kidney disease on 1 November 1897 in Munich.{{sfn\|Erk\|1898\|p=3}} == Scientific work == [[File:Sohncke Modell.jpg\|thumb\|One of Sohncke's teaching models for space groups]] Leonhard Sohncke wanted to understand the relations between the structure of crystals and their physical properties.{{sfn\|Olesko\|1991\|p=290}} A major experimental study dealt with the [[Cohesion (chemistry)\|cohesion]] of [[rock salt]] by measuring its [[ultimate tensile strength]] in the different crystallographic directions (1869). He investigated the influence of temperature on the [[optical rotation]] of crystalline material both theoretically and experimentally (1875),{{sfn\|Olesko\|1991\|p=369}} and found that natural light is affected by electromagnetic forces in the same way as polarized light (1886).{{sfn\|Schlote\|Schneider\|2011\|p=243}} Leonhard Sohncke is mainly known for his mathematical studies on the structure of crystals that kept him for more than a decade. He combined the 14 [[Bravais lattice]]s with the [[Rotation axis\|rotation axes]] and the [[Screw axis\|screw axes]] and thereby got the totally 65 [[space group]]s that are commonly called "Sohncke groups", in which [[chiral]] crystal structures form (1879).{{sfn\|Scholz\|1989\|pp=110–114, 121}} Sohncke discussed thoroughly the results of previous researches on that matter, especially [[Auguste Bravais]] and [[Camille Jordan\|Jordan]].{{sfn\|Scholz\|1989\|pp=111}} This sense for history of science led him write a special publication on [[Johann F. C. Hessel]] (1891), who had discovered the 32 [[crystallographic point group]]s in 1830, but was nearly completely ignored by his colleagues.{{sfn\|Scholz\|1989\|pp=48, 62}} Early in Königsberg (1867), he demonstrated a presumption of the Göttingen astronomer [[Wilhelm Klinkerfues]] on an influence of a star's motion to the [[refraction]] of its light, with consequence of breaking the [[Doppler effect]], was in error. In Jena, he researched on [[Newton's rings]] and [[thin-film interference]], in cooperation with [[Friedrich Heinrich Albert Wangerin\|Albert Wangerin]] in Halle, whom he knew from the Königsberg Seminar of Physics; Wangerin took the theoretical part, and Sohncke the experimental one. They found errors in the previous concepts on this matter; in contrary to preceding research they took into account the thickness of the plane glass and the extension of the source of light.<ref>{{Citation \| author-last1 = Schlote \| author-first1 = Karl-Heinz \| author-last2 = Schneider \| author-first2 = Martina \| title = Von Schweiggers erstem Galvanometer bis zu Cantors Mengenlehre. Zu den Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Mathematik und Phydsik an der Universität Halle–Wittenberg in der Zeit von 1817 bis 1890 \| publisher = Harri Deutsch \| year = 2009 \| language = de \| isbn = 978-3-8171-1841-0 \| url = https://slub.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A15834/attachment/ATT-0/}} pp. = 244–247</ref>{{sfn\|Schlote\|Schneider\|2011\|p=242}}{{sfn\|Olesko\|1991\|p=370}} Other cooperation partners in Jena were [[Ernst Abbe]] and [[Siegfried Czapski]] on the field of optical polarization.{{sfn\|Olesko\|1991\|p=405}} Sohncke developed a theory on atmosperical electricity applying [[Michael Faraday\|Faraday]]'s discovery, that friction of water on ice causes static electricity. to the atmosphere.{{sfn\|Schlote\|Schneider\|2011\|p=244}}{{sfn\|Olesko\|1991\|p=405}} Sohncke was engaged in the [[popularization of science]], and gave general comprehensible lectures, most of them in his Jena and Munich time, some of them were edited in 1892.{{sfn\|Günther\|1908\|}}{{sfn\|Schlote\|Schneider\|2011\|p=290}} In Karlsruhe, he was co-founder of the "Oberrheinischer Geologischer Verein" (''Upper Rhenanian Geological Association'').<ref>[http://www.ogv-online.de/geschichte Oberrheinischer Geologischer Verein: Zur Gründungsgeschichte des OGV]</ref> In Jena, he was member of the "Medizinisch-naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft" (''Association for Medicin and Science'').{{sfn\|Schlote\|Schneider\|2011\|p=289–290, 292}} In Munich, his interest in meteorology let him come in contact to the [[airship]] and [[Balloon (aeronautics)\|balloon]] community. He was co-founder and chairman of the "Münchener Vereinigung für Luftschiffahrt" (''Munich Association for Airshipping''), and published meteorological results taken from balloon journeys together with [[Sebastian Finsterwalder]].{{sfn\|Günther\|1908\|}} Sohncke and Finsterwalder were the scientific observers during the first balloon night flight of the Munich Association.<ref>{{Citation \| author-last1 = Sohncke \| author-first1 = L. \| author-last2 = Finsterwalder \| author-first2 = S. \| chapter = Die erste wissenschaftliche Nachtfahrt des Münchener Vereins für Luftschiffahrt \| title = Beobachtungen der Meteorologischen Stationen im Königreich Bayern. Anhang I \| year = 1893 \| pages = 1–9 \| editor = Königliche Meteorologische Centralstation \| place = Munich \| language = de \| chapter-url = https://dwdbib.dwd.de/retrosammlung/content/pageview/162229}}</ref> ==Honours== Leonhard Sohncke was awarded the following orders, titles, and memberships of scientific institutions.<ref>{{Citation \| title = Personalstand der Königlich Bayerischen Technischen Hochschule zu München im Sommer-Semester 1897 \| page = 4 \| year = 1897 \| language = de \| url = https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1439858/1439858.pdf}}</ref> * Member of the [[Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities\|Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences]]<ref>Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities: [https://badw.de/gelehrtengemeinschaft/verstorbene.html?tx_badwdb_badwperson%5bper_id%5d=2964&tx_badwdb_badwperson%5bpartialType%5d=BADWPersonDetailsPartial&tx_badwdb_badwperson%5bmemberType%5d=&tx_badwdb_badwperson%5baction%5d=show&tx_badwdb_badwperson%5bcontroller%5d=BADWPerson ''Prof. Dr. Leonhard Sohncke'']</ref> * Honorary member of the "Naturwissenschaftlicehr Verein Karlsruhe" * Member of the "Physikalisch-medizinische Societät Erlangen" * Honorary doctorate of the [[University of Padua]] * Knight 1st class, of the [[Order of the Zähringer Lion]] (Grand Duchy of Baden) * [[Order of Saint Michael]], 4th class (Kingdom of Bavaria) * Honorary title "[[Hofrath]]" (Grand Duchy of Baden) ==Selected writings== {{Citation \| title = De aequatione differentiali seriei hypergeometrica \| year = 1866 \| place = Halle \| language = la \| url = }} (Doctoral thesis) {{Citation \| title = Die Gruppierung der Molecüle in den Krystallen \| trans-title = The Grouping of Molecules in Crystals \| year = 1867 \| journal = [[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] \| volume = 132 \| pages = 75–106 \| language = de \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4WgOAAAAIAAJ}} {{Citation \| title = Ueber den Einfluss der Bewegung einer Lichtquelle auf die Brechung. Kritische Bemerkungen zu der Entdeckung des Hrn. Prof. Klinkerfues \| trans-title = On the influence of a source of light motion to the refraction. Critical remarks to a discovery of Prof. Klinkerfues \| year = 1867 \| journal = [[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] \| volume = 132 \| pages = 279–292 \| language = de \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4WgOAAAAIAAJ}} {{Citation \| title = Ueber die Cohäsion des Steinsalzes in krystallographisch verschiedenen Richtungen \| trans-title = On the Cohesion of Rock salt in different crystallographic Directions \| year = 1869 \| journal = [[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] \| volume = 137 \| pages = 177–200 \| bibcode = 1869AnP...213..177S \| language = de \| url = https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11046033?page=196,197 \| last1 = Sohncke \| first1 = L. \| issue = 6 \| doi = 10.1002/andp.18692130602 }} {{Citation \| title = Die regelmäßigen ebenen Punktsysteme von unbegrenzter Ausdehnung \| trans-title = The regular plane Point systems of unlimited Extension \| year = 1874 \| journal = [[Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik]] \| volume = 77 \| pages = 47–101 \| language = de \| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN243919689_0077?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B51%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.186%2C%22y%22%3A0.857%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.431%7D}} {{Citation \| title = Zur Theorie des optischen Drehvermögens von Krystallen \| trans-title = On the Theory of optical Rotation of Crystals \| year = 1875 \| journal = [[Mathematische Annalen]] \| volume = 9 \| pages = 504–529 \| doi = 10.1007/BF01442477 \| language = de \| url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235181684_0009?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B512%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.52%2C%22y%22%3A0.529%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.552%7D \| last1 = Sohncke \| first1 = L. \| issue = 4 }} {{Citation \| title = Die unbegrenzten regelmäßigen Punktsysteme als Grundlage einer Theorie der Krystallstruktur \| trans-title = The unlimited plane Point systems as a basis of a Crystal Structure Theory \| year = 1876 \| publisher = G. Braun'sche Hofbuchhandlung \| place = Karlsruhe \| language = de \| url = https://archive.org/details/dieunbegrenzten00sohngoog/page/n4/mode/2up}} {{Citation \| title = Ueber den Einfluss der Temperatur auf das optische Drehvermögen des Quarzes und des chlorsauren Natrons \| trans-title = On the Influence of Temperature to the optical Rotation of Quartz and Sodium chloratum \| year = 1878 \| journal = [[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] \|series=Neue Folge \| volume = 3 \| pages = 516–531 \| bibcode = 1878AnP...239..516S \| language = de \| url = https://archive.org/details/annalenderphysi107unkngoog/page/516/mode/1up \| last1 = Sohncke \| first1 = Leonhard \| issue = 4 \| doi = 10.1002/andp.18782390407 }} {{Citation \| title = Entwickelung einer Theorie der Krystallstruktur \| trans-title = Development of a Theory of Crystal Structure \| year = 1879 \| publisher = B. G. Teubner \| place = Leipzig \| language = de \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1OcsAQAAMAAJ}} {{Citation \| author-last1 = Sohncke \| author-first1 = L. \| author-last2 = Wangerin \| author-first2 = A. \| title = Neue Untersuchungen über die Newton'schen Ringe \| trans-title = New Investigations on Newton's rings \| year = 1881 \| journal = [[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] \|series=Neue Folge \| volume = 12 \| pages = 1–40, 201–249 \| language = de \| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011399105&seq=10}} {{Citation \| author-last1 = Sohncke \| author-first1 = L. \| author-last2 = Wangerin \| author-first2 = A. \| title = Ueber Interferenzerscheinungen an dünnen, insbesondere keilförmigen Blättchen \| trans-title = On Interferences at thin, especially wedge-shaped sheets \| year = 1883 \| journal = [[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] \|series=Neue Folge \| volume = 20 \| pages = 127–227, 391–425 \| language = de \| url = https://archive.org/details/annalenderphysi44unkngoog/page/177/mode/1up}} {{Citation \| title = Der Ursprung der Gewitter-Elektricität und der gewöhnlichen Elektricität der Atmosphäre. Eine meteorologisch-physikalische Untersuchung \| trans-title = The origin of the Electricity of Lightnings and the common Electricity of the Atmosphere \| year = 1885 \| publisher = Gustav Fischer \| place = Jena \| language = de \| url = https://archive.org/details/derursprungderg00sohngoog/page/n265/mode/2up}} {{Citation \| title = Electromagnetische Drehung natürlichen Lichts \| trans-title = Electromagnetical Rotation of natural light \| year = 1886 \| journal = [[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] \|series=Neue Folge \| volume = 27 \| pages = 203–219 \| bibcode = 1886AnP...263..203S \| language = de \| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015065838560&seq=215 \| last1 = Sohncke \| first1 = L. \| issue = 2 \| doi = 10.1002/andp.18862630207 }} {{Citation \| title = Electrisierung von Eis durch Wasserreibung \| trans-title = Electric Charging of Ice by Friction with Water \| year = 1886 \| journal = [[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] \|series=Neue Folge \| volume = 28 \| pages = 550–560 \| language = de \| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015065838578&seq=564}} {{Citation \| title = Erweiterung der Theorie der Kristallstruktur \| trans-title = Extension of the Theory of Crystals \| year = 1888 \| journal = [[Zeitschrift für Kristallographie]] \| volume = 14 \| pages = 426–446 \| language = de \| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924058434535&seq=442}} {{Citation \| title = Die schliessliche Dicke eines auf Wasser sich ausbreitenden Oeltropfens \| trans-title = The final thickness of an oil drop spreading on water \| year = 1890 \| journal = [[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]]\|series=Neue Folge \| volume = 40 \| pages = 345–355 \| bibcode = 1890AnP...276..345S \| language = de \| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015065838693&seq=357 \| last1 = Sohncke \| first1 = L. \| issue = 6 \| doi = 10.1002/andp.18902760611 }} {{Citation \| title = Die Entdeckung des Eintheilungsprincips der Krystalle durch J. F. C. Hessel. Eine historische Studie \| trans-title = The Discovery of the Principle of ordering of Crystals by J. F. C. Hessel. A historical study \| year = 1891 \| journal = [[Zeitschrift für Kristallographie]] \| volume = 18 \| pages = 486–498 \| language = de \| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924058435656&seq=500}} {{Citation \| title = Gemeinverständliche Vorträge aus dem Gebiete der Physik \| trans-title = Commonly comprehensible Lectures on the field of Physics \| year = 1892 \| publisher = Gustav Fischer \| place = Jena \| language = de \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2AGZV9KcTfAC}} {{Citation \| title = Ueber die Bedeutung wissenschaftlicher Ballonfahrten. (Festrede) \| trans-title = On the Importance of scientific Balloon flights. (Speech) \| year = 1894 \| publisher = Verlag der k. b. Akademie der Wissenschaften \| place = Munich \| language = de \| url = https://archive.org/details/ueberdiebedeutu00wissgoog/page/n2/mode/2up}} {{Citation \| title = Ueber die Aenderung der specifischen Wärme mit der Temperatur \| trans-title = On the Change of specific Heat with Temperature \| year = 1888 \| journal = Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-physikalischen Classe der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften \| volume = 27 \| pages = 337–342 \| language = de \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KTgEAAAAIAAJ}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Sources== {{sfn whitelist\|CITEREFGünther1908}} * {{Citation \| author-last = Erk \| author-first = Fritz \| title = Leonhard Sohncke \| journal = Illustrierte Aeronautische Mittheilungen \| volume = 2 \| page = 2–4 \| year = 1898 \| language = de \| url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015075042898&view=1up&seq=10}} * {{Citation \| author-last1 = Finsterwalder \| author-first1 = Sebastian \| author-link1 = Sebastian Finsterwalder \| author-last2 = Ebert \| author-first2 = Hermann \| author-link2 = Hermann Ebert \| title = Leonhard Sohncke \| journal = Jahresbericht der Königlich Technischen Hochschule in München 1897/98, Anhang \| page = 1–21 \| year = 1898 \| language = de}} * {{Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie\|54\|377\|379\|Sohncke, Leonhard\|[[Siegmund Günther]]\|ADB:Sohncke, Leonhard\|ref=CITEREFGünther1908}} * {{cite book \| last = Scholz \| first = Erhard \| author-link = Erhard Scholz \| title =Symmetrie, Gruppe, Dualität : Zur Beziehung zwischen theoretischer Mathematik und Anwendungen in Kristallographie und Baustatik des 19. Jahrhunderts \| publisher = Birkhäuser \| place = Basel \| year = 1989 \| isbn = 978-3-0348-9267-4 \| oclc = 851772224 \| language = de \| url = https://www2.math.uni-wuppertal.de/~scholz/preprints/Scholz1989Symmetriekonzepte.pdf}} * {{Citation \| author-last = Olesko \| author-first = Kathryn M. \| author-link = Kathryn M. Olesko \| title = Physics as a Calling. Discipline and practice in the Königsberg Seminar for Physics \| year = 1991 \| place = Ithaca and London \| publisher = Cornell University Press \| isbn = 0-8014-2248-5 \| url = https://archive.org/details/physicsascalling00oles}} * {{Citation \| author-last = Seidel \| author-first = Paul \| title = Leben und Werke von Leonhard Sohncke (1842–1897), einem Mitbegründer des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins \| journal = Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins \|series=Neue Folge \| volume = 91 \| pages = 101–112 \| year = 2009 \| doi = 10.1127/jmogv/91/2009/101 \| language = de}} * {{Citation \| author-last1 = Schlote \| author-first1 = Karl-Heinz \| author-last2 = Schneider \| author-first2 = Martina \| title = Mathematische Naturphilosophie, Optik und Begrifsschrift. Zu den Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Mathematik und Physik an der Universität Jena in der Zeit von 1816 bis 1900 \| publisher = Harri Deutsch \| year = 2011 \| language = de \| isbn = 978-3-8171-1843-4 \| url = https://slub.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A15836/attachment/ATT-0/}} * {{MathGenealogy\|id=51622}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sohncke, Leonhard}} [[Category:1842 births]] [[Category:1897 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century German mathematicians]] [[Category:19th-century German physicists]] [[Category:German mineralogists]] [[Category:Academic staff of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Jena]] [[Category:Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich]] [[Category:German crystallographers]]	1,298,658,684	[{"title": "Leonhard Sohncke", "data": {"Born": "22 February 1832 \u00b7 Halle (Saale), Kingdom of Prussia", "Died": "1 November 1897 (aged 65) \u00b7 Munich, Germany", "Alma mater": "University of Halle", "Known for": "Space groups", "Spouse": "Elise Bernhardi \u200b(m. 1866)\u200b", "Children": "two daughters", "Fields": "Mathematics, Crystallography, Physics, Meteorology", "Institutions": "- Collegium Fridericianum - University of K\u00f6nigsberg - Technical University of Karlsruhe - University of Jena - Technical University of Munich"}}]	false
# Roman Catholic Diocese of San Fernando de La Union The Diocese of San Fernando de La Union (Latin: Diœcesis Ferdinandopolitana ab Unione) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. The diocese was established in 1970 from the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Lingayen–Dagupan. ## Ordinaries \| No. \| Portrait \| Name \| Coat of Arms \| From \| Until \| Duration \| Notes \| \| Bishops of San Fernando de La Union (6 February 1970 – present) \| Bishops of San Fernando de La Union (6 February 1970 – present) \| Bishops of San Fernando de La Union (6 February 1970 – present) \| Bishops of San Fernando de La Union (6 February 1970 – present) \| Bishops of San Fernando de La Union (6 February 1970 – present) \| Bishops of San Fernando de La Union (6 February 1970 – present) \| Bishops of San Fernando de La Union (6 February 1970 – present) \| Bishops of San Fernando de La Union (6 February 1970 – present) \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| 1 \| \| Victorino C. Ligot 1924–1980 \| \| 6 Feb 1970 \| 18 Sep 1980 \| 10 years, 7 months, 12 days \| First bishop of the diocese. Died shortly after resignation. \| \| 2 \| \| Salvador L. Lazo 1918–2000 \| \| 20 Jan 1981 \| 28 May 1993 \| 12 years, 4 months, 8 days \| Retired. Known for his later traditionalist stance. \| \| 3 \| \| Antonio R. Tobias 1941– \| \| 28 May 1993 \| 25 Nov 2003 \| 10 years, 5 months, 28 days \| Appointed Bishop of Novaliches. \| \| 4 \| \| Artemio L. Rillera, S.V.D. 1942–2011 \| \| 1 Apr 2005 \| 13 Nov 2011 \| 6 years, 7 months, 12 days \| Died in office. \| \| 5 \| \| Rodolfo F. Beltran 1948–2017 \| \| 30 Oct 2012 \| 17 Jun 2017 \| 4 years, 7 months, 18 days \| Died in office. \| \| 6 \| \| Daniel O. Presto 1963– \| \| 9 May 2018 \| Incumbent \| ongoing \| Current bishop. \|	enwiki/18741243	enwiki	18,741,243	Roman Catholic Diocese of San Fernando de La Union	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Fernando_de_La_Union	2025-07-17T22:40:47Z	en	Q875767	136,966	{{short description\|Latin Catholic jurisdiction in the Philippine}} {{one source\|date=March 2020}} {{Infobox diocese \| jurisdiction = Diocese \| border = Catholic \| name = San Fernando de La Unión \| latin = Diœcesis Ferdinandopolitana ab Unione \| local = Diócesis ti San Fernando de La Union <br />Diyosesis ng San Fernando de La Union <br /><small>Diócesis de San Fernando de La Unión</small> \| image = Cathedral of Saint William the Hermit LU (Gomez Street, San Fernando, La Union; 02-24-2023).jpg \| image_size = 250px \| caption = [[San Fernando Cathedral (La Union)\|San Fernando Cathedral, La Union]] \| coat = Coat of arms of the Diocese of San Fernando de La Union.svg \| coat_size = 150px \| coat_alt = \| flag = <!-- Flag file name (excluding File: prefix) --> \| flag_size = \| flag_alt = <!---- Locations ----> \| country = [[Philippines]] \| territory = [[La Union]] \| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lingayen–Dagupan\|Lingayen–Dagupan]] \| metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lingayen–Dagupan\|Lingayen–Dagupan]] \| archdeaconries = \| deaneries = \| subdivisions = \| coordinates = {{coord\|16.61576\|N\|120.31752\|E\|region:PH\|format=dms\|display=inline,title}} <!-- San Fernando Cathedral --> <!---- Statistics ----> \| area_km2 = 1,493 \| area_sqmi = <!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --> \| area_footnotes = \| population = 853,600 \| population_as_of = 2021 \| catholics = 730,300<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/zfer2.htm?tab=info\|title= San Fernando de La Union(Catholic Diocese)\|publisher=gcatholic.org\|access-date=2023-09-16}}</ref> \| catholics_percent = {{percentage\|730,300<!-- catholics -->\|853,600<!-- population -->\|1\|%=}} \| parishes = <!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --> \| churches = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese --> \| congregations = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --> \| schools = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --> \| members = <!-- Number of members in the diocese --> <!---- Information ----> \| denomination = [[Catholic Church]] \| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]] \| rite = [[Roman Rite]] \| established = 19 January 1970 \| cathedral = [[Cathedral of St. William the Hermit\|Cathedral-Parish of St. William the Hermit]] \| cocathedral = \| patron = [[William of Maleval\|William the Hermit]]<br/>[[Namacpacan Church\|Our Lady of Namacpacan]] \| patron_title = <!-- Use to override the default label "Patron saint" --> \| priests = <!-- Number of priests in the diocese --> <!---- Current leadership ----> \| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --> \| patriarch = \| major_archbishop = \| bishop = Daniel Oca Presto \| bishop_title = <!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --> \| metro_archbishop = [[Socrates B. Villegas]] \| coadjutor = \| suffragans = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use \| suffragan = for one --> \| auxiliary_bishops = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --> \| apostolic_admin = \| vicar_general = \| episcopal_vicar = \| archdeacons = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use \| archdeacon = for one--> \| emeritus_bishops = <!---- Map ----> \| map = \| map_size = \| map_alt = \| map_caption = <!---- Website ----> \| website = [http://www.dioceseofcabanatuan.org/home dioceseofcabanatuan.org] \| footnotes = }} The '''Diocese of San Fernando de La Union''' ({{langx\|la\|Diœcesis Ferdinandopolitana ab Unione}}) is a [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical territory or [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in the [[Philippines]]. The diocese was established in 1970 from the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia\|Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia]].<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsflu.html Catholic-Hierarchy]</ref> It is a [[suffragan]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[metropolis (religious jurisdiction)\|metropolitan]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lingayen–Dagupan\|Archdiocese of Lingayen–Dagupan]]. ==Ordinaries== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:90%" \|+ '''Ordinaries of the Diocese of San Fernando de La Union''' \|- ! No. !! Portrait !! Name !! Coat of Arms !! From !! Until !! Duration !! Notes \|- ! colspan="8" style="background:#D6EAF8;" \| '''Bishops of San Fernando de La Union''' (6 February 1970 – present) \|- \| '''1''' \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Diocese_of_San_Fernando_de_La_Union.svg\|100px]] \|\| '''Victorino C. Ligot'''<br><small>1924–1980</small> \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Victorino_Cristobal_Ligot.svg\|75px]] \|\| 6 Feb 1970 \|\| 18 Sep 1980 \|\| 10 years, 7 months, 12 days \|\| First bishop of the diocese. Died shortly after resignation. \|- \| '''2''' \|\| [[File:Bishop_Salvador_L._Lazo.jpg\|100px]] \|\| '''Salvador L. Lazo'''<br><small>1918–2000</small> \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Salvador_Lazo_Lazo.svg\|75px]] \|\| 20 Jan 1981 \|\| 28 May 1993 \|\| 12 years, 4 months, 8 days \|\| Retired. Known for his later traditionalist stance. \|- \| '''3''' \|\| [[File:JfTobias0431Bishopfvf_02.JPG\|100px]] \|\| '''Antonio R. Tobias'''<br><small>1941–</small> \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Antonio_Realubin_Tobias_as_Bishop_of_San_Fernando_de_La_Union.svg\|75px]] \|\| 28 May 1993 \|\| 25 Nov 2003 \|\| 10 years, 5 months, 28 days \|\| Appointed Bishop of Novaliches. \|- \| '''4''' \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Diocese_of_San_Fernando_de_La_Union.svg\|100px]] \|\| '''Artemio L. Rillera, S.V.D.'''<br><small>1942–2011</small> \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Artemio_Lomboy_Rillera_as_Bishop_of_San_Fernando_de_La_Union.svg\|75px]] \|\| 1 Apr 2005 \|\| 13 Nov 2011 \|\| 6 years, 7 months, 12 days \|\| Died in office. \|- \| '''5''' \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Diocese_of_San_Fernando_de_La_Union.svg\|100px]] \|\| '''Rodolfo F. Beltran'''<br><small>1948–2017</small> \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rodolfo_Fontiveros_Beltran_as_Bishop_of_San_Fernando_de_La_Union.svg\|75px]] \|\| 30 Oct 2012 \|\| 17 Jun 2017 \|\| 4 years, 7 months, 18 days \|\| Died in office. \|- \| '''6''' \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Diocese_of_San_Fernando_de_La_Union.svg\|100px]] \|\| '''Daniel O. Presto'''<br><small>1963–</small> \|\| [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Daniel_Oca_Presto.svg\|75px]] \|\| 9 May 2018 \|\| Incumbent \|\| ongoing \|\| Current bishop. \|} ==See also== [[Catholic Church in the Philippines]] [[List of Catholic dioceses in the Philippines]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Roman Catholic Diocese of San Fernando de La Union}} {{Roman Catholic dioceses in the Philippines}} {{Roman Catholicism in the Philippines}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in the Philippines\|San Fernando de La Union]] [[Category:Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Lingayen–Dagupan\|San Fernando de La Union]] [[Category:Christian organizations established in 1970]] [[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]] [[Category:Religion in La Union]] [[Category:San Fernando, La Union]]	1,301,066,268	[{"title": "Catholic", "data": {"Catholic": ["San Fernando Cathedral, La Union", "Coat of arms"]}}, {"title": "Location", "data": {"Country": "Philippines", "Territory": "La Union", "Ecclesiastical province": "Lingayen\u2013Dagupan", "Metropolitan": "Lingayen\u2013Dagupan", "Coordinates": "16\u00b036\u203257\u2033N 120\u00b019\u203203\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff16.61576\u00b0N 120.31752\u00b0E"}}, {"title": "Statistics", "data": {"Area": "1,493 km2 (576 sq mi)", "Population- Total - Catholics": "- (as of 2021) - 853,600 - 730,300 (85.6%)"}}, {"title": "Information", "data": {"Denomination": "Catholic Church", "Sui iuris church": "Latin Church", "Rite": "Roman Rite", "Established": "19 January 1970", "Cathedral": "Cathedral-Parish of St. William the Hermit", "Patron saint": "William the Hermit \u00b7 Our Lady of Namacpacan"}}, {"title": "Current leadership", "data": {"Pope": "Leo XIV", "Bishop": "Daniel Oca Presto", "Metropolitan Archbishop": "Socrates B. Villegas"}}, {"title": "Website", "data": {"Website": "dioceseofcabanatuan.org"}}]	false
# Dessa Margret Wander (born May 23, 1981), better known by her stage name Dessa, is an American singer, rapper, musician, writer, and former record executive. She is a member of the indie hip hop collective Doomtree. ## Early life Dessa was born to Robert Wander Jr. and Sylvia Burgos Toftness, and has a younger brother, Max. Her father is white and her mother Puerto Rican. Dessa went to Southwest High School in Minneapolis, Minnesota, graduating from the IB Diploma Programme in 1999. She attended the University of Minnesota, where she earned a B.A. in philosophy. Before becoming an artist full-time, she waited tables and worked as a technical writer for a medical manufacturer. ## Career ### Doomtree Initially drawn to their raw aesthetics and unique sound, Dessa forged a friendship with Doomtree. Soon after, she was asked to join the crew and did so. Between 2005 and 2019, Dessa toured with and appeared on all Doomtree albums, as well as on the other members' solo albums. She was the CEO of Doomtree; however, she relinquished that post to her label mate, Lazerbeak, to focus on her own career. ### Solo career Dessa's debut solo EP, False Hopes, was released in 2005. Despite being only fifteen minutes long, it was listed as one of the top local albums of the year by Star Tribune. Dessa's first solo album, A Badly Broken Code, was released on January 19, 2010. The album’s tracks "Dixon's Girl" and "The Chaconne” were released as singles. The album featured production from Paper Tiger, MK Larada, Lazerbeak, Cecil Otter and Big Jess. MK Larada also designed the album art. In 2011, Dessa released Castor, the Twin, an album featuring new recordings and arrangements of songs released on previous projects, primarily A Badly Broken Code. The original production in the reworked tracks was replaced with live instrumentation. In 2013, Dessa released her second full-length album Parts of Speech that made its debut in Billboard's Top 200. The singles from this album are "Warsaw" and "Call Off Your Ghost”. On February 23, 2018, Dessa released her third full-length album Chime, that made its debut in Billboard's Top 200, and at #3 on Billboard's Independent Charts. Chime was listed as one of NPR Music's 40 Favorite Albums of 2018 (so far). On March 26 and 28, 2019, she recorded concerts with the Minnesota Orchestra; the collaboration led to a live album released in November 2019. On January 15, 2021, Dessa released "Rome”, the first title in her IDES Series. The IDES series is a project to release a new single on each 15th for the first half of 2021. ### Writing works At the fourth annual Doomtree Blowout in 2008, and via Doomtree Press, Dessa released Spiral Bound a seventy-page collection of fiction and poetry. Following that, in 2013, she released a book of poems called A Pound Of Steam, in partnership with Rain Taxi. After having been scouted by the Francis Golden Literary Agency, in 2018 Dessa signed a book-publishing deal with Dutton Penguin, which released her collection of creative non-fiction essays entitled My Own Devices: True Stories from the Road on Music, Science, and Senseless Love on September 18, 2018. The book is an uncompromising and candid account of her life in motion, in music, and in love, and was listed by NPR in their guide for 2018's Best Reads. Dessa's work has also been published in periodicals, including a 2009 poem in Ars Medica and a 2017 article about visiting New Orleans as a tourist in The New York Times Magazine. ### Side projects and non-Doomtree collaborations Dessa is a founding member of The Boy Sopranos, an almost all-female a cappella group, with frequent collaborators Jessy Greene, Aby Wolf and others. She also taught at the Institute of Production and recording and the McNally Smith College of Music. She was also a member of the indie super-group Gayngs founded by Ryan Olson (of Poliça fame), in 2010, along with 22 other musicians including Justin Vernon. On March 2, 2012, Dessa presented "Mic Lines: Art, Ethics, and their Contested Connections" at Augsburg College in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of the three-day Nobel Peace Prize Forum . Dessa was the host of Twin Cities Public Television's The Lowertown Line, a live music series, from 2012 to 2014. In 2012, she partnered with the "artisan cosmetic house" from Minnesota, Elixery, to create her own shade of lipstick, all of the proceeds of which were donated to CARE (relief agency). She was a contributing artist on the 2015 Saint Paul-based "Plume Project", a public art installment in which images and colors were projected onto steam rising from a smokestack in downtown Saint Paul and music and spoken-word pieces could be accessed by calling a phone number. Dessa read her poem "Circle Games". She had a flavor of ice cream named after her on July 27, 2016, by Izzy's Ice Cream, "Dessa’s Existential Crunch". The same year, she contributed to The Hamilton Mixtape with her cover of the song "Congratulations.". Dessa collaborated with RockFilter Distillery in Spring Grove, MN, to release two bourbons, Dessa's Time and Distance and Dessa's Hand Shadow. Dessa has been involved with the popular fiction podcast Welcome to Night Vale as both a contributing writer and musical guest. Her first appearance was on the "Weather" segment of Episode 27, "First Date," which featured Doomtree's "Team The Best Team." She was the musical guest for Welcome to Night Vale's second anniversary live show, performing "Call Off Your Ghost" for its weather segment. She appeared again as part of Doomtree for episode 61, "Briny Depths", which featured "The Bends" as its Weather; her single "Fire Drills" was the Weather for episode 122, "A Story of Love and Horror, Part 2: 'Spire.'" In 2017, she co-wrote and acted in episode 113, "Niecelet," lending her voice to the character Sabina. ### Notable performances In April 2017, she headlined a show with the Minnesota Orchestra, which featured new arrangements of her songs as well as a story performed in prose. She followed that set of performances with another two sold-out performances in October 2018, this time premiering new material from her album Chime. In December 2018, it was announced that Dessa would return for an additional two performances with the Minnesota Orchestra, on March 26 and 28, 2019; both performances were recorded to be released at a later date in collaboration with Doomtree Records. Dessa sang the National Anthem at the Minnesota Twins home opener on April 5, 2018. And on July 28, 2018, she sang the National Anthem at the 2018 WNBA All-star game held in Minneapolis. In August 2018, Dessa traveled with the Minnesota Orchestra as they went on a two-week, five-stop tour through South Africa, reportedly the first tour of an American orchestra to the country, and helped document the trip for Minnesota Public Radio alongside MPR journalist and cultural critic Euan Kerr. U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar used Dessa's song "Bullpen" as her campaign rally walk-on song during her 2020 run for the presidency. ### Deeply Human Dessa is the host of the podcast Deeply Human. The show explores questions about the inner self and takes a deep dive into the psychological, biological, and anthropological explanations of our common traits. Episodes are anchored in her experience discovering the details of her own thoughts and actions. Deeply Human launched in March 2021 and is a co-production of the BBC World Service, American Public Media, and iHeartMedia. ## Discography ### Solo studio albums \| Title \| Album details \| Peak chart positions \| Peak chart positions \| Peak chart positions \| Peak chart positions \| \| Title \| Album details \| US \| US Heat \| US Hip-Hop \| US Indie \| \| ------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| \| A Badly Broken Code \| - Released: January 19, 2010 - Label: Doomtree Records - Formats: CD, download \| – \| 13 \| 48 \| – \| \| Castor, the Twin \| - Released: October 4, 2011 - Label: Doomtree Records - Formats: CD, download \| – \| 8 \| 26 \| 36 \| \| Parts of Speech \| - Released: June 25, 2013 - Label: Doomtree Records - Formats: CD, download, vinyl \| 74 \| – \| – \| 19 \| \| Chime \| - Released: February 23, 2018 - Label: Doomtree Records - Formats: CD, download, vinyl \| 139 \| – \| – \| 3 \| \| Bury the Lede \| - Released: September 29, 2023 - Label: Doomtree Records - Formats: CD, download, vinyl \| - \| – \| – \| - \| ### with Doomtree - Doomtree (Doomtree, 2008) - No Kings (Doomtree, 2011) - All Hands (Doomtree, 2015) ### EPs - Apple S Apple Z (2003) (with Medida) - Medida (2004) (with Medida) - False Hopes (Doomtree, 2005) - Parts of Speech, Re-Edited (Doomtree, 2014) - Ides (Doomtree, 2021) ### Live albums - Sound the Bells (Doomtree, 2019) (with the Minnesota Orchestra) ### Singles - "Matches to Paper Dolls ('Castor, the Twin' Mix)" (2013) - "Warsaw" (2013) - "Call Off Your Ghost" (2013) - "Quinine" (2016) - "Good Grief" (2017) - "Fire Drills" (2017) - "5 Out of 6" (2018) - "Grade School Games" (2019) - "Good For You" (2019) - "Tyranny" (2020) - "Rome" (2021) - "Who's Yellen Now?" (2021) - "Bombs Away" (2021) - "Life on Land" (2021) - "Terry Gross" (2021) - "Talking Business" (2021) - "I Already Like You" (2021) - "LYTP" (2021) - "Blush" (2022) - "Hurricane Party / Chopper" (2023) - "Decoy" (2023) ### Guest appearances - Sims – "No Homeowners" from Lights Out Paris (2005) - Kanser – "No D in Erogenous" from Kanser (2005) - Paper Tiger – "Speedmetal" from False Hopes (2007) - Mel Gibson and the Pants – "Bit of a Buzz" from Sea vs. Shining Sea (2007) - Heiruspecs – "Change Is Coming" from Heiruspecs (2008) - P.O.S – "Low Light Low Life" from Never Better (2008) - Paper Tiger – "Palace" and "And the Camera" from Made Like Us (2010) - Lazerbeak – "Bound" from Legend Recognize Legend (2010) - Gayngs – "No Sweat" "Faded High" from Relayted (2010) - p-teK – "This Bridge Is Burning for You" from Oh! What a Miracle! (2011) - Hamilton Mixtape – "Congratulations" from Hamilton Mixtape (2016) - Lin-Manuel Miranda – "Almost Like Praying" – Benefit single for Hurricane Maria Relief (2017) - Joey Van Phillips – "Broken Arrow" (with P.O.S.) from Punch Bowl (2017) - Cover version of the Mountain Goats' song "Balance" for I Only Listen to the Mountain Goats (2018) - Sims X Air Credits X Icetep – "Hologramme" from Artería Verité (2018) ## Bibliography - Spiral Bound (2009) - Sleeping with Nikki (2011) - Are You Handsome (2013) - A Pound of Steam (2013) - My Own Devices: True Stories from the Road on Music, Science, and Senseless Love (Dutton, 2018) ISBN 978-1524742294)[24] - Tits on the Moon (2022)	enwiki/2291543	enwiki	2,291,543	Dessa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessa	2025-07-23T10:30:13Z	en	Q2798948	175,982	{{short description\|American rapper and writer (born 1981)}} {{other uses}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2015}} {{Infobox musical artist \| name = Dessa \| image = DessaMN.jpg \| landscape = yes \| caption = Dessa in 2017 \| birth_name = Margret Wander<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/dessa-s-brain\|title=Dessa's Brain\|newspaper=Minnesota Alumni}}</ref> \| alias = Maggie Wander, Dessa Darling, Dessa Margret Wander<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/885568189 \|title=ALIBI \|website=ASCAP \|publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers \|access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref> \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1981\|05\|23\|mf=yes}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.facebook.com/dessadarling/posts/10151407140816905 \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/105719356904/10151407140816905 \|archive-date=2022-02-26 \|url-access=limited\|title=Good morning, world. Today is my birthday, ...\|publisher=Facebook\|first=Margret\|last=Wander\|date=May 23, 2013\|access-date=May 23, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> \| birth_place = \| origin = [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], U.S. \| genre = {{flatlist\| [[Hip hop music\|Hip hop]] [[alternative hip hop]] }} \| occupation = {{flatlist\| [[rapping\|Rapper]] singer [[hip hop production\|producer]] writer record executive }} \| years_active = 2002–present<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.doomtree.net/2005/02/24/2005-02-24-mn-daily-rise-of-the-rebels/ \| title=2005.02.24 – MN Daily – "Rise of the rebels" \| Doomtree \| date=February 24, 2005 }}</ref> \| label = [[Doomtree Records]] \| associated_acts = {{flatlist\| [[Doomtree]] [[Cecil Otter]] [[P.O.S (rapper)\|P.O.S]] [[Mike Mictlan]] [[Sims (rapper)\|Sims]] [[Paper Tiger (producer)\|Paper Tiger]] [[Lazerbeak]] [[Gayngs]] The Boy Sopranos }} \| website = {{URL\|dessawander.com/}} }} '''Margret Wander''' (born May 23, 1981), better known by her [[stage name]] '''Dessa''', is an American singer, rapper, musician, writer, and former record executive. She is a member of the [[indie hip hop]] collective [[Doomtree]]. ==Early life== Dessa was born to Robert Wander Jr. and Sylvia Burgos Toftness,<ref>{{cite web\|first=Emily\|last=Eveland\|title=Dessa's mom, Sylvia Toftness, shows us around her Wisconsin cattle farm\|url=http://www.citypages.com/restaurants/dessas-mom-sylvia-toftness-shows-us-around-her-wisconsin-cattle-farm-6609345\|newspaper=City Pages\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208172506/https://www.citypages.com/restaurants/dessas-mom-sylvia-toftness-shows-us-around-her-wisconsin-cattle-farm-6609345\|archive-date=February 8, 2018\|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has a younger brother, Max.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://twitter.com/doomtree/status/49189600366821377\|title=Dessa's brother (Max Wander, see "Children's Work from A Badly Broken Code) has been singing "The Chaconne" with her this week\|website=twitter.com}}</ref> Her father is white and her mother [[Puerto Rico\|Puerto Rican]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.citypages.com/music/dessa-reflects-on-her-artistic-journey-6758693\|title=Dessa reflects on her artistic journey\|first=Dessa\|last=Darling\|newspaper=City Pages\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215050203/https://www.citypages.com/music/dessa-reflects-on-her-artistic-journey-6758693\|archive-date=February 15, 2018\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2010/08/best-of-whats-next-dessa.html\|title=Best of What's Next: Dessa}}</ref> Dessa went to [[Southwest High School (Minneapolis)\|Southwest High School]] in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], graduating from the [[International Baccalaureate\|IB Diploma Programme]] in 1999. She attended the [[University of Minnesota]], where she earned a B.A. in philosophy.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.coffman.umn.edu/whole/archive/show/2007-04-26_Making\|title=Making Music Series: Dessa on Coffman Memorial Union\|publisher=University of Minnesota\|access-date=November 28, 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101034051/http://www.coffman.umn.edu/whole/archive/show/2007-04-26_Making\|archive-date=November 1, 2008\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Before becoming an artist full-time, she waited tables and worked as a technical writer for a medical manufacturer.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.citypages.com/2005-02-23/arts/the-revolution-starts-right-after-the-drinks\|title=The Revolution Starts... Right After the Drinks\|newspaper=City Pages\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606051745/http://www.citypages.com/2005-02-23/arts/the-revolution-starts-right-after-the-drinks/\|archive-date=June 6, 2011\|df=mdy-all\|first=Peter S.\|last=Scholtes}}</ref> ==Career== ===Doomtree=== [[File:Dessa live.jpg\|thumb\|Dessa performing in 2007]] Initially drawn to their raw aesthetics and unique sound, Dessa forged a friendship with [[Doomtree]]. Soon after, she was asked to join the crew and did so. Between 2005 and 2019, Dessa toured with and appeared on all Doomtree albums, as well as on the other members' solo albums. She was the CEO of Doomtree;<ref>{{cite web\|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u38ue-XxHtw&t=1m18s\|title = University of Minnesota, College of Liberal Arts, 2012 Spring Commencement: Keynote Address by Dessa\| date=May 18, 2012 \|publisher = University of Minnesota, College of Liberal Arts}}</ref> however, she relinquished that post to her label mate, [[Lazerbeak]], to focus on her own career.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/toriutley/2016/09/27/meet-dessa-the-35-year-old-internationally-touring-rapper-writer-and-social-entrepreneur/\|title=Meet Dessa, The 35-Year-Old Internationally Touring Rapper, Writer, And Social Entrepreneur\|first=Tori\|last=Utley\|website=Forbes\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> ===Solo career=== [[File:Dessa December 2010.jpg\|thumb\|Dessa performing at [[First Avenue (nightclub)\|First Avenue]] in 2010]] Dessa's debut solo EP, ''[[False Hopes (Dessa album)\|False Hopes]]'', was released in 2005. Despite being only fifteen minutes long, it was listed as one of the top local albums of the year by ''[[Star Tribune]]''.{{Citation needed\|date=June 2020}} Dessa's first solo album, ''[[A Badly Broken Code]]'', was released on January 19, 2010. The album’s tracks "Dixon's Girl" and "The Chaconne” were released as singles. The album featured production from Paper Tiger, MK Larada, Lazerbeak, Cecil Otter and Big Jess. MK Larada also designed the album art.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://store.doomtree.net/product/a-badly-broken-code-dessa\|title=A Badly Broken Code\|publisher=Doomtree Store}}</ref> In 2011, Dessa released ''[[Castor, the Twin]]'', an album featuring new recordings and arrangements of songs released on previous projects, primarily ''A Badly Broken Code''. The original production in the reworked tracks was replaced with live instrumentation.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://mezzic.com/2011/10/06/review-dessa-castor-the-twin-2011/\|title=Review: Dessa – Castor, the Twin (2011)\|publisher=Mezzic\|date=October 6, 2011}}</ref> In 2013, Dessa released her second full-length album [[Parts of Speech (album)\|''Parts of Speech'']] that made its debut in Billboard's Top 200.<ref name="billboard.com">{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/dessa\|title=Dessa Chart History\|magazine=Billboard\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> The singles from this album are "Warsaw" and "Call Off Your Ghost”. On February 23, 2018, Dessa released her third full-length album [[Chime (Dessa album)\|Chime]], that made its debut in Billboard's Top 200, and at #3 on Billboard's Independent Charts.<ref name="billboard.com"/> Chime was listed as one of [[NPR]] Music's 40 Favorite Albums of 2018 (so far).<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/26/622438789/npr-musics-40-favorite-albums-of-2018-so-far-part-2\|title=NPR Music's 40 Favorite Albums Of 2018 (So Far)\|website=NPR.org\|date=June 26, 2018\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> On March 26 and 28, 2019, she recorded concerts with the [[Minnesota Orchestra]]; the collaboration led to a live album released in November 2019.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Dessa and the Minnesota Orchestra Announce New Live Album, 'Sound the Bells: Recorded Live at Orchestra Hall,' out November 8, 2019 on Doomtree Records \|url=https://shorefire.com/releases/entry/dessa-the-minnesota-orchestra-live-album-sound-the-bells-recorded-live-at-orchestra-hall \|website=Shore Fire Media \|language=en}}</ref> On January 15, 2021, Dessa released "Rome”, the first title in her IDES Series.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-01-15\|title=Dessa Announces New Single Series Project IDES, Shares First Single "Rome" -\|url=https://music.mxdwn.com/2021/01/15/news/dessa-announces-new-single-series-project-ides-shares-first-single-rome/\|access-date=2021-03-04\|website=mxdwn Music\|language=en-US}}</ref> The IDES series is a project to release a new single on each 15th for the first half of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Oechler\|first=Meredith\|date=2021-03-02\|title=Q&A: Dessa On Recording During the Pandemic and Her New Podcast\|url=https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/arts-entertainment/music/qa-dessa-on-her-new-pandemic-workflow-and-podcast/\|access-date=2021-03-04\|website=Minnesota Monthly\|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Writing works=== At the fourth annual Doomtree Blowout in 2008, and via Doomtree Press, Dessa released ''Spiral Bound'' a seventy-page collection of fiction and poetry.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Tardio \|first=Andres \|date=2008-11-18 \|title=Dessa of Doomtree Cuts Hair for Locks of Love Donation \|work=[[HipHopDX]] \|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.8109/title.dessa-of-doomtree-cuts-hair-for-locks-of-love-donation \|access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.culturebully.com/dessa-spiral-bound-review\|title=''Spiral Bound'' review\|publisher=Culture Bully\|access-date=July 12, 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606071148/http://www.culturebully.com/dessa-spiral-bound-review\|archive-date=June 6, 2010\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following that, in 2013, she released a book of poems called ''A Pound Of Steam'', in partnership with [[Rain Taxi]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.raintaxi.com/a-pound-of-steam/\|title=A Pound of Steam - Rain Taxi\|first=Katie\|last=Provenzano\|date=October 16, 2013\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> After having been scouted by the Francis Golden Literary Agency,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://goldinlit.com/agents/sam-stoloff-vice-president-and-principal/\|title=Sam Stoloff - Frances Goldin Literary Agency\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> in 2018 Dessa signed a book-publishing deal with [[Dutton Penguin]], which released her collection of creative non-fiction essays entitled ''My Own Devices: True Stories from the Road on Music, Science, and Senseless Love'' on September 18, 2018.