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Stuart Price <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> – Producer | Stuart Price | – Producer |
Neil Tennant – <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Supporting vocals | Neil Tennant – | Supporting vocals |
<<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Guy Oseary – Management | Guy Oseary – Management | |
<<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Goetz Botzenhardt – Mixing | Goetz Botzenhardt – Mixing | |
<<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Giovanni Bianco – Graphic Design , Art Direction | Giovanni Bianco – Graphic Design , Art Direction | |
Orlando Puerta – Remixing , A <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> & R | Orlando Puerta – Remixing , A | & R |
Angela Becker – <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Management | Angela Becker – | Management |
<<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Ian Green – Programming , Producer | Ian Green – Programming , Producer | |
Paul Oakenfold <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> – Remixing | Paul Oakenfold | – Remixing |
<<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Pete Gleadall – Programming | Pete Gleadall – Programming | |
Pet Shop Boys – Keyboards <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> , Producer , Remixing | Pet Shop Boys – Keyboards | , Producer , Remixing |
The High Five Interchange is one of the first five @-@ level stack interchanges <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> built in Dallas , Texas . Located at the junction of the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway ( Interstate 635 , I @-@ 635 ) and the Central Expressway ( US Highway 75 , US 75 ) , it replaces an antiquated partial cloverleaf interc... | The High Five Interchange is one of the first five @-@ level stack interchanges | built in Dallas , Texas . Located at the junction of the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway ( Interstate 635 , I @-@ 635 ) and the Central Expressway ( US Highway 75 , US 75 ) , it replaces an antiquated partial cloverleaf interchange constructed in the 1960s . |
The $ 261 million project was started in 2002 and completed in December 2005 . It was <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> designed by the HNTB Corporation and built by Zachry Construction Corporation . | The $ 261 million project was started in 2002 and completed in December 2005 . It was | designed by the HNTB Corporation and built by Zachry Construction Corporation . |
The interchange is considered by Popular Mechanics to be one of " The World 's 18 Strangest Roadways " because of its height ( as high as a 12 @-@ story building ) , its 43 permanent bridges and other unusual design and construction features . In 2006 , the American Public Works Association named the High Five Intercha... | The interchange is considered by Popular Mechanics to be one of " The World 's 18 Strangest Roadways " because of its height ( as high as a 12 @-@ story building ) , its 43 permanent bridges and other unusual design and construction features . In 2006 , the American Public Works Association named the High Five Intercha... | Projects of the Year " . |
The High Five Interchange , north of downtown in Dallas , Texas , is a massive five @-@ level freeway interchange . It is the junction of two major highways carrying heavy rush hour traffic <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> , the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway ( Interstate 635 ) and the Central Expressway ( US 75 ) , and is the first fiv... | The High Five Interchange , north of downtown in Dallas , Texas , is a massive five @-@ level freeway interchange . It is the junction of two major highways carrying heavy rush hour traffic | , the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway ( Interstate 635 ) and the Central Expressway ( US 75 ) , and is the first five @-@ level stack interchange to be built in the city . |
It replaces the antiquated three @-@ level , modified cloverleaf interchange built in the 1960s that caused a severe bottleneck by narrowing US 75 down to two lanes at the junction of the two highways . The looped ramps of the cloverleaf forced motorists to slow down drastically , backing up traffic . Left @-@ hand exi... | It replaces the antiquated three @-@ level , modified cloverleaf interchange built in the 1960s that caused a severe bottleneck by narrowing US 75 down to two lanes at the junction of the two highways . The looped ramps of the cloverleaf forced motorists to slow down drastically , backing up traffic . Left @-@ hand exi... | difficult . |
Alluding to the celebratory gesture , the " High Five " name refers to the five flyover ramps handling the left @-@ turn movements that tower over the <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> landscape . The interchange is as high as a 12 @-@ story building , and includes 43 bridges spread across five levels ( the " High Five " ) , 710 sup... | Alluding to the celebratory gesture , the " High Five " name refers to the five flyover ramps handling the left @-@ turn movements that tower over the | landscape . The interchange is as high as a 12 @-@ story building , and includes 43 bridges spread across five levels ( the " High Five " ) , 710 support tiers , and 60 miles of additional highway . The highest ramps are 120 feet ( 37 m ) above ground . The lanes of US 75 , which are on the bottom level , are 20 feet ... |
The roads <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> on the five levels are : | The roads | on the five levels are : |
Level I <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> : US 75 , an eight lane highway , four lanes going each way | Level I | : US 75 , an eight lane highway , four lanes going each way |
Level II : The junction of the two six @-@ lane frontage roads , each having three through lanes in each direction , left @-@ <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> turn lanes and turnarounds , and easy access to US 75 and I @-@ 635 | Level II : The junction of the two six @-@ lane frontage roads , each having three through lanes in each direction , left @-@ | turn lanes and turnarounds , and easy access to US 75 and I @-@ 635 |
Level III : I @-@ 635 , ten regular <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> lanes , five going each way , and four HOV lanes ( two going each way ) separated by barriers | Level III : I @-@ 635 , ten regular | lanes , five going each way , and four HOV lanes ( two going each way ) separated by barriers |
Level IV and V : Direct connection ramps ( two levels ) , <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> eliminating the left exits of the modified cloverleaf | Level IV and V : Direct connection ramps ( two levels ) , | eliminating the left exits of the modified cloverleaf |