<ref name="auto">{{cite web \|publisher=Penguin Random House \|date=2018 \|title=My Own Devices: True Stories from the Road on Music, Science, and Sensele(ss Love, by Dessa\|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/561615/my-own-devices-by-dessa/9781524742294/ \|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/newswires/entertainment/rapper-dessa-working-book-essays-due-september-article-1.3815987\|title=Rapper Dessa working on book of essays, due in September - NY Daily News\|agency=Associated Press\|website=nydailynews.com\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> The book is an uncompromising and candid account of her life in motion, in music, and in love,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.dessawander.com/press/\|title=Press\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> and was listed by NPR in their guide for 2018's Best Reads.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://apps.npr.org/best-books-2018/#/book/my-own-devices-true-stories-from-the-road-on-music-science-and-senseless-love\|title = NPR's Book Concierge}}</ref> Dessa's work has also been published in periodicals, including a 2009 poem in ''[[Ars Medica (journal)\|Ars Medica]]''<ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://journals.sfu.ca/arsmedica/index.php/journal/article/viewFile/55/11 \|date=Spring 2009 \|publisher=[[Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)\|Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto]] \|journal=Ars Medica \|title=The Letter S, by Steven Ward \|author=Wander, Dessa \|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref> and a 2017 article about visiting [[New Orleans]] as a tourist in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite news \|newspaper=New York Times \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/magazine/dessa-rapper-wanders-new-orleans.html \|date=2017-03-21 \|author=Dessa \|title=Wandering New Orleans After Seeing It From the Stage}}</ref> ===Side projects and non-Doomtree collaborations=== Dessa is a founding member of The Boy Sopranos, an almost all-female [[a cappella]] group, with frequent collaborators [[Jessy Greene]], [[Aby Wolf]] and others.{{citation needed\|date=December 2016}} She also taught at the Institute of Production and recording and the [[McNally Smith College of Music]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://blog.mcnallysmith.edu/president/tag/dessa/\|title=dessa - McNally Smith College of Music President's Blog\|website=blog.mcnallysmith.edu\|language=en-US\|access-date=2017-02-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409145748/http://blog.mcnallysmith.edu/president/tag/dessa/\|archive-date=April 9, 2016\|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was also a member of the indie super-group [[Gayngs]] founded by Ryan Olson (of [[Poliça]] fame), in 2010, along with 22 other musicians including [[Justin Vernon]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14188-relayted/\|title=Gayngs: Relayted\|website=Pitchfork\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://blog.thecurrent.org/2016/04/that-time-prince-almost-played-with-gayngs-at-first-avenue/\|title=That time Prince almost played with Gayngs at First Avenue\|first=Andrea\|last=Swensson\|website=Local Current Blog - The Current from Minnesota Public Radio\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> On March 2, 2012, Dessa presented "Mic Lines: Art, Ethics, and their Contested Connections" at [[Augsburg College]] in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of the three-day Nobel Peace Prize Forum .<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nobelpeaceprizeforum.org/ethics-and-hip-hop-a-discussion-with-dessa/\|title=Ethics and Hip Hop: A Discussion with Dessa – Tickets on sale NOW!\|date=February 21, 2012\|access-date=May 25, 2013\|publisher=Nobel Peace Prize Forum\|author=Mark\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303103255/http://nobelpeaceprizeforum.org/ethics-and-hip-hop-a-discussion-with-dessa/\|archive-date=March 3, 2013\|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nobelpeaceprizeforum.org/the-event/\|title=2012 Forum: "The Price of Peace"\|access-date=May 25, 2013\|publisher=Nobel Peace Prize Forum\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515225502/http://nobelpeaceprizeforum.org/the-event/\|archive-date=May 15, 2013\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dessa was the host of [[Twin Cities Public Television]]'s The Lowertown Line, a live music series, from 2012 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.citypages.com/2012-12-26/music/mn-original-leaps-forward/full/ \|title=''MN Original'' leaps forward \|last=Thompson \|first=Erik \|date=December 26, 2012 \|work=[[City Pages]] \|access-date=2016-10-06 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118170704/http://www.citypages.com/2012-12-26/music/mn-original-leaps-forward/full/ \|archive-date=January 18, 2013 \|df=mdy }}</ref> In 2012, she partnered with the "artisan cosmetic house" from Minnesota, Elixery, to create her own shade of lipstick, all of the proceeds of which were donated to [[CARE (relief agency)]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.elixery.com/dessa/\|title=Elixery presents: Dessa\|website=www.elixery.com\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> She was a contributing artist on the 2015 Saint Paul-based "Plume Project", a public art installment in which images and colors were projected onto steam rising from a smokestack in downtown Saint Paul and music and spoken-word pieces could be accessed by calling a phone number. Dessa read her poem "Circle Games".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/11/17/plume\|title=Plume Project aims to make art in St. Paul's sky\|first=Euan\|last=Kerr\|date=November 17, 2015 }}</ref> She had a flavor of [[ice cream]] named after her on July 27, 2016, by Izzy's Ice Cream, "Dessa’s Existential Crunch".<ref>{{cite web\|title=Izzy's announces 'Dessa's Existential Crunch' ice cream\|url=http://blog.thecurrent.org/2016/07/music-news-izzys-announces-dessas-existential-crunch-ice-cream/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224105035/https://www.thecurrent.org/feature/2016/07/19/music-news-izzys-announces-dessas-existential-crunch-ice-cream\|archive-date=December 24, 2021\|url-status=dead\|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio}}</ref> The same year, she contributed to ''[[The Hamilton Mixtape]]'' with her cover of the song "Congratulations.".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://blog.thecurrent.org/2016/12/hear-dessas-ferocious-song-on-the-hamilton-mixtape/\|title=Hear Dessa's ferocious song on "The Hamilton Mixtape"\|first=Cecilia\|last=Johnson}}</ref> Dessa collaborated with RockFilter Distillery in Spring Grove, MN, to release two bourbons, Dessa's Time and Distance and Dessa's Hand Shadow. Dessa has been involved with the popular fiction podcast [[Welcome to Night Vale]] as both a contributing writer and musical guest. Her first appearance was on the "Weather" segment of Episode 27, "First Date," which featured Doomtree's "Team The Best Team." She was the musical guest for Welcome to Night Vale's second anniversary live show, performing "Call Off Your Ghost" for its weather segment. She appeared again as part of Doomtree for episode 61, "Briny Depths", which featured "The Bends" as its Weather; her single "Fire Drills" was the Weather for episode 122, "A Story of Love and Horror, Part 2: 'Spire.'" In 2017, she co-wrote and acted in episode 113, "Niecelet," lending her voice to the character Sabina.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://feeds.nightvalepresents.com/welcometonightvalepodcast\|title=Welcome to Night Vale (RSS feed)\|website=feeds.nightvalepresents.com\|access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref> ===Notable performances=== [[File:2017Dessa.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Dessa performing at the [[Mayo Civic Center]] in 2017]] In April 2017, she headlined a show with the [[Minnesota Orchestra]], which featured new arrangements of her songs as well as a story performed in prose.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.startribune.com/dessa-gives-a-truly-brainy-performance-with-minnesota-orchestra/419612153/\|title=Dessa gives a truly brainy performance with Minnesota Orchestra\|first=Chris\|last=Riemenschneider\|website=[[Star Tribune]]\|date=April 17, 2017 }}</ref> She followed that set of performances with another two sold-out performances in October 2018, this time premiering new material from her album ''Chime''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/about/learn-more/press-room/press-releases/1949-dessa2018\|title=Minnesota Orchestra - Dessa Returns to Orchestra Hall for Concerts with the Minnesota Orchestra\|website=www.minnesotaorchestra.org\|access-date=January 5, 2019\|archive-date=December 18, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218010659/https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/about/learn-more/press-room/press-releases/1949-dessa2018\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2018, it was announced that Dessa would return for an additional two performances with the Minnesota Orchestra, on March 26 and 28, 2019; both performances were recorded to be released at a later date in collaboration with Doomtree Records.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.startribune.com/dessa-and-minnesota-orchestra-to-make-a-live-record-together-in-march-at-orchestra-hall/502942641/\|title=Dessa and Minnesota Orchestra to make a live record together in March at Orchestra Hall\|website=Star Tribune\|date=December 17, 2018 \|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> Dessa sang the National Anthem at the [[Minnesota Twins]] home opener on April 5, 2018.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-scene-dessa-to-sing-u-s-curlers-to-throw-pitch-before-twins-home-opener/477580413/\|title=Minnesota Scene: Dessa to sing, U.S. curlers to throw pitch before Twins' home opener\|website=[[Star Tribune]]\|date=March 22, 2018 }}</ref> And on July 28, 2018, she sang the National Anthem at the 2018 WNBA All-star game held in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://lynx.wnba.com/news/dessa-to-perform-national-anthem-at-verizon-wnba-all-star-game-2018/\|title=Dessa to Perform National Anthem at Verizon WNBA All-Star Game 2018\|website=Minnesota Lynx\|access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref> In August 2018, Dessa traveled with the Minnesota Orchestra as they went on a two-week, five-stop tour through [[South Africa]], reportedly the first tour of an American orchestra to the country, and helped document the trip for [[Minnesota Public Radio]] alongside MPR journalist and cultural critic Euan Kerr.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.classicalmpr.org/topic/southafrica\|title=Minnesota Orchestra in South Africa\|author1=Dessa\|author2=Kerr, Euan\|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio\|date=August 2018\|access-date=September 10, 2018\|archive-date=December 7, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207231005/https://www.classicalmpr.org/topic/southafrica\|url-status=dead}}</ref> U.S. Senator [[Amy Klobuchar]] used Dessa's song "Bullpen" as her [[campaign rally]] walk-on song during her [[Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign\|2020 run for the presidency]].{{citation needed\|date=November 2024}} ===''Deeply Human''=== Dessa is the host of the [[podcast]] ''Deeply Human''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.americanpublicmedia.org/blog/bbc-world-service-iheartmedia-and-american-public-media-first-ever-podcast-collaboration-deeply-human/\|title=BBC World Service, iHeartMedia and American Public Media first-ever podcast collaboration: Deeply Human\|publisher=American Public Media Group\|date=February 12, 2021}}</ref> The show explores questions about the inner self and takes a deep dive into the psychological, biological, and anthropological explanations of our common traits.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w13xtv0g\|title=Deeply Human\|publisher=BBC World Service\|date=March 7, 2021}}</ref> Episodes are anchored in her experience discovering the details of her own thoughts and actions. ''Deeply Human'' launched in March 2021 and is a co-production of the [[BBC World Service]], [[American Public Media]], and [[iHeartMedia]]. ==Discography== ===Solo studio albums=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" \|+ List of solo studio albums, with selected chart positions \|- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"\| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"\| Album details ! scope="col" colspan="4" \| Peak chart positions \|- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" \| [[Billboard 200\|US]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" \| [[Heatseekers Albums\|US Heat]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" \| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\|US Hip-Hop]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" \| [[Independent Albums\|US Indie]] \|- ! scope="row"\| ''[[A Badly Broken Code]]'' \| * Released: January 19, 2010 * Label: [[Doomtree Records]] * Formats: [[Compact disc\|CD]], [[Music download\|download]] \| – \|\| 13 \|\| 48 \|\| – \|- ! scope="row"\| ''[[Castor, the Twin]]'' \| * Released: October 4, 2011 * Label: Doomtree Records * Formats: [[Compact disc\|CD]], [[Music download\|download]] \| – \|\| 8 \|\| 26 \|\| 36 \|- ! scope="row"\| ''[[Parts of Speech (album)\|Parts of Speech]]'' \| * Released: June 25, 2013 * Label: Doomtree Records * Formats: [[Compact disc\|CD]], [[Music download\|download]], [[Vinyl record\|vinyl]] \| 74 \|\| – \|\| – \|\| 19 \|- ! scope="row"\| ''[[Chime (Dessa album)\|Chime]]'' \| * Released: February 23, 2018 * Label: Doomtree Records * Formats: [[Compact disc\|CD]], [[Music download\|download]], [[Vinyl record\|vinyl]] \| 139 \|\| – \|\| – \|\| 3 \|- ! scope="row"\| ''Bury the Lede'' \| * Released: September 29, 2023 * Label: Doomtree Records * Formats: [[Compact disc\|CD]], [[Music download\|download]], [[Vinyl record\|vinyl]] \| - \|\| – \|\| – \|\| - \|- \|} ===with Doomtree=== {{Main\|Doomtree#Discography\|l1=Doomtree discography}} ''[[Doomtree (album)\|Doomtree]]'' ([[Doomtree Records\|Doomtree]], 2008) ''[[No Kings (album)\|No Kings]]'' (Doomtree, 2011) ''[[All Hands (album)\|All Hands]]'' (Doomtree, 2015) ===EPs=== ''Apple S Apple Z'' (2003) <small>(with Medida)</small> ''Medida'' (2004) <small>(with Medida)</small> ''[[False Hopes (Dessa album)\|False Hopes]]'' (Doomtree, 2005) * ''Parts of Speech, Re-Edited'' (Doomtree, 2014) * ''Ides'' (Doomtree, 2021) ===Live albums=== * ''Sound the Bells'' (Doomtree, 2019) <small>(with the [[Minnesota Orchestra]])</small> ===Singles=== * "Matches to Paper Dolls ('Castor, the Twin' Mix)" (2013) * "Warsaw" (2013) * "Call Off Your Ghost" (2013) * "Quinine" (2016) * "Good Grief" (2017) * "Fire Drills" (2017) * "5 Out of 6" (2018) * "Grade School Games" (2019) * "Good For You" (2019) * "Tyranny" (2020) * "Rome" (2021) * [[Janet Yellen#In popular culture\|"Who's Yellen Now?"]] (2021) * "Bombs Away" (2021) * "Life on Land" (2021) * "Terry Gross" (2021) * "Talking Business" (2021) * "I Already Like You" (2021) * "LYTP" (2021) * "Blush" (2022) * "Hurricane Party / Chopper" (2023) * "Decoy" (2023) ===Guest appearances=== * [[Sims (rapper)\|Sims]] – "No Homeowners" from ''[[Lights Out Paris]]'' (2005) * Kanser – "No D in Erogenous" from ''Kanser'' (2005) * [[Paper Tiger (producer)\|Paper Tiger]] – "Speedmetal" from ''False Hopes'' (2007) * [[Mel Gibson and the Pants]] – "Bit of a Buzz" from ''Sea vs. Shining Sea'' (2007) * [[Heiruspecs]] – "Change Is Coming" from ''[[Heiruspecs (album)\|Heiruspecs]]'' (2008) * [[P.O.S (rapper)\|P.O.S]] – "Low Light Low Life" from ''[[Never Better (album)\|Never Better]]'' (2008) * Paper Tiger – "Palace" and "And the Camera" from ''Made Like Us'' (2010) * [[Lazerbeak]] – "Bound" from ''Legend Recognize Legend'' (2010) * [[Gayngs]] – "No Sweat" "Faded High" from ''Relayted'' (2010) * p-teK – "This Bridge Is Burning for You" from ''Oh! What a Miracle!'' (2011) * [[The Hamilton Mixtape\|Hamilton Mixtape]] – "Congratulations" from ''Hamilton Mixtape (2016)'' * [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]] – "Almost Like Praying" – Benefit single for [[Hurricane Maria]] Relief (2017) * Joey Van Phillips – "Broken Arrow" (with P.O.S.) from ''Punch Bowl'' (2017) * Cover version of [[the Mountain Goats]]' song "Balance" for [[I Only Listen to the Mountain Goats]] (2018) * [[Sims (rapper)\|Sims]] X [[Air Credits]] X [[Icetep]] – "Hologramme" from ''Artería Verité'' (2018) ==Bibliography== * ''Spiral Bound'' (2009) * ''Sleeping with Nikki'' (2011) * ''Are You Handsome'' (2013) * ''A Pound of Steam'' (2013) * ''My Own Devices: True Stories from the Road on Music, Science, and Senseless Love'' (Dutton, 2018) {{ISBN\|978-1524742294}})<ref name="auto"/> * ''Tits on the Moon'' (2022) ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website\|http://www.dessawander.com}} * [http://www.doomtree.net/dessa/ Dessa] on [[Doomtree]] * {{AllMusic\|class=artist\|id=mn0001047588\|label=Dessa}} * {{Discogs artist\|Dessa}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w13xtv0g Deeply Human podcast site] {{Doomtree}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Doomtree members]] [[Category:Alternative hip-hop musicians]] [[Category:21st-century American women rappers]] [[Category:Underground rappers]] [[Category:Midwest hip-hop musicians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:American hip-hop singers]] [[Category:Songwriters from Minnesota]] [[Category:American spoken word artists]] [[Category:American musicians of Puerto Rican descent]] [[Category:21st-century American rappers]] [[Category:Gayngs members]] [[Category:Rappers from Minneapolis]] [[Category:Hispanic and Latino American rappers]] [[Category:21st-century American women singers]]	1,302,099,826	[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Birth name": "Margret Wander", "Also known as": "Maggie Wander, Dessa Darling, Dessa Margret Wander", "Born": "May 23, 1981", "Origin": "Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.", "Genres": "Hip hop alternative hip hop", "Occupations": "Rapper singer producer writer record executive", "Years active": "2002\u2013present", "Labels": "Doomtree Records"}}, {"title": "Doomtree", "data": {"Studio albums": "Doomtree (2008) No Kings (2011) All Hands (2015)", "EPs": "False Hopes (2007) Affiliyated (2011)", "Singles": "\" Bangarang \" (2012)"}}]	false
# Gadhinglaj Gadhinglaj ([ɡəɖᵊɦiŋɡləd͡z]) is a city in India in the Kolhapur district in the southwest corner of the state of Maharashtra, India. It is located on the banks of the river Hiranyakeshi. It is the Taluka (Tehsil) headquarters of Gadhinglaj Taluka and a subdivision headquarters of the Gadhinglaj Subdivision of the Kolhapur District. It is governed by a municipal council. The rapidly growing city is the third largest in the Kolhapur District, with population of more than 50,000. Places to visit include Samagad fort, temples and beautiful weather. ## Geography Gadhinglaj is situated on the banks of the Hiranyakeshi river, which originates in the Amboli Ghats mountains. It is located at the border between Maharashtra and Karnataka. Maharashtra State Highway 134 passes through the city. Gadinglaj is the headquarters of South Kolhapur and a sub-district of the Kolhapur District. It is the largest city in South Kolhapur and has enough area and population to be deemed a district. The city is at an average elevation of 623 metres (2,044 ft). ## History Although the exact date of Gadhinglaj's founding is unknown, ancient texts date the city back to at least 1500 AD. Gadhinglaj was originally a small village near the banks of the Hiranyakeshi River. It was not until 1887, when the Gadhinglaj Municipal Council was formed, that it grew into a town. At that time the official name of the city was Hinglaj. During the 1960s and 1970s, the town expanded into a city and its local government grew correspondingly from a C-class municipal council to B-class municipal council. During the 1970s, Appasaheb Nalawade founded the Gadhinglaj Sugar Factory, which contributed to the city's industrial and agricultural growth. Since 2000, the city has seen a population and economic boom, with its population nearly tripling. It has become one of fastest growing cities in Maharashtra and India. During this time Gadhinglaj also saw a boom in its trade, business, financial, and real estate sectors. ## Demographics As of the 2001 Indian census, Gadhinglaj had a population of 27,185. However, the city and its surrounding areas has since increased to 80,000. Males constitute 51 percent of the population. Gadhinglaj has an average literacy rate of 80.91 percent, which is higher than the national average of 74.9 percent, with male literacy at 87.51 percent and female literacy at 74.5 percent. The dominant and most widely spoken language is Marathi. However, Kannada is also spoken due to the city's proximity to Karnataka. ## Religion The population of Gadhinglaj is mainly Hindu, with Islam as the largest minority religion. There are also Buddhists, Christians (Bardeskars), Sikhs, and others living in the city. ## Culture The main festivals of Gadhinglaj include the Hindu festivals of Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Vijayadashami, Navaratri and Holi (Festival of Colours). ## Civic Administration The civic administration of the city is managed by the Gadhinglaj nagar palika. It is among the wealthiest municipal councils of its classification in the country. It was founded on 1 August 1887, and oversees construction, health, sanitation, water supply, administration, and taxation in the city. Gadhinglaj is divided into 15 wards: Uparate Galli, Belgudri Colony, Bazaar Peth, Gune Path, Gandhinagar, Ayodhya Nagar, Magdum Colony, Manglewadi, Gaurav Nagar, Kaju Baug, Sadhana Nagar, Yamunanagar, KDCC Bank Colony, Gurukul Nagar, Gijawanenagar, Bhadagaonnagar, and Hiranyakeshinagar. Gadhinglaj operates its own fire department, the Gadhinglaj Municipal Fire Brigade, which operates a fire engine, tanker truck, ambulance, support vehicle, and hydraulic platform truck. Gadhinglaj Municipality (GMC) is headed by a municipal president who is assisted by a municipal chief officer and council members. The city's electrical supply is managed by the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited (MAHADISCOM). It maintains paved roads and civil facilities through tax revenues collected from various economic sectors. In 2008, Gadhinglaj was one of the first talukas in India to initiate energy conservation programmes through utilizing solar energy for its street lights. ## Economy Gadhinglaj's major businesses are trade, sugar production, and red chili production. Thanks to its proximity to Goa and Sindhudurg, it serves as a market hub. MIDC is developing heavy and light industry in the area. The trade sector of the city's economy is booming and eclipsed sugarcane and jaggery production as the city's biggest economic segment in 2000. Real estate is another prosperous sector in Gadhinglaj due to the city's booming trading and industrial sectors, ideal location and climate, developed infrastructure, and abundant electricity and water supply. These qualities have led to heavy investment in the city's real estate by outsiders, mainly from Kolhapur, Satara, Pune, Mumbai, and Nagpur. Gadhinglaj's agricultural sector is known for sugarcane, red chili, jaggery, food grains, and vegetables. Some parts of Sindhudurg district and Goa state heavily rely on Gadhinglaj for food grains and vegetables. Gadhinglaj has also been a major hub for cattle trading for many years. There are sugar mills situated 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the city. Textiles are also a major business in Gadhinglaj due to its proximity to textile-producing regions. The city is also known for its production of kolhapuri chappal (hand-crafted leather slippers). Many banks have a strong presence in Gadhinglaj city and the Gadhinglaj Taluka due to its large-scale trading sector and its textile and agricultural industries. Gadhinglaj features major banks including ICICI Bank, Bank of Maharashtra, State Bank of India, Union Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Federal Bank, Axis Bank, HDFC bank, Indian Overseas Bank, IDBI bank, and various local banks. ## MIDC The Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation Industrial Area is situated 75 kilometres (47 mi) south of Kolhapur and Kolhapur Airport, near Gadhinglaj. This industrial area is well connected by road, rail, and air transport to almost all Indian cities. The nearest railway station is 45 kilometres (28 mi) away, in Belgaum. The area is located on the Sankeshwar-Ajara-Sawantwadi state highway and is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from National Highway 4. The Karnataka state boundary is just 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from this area. The port and airport at Panjim (Goa) are 150 kilometres (93 mi) away. The area has a separate sub-station and an uninterrupted power supply. MIDC has plans for a water supply scheme that would source 3.00 MLD of water from the Gijawane K.T., the main source of which is the Chitri dam on the Hiranyakeshi River. The Grinex company pledged an investment of Rs 320 crores (US$60 million) in a production plant for the manufacturing of fibre pipes for the water supply. Many other small-scale and mid-scale industries have started or pledged to start production in the Gadhinglaj MIDC (GMIDC). ## Gandhinagar Gandhinagar is a planned, upper-class closed development of Gadhinglaj. When it was built in 1980, it became the first planned community in Gadhinglaj. It mainly consists of bungalows and high-rise housing societies. It includes high-class schools and hotels, as well as many other amenities such as a park, gym, community hospital, swimming pool, and community hall. It is governed by the Gandinagar Housing Society Corporation (GHSC). ## Expansion of Gadhinglaj City Municipal Limit In 2010, it was rumoured that the nagar palika of Gadhinglaj City was in process of expanding municipal limits by 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) towards Mahagaon. This would result in a very large increase in both area and population, with population increasing to 150,000. It would transform the Gadhinglaj Nagar Parished into a 'Class A' Nagar Palika, which would enable it to operate its own municipal public transportation system, among other services. This would improve Gadhinglaj's status as an economic hub in Kolhapur and South Maharashtra. In 2019, the area limits of Gadhinglaj city were expanded. The surrounding area of Badyachiwadi gram panchayat is now included in the limits of Gadhinglaj city. ## Education The literacy rate in Gadhinglaj city is 89.36%, which is higher than the state average of 82.34%. In Gadhinglaj, the male literacy is around 93.74% while female literacy rate is 85.03%. Gadhinglaj includes some of the most reputable educational institutions in India, and it serves as an educational hub in Maharashtra and India as a whole. Some of Gadhinglaj's educational institutions include: - Sarvodaya Vivek Jeevan Vidya Public School - Omkar Education Society's Arts, Commerce and Science College, Gadhinglaj - D. K. Shinde College of Education (B.Ed.) Gadhinglaj - Late Kedari Redekar Public School - Chhatrapati Shivaji Vidyalaya - Creative Pre-Primary School - Creative Primary School - Creative High School - Creative Jr. College Of Science - Barrister Nath Pai Vidyalaya - V.D. Shinde High School Shivraj College, Gadhinglaj - Shivraj College of Arts & Commerce and D.S. Kadam Science College. - Gadhinglaj High school and Jr College - Sadhana High School and College - Lotus English School Gadhinglaj - Jagruti High School and Jr. College - Sadhana Vidyalaya, - Dr. Ghali College - M.R. High School and Jr College - Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Polytechnic College - Sant Gajanan Maharaj College Of Engineering - Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Pharmacy and Medical - Kedari Redekar Ayurvedic College - E.B. Gadkari Homeopathy College - Dr. A. D. Shinde Institute of Technology - Roots and Wings, Early Childhood Education (Montessori based Pre-school) Archived 28 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine - Neora High School - Kalu Mastar Vidyalaya - Sai international School - New horizon School ## Tourist attractions in Gadhinglaj - Amboli, Sindhudurg - Sawant Fort , Smart city Gadhinglaj - Shree Somlingeshwar Temple, Madhyal (6 km) - Jotiba Temple, Kadgaon (4 km away) - Kalbhairav Temple - Mahalaxmi Temple - St. Anthony Church, Church Road Gadhinglaj - Shri. Chaloba Temple Kadal (12 km Away) - Ramling Temple, Virbhadra Temple, Laxmi Temple, Hanumaan Temple, and others around the town of Halkarni - The Samangad Fort, which belongs to the seventh Rasrakuta king Dantidurga or Dantivarma II, bears date sak 675 (A.D. 733-54)[6] - River Hiranyakeshi - Pargad (The hill Fort) around 75 km - Kasturba garden - Tilak garden - Rajarshi Shahu gardenShendri LakeShendri lake - Nakshatra Garden - Chitri Dam (near Ajra) - Laxmi Temple, Basarge - Kalavati Devi temple (Hari mandir), Chidambarnagar - Guddai Temple, Bhadgaon - Pant Maharaj Mandir, Mugali - Sai Temple, Lokamany tilak Udyan - Shri Kalleshwar Devasthan, Bhadgaon - Shri Guddadevi Mandir, Bhadgaon - Shri Kedarling Mandir, Gijawane - Shri Mahlaxi Mandir, Atyal - Mangai dam, Atyal - Shrimant Shri L. V. Desai (Bhadgaonkar Inamdarso) (Historical Place) Wada in Bhadgaon. - Kadal Lake - Shri Mangaidevi Temple Hiralage - Shri Jotibha Temple Hiralage[clarification needed] - Shri Amruteshwer Temple Ningudage (11 km) - Ganesh Temple, Inchnal - Shri Ramlingeshwar Temple, Hebbal Kanool (7 km) - Shri Sant Balumama Temple, Gadhinglaj ## Sports Gadhinglaj City has many sports facilities. These include a football stadium, numerous cricket grounds, and two sports complexes (one managed by the Municipal Council and the other by the Gadhinagar Housing Society Corporation). Both sports complexes include facilities for football, cricket, badminton, tennis, basketball, track, and swimming. The GHSC-run complex also includes an Olympic-sized swimming pool. Football is the most popular sport in Gadhinglaj. It has been played in the city since 1920. At the high school/college level Maharani Radhabhai High School (M.R.) is the strongest team in Kolhapur district. Ajit Krida Mandal started the tradition of the Interstate football tournament in Gadhinglaj on Diwali vacation. He organized this tournament for 20 years. After 1984, the Gadhinglaj Soccer Association and the Gadhinglaj Taluka Football Association maintained this Interstate tournament tradition. In 2004, the Gadhinglaj United Football Association took charge of organizing this tournament tradition. Gadhinglaj United upgrade the standard of tournament to all India level. Teams participating in the tournament include SBI Kerala, Goa Sporting Club, Pune Football Club, Bangalore's Hindustan Aeronautics & Bharat Earth Moving Limited (BEML) teams, the Karnataka Police team, and Mumbai's Oil Natural Gas Corporation team, which have participated in the tournament for the last 11 years. ## Transportation Gadhinglaj is connected to the rest of Maharashtra and India by the state highway system. It is situated on Maharashtra State Highway 134 and is about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from National Highway 4 (NH 4). MSRTC has regular bus service from Kolhapur city. Distances to nearest major airports - Dabolim Airport (Goa International Airport) : 160 kilometres (99 mi) - Belgaum Airport : 54 kilometres (34 mi) - Kolhapur Airport : 78 kilometres (48 mi) The nearest railway stations are located in Belgaum to the south, Ghataprabha to the east, Kolhapur to the north, and Savantwadi to the west.	enwiki/5726849	enwiki	5,726,849	Gadhinglaj	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadhinglaj	2025-07-23T18:57:06Z	en	Q1523294	108,429	{{Short description\|City in Maharashtra, India Rajvardhan Shailendra Patil live there}} {{About\|the City\|its eponymous Taluka\|Gadhinglaj Taluka}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2018}} {{Use Indian English\|date=December 2018}} {{more citations needed\|date=July 2013}} {{Infobox settlement \| name = Gadhinglaj \| nickname = Hinglaj, Smart City Gadhinglaj \| settlement_type = City \| image_skyline = \| image_alt = \| image_caption = \| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra \| pushpin_label_position = right \| pushpin_map_alt = \| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India \| coordinates = {{coord\|16.23\|N\|74.35\|E\|display=inline,title}} \| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Gadhinglaj.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Gadhinglaj]</ref> \| subdivision_type = Country \| subdivision_name = {{flag\|India}} \| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India\|State]] \| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]] \| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India\|District]] \| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolhapur district\|Kolhapur]] \| established_title = <!-- Established --> \| established_date = 1500 \| founder = \| named_for = Fort \| government_type = [[Municipal Council]] \| governing_body = Gadhinglaj Municipal Council \| unit_pref = Metric \| area_footnotes = \| area_rank = \| area_total_km2 = \| elevation_footnotes = \| elevation_m = 623 \| population_total =50,000 \| population_as_of = \| population_rank = \| population_density_km2 = auto \| population_demonym = Gadhinglajkar \| population_footnotes = \| demographics_type1 = Language \| demographics1_title1 = Official \| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language\|Marathi]] \| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time\|IST]] \| utc_offset1 = +5:30 \| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number\|PIN]] \| postal_code = 416502 \| area_code_type = Telephone code \| area_code = 02327 \| registration_plate = MH-09 \| footnotes = \| official_name = \| translit_lang1 = }} '''Gadhinglaj''' ([[Help:IPA/Marathi\|[ɡəɖᵊɦiŋɡləd͡z]]]) is a city in India in the [[Kolhapur district]] in the southwest corner of the [[States and union territories of India\|state]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located on the banks of the river [[Hiranyakeshi river\|Hiranyakeshi]]. It is the [[Taluka]] (Tehsil) headquarters of [[Gadhinglaj Taluka]] and a subdivision headquarters of the Gadhinglaj Subdivision of the Kolhapur District. It is governed by a [[municipal council]]. The rapidly growing city is the third largest in the Kolhapur District, with [[population]] of more than 50,000. Places to visit include [[Samangad\|Samagad fort]], temples and beautiful weather. ==Geography== Gadhinglaj is situated on the banks of the Hiranyakeshi river, which originates in the [[Amboli, Sindhudurg\|Amboli Ghats]] mountains. It is located at the border between Maharashtra and [[Karnataka]]. [[State Highway 134 (Maharashtra)\|Maharashtra State Highway 134]] passes through the city. Gadinglaj is the headquarters of South Kolhapur and a sub-district of the Kolhapur District. It is the largest city in South Kolhapur and has enough area and population to be deemed a district. The city is at an average elevation of {{convert\|623\|m\|ft}}. {{Geographic location \|Centre = Gadhinglaj \|North = [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]] \|Northeast = [[Nipani]] \|East = [[Sankeshwar]] \|Southeast = [[Mugruwadi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Belgaum]], [[Hubli]] \|South = [[Goa]], [[Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj]], [[Bhadgaon]] [[Nesari]], [[Chandgad]] \|Southwest = [[Goa]], [[Karwar]] \|West = [[Kadgaon]], [[Sawantwadi]] \|Northwest = [[Ratnagiri]] }} ==History== Although the exact date of Gadhinglaj's founding is unknown, ancient texts date the city back to at least 1500 [[Anno Domini\|AD]]. Gadhinglaj was originally a small village near the banks of the Hiranyakeshi River. It was not until 1887, when the Gadhinglaj Municipal Council was formed, that it grew into a town. At that time the official name of the city was Hinglaj. During the 1960s and 1970s, the town expanded into a city and its [[Municipal governance in India\|local government]] grew correspondingly from a C-class municipal council to B-class municipal council. During the 1970s, Appasaheb Nalawade founded the Gadhinglaj Sugar Factory, which contributed to the city's industrial and [[Agriculture\|agricultural]] growth. Since 2000, the city has seen a population and economic boom, with its population nearly tripling. It has become one of fastest growing cities in Maharashtra and India. During this time Gadhinglaj also saw a boom in its trade, business, financial, and [[real estate]] sectors. ==Demographics== As of the [[2001 Census of India\|2001 Indian census]], Gadhinglaj had a population of 27,185.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999\|archive-date=2004-06-16\|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\|access-date=2008-11-01\|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> However, the city and its surrounding areas has since increased to 80,000. Males constitute 51 percent of the population. Gadhinglaj has an average [[Literacy\|literacy rate]] of 80.91 percent, which is higher than the national average of 74.9 percent, with male literacy at 87.51 percent and female literacy at 74.5 percent. The dominant and most widely spoken language is [[Marathi language\|Marathi]]. However, [[Kannada language\|Kannada]] is also spoken due to the city's proximity to Karnataka. ==Religion== The population of Gadhinglaj is mainly [[Hindus\|Hindu]], with [[Islam]] as the largest minority religion. There are also [[Buddhism\|Buddhists]]{{citation needed\|date=February 2018}}, [[Christians]] (Bardeskars), [[Sikhs]]{{citation needed\|date=February 2018}}, and others living in the city. ==Culture== The main festivals of Gadhinglaj include the Hindu festivals of [[Diwali]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Navaratri]] and [[Holi]] (Festival of Colours). ==Civic Administration== The civic administration of the city is managed by the Gadhinglaj [[nagar palika]]. It is among the wealthiest municipal councils of its classification in the country. It was founded on 1 August 1887, and oversees [[construction]], [[Health care\|health]], [[sanitation]], [[water supply]], administration, and [[tax]]ation in the city. Gadhinglaj is divided into 15 wards: Uparate Galli, Belgudri Colony, Bazaar Peth, Gune Path, Gandhinagar, Ayodhya Nagar, Magdum Colony, Manglewadi, Gaurav Nagar, Kaju Baug, Sadhana Nagar, Yamunanagar, KDCC Bank Colony, Gurukul Nagar, Gijawanenagar, Bhadagaonnagar, and Hiranyakeshinagar. Gadhinglaj operates its own [[fire department]], the Gadhinglaj Municipal Fire Brigade, which operates a fire engine, tanker truck, [[ambulance]], support vehicle, and hydraulic platform truck. Gadhinglaj Municipality (GMC) is headed by a municipal president who is assisted by a municipal chief officer and council members.<ref>[http://gadhinglajpalika.org/comessage.html Gadhinglaj Municipal Council.] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602084410/http://gadhinglajpalika.org/comessage.html \|date=2009-06-02 }}</ref> The city's electrical supply is managed by the [[Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited]] (MAHADISCOM). It maintains paved roads and civil facilities through tax revenues collected from various economic sectors. In 2008, Gadhinglaj was one of the first talukas in India to initiate [[energy conservation]] programmes through utilizing [[solar energy]] for its [[street light]]s.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.mahaurja.com/PDF/List_WSH_MAH.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2010-08-24 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014125422/http://www.mahaurja.com/PDF/List_WSH_MAH.pdf \|archive-date=2009-10-14 }}</ref> ==Economy== Gadhinglaj's major businesses are trade, [[sugar]] production, and [[red chili]] production. Thanks to its proximity to [[Goa]] and [[Sindhudurg district\|Sindhudurg]], it serves as a market hub. [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation\|MIDC]] is developing heavy and light industry in the area. The [[trade]] sector of the city's economy is booming and eclipsed [[sugarcane]] and [[jaggery]] production as the city's biggest economic segment in 2000. [[Real estate]] is another prosperous sector in Gadhinglaj due to the city's booming trading and industrial sectors, ideal location and climate, developed infrastructure, and abundant [[Electricity sector in India\|electricity]] and water supply. These qualities have led to heavy investment in the city's real estate by outsiders, mainly from [[Kolhapur]], [[Satara (city)\|Satara]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Nagpur]]. Gadhinglaj's agricultural sector is known for sugarcane, red chili, jaggery, [[Grain\|food grains]], and [[vegetable]]s. Some parts of [[Sindhudurg district\|Sindhudurg]] district and Goa state heavily rely on Gadhinglaj for food grains and vegetables. Gadhinglaj has also been a major hub for [[cattle]] trading for many years. There are [[sugar mills]] situated {{convert\|6\|km\|mi}} from the city. [[Textile]]s are also a major business in Gadhinglaj due to its proximity to textile-producing regions. The city is also known for its production of [[kolhapuri chappal]] (hand-crafted [[leather]] slippers). Many [[bank]]s have a strong presence in Gadhinglaj city and the Gadhinglaj Taluka due to its large-scale trading sector and its textile and agricultural industries. Gadhinglaj features major banks including [[ICICI Bank]], Bank of Maharashtra, [[State Bank of India]], [[Union Bank of India]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Bank of India]], [[Federal Bank]], [[Axis Bank]], [[HDFC Bank\|HDFC bank]], [[Indian Overseas Bank]], [[IDBI Bank\|IDBI bank]], and various local banks. ==MIDC== The [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] Industrial Area is situated {{convert\|75\|km\|mi}} south of Kolhapur and [[Kolhapur Airport]], near Gadhinglaj. This industrial area is well connected by road, rail, and air transport to almost all Indian cities. The nearest railway station is {{convert\|45\|km\|mi}} away, in [[Belgaum]]. The area is located on the Sankeshwar-Ajara-Sawantwadi state highway and is {{convert\|15\|km\|mi}} from [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)\|National Highway 4]]. The Karnataka state boundary is just {{convert\|10\|km\|mi}} from this area. The [[port]] and airport at [[Panaji\|Panjim]] (Goa) are {{convert\|150\|km\|mi}} away. The area has a separate sub-station and an uninterrupted power supply. MIDC has plans for a water supply scheme that would source 3.00 MLD of water from the Gijawane K.T., the main source of which is the [[Chitri Dam\|Chitri dam]] on the [[Hiranyakeshi river\|Hiranyakeshi River]].<ref>[http://www.midcindia.org/Pages/IndustrialPage.aspx Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902172536/http://www.midcindia.org/Pages/IndustrialPage.aspx \|date=2010-09-02 }}</ref> The Grinex company pledged an investment of Rs 320 [[crore]]s ([[United States dollar\|US$]]60 million) in a production plant for the manufacturing of fibre pipes for the water supply. Many other small-scale and mid-scale industries have started or pledged to start production in the Gadhinglaj MIDC (GMIDC). ==Gandhinagar== Gandhinagar is a planned, upper-class closed development of Gadhinglaj. When it was built in 1980, it became the first [[planned community]] in Gadhinglaj. It mainly consists of [[bungalow]]s and high-rise housing societies. It includes high-class schools and hotels, as well as many other [[amenity\|amenities]] such as a park, gym, community hospital, [[swimming pool]], and [[Community centre\|community hall]]. It is governed by the Gandinagar Housing Society Corporation (GHSC). ==Expansion of Gadhinglaj City Municipal Limit== In 2010, it was rumoured that the nagar palika of Gadhinglaj City was in process of expanding municipal limits by {{convert\|10\|km\|mi}} towards [[Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj\|Mahagaon]].{{citation needed\|date=July 2013}} This would result in a very large increase in both area and population, with population increasing to 150,000. It would transform the Gadhinglaj Nagar Parished into a 'Class A' Nagar Palika, which would enable it to operate its own municipal [[public transport]]ation system, among other services. This would improve Gadhinglaj's status as an economic hub in Kolhapur and South Maharashtra. In 2019, the area limits of Gadhinglaj city were expanded. The surrounding area of Badyachiwadi gram panchayat is now included in the limits of Gadhinglaj city. ==Education== The literacy rate in Gadhinglaj city is 89.36%, which is higher than the state average of 82.34%. In Gadhinglaj, the male literacy is around 93.74% while female literacy rate is 85.03%. Gadhinglaj includes some of the most reputable educational institutions in India,{{citation needed\|date=October 2020}} and it serves as an educational hub in Maharashtra and India as a whole. Some of Gadhinglaj's educational institutions include: * Sarvodaya Vivek Jeevan Vidya Public School * Omkar Education Society's Arts, Commerce and Science College, Gadhinglaj * D. K. Shinde College of Education (B.Ed.) Gadhinglaj * Late Kedari Redekar Public School * Chhatrapati Shivaji Vidyalaya * Creative Pre-Primary School * Creative Primary School * Creative High School * Creative Jr. College Of Science * Barrister Nath Pai Vidyalaya * V.D. Shinde High School[[File:Shivraj College.jpg\|thumb\|354x354px\| Shivraj College, Gadhinglaj]] [http://www.shivraj.edu.in/ Shivraj College of Arts & Commerce and D.S. Kadam Science College]. Gadhinglaj High school and Jr College * Sadhana High School and College * Lotus English School Gadhinglaj * Jagruti High School and Jr. College * Sadhana Vidyalaya, * Dr. Ghali College * M.R. High School and Jr College * Sant Gajanan Maharaj Rural Polytechnic College * Sant Gajanan Maharaj College Of Engineering * Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Pharmacy and Medical * Kedari Redekar Ayurvedic College * E.B. Gadkari Homeopathy College * Dr. A. D. Shinde Institute of Technology * [http://www.rootsandwingsece.com/ Roots and Wings, Early Childhood Education (Montessori based Pre-school)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021414/http://www.rootsandwingsece.com/ \|date=28 March 2017 }} * Neora High School * Kalu Mastar Vidyalaya * Sai international School New horizon School ==Tourist attractions in Gadhinglaj== * [[Amboli, Sindhudurg]] * Sawant Fort , Smart city Gadhinglaj * Shree Somlingeshwar Temple, Madhyal (6 km) * Jotiba Temple, [[Kadgaon]] (4 km away) * Kalbhairav Temple * Mahalaxmi Temple * St. Anthony Church, Church Road Gadhinglaj * Shri. Chaloba Temple Kadal (12 km Away) * Ramling Temple, Virbhadra Temple, Laxmi Temple, Hanumaan Temple, and others around the town of [[Halkarni]] * The [[Samangad]] Fort, which belongs to the seventh Rasrakuta king Dantidurga or Dantivarma II, bears date sak 675 (A.D. 733-54)<ref>[http://kolhapur.nic.in/kolhapurgazetteer/his_early.html Kolhapur district gazettee]</ref> * River Hiranyakeshi * Pargad (The hill Fort) around 75 km * Kasturba garden * Tilak garden Rajarshi Shahu garden[[File:Shendri Lake.jpg\|thumb\|434x434px\|Shendri Lake]]Shendri lake Nakshatra Garden * Chitri Dam (near Ajra) * Laxmi Temple, Basarge * Kalavati Devi temple (Hari mandir), Chidambarnagar * Guddai Temple, Bhadgaon * Pant Maharaj Mandir, Mugali * Sai Temple, Lokamany tilak Udyan * Shri Kalleshwar Devasthan, Bhadgaon * Shri Guddadevi Mandir, Bhadgaon * Shri Kedarling Mandir, Gijawane * Shri Mahlaxi Mandir, Atyal * Mangai dam, Atyal * Shrimant Shri L. V. Desai (Bhadgaonkar Inamdarso) (Historical Place) Wada in Bhadgaon. * Kadal Lake * Shri Mangaidevi Temple Hiralage * Shri Jotibha Temple Hiralage{{Clarify\|can this also be spelled Jotbha\|date=April 2018}} * Shri Amruteshwer Temple Ningudage (11 km) * Ganesh Temple, Inchnal * Shri Ramlingeshwar Temple, Hebbal Kanool (7 km) [[File:Sant Shri Balumama Temple, Gadhinglaj.jpg\|thumb\|Shri Sant Balumama Temple.]] * Shri Sant Balumama Temple, Gadhinglaj [[File:Guddai Temple, Bhadgaon, Tal-Gadhinglaj.jpg\|thumb\|Guddai Temple, Bhadgaon, Tal-Gadhinglaj]] ==Sports== Gadhinglaj City has many sports facilities. These include a [[association football\|football]] stadium, numerous [[cricket]] grounds, and two sports complexes (one managed by the Municipal Council and the other by the Gadhinagar Housing Society Corporation). Both sports complexes include facilities for football, cricket, [[badminton]], [[tennis]], [[basketball]], [[Track and field\|track]], and [[swimming]]. The GHSC-run complex also includes an Olympic-sized swimming pool. Football is the most popular sport in Gadhinglaj. It has been played in the city since 1920. At the high school/college level Maharani Radhabhai High School (M.R.) is the strongest team in Kolhapur district. Ajit Krida Mandal started the tradition of the Interstate football tournament in Gadhinglaj on Diwali vacation. He organized this tournament for 20 years. After 1984, the Gadhinglaj Soccer Association and the Gadhinglaj Taluka Football Association maintained this Interstate tournament tradition. In 2004, the Gadhinglaj United Football Association took charge of organizing this tournament tradition. Gadhinglaj United upgrade the standard of tournament to all India level. Teams participating in the tournament include [[SBI Kerala (football team)\|SBI Kerala]], [[Goa football team\|Goa Sporting Club]], [[Pune F.C.\|Pune Football Club]], [[Bangalore]]'s [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited\|Hindustan Aeronautics]] & Bharat Earth Moving Limited (BEML) teams, the [[Karnataka Police]] team, and Mumbai's [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation\|Oil Natural Gas Corporation]] team, which have participated in the tournament for the last 11 years. ==Transportation== Gadhinglaj is connected to the rest of Maharashtra and India by the state highway system. It is situated on [[State Highway 134 (Maharashtra)\|Maharashtra State Highway 134]] and is about {{convert\|15\|km\|mi}} from [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)\|National Highway 4]] (NH 4). MSRTC has regular bus service from Kolhapur city. '''Distances to nearest major airports''' * [[Dabolim Airport]] (Goa International Airport) : {{convert\|160\|km\|mi}} * [[Belgaum Airport]] : {{convert\|54\|km\|mi}} * [[Kolhapur Airport]] : {{convert\|78\|km\|mi}} The nearest [[Indian Railways\|railway]] stations are located in [[Belgaum]] to the south, [[Ghataprabha]] to the east, [[Kolhapur]] to the north, and [[Savantwadi]] to the west. ==See also== [[Kaulage]] [[Narewadi]] * [[Kadgaon]] * [[Nesari]] * [[Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj]] * [[Harali]] * [[Mugruwadi]] * [[Halkarni]] * [[Terani]] * [[Gadhinglaj Taluka]] [[Bhadgoan]] [[Waghrali]] [[Ainapur, Kolhapur\|Ainapur]] [[Hiralage]] [[Harali Kh]] [[Harali Bk]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Kolhapur district topics}} [[Category:Cities and towns in Kolhapur district]]	1,302,160,378	[{"title": "Gadhinglaj", "data": {"Country": "India", "State": "Maharashtra", "District": "Kolhapur", "Named after": "Fort"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Type": "Municipal Council", "\u2022 Body": "Gadhinglaj Municipal Council", "Elevation": "623 m (2,044 ft)"}}, {"title": "Population", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "50,000", "Demonym": "Gadhinglajkar"}}, {"title": "Language", "data": {"\u2022 Official": "Marathi", "Time zone": "UTC+5:30 (IST)", "PIN": "416502", "Telephone code": "02327", "Vehicle registration": "MH-09"}}]	false
# Nandigram Assembly constituency Nandigram Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Purba Medinipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal. ## Overview As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 210 Nandigram Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Nandigram I and Nandigram II community development blocks. Nandigram Assembly constituency is part of No. 30 Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency). ## Members of the Legislative Assembly ### 1951 to 1967 (Nandigram North and Nandigram South) \| Election Year \| Constituency \| Name of M.L.A. \| Party Affiliation \| \| ------------- \| --------------- \| -------------------- \| ------------------------ \| \| 1951 \| Nandigram North \| Subodh Chandra Maity \| Indian National Congress \| \| 1951 \| Nandigram South \| Prabir Chandra Jana \| Indian National Congress \| \| 1957 \| Nandigram North \| Subodh Chandra Maity \| Indian National Congress \| \| 1957 \| Nandigram South \| Bhupal Chandra Panda \| Communist Party of India \| \| 1962 \| Nandigram North \| Subodh Chandra Maity \| Indian National Congress \| \| 1962 \| Nandigram South \| Prabir Chandra Jana \| Indian National Congress \| ### 1967 to present (as Nandigram) \| Election \| Member \| Party \| Party \| \| ------------------ \| ---------------------- \| ----- \| ------------------------ \| \| 1967 \| Bhupal Chandra Panda \| \| Communist Party of India \| \| 1969 \| Bhupal Chandra Panda \| \| Communist Party of India \| \| 1971 \| Bhupal Chandra Panda \| \| Communist Party of India \| \| 1972 \| Bhupal Chandra Panda \| \| Communist Party of India \| \| 1977 \| Prabir Jana \| \| Janata Party \| \| 1982 \| Bhupal Chandra Panda \| \| Communist Party of India \| \| 1987 \| Sakti Bal \| \| Communist Party of India \| \| 1991 \| Sakti Bal \| \| Communist Party of India \| \| 1996 \| Debi Sankar Panda \| \| Indian National Congress \| \| 2001 \| Sheikh Mohammad Illias \| \| Communist Party of India \| \| 2006 \| Sheikh Mohammad Illias \| \| Communist Party of India \| \| 2009 (By-election) \| Firoja Bibi \| \| Trinamool Congress \| \| 2011 \| Firoja Bibi \| \| Trinamool Congress \| \| 2016 \| Suvendu Adhikari \| \| Trinamool Congress \| \| 2021 \| Suvendu Adhikari \| \| Bharatiya Janata Party \| ## Election results ### 2021 In the 2021 elections, Suvendu Adhikari of BJP defeated his nearest rival and incumbent chief minister Mamata Banerjee of TMC. At First, Election commison declared Mamata Banerjee won this seat. But, after some moment they changed their decision and declared that Suvendu Adhikary won. For this event, Mamata Banerjee filed a case Against this result. \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| -------- \| ------------------ \| ------------------ \| -------- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| \| BJP \| Suvendu Adhikari \| 110,764 \| 48.49 \| 43.09 \| \| \| AITC \| Mamata Banerjee \| 108,808 \| 47.64 \| 19.56 \| \| \| CPI(M) \| Minakshi Mukherjee \| 6,267 \| 2.74 \| 23.96 \| \| \| NOTA \| None of the Above \| 1,090 \| 0.48 \| 0.15 \| \| Majority \| Majority \| Majority \| 1,956 \| 0.85 \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 2,28,467 \| 88.55 \| 1.58 \| \| \| BJP gain from AITC \| BJP gain from AITC \| Swing \| \| \| ### 2016 In the 2016 elections, Suvendu Adhikari of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Abdul Kabir Sekh of CPI. \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| -------- \| --------- \| ----------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| --- \| \| \| AITC \| Suvendu Adhikari \| 134,623 \| 67.20 \| \| \| \| CPI \| Abdul Kabir Sekh \| 53,393 \| 26.70 \| \| \| \| BJP \| Bijon Kumar Das \| 10,713 \| 5.40 \| \| \| \| SUCI(C) \| Bappaditya Nayak \| 828 \| 0.40 \| \| \| \| BNP \| Ram Mohan Maity \| 717 \| 0.40 \| \| \| \| NOTA \| None of the Above \| 1278 \| 0.63 \| N/A \| \| Majority \| Majority \| Majority \| 81,230 \| 40.60 \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 2,01,659 \| 86.97 \| \| \| \| AITC hold \| AITC hold \| Swing \| \| \| ### 2011 In the 2011 elections, Firoja Bibi of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival Paramananda Bharati of CPI. \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| -------- \| --------- \| ------------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| \| AITC \| Firoja Bibi \| 103,300 \| 61.21 \| +2.93 \| \| \| CPI \| Paramananda Bharati \| 59,660 \| 35.35 \| −4.00 \| \| \| BJP \| Bijan Kumar Das \| 5,813 \| 1.72 \| \| \| \| PDCI \| Mehedi Masud Sekh \| 2,898 \| 1.69 \| \| \| Majority \| Majority \| Majority \| 43,640 \| 25.42 \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 1,71,671 \| 87.93 \| \| \| \| AITC hold \| AITC hold \| Swing \| \| \| #### 2009 by-election The bypoll to the Nandigram Occurred On 5 January 2009 Due To Resignation of the sitting MLA of CPI Md. Iliyas Sk. \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| -------- \| ------------------ \| ------------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| ------ \| \| \| AITC \| Firoja Bibi \| 93,022 \| 58.28 \| +12.41 \| \| \| CPI \| Paramananda Bharati \| 53,473 \| 39.35 \| −13.36 \| \| \| BJP \| Bijan Kumar Das \| 9,813 \| 1.72 \| \| \| Majority \| Majority \| Majority \| 39,549 \| 23.43 \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 1,53,407 \| 84.75 \| \| \| \| AITC gain from CPI \| AITC gain from CPI \| Swing \| 25.77 \| \| . Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together, as well as the CPI vote percentage, in 2006. Data for comparison not available for the 2009 by-election. ### 2006 - Sheikh Mohammad Illias (CPI): 69,376 votes[29] - Sk Supian (AITC): 64,553 - Anwar Ali (Congress): 4,943 votes ### 1996 - Debisankar Panda (Congress): 61,885 votes[29] - Sakti Bal (CPI): 61747 - Joydeb Satpati (BJP): 1,508 votes ### 1977–2009 In the bye election, necessitated by the resignation of the sitting MLA Sheikh Mohammad Illias on corruption charges, held in January 2009 in the background of Nandigram violence, Firoja Bibi of Trinamool Congress defeated Paramananda Bharati of CPI. In the 2006 and 2001 state assembly elections, Sheikh Mohammad Illias of CPI won the 206 Nandigram assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Sk. Supian of Trinamool Congress in 2006 and Sunil Baran Maiti of Trinamool Congress in 2001. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Debisankar Panda of Congress defeated Sakti Bal of CPI in 1996. Sakti Bal of CPI defeated Debi Sankar Panda of Congress in 1991 and 1987. Bhupal Chandra Panda of CPI defeated Ramesh Chandra Gharai of Congress in 1982. Prabir Jana of Janata Party defeated Bhupal Chandra Panda of CPI in 1977. ### 1967–1972 Bhupal Chandra Panda of CPI won in 1972, 1971, 1969 and 1967. Prior to that Nandigram had two seats, Nandigram North and Nandigram South. ### 1951–1962 Nandigram North Subodh Chandra Maity of Congress won in 1962, 1957 and in independent India's first election in 1951. ### 1951–1962 Nandigram South Prabir Chandra Jana of Congress won in 1962. Bhupal Chandra Panda of CPI won in 1957. In independent India's first election in 1951, Prabir Chandra Jana of Congress won the Nandigram South seat.	enwiki/30028251	enwiki	30,028,251	Nandigram Assembly constituency	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandigram_Assembly_constituency	2025-07-27T15:57:17Z	en	Q6963306	235,779	{{About\|the assembly constituency in West Bengal, India\|its namesake community development block\|Nandigram I\|its another namesake community development block\|Nandigram II\|}} {{Use Indian English\|date=January 2021}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}} {{Infobox Indian constituency \| name = Nandigram \| type = SLA \| incumbent_image = Shri Suvendu Adhikari BJP.jpg \| map_image = {{Maplink\|frame=yes\|plain=y\|frame-width=300\|frame-height=300\|frame-align=center\|type=shape\|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Nandigram.map}} \| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nandigram Assembly Constituency \| map_alt = \| mla = [[Suvendu Adhikari]] \| party = {{Party index link\|Bharatiya Janata Party}} \| alliance = {{Party index link\|National Democratic Alliance}} \| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|2021]] \| state = [[West Bengal]] \| district = [[Purba Medinipur district\|Purba Medinipur]] \| loksabha_cons = [[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency\|Tamluk]] \| constituency_no = 210 \| established = 1951 \| electors = 196,158 \| reservation = None \| abolished = }} '''Nandigram Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha\|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India\|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. ==Overview== As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India\|Delimitation Commission]], No. 210 Nandigram Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Nandigram I]] and [[Nandigram II]] [[Community Development Block in India\|community development blocks]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf \| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 \| access-date= 6 August 2015\| work = West Bengal\| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref> Nandigram Assembly constituency is part of No. 30 [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> == Members of the Legislative Assembly == ===1951 to 1967 (Nandigram North and Nandigram South) === {\| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw \|- ! Election<br /> Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party Affiliation \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1951]]\|\|Nandigram North\|\|Subodh Chandra Maity\|\|Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. 176 \|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|- \|Nandigram South\|\|Prabir Chandra Jana\|\|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952/> \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1957]]\|\|Nandigram North\|\|Subodh Chandra Maity\|\|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 129\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|- \|Nandigram South\|\|[[Bhupal Chandra Panda]]\|\|[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1962]]\|\|Nandigram North\|\|Subodh Chandra Maity\|\|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web\| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 127\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|- \|Nandigram South\|\|Prabir Chandra Jana\|\|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> \|} ===1967 to present (as Nandigram)=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- !Election !Member !colspan="2"\|Party \|- \| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1967]] \|rowspan=4\|[[Bhupal Chandra Panda]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web\| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 146\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|{{Full party name with color\|Communist Party of India\|rowspan=4}} \|- \| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1969]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web\| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf\|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 146\|publisher= Election Commission \|access-date = 2 December 2014}}</ref> \|- \| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1971]]<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web\| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 144\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|- \| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1972]]<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web\| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf \|title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 144\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|- \| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1977]] \| [[Prabir Jana]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|{{Full party name with color\|Janata Party}} \|- \| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1982]] \| [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]]<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \| {{Full party name with color\|Communist Party of India\|rowspan=3}} \|- \| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1987]] \| rowspan=2\|[[Sakti Bal]]<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web\| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|- \| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1991]]<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf\|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|- \| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|1996]] \| [[Debi Sankar Panda]]<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|{{Full party name with color\|Indian National Congress}} \|- \| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|2001]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web\| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|rowspan=2\| [[Sheikh Mohammad Illias]] \| {{Full party name with color\|Communist Party of India\|rowspan=2}} \|- \| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|2006]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news \|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cpi-mla-from-nandigram-resigns-over-bribery-charge/359842/ \|title = CPI MLA from Nandigram resigns over bribery charge \|publisher = The Indian Express, 11 September 2008\| access-date=2010-12-10 }}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web\| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf \|title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154\|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref> \|- \| [[2009 elections in India\|2009 (By-election)]] \| rowspan=2\| [[Firoja Bibi]] \| {{Full party name with color\|Trinamool Congress\|rowspan=3}} \|- \| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|2011]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web\| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf\|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal \| work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No \|publisher= Election Commission \| access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> \|- \| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|2016]] \| rowspan=2\|[[Suvendu Adhikari]] \|- \| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election\|2021]] \| rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color\|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" \| \| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] \|- \|} ==Election results== ===2021=== {{Main\|2021 Nandigram Assembly election}} In the 2021 elections, [[Suvendu Adhikari]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party\|BJP]] defeated his nearest rival and incumbent chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] of [[Trinamool Congress\|TMC]]. At First, Election commison declared Mamata Banerjee won this seat. But, after some moment they changed their decision and declared that Suvendu Adhikary won. For this event, Mamata Banerjee filed a case Against this result.{{Election box begin \| title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nandigram]]<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-05-02\|title=Nandigram: After Hours of Confusion, BJP's Suvendu Adhikari Emerges Winner\|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari\|work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Election Commission of India\|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210\|access-date=2021-05-02\|website=results.eci.gov.in\|archive-date=3 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Nandigram Election Result 2021 LIVE: Nandigram MLA Election Result & Vote Share\|url=https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/\|work=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Nandigram Assembly Election Results 2021 LIVE - Nandigram Vidhan Sabha Election Results\|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/nandigram-west-bengal-election-result-2021\|work=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=210\|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/UploadFiles/AE2021/Form20/210_Form20.pdf\|work=Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal\|access-date=2021-11-17}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link \|party = Bharatiya Janata Party \|candidate = [[Suvendu Adhikari]] \|votes = 110,764 \|percentage = 48.49 \|change = {{increase}}43.09 }} {{Election box candidate with party link\|party=Trinamool Congress\|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]\|votes=108,808\|percentage=47.64\|change={{decrease}}19.56}} {{Election box candidate with party link\|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)\|candidate=[[Minakshi Mukherjee]]\|votes=6,267\|percentage=2.74\|change={{decrease}}23.96}} {{Election box candidate with party link\|party=None of the above\|candidate=None of the Above\|votes=1,090\|percentage=0.48\|change={{decrease}}0.15}} {{Election box majority\|votes=1,956\|percentage=0.85\|change=}} {{Election box turnout\|votes=2,28,467\|percentage=88.55\|change={{increase}}1.58}} {{Election box gain with party link \|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party \|loser = Trinamool Congress \|swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===2016=== In the 2016 elections, [[Suvendu Adhikari]] of [[Trinamool Congress]] defeated his nearest rival Abdul Kabir Sekh of [[Communist Party of India\|CPI]]. {{Election box begin \| title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nandigram]]<ref name="Nandigram" /><ref>{{cite web\| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=210\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164924/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=210\| url-status = usurped\| archive-date = 19 May 2012\|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 \|work = Nandigram\| publisher =Empowering India \|access-date = 2011-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf \|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 \|work = Nandigram \|publisher = Election Commission of India \|access-date = 2011-05-01 \|url-status = dead \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf \|archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link \|party = All India Trinamool Congress \|candidate = [[Suvendu Adhikari]] \|votes = 134,623 \|percentage = 67.20 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link \|party = Communist Party of India \|candidate = Abdul Kabir Sekh \|votes = 53,393 \|percentage = 26.70 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link \|party = Bharatiya Janata Party \|candidate = Bijon Kumar Das \|votes = 10,713 \|percentage = 5.40 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link \|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) \|candidate = Bappaditya Nayak \|votes = 828 \|percentage = 0.40 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link \|party = Bharatiya Navshakti Party \|candidate = Ram Mohan Maity \|votes = 717 \|percentage = 0.40 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link \|party = None of the above \|candidate = None of the Above \|votes = 1278 \|percentage = 0.63 \|change = ''N/A'' }} {{Election box majority \|votes = 81,230 \|percentage = 40.60 \|change = }} {{Election box turnout \|votes = 2,01,659 \|percentage = 86.97 \|change = }} {{Election box hold with party link \|winner = All India Trinamool Congress \|swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===2011=== In the 2011 elections, [[Firoja Bibi]] of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival Paramananda Bharati of CPI. {{Election box begin\|title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nandigram]]<ref name="Nandigram">{{cite web\|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm\|title=Nandigram\|work=Assembly Elections May 2011 Results\|publisher=Election Commission of India\|access-date=2011-05-17\|archive-date=16 May 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050812/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=210\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164924/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=210\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=19 May 2012\|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011\|work=Nandigram\|publisher=Empowering India\|access-date=2011-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf\|title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011\|work=Nandigram\|publisher=Election Commission of India\|access-date =2011-05-01\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf\|archive-date=2011-09-12}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link\|party=All India Trinamool Congress\|candidate=[[Firoja Bibi]]\|votes=103,300\|percentage=61.21\|change=+2.93}} {{Election box candidate with party link\|party=Communist Party of India\|candidate=Paramananda Bharati\|votes=59,660\|percentage=35.35\|change=-4.00}} {{Election box candidate with party link\|party=Bharatiya Janata Party\|candidate=Bijan Kumar Das\|votes=5,813\|percentage=1.72\|change=}} {{Election box candidate \|party = PDCI \|candidate = Mehedi Masud Sekh \|votes = 2,898 \|percentage = 1.69 \|change = }} {{Election box majority\|votes=43,640\|percentage=25.42\|change=}} {{Election box turnout\|votes=1,71,671\|percentage=87.93\|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link \|winner = All India Trinamool Congress \|swing = }} {{Election box end}} ====2009 by-election==== The bypoll to the Nandigram Occurred On 5 January 2009 Due To Resignation of the sitting MLA of CPI Md. Iliyas Sk. {{Election box begin \| title=Bye election, 2009: Nandigram<ref name=vidhansabha2011by>{{cite web\| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/mamata-banerjee-wins-assembly-bypoll_591641.html \| title = Mamata Banerjee wins assembly bypoll \| access-date = 28 September 2011 \| publisher = PTI, 28 September 2011 }}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link \|party = All India Trinamool Congress \|candidate = [[Firoja Bibi]] \|votes = 93,022 \|percentage = 58.28 \|change = +12.41 }} {{Election box candidate with party link \|party = Communist Party of India \|candidate = Paramananda Bharati \|votes = 53,473 \|percentage = 39.35 \|change = -13.36 }} {{Election box candidate with party link \|party = Bharatiya Janata Party \|candidate = Bijan Kumar Das \|votes = 9,813 \|percentage = 1.72 \|change = }} {{Election box majority \|votes = 39,549 \|percentage = 23.43 \|change = }} {{Election box turnout \|votes = 1,53,407 \|percentage = 84.75 \|change = }} {{Election box gain with party link \|winner = All India Trinamool Congress \|loser = Communist Party of India \|swing = 25.77 }} {{Election box end}} <small>. Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together, as well as the CPI vote percentage, in 2006. Data for comparison not available for the 2009 by-election.</small> ===2006=== * [[Sheikh Mohammad Illias]] (CPI): 69,376 votes<ref name="resultuniversity.com">{{Cite web\|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nandigram-west-bengal-assembly-constituency\|title=Nandigram Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency\|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> * Sk Supian (AITC): 64,553 * Anwar Ali (Congress): 4,943 votes ===1996=== * Debisankar Panda (Congress): 61,885 votes<ref name="resultuniversity.com"/> * Sakti Bal (CPI): 61747 * Joydeb Satpati (BJP): 1,508 votes ===1977–2009=== In the bye election, necessitated by the resignation of the sitting MLA [[Sheikh Mohammad Illias]] on corruption charges, held in January 2009 in the background of [[Nandigram violence]], Firoja Bibi of [[All India Trinamool Congress\|Trinamool Congress]] defeated Paramananda Bharati of [[Communist Party of India\|CPI]].<ref>{{cite news \|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901091322.htm \|title = State By-Elections 2009 – Trinamool Congress wins Nandigram bypoll \|publisher = The Hindu, 9 January 2009 \|access-date = 2010-12-10 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100615053836/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901091322.htm \|archive-date = 15 June 2010 \|url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com"/> In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election\|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections, [[Sheikh Mohammad Illias]] of CPI won the 206 Nandigram assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Sk. Supian of Trinamool Congress in 2006 and Sunil Baran Maiti of Trinamool Congress in 2001. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Debisankar Panda of [[Indian National Congress\|Congress]] defeated Sakti Bal of CPI in 1996. Sakti Bal of CPI defeated Debi Sankar Panda of Congress in 1991 and 1987. Bhupal Chandra Panda of CPI defeated Ramesh Chandra Gharai of Congress in 1982. Prabir Jana of [[Janata Party]] defeated [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]] of CPI in 1977.<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp206.htm \|title = 206 – Nandigram Assembly Constituency \|work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 \| publisher = Election Commission of India\|access-date = 2010-12-07}}</ref> ===1967–1972=== [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]] of CPI won in 1972, 1971, 1969 and 1967. Prior to that Nandigram had two seats, Nandigram North and Nandigram South.<ref name=archive>{{cite web \| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp \| title = Statistical Reports of Elections \| access-date = 2010-12-01 \| work = General Election Results and Statistics \| publisher = Election Commission of India \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp \| archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref> ===1951–1962 Nandigram North=== Subodh Chandra Maity of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election\|1962]], [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election\|1957]] and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election\|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=archive/> ===1951–1962 Nandigram South=== Prabir Chandra Jana of Congress won in 1962. [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]] of CPI won in 1957. In independent India's first election in 1951, Prabir Chandra Jana of Congress won the Nandigram South seat.<ref name=archive/> ==See also== * [[2021 Nandigram controversy]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Purba Medinipur topics}} {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}} {{West Bengal elections}} [[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]] [[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]] [[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]] [[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]	1,302,813,982	[{"title": "Constituency details", "data": {"Country": "India", "Region": "East India", "State": "West Bengal", "District": "Purba Medinipur", "Lok Sabha constituency": "Tamluk", "Established": "1951", "Total electors": "196,158", "Reservation": "None"}}, {"title": "Member of Legislative Assembly", "data": {"Member of Legislative Assembly": ["17th West Bengal Legislative Assembly", "Incumbent Suvendu Adhikari"], "Party": "BJP", "Alliance": "NDA", "Elected year": "2021"}}]	false
# Red Tory A Red Tory is an adherent of a centre-right or paternalistic-conservative political philosophy derived from the Tory tradition. It is most predominant in Canada; however, it is also found in the United Kingdom, where it is more commonly known as one nation conservatism. This philosophy tends to favour communitarian social policies, while maintaining a degree of fiscal discipline and a respect of social and political order. It is contrasted with "Blue Tory" or "High Tory". Some Red Tories view themselves as small-c conservatives. In Canada, Red Toryism is found in provincial and federal Conservative political parties. The history of Red Toryism marks differences in the development of the political cultures of Canada and the United States. Canadian conservatism and American conservatism have been different from each other in fundamental ways, including their stances on social issues and the role of government in society. Red Tory governments in Canada, such as those of John A. Macdonald, Robert Borden, and John Diefenbaker, were known for supporting an active role for the government in the economy. This included the creation of government-owned and operated Crown Corporations such as the Canadian National Railway, and the development and protection of Canadian industries with programs such as the National Policy. The adjective "red" refers to the economically left-leaning nature of Red Toryism in comparison with Blue Toryism, since socialist and other leftist parties have traditionally used the colour red. In Canada today, however, red is commonly associated with the Liberal Party. The term reflects the broad ideological range traditionally found within conservatism in Canada. ## Canada ### Philosophy Historically, Canadian conservatism has been derived from the Tory tradition, with a distinctive concern for a balance between individual rights and collectivism, as mediated through a traditional pre-industrial standard of morality – which has never been as evident in American conservatism. Red Toryism derives largely from a classical conservative tradition that maintained that the unequal division of wealth and political privilege among social classes can be justified if members of the privileged class practiced noblesse oblige and contributed to the common good. Red Tories supported traditional institutions such as religion and the monarchy, and maintenance of the social order. This position was later manifested in their support for some aspects of the welfare state. This belief in a common good, as expanded on in Colin Campbell and William Christian's Political Parties and Ideologies in Canada, is at the root of Red Toryism. ### Origins In distinction to the American experience where class divisions were seen as undemocratic (although still existing), Canadian Tories adopted a more paternalistic view of government. Monarchy, public order and good government – understood as dedication to the common good – preceded, moderated and balanced a belief in individual rights and liberty. Anthony Hall has argued that Red Toryism in Canada developed specifically in opposition to the American Revolution and its ideology. This type of Canadian conservatism is derived largely from the Tory tradition developed by English conservative thinkers and statesmen such as Richard Hooker; the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury; and Benjamin Disraeli, later the first Earl of Beaconsfield. The primary influences on Canadian Toryism in the Victorian age were Disraeli's One Nation Conservatism and the radical Toryism advocated by Lord Randolph Churchill. Inherent in these Tory traditions was the ideal of noblesse oblige and a conservative communitarianism. In Victorian times, these ideas were the pre-eminent strains of conservative thought in the British Empire, and were advanced by many in the Tory faction of John A. Macdonald's conservative coalition in the Canadas. None of this lineage denies that Tory traditions of communitarianism and collectivism had existed in the British North American colonies since the Loyalist exodus from the American colonies between 1776 and 1796. It is this aspect that is one of the primary points of difference between the conservative political cultures of Canada and the United States. The explicit notion of a "Red" Toryism was developed by Gad Horowitz in the 1960s, who argued that there was a significant Tory ideology in Canada. This vision contrasted Canada with the United States, which was seen as lacking this collectivist tradition because it was expunged from the American political culture after the American Revolution and the exodus of the United Empire Loyalists. Horowitz argued that Canada's stronger socialist movement grew from Toryism, and that this explains why socialism has never had much electoral success in the United States. This also meant that Canadian conceptions of liberty were more collective and communitarian, and could be seen as more directly derivative of the English tradition, than that of American practices and theories. Horowitz identified George Grant and Eugene Forsey as exemplars of this strain of thought, which saw a central role for Christianity in public affairs and was profoundly critical of capitalism and the dominant business élites. Forsey became a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member, while Grant remained a Conservative – although he became disdainful of an overall shift in policy toward liberal economics and continentalism, something Forsey saw happening decades earlier. When the Conservative government of John Diefenbaker fell in 1963, largely due to the BOMARC controversy, Grant wrote Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism, a book about the nature of traditional Canadian nationhood and independence that would become a lodestar of Red Toryism. Grant defined an essential difference between the founding of the Canadian and American nations when he wrote "Canada was predicated on the rights of nations as well as on the rights of individuals." This definition recognized Canada's multi-faceted founding nature as an English-speaking, aboriginal and Francophone nation. ### Predominance and decline Many of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's leaders have been labelled 'Red Tories', including Sir Robert Borden, John Diefenbaker, Robert Stanfield and Joe Clark. Many others have been influential as cabinet ministers and thinkers, such as Davie Fulton, Dalton Camp, Roy McMurtry and John Farthing. The main bastions of Red Toryism were Ontario, the Atlantic provinces and urban Manitoba, areas where the Red Tories dominated provincial politics, and in some federal elections Quebec, where the federal PC party operated largely separately from provincial politics. During 42 years, the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario was led by Red Tories such as George A. Drew, Leslie Frost, John Robarts and Bill Davis, all of which supported increased funding for infrastructure, health care and education. Throughout the Atlantic provinces, traditional Red Tories are the dominant force in the provincial Progressive Conservative parties because of their support of the welfare state. As premier of Nova Scotia from 1956 to 1967, Red Tory Robert Stanfield introduced reforms for education, health care and civil liberties. The Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta included a broad spectrum from Red Tories to social conservatives, but Peter Lougheed who led the party from 1968 to 1985 and was Premier from 1971 to 1985 was a Red Tory and Lougheed's tenure was characterized by active economic measures and social reforms. In the 50's and 60's, Manitoba saw great prosperity in economic and social reforms thanks to the leadership of Premier Dufferin Roblin, a Red Tory, who governed to the left of the previous government led by Douglas Campbell, the leader of the Liberal-Progressive coalition. The dominance of Red Toryism can be seen as a part of the international post-war consensus that saw the welfare state embraced by the major parties of most of the western world. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, the federal Progressive Conservative Party suffered a string of electoral defeats under Red Tory leaders Robert Stanfield and Joe Clark. Pressure began to grow within the party for a new approach. Clark's leadership was successfully challenged, and in the 1983 PC leadership convention, members endorsed Brian Mulroney who rejected free trade with the United States as proposed by another Blue Tory candidate, John Crosbie. Despite this early perception, the eagerness in which Mulroney's ministry embraced the Macdonald Commission's advocacy of bilateral free trade would come to indicate a sharp drift toward libertarian or liberal economic policies, comparable to such contemporaries as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. Following Mulroney, the Canadian conservative movement suffered a profound schism in the 1993 election, splitting into the distinct Progressive Conservative and Reform parties. The Red Tory tradition remained loyal to the Progressive Conservatives, while many "blue" Tories aligned with social conservatives in the Reform Party. Various Unite the Right efforts achieved only modest success in the 1990s and early 2000s – most notably, while the creation of the Canadian Alliance in 2000 attracted a small number of Progressive Conservatives, it failed to attract those in the Red Tory tradition or to replace the Progressive Conservatives. Following the victory of Peter MacKay at the 2003 PC convention, and in violation of an informal contract signed with rival candidate David Orchard, MacKay merged the Tories with Stephen Harper's Alliance to create the modern federal Conservative Party in 2003. When first created, one of the most important issues facing the Conservative Party was what Red Tories would do. The union resulted in a number of Red Tories leaving the new party, either to retire or to cross the floor to the Liberal Party. Members of Parliament (MPs) André Bachand, John Herron, Joe Clark and Scott Brison declined to join the new party – Brison immediately crossed the floor to the Liberals, Bachand and Clark sat out the remainder of the 37th Canadian Parliament as Progressive Conservatives and then retired from office in the 2004 election, and Herron sat as a Progressive Conservative for the remainder of the term but then ran for re-election in 2004 as a Liberal. Clark, a former Prime Minister, gave a tepid endorsement to the Liberals in the 2004 election, calling Paul Martin "the devil we know". Rick Borotsik joined the new party but openly criticized it from within, did not run for re-election in 2004, and also publicly endorsed the Liberals over the Conservatives during the campaign. Additionally, three of the twenty-six Progressive Conservative Senators, Lowell Murray, Norman Atkins and William Doody, decided to continue serving as Progressive Conservatives, rejecting membership in the new party. Atkins, who died in 2010, remained allied with the still-existent Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, and Murray, from Atlantic Canada, opposed the merger of the federal PC party. Most, like prominent Senator Marjory LeBreton, came to endorse the new party and have been vocal and visible supporters of the party both between and during elections. Elaine McCoy and Nancy Ruth were later appointed to the Senate by Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin, and chose to designate themselves as Progressive Conservatives. Doody has since died, and Ruth joined the Conservative Party caucus in 2006. Despite the union, some former Progressive Conservative members still identify themselves as Red Tory, including high-profile political strategist turned Senator Hugh Segal, who in 2013 continued to describe himself as a Red Tory, which has put him at increasing odds with the government on several occasions. A 'grassroots' movement of dissenting Red Tories, who opposed the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's merger with the Canadian Alliance, gathered signatures on Elections Canada forms from over 200 Progressive Conservative members and applied to re-register as the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. This name was refused by Elections Canada. Having anticipated such a rejection, the coordinators had had the 'SignaTories' also sign a second application to at least continue with the ballot name "PC Party". On March 26, 2004, the Progressive Canadian Party was registered with Elections Canada. It aimed to be perceived as a continuation of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, but achieved only very minor results. The party achieved its largest vote to date in the 2006 election, with 14,151 votes in 25 ridings (about 0.1% of the nationwide total). The party was deregistered by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada on November 30, 2019, for failing to comply with Canada Elections Act requirements set out in subsection 415(1). ### Revival in provincial politics With the rise of the conservative Wildrose Party in Alberta in the 2010s, the term "Red Tory" was revived as a name for the moderate wing of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, which was seen to gain power under the premiership of Ed Stelmach and Alison Redford. As premier, Redford was closely associated with centrist Tories such as Joe Clark and Peter Lougheed, whereas Danielle Smith—the then Wildrose leader—was associated with the right-wing Tories Ralph Klein and Tom Flanagan. Redford was called a "Red Tory" by Chantal Hébert, Ezra Levant and others in the media. The Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia under Tim Houston, branding themselves as Red Tories, won a majority government in the 2021 Nova Scotia general election. Houston's Progressive Conservatives campaigned on using provincial resources to improve healthcare services. ## United Kingdom In 2009, Phillip Blond promoted communitarian traditionalist conservative ideas within the Conservative Party with a book titled Red Tory: How Left and Right Have Broken Britain and How We Can Fix It and by creating the think-tank ResPublica. Leader of the Conservative Party David Cameron spoke at ResPublica's launch and Red Tory ideas were said to be a major influence on him. In Scotland, the term "Red Tory" has been used to describe the Scottish Labour Party, who some see as assisting with, or failing to oppose, certain Conservative policies. The term was first used in this context by Scottish independence supporters, following Labour's participation in the Better Together campaign in opposition to Scottish independence alongside the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. Evolving from the Scottish usage of the term, the term, along with the terms Blairite, Brownite and "centrist", have been used, particularly on social media by members on the political left of the Labour Party to refer to MPs and Labour Party figures who withheld support for Jeremy Corbyn, the former Labour leader from 2015 to 2020. The term has also been used as a pejorative against current Labour leader Keir Starmer, who has been seen by some to have moved the party too far away from traditional left-wing positions. ## Definitional drift The term Red Tory is often used today in the Canadian media not to refer to those in the tradition of George Grant, Dalton Camp or Robert Stanfield, but simply to moderates in the conservative movement, particularly those who reject or do not sufficiently embrace social conservatism. For example, in the 2004 Conservative Party leadership election, Tony Clement was sometimes referred to as a Red Tory even though he advocated privatization, tax cuts and the curtailment of social and economic development spending. Traditional Red Tories would reject most if not all of these stances. More recently, Phillip Blond, director of British think tank ResPublica, has gained traction with his so-called Red Tory thesis which criticizes what he refers to as the welfare state and the market state. Phillip Blond promotes a radical communitarian traditionalist conservatism. It inveighs against welfare states as well as market monopolies and instead respects traditional values and institutions, localism, devolution of powers from the central governments to local communities, small businesses, and volunteerism. Blond also favours empowering social enterprises, charities and other elements of civil society to solve problems such as poverty. He has been mentioned as a major influence on the thinking of David Cameron and other Tories in the wake of the 2008 credit crisis. He advocates a civic state as the ideal, where the common good of society is valued and solutions emerge from local communities. Blond's ideas also parallel the socioeconomic tradition of distributism, as is evidenced by Blond's appearance at a distributist conference at Oxford University in 2009 sponsored by the G. K. Chesterton Institute for Faith and Culture. Blond's Red Toryism has been embraced by traditionalist conservatives in the United States, such as economist John Medaille. The editors of the web log Front Porch Republic, however, define Red Toryism as a "left or socialist conservatism" and further go on to say that it is "not a traditionalism that happened to oddly pick up a few egalitarian rhetorical tropes along the way." This is more in keeping with the typical dictionary definition of the term as: "(Canadian) a Conservative who holds liberal or mildly socialist views on certain fiscal and social issues." In this regard, Phillip Blond's views are probably closer to what has been referred to as High Tory. ## Bibliography Farney, James; Rayside, David (2013). Conservatism in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1456-7.	enwiki/406330	enwiki	406,330	Red Tory	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Tory	2025-07-27T20:45:17Z	en	Q970562	253,282	{{short description\|Paternalistic conservatives in Canada and the United Kingdom}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2021}} {{More citations needed\|date=November 2022}} {{Toryism \|expanded=related}} A '''Red Tory''' is an adherent of a [[Centre-right politics\|centre-right]] or [[Paternalistic conservatism\|paternalistic-conservative]] political philosophy derived from the [[Tory]] tradition. It is most predominant in Canada; however, it is also found in the United Kingdom, where it is more commonly known as [[one nation conservatism]]. This philosophy tends to favour communitarian social policies, while maintaining a degree of fiscal discipline and a respect of social and political order. It is contrasted with "[[Blue Tory]]" or "[[High Tory]]". Some Red Tories view themselves as [[small-c conservative]]s. In Canada, Red Toryism is found in provincial and federal Conservative political parties. The history of Red Toryism marks differences in the development of the [[political culture of Canada\|political cultures of Canada]] and the [[Political culture:United States#Political culture\|United States]]. [[Conservatism in Canada\|Canadian conservatism]] and [[Conservatism in the United States\|American conservatism]] have been different from each other in fundamental ways, including their stances on social issues and the role of government in society.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/conservatism \|title=Conservatism \|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> Red Tory governments in Canada, such as those of [[John A. Macdonald]], [[Robert Borden]], and [[John Diefenbaker]], were known for supporting an [[economic interventionism\|active role]] for the government in the economy. This included the creation of government-[[State-owned enterprise\|owned and operated]] [[Crown corporations of Canada\|Crown Corporations]] such as the [[Canadian National Railway]], and the development and protection of Canadian industries with programs such as the [[National Policy]]. The adjective "red" refers to the economically left-leaning nature of Red Toryism in comparison with Blue Toryism, since socialist and other leftist parties have traditionally used the [[Political colour#Red\|colour red]].{{sfn\|Farney\|Rayside\|2013\|p=7}} In Canada today, however, red is commonly associated with the [[Liberal Party of Canada\|Liberal Party]]. The term reflects the broad ideological range traditionally found within conservatism in Canada. == Canada == {{Conservatism in Canada\|Schools}} {{further\|Conservatism in Canada}} === Philosophy === Historically, Canadian conservatism has been derived from the [[Tory]] tradition, with a distinctive concern for a balance between individual rights and collectivism, as mediated through a traditional pre-industrial standard of morality – which has never been as evident in American conservatism.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/red-tory \|title=Red Tory \|first=Ron \|last=Dart \|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] \|access-date=October 6, 2014 \|archive-date=September 25, 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925083230/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/red-tory/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> Red Toryism derives largely from a classical conservative tradition that maintained that the unequal division of wealth and political privilege among social classes can be justified if members of the privileged class practiced ''[[noblesse oblige]]'' and contributed to the common good. Red Tories supported traditional institutions such as religion and the monarchy, and maintenance of the social order. This position was later manifested in their support for some aspects of the [[welfare state]]. This belief in a common good, as expanded on in Colin Campbell and [[William Christian (political scientist)\|William Christian]]'s ''Political Parties and Ideologies in Canada'', is at the root of Red Toryism. === Origins === In distinction to the American experience where [[Social stratification\|class divisions]] were seen as undemocratic (although still existing), Canadian Tories adopted a more [[paternalism\|paternalistic]] view of government. Monarchy, public order and good government – understood as dedication to the common good – preceded, moderated and balanced a belief in individual rights and liberty. Anthony Hall has argued that Red Toryism in Canada developed specifically in opposition to the American Revolution and its ideology. [[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Richard Hooker (State 1).jpg\|thumb\|left\|Richard Hooker (1554–1600)]] This type of Canadian conservatism is derived largely from the Tory tradition developed by English conservative thinkers and statesmen such as [[Richard Hooker]]; the [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury\|seventh Earl of Shaftesbury]]; and [[Benjamin Disraeli]], later the first Earl of Beaconsfield. The primary influences on Canadian Toryism in the Victorian age were Disraeli's [[One-nation conservatism\|One Nation Conservatism]] and the radical Toryism advocated by [[Lord Randolph Churchill]]. Inherent in these Tory traditions was the ideal of ''[[noblesse oblige]]'' and a conservative [[communitarianism]]. In Victorian times, these ideas were the pre-eminent strains of conservative thought in the British Empire, and were advanced by many in the Tory faction of [[John A. Macdonald]]'s conservative coalition in the Canadas. None of this lineage denies that Tory traditions of communitarianism and [[Collectivism and individualism\|collectivism]] had existed in the British North American colonies since the Loyalist exodus from the American colonies between 1776 and 1796. It is this aspect that is one of the primary points of difference between the conservative political cultures of Canada and the United States.