The interchange , with its decorative etchings on precast concrete elements , along with the visually appealing coloration specified by the Texas Department of Transportation ( TxDOT ) , can be regarded as an enormous work of public art . The High Five also incorporates a hiking and bike trail , named the Cottonwood Tr... | The interchange , with its decorative etchings on precast concrete elements , along with the visually appealing coloration specified by the Texas Department of Transportation ( TxDOT ) , can be regarded as an enormous work of public art . The High Five also incorporates a hiking and bike trail , named the Cottonwood Tr... | project by TxDOT . |
The interchange is considered by Popular Mechanics as one of " The World 's 18 <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Strangest Roadways " , calling it a " labyrinth of lanes " and a " five @-@ level marvel of engineering " because of its height , the number of its bridges and other unusual design and construction features . | The interchange is considered by Popular Mechanics as one of " The World 's 18 | Strangest Roadways " , calling it a " labyrinth of lanes " and a " five @-@ level marvel of engineering " because of its height , the number of its bridges and other unusual design and construction features . |
The High Five Interchange project was planned as a replacement for the existing , antiquated interchange that accommodated 500 @,@ 000 vehicles daily and was located in one of the most intensely developed <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> commercial zones in Dallas . It was a collaborative project between the TxDOT , affected motori... | The High Five Interchange project was planned as a replacement for the existing , antiquated interchange that accommodated 500 @,@ 000 vehicles daily and was located in one of the most intensely developed | commercial zones in Dallas . It was a collaborative project between the TxDOT , affected motorists and property owners , and the primary contractor , Zachry Construction . An essential consideration was to complete the project with as little disruption to the traffic flow as possible . |
Reasons for upgrading the interchange , in addition to the need to increase traffic flow and reduce congestion , were to improve air quality , <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> safety , and local access . | Reasons for upgrading the interchange , in addition to the need to increase traffic flow and reduce congestion , were to improve air quality , | safety , and local access . |
Zachry Construction Corporation submitted the lowest bid and was awarded the $ 261 million contract by TxDOT , the largest ever by that agency . The construction contract for the High Five Interchange was unique in that it contained elements not found in other construction project contracts . For example , it specified... | Zachry Construction Corporation submitted the lowest bid and was awarded the $ 261 million contract by TxDOT , the largest ever by that agency . The construction contract for the High Five Interchange was unique in that it contained elements not found in other construction project contracts . For example , it specified... | was designed largely as elevated flyover ramps and viaducts so they could be built high over the existing junction lanes ; once traffic was transferred to the new structures the old lanes could simply be closed off and removed . Little of the original interchange remained when the project was finished . |
To save time and money <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> , innovative construction methods were employed : The original plans called for the segments of the long ramps and spans ( used to direct @-@ connect roads ) to be made of steel , but because building with steel would interfere with heavy traffic flow during construction , cas... | To save time and money | , innovative construction methods were employed : The original plans called for the segments of the long ramps and spans ( used to direct @-@ connect roads ) to be made of steel , but because building with steel would interfere with heavy traffic flow during construction , cast @-@ in @-@ place segmental concrete was ... |
During the construction , 2 @.@ 2 million cubic yards of earthwork was used , 350 @,@ <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> 000 cubic yards of concrete was mixed on site , and 300 @,@ 000 square feet of retaining walls were built . Additionally , 40 @,@ 000 feet of drilled shafts and 75 @,@ 000 linear feet of drainage pipe were complete... | During the construction , 2 @.@ 2 million cubic yards of earthwork was used , 350 @,@ | 000 cubic yards of concrete was mixed on site , and 300 @,@ 000 square feet of retaining walls were built . Additionally , 40 @,@ 000 feet of drilled shafts and 75 @,@ 000 linear feet of drainage pipe were completed . In addition to the construction of 43 permanent bridges , six temporary bridges were built , resultin... |
The project was designed by the HNTB Corporation who provided professional engineering consultation throughout the construction , which had begun in 2002 and was completed in December 2005 <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> , more than 13 months sooner than planned . | The project was designed by the HNTB Corporation who provided professional engineering consultation throughout the construction , which had begun in 2002 and was completed in December 2005 | , more than 13 months sooner than planned . |
In 2006 , the American Public Works Association named the High Five " Public Works Project of the Year " for its massive size , its innovative design , the complexity and rapidity of its construction and the need it fulfilled for the community . TxDOT as the <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> managing agency , Zachry Construction Cor... | In 2006 , the American Public Works Association named the High Five " Public Works Project of the Year " for its massive size , its innovative design , the complexity and rapidity of its construction and the need it fulfilled for the community . TxDOT as the | managing agency , Zachry Construction Corporation as the primary contractor , and HNTB Corporation as the primary consultant received the award in recognition of their cooperative alliance in completing the project . |
Tim Richmond ( June 7 , 1955 – August 13 , 1989 ) was an American race car driver from Ashland , Ohio . He competed in IndyCar racing before transferring to NASCAR 's <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Winston Cup Series ( now Sprint Cup Series ) . Richmond was one of the first drivers to change from open wheel racing to NASCAR stock... | Tim Richmond ( June 7 , 1955 – August 13 , 1989 ) was an American race car driver from Ashland , Ohio . He competed in IndyCar racing before transferring to NASCAR 's | Winston Cup Series ( now Sprint Cup Series ) . Richmond was one of the first drivers to change from open wheel racing to NASCAR stock cars full @-@ time , which has since become an industry trend . He won the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award and had 13 victories during eight NASCAR seasons . |