<ref name="Christian & Campbell">{{cite book \|last1=Christian \|first1=William Edward \|last2=Campbell \|first2=C. \|title=Political Parties and Ideologies in Canada \|postscript=. (Note: several editions of this textbook have appeared since 1974, reflecting the changes in Canada's politics.)}}</ref> The explicit notion of a "Red" Toryism was developed by [[Gad Horowitz]] in the 1960s, who argued that there was a significant Tory ideology in Canada.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Horowitz \|first=Gad \|title=Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation \|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Political Science]] \|date=1966 \|volume=32 \|issue=2 \|pages=143–171 \|doi=10.2307/139794 \|jstor=139794}}</ref> This vision contrasted Canada with the United States, which was seen as lacking this collectivist tradition because it was expunged from the American political culture after the [[American Revolution]] and the exodus of the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s. Horowitz argued that Canada's stronger [[socialism\|socialist]] movement grew from [[Tory]]ism, and that this explains why socialism has never had much electoral success in the United States. This also meant that Canadian conceptions of liberty were more collective and communitarian, and could be seen as more directly derivative of the [[Fundamental Laws of England\|English tradition]], than that of American practices and theories. Horowitz identified [[George Grant (philosopher)\|George Grant]] and [[Eugene Forsey]] as exemplars of this strain of thought, which saw a central role for Christianity in public affairs and was profoundly critical of capitalism and the dominant business ''élites''. Forsey became a [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) member, while Grant remained a Conservative – although he became disdainful of an overall shift in policy toward liberal economics and [[continentalism]], something Forsey saw happening decades earlier. When the Conservative government of [[John Diefenbaker]] fell in 1963, largely due to [[Canada in the Cold War\|the BOMARC controversy]], Grant wrote ''[[Lament for a Nation\|Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism]]'', a book about the nature of traditional Canadian nationhood and independence that would become a [[Guiding principle\|lodestar]] of Red Toryism. Grant defined an essential difference between the founding of the Canadian and American nations when he wrote "Canada was predicated on the rights of nations as well as on the rights of individuals."<ref>{{cite book \|last=Grant \|first=George \|title=Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism \|edition=40th Anniversary \|series=Carleton Library Series \|pages=22}}</ref> This definition recognized Canada's multi-faceted founding nature as an English-speaking, aboriginal and [[Francophone]] nation. === Predominance and decline === [[File:Sir Robert Laird Borden, 1915.png\|thumb\|Sir Robert Borden (1915)\|alt=Sir Robert Laird Borden, 1915.png]] Many of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]]'s leaders have been labelled 'Red Tories', including [[Robert Borden\|Sir Robert Borden]], [[John Diefenbaker]], [[Robert Stanfield]] and [[Joe Clark]]. Many others have been influential as cabinet ministers and thinkers, such as [[Davie Fulton]], [[Dalton Camp]], [[Roy McMurtry]] and [[John Farthing]].<ref name="Christian & Campbell"/> The main bastions of Red Toryism were Ontario, the Atlantic provinces and urban Manitoba, areas where the Red Tories dominated provincial politics, and in some federal elections Quebec, where the federal PC party operated largely separately from provincial politics. During 42 years, the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]] was led by Red Tories such as [[George A. Drew]], [[Leslie Frost]], [[John Robarts]] and [[Bill Davis]], all of which supported increased funding for infrastructure, health care and education. Throughout the [[Atlantic Canada\|Atlantic provinces]], traditional Red Tories are the dominant force in the provincial Progressive Conservative parties because of their support of the [[welfare state]]. As premier of Nova Scotia from 1956 to 1967, Red Tory Robert Stanfield introduced reforms for education, health care and civil liberties. The [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta]] included a broad spectrum from Red Tories to social conservatives, but [[Peter Lougheed]] who led the party from 1968 to 1985 and was Premier from 1971 to 1985 was a Red Tory and Lougheed's tenure was characterized by active economic measures and social reforms. In the 50's and 60's, Manitoba saw great prosperity in economic and social reforms thanks to the leadership of Premier [[Dufferin Roblin]], a Red Tory, who governed to the left of the previous government led by [[Douglas Lloyd Campbell\|Douglas Campbell]], the leader of the [[Manitoba Liberal Party\|Liberal-Progressive]] coalition. The dominance of Red Toryism can be seen as a part of the international [[post-war consensus]] that saw the welfare state embraced by the major parties of most of the western world. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, the federal Progressive Conservative Party suffered a string of electoral defeats under Red Tory leaders Robert Stanfield and Joe Clark. Pressure began to grow within the party for a new approach. Clark's leadership was successfully challenged, and in the [[1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election\|1983 PC leadership convention]], members endorsed [[Brian Mulroney]] who rejected free trade with the United States as proposed by another Blue Tory candidate, [[John Crosbie]]. Despite this early perception, the eagerness in which Mulroney's ministry embraced the [[Macdonald Commission]]'s advocacy of bilateral free trade would come to indicate a sharp drift toward [[Right-libertarianism\|libertarian]] or [[economic liberalism\|liberal economic]] policies, comparable to such contemporaries as [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Margaret Thatcher]]. Following Mulroney, the Canadian conservative movement suffered a profound schism in the [[1993 Canadian federal election\|1993 election]], splitting into the distinct Progressive Conservative and Reform parties. The Red Tory tradition remained loyal to the Progressive Conservatives, while many "blue" Tories aligned with [[social conservatism\|social conservatives]] in the [[Reform Party of Canada\|Reform Party]]. Various [[Unite the Right (Canada)\|Unite the Right]] efforts achieved only modest success in the 1990s and early 2000s – most notably, while the creation of the [[Canadian Alliance]] in 2000 attracted a small number of Progressive Conservatives, it failed to attract those in the Red Tory tradition or to replace the Progressive Conservatives. Following the victory of [[Peter MacKay]] at the [[2003 Progressive Conservative leadership election\|2003 PC convention]], and in violation of an informal contract signed with rival candidate [[David Orchard]], MacKay merged the Tories with [[Stephen Harper]]'s Alliance to create the modern federal [[Conservative Party of Canada\|Conservative Party]] in 2003. When first created, one of the most important issues facing the Conservative Party was what Red Tories would do. The union resulted in a number of Red Tories leaving the new party, either to retire or to cross the floor to the [[Liberal Party of Canada\|Liberal Party]]. [[Member of parliament\|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) [[André Bachand (Progressive Conservative MP)\|André Bachand]], [[John Herron (New Brunswick politician)\|John Herron]], Joe Clark and [[Scott Brison]] declined to join the new party – Brison immediately crossed the floor to the Liberals, Bachand and Clark sat out the remainder of the [[37th Canadian Parliament]] as Progressive Conservatives and then retired from office in the [[2004 Canadian federal election\|2004 election]], and Herron sat as a Progressive Conservative for the remainder of the term but then ran for re-election in 2004 as a Liberal. Clark, a former Prime Minister, gave a tepid endorsement to the Liberals in the 2004 election, calling [[Paul Martin]] "the devil we know".<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1082910779022_14/?hub=QPeriod \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603171425/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1082910779022_14/?hub=QPeriod \|title=Joe Clark says he'd choose Martin over Harper \|work=[[CTV News]] \|date=April 26, 2004 \|archive-date=June 3, 2004}}</ref> [[Rick Borotsik]] joined the new party but openly criticized it from within, did not run for re-election in 2004, and also publicly endorsed the Liberals over the Conservatives during the campaign. Additionally, three of the twenty-six Progressive Conservative [[Senate of Canada\|Senators]], [[Lowell Murray]], [[Norman Atkins]] and [[C. William Doody\|William Doody]], decided to continue serving as Progressive Conservatives, rejecting membership in the new party. Atkins, who died in 2010, remained allied with the still-existent [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]], and Murray, from Atlantic Canada, opposed the merger of the federal PC party. Most, like prominent Senator [[Marjory LeBreton]], came to endorse the new party and have been vocal and visible supporters of the party both between and during elections. [[Elaine McCoy]] and [[Nancy Ruth]] were later appointed to the Senate by Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin, and chose to designate themselves as Progressive Conservatives. Doody has since died, and Ruth joined the Conservative Party caucus in 2006. Despite the union, some former Progressive Conservative members still identify themselves as Red Tory, including high-profile political strategist turned Senator [[Hugh Segal]], who in 2013 continued to describe himself as a Red Tory, which has put him at increasing odds with the government on several occasions.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tory-against-senate-suspensions-is-no-stranger-to-breaking-ranks/article15101129/ \|title=Tory against Senate suspensions is no stranger to breaking ranks \|work=[[The Globe and Mail]] \|date=October 25, 2013 \|access-date=October 6, 2014 \|last1=Chase \|first1=Steven}}</ref> A 'grassroots' movement of dissenting Red Tories, who opposed the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's merger with the Canadian Alliance, gathered signatures on [[Elections Canada]] forms from over 200 Progressive Conservative members and applied to re-register as the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. This name was refused by Elections Canada. Having anticipated such a rejection, the coordinators had had the 'SignaTories' also sign a second application to at least continue with the ballot name "PC Party". On March 26, 2004, the [[Progressive Canadian Party]] was registered with Elections Canada. It aimed to be perceived as a continuation of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, but achieved only very minor results. The party achieved its largest vote to date in the [[2006 Canadian federal election\|2006 election]], with 14,151 votes in [[Progressive Canadian Party candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election\|25 ridings]] (about 0.1% of the nationwide total). The party was deregistered by the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada on November 30, 2019, for failing to comply with [[Canada Elections Act]] requirements set out in subsection 415(1).<ref name="ElectCan2019">{{cite news \|last1=Canada \|first1=Elections \|title=Deregistration of the Progressive Canadian Party \|url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&document=oct3019&dir=pre&lang=e \|access-date=December 15, 2019 \|publisher=[[Elections Canada]] \|date=October 30, 2019 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191117222945/https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&document=oct3019&dir=pre&lang=e \|archive-date=November 17, 2019 \|location=Ottawa, ON}}</ref><ref name="DemLaw01">{{cite web \|title=Progressive Canadian Party to be deregistered by Elections Canada \|url=http://democracylawblog.com/progressive-canadian-party-to-be-deregistered-by-elections-canada/ \|website=Democracy Law Blog \|access-date=December 15, 2019 \|date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> === Revival in provincial politics === With the rise of the conservative [[Wildrose Party]] in Alberta in the 2010s, the term "Red Tory" was revived as a name for the moderate wing of the [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta]], which was seen to gain power under the premiership of [[Ed Stelmach]] and [[Alison Redford]]. As premier, Redford was closely associated with centrist Tories such as [[Joe Clark]] and [[Peter Lougheed]], whereas [[Danielle Smith]]—the then Wildrose leader—was associated with the right-wing Tories [[Ralph Klein]] and [[Tom Flanagan (political scientist)\|Tom Flanagan]]. Redford was called a "Red Tory" by [[Chantal Hébert]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.hilltimes.com/inside-politics/2012/04/30/redford-now-most-influential-red-tory/30569 \|title=Redford now most influential Red Tory \|author=[[The Hill Times]] \|work=hilltimes.com \|date=April 27, 2012 \|access-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> [[Ezra Levant]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.theobserver.ca/2012/04/16/deja-vu-for-albertas-progressives \|title=Levant: Deja vu for Alberta's PCs \|work=[[Sarnia Observer]] \|access-date=October 6, 2014 \|archive-date=October 6, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081728/http://www.theobserver.ca/2012/04/16/deja-vu-for-albertas-progressives \|url-status=dead}}</ref> and others in the media.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/04/23/alberta-election-2012-results/ \|title=Alberta Election 2012: Alison Redford's PCs win majority \|first=Jen \|last=Gerson \|date=April 24, 2012 \|work=[[National Post]] \|access-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> The [[Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia]] under [[Tim Houston]], branding themselves as Red Tories, won a majority government in the [[2021 Nova Scotia general election]].<ref name="Star NS 2021">{{cite web \|title=How Nova Scotia's premier-designate Tim Houston made sure no one could mistake him for Erin O'Toole \|website=[[The Toronto Star]] \|date=August 18, 2021 \|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2021/08/18/nova-scotia-election-offers-lesson-for-trudeau-but-little-for-otoole-expert-says-after-houston-runs-as-red-tory.html \|access-date=March 23, 2022}}</ref> Houston's Progressive Conservatives campaigned on using provincial resources to improve healthcare services.<ref name="Atlantic 2021">{{cite web \|title=N.S. Progressive Conservative leader focuses early campaign on health-care shortfalls \|website=[[CTV News]] Atlantic \|date=July 19, 2021 \|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/article/ns-progressive-conservative-leader-focuses-early-campaign-on-health-care-shortfalls/ \|access-date=March 23, 2022}}</ref> == United Kingdom == {{further\|Conservatism in the United Kingdom}} In 2009, [[Phillip Blond]] promoted [[Communitarianism\|communitarian]] [[traditionalist conservatism\|traditionalist conservative]] ideas within the [[Conservative Party (UK)\|Conservative Party]] with a book titled ''Red Tory: How Left and Right Have Broken Britain and How We Can Fix It'' and by creating the think-tank [[ResPublica]].<ref name=prospect>{{cite web \|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/02/riseoftheredtories \|title=Rise of the red Tories \|first=Phillip \|last=Blond \|date=February 28, 2009 \|work=[[Prospect (magazine)\|Prospect]] \|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref><ref name=independent-20100402>{{cite news \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/red-tory-by-phillip-blond-1933475.html \|title=Red Tory, By Phillip Blond \|last=Gray \|first=John \|newspaper=[[The Independent]] \|date=April 2, 2010 \|access-date=November 24, 2018}}</ref> Leader of the Conservative Party [[David Cameron]] spoke at ResPublica's launch and Red Tory ideas were said to be a major influence on him.<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/100018739/is-phillip-blond-now-david-camerons-most-influential-thinker/ \|title=Is Phillip Blond now David Cameron's most influential thinker? \|first=Alex \|last=Singleton \|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] \|date=December 3, 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208022232/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/100018739/is-phillip-blond-now-david-camerons-most-influential-thinker/ \|archive-date=December 8, 2009}}</ref> In [[Scotland]], the term "Red Tory" has been used to describe the [[Scottish Labour\|Scottish Labour Party]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.motherwelltimes.co.uk/news/politics/leader-claims-no-deals-done-as-tories-help-labour-beat-snp-for-control-of-the-council-1-4450933 \|title=Leader claims no deals done as Tories help Labour beat SNP for control of the council \|work=motherwelltimes.co.uk \|date=May 19, 2017 \|access-date=June 16, 2017}}</ref> who some see as assisting with, or failing to oppose, certain [[Conservative Party (UK)\|Conservative]] policies.<ref>{{cite web \|title=SNP tries to portray left-wing Labour as "red Tories" \|url=https://theclarionmag.org/2018/01/30/snp-tries-to-portray-left-wing-labour-as-red-tories/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708024517/https://theclarionmag.org/2018/01/30/snp-tries-to-portray-left-wing-labour-as-red-tories/ \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=July 8, 2020 \|date=January 30, 2018 \|website=[[Clarion (magazine)\|The Clarion]]}}</ref> The term was first used in this context by [[Scottish independence]] supporters, following Labour's participation in the [[Better Together (campaign)\|Better Together]] campaign in opposition to Scottish independence alongside the Conservatives and [[Scottish Liberal Democrats\|Liberal Democrats]] during the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/uk-tories-labour-snp-scottish-independence \|title=If the UK falls apart, the Tories must take the blame \|work=[[The Guardian]] \|date=March 18, 2015 \|access-date=June 16, 2017}}</ref> Evolving from the Scottish usage of the term, the term, along with the terms [[Blairism\|Blairite]], [[Brownism\|Brownite]] and "[[centrism\|centrist]]", have been used, particularly on social media by members on the political left of the Labour Party to refer to MPs and Labour Party figures who withheld support for [[Jeremy Corbyn]], the former Labour leader from 2015 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Mason \|first1=Rowena \|title=Andy Burnham blasts 'Tory' labelling of anyone not backing Jeremy Corbyn \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/aug/16/andy-burnham-blasts-tory-labelling-not-backing-jeremy-corbyn-labour-leadership \|website=[[The Guardian]] \|date=August 16, 2015 \|access-date=May 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Demianyk \|first1=Graeme \|title=Why Karl Marx, Bob Dylan And Jeremy Corbyn Are 'Red Tories' And They Didn't Even Know It \|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/08/19/labour-leadership-red-tory-corbyn-kedalll-burnham-cooper_n_8008618.html \|website=[[Huffington Post]] \|date=August 19, 2015 \|access-date=May 10, 2016}}</ref> The term has also been used as a pejorative against current Labour leader [[Keir Starmer]], who has been seen by some to have moved the party too far away from traditional left-wing positions.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=30 July 2022 \|title=Keir Starmer's 100% red Tory Labour Party is surely past its use-by date \|work=The National \|url=https://www.thenational.scot/politics/20589311.keir-starmers-100-red-tory-labour-party-surely-past-use-by-date/ \|access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Hayward \|first=Freddie \|date=13 January 2023 \|title=Why do so many Tories love Keir Starmer? \|work=New Statesman \|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/labour/2023/01/tories-love-keir-stamer \|access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref> == Definitional drift == [[File:Phillip Blond, 2018.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Phillip Blond in 2018]] The term ''Red Tory'' is often used today in the [[Media of Canada\|Canadian media]] not to refer to those in the tradition of George Grant, Dalton Camp or Robert Stanfield, but simply to moderates in the conservative movement, particularly those who reject or do not sufficiently embrace [[social conservatism]]. For example, in the [[2004 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election\|2004 Conservative Party leadership election]], [[Tony Clement]] was sometimes referred to as a Red Tory even though he advocated privatization, tax cuts and the curtailment of social and economic development spending. Traditional Red Tories would reject most if not all of these stances. More recently, [[Phillip Blond]], director of British think tank ResPublica, has gained traction with his so-called Red Tory thesis which criticizes what he refers to as the welfare state and the market state. [[Phillip Blond]] promotes a radical [[Communitarianism\|communitarian]] [[traditionalist conservatism]]. It inveighs against welfare states as well as market monopolies and instead respects traditional values and institutions, [[Localism (politics)\|localism]], devolution of powers from the central governments to local communities, small businesses, and volunteerism. Blond also favours empowering [[social enterprise]]s, charities and other elements of civil society to solve problems such as poverty.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2009/02/riseoftheredtories/ \|title=Rise of the Red Tories \|magazine=[[Prospect Magazine]] \|date=February 2009}}</ref> He has been mentioned as a major influence on the thinking of [[David Cameron]] and other Tories in the wake of the 2008 credit crisis. He advocates a civic state as the ideal, where the common good of society is valued and solutions emerge from local communities.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8020960.stm \|title=Radio 4 Profile: 'Red Tory' Phillip Blond \|work=[[BBC News]] \|access-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> Blond's ideas also parallel the socioeconomic tradition of [[distributism]], as is evidenced by Blond's appearance at a distributist conference at [[University of Oxford\|Oxford University]] in 2009 sponsored by the [[G. K. Chesterton]] Institute for Faith and Culture.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www13.shu.edu/catholic-mission/upload/07112009ConferenceSchedule.pdf \|title=G. K. Chesterton Institute Conference A Distributist View of the Global Economic Crisis \|access-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref> Blond's Red Toryism has been embraced by [[traditionalist conservatism in the United States\|traditionalist conservatives]] in the United States, such as economist John Medaille.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://blog.beliefnet.com/crunchycon/2009/07/red-toryism-and-conservative-r.html \|title=Beliefnet Columnists \|work=[[Beliefnet]] \|access-date=October 6, 2014 \|archive-date=August 1, 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801032657/http://blog.beliefnet.com/crunchycon/2009/07/red-toryism-and-conservative-r.html \|url-status=dead}}</ref> The editors of the web log ''Front Porch Republic'', however, define Red Toryism as a "''left'' or [[Right-wing socialism\|''socialist'' conservatism]]" and further go on to say that it is "not a traditionalism that happened to oddly pick up a few egalitarian rhetorical tropes along the way."<ref>{{cite web \|title=Defining Red Toryism (Again) \|first=Russell Arben \|last=Fox \|url=http://www.frontporchrepublic.com/2010/06/defining-red-toryism-again/ \|work=[[Front Porch Republic]] \|date=June 17, 2010 \|quote=Both of these perspectives are, I think, wrong for essentially the same reason: they fail to appreciate that the Red Tory idea, properly understood, is a '''''left'' or ''[[Socialism\|socialist]]'' conservatism, not a traditionalism that happened to oddly pick up a few egalitarian rhetorical tropes along the way.'''}}</ref> This is more in keeping with the typical dictionary definition of the term as: "(Canadian) a Conservative who holds liberal or mildly socialist views on certain fiscal and social issues."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/red-tory \|title=Red Tory definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary \|website=www.collinsdictionary.com}}</ref> In this regard, Phillip Blond's views are probably closer to what has been referred to as [[High Tory]]. == See also == {{Portal\|Canada\|United Kingdom\|Politics\|Conservatism}} {{Div col\|colwidth=25em}} * [[Blue Grit]] * [[Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)\|Moderates]] * [[Blue Labour]] * [[One-nation conservatism]] * [[Robert Muldoon]] * [[Pink Tory]] * [[Paternalistic conservatism]] * [[Rockefeller Republican]] * [[Tory socialism]] * [[Wets and dries]] * [[Communitarianism]] * [[Christian democracy]] * [[Republican In Name Only]] {{Div col end}} == References == {{reflist\|30em}} == Bibliography == {{cite book\|last1=Farney\|first1=James\|last2=Rayside\|first2=David\|year=2013\|title=Conservatism in Canada\|publisher=University of Toronto Press\|isbn=978-1-4426-1456-7}} == Further reading == * Farthing, J. ''Freedom Wears a Crown'' * Grant, George Parkin. ''Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism'' (1965) * Horowitz, Gad. "Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' (1966). * Taylor, Charles. ''Radical Tories.'' * [[Ron Dart\|Dart, Ron]]. ''The Canadian High Tory Tradition: Raids on the Unspeakable'' (2004) * Campbell, Colin [John]. ''CTtheory.net''. [http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=397 ''Gad Horowitz Interviewed by Colin Campbell''.] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125918/http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=397 \|date=January 21, 2018}}. * Blond, Phillip. ''Red Tory: How Left and Right Have Broken Britain and How We Can Fix It''. [[Faber and Faber\|Faber]] (2010). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/7521481/Red-Tory-How-Left-and-Right-Have-Broken-Britain-and-How-We-Can-Fix-it-by-Phillip-Blond-review.html Review] in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' March 27, 2010; [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n08/jonathan-raban/camerons-crank Review] in ''[[London Review of Books]]'' April 22, 2010 * Judge, Tony. ''Tory Socialism: Robert Blatchford and Merrie England'' (2013) * Woodfinden, Benjamin L. [https://c2cjournal.ca/2020/01/fbp-future-of-conservatism-series-part-i-thfuture-of-conservatism-series-part-i-the-enduring-appeal-of-red-toryism/ "The Enduring Appeal Of Red Toryism"] January 18, 2020 {{Conservatism footer}} [[Category:Canadian political phrases]] [[Category:Centre-right politics]] [[Category:Centre-right politics in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Conservatism in Canada]] [[Category:Conservative Party of Canada]] [[Category:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)]] [[Category:One-nation conservatism]] [[Category:Political party factions in Canada]] [[Category:Political terminology in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]] [[Category:Toryism]] [[Category:Paternalistic conservatism]] [[Category:Progressive conservatism]]	1,302,860,692	[]	false
# Ziv Company Frederic W. Ziv Company (also given as Frederick W. Ziv Company) produced syndicated radio and television programs in the United States. Horace Newcomb's Encyclopedia of Television described the company as "by 1948 ... the largest packager and syndicator of radio programs" and later "the most prolific producer of programming for the first-run syndication market during the 1950s." ## Background Frederic Ziv, the company's founder, developed his ideas for the company while operating an advertising agency in Cincinnati, Ohio. During the era of old-time radio, "Cincinnati was a surprisingly active regional center for radio production." Two business entities contributed to that situation. First, radio station WLW in Cincinnati was "a major source of radio programming that offered local stations an alternative to network-originated programming." Second, in an era when sponsors produced most radio programs, Cincinnati was the headquarters of Procter & Gamble, one of radio's "most influential advertisers." Ziv's Juris Doctor degree from the University of Michigan proved useful in his work in syndication. Michael J. Neufeld wrote in his book, Spacefarers: Images of Astronauts and Cosmonauts in the Heroic Era of Spaceflight, "Ziv envisioned every sales pitch as a legal argument, anticipating counterarguments and preparing rejoinders beforehand." While producing programs for WLW, Ziv met writer John L. Sinn, and in 1937 they began Frederic W. Ziv Company as a program syndication business. ## Concept The Ziv Company offered an opportunity to local and regional businesses that could not afford to produce programs whose quality would match that of network programs. Ziv's alternative was the use of transcriptions – programs recorded on discs and offered to local advertisers in each radio market. Charges for the programs were based on the market's size. The result was "affordable quality programming that could be scheduled in any available slot on a station's schedule." In an interview in Irv Broughton's book, Producers on Producing: The Making of Film and Television, Ziv noted that, although he was often called the "father of syndication," the concept was not original with him. "That's the tag that followed me," he said, "and is still being used. I developed the technique; I didn't originate it. I'm not sure if anyone preceded me. I did expand on it and brought it to what was probably its highest level." Hal Erickson wrote in Syndicated Television: The First Forty Years, 1947-1987, "It was Frederick [sic] W. Ziv who brought sophistication to syndication, turning it into a science, combining modern recording techniques with a masterful sense of merchandising." Erickson added that Ziv recognized the financial advantage of syndication: "his company would be paid outright for its programs, avoiding the usual percentages handed over to the networks." Although the company targeted stations without network affiliation, some stations that were part of networks also bought and broadcast Ziv programs. For example, in September 1951, WNBC-AM (the NBC flagship station in New York City) bought Ziv's Bold Venture, Bright Star, Favorite Story and Guy Lombardo Show for 52 weeks each. The station's general manager commented that the programs would help local business to advertise on top-budgeted shows at "realistic prices". ## Size At its peak, Ziv Company had more than 3,000 employees (full-time and part-time combined). In 1950, it took a five-year lease on "a substantial portion of the California Studios, formerly the Enterprise Film lot", and in 1954, it bought the Eagle-Lion Films lot in Hollywood, California. Its property included seven sound stages with related facilities such as projection rooms and cutting rooms. ## Promotion and support Frederic Ziv believed, "If a show is properly exploited and promoted, it will go." To that end, Ziv Company went beyond simply selling the programs. A sales-and-service staff made calls on local stations in order to help them promote Ziv programs (both radio and television) with support materials such as "posters, brochures, promotional kits and ad slicks". The goal was to present "one slogan, one point of view." Success was enhanced by Ziv salesmen's never trying to sell more than one program at a time to a station and their willingness to help stations find sponsors after a program was sold. Stars of Ziv programs also contributed their own efforts to support, such as when Adolphe Menjou, star of the television version of Favorite Story, traveled across the United States in 1953 to promote his then-new program. An article in the trade publication Billboard described Menjou's trip as "part of Ziv's stepped-up merchandising program." A year later, David Brian toured cities in the Eastern United States promoting the radio and television versions of his Mr. District Attorney program. ## Radio Frederic Ziv's first effort in syndication came before the company was formed. In 1935, he created a program, The Freshest Thing in Town for Rubel Bakery in Cincinnati, after having first created an advertising campaign that had the same theme. When bakers in other markets heard about the show's success, they contacted the bakery's owner, who referred them to Ziv. That led to his having copies of the transcription made to send to those other bakers for broadcast in their home markets. In a 1998 interview, Ziv estimated that three dozen bakeries eventually used the program. That program lasted about five years. By 1947, the reach of Ziv Company's programming was such that 675 stations carried Ziv programs, some for as much as nine hours per week. ### Three-faceted approach Three elements worked together to contribute to Ziv's success in radio. Derek Kompare, in his book Rerun Nation: How Repeats Invented American Television, observed: Ziv had built a network-like reputation for programming through several shrewd principles exploiting "presold" properties by acquiring the radio rights to established characters and texts; pursuing Hollywood-level talent wherever possible; and making program sales and promotion the firm's top priority in every market. Ziv himself was perhaps the most ardent supporter of syndicated transcriptions in radio at this time [the late 1940s], creating and distributing series that often ran on more stations than comparable network programming. ### Hollywood stars The company's success was bolstered by employing movie stars for key roles in some of its series. Those stars included Dana Andrews, Irene Dunne, Fred MacMurray, Ronald Colman, Adolphe Menjou, Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Such talent was not inexpensive. For example, Colman's contract with Ziv for the radio version of Favorite Story guaranteed him $150,000 per year for at least three years. Colman's contract also provided that he could record the programs at his own convenience, thus enabling him to work his radio schedule around his commitments to do films. Dunne and MacMurray signed 10-year contracts when they agreed to do Bright Star in 1951, with terms under which each would "gross $300,000 from the series, via their guaranties [sic] – against percentage of sales deals." One indication of the success of using recognized Hollywood talent was that in 1951, Bold Venture (starring Bogart and Bacall), was sold in more than 500 cities. ### Repackaging In addition to producing successful original programming, Ziv was a pioneer in re-using transcribed series that had already been broadcast on radio. Rather than simply reproducing the programs as originally recorded, Ziv personnel created "repackaged" versions, "usually with new titles and/or formats," Kompare wrote. "For example, the company acquired the rights to Skippy Hollywood Theatre of the Air in 1951, which was retitled Movietown Radio Theatre for syndication." ### Finances Ziv invested significant amounts of money in its radio programs. In 1946, for example, Billboard reported, "Three Ziv quarter-hour musical programs, each contracted for a series of 130 disks, represent an investment of $750,000." The bulk of that money went to paying performers on the Barry Wood Show, Sincerely, Kenny Baker and Pleasure Parade. In 1947, Ziv had gross revenue of more than $10 million on its sales of 23 radio programs, an increase of more than 30 percent over the previous year. An article in Billboard called the company the "largest of the open-end transcription producers in the country." Ziv's revenue was estimated to be at least one-third of the total of all transcription sales in the United States. ### Advertisers Revenue came not only from advertisers at the local and regional levels, but also from national sponsors such as Borden, Vicks, Wildroot Cream-Oil and Grove Laboratories. In 1950, increased advertising on television resulted in national advertisers often shifting their remaining funds from network radio to syndicated radio programs, especially those of the Ziv Company, which an article in Billboard called "undoubtedly the top transcription and library firm." The company created new divisions in the southeast, southwest and north central United States and added 14 sales people to handle the increase in business. ## Television Ziv Television Programs began in 1948 as a subsidiary of the main company. Erickson described the company's approach by writing, "Fred Ziv tackled the new medium like a man devouring sirloin, setting up a television-film factory of the first calibre." Ziv called himself "a pioneer as far as television production is concerned." Although he had no guarantee that television would succeed, he felt safe in pursuing that direction because radio had already succeeded. "We felt that television was just the logical next step," he said. The company's new direction led to expansion of its offices. Although the headquarters remained in Cincinnati, it eventually opened additional offices in Hollywood and New York City. ### Rights Ziv bought the rights to all of the programs that he produced. He commented in a 1998 interview that such rights came cheaply in the early days of TV: "Television was a new thing, and they didn't know if it would last. 'Why do you want those rights for 20 years [they thought] when it may not last for 20 weeks?'" He had the foresight to include rights for future television productions in contracts when he bought a program's radio rights, even though the people with whom he contracted wondered why he did so. He explained, "'Why would you want the rights to television ... when there is no television?' That's the question that was asked by the people who owned the O. Henry stories." He added that television rights were inexpensive to obtain; "They were glad to get [the money]," he said. ### Film Ziv noted that The Cisco Kid was likely one of the first – "if not the first" – television program produced on film. He encountered no opposition from Hollywood because people were happy for the employment that the TV productions provided. Ziv used color film for the television version of The Cisco Kid, which began in 1949 (before color TV sets were sold). Ziv again encountered a lack of belief or understanding of what he was doing. "The people – the engineers, the laboratory – felt that the color film would never be usable – if color ever came," he said. "It turned out they were all wrong. Color television did come, and as you know, the programs we shot in color in the very early days are still being used." ### Early programs The company's first two television programs were Yesterday's Newsreel and Sports Album. Material for those programs came from Ziv's purchase of General Film Library, which Erickson described as "so vast that it had storehouses on both coasts". The shows were produced by packaging segments from the library for television. Yesterday's Newsreel featured events like the Hindenburg disaster and the sinking of the Titanic. It was a 15-minute program, while Sports Album ran 5 minutes. The Cisco Kid, Ziv's first dramatic series, began in 1949 and was produced until 1956, resulting in 156 episodes. The program's gross revenue for its first 10 years in syndication was $11 million. ### Economee TV In 1954, the company created a subsidiary, Economee TV, to market its older programs to stations. The move came as Ziv and other syndicating companies sought to broaden their outreach and appeal to more television stations. Essentially, Economee TV handled reruns of older Ziv Television series, while the original TV operation handled new programs that Ziv produced. Erickson traced the formation of Economee TV mainly to the continuing success of Highway Patrol – "the biggest money-maker Ziv ever had". The program, which began in 1955, was still generating profits in reruns a decade later. ## Competition from networks Initially, "We fought the networks tooth and nail every day," Ziv said, "in Washington, before courts and before the FCC, because they had an unfair advantage" with regard to national advertisers. Ziv's programs were primarily sponsored by companies like Coors Brewing Company and Interstate Bakeries, which distributed products over much of the United States but were not sold in some areas. When those companies sponsored a program, Ziv would sell to other advertisers in the limited markets not reached by the main sponsor. ## Purchase of World Broadcasting System In August 1948, Ziv added to its library of transcribed programs by buying World Broadcasting System , with the price reported to be $1,500,000. The trade publication Broadcasting reported, "The deal was the latest in a series of shrewd and boldly-planned business coups that have buttressed the Ziv Company's steady-increasing pre-eminence in the packaged show field." At the time of the sale, 670 AM, FM and television stations subscribed to the WBS library. Besides acquiring WBS's packaged programs, the deal also provided Ziv Company with ""the largest collection of royalty-free recorded music in existence", eliminating the need to pay licensing fees to the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers for music used in producing Ziv's programs. ## Sale to United Artists In March 1960, United Artists bought Ziv Television Programs, Inc. for $20,750,000. That amount included a combined $6,750,000 in installment notes and debentures and UA's assumption of approximately $14,000,000 in debt. About eight months prior to UA's purchase, two investment firms – F. Eberstadt & Co. and Lazard Freres & Co. – had purchased about 80 percent of Ziv Company's stock with Frederic W. Ziv and John L. Sinn keeping the remaining 20 percent. Effective with the sale, the former Ziv Company became a subsidiary of United Artists and was named Ziv-United Artists Television Co. Inc. Ziv and Sinn retained their respective positions as board chairman and president. ## Legacy The Frederic W. Ziv Media Heritage Center in Cincinnati houses an archive related to the Ziv Company as well as other elements of broadcasting from the Cincinnati area. ## Partial list of Ziv programs ### Radio - Bold Venture - Boston Blackie - Bright Star - Calling All Girls - Easy Aces - Eye Witness News - Favorite Story - Freedom USA - The Guy Lombardo Show - Hour of Stars - I Was a Communist for the FBI - The Jack Berch Show - Manhunt - Mr. District Attorney - Musical Showcase - Old Corral - Parents Magazine of the Air - Philo Vance - Pleasure Parade - Say It with Music - Songs of Good Cheer - They Gave Their Lives - War Correspondent - The Wayne King Show ### Television - Bat Masterson - Boston Blackie - The Cisco Kid - Easy Aces - The Eddie Cantor Comedy Theatre - Favorite Story - Highway Patrol - I Led Three Lives - Meet Corliss Archer - Mr. District Attorney - The New Adventures of Martin Kane - Science Fiction Theatre - Sea Hunt - Waterfront	enwiki/52828954	enwiki	52,828,954	Ziv Company	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziv_Company	2025-08-10T10:34:35Z	en	Q28408149	123,460	{{Short description\|US based entertainment company}} {{Infobox company \| name = Frederic W. Ziv Company \| logo = \| caption = \| type = \| foundation = 1937 \| founders = \| location_city = Cincinnati, Ohio \| location_country = United States \| key_people = \| industry = Entertainment \| products = Syndicated radio and television programs \| revenue = \| operating_income = \| owner = [[Frederick Ziv\|Frederic Ziv]] \| num_employees = \| parent = \| homepage = }} '''Frederic W. Ziv Company''' (also given as '''Frederick W. Ziv Company''') produced [[Broadcast syndication\|syndicated]] radio and television programs in the United States. Horace Newcomb's ''Encyclopedia of Television'' described the company as "by 1948 ... the largest packager and syndicator of radio programs" and later "the most prolific producer of programming for the first-run syndication market during the 1950s."<ref name="et">{{cite book\|last1=Newcomb\|first1=Horace\|title=Encyclopedia of Television\|date=2014\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=9781135194796\|pages=2626–2627\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUzIAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22+radio&pg=PA2627\|access-date=10 January 2017\|language=en\|chapter=Ziv Television Programs, Inc.}}</ref> ==Background== [[Frederick Ziv\|Frederic Ziv]], the company's founder, developed his ideas for the company while operating an advertising agency in Cincinnati, Ohio. During the era of [[old-time radio]], "Cincinnati was a surprisingly active regional center for radio production."<ref name=et/> Two business entities contributed to that situation. First, radio station [[WLW]] in Cincinnati was "a major source of radio programming that offered local stations an alternative to network-originated programming."<ref name=et/> Second, in an era when sponsors produced most radio programs, Cincinnati was the headquarters of [[Procter & Gamble]], one of radio's "most influential advertisers."<ref name=et/> Ziv's [[Juris Doctor]] degree from the [[University of Michigan]]<ref name="pp">{{cite book\|last1=Broughton\|first1=Irv\|title=Producers on Producing: The Making of Film and Television\|date=1986\|publisher=McFarland\|isbn=9780786412075\|pages=17–22\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcHjvagBwtsC&q=%22Ziv+Company%22+radio&pg=PA17\|access-date=10 January 2017\|language=en}}</ref> proved useful in his work in syndication. Michael J. Neufeld wrote in his book, ''Spacefarers: Images of Astronauts and Cosmonauts in the Heroic Era of Spaceflight'', "Ziv envisioned every sales pitch as a legal argument, anticipating counterarguments and preparing rejoinders beforehand."<ref name=s/> While producing programs for WLW, Ziv met writer John L. Sinn, and in 1937 they began Frederic W. Ziv Company as a program syndication business.<ref name="mbc">{{cite web\|last1=Anderson\|first1=Christopher\|title=Ziv Television Programs, Inc.\|url=http://www.museum.tv/eotv/zivtelevisio.htm\|website=Museum of Broadcast Communication\|access-date=11 January 2017\|archive-date=16 October 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016185821/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/zivtelevisio.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Concept== The Ziv Company offered an opportunity to local and regional businesses that could not afford to produce programs whose quality would match that of network programs. Ziv's alternative was the use of [[Electrical transcription\|transcriptions]] – programs recorded on discs and offered to local advertisers in each radio market. Charges for the programs were based on the market's size. The result was "affordable quality programming that could be scheduled in any available slot on a station's schedule."<ref name=et/> In an interview in Irv Broughton's book, ''Producers on Producing: The Making of Film and Television'', Ziv noted that, although he was often called the "father of syndication," the concept was not original with him. "That's the tag that followed me," he said, "and is still being used. I developed the technique; I didn't originate it. I'm not sure if anyone preceded me. I did expand on it and brought it to what was probably its highest level."<ref name="pp"/> Hal Erickson wrote in ''Syndicated Television: The First Forty Years, 1947-1987'', "It was Frederick [sic] W. Ziv who brought sophistication to syndication, turning it into a science, combining modern recording techniques with a masterful sense of merchandising."<ref name=st>Erickson, Hal (1989). ''Syndicated Television: The First Forty Years, 1947-1987''. McFarland & Company, Inc. {{ISBN\|0-7864-1198-8}}. P. 5.</ref> Erickson added that Ziv recognized the financial advantage of syndication: "his company would be paid outright for its programs, avoiding the usual percentages handed over to the networks."<ref name=st/> Although the company targeted stations without network affiliation, some stations that were part of networks also bought and broadcast Ziv programs. For example, in September 1951, [[WNBC (AM)\|WNBC]]-AM (the [[NBC]] flagship station in New York City) bought Ziv's ''Bold Venture'', ''Bright Star'', ''Favorite Story'' and ''Guy Lombardo Show'' for 52 weeks each. The station's general manager commented that the programs would help local business to advertise on top-budgeted shows at "realistic prices".<ref>{{cite news\|title=Ziv Shows in N.Y.\|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/51-OCR/1951-10-01-BC-OCR-Page-0026.pdf\|access-date=12 January 2017\|work=Broadcasting\|date=October 1, 1951\|page=26}}</ref> ==Size== At its peak, Ziv Company had more than 3,000 employees (full-time and part-time combined).<ref name=pp/> In 1950, it took a five-year lease on "a substantial portion of the California Studios, formerly the Enterprise Film lot",<ref>{{cite news\|title=Ziv Plunks 100G in Video Film-Lot Deal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PA10\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=September 23, 1950\|page=6}}</ref> and in 1954, it bought the [[Eagle-Lion Films]] lot in Hollywood, California.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Profiles of First-Place Winners\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RkEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PA10\|access-date=13 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=February 12, 1955\|page=10}}</ref> Its property included seven [[sound stage]]s with related facilities such as projection rooms and cutting rooms.<ref name=pp/> ==Promotion and support== Frederic Ziv believed, "If a show is properly exploited and promoted, it will go."<ref name=bb022153/> To that end, Ziv Company went beyond simply selling the programs. A sales-and-service staff made calls on local stations in order to help them promote Ziv programs (both radio and television)<ref name=aat/> with support materials such as "posters, brochures, promotional kits and ad slicks".<ref name=c/> The goal was to present "one slogan, one point of view."<ref name=aat/> Success was enhanced by Ziv salesmen's never trying to sell more than one program at a time to a station and their willingness to help stations find sponsors after a program was sold.<ref name=bb022153/> Stars of Ziv programs also contributed their own efforts to support, such as when [[Adolphe Menjou]], star of the television version of ''[[Favorite Story]]'', traveled across the United States in 1953 to promote his then-new program. An article in the trade publication ''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]'' described Menjou's trip as "part of Ziv's stepped-up merchandising program."<ref name="bb022153">{{cite news\|title=Ziv Television Productions Cops First Place for 3d Time in Row\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgoEAAAAMBAJ&q=Frederic+Ziv&pg=PA18\|access-date=10 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=February 21, 1953\|page=18}}</ref> A year later, [[David Brian]] toured cities in the Eastern United States promoting the radio and television versions of his ''[[Mr. District Attorney]]'' program.<ref>{{cite news\|title='D.A.' Radio Version Gets Quick Ziv Sale\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxoEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PA19\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=July 31, 1954\|page=19}}</ref> ==Radio== Frederic Ziv's first effort in syndication came before the company was formed. In 1935, he created a program, ''The Freshest Thing in Town'' for Rubel Bakery<ref name="c">{{cite journal\|last1=Vaccariello\|first1=Linda\|title=Fred's World\|journal=Cincinnati\|date=April 2003\|pages=46–50, 161–162\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-sCAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Frederic+W.+Ziv%22&pg=PA48\|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> in Cincinnati, after having first created an advertising campaign that had the same theme. When bakers in other markets heard about the show's success, they contacted the bakery's owner, who referred them to Ziv. That led to his having copies of the transcription made to send to those other bakers for broadcast in their home markets. In a 1998 interview, Ziv estimated that three dozen bakeries eventually used the program. That program lasted about five years.<ref name="aat">{{cite web\|title=Frederic Ziv\|url=http://www.emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/frederic-ziv#\|website=Archive of American Television\|access-date=10 January 2017\|format=video interview\|date=October 23, 1998}}</ref> By 1947, the reach of Ziv Company's programming was such that 675 stations carried Ziv programs, some for as much as nine hours per week.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Crosby\|first1=John\|title=Radio in Review\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8300782/the_cumberland_news/\|work=The Cumberland News\|agency=N.Y. Tribune Inc.\|date=August 11, 1947\|location=Maryland, Cumberland\|page=4\|via = [[Newspapers.com]]\|access-date = January 11, 2017}} {{Open access}}</ref> === Three-faceted approach === Three elements worked together to contribute to Ziv's success in radio. Derek Kompare, in his book ''Rerun Nation: How Repeats Invented American Television'', observed: <blockquote>Ziv had built a network-like reputation for programming through several shrewd principles exploiting "presold" properties by acquiring the radio rights to established characters and texts; pursuing Hollywood-level talent wherever possible; and making program sales and promotion the firm's top priority in every market. Ziv himself was perhaps the most ardent supporter of syndicated transcriptions in radio at this time [the late 1940s], creating and distributing series that often ran on more stations than comparable network programming.<ref name=rn>{{cite book\|last1=Kompare\|first1=Derek\|title=Rerun Nation: How Repeats Invented American Television\|date=2006\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=9781135877811\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7RWW17DfMgC&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PT62\|access-date=11 January 2017\|language=en}}</ref></blockquote> ===Hollywood stars=== The company's success was bolstered by employing movie stars for key roles in some of its series. Those stars included [[Dana Andrews]], [[Irene Dunne]], [[Fred MacMurray]],<ref>{{cite news\|title=Ziv Offers 'Communist' Show With Andrews\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eh4EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PA6\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=January 12, 1952\|page=4}}</ref> [[Ronald Colman]], [[Adolphe Menjou]], [[Humphrey Bogart]] and [[Lauren Bacall]].<ref name=rn/> Such talent was not inexpensive. For example, Colman's contract with Ziv for the radio version of ''Favorite Story'' guaranteed him $150,000 per year for at least three years. Colman's contract also provided that he could record the programs at his own convenience, thus enabling him to work his radio schedule around his commitments to do films.<ref name="bb071247">{{cite news\|title=Ziv-Colman ET Show Success Spurs Lesser Producers to Imitation a la Shoestring\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEUEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PA9\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=July 12, 1947\|page=9}}</ref> Dunne and MacMurray signed 10-year contracts when they agreed to do ''[[Bright Star (radio)\|Bright Star]]'' in 1951, with terms under which each would "gross $300,000 from the series, via their guaranties [sic] – against percentage of sales deals."<ref name=bc081351>{{cite news\|title=New Ziv Series\|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/51-OCR/1951-08-13-BC-OCR-Page-0024.pdf\|access-date=12 January 2017\|work=Broadcasting\|date=August 13, 1951\|page=24}}</ref> One indication of the success of using recognized Hollywood talent was that in 1951, ''[[Bold Venture]]'' (starring Bogart and Bacall), was sold in more than 500 cities.<ref name=bc081351/> ===Repackaging=== [[File:ZIV Company advertisement for Easy Aces radio program transcriptions (1945).jpg\|thumb\|180px\|right\|1945 advertisement for syndicated ''[[Easy Aces]]'' programs originally performed from 1937 to 1941.]] In addition to producing successful original programming, Ziv was a pioneer in re-using transcribed series that had already been broadcast on radio. Rather than simply reproducing the programs as originally recorded, Ziv personnel created "repackaged" versions, "usually with new titles and/or formats," Kompare wrote. "For example, the company acquired the rights to ''Skippy Hollywood Theatre of the Air'' in 1951, which was retitled ''Movietown Radio Theatre'' for syndication."<ref name=rn/> ===Finances=== Ziv invested significant amounts of money in its radio programs. In 1946, for example, ''Billboard'' reported, "Three Ziv quarter-hour musical programs, each contracted for a series of 130 disks, represent an investment of $750,000."<ref name=bb032346>{{cite news\|title=Net-Caliber E.T. Series Happy $ Huntin' Grounds\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RkEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PT13\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=March 23, 1946\|page=14}}</ref> The bulk of that money went to paying performers on the ''[[Barry Wood (singer)\|Barry Wood Show]]'', ''[[Kenny Baker (American performer)#Radio\|Sincerely, Kenny Baker]]'' and ''Pleasure Parade''.<ref name=bb032346/> In 1947, Ziv had gross revenue of more than $10 million on its sales of 23 radio programs, an increase of more than 30 percent over the previous year. An article in ''Billboard'' called the company the "largest of the open-end transcription producers in the country."<ref name=bb092047>{{cite news\|title=Ziv's Whopping 10 Million\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyAEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PA21\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=September 20, 1947\|page=21}}</ref> Ziv's revenue was estimated to be at least one-third of the total of all transcription sales in the United States.<ref name=bb092047/> ===Advertisers=== Revenue came not only from advertisers at the local and regional levels, but also from national sponsors such as [[Borden (company)\|Borden]], [[Vicks]], Wildroot Cream-Oil and Grove Laboratories.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Bird\|first1=Harry Lewis\|title=This Fascinating Advertising Business\|date=2008\|publisher=Wildside Press LLC\|isbn=9781434475541\|page=229\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPbMSL3aCUAC&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PA229\|access-date=11 January 2017\|language=en}}</ref> In 1950, increased advertising on television resulted in national advertisers often shifting their remaining funds from network radio to syndicated radio programs, especially those of the Ziv Company, which an article in ''Billboard'' called "undoubtedly the top transcription and library firm."<ref name="bb052050">{{cite news\|title=TV Boom Busts AM Waxers\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VA4EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PT6\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=May 20, 1950\|page=7}}</ref> The company created new divisions in the southeast, southwest and north central United States and added 14 sales people to handle the increase in business.<ref name=bb052050/> ==Television== Ziv Television Programs began in 1948 as a subsidiary of the main company.<ref name=et/> Erickson described the company's approach by writing, "Fred Ziv tackled the new medium like a man devouring sirloin, setting up a television-film factory of the first calibre."<ref name=st/> Ziv called himself "a pioneer as far as television production is concerned." Although he had no guarantee that television would succeed, he felt safe in pursuing that direction because radio had already succeeded. "We felt that television was just the logical next step," he said.<ref name=pp/> The company's new direction led to expansion of its offices. Although the headquarters remained in Cincinnati, it eventually opened additional offices in Hollywood and New York City.<ref name="s">{{cite book\|last1=Neufeld\|first1=Michael J.\|title=Spacefarers: Images of Astronauts and Cosmonauts in the Heroic Era of Spaceflight\|date=2013\|publisher=Smithsonian Institution\|isbn=9781935623250\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6xqBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Ziv+Company%22&pg=PT22\|access-date=11 January 2017\|language=en}}</ref> ===Rights=== Ziv bought the rights to all of the programs that he produced. He commented in a 1998 interview that such rights came cheaply in the early days of TV: "Television was a new thing, and they didn't know if it would last. 'Why do you want those rights for 20 years [they thought] when it may not last for 20 weeks?'"<ref name=aat/> He had the foresight to include rights for future television productions in contracts when he bought a program's radio rights, even though the people with whom he contracted wondered why he did so. He explained, "'Why would you want the rights to television ... when there is no television?' That's the question that was asked by the people who owned the [[O. Henry]] stories."<ref name=aat/> He added that television rights were inexpensive to obtain; "They were glad to get [the money]," he said.<ref name=aat/> ===Film=== Ziv noted that ''[[The Cisco Kid (TV series)\|The Cisco Kid]]'' was likely one of the first – "if not the first" – television program produced on film. He encountered no opposition from Hollywood because people were happy for the employment that the TV productions provided.<ref name=pp/> Ziv used color film for the television version of ''The Cisco Kid'', which began in 1949 (before color TV sets were sold).<ref name=mbc/> Ziv again encountered a lack of belief or understanding of what he was doing. "The people – the engineers, the laboratory – felt that the color film would never be usable – if color ever came," he said. "It turned out they were all wrong. Color television did come, and as you know, the programs we shot in color in the very early days are still being used."<ref name=pp/> ===Early programs=== The company's first two television programs were ''Yesterday's Newsreel'' and ''Sports Album''. Material for those programs came from Ziv's purchase of General Film Library, which Erickson described as "so vast that it had storehouses on both coasts".<ref name=st/> The shows were produced by packaging segments from the library for television. ''Yesterday's Newsreel'' featured events like the [[Hindenburg disaster]] and the sinking of the [[RMS Titanic\|Titanic]]. It was a 15-minute program, while ''Sports Album'' ran 5 minutes.<ref name=aat/> ''The Cisco Kid'', Ziv's first dramatic series, began in 1949 and was produced until 1956, resulting in 156 episodes. The program's gross revenue for its first 10 years in syndication was $11 million.<ref name=mbc/> ===Economee TV=== In 1954, the company created a subsidiary, Economee TV, to market its older programs to stations.<ref name="bb073055">{{cite news\|title=Ziv-TV National Sales Under Walter Kingsley\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSEEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Economy+TV%22+Ziv&pg=PA5\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=July 30, 1955\|page=5}}</ref> The move came as Ziv and other syndicating companies sought to broaden their outreach and appeal to more television stations.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Distributors Broaden Sales Attacks for More Flexibility\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCEEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Economy+TV%22+Ziv&pg=PA13\|access-date=11 January 2017\|work=Billboard\|date=November 26, 1955\|page=9}}</ref> Essentially, Economee TV handled reruns of older Ziv Television series, while the original TV operation handled new programs that Ziv produced. Erickson traced the formation of Economee TV mainly to the continuing success of ''Highway Patrol'' – "the biggest money-maker Ziv ever had".<ref name=st/> The program, which began in 1955, was still generating profits in reruns a decade later.<ref name=st/> ==Competition from networks== Initially, "We fought the networks tooth and nail every day," Ziv said, "in Washington, before courts and before the FCC, because they had an unfair advantage" with regard to national advertisers.<ref name=aat/> Ziv's programs were primarily sponsored by companies like [[Coors Brewing Company]] and [[Interstate Bakeries]], which distributed products over much of the United States but were not sold in some areas. When those companies sponsored a program, Ziv would sell to other advertisers in the limited markets not reached by the main sponsor.<ref name=aat/> ==Purchase of World Broadcasting System== In August 1948, Ziv added to its library of transcribed programs by buying [[World Broadcasting System]] ,<ref name=st/> with the price reported to be $1,500,000. The trade publication [[Broadcasting & Cable\|''Broadcasting'']] reported, "The deal was the latest in a series of shrewd and boldly-planned business coups that have buttressed the Ziv Company's steady-increasing pre-eminence in the packaged show field."<ref name="bc080948">{{cite news\|title=Ziv Buys 'World'\|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/48-OCR/1948-08-09-BC-OCR-Page-0022.pdf\|access-date=12 January 2017\|work=Broadcasting\|date=August 9, 1948\|page=22}}</ref> At the time of the sale, 670 AM, FM and television stations subscribed to the WBS library.<ref name="bc080948"/> Besides acquiring WBS's packaged programs, the deal also provided Ziv Company with ""the largest collection of royalty-free recorded music in existence", eliminating the need to pay licensing fees to the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] for music used in producing Ziv's programs.<ref name=st/> ==Sale to United Artists== In March 1960, [[United Artists]] bought Ziv Television Programs, Inc. for $20,750,000. That amount included a combined $6,750,000 in installment notes and [[debenture]]s and UA's assumption of approximately $14,000,000 in debt. About eight months prior to UA's purchase, two investment firms – [[F. Eberstadt & Co.]] and [[Lazard\|Lazard Freres & Co.]] – had purchased about 80 percent of Ziv Company's stock with Frederic W. Ziv and John L. Sinn keeping the remaining 20 percent. Effective with the sale, the former Ziv Company became a subsidiary of United Artists and was named Ziv-United Artists Television Co. Inc. Ziv and Sinn retained their respective positions as board chairman and president.<ref name="bc031460">{{cite news\|title=UA Finally Gets Its Hands on Ziv\|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/60-OCR/BC-1960-03-14-OCR-Page-0084.pdf\|access-date=12 January 2017\|work=Broadcasting\|date=March 14, 1960\|page=84}}</ref> ==Legacy== The Frederic W. Ziv Media Heritage Center in Cincinnati houses an archive related to the Ziv Company as well as other elements of broadcasting from the Cincinnati area.<ref name=c/> ==Partial list of Ziv programs== ===Radio=== {{colbegin\|colwidth=20em}} ''[[Bold Venture]]'' ''[[Boston Blackie#Radio\|Boston Blackie]]'' ''[[Bright Star (radio)\|Bright Star]]'' ''Calling All Girls'' ''[[Easy Aces]]'' ''Eye Witness News'' ''Favorite Story'' ''Freedom USA'' ''The Guy Lombardo Show'' ''Hour of Stars'' ''[[I Was a Communist for the FBI#Radio\|I Was a Communist for the FBI]]'' ''The Jack Berch Show'' ''Manhunt'' ''[[Mr. District Attorney]]'' ''Musical Showcase'' ''Old Corral'' ''Parents Magazine of the Air'' ''[[Philo Vance#Radio\|Philo Vance]]'' ''Pleasure Parade'' ''Say It with Music'' ''Songs of Good Cheer'' ''They Gave Their Lives'' ''War Correspondent'' ''The Wayne King Show'' {{colend}} ===Television=== {{colbegin\|colwidth=20em}} ''[[Bat Masterson (TV series)\|Bat Masterson]]'' ''Boston Blackie'' ''[[The Cisco Kid (TV series)\|The Cisco Kid]]'' ''[[Easy Aces (TV series)\|Easy Aces]]'' ''[[The Eddie Cantor Comedy Theatre]]'' ''Favorite Story'' ''[[Highway Patrol (American TV series)\|Highway Patrol]]'' ''[[I Led Three Lives]]'' ''[[Meet Corliss Archer (TV series)\|Meet Corliss Archer]]'' ''[[Mr. District Attorney#Television\|Mr. District Attorney]]'' ''The New Adventures of Martin Kane'' ''[[Science Fiction Theatre]]'' ''[[Sea Hunt]]'' ''[[Waterfront (1955 TV series)\|Waterfront]]'' {{colend}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Portal\|Ohio\|Radio\|Television}} [[Category:1937 establishments in Ohio]] [[Category:Defunct broadcasting companies of the United States]] [[Category:Defunct companies based in Cincinnati]] [[Category:Mass media companies established in 1937]] [[Category:American companies established in 1937]] [[Category:Electrical transcription companies]]	1,305,152,917	[{"title": "Frederic W. Ziv Company", "data": {"Industry": "Entertainment", "Founded": "1937", "Headquarters": "Cincinnati, Ohio, United States", "Products": "Syndicated radio and television programs", "Owner": "Frederic Ziv"}}]	false
# Pure-J Pure-J (ピュアＪ, Pyua J) is a Japanese Joshi puroresu (women's professional wrestling) promotion established on August 11, 2017, by Command Bolshoi. ## History With the closure of JWP Joshi Puroresu on April 2, 2017, it was announced that Command Bolshoi will be in charge of a new promotion Pure-J. It was also confirmed that Pure-J would retain control of the Daily Sports Women's Tag Team and Princess of Pro-Wrestling Championships. Pure-J held it first event on August 11, 2017. On October 9, 2017, Pure-J crowned their first Openweight Champion, Hanako Nakamori, where Nakamori defeated Manami Katsu in the finals of a 12-woman tournament to become the inaugural champion. Since then, there have been 7 reigns, with Leon being the current champion in her second reign. On April 21, 2019, Bolshoi held her retirement show from professional wrestling, where she participated in a gauntlet match that ended in time limit draw. On May 27, 2020, it was announced that Pure-J joined to Independent Wrestling TV (IWTV), a streaming company which airs independent promotions shows. ## Roster ### Wrestlers \| Ring name \| Real name \| Notes \| \| --------------- \| ---------------------- \| --------------------------------------------- \| \| Akari \| Benita Elgueta Saldias \| \| \| Arisa Nakajima \| Arisa Nakajima \| Freelancer \| \| Cherry \| Unknown \| Freelancer \| \| Chie Ozora \| Chiemi Shioya \| \| \| Crea \| Tsukada Kurea \| \| \| Hanako Nakamori \| Hanako Kobayashi \| Daily Sports Tag Team Champion \| \| Honoka \| Unknown \| Freelancer Princess of Pro Wrestling Champion \| \| Hiragi Kurumi \| Hiragi Kurumi \| Prominence \| \| Kaho Kobayashi \| Kaho Kobayashi \| Freelancer Daily Sports Tag Team Champion \| \| Kaori Yoneyama \| Kaori Yoneyama \| Freelancer \| \| Kazuki \| Kazuko Fujiwara \| \| \| Leon \| Rena Takase \| \| \| Miyuki Takase \| Miyuki Takase \| Freelancer \| \| Momo Tani \| Unknown \| \| \| Mochi Natsumi \| Unknown \| Prominence \| \| Rina Yamashita \| Unknown \| Freelancer \| \| Risa Sera \| Risa Okuda \| Freelancer Pure-J Openweight Champion \| \| Rydeen Hagane \| Noriko Matsumoto \| \| \| Sumika Yanagawa \| Sumika Yanagawa \| Freelancer \| ### Referees \| Ring name \| Real name \| \| ---------- \| ----------- \| \| Tessy Sugo \| Hiromi Sugo \| ### Notable alumni - Akino - Alex Lee - Alexander Otsuka - Aoi Kizuki - Ayako Hamada - Ayako Sato - Azumi Hyuga - Chikayo Nagashima - Emi Sakura - Giulia - Hana Kimura - Hikari Shimizu - Hikaru Shida - Hiroyo Matsumoto - Kagetsu - Kakeru Sekiguchi - Kyoko Inoue - Manami Katsu - Manami Toyota - Mari Apache - Mari Manji - Mariko Yoshida - Mayumi Ozaki - Mika Iwata - Mio Momono - Miyuki Takase - Mikami - Megumi Yabushita - Meiko Satomura - Nagisa Nozaki - Ricky Fuji - Riko Kaiju - Riho - Rina Shingaki - Rin Kadokura - Sachie Abe - Saki - Saori Anou - Sareee - Sawako Shimono - Suzu Suzuki - Takako Inoue - Tam Nakano - Tae Honma - Totoro Satsuki - Tsubasa Kuragaki - Waka Tsukiyama - Yako Fujigasaki - Yuu - Yumiko Hotta ### Backstage personnel \| Ring name \| Real name \| Notes \| \| --------------- \| --------- \| ---------------------------- \| \| Command Bolshoi \| Unknown \| Owner and promoter of Pure-J \| \| Saki Tsuda \| Unknown \| Ring Announcer \| ## Championships As of August 12, 2025. \| Championship \| Current champion(s) \| Current champion(s) \| Reign \| Date won \| Days held \| Location \| Notes \| \| ------------------------------------------ \| ------------------- \| ---------------------------------- \| -------- \| --------------- \| --------- \| ------------ \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| \| Pure-J Openweight Championship \| \| Saki \| 1 \| May 6, 2025 \| 98+ \| Tokyo, Japan \| Defeated Rydeen Hagane at PURE-J MANIAX 2025. \| \| Princess of Pro Wrestling Championship \| \| Honoka \| 1 \| July 21, 2024 \| 387+ \| Tokyo, Japan \| Defeated Chie Ozora at Road To PURE-J 7th Anniversary Vol. 4. \| \| Daily Sports Women's Tag Team Championship \| \| Hanako Nakamori and Kaho Kobayashi \| 1 (2, 1) \| August 11, 2025 \| 1+ \| Tokyo, Japan \| Defeated Moeka Haruhi and Yuna Manase at PURE-J Rainbow Mountain 2025 ~ PURE-J 8th Anniversary. \| \| KSR Championship \| \| Momo Tani \| 1 \| April 7, 2024 \| 492+ \| Osaka, Japan \| Defeated Super W in a tournament final to become the inaugural champion at PURE-J Osaka Festival 2024. \| ### KSR championship The KSR Championship (abbreviated from "Kansai Survival Revolution") is a singles women's professional wrestling championship promoted by Pure-J. The current and inaugural champion is Momo Tani. \| No. \| Overall reign number \| \| Reign \| Reign number for the specific champion \| \| Days \| Number of days held \| \| Defenses \| Number of successful defenses \| \| <1 \| Reign lasted less than a day \| \| + \| Current reign is changing daily \| \| No. \| Champion \| Championship change \| Championship change \| Championship change \| Reign statistics \| Reign statistics \| Reign statistics \| Notes \| Ref. \| \| No. \| Champion \| Date \| Event \| Location \| Reign \| Days \| Defenses \| Notes \| Ref. \| \| --- \| --------- \| ------------------- \| -------------------------- \| ------------------- \| ---------------- \| ---------------- \| ---------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ------ \| \| 1 \| Momo Tani \| April 7, 2024 \| PURE-J Osaka Festival 2024 \| Kawasaki, Japan \| 1 \| 492+ \| 2 \| Defeated Super W in a tournament final to become the inaugural champion. \| [ 10 ] \|	enwiki/64902239	enwiki	64,902,239	Pure-J	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure-J	2025-08-12T21:25:01Z	en	Q104848558	117,072	{{short description\|Women's professional wrestling promotion}} {{Infobox Wrestling promotion \|name = Pure-J \|image = Pure-J wrestling logo.png \|image_size = 250px \|caption = \|acronym = \|established = August 11, 2017<ref name="Press">{{cite web \| url = http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/womens_prores/667934/ \| script-title=ja:JWPから「Pure-J」へ　8・11後楽園大会で旗揚げ \| date=March 28, 2017 \| accessdate=March 28, 2017 \| work=[[Tokyo Sports]] \| language=Japanese}}</ref> \|folded = \|style = ''[[Joshi puroresu]]'' \|location = [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] \|founder = [[Command Bolshoi]]<ref name="Press"/> \|owner = \|parent = \|formerly = \|predecessor = [[JWP Joshi Puroresu]] \|website = [https://pure-j.jp/ pure-j.jp] }} {{Nihongo\|'''Pure-J'''\|ピュアＪ\|Pyua J}} is a Japanese ''[[Joshi puroresu]]'' ([[women's professional wrestling]]) [[professional wrestling promotion\|promotion]] established on August 11, 2017, by [[Command Bolshoi]]. == History == With the closure of [[JWP Joshi Puroresu]] on April 2, 2017, it was announced that [[Command Bolshoi]] will be in charge of a new promotion Pure-J. It was also confirmed that Pure-J would retain control of the [[Daily Sports Women's Tag Team Championship\|Daily Sports Women's Tag Team]] and [[Princess of Pro-Wrestling Championship]]s.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.daily.co.jp/ring/2017/02/08/0009899091.shtml \| script-title=ja:日本最古の女子プロ団体ＪＷＰの全選手が独立、新団体旗揚げへ \| date=February 8, 2017 \| accessdate=February 8, 2017 \| work=Daily Sports Online \| publisher=[[Kobe Shimbun]] \| language=Japanese}}</ref> Pure-J held it first event on August 11, 2017.<ref>{{cite web\|last=\|first=\|title=PURE-J Debut Show ~ Dream Go!\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=181433\|work=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database\|date=}}</ref> On October 9, 2017, Pure-J crowned their first Openweight Champion, Hanako Nakamori, where Nakamori defeated [[Manami Katsu]] in the finals of a 12-woman tournament to become the inaugural champion.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Reid\|first=Ciara\|title=Ringbelles Roundup (10/11/17) – Hanako Nakamori wins PURE-J belt, Viper retains at Fierce Females, Misaki Ohata is WAVE Champ, Toni Storm wins another tourney, WWR results, SHINE 46 & more\|url=https://www.pwponderings.com/2017/10/12/ringbelles-roundup-101117-hanako-nakamori-wins-pure-j-belt-viper-retains-fierce-females-misaki-ohata-wave-champ-toni-storm-wins-another-tourney-wwr-results-shine-46/\|work=PWPonderings\|date=October 12, 2017}}</ref> Since then, there have been 7 reigns, with [[Leon (Japanese wrestler)\|Leon]] being the current champion in her second reign.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Richards\|first=Alex\|title=#AndNEW: Leon Wins PURE-J Openweight Championship\|url=https://lastwordonprowrestling.com/2020/07/26/leon-pure-j-openweight-championship/\|work=Last Word on Pro Wrestling\|date=July 26, 2020}}</ref> On April 21, 2019, Bolshoi held her retirement show from professional wrestling, where she participated in a [[gauntlet match]] that ended in time limit draw.<ref>{{cite web\|last=\|first=\|title=Pure-J: The farewell of Command Bolshoi\|url=https://en.superluchas.com/pure-j-la-despedida-de-command-bolshoi/\|work=Superluchas\|date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> On May 27, 2020, it was announced that Pure-J joined to Independent Wrestling TV (IWTV), a streaming company which airs independent promotions shows.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Richards\|first=Alex\|title=Pure-J To Start Streaming On IWTV\|url=https://lastwordonprowrestling.com/2020/05/27/pure-j-streaming-iwtv/\|work=Last Word on Pro Wrestling\|date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> == Roster == === Wrestlers === {\| class="wikitable sortable" align="left center" style="width:65%;" \|- !width:15%;"\|Ring name<ref name="Roster">{{cite web\|url=http://jwp-produce.com/fighters/\|title=メンバー\|work=jwp-produce.com\|language=Japanese}}</ref> !width:15%;"\|Real name !width:25%;"\|Notes \|- \|[[Akari (wrestler)\|Akari]] \|{{sort\|zz\|Benita Elgueta Saldias}} \| \|- \|[[Arisa Nakajima]] \|Arisa Nakajima \|Freelancer \|- \|[[Cherry (Japanese wrestler)\|Cherry]] \|{{sort\|zz\|''Unknown''}} \|Freelancer \|- \|{{sortname\|Chie\|Ozora}} \|{{sort\|Shioya, Chiemi\|Chiemi Shioya}} \| \|- \|[[Crea (wrestler)\|Crea]] \|{{sort\|Kurea, Tsukada\|Tsukada Kurea}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Hanako\|Nakamori}} \|{{sort\|Kobayashi, Hanako\|Hanako Kobayashi}} \|[[Daily Sports Tag Team Championship\|Daily Sports Tag Team Champion]] \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Honoka\|dab=wrestler}} \|{{sort\|zz\|''Unknown''}} \|Freelancer<br>[[Princess of Pro Wrestling Championship\|Princess of Pro Wrestling Champion]] \|- \|[[Hiragi Kurumi]] \|{{sort\|Kurumi, Hiragi\|Hiragi Kurumi}} \|[[Prominence (professional wrestling)\|Prominence]] \|- \|[[Kaho Kobayashi]] \|{{sort\|Kobayashi, Kaho\|Kaho Kobayashi}} \|Freelancer<br>[[Daily Sports Tag Team Championship\|Daily Sports Tag Team Champion]] \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Kaori Yoneyama\|Kaori Yoneyama}} \|{{sort\|Yoneyama, Kaori\|Kaori Yoneyama}} \|Freelancer \|- \|[[Kazuki (wrestler)\|Kazuki]] \|{{sort\|Fujiwara, Kazuko\|Kazuko Fujiwara}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|\|Leon\|dab=Japanese wrestler}} \|{{sort\|Takase, Rena\|Rena Takase}} \| \|- \|[[Miyuki Takase]] \|{{sort\|Takase, Miyuki\|Miyuki Takase}} \|Freelancer \|- \|[[Momo Tani]] \|{{sort\|zz\|''Unknown''}} \| \|- \|[[Mochi Miyagi\|Mochi Natsumi]] \|{{sort\|zz\|''Unknown''}} \|[[Prominence (professional wrestling)\|Prominence]] \|- \|{{sortname\|Rina\|Yamashita}} \|{{sort\|zz\|''Unknown''}} \|Freelancer \|- \|{{sortname\|Risa\|Sera}} \|{{sort\|Okuda, Risa\|Risa Okuda}} \|Freelancer<br>[[Pure-J Openweight Championship\|Pure-J Openweight Champion]] \|- \|{{sortname\|Rydeen\|Hagane}} \|{{sort\|Matsumoto, Noriko\|Noriko Matsumoto}} \| \|- \|{{sortname\|Sumika\|Yanagawa}} \|{{sort\|Yanagawa, Sumika\|Sumika Yanagawa}} \|Freelancer \|} === Referees === {{See also\|Referee (professional wrestling)}} {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;" \|- !width=19%\|Ring name<ref name="Roster"/> !width=19%\|Real name \|- \|{{sort\|Sugo, Tessy\|Tessy Sugo}} \|{{sort\|Sugo, Hiromi\|Hiromi Sugo}} \|} === Notable alumni === {{div col\|colwidth=22em}} * [[Mika Akino\|Akino]] * [[Alex Lee (wrestler)\|Alex Lee]] * [[Alexander Otsuka]] * [[Aoi Kizuki]] * [[Ayako Hamada]] * [[Ayako Sato]] * [[Azumi Hyuga]] * [[Chikayo Nagashima]] * [[Emi Sakura]] * [[Giulia (wrestler)\|Giulia]] * [[Hana Kimura]] * [[Hikari Shimizu]] * [[Hikaru Shida]] * [[Hiroyo Matsumoto]] * [[Kagetsu]] * [[Kakeru Sekiguchi]] * [[Kyoko Inoue]] * [[Manami Katsu]] * [[Manami Toyota]] * [[Mari Apache]] * Mari Manji * [[Mariko Yoshida]] * [[Mayumi Ozaki]] * [[Mika Iwata]] * [[Mio Momono]] * [[Miyuki Takase]] * [[Kyohei Mikami\|Mikami]] * [[Megumi Yabushita]] * [[Meiko Satomura]] * [[Nagisa Nozaki]] * [[Ricky Fuji]] * [[Riko Kaiju]] * [[Riho]] * [[Rina Shingaki]] * [[Rin Kadokura]] * [[Sachie Abe]] * [[Saki (wrestler)\|Saki]] * [[Saori Anou]] * [[Sareee]] * [[Sawako Shimono]] * [[Suzu Suzuki]] * [[Takako Inoue]] * [[Tam Nakano]] * [[Tae Honma]] * [[Totoro Satsuki]] * [[Tsubasa Kuragaki]] * [[Waka Tsukiyama]] * [[Yako Fujigasaki]] * [[Yuu (wrestler)\|Yuu]] * [[Yumiko Hotta]] {{div col end}} === Backstage personnel === {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:65%;" !width=20%\|Ring name !width=20%\|Real name !width=30%\|Notes \|- \|{{sortname\|Command\|Bolshoi}} \|{{sort\|zz\|''Unknown''}} \|Owner and promoter of Pure-J \|- \|{{sort\|Tsuda, Tsuda\|Saki Tsuda}} \|{{sort\|zz\|''Unknown''}} \|Ring Announcer \|} == Championships == As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; background:#fcfdff; font-size:85%;" !Championship \|\| colspan="2" \|Current champion(s) \|\| Reign \|\| Date won \|\| Days held \|\| Location \|\| Notes \|- \|[[Pure-J Openweight Championship]] \|[[File:20220212saki2 (cropped).jpg\|100px]] \|[[Saki (wrestler)\|Saki]] \|1 \|May 6, 2025 \|{{age in days\|May 6, 2025}}+ \|[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] \|align=left\|Defeated [[Rydeen Hagane]] at ''PURE-J MANIAX 2025''. \|- \|[[Princess of Pro Wrestling Championship]] \|[[File:20230402honoka2.jpg\|100px]] \|[[Honoka (wrestler)\|Honoka]] \|1 \|July 21, 2024 \|{{age in days\|July 21, 2024}}+ \|[[Tokyo, Japan]] \|align=left\|Defeated [[Chie Ozora]] at ''Road To PURE-J 7th Anniversary Vol. 4''. \|- \|[[Daily Sports Women's Tag Team Championship]] \|[[File:20230617hanako.jpg\|100px]]<br>[[File:20200924kobayashi.jpg\|100px]] \|[[Hanako Nakamori]] and [[Kaho Kobayashi]] \|1<br />{{small\|(2, 1)}} \|August 11, 2025 \|{{age in days\|August 11, 2025}}+ \|[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] \|align=left\|Defeated [[Moeka Haruhi]] and [[Yuna Manase]] at ''PURE-J Rainbow Mountain 2025 ~ PURE-J 8th Anniversary''. \|- \|KSR Championship \|[[File:20221118momo2.jpg\|100px]] \|[[Momo Tani]] \|1 \|April 7, 2024 \|{{age in days\|April 7, 2024}}+ \|[[Osaka]], [[Japan]] \|align=left\|Defeated Super W in a tournament final to become the inaugural champion at ''PURE-J Osaka Festival 2024''. \|} === KSR championship === {{Infobox pro wrestling championship \|name = KSR championship \|image = \|promotion = Pure-J \|currentholder = [[Momo Tani]] \|created = January 13, 2024 \|won = April 7, 2024 \|firstchamp = Momo Tani \|mostreigns = \|longestreign = \|shortestreign = \|oldest = \|youngest = \|heaviest = \|lightest = }} The '''KSR Championship''' (abbreviated from "Kansai Survival Revolution") is a singles [[women's professional wrestling]] [[professional wrestling championship\|championship]] promoted by Pure-J. The current and inaugural champion is Momo Tani.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://battle-news.com/?p=109954\|script-title=ja:PURE-Jが関西圏限定のKSR女子王座を新設！　初代王者決定トーナメントに『2point5女子プロレス』が参戦アピール！\|work=battle-news.com\|author=''Battle News''\|language=Japanese\|date=January 13, 2024\|access-date=April 8, 2024}}</ref> {{Professional wrestling title history top\|active=yes\|dayless=yes\|defenses=yes}} {{PWtitlereign \|number = 1 \|champion = [[Momo Tani]] \|reign = 1 \|date = April 7, 2024 \|days = {{age in days nts\|April 7, 2024}}+ \|location = [[Kawasaki, Japan]] \|event = PURE-J Osaka Festival 2024 \|defenses = 2 \|notes = Defeated Super W in a tournament final to become the inaugural champion. \|ref = <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=392078\|title=PURE-J Osaka Festival 2024\|work=cagematch.net\|first=Philip\|last=Kreikenbohm\|date=April 7, 2024\|access-date=April 8, 2024}}</ref> }} {{BundleEnd}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[https://pure-j.jp/ Pure-J official site] in Japanese {{Pure-J}} {{Professional wrestling in Japan}} [[Category:Japanese women's professional wrestling promotions]] [[Category:2017 establishments in Japan]] [[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2017]]	1,305,571,765	[{"title": "Pure-J", "data": {"Founded": "August 11, 2017", "Style": "Joshi puroresu", "Headquarters": "Tokyo, Japan", "Founder(s)": "Command Bolshoi", "Predecessor": "JWP Joshi Puroresu", "Website": "pure-j.jp"}}, {"title": "Details", "data": {"Promotion": "Pure-J", "Date established": "January 13, 2024", "Current champion": "Momo Tani", "Date won": "April 7, 2024", "First champion": "Momo Tani"}}]	false
# Rai stones A rai stone (Yapese: raay), or fei stone, is one of many large artifacts that were manufactured and treasured by the native inhabitants of the Yap islands in Micronesia. They are also known as Yapese stone money or similar names. The typical rai stone is carved out of crystalline limestone and shaped like a disk with a hole in the center. The smallest may be 3.5 centimetres (1.4 in) in diameter. The largest extant stone is located on Rumung island, near the Riy village; it is 3.6 metres (12 ft) in diameter and 50 centimetres (20 in) thick, and weighs 4,000 kilograms (8,800 lb). Rai stones were quarried on several of the Micronesian islands, mainly Palau, but briefly on Guam as well. The practice stopped in the early 20th century. Today around 6,000 large rai stones are outstanding on the island, and several can be seen in museums worldwide. The stones were highly valued by the Yapese and used for important ceremonial gifts. The ownership of a large stone, which would be too difficult to move, was established by its history as recorded in oral tradition rather than by its location. Appending a transfer to the oral history of the stone thus effected a change of ownership. Some modern economists have viewed Rai stones as a form of money, and the stones are often used as a demonstration of the fact that the value of some forms of money can be assigned purely through a shared belief in said value. ## Names Originally the name "rai" was used in the northern part of Yap and "fei" in the southern part. The names are also transcribed as "rei" and "fai", respectively, and are often capitalized. In Palau, the stones are called palan. In the 20th century, the name "fei" fell into disuse. The name "rai" could mean "whale" in Yapese. This may be a reference to one of the origin legends, in which the first stones were shaped like fish. ## Physical description Rai stones are approximately round, although some more recent ones are rather elongated. In the best-worked ones, the thickness gradually decreases from the center to the rim or in two or three steps. The central hole has about 1/6 of the diameter of the stone. Sometimes there are additional holes off center. The diameter varies from 3.5 centimetres (1.4 in) to 3.6 metres (12 ft), but most are between 30 and 50 centimetres (12 and 20 in). The stones are made of light-colored crystalline rock consisting of calcium carbonate. Stones with brown or white streaks were particularly prized. Weathered stones are dull gray. Earlier reports incorrectly state that the material is aragonite, the most common mineral in coral and sea shells and in rocks derived thereof. Modern analysis revealed that the mineral is calcite. The stone occurs in Palau as deposits slowly formed on the walls of some caves by percolating rainwater (speleothems, specifically flowstones). Tectonic activity millions of years ago lifted limestone deposits out of the sea, eroded by rainwater, forming a typical cave-riled karst geology. ## Use and value Rai stones were, and still are, used in rare important social transactions, such as marriage, inheritance, political deals, sign of an alliance, ransom of the battle dead, or, rarely, in exchange for food.: 12 Many are placed in front of meetinghouses, around village courts, or along pathways. Although the ownership of a particular stone might change, the stone itself is rarely moved due to its weight and risk of damage. Thus the physical location of a stone was often not significant: ownership was established by shared agreement and could be transferred even without physical access to the stone. Each large stone had an oral history that included the names of previous owners. In one instance, a large rai being transported by canoe and outrigger was accidentally dropped and sank to the sea floor. Although it was never seen again, everyone agreed that the rai must still be there, so it continued to be transacted as any other stone. The perceived value of a specific stone was based on its size, craftsmanship, and history. The value could depend, for instance, on whether a famous sailor brought it or whether people died during its transport.: 11 ## History ### Origin legends The story of the origin of the rai stones survives only in Yapese oral legends. According to one version, about 500–600 years ago Anagumang, a Yapese from Tomil island, was instructed by the divinity Le-gerem to travel by boat with seven companions to the mythical island of Magaragar south of Palau, where they found a sparkling stone. According to some variants, the stones were first cut in various shapes, such as fish, lizard, turtle, or crescent moon. But eventually, they settled for the shape of a full moon, with a hole at the center for transport. In another version, the discovery expedition was headed by Anagumang and a Fatha'an from Yap's Rull island. A different legend attributes the discovery to chance by a group of fishermen driven to Palau by a storm. According to one variant, they fashioned a fish from the local sparkling stone and took it to the king of Rull as a substitute for the fish they failed to catch. A separate legend tells that before the Palau quarries were discovered, the inhabitants of the village of Talangeth on Map island attempted to make rai stones from the local quartzite rock, but the attempts were abandoned due to clan wars. ### Archaeological and anthropological evidence It is unknown how long the rai stones have been used in Yap. Flat rocks up to 2000 years old have been found there, but the oldest does not resemble today's rai stones, and how they were used is not known. An alternative hypothesis for the origin of rai stones is that they may have evolved from smaller carved beads. Two disks (without holes) measuring 3.5 centimetres (1.4 in) and 11.2 centimetres (4.4 in) were found and radiocarbon-dated 1636±200 and 1756±200 respectively. However, the relationship between these objects and the rai stones is unclear. Calcite speleothems do not occur on the Yap islands, which consist mostly of metamorphic rock rather than limestone. However, there are small veins of marble, a crystalline calcite rock of metamorphic origin, that has a sparkling appearance similar to that of the Palau flowstones. It has been conjectured that the Yapese originally came to value crystalline calcite from these sources before discovering the much more abundant deposits in the Palau caves. Archaeologists have identified quarries used by the Yapese in a relatively small region of Palau, spanning the southern end of Babeldaob and the northern part of Koror. Some rai stones were found elsewhere in Palau, but the quarries, if any, had not been found as of 2006. Excavations were carried out at the quarries of Omis Cave on the island of Oreor, Chelechol ra Orrak and Upper Orrak on the island of Orrak, and Metuker ra Bisech on the island of the same name. The first two sites, caves/coves that open on the beach, appear to have been exploited before contact with Europeans, although the dates could not be determined. The other two sites are located uphill, some distance from the beach. Quarrying at Metuker ra Bisech appears to have started only around 1700 CE, after the Yapese acquired iron tools. A large stone (3.5 m diameter, 20 cm thick) that apparently broke while being removed from the quarry at Metuker ra Bisech was abandoned on the spot. ### Native manufacture Rai stone production was well developed by the 19th century. Expeditions to Palau, consisting of tens of young men authorized or commanded by a village chief, would last up to several years and could result in the death of members at the quarries or during the sea voyage. According to some accounts, on their return, the largest stones and 2/5 of the smaller ones were handed over to the chief, and the men were rewarded with baskets of taro. Palau lies 400 km west of Yap on a straight line. According to later oral accounts from Yap and Palau, the Yapese first mined on the small island of Magaragár (Ngaragasemiěg), because they were afraid to land on the larger nearby island of Peleliu. Eventually the Palau natives gave the Yapese permission to quarry, in exchange for heavy labor and a few other items they brought from Yap. A report from 1903 claims that a large paved road in the island of Koror was built by the Yapese. In the quarries, the stones were cut out from the wall deposits of calcite as rough upright disks. It seems that they were then propped up against natural or artificial walls for shaping, finishing and polishing. The rough work appears to have been done with pickaxes or adzes, with blades 1 to 3 cm wide, made of stone or of the shell of large clams such as Tridacna. According to oral traditions, the central hole was made with a coral reef stone used as a "fire drill", presumably a large bow drill. (While the clam shells and coral are made of calcium carbonate too, they consist of the aragonite form, which is harder than the stone's calcite (3.5–4.0 and 3.0 in the Mohs hardness scale, respectively). The expeditions traveled to Palau by canoes. On the return, the stones could be carried by canoe or (for the larger specimens) on bamboo rafts. Since the raft was slow and poorly steerable, it was usually let loose in advance to be carried towards Yap by sea currents, while the men left some time later in canoes, on its pursuit. This return route could be more than 1000 km long. The expedition would eventually recover the raft in the vicinity of Yap and tow it to the islands. Stones were often lost at sea. These methods of transport apparently limited the diameter of stones to 2 metres or less and 2 tons of weight.} It is reported that the stones were transported on land by inserting a log or bamboo through the hole, which was carried on the shoulders of several men. Carried this way, the largest stones would have needed hundreds of men to transport, suggesting the more likely possibility that the largest stones were rolled, akin to wheels on an axle. ### European discovery The earliest reports by western Jesuits of what could be the Yapese rai stones date from the early 1700s. A report of a European expedition in 1815–1818 mentions that the Yap islands produce "grinding stones", that are used by chieftains as thrones, with one stone serving as seat and another as the back rest. The first clear report of a rai stone is from a British ship log entry dated 23 August 1843. The ship carried a delegation from Palau, headed by chieftain Abba Thulle, who was delivering a 60 centimetres (24 in) rai stone as a diplomatic gift to the "prime minister" of Yap and a cadre of Tomil chieftains. The ship's captain Andrew Cheyne notes that the stone was highly valued since it could be found only in the mountains of Palau. While referring to the stone as a "gift of money", Andrew did not mention seeing any other rai stone during his stay at Yap. His commercial agent Alfred Tetens reported in his memoirs that, in 1865, he transported ten Yapese from Palau to Yap, who were carrying 20 large blocks and many smaller ones, a few cm in diameter, to be used as currency. ### Manufacturing after European contact Contact with Europeans in the 19th century first provided the Yapese at Palau with iron tools, that made the cutting and shaping of the stones much easier. Not much later, the Yapese made deals with Europeans to use their ships to transport the stones back to Yap. These arrangements enabled the manufacture of much larger and heavier rai stones, up to 4 meters in diameter, as well of a larger number of them. However, these "modern" stones were less valuable than more ancient ones. In 1871, the Irish-American David Dean O'Keefe was shipwrecked near Yap and was helped by the natives. Later, he assisted the Yapese in acquiring rai stones and in return received copra and trepang, which were valuable exports in the Far East. The book His Majesty O'Keefe is the story of his life on Yap. A film of the same name starring Burt Lancaster was made in 1954. ### End of manufacture The trade for rai stones eventually stopped at the beginning of the 20th century due to trade disputes between Spanish and German interests in the area. Quarries were abandoned. When Imperial Japanese forces took over Yap during World War II, they used some of the stones for construction or as anchors. Although modern currency has replaced the stones as everyday currency, the rai stones are still exchanged in traditional ways between the Yapese. They are a national symbol and are depicted on local license plates. ## Economic interpretation In a 1991 paper, economist Milton Friedman argued that while the Yap system of immobile money might seem bizarre at first glance, it was not so different from the operation of the gold vault of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which can pay gold from one government to another without the gold ever leaving the vault. Demands by the government of France for such payment from the United States in 1932 contributed to a nationwide bank panic, proving that industrialized countries could fall under the sway of economic rituals as surely as the Yap islanders. A 2022 paper by Jo Lindsay Walton, a science fiction author and research fellow at the University of Sussex, claims inconsistencies, errors and omissions in many Western economic accounts of stone money, including Friedman's. Walton's paper asserts that when "Yap has appeared in Western political economy, the lessons which authors draw often reflect their position in intellectual and political disputes which are not principally rooted in Yapese history or economics." ## Gallery - Rai stone at the Bank of Canada Currency Museum in Ottawa - Rai stone on Yap Island - Yap stone, British Museum, London - Rai stone on display at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. - Presentation of a rai stone at the inauguration of the Federated States of Micronesia - Rai stone depicted on a Yap State license plate - Rai stone being transported to Yap Island (1880) ## Bibliography - Bryan, Michael F. (2004-02-01). "Island Money". Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 1 February 2004. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230430/http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/commentary/2004/0201.pdf. - Murphy, Geri (2011). "Yap's Amazing Stone Money". Sport Diver, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.sportdiver.com/keywords/yaps/yaps-amazing-stone-money Archived 8 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. - Poole, Robert Michael (2018). The tiny island with human-sized money. BBC Travel, www.bbc.com, 2018. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180502-the-tiny-island-with-human-sized-money.	