Richmond achieved his top NASCAR season in 1986 when he finished third in points . He won seven races that season , more than any other driver on the tour . When he missed the season @-@ opening Daytona 500 in February 1987 , media reported that he had pneumonia . The infection most likely resulted from his compromised... | Richmond achieved his top NASCAR season in 1986 when he finished third in points . He won seven races that season , more than any other driver on the tour . When he missed the season @-@ opening Daytona 500 in February 1987 , media reported that he had pneumonia . The infection most likely resulted from his compromised... | access to his entire medical record before they would reinstate him , after losing the lawsuit , Richmond withdrew from racing . NASCAR later stated their original test was a " Bad Test . " |
Richmond <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> grew up in a wealthy family and lived a freewheeling lifestyle , earning him the nickname " Hollywood " . In describing Richmond 's influence in racing , Charlotte Motor Speedway president Humpy Wheeler said : " We 've never had a race driver like Tim in stock car racing . He was almost a J... | Richmond | grew up in a wealthy family and lived a freewheeling lifestyle , earning him the nickname " Hollywood " . In describing Richmond 's influence in racing , Charlotte Motor Speedway president Humpy Wheeler said : " We 've never had a race driver like Tim in stock car racing . He was almost a James Dean @-@ like character... |
Richmond grew up in Ashland , Ohio . His parents , Al and Evelyn ( née Warner ) Richmond , met in the course of their work . Al was a welder for pipe construction companies and Evelyn was a field office manager . Noticing that highway crews had to dig up the entire highway to lay pipe <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> , Al designed ... | Richmond grew up in Ashland , Ohio . His parents , Al and Evelyn ( née Warner ) Richmond , met in the course of their work . Al was a welder for pipe construction companies and Evelyn was a field office manager . Noticing that highway crews had to dig up the entire highway to lay pipe | , Al designed a machine to bore underneath the highway . To market this invention , he founded Richmond Manufacturing , which eventually exported machines worldwide . |
Tim 's driving days started as a toddler when he was given a go @-@ kart that he often drove inside buildings and across his lawn . He later raced the kart at tracks in Moreland and New Pittsburg . Richmond grew up in a well @-@ to <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> @-@ do family , and was sometimes therefore treated differently by h... | Tim 's driving days started as a toddler when he was given a go @-@ kart that he often drove inside buildings and across his lawn . He later raced the kart at tracks in Moreland and New Pittsburg . Richmond grew up in a well @-@ to | @-@ do family , and was sometimes therefore treated differently by his classmates , so his parents enrolled him in Miami Military Academy in Miami , Florida . During his years in Miami , Tim and his mother moved to Florida and his father stayed in Ohio . While home in Ohio over a summer break , he met local drag racer... |
Richmond excelled in sports ; he set a conference record in high hurdles and his high school football career was stellar enough that the academy retired his sports jersey after his gridiron days were over . Miami Military Academy named him Athlete of the Year in 1970 . Richmond 's other interests included flying , <<<S... | Richmond excelled in sports ; he set a conference record in high hurdles and his high school football career was stellar enough that the academy retired his sports jersey after his gridiron days were over . Miami Military Academy named him Athlete of the Year in 1970 . Richmond 's other interests included flying , | and he earned his private pilot license at age 16 . Following high school graduation , Richmond attended Ashland University for about one year before dropping out . |
A friend of Richmond 's father co @-@ owned a sprint car and Richmond joined the team as a crew member for Dave Shoemaker . In 1976 , 21 @-@ year @-@ old Richmond took the car onto Lakeville Speedway at Lakeville , Ohio for some practice laps . " Somebody put a stopwatch on me , " Richmond said . " I was running laps f... | A friend of Richmond 's father co @-@ owned a sprint car and Richmond joined the team as a crew member for Dave Shoemaker . In 1976 , 21 @-@ year @-@ old Richmond took the car onto Lakeville Speedway at Lakeville , Ohio for some practice laps . " Somebody put a stopwatch on me , " Richmond said . " I was running laps f... | that season , they towed the car to Eldora Speedway , only to have Richmond crash the car again . In response , Richmond 's father fired him as the driver . The next season , Al Richmond bought a SuperModified better suited to his son 's driving style . In 1977 Tim Richmond became both Sandusky Speedway 's Rookie of t... |
Richmond returned to racing sprint cars in the United States Automobile Club 's ( USAC ) national sprint car tour in 1978 . Competing in 12 races , he finished 30th in points as the series ' Rookie of the Year . That year he attended Jim Russell 's road racing school at Willow Springs International Motorsports Park , s... | Richmond returned to racing sprint cars in the United States Automobile Club 's ( USAC ) national sprint car tour in 1978 . Competing in 12 races , he finished 30th in points as the series ' Rookie of the Year . That year he attended Jim Russell 's road racing school at Willow Springs International Motorsports Park , s... | Richmond raced in a 1978 Mini Indy car event at Phoenix International Raceway , winning the Formula Super Vee support event in a Lola T620 . The win attracted sponsors and attention from major owners like Roger Penske . He also competed in USAC 's Silver Crown series . |
<<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Richmond 's father bought an Eagle Indy Car chassis and an Offenhauser engine for the 1979 race at Michigan International Speedway . Richmond qualified 21st fastest with a 175 @.@ 768 mph ( 282 @.@ 871 km / h ) lap , significantly slower than Bobby Unser 's 203 @.@ 879 mph ( 328 @.@ 111 km / h ) pol... | Richmond 's father bought an Eagle Indy Car chassis and an Offenhauser engine for the 1979 race at Michigan International Speedway . Richmond qualified 21st fastest with a 175 @.@ 768 mph ( 282 @.@ 871 km / h ) lap , significantly slower than Bobby Unser 's 203 @.@ 879 mph ( 328 @.@ 111 km / h ) pole position speed . ... | |