enwiki/1211492	enwiki	1,211,492	Rai stones	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_stones	2025-08-19T12:20:29Z	en	Q917019	147,718	{{short description\|Micronesian currency}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox currency \| name = Rai stone \| local_name = Raay \| local_name_lang = yap \| image_1 = Yap Stone Money.jpg \| using_countries ={{ubl\|{{flag country\|FSM}}\|{{flag country\|PLW}}}} }} A '''rai stone''' ({{langx\|yap\|raay}}),<ref>[http://www.trussel2.com/yap/yap-r.htm#raay "Raay<sub>2</sub>".] ''Yapese Dictionary''. Updated 27 July 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</ref> or '''fei stone''',<ref name=rain/> is one of many large artifacts that were manufactured and treasured by the native inhabitants of the [[Yap]] islands in [[Federated States of Micronesia\|Micronesia]]. They are also known as '''Yapese stone money''' or similar names. The typical rai stone is carved out of crystalline [[limestone]] and shaped like a disk with a hole in the center. The smallest may be {{convert\|3.5\|cm}} in diameter. The largest extant stone is located on [[Rumung]] island, near the Riy village; it is {{convert\|3.6\|m}} in diameter and {{convert\|50\|cm}} thick, and weighs {{convert\|4000\|kg}}.<ref name=gill>{{cite book\|last=Gillilland\|first=Cora Lee C.\|title=The Stone Money of Yap. A Numismatic Survey. (Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology 23)\|year=1975\|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press\|location=Washington, DC\|pages=75}}</ref><ref name=wondermondo>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Au/MicronesiaFS/Yap/RaiOfYap.htm \|title=Rai of Yap – the stone money \|date=13 November 2011 \|publisher=Wondermondo}}</ref> Rai stones were quarried on several of the Micronesian islands, mainly [[Palau]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=3202&page=0&action=null\|title=The Settlement of Oceania: An Examination of the Accidental Voyage Theory\|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]\|year=1962\|author=G. S. Parsonson\|access-date=19 September 2016\|quote=The natives of Yap in Micronesia went 300 miles to the Palau Islands for "stone money", great calcite disks, six to twelve feet in diameter.\|archive-date=12 September 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912183258/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3202&page=0&action=null\|url-status=dead}}</ref> but briefly on [[Guam]] as well. The practice stopped in the early 20th century. Today around 6,000 large rai stones are outstanding on the island,{{clarification needed\|date=July 2021}} and several can be seen in museums worldwide.<ref>Patterson, Carolyn Bennett, et al. "At the Birth of Nations: In the Far Pacific". ''National Geographic Magazine'', October 1986, page 498. National Geographic Virtual Library.</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://airaistate.com/culture_files/metik%20era%20bisech.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820063459/http://airaistate.com/culture_files/metik%20era%20bisech.html \|archive-date=20 August 2013 \|title=Metuker ra Bisech – Yapese Quarried Stone Money Site \|work=AiraiState.com}}</ref> The stones were highly valued by the Yapese and used for important ceremonial gifts. The ownership of a large stone, which would be too difficult to move, was established by its history as recorded in oral tradition rather than by its location. Appending a transfer to the oral history of the stone thus effected a change of ownership.<ref name=gill/> Some modern economists have viewed Rai stones as a form of [[money]], and the stones are often used as a demonstration of the fact that the value of some forms of money can be assigned purely through a shared belief in said value.<ref name=gill/><ref name=fried/> ==Names== Originally the name "rai" was used in the northern part of Yap and "fei" in the southern part. The names are also transcribed as "rei" and "fai", respectively, and are often capitalized. In [[Palau]], the stones are called ''{{lang\|yap\|palan}}''.<ref name="rain">{{Cite book \|last=Rainbird \|first=Paul \|title=The archaeology of Micronesia \|date=2004 \|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press \|isbn=978-0-521-65630-6 \|edition=1. publ \|series=Cambridge world archaeology \|location=Cambridge}}</ref> In the 20th century, the name "fei" fell into disuse.<ref name=gill/> The name "rai" could mean "whale" in Yapese. This may be a reference to one of the origin legends, in which the first stones were shaped like fish.<ref name=fitz2006/> ==Physical description== [[File:Völkerkundemuseum Hamburg Ozeanien 016.JPG\|alt=Round tan stone with hole at center\|thumb\|Rai stone at the [[Museum am Rothenbaum\|Hamburg Ethnology Museum]]]] Rai stones are approximately round, although some more recent ones are rather elongated.<ref name=mull>Muller, 1917.</ref><ref name="beau">{{Cite journal \|last=De Beauclair \|first=Inez \|date=1963 \|title=The Stone Money of Yap \|journal=The Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology \|publisher=Academia Sinica \|volume=16 \|pages=147–160}}</ref> In the best-worked ones, the thickness gradually decreases from the center to the rim or in two or three steps. The central hole has about 1/6 of the diameter of the stone. Sometimes there are additional holes off center.<ref name=mull/><ref name="WF">{{Cite book \|last=Furness \|first=William Henry \|title=The Island of Stone Money: Uap of the Carolines \|publisher=J. B. Lippincott Co. \|year=1910 \|location=Philadelphia and London}}</ref> The diameter varies from {{convert\|3.5\|cm}} to {{convert\|3.6\|m}}, but most are between {{convert\|30\|and\|50\|cm}}.<ref name=gill/> The stones are made of light-colored crystalline rock consisting of [[calcium carbonate]]. Stones with brown or white streaks were particularly prized.<ref name=mull/> Weathered stones are dull gray.<ref name=WF/> Earlier reports incorrectly state that the material is [[aragonite]], the most common mineral in coral and sea shells and in rocks derived thereof. Modern analysis revealed that the mineral is [[calcite]].<ref name=fitz2001>Scott M. Fitzpatrick (2001): "Archaeological investigation of Omis Cave: a Yapese stone money quarry in Palau". ''Archaeology of Oceania'', volume 36, pages 153–162.</ref><ref name=marble/><ref name=fitz2006>Scott M. Fitzpatrick et al. (2006).</ref> The stone occurs in Palau as deposits slowly formed on the walls of some caves by percolating rainwater ([[speleothem]]s, specifically [[flowstone]]s). Tectonic activity millions of years ago lifted limestone deposits out of the sea, eroded by rainwater, forming a typical cave-riled [[karst]] geology.<ref name=fitz2013>Scott M. Fitzpatrick (2013), "[https://www.academia.edu/3944549/An_Archaeological_Study_on_the_Extraction_of_Flowstone_from_Caves_and_Rockshelters_for_Producing_Stone_Money_in_Western_Micronesia An Archaeological Study on the Extraction of Flowstone from Caves and Rockshelters for Producing Stone Money in Western Micronesia]{{Dead link\|date=July 2025 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}". ''Cave and Karst sciences'', volume 30, issue 2, pages 75–82.</ref> ==Use and value== Rai stones were, and still are,<ref name=NPR>{{cite web \|last1=Goldstein \|first1=Jacob \|last2=Kestenbaum \|first2=David \|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2011/02/15/131934618/the-island-of-stone-money \|title=The Island of Stone Money \|website=NPR.org \|publisher=NPR \|access-date=5 January 2010}}</ref> used in rare important social transactions, such as marriage, [[inheritance]], political deals, sign of an alliance, [[ransom]] of the battle dead, or, rarely, in exchange for food.<ref name="gill" />{{rp\|12}} Many are placed in front of meetinghouses, around village courts, or along pathways. Although the ownership of a particular stone might change, the stone itself is rarely moved due to its weight and risk of damage. Thus the physical location of a stone was often not significant: ownership was established by shared agreement and could be transferred even without physical access to the stone. Each large stone had an oral history that included the names of previous owners. In one instance, a large rai being transported by canoe and outrigger was accidentally dropped and sank to the sea floor. Although it was never seen again, everyone agreed that the rai must still be there, so it continued to be transacted as any other stone.<ref name=NPR /> The perceived value of a specific stone was based on its size, craftsmanship, and history. The value could depend, for instance, on whether a famous sailor brought it or whether people died during its transport.<ref name="gill"/>{{rp\|11}} ==History== ===Origin legends=== The story of the origin of the rai stones survives only in Yapese oral legends. According to one version, about 500–600 years ago<ref name=fitz2006/> [[Anagumang]], a Yapese from [[Tomil\|Tomil island]], was instructed by the divinity Le-gerem to travel by boat with seven companions to the mythical island of Magaragar south of Palau, where they found a sparkling stone. According to some variants, the stones were first cut in various shapes, such as fish, lizard, turtle, or crescent moon. But eventually, they settled for the shape of a full moon, with a hole at the center for transport.<ref name=gill/><ref name=lessa>{{cite book\|author=William Armand Less\|date=1981\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fS5CSCOLqIC&pg=PA53\|title=More Tales from Ulithi Atoll: A Content Analysis]\|page=53\|publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]\|isbn=978-0-520-09615-8}}</ref><ref name=Pine>{{Cite news \|last=Pine \|first=Art \|title=Fixed Assets, or Why a Loan in Yap is Hard to Roll Over \|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal \|page=A1 \|date=29 March 1984}} reprinted in Mankiw, N. Gregory. ''Essentials of Economics, Third Edition.'' Mason: South-Western, 2004. pp. 454–455</ref> In another version, the discovery expedition was headed by Anagumang and a [[Fatha'an]] from Yap's [[Rull island]].<ref name=fitz2019>Fitzpatrick and McKeon (2019).</ref> A different legend attributes the discovery to chance by a group of fishermen driven to Palau by a storm. According to one variant, they fashioned a fish from the local sparkling stone and took it to the king of Rull as a substitute for the fish they failed to catch.<ref name=gill/> A separate legend tells that before the Palau quarries were discovered, the inhabitants of the village of Talangeth on [[Maap\|Map island]] attempted to make rai stones from the local [[quartzite]] rock, but the attempts were abandoned due to clan wars.<ref name=mull/><ref name=gill/><ref name=leonard>Robert D. Leonard (1993), "[https://archive.org/stream/centinel41n1cent/centinel41n1cent_djvu.txt The Stone Money Of Yap]". ''Quarterly Journal of the Central States Numismatic Society'', volume 41, issue 1, pages 31–34.</ref> ===Archaeological and anthropological evidence=== [[File:Micronesia-large.png\|alt=Map of Yap, Palau, and nearby islands.\|thumb\|Map of Yap, Palau, and nearby islands]] It is unknown how long the rai stones have been used in Yap. Flat rocks up to 2000 years old have been found there, but the oldest does not resemble today's rai stones, and how they were used is not known.<ref name=gill/> An alternative hypothesis for the origin of rai stones is that they may have evolved from smaller carved beads.<ref name=gill/> Two disks (without holes) measuring {{convert\|3.5\|cm}} and {{convert\|11.2\|cm}} were found and [[radiocarbon dating\|radiocarbon-dated]] 1636±200 and 1756±200 respectively. However, the relationship between these objects and the rai stones is unclear.<ref name=giff>E. W. Gifford and D. S. Gifford (1959): "Archaeological Excavations in Yap", ''Anthropological Records'', volume 18, issue 2, pages 149–224.</ref> Calcite speleothems do not occur on the Yap islands, which consist mostly of [[metamorphic rock]] rather than limestone. However, there are small veins of [[marble]], a crystalline [[calcite]] rock of metamorphic origin, that has a sparkling appearance similar to that of the Palau flowstones. It has been conjectured that the Yapese originally came to value crystalline calcite from these sources before discovering the much more abundant deposits in the Palau caves.<ref name=marble>Bosiljka Glumac and Scott Fitzpatrick (2020), "[https://www.academia.edu/43289557/Yapese_Stone_Money_Local_Marble_as_a_Potential_Inspiration_for_Producing_Limestone_Exchange_Valuables_in_Palau_Micronesia Yapese stone money: Local marble as a potential inspiration for producing limestone exchange valuables in Palau, Micronesia]". Chapter of ''Cultures of Stone: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Materiality of Stone'', {{isbn\|978-90-8890-893-4}}, pages 65–78.</ref> Archaeologists have identified quarries used by the Yapese in a relatively small region of Palau, spanning the southern end of [[Babeldaob]] and the northern part of Koror. Some rai stones were found elsewhere in Palau, but the quarries, if any, had not been found as of 2006. Excavations were carried out at the quarries of Omis Cave on the island of [[Oreor]], Chelechol ra Orrak and Upper Orrak on the island of Orrak, and Metuker ra Bisech on the island of the same name. The first two sites, caves/coves that open on the beach, appear to have been exploited before contact with Europeans, although the dates could not be determined. The other two sites are located uphill, some distance from the beach. Quarrying at Metuker ra Bisech appears to have started only around 1700 CE, after the Yapese acquired iron tools. A large stone (3.5 m diameter, 20 cm thick) that apparently broke while being removed from the quarry at Metuker ra Bisech was abandoned on the spot.<ref name=fitz2006/> ===Native manufacture=== [[File:Stone Money of Uap, 1903, Jayne, String Figures, p.160.jpg\|alt=Round stones in a forest\|thumb\|Rai stones with carrying logs, 1903]] Rai stone production was well developed by the 19th century. Expeditions to Palau, consisting of tens of young men authorized or commanded by a village chief, would last up to several years and could result in the death of members at the quarries or during the sea voyage. According to some accounts, on their return, the largest stones and 2/5 of the smaller ones were handed over to the chief, and the men were rewarded with baskets of [[taro]].<ref name=mull/><ref name=beau/> Palau lies 400 km west of Yap on a straight line. According to later oral accounts from Yap and Palau, the Yapese first mined on the small island of Magaragár (Ngaragasemiěg), because they were afraid to land on the larger nearby island of [[Peleliu]]. Eventually the Palau natives gave the Yapese permission to quarry, in exchange for heavy labor and a few other items they brought from Yap. A report from 1903 claims that a large paved road in the island of [[Koror]] was built by the Yapese.<ref name=gill/> In the quarries, the stones were cut out from the wall deposits of calcite as rough upright disks. It seems that they were then propped up against natural or artificial walls for shaping, finishing and polishing. The rough work appears to have been done with [[pickaxe]]s or [[adze]]s, with blades 1 to 3 cm wide, made of stone or of the shell of large clams such as ''[[Tridacna]]''.<ref name=gill/><ref name=fitz2001/><ref name=pawl2015>Alfred F. Pawlik, Philip J. Piper, Rachel E. Wood, Kristine Kate A. Lim, Marie Grace Pamela G. Faylona, Armand Salvador B. Mijares and Martin Porr (2015: "[http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0003598X15000034 Shell tool technology in Island Southeast Asia: an early Middle Holocene ''Tridacna'' adze from Ilin Island, Mindoro, Philippines]". ''Antiquity'', volume 89, issue 344, pages 292–308. {{doi\|10.15184/aqy.2015.3}}.</ref> According to oral traditions, the central hole was made with a coral reef stone used as a "fire drill", presumably a large [[bow drill]].<ref name=fitz2001/> (While the clam shells and coral are made of calcium carbonate too, they consist of the aragonite form, which is harder than the stone's calcite (3.5–4.0 and 3.0 in the [[Mohs hardness scale]], respectively). The expeditions traveled to Palau by [[canoe]]s. On the return, the stones could be carried by canoe or (for the larger specimens) on [[bamboo]] [[raft]]s. Since the raft was slow and poorly steerable, it was usually let loose in advance to be carried towards Yap by sea currents, while the men left some time later in canoes, on its pursuit. This return route could be more than 1000 km long. The expedition would eventually recover the raft in the vicinity of Yap and tow it to the islands. Stones were often lost at sea. These methods of transport apparently limited the diameter of stones to 2 metres or less and 2 tons of weight.<ref name=gill/>}<ref name="leslie">Leslie C. Hazell (2013): "Transporting Stone Money in Micronesia". Chapter in ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures'', {{isbn\|978-94-007-3934-5}}.</ref> It is reported that the stones were transported on land by inserting a log or [[bamboo]] through the hole, which was carried on the shoulders of several men.<ref name=mull/> Carried this way, the largest stones would have needed hundreds of men to transport, suggesting the more likely possibility that the largest stones were rolled, akin to wheels on an axle. ===European discovery=== The earliest reports by western [[Jesuit]]s of what could be the Yapese rai stones date from the early 1700s.<ref>Francis X. Hezel (1983): "[https://books.google.com/books?id=EtNsSHPJES8C&q=stone+money The First Taint of Civilization: A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-Colonial Day, 1521–1885]". University of Hawai'i Press, {{isbn\|978-0-8248-1643-8}}.</ref><ref name=gill/> A report of a European expedition in 1815–1818 mentions that the Yap islands produce "grinding stones", that are used by chieftains as thrones, with one stone serving as seat and another as the back rest.<ref name=gill/> The first clear report of a rai stone is from a British ship log entry dated 23 August 1843. The ship carried a delegation from Palau, headed by chieftain [[Abba Thulle]], who was delivering a {{convert\|60\|cm}} rai stone as a diplomatic gift to the "prime minister" of Yap and a cadre of Tomil chieftains. The ship's captain Andrew Cheyne notes that the stone was highly valued since it could be found only in the mountains of Palau. While referring to the stone as a "gift of money", Andrew did not mention seeing any other rai stone during his stay at Yap. His commercial agent Alfred Tetens reported in his memoirs that, in 1865, he transported ten Yapese from Palau to Yap, who were carrying 20 large blocks and many smaller ones, a few cm in diameter, to be used as currency.<ref name=gill/> ===Manufacturing after European contact=== Contact with Europeans in the 19th century first provided the Yapese at Palau with iron tools, that made the cutting and shaping of the stones much easier. Not much later, the Yapese made deals with Europeans to use their ships to transport the stones back to Yap. These arrangements enabled the manufacture of much larger and heavier rai stones, up to 4 meters in diameter, as well of a larger number of them. However, these "modern" stones were less valuable than more ancient ones.<ref name=gill/> In 1871, the Irish-American [[David Dean O'Keefe]] was shipwrecked near Yap and was helped by the natives. Later, he assisted the Yapese in acquiring rai stones and in return received [[copra]] and [[Sea cucumber as food\|trepang]], which were valuable exports in the Far East.<ref name=Powers>{{cite book\|last=Powers\|first=Dennis M.\|title=Tales of the Seven Seas: The Escapades of Captain Dynamite Johnny O'Brien\|year=2010\|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing\|location=Lanham, Md.\|isbn=9781589794474\|page=136}}</ref> The book ''His Majesty O'Keefe'' is the story of his life on Yap.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Klingman\|first1=Lawrence\|title=His Majesty O'Keefe\|year=1950\|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons\|location=NY\|last2=Green\|first2=Gerald}}</ref> A [[His Majesty O'Keefe\|film of the same name]] starring Burt Lancaster was made in 1954.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045876/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 ''His Majesty O'Keefe'' on IMDb]</ref> ===End of manufacture=== The trade for rai stones eventually stopped at the beginning of the 20th century due to trade disputes between Spanish and German interests in the area. Quarries were abandoned. When [[Imperial Japanese Army\|Imperial Japanese]] forces took over Yap during [[World War II]], they used some of the stones for construction or as anchors.{{citation needed\|date=May 2018}} Although modern currency has replaced the stones as everyday currency, the rai stones are still exchanged in traditional ways between the Yapese. They are a [[national symbol]] and are depicted on local [[Vehicle registration plates of the Federated States of Micronesia\|license plate]]s. ==Economic interpretation== In a 1991 paper, economist [[Milton Friedman]] argued that while the Yap system of immobile money might seem bizarre at first glance, it was not so different from the operation of the gold vault of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]], which can pay [[gold]] from one government to another without the gold ever leaving the vault. [[Gold standard\|Demands]] by the government of France for such payment from the United States in 1932 contributed to a nationwide [[bank panic]], proving that industrialized countries could fall under the sway of economic rituals as surely as the Yap islanders.<ref name=fried>{{cite journal\|last1=Friedman\|first1=Milton\|title=The Island of Stone Money\|journal=Working Papers in Economics\|date=1991\|volume=E-91-3\|url=https://miltonfriedman.hoover.org/internal/media/dispatcher/215061/full\|access-date=15 February 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103172314/https://miltonfriedman.hoover.org/internal/media/dispatcher/215061/full\|archive-date=3 November 2021\|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2022 paper by Jo Lindsay Walton, a science fiction author and research fellow at the University of Sussex, claims inconsistencies, errors and omissions in many Western economic accounts of stone money, including Friedman's. Walton's paper asserts that when "Yap has appeared in Western political economy, the lessons which authors draw often reflect their position in intellectual and political disputes which are not principally rooted in Yapese history or economics."<ref name=Bitcoin>{{cite journal\|last1=Walton\|first1=Jo Lindsay\|title=Bitcoin and stone money: Anglophone uses of Yapese economic cultures 1910–2020\|journal=Finance and Society\|date=2022\|volume=8\|issue=1\|pages=42–66\|doi=10.2218/finsoc.7126\|s2cid=248463377\|url=http://financeandsociety.ed.ac.uk/ojs-images/financeandsociety/FS_Walton_EarlyView.pdf\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315191658/http://financeandsociety.ed.ac.uk/ojs-images/financeandsociety/FS_Walton_EarlyView.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Rai stone from Yap currency.jpg\|Rai stone at the [[Bank of Canada]] [[Currency Museum (Canada)\|Currency Museum]] in Ottawa File:Yapese stone money 2007.jpg\|Rai stone on Yap Island File:Yap Stone Coin, British Museum.jpg\|Yap stone, British Museum, London File:Rai Stone at the National Museum of American History, 7 February 2024.jpg\|Rai stone on display at the [[National Museum of American History]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] File:Presentation of Yapese stone money for FSM inauguration.jpg\|Presentation of a rai stone at the inauguration of the [[Federated States of Micronesia]] File:Yap license plate 2000 series.jpg\|Rai stone depicted on a Yap State license plate File:HH1883 pg125 Hafen von Jap.jpg\|Rai stone being transported to Yap Island (1880) </gallery> == See also == [[Bi (jade)]] [[Stone ball\|Petrosphere]] [[List of storms named Rai]] – a list of tropical cyclones that were named after the Yapese stone money. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== Bryan, Michael F. (2004-02-01). "Island Money". ''Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland'', 1 February 2004. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20110927230430/http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/commentary/2004/0201.pdf. * Murphy, Geri (2011). "Yap's Amazing Stone Money". ''Sport Diver'', 2011. Retrieved from http://www.sportdiver.com/keywords/yaps/yaps-amazing-stone-money {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108022409/http://www.sportdiver.com/keywords/yaps/yaps-amazing-stone-money \|date=8 January 2013 }}. * Poole, Robert Michael (2018). The tiny island with human-sized money. ''BBC Travel'', www.bbc.com, 2018. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180502-the-tiny-island-with-human-sized-money. ==External links== {{commons category}} "[http://www.pacificworlds.com/palau/native/native5.cfm Yapese Quarry Sites]", ''PacificWorlds.com''. [http://www.licenseplateinfo.com/yap.jpg License Plate with rai symbol and slogan] from ''[http://www.licenseplateinfo.com licenseplateinfo.com]''. *"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/road_to_riches/prog2/tharngan.stm Stone Money]", ''The Road to Riches'', bbc.co.uk. {{Means of Exchange}} {{Portalbar\|Money\|Numismatics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rai Stones}} [[Category:Archaeological sites in the Federated States of Micronesia]] [[Category:Landmarks in the Federated States of Micronesia]] [[Category:Currencies of Oceania]] [[Category:National symbols of Palau]] [[Category:Oceanian art]] [[Category:Rock art of Oceania]] [[Category:Yap]]	1,306,740,518	[{"title": "Demographics", "data": {"User(s)": "- Micronesia - Palau"}}]	false
# 2025–26 Al-Hazem F.C. season The 2025–26 season is Al-Hazem's 69th year in their existence and the first season back in the top flight of Saudi Arabian football after earning promotion in the previous season. The club will participate in the Pro League and the King's Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2025 to 30 June 2026. ## Players ### Squad information As of 1 July 2025 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. \| No. \| Pos. \| Nation \| Player \| \| --- \| ---- \| ------ \| ----------------------- \| \| 2 \| DF \| KSA \| Saud Al-Rashed \| \| 5 \| MF \| KSA \| Mohammed Eisa \| \| 6 \| MF \| KSA \| Basil Al-Sayyali \| \| 7 \| MF \| KSA \| Yousef Al-Shammari \| \| 12 \| DF \| KSA \| Farhan Al-Aazmi \| \| 13 \| DF \| KSA \| Abdullah Al-Shanqiti \| \| 15 \| MF \| KSA \| Abdulrahman Al-Khaibari \| \| 19 \| MF \| KSA \| Nawaf Al-Habashi \| \| 20 \| FW \| KSA \| Nawaf Al-Bashri \| \| 23 \| GK \| KSA \| Ibrahim Zaid \| \| 25 \| DF \| KSA \| Ahmed Asiri \| \| 27 \| DF \| KSA \| Ahmed Al-Nakhli \| \| 29 \| FW \| KSA \| Battal Al-Harthi \| \| 31 \| GK \| KSA \| Abdulaziz Takrouni \| \| No. \| Pos. \| Nation \| Player \| \| --- \| ---- \| ------ \| ---------------------- \| \| 33 \| GK \| KSA \| Majed Al-Ghamdi \| \| 34 \| DF \| KSA \| Abdulrahman Al-Dakheel \| \| 45 \| MF \| KSA \| Mohammed Al-Saedi \| \| 46 \| DF \| KSA \| Mohammed Al-Subaie \| \| 55 \| MF \| KSA \| Mohammed Al-Shaeri \| \| 60 \| FW \| KSA \| Anwer Sharahili \| \| 70 \| MF \| KSA \| Ahmed Al-Shamrani \| \| 77 \| GK \| KSA \| Yazan Al-Ruwaili \| \| 82 \| DF \| KSA \| Abdulaziz Al-Harbi \| \| 85 \| MF \| KSA \| Rayan Al-Sharekh \| \| 88 \| MF \| KSA \| Abdulaziz Al-Dhuwayhi \| \| 90 \| MF \| KSA \| Hassan Idris \| \| — \| DF \| KSA \| Sultan Tankar \| \| — \| FW \| KSA \| Ahmed Al Habib \| ## Transfers and loans ### Transfers in \| Entry date \| Position \| No. \| Player \| From club \| Fee \| Ref. \| \| ------------ \| -------- \| --- \| ----------------- \| --------- \| ----------- \| ---- \| \| 30 June 2025 \| GK \| 33 \| Majed Al-Ghamdi \| Al-Jeel \| End of loan \| \| \| 30 June 2025 \| DF \| 11 \| Mohammed Al-Thani \| Al-Shabab \| End of loan \| \| \| 30 June 2025 \| DF \| – \| Sultan Tankar \| Jeddah \| End of loan \| \| \| 30 June 2025 \| MF \| 85 \| Rayan Al-Sharekh \| Al-Saqer \| End of loan \| \| \| 30 June 2025 \| FW \| 29 \| Battal Al-Harthi \| Al-Ain \| End of loan \| \| ### Transfers out \| Exit date \| Position \| No. \| Player \| To club \| Fee \| Ref. \| \| ------------- \| -------- \| --- \| ----------------- \| ------------- \| ---------- \| ----- \| \| 1 July 2025 \| DF \| 11 \| Mohammed Al-Thani \| Al-Qadsiah \| $2,666,000 \| [ 4 ] \| \| 1 July 2025 \| FW \| 9 \| Turki Al-Mutairi \| Al-Tadamon \| Free \| [ 5 ] \| \| 2 July 2025 \| DF \| 36 \| Sultan Al-Essa \| Al-Riyadh \| Free \| [ 6 ] \| \| 2 July 2025 \| FW \| 3 \| Okacha Hamzaoui \| Dibba Al-Hisn \| Free \| [ 7 ] \| \| 6 August 2025 \| DF \| 4 \| Juriën Gaari \| Abha \| Free \| [ 8 ] \| ## Pre-season \| 30 July 2025 Friendly \| Al-Hazem \| 1–2 \| Al-Waab \| Adapazarı, Turkey \| \| 18:00 TRT \| \| \| Gueye 45' · Fowadah 75' \| Stadium: Sakarya Atatürk Stadium \| \| 3 August 2025 Friendly \| Al-Hazem \| 2–0 \| Al-Markhiya \| Adapazarı, Turkey \| \| 17:30 TRT \| Al-Shammari · Al-Habashi \| Report \| \| Stadium: Sakarya Atatürk Stadium \| \| 8 August 2025 Friendly \| Al-Hazem \| 2–0 \| Al-Khaldiya \| Derince, Turkey \| \| 17:30 TRT \| Al-Shammari , \| Report \| \| Stadium: Derince Suni Çim Stadı \| \| 11 August 2025 Friendly \| Al-Hazem \| 1–1 \| Al-Najma \| Derince, Turkey \| \| 17:30 TRT \| \| \| Al-Nakhli \| Stadium: Derince Suni Çim Stadı \| ## Competitions ### Overview \| Competition \| Record \| Record \| Record \| Record \| Record \| Record \| Record \| Record \| \| Competition \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Win % \| \| ----------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| \| Pro League \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| +0 \| — \| \| King's Cup \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| +0 \| — \| \| Total \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| +0 \| — \| Source: Competitions ### Pro League #### League table \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Qualification or relegation \| \| --- \| ---------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --------------------------------------------------------- \| \| 3 \| Al-Fateh \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| Qualification for AFC Champions League Elite League stage \| \| 4 \| Al-Fayha \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| \| 5 \| Al-Hazem \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| \| 6 \| Al-Hilal \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| \| 7 \| Al-Ittihad \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| #### Results summary \| Overall \| Overall \| Overall \| Overall \| Overall \| Overall \| Overall \| Overall \| Home \| Home \| Home \| Home \| Home \| Home \| Away \| Away \| Away \| Away \| Away \| Away \| \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| Source: Saudi Pro League #### Matches All times are local, AST (UTC+3). Win Draw Loss Postponed ### King's Cup All times are local, AST (UTC+3). \| 23 September 2025 Round of 32 \| Al-Hazem \| v \| Neom \| Ar Rass \| \| 18:35 \| \| \| \| Stadium: Al-Hazem Club Stadium \|	enwiki/80604999	enwiki	80,604,999	2025–26 Al-Hazem F.C. season	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%9326_Al-Hazem_F.C._season	2025-08-20T23:23:46Z	en	Q135903021	174,906	{{Infobox football club season \| club = [[Al-Hazem F.C.\|Al-Hazem]] \| season = 2025–26 \| stadium = {{nowrap\|[[Al-Hazem Club Stadium]]}} \| chairman = {{Unbulleted list\|Salman Al-Malik}} \| chrtitle = President \| manager = {{Unbulleted list\|[[Jalel Kadri]]}} \| league = [[Saudi Professional League\|Pro League]] \| league result = [[2025–26 Saudi Pro League\|''Pre-season'']] \|cup1 = [[King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)\|King's Cup]] \|cup1 result = [[2025–26 King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)\|''Round of 32'']] \|league topscorer = \|season topscorer = \|highest attendance = \|lowest attendance = \|average attendance = \| pattern_la1 = \| pattern_b1 = \| pattern_ra1 = \| pattern_sh1 = \| pattern_so1 = \| leftarm1 = \| body1 = \| rightarm1 = \| shorts1 = \| socks1 = \| pattern_la2 = \| pattern_b2 = \| pattern_ra2 = \| pattern_sh2 = \| pattern_so2 = \| leftarm2 = \| body2 = \| rightarm2 = \| shorts2 = \| socks2 = \| pattern_la3 = \| pattern_b3 = \| pattern_ra3 = \| pattern_sh3 = \| pattern_so3 = \| leftarm3 = \| body3 = \| rightarm3 = \| shorts3 = \| socks3 = \| prevseason = [[2024–25 Al-Hazem F.C. season\|2024–25]] \| nextseason = [[2026–27 Al-Hazem F.C. season\|2026–27]] \| updated = 1 July 2025 }} The '''2025–26 season''' is [[Al-Hazem F.C.\|Al-Hazem]]'s 69th year in their existence and the first season back in the top flight of Saudi Arabian football after earning promotion in the [[2024–25 Saudi First Division League\|previous season]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=عن النادي \|url=https://alhazemclub.com/about}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=المرة الرابعة.. الحزم يعود إلى «روشن» \|url=https://arriyadiyah.com/867233}}</ref> The club will participate in the [[Saudi Professional League\|Pro League]] and the [[King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)\|King's Cup]]. The season covers the period from 1 July 2025 to 30 June 2026. ==Players== ===Squad information=== {{updated\|1 July 2025}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kooora.com/?team=1008&mode=p\|title=Al-Hazem squad\|publisher=kooora\|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player\|no=2\|nat=KSA\|name=Saud Al-Rashed\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=5\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Mohammed Eisa]]\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=6\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Basil Al-Sayyali]]\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=7\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Yousef Al-Shammari]]\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=12\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Farhan Al-Aazmi]]\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=13\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Abdullah Al-Shanqiti]]\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=15\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Abdulrahman Al-Khaibari]]\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=19\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Nawaf Al-Habashi]]\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=20\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Nawaf Al-Bashri]]\|pos=FW}} {{Fs player\|no=23\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Ibrahim Zaid]]\|pos=GK}} {{Fs player\|no=25\|nat=KSA\|name=Ahmed Asiri\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=27\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Ahmed Al-Nakhli]]\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=29\|nat=KSA\|name=Battal Al-Harthi\|pos=FW}} {{Fs player\|no=31\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Abdulaziz Takrouni]]\|pos=GK}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player\|no=33\|nat=KSA\|name=Majed Al-Ghamdi\|pos=GK}} {{Fs player\|no=34\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Abdulrahman Al-Dakheel]]\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=45\|nat=KSA\|name=Mohammed Al-Saedi\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=46\|nat=KSA\|name=Mohammed Al-Subaie\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=55\|nat=KSA\|name=Mohammed Al-Shaeri\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=60\|nat=KSA\|name=Anwer Sharahili\|pos=FW}} {{Fs player\|no=70\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Ahmed Al-Shamrani (footballer, born 2002)\|Ahmed Al-Shamrani]]\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=77\|nat=KSA\|name=Yazan Al-Ruwaili\|pos=GK}} {{Fs player\|no=82\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Abdulaziz Al-Harbi]]\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=85\|nat=KSA\|name=Rayan Al-Sharekh\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=88\|nat=KSA\|name=Abdulaziz Al-Dhuwayhi\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=90\|nat=KSA\|name=Hassan Idris\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=KSA\|name=[[Sultan Tankar]]\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=KSA\|name=Ahmed Al Habib\|pos=FW}} {{Fs end}} ==Transfers and loans== <!-- SORTED BY DATE, POSITION, SQUAD NUMBER, NAME --> ===Transfers in=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Entry date''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Position''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''No.''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Player''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''From club''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Fee''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Ref.''' \|- \| 30 June 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| GK \| style="text-align:center;"\| 33 \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Majed Al-Ghamdi]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Al-Jeel Club\|Al-Jeel]] \|{{ntsh\|0.0}}End of loan \| \|- \| 30 June 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| DF \| style="text-align:center;"\| 11 \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Mohammed Al-Thani]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Al Shabab FC (Riyadh)\|Al-Shabab]] \|{{ntsh\|0.0}}End of loan \| \|- \| 30 June 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| DF \| style="text-align:center;"\| – \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Sultan Tankar]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Jeddah Club\|Jeddah]] \|{{ntsh\|0.0}}End of loan \| \|- \| 30 June 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| MF \| style="text-align:center;"\| 85 \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Rayan Al-Sharekh]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Al-Saqer FC\|Al-Saqer]] \|{{ntsh\|0.0}}End of loan \| \|- \| 30 June 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| FW \| style="text-align:center;"\| 29 \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Battal Al-Harthi]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Al-Ain FC (Saudi Arabia)\|Al-Ain]] \|{{ntsh\|0.0}}End of loan \| \|- \|} ===Transfers out=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Exit date''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Position''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''No.''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Player''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''To club''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Fee''' ! style="background:yellow; color:blue;" \|'''Ref.''' \|- \| 1 July 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| DF \| style="text-align:center;"\| 11 \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Mohammed Al-Thani]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Al-Qadsiah FC\|Al-Qadsiah]] \| {{ntsh\|2.7}}$2,666,000 \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=القادم من نادي الحزم.. القادسية يضم محمد الثاني \|url=https://sabq.org/sports/55itccudzl}}</ref> \|- \| 1 July 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| FW \| style="text-align:center;"\| 9 \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Turki Al-Mutairi]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KUW}} [[Al-Tadamon SC (Kuwait)\|Al-Tadamon]] \| {{ntsh\|0.0}}Free \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=المطيري ينضم إلى التضامن بـ 90 ألف دينار \|url=https://www.aljarida.com/article/98733}}</ref> \|- \| 2 July 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| DF \| style="text-align:center;"\| 36 \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Sultan Al-Essa]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Al-Riyadh SC\|Al-Riyadh]] \| {{ntsh\|0.0}}Free \| <ref>{{cite web \|title="سلطـان العيـسى" في #الرياض \|url=https://x.com/AlRiyadhFC/status/1940364895691936077}}</ref> \|- \| 2 July 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| FW \| style="text-align:center;"\| 3 \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|ALG}} [[Okacha Hamzaoui]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|UAE}} [[Dibba Al-Hisn SC\|Dibba Al-Hisn]] \| {{ntsh\|0.0}}Free \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=عكاشة حمزاوي يخوض تجربة جديدة في الخليج \|url=https://www.dzair-tube.dz/%D8%B9%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B6-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A/}}</ref> \|- \| 6 August 2025 \| style="text-align:center;"\| DF \| style="text-align:center;"\| 4 \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|CUW}} [[Juriën Gaari]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{flagicon\|KSA}} [[Abha Club\|Abha]] \| {{ntsh\|0.0}}Free \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Welcome Juriën Gaari \|url=https://x.com/abhaFC/status/1953151979863355580}}</ref> \|- \|} ==Pre-season== {{football box collapsible \| round = [[Exhibition game\|Friendly]] \| date = 30 July 2025 \| time = 18:00 [[Time in Turkey\|TRT]] \| team1 = [[Al-Hazem F.C.\|Al-Hazem]] {{fbaicon\|KSA}} \| score = 1–2 \| report = \| team2 = {{fbaicon\|QAT}} [[Al-Waab SC\|Al-Waab]] \| goals1 = \| goals2 = [[Ousseynou Gueye (footballer)\|Gueye]] {{goal\|45}}<br />[[Ameer Fowadah\|Fowadah]] {{goal\|75}} \| stadium = [[Sakarya Atatürk Stadium]] \| location = [[Adapazarı]], [[Turkey]] \| attendance = \| referee = \| result = L }} {{football box collapsible \| round = [[Exhibition game\|Friendly]] \| date = 3 August 2025 \| time = 17:30 [[Time in Turkey\|TRT]] \| team1 = [[Al-Hazem F.C.\|Al-Hazem]] {{fbaicon\|KSA}} \| score = 2–0 \| report = https://www.alyaum.com/article/6608131 \| team2 = {{fbaicon\|QAT}} [[Al-Markhiya SC\|Al-Markhiya]] \| goals1 = [[Yousef Al-Shammari\|Al-Shammari]] {{goal}}<br />[[Nawaf Al-Habashi\|Al-Habashi]] {{goal}} \| goals2 = \| stadium = [[Sakarya Atatürk Stadium]] \| location = [[Adapazarı]], [[Turkey]] \| attendance = \| referee = \| result = W }} {{football box collapsible \| round = [[Exhibition game\|Friendly]] \| date = 8 August 2025 \| time = 17:30 [[Time in Turkey\|TRT]] \| team1 = [[Al-Hazem F.C.\|Al-Hazem]] {{fbaicon\|KSA}} \| score = 2–0 \| report = https://akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1409841 \| team2 = {{fbaicon\|BHR}} [[Al-Khaldiya SC\|Al-Khaldiya]] \| goals1 = [[Yousef Al-Shammari\|Al-Shammari]] {{goal}}, {{goal}} \| goals2 = \| stadium = Derince Suni Çim Stadı \| location = [[Derince]], [[Turkey]] \| attendance = \| referee = \| result = W }} {{football box collapsible \| round = [[Exhibition game\|Friendly]] \| date = 11 August 2025 \| time = 17:30 [[Time in Turkey\|TRT]] \| team1 = [[Al-Hazem F.C.\|Al-Hazem]] {{fbaicon\|KSA}} \| score = 1–1 \| report = \| team2 = {{fbaicon\|KSA}} [[Al-Najma SC (Saudi Arabia)\|Al-Najma]] \| goals1 = \| goals2 = [[Abdulwahed Al-Nakhli\|Al-Nakhli]] {{goal}} \| stadium = Derince Suni Çim Stadı \| location = [[Derince]], [[Turkey]] \| attendance = \| referee = \| result = D }} == Competitions == === Overview === <!--Please don't remove this section because it is full overview of club season.--> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" \|- !rowspan=2\|Competition !colspan=8\|Record \|- !{{Tooltip\|Pld\|Matches played}} !{{Tooltip\|W\|Matches won}} !{{Tooltip\|D\|Matches drawn}} !{{Tooltip\|L\|Matches lost}} !{{Tooltip\|GF\|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip\|GA\|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip\|GD\|Goal difference}} !{{Tooltip\|Win %\|Winning percentage}} \|- \| [[2025–26 Saudi Pro League\|Pro League]] {{WDL\|0\|0\|0\|0\|for=0\|against=0\|diff=yes}} \|- \| [[2025–26 King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)\|King's Cup]] {{WDL\|0\|0\|0\|0\|for=0\|against=0\|diff=yes}} \|- ! Total {{WDLtot\|0\|0\|0\|0\|for=0\|against=0\|diff=yes}} {{fb overall competition footer}} ===Pro League=== {{main\|2025–26 Saudi Pro League}} ====League table==== {{2025–26 Saudi Pro League table\|showteam=HAZ}} ====Results summary==== {{Fb_rs \|hw=0 \|hd=0 \|hl=0 \|hgf=0 \|hga=0 \|aw=0 \|ad=0 \|al=0 \|agf=0 \|aga=0}} {{Fb rs footer\|date=July 2025\|s=[https://www.spl.com.sa/en/single_club?team=c9swyor08g9pedxpe3n321svu Saudi Pro League]}} ====Matches==== All times are local, [[Arabia Standard Time\|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00\|UTC+3]]). {{legend2\|#CCFFCC\|Win\|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2\|#FFFFCC\|Draw\|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2\|#FFCCCC\|Loss\|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2\|#CCCCCC\|Postponed\|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} ===King's Cup=== {{main\|2025–26 King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)}} All times are local, [[Arabia Standard Time\|AST]] ([[UTC+03:00\|UTC+3]]). {{football box collapsible \|round = [[2025–26 King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)#Round of 32\|Round of 32]] \|date = 23 September 2025 \|time = 18:35 \|team1 = [[Al-Hazem F.C.\|Al-Hazem]] \|score = \|report = \|team2 = [[Neom SC\|Neom]] \|goals1 = \|goals2 = \|stadium = [[Al-Hazem Club Stadium]] \|location = [[Ar Rass]] \|attendance = \|referee = \|result = }} ==Statistics== ===Appearances=== ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} {{2025–26 in Saudi Arabian football}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Al-Hazem F.C. season}} [[Category:Al-Hazem F.C. seasons]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian football clubs 2025–26 season\|Hazem]]	1,307,000,448	[{"title": "Al-Hazem", "data": {"President": "- Salman Al-Malik", "Manager": "- Jalel Kadri", "Stadium": "Al-Hazem Club Stadium", "Pro League": "Pre-season", "King's Cup": "Round of 32"}}]	false
# Ricardo Risatti Ricardo Caíto Risatti (born September 27, 1986, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine racing driver. He was the 2006 Spanish Formula Three champion and now competes in the Argentine touring car series, TC 2000. Risatti is a fourth-generation racer. His great-grandfather, Ricardo Leopoldo Risatti, won the Campeonato Argentino de Velocidad (predecessor to Turismo Carretera) in 1938, and his grandfather Jesús Ricardo Risatti along with father Ricardo Risatti, Jr. and uncle Gerardo Risatti have competed domestically. ## Career history Risatti began his junior racing career in karting in 1998. After a relatively short period of three seasons, he progressed into formula racing in the B-class of Formula Three Sudamericana, which is based in Brazil. He entered only three races in 2001, but was one of twelve Argentinians who competed at some point in that year's championship. This was an unusually high number; the 2002 season featured only two Argentine drivers, including Risatti himself. In his first full season, Risatti was placed fourth in the B-class standings. Risatti moved to Europe to compete in the Spanish Formula Three Championship in 2003, driving at various times for E.V. Racing and Elide Racing in ten of the thirteen races. After making annual progress with eleventh, fifth and third places in the championship, Risatti secured the 2006 title with TEC Auto. In February 2007, Risatti was announced as a GP2 Series driver with BCN Competicion, but this position was later taken by Ho-Pin Tung. He instead competed in the World Series by Renault with GD (Great Dane) Racing. Risatti had a second chance to make his GP2 series debut when Pastor Maldonado broke his collarbone during training. Risatti competed with Trident Racing at Istanbul Park in Turkey and Monza in Italy. During this time, Luiz Razia substituted for Risatti in the Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series. Since 2008, Risatti has exclusively pursued his career in Argentina. In TC2000, he served as a factory driver for Chevrolet and Honda, achieving a victory in 2012. He competed in Turismo Carretera between 2009 and 2014 and again in 2023. His best results came in Top Race V6, where he finished third in 2015. ## Racing record ### Complete Formula 3 Sudamericana results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Entrant \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| DC \| Points \| \| ---- \| ---------- \| ----- \| ----- \| -------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| ----- \| ----- \| -------- \| ------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2001 \| Sur Racing \| PAR \| LON \| BUE \| MDA \| BRA1 \| FOR \| CAM \| PIR Ret \| RCU 8 \| CAS 9 \| BRA2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 2002 \| Sur Racing \| LON 1 \| LON 2 \| PAR 1 11 \| PAR 2 Ret \| CUR 1 13 \| CUR 2 10 \| CAM 1 11 \| CAM 2 11 \| FOR 1 \| FOR 2 \| OBE 1 11 \| OBE 2 8 \| RDJ 1 \| RDJ 2 \| CAS 1 \| CAS 2 \| BRA 1 \| BRA 2 \| 19th \| 4 \| ### Complete Spanish Formula Three Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Team \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| Pos \| Points \| \| ---- \| ------------------ \| --------- \| ------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| --------- \| -------- \| --------- \| ------- \| ------- \| -------- \| ------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2003 \| EV Racing \| ALB 1 5 \| ALB 2 3 \| JAR 1 7 \| JAR 2 11 \| JER 1 18 \| JER 2 DNS \| EST 1 8 \| EST 2 8 \| VAL 1 Ret \| VAL 2 Ret \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 11th \| 70 \| \| 2003 \| Elide Racing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| JER Ret \| CAT 1 16† \| CAT 2 7 \| \| \| \| 11th \| 70 \| \| 2004 \| IGI Tec-Auto \| ALB 1 4 \| ALB 2 3 \| JAR 1 12 \| JAR 2 4 \| JER 1 4 \| JER 2 4 \| EST 1 8 \| EST 2 12 \| VAL 1 4 \| VAL 2 10† \| JER 1 10 \| JER 2 Ret \| CAT 1 7 \| CAT 2 7 \| \| \| 5th \| 50 \| \| 2005 \| Racing Engineering \| JAR 1 6 \| JAR 2 4 \| VAL 1 7 \| VAL 2 4 \| ALB 6 \| EST 1 10 \| EST 2 1 \| ALB 1 \| ALB 2 1 \| VAL 1 16† \| VAL 2 3 \| JER 1 3 \| JER 2 1 \| CAT 1 5 \| CAT 2 NC \| \| 3rd \| 96 \| \| 2006 \| Tec-Auto \| VAL 1 Ret \| VAL 2 6 \| MAG 1 \| MAG 2 3 \| JAR 1 2 \| JAR 2 1 \| EST 1 18 \| EST 2 5 \| ALB 1 5 \| ALB 2 1 \| VAL 1 \| VAL 2 9 \| JER 1 5 \| JER 2 1 \| CAT 1 7 \| CAT 2 4 \| 1st \| 118 \| ### Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Team \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| Pos \| Points \| \| ---- \| --------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2007 \| GR Racing \| MNZ 1 Ret \| MNZ 2 20 \| NÜR 1 18 \| NÜR 2 16 \| MON 1 Ret \| HUN 1 19 \| HUN 2 16 \| SPA 1 18 \| SPA 2 Ret \| DON 1 \| DON 2 \| MAG 1 \| MAG 2 \| EST 1 \| EST 2 \| CAT 1 \| CAT 2 \| 35th \| 0 \| ### Complete GP2 Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Entrant \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| DC \| Points \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ---------- \| ---------- \| --------- \| ----------- \| ---------- \| ---------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2007 \| Trident Racing \| BHR FEA \| BHR SPR \| CAT FEA \| CAT SPR \| MON FEA \| MAG FEA \| MAG SPR \| SIL FEA \| SIL SPR \| NÜR FEA \| NÜR SPR \| HUN FEA \| HUN SPR \| IST FEA 16 \| IST SPR 10 \| MNZ FEA 8 \| MNZ SPR Ret \| SPA FEA 20 \| SPA SPR 18 \| VAL FEA \| VAL SPR \| 28th \| 1 \| ### Complete GT1 World Championship results \| Year \| Team \| Car \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| Pos \| Points \| \| ---- \| ------------------------------- \| --------------------------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ---------- \| -------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2010 \| All-Inkl.com Münnich Motorsport \| Lamborghini Murciélago LP670 R-SV \| ABU QR \| ABU CR \| SIL QR \| SIL CR \| BRN QR \| BRN CR \| PRI QR \| PRI CR \| SPA QR \| SPA CR \| NÜR QR \| NÜR CR \| ALG QR \| ALG CR \| NAV QR \| NAV CR \| INT QR \| INT CR \| SAN QR 14 \| SAN CR 6 \| 39th \| 8 \| \| 2011 \| Marc VDS Racing Team \| Ford GT1 \| ABU QR \| ABU CR \| ZOL QR \| ZOL CR \| ALG QR \| ALG QR \| SAC QR \| SAC CR \| SIL QR \| SIL CR \| NAV QR \| NAV CR \| PRI QR \| PRI CR \| ORD QR \| ORD CR \| BEI QR \| BEI CR \| SAN QR Ret \| SAN CR 9 \| 35th \| 2 \| ## Footnotes 1. ↑ "Ricardo Risatti". Motorsport Memorial. Retrieved 23 September 2023. 2. ↑ 2001 F3 Sudamericana Entry List Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 3. ↑ 2002 F3 Sudamericana Entry List Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 4. ↑ 2002 Championship Standings Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 5. ↑ 2003 Spanish F3 Entry List Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 6. ↑ 2003 Championship Results Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 7. ↑ BCN Signs Risatti Grandprix.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 8. ↑ Finalised 2007 Entry List GP2series.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 9. ↑ 2007 WSR Entry List Forix.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 10. ↑ Risatti to deputise for Maldonado autosport.com, retrieved on August 21, 2007. 11. ↑ "Driver: Ricardo Risatti III \| Driver Database". www.driverdb.com. Retrieved 2023-10-18.	enwiki/10216263	enwiki	10,216,263	Ricardo Risatti	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Risatti	2025-08-20T19:24:46Z	en	Q978816	108,983	{{short description\|Argentine racing driver}} {{Infobox racing driver \| name = Ricardo Risatti III \| image = Ricardo Risatti III.JPG \| imagesize = 180px \| caption = Ricardo Risatti \| nationality = {{flag\|ARG\|name=Argentine}} \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1986\|9\|27}} \| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] \| year = \| prev series = [[FIA GT]]<br />[[TC2000]]<br />[[GP2 Series]]<br />[[World Series by Renault]]<br />[[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish F3 Championship]]<br />[[Formula Three Sudamericana]] \| prev series years = 2008<br />2008<br />2007<br />2007<br />2003-2006<br />2001-2002 \| titles = [[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish F3 Championship]] \| title years = 2006 \| awards = \| award years = }} '''Ricardo ''Caíto'' Risatti''' (born September 27, 1986, in [[Buenos Aires]]) is an [[Argentina\|Argentine]] racing driver. He was the 2006 [[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish Formula Three]] champion and now competes in the Argentine [[Touring car racing\|touring car]] series, [[TC 2000]]. Risatti is a fourth-generation racer. His great-grandfather, Ricardo Leopoldo Risatti, won the Campeonato Argentino de Velocidad (predecessor to [[Turismo Carretera]]) in 1938, and his grandfather Jesús Ricardo Risatti along with father Ricardo Risatti, Jr. and uncle Gerardo Risatti have competed domestically.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=4600\|title=Ricardo Risatti\|publisher=Motorsport Memorial\|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> ==Career history== Risatti began his junior racing career in [[karting]] in 1998. After a relatively short period of three seasons, he progressed into formula racing in the B-class of [[Formula Three Sudamericana]], which is based in [[Brazil]]. He entered only three races in 2001, but was one of twelve Argentinians who competed at some point in that year's championship.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=38 2001 F3 Sudamericana Entry List] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101170741/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=38 \|date=2008-01-01 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> This was an unusually high number; the 2002 season featured only two Argentine drivers, including Risatti himself.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=76 2002 F3 Sudamericana Entry List] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101170746/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=76 \|date=2008-01-01 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> In his first full season, Risatti was placed fourth in the B-class standings.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/points.php?sid=76 2002 Championship Standings] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101170822/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/points.php?sid=76 \|date=2008-01-01 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> Risatti moved to Europe to compete in the [[Spanish Formula Three Championship]] in 2003, driving at various times for E.V. Racing and Elide Racing in ten of the thirteen races.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=122 2003 Spanish F3 Entry List] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091436/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=122 \|date=2007-12-03 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/results.php?sid=122 2003 Championship Results] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091627/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/results.php?sid=122 \|date=2007-12-03 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> After making annual progress with eleventh, fifth and third places in the championship, Risatti secured the 2006 title with TEC Auto. In February 2007, Risatti was announced as a [[GP2 Series]] driver with [[BCN Competicion]],<ref>[http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns18057.html BCN Signs Risatti] ''Grandprix.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> but this position was later taken by [[Ho-Pin Tung]].<ref>[http://www.gp2series.com/en/website/gp2series/news/index.php?news=tcm:2-10386 Finalised 2007 Entry List] ''GP2series.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> He instead competed in the World Series by Renault with GD (Great Dane) Racing.<ref>[http://www.forix.com/8w/6thgear/rws07.html 2007 WSR Entry List] ''Forix.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> Risatti had a second chance to make his GP2 series debut when [[Pastor Maldonado]] broke his collarbone during training.<ref>[http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/61659 Risatti to deputise for Maldonado] ''autosport.com'', retrieved on August 21, 2007.</ref> Risatti competed with [[Trident Racing]] at [[Istanbul Park]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|Monza]] in [[Italy]]. During this time, [[Luiz Razia]] substituted for Risatti in the Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series. Since 2008, Risatti has exclusively pursued his career in Argentina. In [[TC2000 Championship\|TC2000]], he served as a factory driver for [[Chevrolet]] and [[Honda]], achieving a victory in 2012. He competed in [[Turismo Carretera]] between 2009 and 2014 and again in 2023. His best results came in [[Top Race V6]], where he finished third in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Driver: Ricardo Risatti III {{!}} Driver Database \|url=https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/ricardo-risatti-iii \|access-date=2023-10-18 \|website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> ==Racing record== ===Complete Formula 3 Sudamericana results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Entrant ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! DC ! Points \|- \| [[2001 Formula 3 Sudamericana season\|2001]] !nowrap\| Sur Racing \|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Paraná\|PAR]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)\|LON]] \|[[Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez\|BUE]] \|[[Autódromo Luis Rubén Di Palma\|MDA]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora\|FOR]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura\|CAM]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\|[[:es:Gran Premio de Piriápolis\|PIR]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Parque Ciudad de Río Cuarto\|RCU]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel\|CAS]]<br>{{small\|9}} \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA2]] \|colspan=7\| ! NC ! 0 \|- \| [[2002 Formula 3 Sudamericana season\|2002]] !nowrap\| Sur Racing \|[[Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)\|LON<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)\|LON<br>2]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Paraná\|PAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Paraná\|PAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba\|CUR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|13}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba\|CUR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura\|CAM<br>1]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura\|CAM<br>2]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|[[Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora\|FOR<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora\|FOR<br>2]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Oberá\|OBE<br>1]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Oberá\|OBE<br>2]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet\|RDJ<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet\|RDJ<br>2]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel\|CAS<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel\|CAS<br>2]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA<br>2]] ! 19th ! 4 \|- \|} ===Complete Spanish Formula Three Championship results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Team ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! Pos ! Points \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[2003 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2003]] !nowrap\| [[EV Racing]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#FFFFFF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|DNS}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|colspan=6\| !rowspan=2\| 11th !rowspan=2\| 70 \|- !nowrap\| Elide Racing \|colspan=10\| \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]<br>{{small\|16†}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|colspan=3\| \|- \| [[2004 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2004]] ! nowrap\| [[Escuderia TEC-Auto\|IGI Tec-Auto]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|12}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]<br>{{small\|12}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|10†}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#Efcfff;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|colspan=2\| ! 5th ! 50 \|- \| [[2005 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2005]] ! nowrap\| [[Racing Engineering]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB]]<br>{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| ''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]'''''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| ''[[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|16†}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| '''[[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]'''<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''[[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]'''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| '''''[[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]'''''<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| '''[[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]'''<br>{{small\|NC}} \| !style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| 3rd !style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| 96 \|- \| [[2006 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2006]] ! nowrap\| [[Escuderia TEC-Auto\|Tec-Auto]] \|style="background:#Efcfff;"\| '''[[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]'''<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''''[[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>1]]'''''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFDFDF;"\| ''[[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#DFDFDF;"\| ''[[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|2}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| ''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| ''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| ''[[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''''[[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]'''''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|9}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| ''[[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} !style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| 1st !style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| 118 \|- \|} ===Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Team ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! Pos ! Points \|- \| [[2007 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season\|2007]] ! nowrap\| GR Racing \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br>1]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br>2]]<br>{{small\|20}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|16}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Monaco\|MON<br>1]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br>1]]<br>{{small\|19}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br>2]]<br>{{small\|16}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br>1]]<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \| [[Donington Park\|DON<br>1]] \| [[Donington Park\|DON<br>2]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>1]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>2]] \| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]] \| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]] ! 35th ! 0 \|} ===Complete GP2 Series results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! Year ! Entrant ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! 21 ! DC ! Points \|- \| [[2007 GP2 Series season\|2007]] ! nowrap\| [[Trident Racing]] \| [[Bahrain International Circuit\|BHR<br />FEA]] \| [[Bahrain International Circuit\|BHR<br />SPR]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br />SPR]] \| [[Circuit de Monaco\|MON<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br />SPR]] \| [[Silverstone Circuit\|SIL<br />FEA]] \| [[Silverstone Circuit\|SIL<br />SPR]] \| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br />FEA]] \| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br />SPR]] \| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br />FEA]] \| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br />SPR]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Istanbul Park\|IST<br />FEA]]<br>{{small\|16}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Istanbul Park\|IST<br />SPR]]<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br />FEA]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br />SPR]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br />FEA]]<br>{{small\|20}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br />SPR]]<br>{{small\|18}} \| [[Circuit de Valencia\|VAL<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Valencia\|VAL<br />SPR]] ! 28th ! 1 \|} ===Complete GT1 World Championship results=== {\| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;" \|- ! Year ! Team ! Car ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! Pos ! Points \|- \| [[2010 FIA GT1 World Championship season\|2010]] ! nowrap\| [[All-Inkl.com Münnich Motorsport]] ! nowrap\| [[Lamborghini Murciélago\|Lamborghini Murciélago<br>LP670 R-SV]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>CR]] \| [[2010 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>QR]] \| [[2010 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Brno round\|BRN<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Brno round\|BRN<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Spa-Francorchamps round\|SPA<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Spa-Francorchamps round\|SPA<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Nürburgring round\|NÜR<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Nürburgring round\|NÜR<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Interlagos round\|INT<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Interlagos round\|INT<br>CR]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[2010 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>QR]]<br><small>14<br></small> \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[2010 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>CR]]<br><small>6<br></small> ! 39th ! 8 \|- \| [[2011 FIA GT1 World Championship season\|2011]] ! nowrap\| [[Marc VDS Racing Team]] ! nowrap\| [[Ford GT\|Ford GT1]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Zolder round\|ZOL<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Zolder round\|ZOL<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Sachsenring round\|SAC<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Sachsenring round\|SAC<br>CR]] \| [[2011 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>QR]] \| [[2011 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Ordos round\|ORD<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Ordos round\|ORD<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Beijing round\|BEI<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Beijing round\|BEI<br>CR]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[2011 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>QR]]<br><small>Ret<br></small> \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[2011 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>CR]]<br><small>9<br></small> ! 35th ! 2 \|- \|} ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.caitorisatti.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128165017/http://caitorisatti.com/ \|date=2011-01-28 }} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box\|before=[[Andy Soucek]]\|title=[[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish Formula Three Champion]]\|years=2006\|after=[[Máximo Cortés]]}} {{s-end}} {{Trident}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Risatti, Ricardo}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine racing drivers]] [[Category:Euroformula Open Championship drivers]] [[Category:Racing drivers from Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Formula 3 Sudamericana drivers]] [[Category:GP2 Series drivers]] [[Category:TC 2000 Championship drivers]] [[Category:FIA GT Championship drivers]] [[Category:World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers]] [[Category:FIA GT1 World Championship drivers]] [[Category:Turismo Carretera drivers]] [[Category:Súper TC 2000 drivers]] [[Category:Trident Racing drivers]] [[Category:Racing Engineering drivers]] [[Category:De Villota Motorsport drivers]] [[Category:Phoenix Racing drivers]] [[Category:TCR South America Touring Car Championship drivers]]	1,306,970,971	[{"title": "Ricardo Risatti III", "data": {"Nationality": "Argentine", "Born": "September 27, 1986 \u00b7 Buenos Aires, Argentina"}}, {"title": "Previous series", "data": {"2008 \u00b7 2008 \u00b7 2007 \u00b7 2007 \u00b7 2003-2006 \u00b7 2001-2002": "FIA GT \u00b7 TC2000 \u00b7 GP2 Series \u00b7 World Series by Renault \u00b7 Spanish F3 Championship \u00b7 Formula Three Sudamericana"}}, {"title": "Championship titles", "data": {"2006": "Spanish F3 Championship"}}]	false
# Ricardo Risatti Ricardo Caíto Risatti (born September 27, 1986, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine racing driver. He was the 2006 Spanish Formula Three champion and now competes in the Argentine touring car series, TC 2000. Risatti is a fourth-generation racer. His great-grandfather, Ricardo Leopoldo Risatti, won the Campeonato Argentino de Velocidad (predecessor to Turismo Carretera) in 1938, and his grandfather Jesús Ricardo Risatti along with father Ricardo Risatti, Jr. and uncle Gerardo Risatti have competed domestically. ## Career history Risatti began his junior racing career in karting in 1998. After a relatively short period of three seasons, he progressed into formula racing in the B-class of Formula Three Sudamericana, which is based in Brazil. He entered only three races in 2001, but was one of twelve Argentinians who competed at some point in that year's championship. This was an unusually high number; the 2002 season featured only two Argentine drivers, including Risatti himself. In his first full season, Risatti was placed fourth in the B-class standings. Risatti moved to Europe to compete in the Spanish Formula Three Championship in 2003, driving at various times for E.V. Racing and Elide Racing in ten of the thirteen races. After making annual progress with eleventh, fifth and third places in the championship, Risatti secured the 2006 title with TEC Auto. In February 2007, Risatti was announced as a GP2 Series driver with BCN Competicion, but this position was later taken by Ho-Pin Tung. He instead competed in the World Series by Renault with GD (Great Dane) Racing. Risatti had a second chance to make his GP2 series debut when Pastor Maldonado broke his collarbone during training. Risatti competed with Trident Racing at Istanbul Park in Turkey and Monza in Italy. During this time, Luiz Razia substituted for Risatti in the Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series. Since 2008, Risatti has exclusively pursued his career in Argentina. In TC2000, he served as a factory driver for Chevrolet and Honda, achieving a victory in 2012. He competed in Turismo Carretera between 2009 and 2014 and again in 2023. His best results came in Top Race V6, where he finished third in 2015. ## Racing record ### Complete Formula Three Sudamericana results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Entrant \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| DC \| Points \| \| ---- \| ---------- \| ----- \| ----- \| -------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| ----- \| ----- \| -------- \| ------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2001 \| Sur Racing \| PAR \| LON \| BUE \| MDA \| BRA1 \| FOR \| CAM \| PIR Ret \| RCU 8 \| CAS 9 \| BRA2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 2002 \| Sur Racing \| LON 1 \| LON 2 \| PAR 1 11 \| PAR 2 Ret \| CUR 1 13 \| CUR 2 10 \| CAM 1 11 \| CAM 2 11 \| FOR 1 \| FOR 2 \| OBE 1 11 \| OBE 2 8 \| RDJ 1 \| RDJ 2 \| CAS 1 \| CAS 2 \| BRA 1 \| BRA 2 \| 19th \| 4 \| ### Complete Spanish Formula Three Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Team \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| Pos \| Points \| \| ---- \| ------------------ \| --------- \| ------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| --------- \| -------- \| --------- \| ------- \| ------- \| -------- \| ------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2003 \| EV Racing \| ALB 1 5 \| ALB 2 3 \| JAR 1 7 \| JAR 2 11 \| JER 1 18 \| JER 2 DNS \| EST 1 8 \| EST 2 8 \| VAL 1 Ret \| VAL 2 Ret \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 11th \| 70 \| \| 2003 \| Elide Racing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| JER Ret \| CAT 1 16† \| CAT 2 7 \| \| \| \| 11th \| 70 \| \| 2004 \| IGI Tec-Auto \| ALB 1 4 \| ALB 2 3 \| JAR 1 12 \| JAR 2 4 \| JER 1 4 \| JER 2 4 \| EST 1 8 \| EST 2 12 \| VAL 1 4 \| VAL 2 10† \| JER 1 10 \| JER 2 Ret \| CAT 1 7 \| CAT 2 7 \| \| \| 5th \| 50 \| \| 2005 \| Racing Engineering \| JAR 1 6 \| JAR 2 4 \| VAL 1 7 \| VAL 2 4 \| ALB 6 \| EST 1 10 \| EST 2 1 \| ALB 1 \| ALB 2 1 \| VAL 1 16† \| VAL 2 3 \| JER 1 3 \| JER 2 1 \| CAT 1 5 \| CAT 2 NC \| \| 3rd \| 96 \| \| 2006 \| Tec-Auto \| VAL 1 Ret \| VAL 2 6 \| MAG 1 \| MAG 2 3 \| JAR 1 2 \| JAR 2 1 \| EST 1 18 \| EST 2 5 \| ALB 1 5 \| ALB 2 1 \| VAL 1 \| VAL 2 9 \| JER 1 5 \| JER 2 1 \| CAT 1 7 \| CAT 2 4 \| 1st \| 118 \| ### Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Team \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| Pos \| Points \| \| ---- \| --------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2007 \| GR Racing \| MNZ 1 Ret \| MNZ 2 20 \| NÜR 1 18 \| NÜR 2 16 \| MON 1 Ret \| HUN 1 19 \| HUN 2 16 \| SPA 1 18 \| SPA 2 Ret \| DON 1 \| DON 2 \| MAG 1 \| MAG 2 \| EST 1 \| EST 2 \| CAT 1 \| CAT 2 \| 35th \| 0 \| ### Complete GP2 Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Entrant \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| DC \| Points \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ---------- \| ---------- \| --------- \| ----------- \| ---------- \| ---------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2007 \| Trident Racing \| BHR FEA \| BHR SPR \| CAT FEA \| CAT SPR \| MON FEA \| MAG FEA \| MAG SPR \| SIL FEA \| SIL SPR \| NÜR FEA \| NÜR SPR \| HUN FEA \| HUN SPR \| IST FEA 16 \| IST SPR 10 \| MNZ FEA 8 \| MNZ SPR Ret \| SPA FEA 20 \| SPA SPR 18 \| VAL FEA \| VAL SPR \| 28th \| 1 \| ### Complete GT1 World Championship results \| Year \| Team \| Car \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| Pos \| Points \| \| ---- \| ------------------------------- \| --------------------------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ---------- \| -------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2010 \| All-Inkl.com Münnich Motorsport \| Lamborghini Murciélago LP670 R-SV \| ABU QR \| ABU CR \| SIL QR \| SIL CR \| BRN QR \| BRN CR \| PRI QR \| PRI CR \| SPA QR \| SPA CR \| NÜR QR \| NÜR CR \| ALG QR \| ALG CR \| NAV QR \| NAV CR \| INT QR \| INT CR \| SAN QR 14 \| SAN CR 6 \| 39th \| 8 \| \| 2011 \| Marc VDS Racing Team \| Ford GT1 \| ABU QR \| ABU CR \| ZOL QR \| ZOL CR \| ALG QR \| ALG QR \| SAC QR \| SAC CR \| SIL QR \| SIL CR \| NAV QR \| NAV CR \| PRI QR \| PRI CR \| ORD QR \| ORD CR \| BEI QR \| BEI CR \| SAN QR Ret \| SAN CR 9 \| 35th \| 2 \| ## Footnotes 1. ↑ "Ricardo Risatti". Motorsport Memorial. Retrieved 23 September 2023. 2. ↑ 2001 F3 Sudamericana Entry List Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 3. ↑ 2002 F3 Sudamericana Entry List Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 4. ↑ 2002 Championship Standings Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 5. ↑ 2003 Spanish F3 Entry List Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 6. ↑ 2003 Championship Results Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 7. ↑ BCN Signs Risatti Grandprix.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 8. ↑ Finalised 2007 Entry List GP2series.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 9. ↑ 2007 WSR Entry List Forix.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 10. ↑ Risatti to deputise for Maldonado autosport.com, retrieved on August 21, 2007. 11. ↑ "Driver: Ricardo Risatti III \| Driver Database". www.driverdb.com. Retrieved 2023-10-18.	enwiki/10216263	enwiki	10,216,263	Ricardo Risatti	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Risatti	2025-08-20T19:25:56Z	en	Q978816	108,991	{{short description\|Argentine racing driver}} {{Infobox racing driver \| name = Ricardo Risatti III \| image = Ricardo Risatti III.JPG \| imagesize = 180px \| caption = Ricardo Risatti \| nationality = {{flag\|ARG\|name=Argentine}} \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1986\|9\|27}} \| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] \| year = \| prev series = [[FIA GT]]<br />[[TC2000]]<br />[[GP2 Series]]<br />[[World Series by Renault]]<br />[[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish F3 Championship]]<br />[[Formula Three Sudamericana]] \| prev series years = 2008<br />2008<br />2007<br />2007<br />2003-2006<br />2001-2002 \| titles = [[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish F3 Championship]] \| title years = 2006 \| awards = \| award years = }} '''Ricardo ''Caíto'' Risatti''' (born September 27, 1986, in [[Buenos Aires]]) is an [[Argentina\|Argentine]] racing driver. He was the 2006 [[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish Formula Three]] champion and now competes in the Argentine [[Touring car racing\|touring car]] series, [[TC 2000]]. Risatti is a fourth-generation racer. His great-grandfather, Ricardo Leopoldo Risatti, won the Campeonato Argentino de Velocidad (predecessor to [[Turismo Carretera]]) in 1938, and his grandfather Jesús Ricardo Risatti along with father Ricardo Risatti, Jr. and uncle Gerardo Risatti have competed domestically.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=4600\|title=Ricardo Risatti\|publisher=Motorsport Memorial\|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> ==Career history== Risatti began his junior racing career in [[karting]] in 1998. After a relatively short period of three seasons, he progressed into formula racing in the B-class of [[Formula Three Sudamericana]], which is based in [[Brazil]]. He entered only three races in 2001, but was one of twelve Argentinians who competed at some point in that year's championship.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=38 2001 F3 Sudamericana Entry List] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101170741/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=38 \|date=2008-01-01 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> This was an unusually high number; the 2002 season featured only two Argentine drivers, including Risatti himself.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=76 2002 F3 Sudamericana Entry List] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101170746/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=76 \|date=2008-01-01 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> In his first full season, Risatti was placed fourth in the B-class standings.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/points.php?sid=76 2002 Championship Standings] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101170822/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/points.php?sid=76 \|date=2008-01-01 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> Risatti moved to Europe to compete in the [[Spanish Formula Three Championship]] in 2003, driving at various times for E.V. Racing and Elide Racing in ten of the thirteen races.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=122 2003 Spanish F3 Entry List] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091436/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=122 \|date=2007-12-03 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/results.php?sid=122 2003 Championship Results] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091627/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/results.php?sid=122 \|date=2007-12-03 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> After making annual progress with eleventh, fifth and third places in the championship, Risatti secured the 2006 title with TEC Auto. In February 2007, Risatti was announced as a [[GP2 Series]] driver with [[BCN Competicion]],<ref>[http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns18057.html BCN Signs Risatti] ''Grandprix.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> but this position was later taken by [[Ho-Pin Tung]].<ref>[http://www.gp2series.com/en/website/gp2series/news/index.php?news=tcm:2-10386 Finalised 2007 Entry List] ''GP2series.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> He instead competed in the World Series by Renault with GD (Great Dane) Racing.<ref>[http://www.forix.com/8w/6thgear/rws07.html 2007 WSR Entry List] ''Forix.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> Risatti had a second chance to make his GP2 series debut when [[Pastor Maldonado]] broke his collarbone during training.<ref>[http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/61659 Risatti to deputise for Maldonado] ''autosport.com'', retrieved on August 21, 2007.</ref> Risatti competed with [[Trident Racing]] at [[Istanbul Park]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|Monza]] in [[Italy]]. During this time, [[Luiz Razia]] substituted for Risatti in the Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series. Since 2008, Risatti has exclusively pursued his career in Argentina. In [[TC2000 Championship\|TC2000]], he served as a factory driver for [[Chevrolet]] and [[Honda]], achieving a victory in 2012. He competed in [[Turismo Carretera]] between 2009 and 2014 and again in 2023. His best results came in [[Top Race V6]], where he finished third in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Driver: Ricardo Risatti III {{!}} Driver Database \|url=https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/ricardo-risatti-iii \|access-date=2023-10-18 \|website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> ==Racing record== ===Complete Formula Three Sudamericana results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Entrant ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! DC ! Points \|- \| [[2001 Formula 3 Sudamericana season\|2001]] !nowrap\| Sur Racing \|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Paraná\|PAR]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)\|LON]] \|[[Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez\|BUE]] \|[[Autódromo Luis Rubén Di Palma\|MDA]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora\|FOR]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura\|CAM]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\|[[:es:Gran Premio de Piriápolis\|PIR]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Parque Ciudad de Río Cuarto\|RCU]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel\|CAS]]<br>{{small\|9}} \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA2]] \|colspan=7\| ! NC ! 0 \|- \| [[2002 Formula 3 Sudamericana season\|2002]] !nowrap\| Sur Racing \|[[Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)\|LON<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)\|LON<br>2]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Paraná\|PAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Paraná\|PAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba\|CUR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|13}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba\|CUR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura\|CAM<br>1]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura\|CAM<br>2]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|[[Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora\|FOR<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora\|FOR<br>2]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Oberá\|OBE<br>1]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Oberá\|OBE<br>2]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet\|RDJ<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet\|RDJ<br>2]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel\|CAS<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel\|CAS<br>2]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA<br>2]] ! 19th ! 4 \|- \|} ===Complete Spanish Formula Three Championship results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Team ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! Pos ! Points \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[2003 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2003]] !nowrap\| [[EV Racing]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#FFFFFF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|DNS}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|colspan=6\| !rowspan=2\| 11th !rowspan=2\| 70 \|- !nowrap\| Elide Racing \|colspan=10\| \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]<br>{{small\|16†}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|colspan=3\| \|- \| [[2004 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2004]] ! nowrap\| [[Escuderia TEC-Auto\|IGI Tec-Auto]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|12}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]<br>{{small\|12}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|10†}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#Efcfff;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|colspan=2\| ! 5th ! 50 \|- \| [[2005 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2005]] ! nowrap\| [[Racing Engineering]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB]]<br>{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| ''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]'''''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| ''[[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|16†}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| '''[[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]'''<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''[[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]'''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| '''''[[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]'''''<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| '''[[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]'''<br>{{small\|NC}} \| !style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| 3rd !style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| 96 \|- \| [[2006 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2006]] ! nowrap\| [[Escuderia TEC-Auto\|Tec-Auto]] \|style="background:#Efcfff;"\| '''[[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]'''<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''''[[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>1]]'''''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFDFDF;"\| ''[[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#DFDFDF;"\| ''[[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|2}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| ''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| ''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| ''[[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''''[[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]'''''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|9}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| ''[[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} !style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| 1st !style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| 118 \|- \|} ===Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Team ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! Pos ! Points \|- \| [[2007 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season\|2007]] ! nowrap\| GR Racing \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br>1]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br>2]]<br>{{small\|20}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|16}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Monaco\|MON<br>1]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br>1]]<br>{{small\|19}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br>2]]<br>{{small\|16}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br>1]]<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \| [[Donington Park\|DON<br>1]] \| [[Donington Park\|DON<br>2]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>1]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>2]] \| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]] \| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]] ! 35th ! 0 \|} ===Complete GP2 Series results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! Year ! Entrant ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! 21 ! DC ! Points \|- \| [[2007 GP2 Series season\|2007]] ! nowrap\| [[Trident Racing]] \| [[Bahrain International Circuit\|BHR<br />FEA]] \| [[Bahrain International Circuit\|BHR<br />SPR]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br />SPR]] \| [[Circuit de Monaco\|MON<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br />SPR]] \| [[Silverstone Circuit\|SIL<br />FEA]] \| [[Silverstone Circuit\|SIL<br />SPR]] \| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br />FEA]] \| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br />SPR]] \| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br />FEA]] \| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br />SPR]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Istanbul Park\|IST<br />FEA]]<br>{{small\|16}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Istanbul Park\|IST<br />SPR]]<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br />FEA]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br />SPR]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br />FEA]]<br>{{small\|20}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br />SPR]]<br>{{small\|18}} \| [[Circuit de Valencia\|VAL<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Valencia\|VAL<br />SPR]] ! 28th ! 1 \|} ===Complete GT1 World Championship results=== {\| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;" \|- ! Year ! Team ! Car ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! Pos ! Points \|- \| [[2010 FIA GT1 World Championship season\|2010]] ! nowrap\| [[All-Inkl.com Münnich Motorsport]] ! nowrap\| [[Lamborghini Murciélago\|Lamborghini Murciélago<br>LP670 R-SV]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>CR]] \| [[2010 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>QR]] \| [[2010 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Brno round\|BRN<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Brno round\|BRN<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Spa-Francorchamps round\|SPA<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Spa-Francorchamps round\|SPA<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Nürburgring round\|NÜR<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Nürburgring round\|NÜR<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Interlagos round\|INT<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Interlagos round\|INT<br>CR]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[2010 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>QR]]<br><small>14<br></small> \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[2010 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>CR]]<br><small>6<br></small> ! 39th ! 8 \|- \| [[2011 FIA GT1 World Championship season\|2011]] ! nowrap\| [[Marc VDS Racing Team]] ! nowrap\| [[Ford GT\|Ford GT1]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Zolder round\|ZOL<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Zolder round\|ZOL<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Sachsenring round\|SAC<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Sachsenring round\|SAC<br>CR]] \| [[2011 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>QR]] \| [[2011 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Ordos round\|ORD<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Ordos round\|ORD<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Beijing round\|BEI<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Beijing round\|BEI<br>CR]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[2011 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>QR]]<br><small>Ret<br></small> \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[2011 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>CR]]<br><small>9<br></small> ! 35th ! 2 \|- \|} ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.caitorisatti.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128165017/http://caitorisatti.com/ \|date=2011-01-28 }} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box\|before=[[Andy Soucek]]\|title=[[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish Formula Three Champion]]\|years=2006\|after=[[Máximo Cortés]]}} {{s-end}} {{Trident}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Risatti, Ricardo}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine racing drivers]] [[Category:Euroformula Open Championship drivers]] [[Category:Racing drivers from Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Formula 3 Sudamericana drivers]] [[Category:GP2 Series drivers]] [[Category:TC 2000 Championship drivers]] [[Category:FIA GT Championship drivers]] [[Category:World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers]] [[Category:FIA GT1 World Championship drivers]] [[Category:Turismo Carretera drivers]] [[Category:Súper TC 2000 drivers]] [[Category:Trident Racing drivers]] [[Category:Racing Engineering drivers]] [[Category:De Villota Motorsport drivers]] [[Category:Phoenix Racing drivers]] [[Category:TCR South America Touring Car Championship drivers]]	1,306,971,146	[{"title": "Ricardo Risatti III", "data": {"Nationality": "Argentine", "Born": "September 27, 1986 \u00b7 Buenos Aires, Argentina"}}, {"title": "Previous series", "data": {"2008 \u00b7 2008 \u00b7 2007 \u00b7 2007 \u00b7 2003-2006 \u00b7 2001-2002": "FIA GT \u00b7 TC2000 \u00b7 GP2 Series \u00b7 World Series by Renault \u00b7 Spanish F3 Championship \u00b7 Formula Three Sudamericana"}}, {"title": "Championship titles", "data": {"2006": "Spanish F3 Championship"}}]	false
# Frank J. Urioste Frank Joseph Urioste (born April 28, 1938) is an American film editor with about 30 film credits. He has been nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, for RoboCop (1987), Die Hard (1988), and Basic Instinct (1992). ## Early life Urioste was born to Frank T. Urioste and Angelina "Angie" Saracino (1909–2006). He also has a sister, Carol. His father worked as an airplane bomb sight manufacturer during World War II, and shortly afterwards started at MGM, where he was a music editor for over 30 years. ## Career Urioste began his career in 1957, when he worked with Henry Mancini at MGM as a music editor. The first film that Urioste edited was What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969). He continued to edit films during the 1970s, such as Midway (1976), Damnation Alley (1977) and The Boys in Company C (1978). Urioste has also worked in television; in 1979, he edited the television film, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In 1974, he edited the film The Spikes Gang. In 1979, he edited Fast Break. In 1983, he edited Amityville 3-D. That same year, Urioste edited Trenchcoat, starring Margot Kidder and Robert Hays. Other films that Urioste edited during the 1980s include Conan the Destroyer (1984), Die Hard (1988) and Road House (1989). He also edited The Hitcher (1986), starring Rutger Hauer. Urioste was nominated for an Academy Award for his editing in Die Hard. Urioste has also collaborated with director Paul Verhoeven in such films as RoboCop (1987), Total Recall (1990) and Basic Instinct (1992). In 1993, Urioste edited Cliffhanger. That same year, he edited the film, Tombstone. In 1995, he co-edited Cutthroat Island. In 1996, he co-edited the film, Executive Decision, starring Kurt Russell. Urioste used Avid Technology for the first time when he had less than four weeks to edit Lethal Weapon 4 (1998). In addition to film editing, Urioste has been the senior vice president of feature development at Warner Bros. since 1998. Urioste also served on the board of governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences from 1994 to 1997 and is on the advisory board of the film editors branch of the Academy. Urioste received the American Cinema Editors Career Achievement Award in 2007. ## Personal life He is married to Gemma Urioste. Together, they have had four children; Rosemarie, Maryan, Michelle, and Frank Jr. He has 10 grandchildren, and all celebrated his lifetime achievement at the Eddie Awards. ## Filmography \| Year \| Title \| Director \| Notes \| \| ---- \| --------------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------- \| \| 1969 \| What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? \| Lee H. Katzin \| \| \| 1971 \| The Grissom Gang \| Robert Aldrich \| \| \| 1972 \| Get to Know Your Rabbit \| Brian De Palma \| \| \| 1972 \| The Hoax \| Robert Anderson \| \| \| 1974 \| The Spikes Gang \| Fleischer \| \| \| 1976 \| Midway \| Jack Smight \| \| \| 1977 \| Damnation Alley \| Jack Smight \| \| \| 1978 \| The Boys in Company C \| Sidney J. Furie \| \| \| 1979 \| Fast Break \| Jack Smight \| \| \| 1980 \| Loving Couples \| Jack Smight \| \| \| 1981 \| The Entity \| Sidney J. Furie \| \| \| 1983 \| Amityville 3-D \| Richard Fleischer \| \| \| 1983 \| Trenchcoat \| Michael Tuchner \| \| \| 1984 \| Conan the Destroyer \| Richard Fleischer \| \| \| 1985 \| Red Sonja \| Richard Fleischer \| \| \| 1986 \| The Hitcher \| Robert Harmon \| \| \| 1987 \| RoboCop \| Paul Verhoeven \| Nominated- Academy Award for Best Film Editing \| \| 1988 \| Die Hard \| John McTiernan \| Nominated- Academy Award for Best Film Editing \| \| 1989 \| Road House \| Rowdy Herrington \| \| \| 1990 \| Total Recall \| Paul Verhoeven \| \| \| 1992 \| Basic Instinct \| Paul Verhoeven \| Nominated- Academy Award for Best Film Editing \| \| 1993 \| Tombstone \| George P. Cosmatos \| \| \| 1993 \| Cliffhanger \| Renny Harlin \| \| \| 1994 \| Terminal Velocity \| Deran Sarafian \| \| \| 1995 \| Cutthroat Island \| Renny Harlin \| \| \| 1996 \| Executive Decision \| Stuart Baird \| \| \| 1997 \| Conspiracy Theory \| Richard Donner \| \| \| 1998 \| Lethal Weapon 4 \| Richard Donner \| \| \| 1999 \| Deep Blue Sea \| Renny Harlin \| \| \| 2011 \| The Thing \| Matthijs van Heijningen Jr. \| Additional editor \|	enwiki/21050787	enwiki	21,050,787	Frank J. Urioste	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Urioste	2024-09-11T00:30:10Z	en	Q1274892	89,118	{{Short description\|American film editor}} '''Frank Joseph Urioste'''{{Pronunciation needed}} (born April 28, 1938) is an American film editor with about 30 film credits. He has been nominated three times for the [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing]], for ''[[RoboCop]]'' (1987), ''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988), and ''[[Basic Instinct]]'' (1992).<ref name=variety>{{cite magazine\|last=McNary\|first=Dave\|title=Prizes to be handed out at ACE Eddie Awards\|date=22 January 2007\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|url=https://variety.com/2007/film/awards/editors-honor-soh-urioste-1117957884/\|accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref> ==Early life== Urioste was born to Frank T. Urioste and Angelina "Angie" Saracino (1909–2006). He also has a sister, Carol. His father worked as an airplane bomb sight manufacturer during [[World War II]], and shortly afterwards started at [[MGM]], where he was a music editor for over 30 years.<ref name=obituary>{{cite news\|title=Angelina Saracino "Angie" Urioste\|date=14 March 2006\|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]\|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?pid=17081832\|accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref> ==Career== Urioste began his career in 1957, when he worked with [[Henry Mancini]] at MGM as a music editor.<ref name=variety/> The first film that Urioste edited was ''[[What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice?]]'' (1969).<ref name=hollywood>{{cite web\|title=Frank J Urioste\|work=Hollywood.com\|url=http://www.hollywood.com/celebrities/frank-j-urioste-57720091/}}</ref> He continued to edit films during the 1970s, such as ''[[Midway (1976 film)\|Midway]]'' (1976), ''[[Damnation Alley (film)\|Damnation Alley]]'' (1977) and ''[[The Boys in Company C]]'' (1978).