After crashing during the first day of qualifying for the 1980 Indianapolis 500 , Richmond nevertheless obtained the 19th starting position in the race . He worked his way up to the top 10 during the race , led a lap , and finished ninth as he ran out of fuel at the end of the race . To the delight of the crowd , winne... | After crashing during the first day of qualifying for the 1980 Indianapolis 500 , Richmond nevertheless obtained the 19th starting position in the race . He worked his way up to the top 10 during the race , led a lap , and finished ninth as he ran out of fuel at the end of the race . To the delight of the crowd , winne... | named the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year . " I busted up a few Indy cars right after that , " he said . " Milwaukee , Mid @-@ Ohio . . . at Michigan I cut one in two . I was afraid my racing career would come to a halt . So when I got an offer to drive stock cars , I took it , and it turned out I liked drivi... |
Pocono Raceway President Joseph Mattioli III convinced Richmond to make the change to stock car racing on the NASCAR circuit . Richmond made his first NASCAR start two months after winning the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award . He debuted at the Coca <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> @-@ Cola 500 at Pocono on July 27 , 1980... | Pocono Raceway President Joseph Mattioli III convinced Richmond to make the change to stock car racing on the NASCAR circuit . Richmond made his first NASCAR start two months after winning the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award . He debuted at the Coca | @-@ Cola 500 at Pocono on July 27 , 1980 , finishing 12th in a D. K. Ulrich @-@ owned Chevrolet . That season , he competed in five events , with two DNFs ( did not finish ) and three 12th @-@ place finishes . Overall , he finished the 1980 season 41st in points . |
Richmond raced for three teams in 1981 . He started the season by competing in 15 events for Ulrich . He had his first career top 10 finish , taking sixth place at Talladega Superspeedway , <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> soon followed by a seventh @-@ place finish at Texas World Speedway . After Kennie Childers hired him away fro... | Richmond raced for three teams in 1981 . He started the season by competing in 15 events for Ulrich . He had his first career top 10 finish , taking sixth place at Talladega Superspeedway , | soon followed by a seventh @-@ place finish at Texas World Speedway . After Kennie Childers hired him away from Ulrich mid @-@ season , Richmond had top 10 finishes at Pocono and Bristol . For the final seven races of the season , he drove for Bob Rogers and had a top 10 finish at Dover International Speedway . Overal... |
Richmond started 1982 without a ride before getting a one @-@ race deal to drive for Billie Harvey at the Rockingham track <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> . Richmond completed 112 laps of the 492 @-@ lap event to finish 31st , retiring from the race with engine problems . For the following event , Richmond was hired to drive J.D. ... | Richmond started 1982 without a ride before getting a one @-@ race deal to drive for Billie Harvey at the Rockingham track | . Richmond completed 112 laps of the 492 @-@ lap event to finish 31st , retiring from the race with engine problems . For the following event , Richmond was hired to drive J.D. Stacy 's No. 2 car . In his first race for the team , Richmond earned his first career top 5 finish when he placed fifth at Darlington Raceway... |
In 1983 , Richmond began racing for Raymond Beadle whom he had known before he started racing . He returned to the three @-@ cornered Pocono racetrack , earning his first <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> oval victory . During the season , he accumulated four pole positions ( Darlington , Pocono , Charlotte , and Atlanta ) , one win... | In 1983 , Richmond began racing for Raymond Beadle whom he had known before he started racing . He returned to the three @-@ cornered Pocono racetrack , earning his first | oval victory . During the season , he accumulated four pole positions ( Darlington , Pocono , Charlotte , and Atlanta ) , one win ( Pocono ) , and fifteen top 10s on his way to finishing tenth in season points . He made his first appearance in a NASCAR Busch Series ( now Nationwide Series ) car , but did not finish an... |
Esquire magazine named Richmond as one of " the best of the new generation " in 1984 . That year he had one win at North Wilkesboro Speedway and second @-@ place finishes at Dover , Darlington and Riverside . Richmond finished the 1984 season 12th in points , with 11 finishes in the top 10 and in six in the top 5 . In ... | Esquire magazine named Richmond as one of " the best of the new generation " in 1984 . That year he had one win at North Wilkesboro Speedway and second @-@ place finishes at Dover , Darlington and Riverside . Richmond finished the 1984 season 12th in points , with 11 finishes in the top 10 and in six in the top 5 . In ... | with 13 Top 10s in 28 races . In the Busch Series , he qualified at the pole position in the two races he entered , and won the Charlotte race . |
Richmond joined Hendrick Motorsports in 1986 , where he teamed up with veteran crew chief Harry Hyde . It took the team until the middle of the season to gel . Richmond had suffered a 64 @-@ race winless streak that was finally broken at the Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500 at Pocono in June 1986 . After two straight second @... | Richmond joined Hendrick Motorsports in 1986 , where he teamed up with veteran crew chief Harry Hyde . It took the team until the middle of the season to gel . Richmond had suffered a 64 @-@ race winless streak that was finally broken at the Van Scoy Diamond Mine 500 at Pocono in June 1986 . After two straight second @... | at Charlotte and Riverside , Richmond started the Pocono event in third place inside the second row . That race saw a caution for rain with five laps left before the halfway point . NASCAR wanted the cars to get to the halfway point to make the race official , so the sanctioning body had the drivers slowly circle the ... |
The tour returned to Pocono <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> a month later , and Richmond battled for another victory in a fog @-@ shortened event . In the final 8 @-@ lap sprint , Richmond competed in a three @-@ car battle with Geoff Bodine and Ricky Rudd . Richmond crossed the finish line beside Rudd , winning the race by 0 @.@ ... | The tour returned to Pocono | a month later , and Richmond battled for another victory in a fog @-@ shortened event . In the final 8 @-@ lap sprint , Richmond competed in a three @-@ car battle with Geoff Bodine and Ricky Rudd . Richmond crossed the finish line beside Rudd , winning the race by 0 @.@ 05 seconds . He notched four more victories tha... |
Richmond fell ill the day after the 1986 NASCAR annual banquet during a promotional trip to New York . He was not well enough to begin the 1987 NASCAR season despite lengthy hospitalization in Cleveland and further rest at home ; when Richmond missed the Daytona 500 , his condition was reported as double pneumonia . Me... | Richmond fell ill the day after the 1986 NASCAR annual banquet during a promotional trip to New York . He was not well enough to begin the 1987 NASCAR season despite lengthy hospitalization in Cleveland and further rest at home ; when Richmond missed the Daytona 500 , his condition was reported as double pneumonia . Me... | the race , Richmond 's car suffered gearbox problems . Because he could use only fourth ( high ) gear , he had to use that gear to slowly exit the pits . Richmond was emotional after the victory , saying , " I had tears in my eyes when I took the checkered flag . Then every time anyone congratulated me , I started baw... |
Although Richmond attempted a comeback in 1988 , NASCAR suspended him for testing positive for banned substances . The substances were identified as Sudafed , a non @-@ prescription over @-@ the @-@ counter allergy medication , and Advil , an over @-@ <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> the @-@ counter pain reliever . In April 1988 , ... | Although Richmond attempted a comeback in 1988 , NASCAR suspended him for testing positive for banned substances . The substances were identified as Sudafed , a non @-@ prescription over @-@ the @-@ counter allergy medication , and Advil , an over @-@ | the @-@ counter pain reliever . In April 1988 , Richmond sued NASCAR over the suspension . Although he retested later that year and was reinstated , he could not find a car to drive . In his final public appearance in February 1988 , Richmond denied that he abused drugs and said that a mistake had been made in his dru... |
Richmond withdrew into his condo in Florida . There were by then rumors of HIV and <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> AIDS , which he denied . He was later hospitalized in West Palm Beach . | Richmond withdrew into his condo in Florida . There were by then rumors of HIV and | AIDS , which he denied . He was later hospitalized in West Palm Beach . |
ESPN sent a get @-@ well @-@ soon card to Richmond when it aired the July 1989 NASCAR <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> race at Pocono . The television network showed highlights of Richmond 's victory at the track from 1986 . " Tim had Hollywood good looks and the charisma of Tom Cruise , " said his friend Dr. Jerry Punch . " There ... | ESPN sent a get @-@ well @-@ soon card to Richmond when it aired the July 1989 NASCAR | race at Pocono . The television network showed highlights of Richmond 's victory at the track from 1986 . " Tim had Hollywood good looks and the charisma of Tom Cruise , " said his friend Dr. Jerry Punch . " There he was in victory lane with the team all around him and beauty queens hanging all over him . It was impor... |
On August 13 , 1989 , Richmond died at the age of 34 , about two years after his final NASCAR race <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> . He was buried in Ashland , Ohio . | On August 13 , 1989 , Richmond died at the age of 34 , about two years after his final NASCAR race | . He was buried in Ashland , Ohio . |
The secrecy surrounding the circumstance of his death caused speculation for several days . At the time , Punch stated that Richmond had been hospitalized due to a motorcycle accident , though it is unlikely that Richmond had the strength to ride a motorcycle during his last months . Ten days after his death , on Augus... | The secrecy surrounding the circumstance of his death caused speculation for several days . At the time , Punch stated that Richmond had been hospitalized due to a motorcycle accident , though it is unlikely that Richmond had the strength to ride a motorcycle during his last months . Ten days after his death , on Augus... | was . Tim was a celebrity with a lot of charisma , a handsome guy . He naturally attracted a lot of women . " Punch later claimed that more than 90 drivers and personnel underwent HIV testing in the wake of Richmond 's death . |
In 1990 , a few months after Richmond 's death , Washington television station WJLA @-@ TV and reporter Roberta Baskin reported that Dr. Forest Tennant , who was then the National Football League 's drug adviser , " falsified drug tests " that ultimately helped shorten Richmond 's NASCAR career . Baskin reported that s... | In 1990 , a few months after Richmond 's death , Washington television station WJLA @-@ TV and reporter Roberta Baskin reported that Dr. Forest Tennant , who was then the National Football League 's drug adviser , " falsified drug tests " that ultimately helped shorten Richmond 's NASCAR career . Baskin reported that s... | interviews showed Tennant and NASCAR used " allegedly false drug @-@ test results in 1988 to bar Richmond from racing " . Baskin also stated that NASCAR had targeted Richmond , requesting that Tennant establish a substance @-@ abuse policy with Richmond in mind . A series of drug tests and falsely reported positive re... |
The Ashland County Sports Hall of Fame inducted Richmond in their second class in 1996 . In 1998 , NASCAR named Richmond one of its 50 greatest drivers of all time . He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2002 . The Mansfield Motorsports Park ARCA Re / Max Series race in 2009 was named the T... | The Ashland County Sports Hall of Fame inducted Richmond in their second class in 1996 . In 1998 , NASCAR named Richmond one of its 50 greatest drivers of all time . He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2002 . The Mansfield Motorsports Park ARCA Re / Max Series race in 2009 was named the T... | in honor of the area native . The race at Mansfield was co @-@ promoted by Mattioli 's son Joseph Mattioli III . |
The documentary film Tim Richmond : To The Limit was produced as part of ESPN 's <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> 30 for 30 series with a premiere date of October 19 , 2010 . | The documentary film Tim Richmond : To The Limit was produced as part of ESPN 's | 30 for 30 series with a premiere date of October 19 , 2010 . |
( key ) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> – Most laps led . ) | ( key ) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * | – Most laps led . ) |
The Trout Creek Mountains are a remote , semi @-@ arid Great Basin mountain range mostly in southeastern Oregon and partially <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> in northern Nevada in the United States . The range 's highest point is Orevada View Benchmark , 8 @,@ 506 feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level , in Nevada . Disaster Peak , ... | The Trout Creek Mountains are a remote , semi @-@ arid Great Basin mountain range mostly in southeastern Oregon and partially | in northern Nevada in the United States . The range 's highest point is Orevada View Benchmark , 8 @,@ 506 feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level , in Nevada . Disaster Peak , elevation 7 @,@ 781 feet ( 2 @,@ 372 m ) , is another prominent summit in the Nevada portion of the mountains . |