<ref name=hollywood/> Urioste has also worked in television; in 1979, he edited the television film, ''[[I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (film)\|I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings]]''.<ref name=hollywood/> In 1974, he edited the film ''[[The Spikes Gang]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziz6zQ73yx0C&q=frank+j+urioste&pg=PA241\|last=Gray\|first=Beverly\|title=Ron Howard: From Mayberry to the Moon...and Beyond\|year=2003\|publisher=Thomas Nelson, Inc.\|isbn=9781418530747}}</ref> In 1979, he edited ''[[Fast Break (film)\|Fast Break]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xBVtMpDYaoC&q=frank+j+urioste+editor&pg=PA156\|last3=Edgington\|first3=K\|last2=Erskine\|first2=Thomas\|last1=Welsh\|first1=James M.\|title=Encyclopedia of Sports Films\|year=2010\|publisher=Scarecrow Press\|isbn=9780810876538}}</ref> In 1983, he edited ''[[Amityville 3-D]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loUaJC9VBMUC&q=frank+j+urioste&pg=PA404\|last=Derry\|first=Charles\|title=Dark Dreams 2.0: A Psychological History of the Modern Horror Film from the 1950s to the 21st Century\|year=2009\|publisher=McFarland\|isbn=9780786456956}}</ref> That same year, Urioste edited ''[[Trenchcoat (film)\|Trenchcoat]]'', starring [[Margot Kidder]] and [[Robert Hays]].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoXeCQAAQBAJ&q=frank+j+urioste&pg=PA328\|last=Mavis\|first=Paul\|title=The Espionage Filmography: United States Releases, 1898 through 1999\|year=2011\|publisher=McFarland\|isbn=9780786449156}}</ref> Other films that Urioste edited during the 1980s include ''[[Conan the Destroyer]]'' (1984), ''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988) and ''[[Road House (1989 film)\|Road House]]'' (1989).<ref name=hollywood/> He also edited ''[[The Hitcher (1986 film)\|The Hitcher]]'' (1986), starring [[Rutger Hauer]].<ref>{{cite news\|last=Siskel\|first=Gene\|title=Thumbs Down On A Ride With 'Hitcher'\|date=24 February 1986\|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]\|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/02/24/thumbs-down-on-a-ride-with-hitcher/\|access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> Urioste was nominated for an [[Academy Awards\|Academy Award]] for his editing in ''Die Hard''.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Campbell\|first=Christopher\|title=7 Scenes We Love From 'Die Hard'\|date=14 July 2013\|publisher=[[Film School Rejects]]\|url=http://filmschoolrejects.com/features/7-scenes-we-love-from-die-hard.php\|accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref> Urioste has also collaborated with director [[Paul Verhoeven]] in such films as ''[[RoboCop]]'' (1987), ''[[Total Recall (1990 film)\|Total Recall]]'' (1990) and ''[[Basic Instinct]]'' (1992).<ref name=hollywood/><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oT7Jwm-IzQ4C&q=frank+j+urioste&pg=PA206\|last=Tellote\|first=J.P.\|title=Replications: A Robotic History of the Science Fiction Film\|year=1995\|publisher=University of Illinois Press\|isbn=9780252064661}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7zeCQAAQBAJ&q=frank+j+urioste+editor&pg=PA204\|last=McGee\|first=Marty\|title=Encyclopedia of Motion Picture Sound\|year=2001\|publisher=McFarland\|isbn=9780786449163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eC4X2p3W4vsC&q=frank+j+urioste+editor&pg=PA331\|last=Hirsch\|first=Foster\|title=Detours and Lost Highways: A Map of Neo-noir\|year=1999\|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation\|isbn=9780879102883}}</ref> In 1993, Urioste edited ''[[Cliffhanger (film)\|Cliffhanger]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8vbAgAAQBAJ&q=frank+j+urioste&pg=PA269\|last=Holmlund\|first=Chris\|title=The Ultimate Stallone Reader: Sylvester Stallone as Star, Icon, Auteur\|year=2014\|publisher=Columbia University Press\|isbn=9780231850643}}</ref> That same year, he edited the film, ''[[Tombstone (film)\|Tombstone]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwJubSLM60EC&q=frank+j+urioste&pg=PT210\|last2=Willis\|first2=John\|last1=Monush\|first1=Barry\|title=Screen World 1994\|year=2000\|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation\|isbn=9781557832023}}</ref> In 1995, he co-edited ''[[Cutthroat Island]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pO17mTyuA0IC&q=frank+j+urioste&pg=RA1-PA50\|last=Jullius\|first=Marshall\|title=Action!: The Action Movie A-Z\|year=1996\|publisher=Indiana University Press\|isbn=9780253210913}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6zv5YiyHtYC&q=frank+j+urioste&pg=PA161\|last2=Willis\|first2=John\|last1=Monush\|first1=Barry\|title=Screen World 1996\|year=1997\|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation\|isbn=9781557832528}}</ref> In 1996, he co-edited the film, ''[[Executive Decision]]'', starring [[Kurt Russell]].<ref>{{cite news\|last=Turan\|first=Kenneth\|title=Making the Right 'Decision'\|date=15 March 1996\|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-03-15-ca-47134-story.html\|access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> Urioste used [[Avid Technology]] for the first time when he had less than four weeks to edit ''[[Lethal Weapon 4]]'' (1998).<ref>{{cite web\|last=Brew\|first=Simon\|title=The Ridiculously Fast Turnaround Time of Lethal Weapon 4\|date=23 July 2015\|publisher=[[Den of Geek]]\|url=http://www.denofgeek.us/movies/lethal-weapon/247889/the-ridiculously-fast-turnaround-time-of-lethal-weapon-4\|accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref> In addition to film editing, Urioste has been the senior vice president of feature development at [[Warner Bros.]] since 1998.<ref name=variety/><ref>{{cite news\|last=McLellan\|first=David\|title=Ralph E. Winters, 94; Film Editor Noted for 'Ben-Hur' Won 2 Oscars\|date=6 March 2004\|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-mar-06-me-winters6-story.html\|access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref> Urioste also served on the board of governors of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences]] from 1994 to 1997 and is on the advisory board of the film editors branch of the Academy.<ref name=variety/> Urioste received the [[American Cinema Editors Career Achievement Award]] in 2007.<ref name=variety/> ==Personal life== He is married to Gemma Urioste. Together, they have had four children; Rosemarie, Maryan, Michelle, and Frank Jr. He has 10 grandchildren, and all celebrated his lifetime achievement at the Eddie Awards. <ref name=obituary/> ==Filmography== {\|class="wikitable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Director ! Notes \|- \| 1969 \| ''[[What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice?]]'' \| [[Lee H. Katzin]] \| \|- \| 1971 \| ''[[The Grissom Gang]]'' \| [[Robert Aldrich]] \| \|- \|rowspan=2\| 1972 \| ''[[Get to Know Your Rabbit]]'' \| [[Brian De Palma]] \| \|- \| ''[[The Hoax (1972 film)\|The Hoax]]'' \| [[Robert Anderson (playwright)\|Robert Anderson]] \| \|- \| 1974 \| ''[[The Spikes Gang]]'' \| Fleischer \| \|- \| 1976 \| ''[[Midway (1976 film)\|Midway]]'' \|rowspan=2\| [[Jack Smight]] \| \|- \| 1977 \| ''[[Damnation Alley (film)\|Damnation Alley]]'' \| \|- \| 1978 \| ''[[The Boys in Company C]]'' \| [[Sidney J. Furie]] \| \|- \| 1979 \| ''[[Fast Break (film)\|Fast Break]]'' \|rowspan=2\| Jack Smight \| \|- \| 1980 \| ''[[Loving Couples (1980 film)\|Loving Couples]]'' \| \|- \| 1981 \| ''[[The Entity]]'' \| Sidney J. Furie \| \|- \| 1983 \| ''[[Amityville 3-D]]'' \| [[Richard Fleischer]] \| \|- \| 1983 \| ''[[Trenchcoat (film)\|Trenchcoat]]'' \| [[Michael Tuchner]] \| \|- \| 1984 \| ''[[Conan the Destroyer]]'' \| Richard Fleischer \| \|- \| 1985 \| ''[[Red Sonja (1985 film)\|Red Sonja]]'' \| Richard Fleischer \| \|- \| 1986 \| ''[[The Hitcher (1986 film)\|The Hitcher]]'' \| [[Robert Harmon]] \| \|- \| 1987 \| ''[[RoboCop]]'' \| [[Paul Verhoeven]] \| Nominated- [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing]] \|- \| 1988 \| ''[[Die Hard]]'' \| [[John McTiernan]] \| Nominated- [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing]] \|- \| 1989 \| ''[[Road House (1989 film)\|Road House]]'' \| [[Rowdy Herrington]] \| \|- \| 1990 \| ''[[Total Recall (1990 film)\|Total Recall]]'' \|rowspan=2\| Paul Verhoeven \| \|- \| 1992 \| ''[[Basic Instinct]]'' \| Nominated- [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing]] \|- \|rowspan=2\| 1993 \| ''[[Tombstone (film)\|Tombstone]]'' \| [[George P. Cosmatos]] \| \|- \| ''[[Cliffhanger (film)\|Cliffhanger]]'' \| [[Renny Harlin]] \| \|- \| 1994 \| ''[[Terminal Velocity (film)\|Terminal Velocity]]'' \| [[Deran Sarafian]] \| \|- \| 1995 \| ''[[Cutthroat Island]]'' \| Renny Harlin \| \|- \| 1996 \| ''[[Executive Decision]]'' \| [[Stuart Baird]] \| \|- \| 1997 \| ''[[Conspiracy Theory (film)\|Conspiracy Theory]]'' \|rowspan=2\| [[Richard Donner]] \| \|- \| 1998 \| ''[[Lethal Weapon 4]]'' \| \|- \| 1999 \| ''[[Deep Blue Sea (1999 film)\|Deep Blue Sea]]'' \| Renny Harlin \| \|- \| 2011 \| ''[[The Thing (2011 film)\|The Thing]]'' \| [[Matthijs van Heijningen Jr.]] \| Additional editor \|} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{IMDb name\|0881973}} {{cite news\|last=Honess \|first=Peter \|author2=Urioste, Frank \|title=Peter Honess & Frank Urioste: Two Long-Time Friends Talk About Their Work, Part I \|work=Editors Guild Magazine \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316075359/http://www.editorsguild.com/v2/magazine/Newsletter/JulAug01/honess_urioste_one.html \|archivedate=2008-03-16 \|date=July–August 2001 \|url=http://www.editorsguild.com/v2/magazine/Newsletter/JulAug01/honess_urioste_one.html \|url-status=dead }} *{{cite news\|last=Honess \|first=Peter \|author2=Urioste, Frank \|title=Peter Honess & Frank Urioste: Two Long-Time Friends Talk About Their Work, Part II \|work=Editors Guild Magazine \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316075628/http://www.editorsguild.com/v2/magazine/Newsletter/SepOct01/honess_urioste_two.html \|date=September–October 2001 \|archivedate=2008-03-16 \|url=http://www.editorsguild.com/v2/magazine/Newsletter/SepOct01/honess_urioste_two.html \|url-status=dead }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Urioste, Frank J.}} [[Category:American Cinema Editors]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1938 births]]	1,245,097,500	[]	false
# 14th Satellite Awards The 14th Satellite Awards is an award ceremony honoring the year's outstanding performers, films, television shows, home videos and interactive media, presented by the International Press Academy at the InterContinental Hotel in Los Angeles. The nominations were announced on November 30, 2009. The winners were announced on December 20, 2009. ## Special achievement awards Auteur Award (for his trademark style of imaginative special effects and plots) – Roger Corman Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) – Michael York Nikola Tesla Award (for his creative cinematography in films) – Roger Deakins Outstanding Guest Star – Kristin Chenoweth (Glee) Outstanding New Talent – Gabourey Sidibe (Precious) ## Motion picture winners and nominees ### Best Actor – Drama Jeremy Renner for The Hurt Locker - Jeff Bridges for Crazy Heart - Hugh Dancy for Adam - Johnny Depp for Public Enemies - Colin Firth for A Single Man - Michael Sheen for The Damned United ### Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Michael Stuhlbarg for A Serious Man - George Clooney for Up in the Air - Bradley Cooper for The Hangover - Matt Damon for The Informant! - Daniel Day-Lewis for Nine ### Best Actress – Drama Shohreh Aghdashloo for The Stoning of Soraya M. - Emily Blunt for The Young Victoria - Abbie Cornish for Bright Star - Penélope Cruz for Broken Embraces - Carey Mulligan for An Education - Catalina Saavedra for The Maid ### Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Meryl Streep for Julie & Julia - Sandra Bullock for The Proposal - Marion Cotillard for Nine - Zooey Deschanel for (500) Days of Summer - Katherine Heigl for The Ugly Truth ### Best Animated or Mixed Media Film Fantastic Mr. Fox - Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs - Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince - The Princess and the Frog - Up - Where the Wild Things Are ### Best Art Direction and Production Design A Single Man - 2012 - The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus - Public Enemies - Red Cliff - The Road ### Best Cinematography Dion Beebe for Nine - Roger Deakins for A Serious Man - Zhang Li and Lü Yue for Red Cliff - Guillermo Navarro and Erich Roland for It Might Get Loud - Robert Richardson for Inglourious Basterds - Dante Spinotti for Public Enemies ### Best Costume Design Monique Prudhomme for The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus - Colleen Atwood for Nine - Consolata Boyle for Chéri - Sandy Powell for The Young Victoria - Tim Yip for Red Cliff ### Best Director Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker - Neill Blomkamp for District 9 - Jane Campion for Bright Star - Lee Daniels for Precious - Rob Marshall for Nine - Lone Scherfig for An Education ### Best Documentary Film Every Little Step - The Beaches of Agnès - The Cove - It Might Get Loud - The September Issue - Valentino: The Last Emperor ### Best Editing Chris Innis and Bob Murawski for The Hurt Locker - David Brenner for 2012 - Julian Clarke for District 9 - Robert A. Ferretti, Yang Hongyu, Angie Lam, and David Wu for Red Cliff - Greg Finton for It Might Get Loud - Claire Simpson and Wyatt Smith for Nine ### Best Film – Drama The Hurt Locker - Bright Star - An Education - The Messenger - Precious - The Stoning of Soraya M. (Sangsâr Sorayâ M.) ### Best Film – Musical or Comedy Nine - The Informant! - It's Complicated - Julie & Julia - A Serious Man - Up in the Air ### Best Foreign Language Film Broken Embraces (Los abrazos rotos) • Spain (TIE) The Maid (La Nana) • Chile (TIE) - I Killed My Mother (J'ai tué ma mère) • Canada - Red Cliff (Chi bi) • China - The White Ribbon (Das weiße Band) • Germany - Winter in Wartime (Oorlogswinter) • Netherlands ### Best Original Score Up in the Air – Rolfe Kent - Amelia – Gabriel Yared - The Informant! – Marvin Hamlisch - Public Enemies – Elliot Goldenthal - Up – Michael Giacchino - Where the Wild Things Are – Carter Burwell and Karen O ### Best Original Song "The Weary Kind" by Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett from Crazy Heart - "Almost There" by Randy Newman from The Princess and the Frog - "Cinema Italiano" by Maury Yeston from Nine - "Down in New Orleans" by Randy Newman from The Princess and the Frog - "I Can See in Color" by Mary J. Blige from Precious - "We Are the Children of the World" by Terry Gilliam from The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ### Best Screenplay – Adapted Geoffrey Fletcher for Precious - Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell for District 9 - Nora Ephron for Julie & Julia - Nick Hornby for An Education - Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner for Up in the Air ### Best Screenplay – Original Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber for (500) Days of Summer - Mark Boal for The Hurt Locker - Jane Campion for Bright Star - Joel Coen and Ethan Coen for A Serious Man - Pete Docter and Bob Peterson for Up ### Best Sound 2012 - It Might Get Loud - Nine - Red Cliff - Terminator Salvation - Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen ### Best Supporting Actor Christoph Waltz for Inglourious Basterds - Woody Harrelson for The Messenger - James McAvoy for The Last Station - Alfred Molina for An Education - Timothy Spall for The Damned United ### Best Supporting Actress Mo'Nique for Precious - Emily Blunt for Sunshine Cleaning - Penélope Cruz for Nine - Anna Kendrick for Up in the Air - Mozhan Marnò for The Stoning of Soraya M. ### Best Visual Effects 2012 - District 9 - Fantastic Mr. Fox - The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus - Red Cliff - Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen ### Outstanding Motion Picture Ensemble Nine ## Television winners and nominees ### Best Actor – Drama Series Bryan Cranston – Breaking Bad - Gabriel Byrne – In Treatment - Nathan Fillion – Castle - Jon Hamm – Mad Men - Lucian Msamati – The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency - Bill Paxton – Big Love ### Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Series Matthew Morrison – Glee - Alec Baldwin – 30 Rock - Jemaine Clement – Flight of the Conchords - Stephen Colbert – The Colbert Report - Danny McBride – Eastbound & Down - Jim Parsons – The Big Bang Theory ### Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Brendan Gleeson – Into the Storm - Kevin Bacon – Taking Chance - Kenneth Branagh – Wallander - William Hurt – Endgame - Jeremy Irons – Georgia O'Keeffe - Ian McKellen – The Prisoner ### Best Actress – Drama Series Glenn Close – Damages - Stana Katic – Castle - Julianna Margulies – The Good Wife - Elisabeth Moss – Mad Men - Jill Scott – The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency ### Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series Lea Michele – Glee - Julie Bowen – Modern Family - Toni Collette – United States of Tara - Brooke Elliott – Drop Dead Diva - Edie Falco – Nurse Jackie - Tina Fey – 30 Rock - Mary-Louise Parker – Weeds ### Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film Drew Barrymore – Grey Gardens - Lauren Ambrose – Loving Leah - Judy Davis – Diamonds - Jessica Lange – Grey Gardens - Janet McTeer – Into the Storm - Sigourney Weaver – Prayers for Bobby ### Best Miniseries Little Dorrit - Collision - Diamonds - The Prisoner - Wallander ### Best Series – Drama Breaking Bad - Big Love - Damages - The Good Wife - In Treatment - Mad Men ### Best Series – Musical or Comedy Glee - 30 Rock - The Big Bang Theory - Flight of the Conchords - How I Met Your Mother - Weeds ### Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film John Lithgow – Dexter - Chris Colfer – Glee - Tom Courtenay – Little Dorrit - Neil Patrick Harris – How I Met Your Mother - John Noble – Fringe - Harry Dean Stanton – Big Love ### Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Jane Lynch – Glee - Cherry Jones – 24 - Judy Parfitt – Little Dorrit - Anika Noni Rose – The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency - Chloë Sevigny – Big Love - Vanessa Williams – Ugly Betty ### Best Television Film Grey Gardens - The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler - Endgame - Into the Storm - Loving Leah - Taking Chance ### Outstanding Television Ensemble True Blood ## New Media winners and nominees ### Best Classic DVD North by Northwest (50th Anniversary Edition) - Gone with the Wind (Two-Disc 70th Anniversary Edition) - Paul Newman – The Tribute Collection (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Exodus, From the Terrace, Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man, The Hustler, The Long, Hot Summer, Rally Round the Flag, Boys!, The Towering Inferno, The Verdict, and What a Way to Go!) - To Catch a Thief (The Centennial Collection) - The Wizard of Oz (Two-Disc 70th Anniversary Edition) - Yentl (Two-Disc Director's Extended Edition) ### Best Documentary DVD Every Little Step - Days That Shook the World (The Complete Second Season) - Food, Inc. - Moving Midway - Religulous - Woodstock: 3 Days of Peace & Music – The Director's Cut (Two-Disc 40th Anniversary Edition) ### Best DVD Extras Yentl (Two-Disc Director's Extended Edition) - Across the Universe - The Big Lebowski (10th Anniversary Edition) - Dexter (The Complete Third Season) - Hogan's Heroes (The Komplete Series – Kommandant's Kollection) - Primal Fear (Hard Evidence Edition) - Up (Two-Disc Deluxe Edition) ### Best DVD Release of a TV Show True Blood (The Complete First Season) - Ally McBeal (The Complete Series) - Dollhouse (Season 1) - Hogan's Heroes (The Komplete Series – Kommandant's Kollection) - Project Runway (Season 5) - Sons of Anarchy (Season One) ### Best Overall Blu-Ray Star Trek (3-Disc Digital Copy Special Edition) - Rocky: The Undisputed Collection (Rocky, Rocky II, Rocky III, Rocky IV, Rocky V, and Rocky Balboa) - Say Anything... (20th Anniversary Edition) - South Pacific (50th Anniversary Edition) - Up (4-Disc Combo Pack) - The Wizard of Oz (70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition) ### Best Overall DVD Gone with the Wind (Two-Disc 70th Anniversary Edition) - An American Werewolf in London (Special Edition) - The Reader - Slumdog Millionaire - Up (Two-Disc Deluxe Edition) - The Wizard of Oz (70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition) ### Best Youth DVD The Wizard of Oz (Two-Disc 70th Anniversary Edition) - Bolt (Deluxe DVD Edition) - Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (Double DVD Pack) - Peanuts: 1960's Collection (A Charlie Brown Christmas, Charlie Brown's All Stars!, He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown, It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown, It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown, and You're in Love, Charlie Brown) - Sesame Street (40 Years of Sunny Days) - Up (Two-Disc Deluxe Edition) ## Awards breakdown ### Film Winners: 4 / 5 The Hurt Locker: Best Actor – Drama / Best Director / Best Editing / Best Film – Drama 3 / 11 Nine: Best Cinematography / Best Film – Musical or Comedy / Outstanding Motion Picture Ensemble 2 / 4 2012: Best Sound / Best Visual Effects 2 / 5 Precious: Best Screenplay – Adapted / Best Supporting Actress 1 / 1 Every Little Step: Best Documentary Film 1 / 2 (500) Days of Summer: Best Screenplay – Original 1 / 2 Broken Embraces: Best Foreign Language Film 1 / 2 Crazy Heart: Best Original Song 1 / 2 Fantastic Mr. Fox: Best Animated or Mixed Media Film 1 / 2 Inglourious Basterds: Best Supporting Actor 1 / 3 Julie & Julia: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy 1 / 3 A Single Man: Best Art Direction and Production Design 1 / 3 The Stoning of Soraya M.: Best Actress – Drama 1 / 4 The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus: Best Costume Design 1 / 4 A Serious Man: Best Actor – Musical or Comedy 1 / 5 Up in the Air: Best Original Score Losers: 0 / 6 Red Cliff 0 / 5 An Education 0 / 4 Bright Star, District 9, It Might Get Loud, Public Enemies 0 / 3 The Informant!, The Princess and the Frog, Up 0 / 2 The Damned United, The Maid, The Messenger, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, The Young Victoria, Where the Wild Things Are ### Television Winners: 4 / 5 Glee: Best Actor & Actress – Musical or Comedy Series / Best Series – Musical or Comedy / Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film 2 / 2 Breaking Bad: Best Actor – Drama Series / Best Series – Drama 2 / 3 Grey Gardens: Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film / Best Television Film 1 / 1 Dexter: Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film 1 / 1 True Blood: Outstanding Television Ensemble 1 / 2 Damages: Best Actress – Drama Series 1 / 3 Little Dorrit: Best Miniseries 1 / 3 Into the Storm: Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Losers: 0 / 4 Big Love 0 / 3 30 Rock, Mad Men, The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency 0 / 2 The Big Bang Theory, Castle, Diamonds, Endgame, Flight of the Conchords, The Good Wife, How I Met Your Mother, In Treatment, Loving Leah, The Prisoner, Taking Chance, Wallander, Weeds	enwiki/25250995	enwiki	25,250,995	14th Satellite Awards	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Satellite_Awards	2025-02-17T02:11:41Z	en	Q2092755	144,484	{{pp-sock\|small=yes}} {{More citations needed\|date=September 2022}} {{Infobox film awards \| number = 14 \| award = Satellite Awards \| date = {{Start date\|2009\|12\|20}} \| best_film_drama = ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'' \| best_film_musical_or_comedy = ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'' \| best_direction = [[Kathryn Bigelow]] for ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'' \| best_drama_series = ''[[Breaking Bad]]'' \| best_musical_or_comedy_series = ''[[Glee (TV series)\|Glee]]'' \| last = 13th \| next = 15th }} The '''14th [[Satellite Awards]]''' is an award ceremony honoring the year's outstanding performers, films, television shows, home videos and interactive media, presented by the [[International Press Academy]] at the [[InterContinental\|InterContinental Hotel]] in [[Los Angeles]]. The nominations were announced on November 30, 2009.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/11/2009-satellite-awards-nominees-offbeat-or-oscar-predictor.html \|title=2009 Satellite Awards nominees: Off-beat or Oscar predictor? \|date=November 30, 2009 \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=November 30, 2009}}</ref> The winners were announced on December 20, 2009.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.thewrap.com/hurt-locker-nine-win-top-satellite-awards-12086/ \|title='Hurt Locker,' 'Nine' Win Top Satellite Awards \|last=Pond \|first=Steve \|date=December 21, 2009 \|work=[[TheWrap]] \|access-date=December 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2009/ \|title=2009 \| Categories \| International Press Academy \|publisher=[[International Press Academy]] \|access-date=March 15, 2021}}</ref> ==Special achievement awards== '''Auteur Award''' <small>(for his trademark style of imaginative special effects and plots)</small> – '''[[Roger Corman]]''' '''Mary Pickford Award''' <small>(for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry)</small> – '''[[Michael York]]''' '''Nikola Tesla Award''' <small>(for his creative cinematography in films)</small> – '''[[Roger Deakins]]''' '''Outstanding Guest Star''' – '''[[Kristin Chenoweth]]''' <small>(''[[Glee (TV series)\|Glee]]'')</small> '''Outstanding New Talent''' – '''[[Gabourey Sidibe]]''' <small>(''[[Precious (film)\|Precious]]'')</small> ==Motion picture winners and nominees== [[File:Kathryn Bigelow by David Shankbone.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Kathryn Bigelow]], Best Director winner]] [[File:Jeremy Renner by Gage Skidmore.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Jeremy Renner]], Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama winner]] [[File:ShohrehAghdashloo08TIFF.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Shohreh Aghdashloo]], Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama winner]] [[File:Michael Stuhlbarg in 2018 (1).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Michael Stuhlbarg]], Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical winner]] [[File:Meryl Streep from "Florence Foster Jenkins" at Opening Ceremony of the Tokyo International Film Festival 2016 (33644504135) (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Meryl Streep]], Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical winner]] [[File:ChristophWaltz82AAMar10.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Christoph Waltz]], Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture winner]] [[File:Mo'Nique attending the 82nd Academy Awards 2010.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Mo'Nique]], Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture winner]] [[File:Geoffrey Fletcher by David Shankbone.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Geoffrey S. Fletcher\|Geoffrey Fletcher]], Best Adapted Screenplay winner]] [[File:Scott Neustadter at Kelly Writers House.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Scott Neustadter]], Best Original Screenplay co-winner]] [[File:Ryan Bingham - Jacksonville FL - 2010.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Ryan Bingham]], Best Original Song co-winner]] [[File:Tboneburnettcolor.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[T Bone Burnett]], Best Original Song co-winner]] ===Best Actor – Drama=== '''[[Jeremy Renner]] for ''[[The Hurt Locker]]''''' * [[Jeff Bridges]] for ''[[Crazy Heart]]'' * [[Hugh Dancy]] for ''[[Adam (2009 film)\|Adam]]'' * [[Johnny Depp]] for ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)\|Public Enemies]]'' * [[Colin Firth]] for ''[[A Single Man]]'' * [[Michael Sheen]] for ''[[The Damned United]]'' ===Best Actor – Musical or Comedy=== '''[[Michael Stuhlbarg]] for ''[[A Serious Man]]''''' * [[George Clooney]] for ''[[Up in the Air (2009 film)\|Up in the Air]]'' * [[Bradley Cooper]] for ''[[The Hangover]]'' * [[Matt Damon]] for ''[[The Informant!]]'' * [[Daniel Day-Lewis]] for ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'' ===Best Actress – Drama=== '''[[Shohreh Aghdashloo]] for ''[[The Stoning of Soraya M.]]''''' * [[Emily Blunt]] for ''[[The Young Victoria]]'' * [[Abbie Cornish]] for ''[[Bright Star (film)\|Bright Star]]'' * [[Penélope Cruz]] for ''[[Broken Embraces]]'' * [[Carey Mulligan]] for ''[[An Education]]'' * [[Catalina Saavedra]] for ''[[The Maid (2009 film)\|The Maid]]'' ===Best Actress – Musical or Comedy=== '''[[Meryl Streep]] for ''[[Julie & Julia]]''''' * [[Sandra Bullock]] for ''[[The Proposal (2009 film)\|The Proposal]]'' * [[Marion Cotillard]] for ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'' * [[Zooey Deschanel]] for ''[[500 Days of Summer\|(500) Days of Summer]]'' * [[Katherine Heigl]] for ''[[The Ugly Truth]]'' ===Best Animated or Mixed Media Film=== '''''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)\|Fantastic Mr. Fox]]''''' * ''[[Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film)\|Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs]]'' * ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)\|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' * ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' * ''[[Up (2009 film)\|Up]]'' * ''[[Where the Wild Things Are (film)\|Where the Wild Things Are]]'' ===Best Art Direction and Production Design=== '''''[[A Single Man]]''''' * ''[[2012 (film)\|2012]]'' * ''[[The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus]]'' * ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)\|Public Enemies]]'' * ''[[Red Cliff (film)\|Red Cliff]]'' * ''[[The Road (2009 film)\|The Road]]'' ===Best Cinematography=== '''[[Dion Beebe]] for ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]''''' * [[Roger Deakins]] for ''[[A Serious Man]]'' * [[Zhang Li (director)\|Zhang Li]] and [[Lü Yue (cinematographer)\|Lü Yue]] for ''[[Red Cliff (film)\|Red Cliff]]'' * [[Guillermo Navarro]] and Erich Roland for ''[[It Might Get Loud]]'' * [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)\|Robert Richardson]] for ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' * [[Dante Spinotti]] for ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)\|Public Enemies]]'' ===Best Costume Design=== '''Monique Prudhomme for ''[[The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus]]''''' * [[Colleen Atwood]] for ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'' * [[Consolata Boyle]] for ''[[Chéri (2009 film)\|Chéri]]'' * [[Sandy Powell (costume designer)\|Sandy Powell]] for ''[[The Young Victoria]]'' * [[Timmy Yip\|Tim Yip]] for ''[[Red Cliff (film)\|Red Cliff]]'' ===Best Director=== '''[[Kathryn Bigelow]] for ''[[The Hurt Locker]]''''' * [[Neill Blomkamp]] for ''[[District 9]]'' * [[Jane Campion]] for ''[[Bright Star (film)\|Bright Star]]'' * [[Lee Daniels]] for ''[[Precious (film)\|Precious]]'' * [[Rob Marshall]] for ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'' * [[Lone Scherfig]] for ''[[An Education]]'' ===Best Documentary Film=== '''''[[Every Little Step (film)\|Every Little Step]]''''' * ''[[The Beaches of Agnès]]'' * ''[[The Cove (film)\|The Cove]]'' * ''[[It Might Get Loud]]'' * ''[[The September Issue]]'' * ''[[Valentino: The Last Emperor]]'' ===Best Editing=== '''[[Chris Innis]] and [[Bob Murawski]] for ''[[The Hurt Locker]]''''' * [[David Brenner (film editor)\|David Brenner]] for ''[[2012 (film)\|2012]]'' * [[Julian Clarke]] for ''[[District 9]]'' * Robert A. Ferretti, Yang Hongyu, Angie Lam, and David Wu for ''[[Red Cliff (film)\|Red Cliff]]'' * Greg Finton for ''[[It Might Get Loud]]'' * [[Claire Simpson]] and Wyatt Smith for ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'' ===Best Film – Drama=== '''''[[The Hurt Locker]]''''' * ''[[Bright Star (film)\|Bright Star]]'' * ''[[An Education]]'' * ''[[The Messenger (2009 film)\|The Messenger]]'' * ''[[Precious (film)\|Precious]]'' * ''[[The Stoning of Soraya M.\|The Stoning of Soraya M. (Sangsâr Sorayâ M.)]]'' ===Best Film – Musical or Comedy=== '''''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]''''' * ''[[The Informant!]]'' * ''[[It's Complicated (film)\|It's Complicated]]'' * ''[[Julie & Julia]]'' * ''[[A Serious Man]]'' * ''[[Up in the Air (2009 film)\|Up in the Air]]'' ===Best Foreign Language Film=== '''''[[Broken Embraces\|Broken Embraces (Los abrazos rotos)]]'' • [[Spain]] (TIE)''' <br /> '''''[[The Maid (2009 film)\|The Maid (La Nana)]]'' • [[Chile]] (TIE)''' * ''[[I Killed My Mother\|I Killed My Mother (J'ai tué ma mère)]]'' • [[Canada]] * ''[[Red Cliff (film)\|Red Cliff (Chi bi)]]'' • [[China]] * ''[[The White Ribbon\|The White Ribbon (Das weiße Band)]]'' • [[Germany]] * ''[[Winter in Wartime (film)\|Winter in Wartime (Oorlogswinter)]]'' • [[Netherlands]] ===Best Original Score=== '''''[[Up in the Air (soundtrack)\|Up in the Air]]'' – [[Rolfe Kent]]''' * ''[[Amelia (film)\|Amelia]]'' – [[Gabriel Yared]] * ''[[The Informant!]]'' – [[Marvin Hamlisch]] * ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)\|Public Enemies]]'' – [[Elliot Goldenthal]] * ''[[Up (soundtrack)\|Up]]'' – [[Michael Giacchino]] * ''[[Where the Wild Things Are: Motion Picture Soundtrack\|Where the Wild Things Are]]'' – [[Carter Burwell]] and [[Karen O]] ===Best Original Song=== '''"[[The Weary Kind]]" by [[Ryan Bingham]] and [[T Bone Burnett]] from ''[[Crazy Heart]]''''' * "[[Almost There (The Princess and the Frog song)\|Almost There]]" by [[Randy Newman]] from ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' * "[[Cinema Italiano]]" by [[Maury Yeston]] from ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'' * "[[Down in New Orleans (song)\|Down in New Orleans]]" by [[Randy Newman]] from ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' * "I Can See in Color" by [[Mary J. Blige]] from ''[[Precious (film)\|Precious]]'' * "We Are the Children of the World" by [[Terry Gilliam]] from ''[[The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus]]'' ===Best Screenplay – Adapted=== '''[[Geoffrey S. Fletcher\|Geoffrey Fletcher]] for ''[[Precious (film)\|Precious]]''''' * [[Neill Blomkamp]] and [[Terri Tatchell]] for ''[[District 9]]'' * [[Nora Ephron]] for ''[[Julie & Julia]]'' * [[Nick Hornby]] for ''[[An Education]]'' * [[Jason Reitman]] and [[Sheldon Turner]] for ''[[Up in the Air (2009 film)\|Up in the Air]]'' ===Best Screenplay – Original=== '''[[Scott Neustadter]] and [[Michael H. Weber]] for ''[[500 Days of Summer\|(500) Days of Summer]]''''' * [[Mark Boal]] for ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'' * [[Jane Campion]] for ''[[Bright Star (film)\|Bright Star]]'' * [[Coen brothers\|Joel Coen and Ethan Coen]] for ''[[A Serious Man]]'' * [[Pete Docter]] and [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)\|Bob Peterson]] for ''[[Up (2009 film)\|Up]]'' ===Best Sound=== '''''[[2012 (film)\|2012]]''''' * ''[[It Might Get Loud]]'' * ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'' * ''[[Red Cliff (film)\|Red Cliff]]'' * ''[[Terminator Salvation]]'' * ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'' ===Best Supporting Actor=== '''[[Christoph Waltz]] for ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]''''' * [[Woody Harrelson]] for ''[[The Messenger (2009 film)\|The Messenger]]'' * [[James McAvoy]] for ''[[The Last Station]]'' * [[Alfred Molina]] for ''[[An Education]]'' * [[Timothy Spall]] for ''[[The Damned United]]'' ===Best Supporting Actress=== '''[[Mo'Nique]] for ''[[Precious (film)\|Precious]]''''' * [[Emily Blunt]] for ''[[Sunshine Cleaning]]'' * [[Penélope Cruz]] for ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'' * [[Anna Kendrick]] for ''[[Up in the Air (2009 film)\|Up in the Air]]'' * [[Mozhan Marnò]] for ''[[The Stoning of Soraya M.]]'' ===Best Visual Effects=== '''''[[2012 (film)\|2012]]''''' * ''[[District 9]]'' * ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)\|Fantastic Mr. Fox]]'' * ''[[The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus]]'' * ''[[Red Cliff (film)\|Red Cliff]]'' * ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'' ===Outstanding Motion Picture Ensemble=== '''''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]''''' ==Television winners and nominees== [[File:Bryan Cranston by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Bryan Cranston]], Best Actor in a Drama Series winner]] [[File:Glenn Close - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Glenn Close]], Best Actress in a Drama Series winner]] [[File:Matthew Morrison Peabody 2010 (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Matthew Morrison]], Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical Series winner]] [[File:Lea Michele by David Shankbone.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Lea Michele]], Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical Series winner]] [[File:Brendan Gleeson at the Moet BIFA 2014.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Brendan Gleeson]], Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film winner]] [[File:Drew Barrymore Berlin 2014.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Drew Barrymore]], Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film winner]] [[File:John Lithgow 8 by David Shankbone.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[John Lithgow]], Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film winner]] [[File:Jane Lynch, 2008 appearance (crop).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Jane Lynch]], Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film winner]] ===Best Actor – Drama Series=== '''[[Bryan Cranston]] – ''[[Breaking Bad]]''''' * [[Gabriel Byrne]] – ''[[In Treatment]]'' * [[Nathan Fillion]] – ''[[Castle (TV series)\|Castle]]'' * [[Jon Hamm]] – ''[[Mad Men]]'' * [[Lucian Msamati]] – ''[[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (TV series)\|The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' * [[Bill Paxton]] – ''[[Big Love]]'' ===Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Series=== '''[[Matthew Morrison]] – ''[[Glee (TV series)\|Glee]]''''' * [[Alec Baldwin]] – ''[[30 Rock]]'' * [[Jemaine Clement]] – ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)\|Flight of the Conchords]]'' * [[Stephen Colbert]] – ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' * [[Danny McBride]] – ''[[Eastbound & Down]]'' * [[Jim Parsons]] – ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' ===Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film=== '''[[Brendan Gleeson]] – ''[[Into the Storm (2009 film)\|Into the Storm]]''''' * [[Kevin Bacon]] – ''[[Taking Chance]]'' * [[Kenneth Branagh]] – ''[[Wallander (British TV series)\|Wallander]]'' * [[William Hurt]] – ''[[Endgame (2009 film)\|Endgame]]'' * [[Jeremy Irons]] – ''[[Georgia O'Keeffe (film)\|Georgia O'Keeffe]]'' * [[Ian McKellen]] – ''[[The Prisoner (2009 miniseries)\|The Prisoner]]'' ===Best Actress – Drama Series=== '''[[Glenn Close]] – ''[[Damages (TV series)\|Damages]]''''' * [[Stana Katic]] – ''[[Castle (TV series)\|Castle]]'' * [[Julianna Margulies]] – ''[[The Good Wife]]'' * [[Elisabeth Moss]] – ''[[Mad Men]]'' * [[Jill Scott (singer)\|Jill Scott]] – ''[[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (TV series)\|The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' ===Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series=== '''[[Lea Michele]] – ''[[Glee (TV series)\|Glee]]''''' * [[Julie Bowen]] – ''[[Modern Family]]'' * [[Toni Collette]] – ''[[United States of Tara]]'' * [[Brooke Elliott]] – ''[[Drop Dead Diva]]'' * [[Edie Falco]] – ''[[Nurse Jackie]]'' * [[Tina Fey]] – ''[[30 Rock]]'' * [[Mary-Louise Parker]] – ''[[Weeds (TV series)\|Weeds]]'' ===Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film=== '''[[Drew Barrymore]] – ''[[Grey Gardens (2009 film)\|Grey Gardens]]''''' * [[Lauren Ambrose]] – ''[[Loving Leah]]'' * [[Judy Davis]] – ''Diamonds'' * [[Jessica Lange]] – ''[[Grey Gardens (2009 film)\|Grey Gardens]]'' * [[Janet McTeer]] – ''[[Into the Storm (2009 film)\|Into the Storm]]'' * [[Sigourney Weaver]] – ''[[Prayers for Bobby]]'' ===Best Miniseries=== '''''[[Little Dorrit (TV series)\|Little Dorrit]]''''' * ''[[Collision (TV series)\|Collision]]'' * ''Diamonds'' * ''[[The Prisoner (2009 miniseries)\|The Prisoner]]'' * ''[[Wallander (British TV series)\|Wallander]]'' ===Best Series – Drama=== '''''[[Breaking Bad]]''''' * ''[[Big Love]]'' * ''[[Damages (TV series)\|Damages]]'' * ''[[The Good Wife]]'' * ''[[In Treatment]]'' * ''[[Mad Men]]'' ===Best Series – Musical or Comedy=== '''''[[Glee (TV series)\|Glee]]''''' * ''[[30 Rock]]'' * ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' * ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)\|Flight of the Conchords]]'' * ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' * ''[[Weeds (TV series)\|Weeds]]'' ===Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film=== '''[[John Lithgow]] – ''[[Dexter (TV series)\|Dexter]]''''' * [[Chris Colfer]] – ''[[Glee (TV series)\|Glee]]'' * [[Tom Courtenay]] – ''[[Little Dorrit (TV series)\|Little Dorrit]]'' * [[Neil Patrick Harris]] – ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' * [[John Noble]] – ''[[Fringe (TV series)\|Fringe]]'' * [[Harry Dean Stanton]] – ''[[Big Love]]'' ===Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film=== '''[[Jane Lynch]] – ''[[Glee (TV series)\|Glee]]''''' * [[Cherry Jones]] – ''[[24 (TV series)\|24]]'' * [[Judy Parfitt]] – ''[[Little Dorrit (TV series)\|Little Dorrit]]'' * [[Anika Noni Rose]] – ''[[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (TV series)\|The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' * [[Chloë Sevigny]] – ''[[Big Love]]'' * [[Vanessa Williams]] – ''[[Ugly Betty]]'' ===Best Television Film=== '''''[[Grey Gardens (2009 film)\|Grey Gardens]]''''' * ''[[The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler]]'' * ''[[Endgame (2009 film)\|Endgame]]'' * ''[[Into the Storm (2009 film)\|Into the Storm]]'' * ''[[Loving Leah]]'' * ''[[Taking Chance]]'' ===Outstanding Television Ensemble=== '''''[[True Blood]]''''' ==New Media winners and nominees== ===Best Classic DVD=== '''[[North by Northwest]]''' <small>(50th Anniversary Edition)</small> * [[Gone with the Wind (film)\|Gone with the Wind]] <small>(Two-Disc 70th Anniversary Edition)</small> * [[Paul Newman]] – The Tribute Collection <small>([[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]], [[Exodus (1960 film)\|Exodus]], [[From the Terrace]], [[Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man]], [[The Hustler]], [[The Long, Hot Summer]], [[Rally Round the Flag, Boys!]], [[The Towering Inferno]], [[The Verdict]], and [[What a Way to Go!]])</small> * [[To Catch a Thief]] <small>(The Centennial Collection)</small> * [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)\|The Wizard of Oz]] <small>(Two-Disc 70th Anniversary Edition)</small> * [[Yentl (film)\|Yentl]] <small>(Two-Disc Director's Extended Edition)</small> ===Best Documentary DVD=== '''[[Every Little Step (film)\|Every Little Step]]''' * [[Days That Shook the World]] <small>(The Complete Second Season)</small> * [[Food, Inc.]] * [[Moving Midway]] * [[Religulous]] * [[Woodstock (film)\|Woodstock]]: [[Woodstock (film)#Woodstock: 3 Days of Peace & Music – The Director's Cut, 40th Anniversary Revisited (2014)\|3 Days of Peace & Music – The Director's Cut]] <small>(Two-Disc 40th Anniversary Edition)</small> ===Best DVD Extras=== '''[[Yentl (film)\|Yentl]]''' <small>(Two-Disc Director's Extended Edition)</small> * [[Across the Universe (film)\|Across the Universe]] * [[The Big Lebowski]] <small>(10th Anniversary Edition)</small> * [[Dexter (TV series)\|Dexter]] <small>([[Dexter (season 3)\|The Complete Third Season]])</small> * [[Hogan's Heroes]] <small>(The Komplete Series – Kommandant's Kollection)</small> * [[Primal Fear (film)\|Primal Fear]] <small>(Hard Evidence Edition)</small> * [[Up (2009 film)\|Up]] <small>(Two-Disc Deluxe Edition)</small> ===Best DVD Release of a TV Show=== '''[[True Blood]]''' <small>([[True Blood (season 1)\|The Complete First Season]])</small> * [[Ally McBeal]] <small>(The Complete Series)</small> * [[Dollhouse (TV series)\|Dollhouse]] <small>([[Dollhouse (season 1)\|Season 1]])</small> * [[Hogan's Heroes]] <small>(The Komplete Series – Kommandant's Kollection)</small> * [[Project Runway]] <small>([[Project Runway (season 5)\|Season 5]])</small> * [[Sons of Anarchy]] <small>([[Sons of Anarchy (season 1)\|Season One]])</small> ===Best Overall Blu-Ray=== '''[[Star Trek (2009 film)\|Star Trek]]''' <small>(3-Disc Digital Copy Special Edition)</small> * [[Rocky (franchise)\|Rocky]]: The Undisputed Collection <small>([[Rocky]], [[Rocky II]], [[Rocky III]], [[Rocky IV]], [[Rocky V]], and [[Rocky Balboa (film)\|Rocky Balboa]])</small> * [[Say Anything...]] <small>(20th Anniversary Edition)</small> * [[South Pacific (1958 film)\|South Pacific]] <small>(50th Anniversary Edition)</small> * [[Up (2009 film)\|Up]] <small>(4-Disc Combo Pack)</small> * [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)\|The Wizard of Oz]] <small>(70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition)</small> ===Best Overall DVD=== '''[[Gone with the Wind (film)\|Gone with the Wind]]''' <small>(Two-Disc 70th Anniversary Edition)</small> * [[An American Werewolf in London]] <small>(Special Edition)</small> * [[The Reader (2008 film)\|The Reader]] * [[Slumdog Millionaire]] * [[Up (2009 film)\|Up]] <small>(Two-Disc Deluxe Edition)</small> * [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)\|The Wizard of Oz]] <small>(70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition)</small> ===Best Youth DVD=== '''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)\|The Wizard of Oz]]''' <small>(Two-Disc 70th Anniversary Edition)</small> * [[Bolt (2008 film)\|Bolt]] <small>(Deluxe DVD Edition)</small> * [[Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs]] <small>(Double DVD Pack)</small> * [[Peanuts]]: 1960's Collection <small>([[A Charlie Brown Christmas]], [[Charlie Brown's All Stars!]], [[He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown]], [[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]], [[It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown]], and [[You're in Love, Charlie Brown]])</small> * [[Sesame Street]] <small>(40 Years of Sunny Days)</small> * [[Up (2009 film)\|Up]] <small>(Two-Disc Deluxe Edition)</small> ==Awards breakdown== ===Film=== Winners: :'''4 / 5''' '''''[[The Hurt Locker]]''''': Best Actor – Drama / Best Director / Best Editing / Best Film – Drama :'''3 / 11''' ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)\|Nine]]'': Best Cinematography / Best Film – Musical or Comedy / Outstanding Motion Picture Ensemble :'''2 / 4''' ''[[2012 (film)\|2012]]'': Best Sound / Best Visual Effects :'''2 / 5''' ''[[Precious (film)\|Precious]]'': Best Screenplay – Adapted / Best Supporting Actress :'''1 / 1''' ''[[Every Little Step (film)\|Every Little Step]]'': Best Documentary Film :'''1 / 2''' ''[[500 Days of Summer\|(500) Days of Summer]]'': Best Screenplay – Original :'''1 / 2''' ''[[Broken Embraces]]'': Best Foreign Language Film :'''1 / 2''' ''[[Crazy Heart]]'': Best Original Song :'''1 / 2''' ''[[Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)\|Fantastic Mr. Fox]]'': Best Animated or Mixed Media Film :'''1 / 2''' ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'': Best Supporting Actor :'''1 / 3''' ''[[Julie & Julia]]'': Best Actress – Musical or Comedy :'''1 / 3''' ''[[A Single Man]]'': Best Art Direction and Production Design :'''1 / 3''' ''[[The Stoning of Soraya M.]]'': Best Actress – Drama :'''1 / 4''' ''[[The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus]]'': Best Costume Design :'''1 / 4''' ''[[A Serious Man]]'': Best Actor – Musical or Comedy :'''1 / 5''' ''[[Up in the Air (2009 film)\|Up in the Air]]'': Best Original Score Losers: :'''0 / 6''' ''[[Red Cliff (film)\|Red Cliff]]'' :'''0 / 5''' ''[[An Education]]'' :'''0 / 4''' ''[[Bright Star (film)\|Bright Star]]'', ''[[District 9]]'', ''[[It Might Get Loud]]'', ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)\|Public Enemies]]'' :'''0 / 3''' ''[[The Informant!]]'', ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'', ''[[Up (2009 film)\|Up]]'' :'''0 / 2''' ''[[The Damned United]]'', ''[[The Maid (2009 film)\|The Maid]]'', ''[[The Messenger (2009 film)\|The Messenger]]'', ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'', ''[[The Young Victoria]]'', ''[[Where the Wild Things Are (film)\|Where the Wild Things Are]]'' ===Television=== Winners: :'''4 / 5''' '''''[[Glee (TV series)\|Glee]]''''': Best Actor & Actress – Musical or Comedy Series / Best Series – Musical or Comedy / Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film :'''2 / 2''' ''[[Breaking Bad]]'': Best Actor – Drama Series / Best Series – Drama :'''2 / 3''' ''[[Grey Gardens (2009 film)\|Grey Gardens]]'': Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film / Best Television Film :'''1 / 1''' ''[[Dexter (TV series)\|Dexter]]'': Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film :'''1 / 1''' ''[[True Blood]]'': Outstanding Television Ensemble :'''1 / 2''' ''[[Damages (TV series)\|Damages]]'': Best Actress – Drama Series :'''1 / 3''' ''[[Little Dorrit (TV series)\|Little Dorrit]]'': Best Miniseries :'''1 / 3''' ''[[Into the Storm (2009 film)\|Into the Storm]]'': Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Losers: :'''0 / 4''' ''[[Big Love]]'' :'''0 / 3''' ''[[30 Rock]]'', ''[[Mad Men]]'', ''[[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (TV series)\|The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' :'''0 / 2''' ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'', ''[[Castle (TV series)\|Castle]]'', ''Diamonds'', ''[[Endgame (2009 film)\|Endgame]]'', ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)\|Flight of the Conchords]]'', ''[[The Good Wife]]'', ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'', ''[[In Treatment]]'', ''[[Loving Leah]]'', ''[[The Prisoner (2009 miniseries)\|The Prisoner]]'', ''[[Taking Chance]]'', ''[[Wallander (British TV series)\|Wallander]]'', ''[[Weeds (TV series)\|Weeds]]'' ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718092922/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2009.shtml International Press Academy website] {{Satellite Awards Chron}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Satellite Awards, 14}} [[Category:Satellite Awards ceremonies]] [[Category:2009 film awards]] [[Category:2009 television awards]]	1,276,134,175	[{"title": "14th Satellite Awards", "data": {"Date": "December 20, 2009"}}, {"title": "Highlights", "data": {"Best drama film": "The Hurt Locker", "Best comedy/musical film": "Nine", "Best television drama": "Breaking Bad", "Best television musical/comedy": "Glee", "Best director": "Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker"}}]	false

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