The mountains are characteristic of the Great Basin 's topography of mostly parallel mountain ranges alternating with flat valleys . Oriented generally north to south , the Trout Creek Mountains consist primarily of fault blocks of basalt , which came from an ancient volcano and other vents , on top of older metamorphi... | The mountains are characteristic of the Great Basin 's topography of mostly parallel mountain ranges alternating with flat valleys . Oriented generally north to south , the Trout Creek Mountains consist primarily of fault blocks of basalt , which came from an ancient volcano and other vents , on top of older metamorphi... | granitic outcrops . As a whole , the faulted terrain is dominated by rolling hills and ridges cut by escarpments and canyons . |
Most of the <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> range is public land administered by the federal Bureau of Land Management . There is very little human development in the remote region — cattle grazing and ranching are the primary human uses — but former mines at the McDermitt Caldera produced some of the largest amounts of mercury in... | Most of the | range is public land administered by the federal Bureau of Land Management . There is very little human development in the remote region — cattle grazing and ranching are the primary human uses — but former mines at the McDermitt Caldera produced some of the largest amounts of mercury in North America in the 20th cent... |
Despite the area 's dry climate , a few year @-@ round streams provide habitat for the rare Lahontan cutthroat trout . Fish populations in the Trout Creek Mountains declined throughout much of the 20th century . In the 1980s , the effects of grazing allotments on riparian zones and the fish led to land @-@ use conflict... | Despite the area 's dry climate , a few year @-@ round streams provide habitat for the rare Lahontan cutthroat trout . Fish populations in the Trout Creek Mountains declined throughout much of the 20th century . In the 1980s , the effects of grazing allotments on riparian zones and the fish led to land @-@ use conflict... | Working Group was formed in 1988 to help resolve disagreements among livestock owners , environmentalists , government agencies , and other interested parties . The stakeholders met and agreed on changes to land @-@ use practices , and since the early 1990s , riparian zones have begun to recover . |
The Trout Creek Mountains are in a very remote area of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada , in Harney and Humboldt counties . The nearest human settlements are the Whitehorse Ranch , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) directly north from the middle of the mountains ; Fields , Oregon , about 23 <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> miles ( 37... | The Trout Creek Mountains are in a very remote area of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada , in Harney and Humboldt counties . The nearest human settlements are the Whitehorse Ranch , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) directly north from the middle of the mountains ; Fields , Oregon , about 23 | miles ( 37 km ) to the northwest ; Denio , Nevada , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the west ; and McDermitt , Nevada – Oregon , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the east . The mountains are about 150 miles ( 240 km ) directly southwest of Boise , Idaho , and about 190 miles ( 310 km ) northeast of Reno , Nevada . |
The range and surrounding non @-@ mountainous areas cover an area of 811 square miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km2 ) . The mountains run 51 miles ( 82 km ) north to south and 36 miles ( 58 km ) east to west . More of the range is in Oregon ( 78 % ) than in Nevada ( 22 % ) . The highest point in the range is Orevada View Benchmark ,... | The range and surrounding non @-@ mountainous areas cover an area of 811 square miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km2 ) . The mountains run 51 miles ( 82 km ) north to south and 36 miles ( 58 km ) east to west . More of the range is in Oregon ( 78 % ) than in Nevada ( 22 % ) . The highest point in the range is Orevada View Benchmark ,... | the southern end of the mountains in a sub @-@ range called The Granites . |
The Oregon Canyon <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Mountains border the Trout Creek Mountains on the east along the Harney – Malheur county line ( according to the United States Geological Survey 's definitions ) , while the Pueblo Mountains are the next range west of the Trout Creek Mountains . The Bilk Creek Mountains in both Ore... | The Oregon Canyon | Mountains border the Trout Creek Mountains on the east along the Harney – Malheur county line ( according to the United States Geological Survey 's definitions ) , while the Pueblo Mountains are the next range west of the Trout Creek Mountains . The Bilk Creek Mountains in both Oregon and Nevada border the Trout Creek... |
The terrain in the Trout Creek Mountains varies from broad , flat basins and rolling ridges to high rock escarpments cut by deep canyons . <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> The canyons have steep walls with loose talus slopes at the bottoms . There are meadows around springs in the mountains , although most streams in the range do n... | The terrain in the Trout Creek Mountains varies from broad , flat basins and rolling ridges to high rock escarpments cut by deep canyons . | The canyons have steep walls with loose talus slopes at the bottoms . There are meadows around springs in the mountains , although most streams in the range do not flow year @-@ round . Major streams that flow off the north slopes of the mountains include ( from west to east ) Cottonwood Creek , Trout Creek , Willow C... |
The mountains lie within the Basin and Range Province or Great Basin of the Western United States , which is characterized by a series of parallel fault blocks that form long north – south mountain ranges separated by wide , high @-@ desert valleys . The Trout Creek Mountains are uplifted and tilted blocks with steep e... | The mountains lie within the Basin and Range Province or Great Basin of the Western United States , which is characterized by a series of parallel fault blocks that form long north – south mountain ranges separated by wide , high @-@ desert valleys . The Trout Creek Mountains are uplifted and tilted blocks with steep e... | southern area of the range , known as The Granites , has numerous outcroppings of Cretaceous age granite . These granite outcrops are commonly found in the eroded valleys below the volcanic ridgelines . |
The Trout Creek Mountains are composed mostly of basalt from a shield volcano that once stood where Steens Mountain is today . Crustal thinning and the Yellowstone hotspot , which was then beneath southeastern Oregon , induced eruptions from Steens and nearby vents about 17 million years ago , in the Miocene . The vent... | The Trout Creek Mountains are composed mostly of basalt from a shield volcano that once stood where Steens Mountain is today . Crustal thinning and the Yellowstone hotspot , which was then beneath southeastern Oregon , induced eruptions from Steens and nearby vents about 17 million years ago , in the Miocene . The vent... | volcano lasted for about one million years , and at least 70 separate lava flows occurred . Under the resulting basalt rock lie much older metamorphic rocks that may be related to some of the Triassic age formations of the Blue Mountains in northeastern Oregon . Within these metamorphic rocks are diorite and granodior... |
The <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> broad McDermitt Caldera is a prominent geologic feature in the Trout Creek Mountains . The oval @-@ shaped caldera is a collapsed lava dome that straddles the Oregon – Nevada border on the eastern side of the range and south of the Oregon Canyon Mountains . It is about 28 miles ( 45 km ) long an... | The | broad McDermitt Caldera is a prominent geologic feature in the Trout Creek Mountains . The oval @-@ shaped caldera is a collapsed lava dome that straddles the Oregon – Nevada border on the eastern side of the range and south of the Oregon Canyon Mountains . It is about 28 miles ( 45 km ) long and 22 miles ( 35 km ) wi... |
The Trout Creek Mountains are semi @-@ arid because they are in the eastern rain shadow of mountain ranges to the west . When moist air from the Pacific Ocean moves eastward over the Oregon and California coastal ranges and the Cascade Range , most precipitation falls in those mountains before reaching the Trout Creek ... | The Trout Creek Mountains are semi @-@ arid because they are in the eastern rain shadow of mountain ranges to the west . When moist air from the Pacific Ocean moves eastward over the Oregon and California coastal ranges and the Cascade Range , most precipitation falls in those mountains before reaching the Trout Creek ... | ( 200 and 300 mm ) annually . Much of the annual precipitation occurs between the beginning of March and the end of June . Most of the rest falls as snow during the fall and winter months . Snowpack at elevations below 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) usually melts by April ; however , at the higher elevations , snow ca... |
The prevailing winds are from the west @-@ southwest , and they are normally strongest in March and April . <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Brief , intense thunderstorms are common between April and October . Thunderstorms in the summer months tend to be more isolated and often produce dry lightning strikes . | The prevailing winds are from the west @-@ southwest , and they are normally strongest in March and April . | Brief , intense thunderstorms are common between April and October . Thunderstorms in the summer months tend to be more isolated and often produce dry lightning strikes . |
Vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains is dominated by big sagebrush and desert grasses . Other common shrubs include bitterbrush , snowberry , <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> and Ceanothus . There are also patches of mountain mahogany in some areas . Common grass species include Idaho fescue , bluebunch wheatgrass , cheatgrass ,... | Vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains is dominated by big sagebrush and desert grasses . Other common shrubs include bitterbrush , snowberry , | and Ceanothus . There are also patches of mountain mahogany in some areas . Common grass species include Idaho fescue , bluebunch wheatgrass , cheatgrass , western needlegrass , Sandberg 's bluegrass , Thurber 's needlegrass , and bottlebrush squirreltail , as well as basin wildrye in some well @-@ drained areas . |
Less than one percent of the range consists of meadow wetlands and riparian greenways ( vegetation along stream banks ) . However , these areas are vital to the local ecosystem . The meadows surround springs , which are mostly on gently sloping uplands or in stream bottoms , and range in size from about 1 to 5 acres ( ... | Less than one percent of the range consists of meadow wetlands and riparian greenways ( vegetation along stream banks ) . However , these areas are vital to the local ecosystem . The meadows surround springs , which are mostly on gently sloping uplands or in stream bottoms , and range in size from about 1 to 5 acres ( ... | range 's vegetation , damaging riparian ecosystems and killing hundreds of grazing cattle . |
Animals in the Trout Creek Mountains are adapted to the environment of the High Desert . Pronghorn are common in the open , sagebrush @-@ covered basins , while mule deer live in the cottonwood and willow groves . There are also bighorn sheep , cougars , and bobcats in the high country . Jackrabbits and coyotes are pre... | Animals in the Trout Creek Mountains are adapted to the environment of the High Desert . Pronghorn are common in the open , sagebrush @-@ covered basins , while mule deer live in the cottonwood and willow groves . There are also bighorn sheep , cougars , and bobcats in the high country . Jackrabbits and coyotes are pre... | , red crossbill , bushtit , hermit thrush , northern goshawk , and species of raven and eagle . |
Several streams in the Trout Creek Mountains are <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> home to trout , including the rare Lahontan cutthroat trout subspecies . These include Willow Creek , Whitehorse Creek , Little Whitehorse Creek , Doolittle Creek , Fifteen Mile Creek , Indian Creek , Sage Canyon Creek , Line Canyon Creek , and some t... | Several streams in the Trout Creek Mountains are | home to trout , including the rare Lahontan cutthroat trout subspecies . These include Willow Creek , Whitehorse Creek , Little Whitehorse Creek , Doolittle Creek , Fifteen Mile Creek , Indian Creek , Sage Canyon Creek , Line Canyon Creek , and some tributaries of McDermitt Creek . Lahontan cutthroat trout live in sma... |
The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) administers most land in the Trout Creek Mountains , but there are also some private lands and some roads in the area . The private lands are mainly used for ranching along mountain streams , while the BLM lands include large grazing allotments for local ranchers ' cattle . At leas... | The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) administers most land in the Trout Creek Mountains , but there are also some private lands and some roads in the area . The private lands are mainly used for ranching along mountain streams , while the BLM lands include large grazing allotments for local ranchers ' cattle . At leas... | Protection Agency cleanup project . |
The entire mountain range is very remote ; as a result , there are few visitors , and the range offers a wilderness @-@ like experience . Camping , hunting , fishing , and hiking are the most popular activities . The only developed recreation site nearby is at Willow Creek Hot Springs , just south of the Whitehorse Ran... | The entire mountain range is very remote ; as a result , there are few visitors , and the range offers a wilderness @-@ like experience . Camping , hunting , fishing , and hiking are the most popular activities . The only developed recreation site nearby is at Willow Creek Hot Springs , just south of the Whitehorse Ran... | are miles of trails designated for four @-@ wheel off @-@ road vehicles . Hunters come to the mountains seeking trophy mule deer , pronghorn , chukars , and rabbits . Fishing on some streams is sometimes permitted on a catch @-@ and @-@ release basis . The mountains are also suitable for hiking cross @-@ country or on... |
Cattle grazing in the Trout Creek Mountains began in the late 19th century , and the BLM currently oversees grazing allotments in the area . Cattle can be found <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> grazing in some areas during the spring and summer months . The effects of grazing on the local environment were the subject of controversy... | Cattle grazing in the Trout Creek Mountains began in the late 19th century , and the BLM currently oversees grazing allotments in the area . Cattle can be found | grazing in some areas during the spring and summer months . The effects of grazing on the local environment were the subject of controversy in the 1980s . |
By the 1970s and 1980s , a century of intense cattle grazing <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> had reduced much of the riparian vegetation along stream banks in the Trout Creek Mountains and elsewhere in the Great Basin . As a result , stream banks were eroding and upland vegetation was encroaching into riparian zones . Aspen popula... | By the 1970s and 1980s , a century of intense cattle grazing | had reduced much of the riparian vegetation along stream banks in the Trout Creek Mountains and elsewhere in the Great Basin . As a result , stream banks were eroding and upland vegetation was encroaching into riparian zones . Aspen populations declined as grazing cattle eliminated young trees , decreasing shade over ... |
Beginning in the early 1970s , the Bureau of Land Management identified damaged riparian zones and began projects to restore natural habitat in those areas . Approximately 20 @,@ 000 willow trees were planted along streams , small dams were put together to create more pools in the streams , and fencing was added to pro... | Beginning in the early 1970s , the Bureau of Land Management identified damaged riparian zones and began projects to restore natural habitat in those areas . Approximately 20 @,@ 000 willow trees were planted along streams , small dams were put together to create more pools in the streams , and fencing was added to pro... | zones from grazing . Next , the agency sought to reform land @-@ use plans to change grazing practices , which became a complex and controversial project . |
As environmentalists pressed the BLM to close much of the Trout Creek Mountains to grazing , frustrated ranchers joined the Sagebrush Rebellion seeking to protect their grazing allotments . Initially , it appeared that the issue of grazing in <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> the range would produce prolonged litigation with appeals... | As environmentalists pressed the BLM to close much of the Trout Creek Mountains to grazing , frustrated ranchers joined the Sagebrush Rebellion seeking to protect their grazing allotments . Initially , it appeared that the issue of grazing in | the range would produce prolonged litigation with appeals potentially lasting decades . However , in 1988 , interest groups representing all sides of the issue joined to form the Trout Creek Mountain Working Group . The group 's goal was to find a solution acceptable to everyone — a plan that would protect both the la... |
Initial members of <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> the Trout Creek Mountain Working Group included : | Initial members of | the Trout Creek Mountain Working Group included : |
Over the next several years <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> , the group continued to meet and discuss options for restoring the land while meeting the economic needs of local ranchers . Meetings were all open to the public . | Over the next several years | , the group continued to meet and discuss options for restoring the land while meeting the economic needs of local ranchers . Meetings were all open to the public . |
The group eventually endorsed a grazing management plan that provided for both the ecological health of sensitive riparian areas and the economic well @-@ being of ranchers . In 1989 , the Whitehorse Ranch agreed to rest two grazing allotments totaling 50 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 @,@ 000 ha ) to restore critical stream green... | The group eventually endorsed a grazing management plan that provided for both the ecological health of sensitive riparian areas and the economic well @-@ being of ranchers . In 1989 , the Whitehorse Ranch agreed to rest two grazing allotments totaling 50 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 @,@ 000 ha ) to restore critical stream green... | rested for three years , and its Willow Creek pasture received a five @-@ year rest before grazing was resumed . In addition , the grazing season in mountain pastures was reduced from four months to two , and the total number of cattle released in the allotment areas was reduced from 3 @,@ 800 to 2 @,@ 200 . Finally ,... |
In 1991 , the Bureau of Land <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> Management approved a new grazing allotment management plan . It was based on the agreements made by the Trout Creek Mountain Working Group , and it took effect in 1992 . Since then , vegetation in riparian areas of the Trout Creek Mountains has recovered , and studies b... | In 1991 , the Bureau of Land | Management approved a new grazing allotment management plan . It was based on the agreements made by the Trout Creek Mountain Working Group , and it took effect in 1992 . Since then , vegetation in riparian areas of the Trout Creek Mountains has recovered , and studies by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ha... |
Mycena inclinata , commonly known as the clustered bonnet or the oak @-@ stump bonnet cap , is <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae . The doubtfully edible mushroom has a reddish @-@ brown bell @-@ shaped cap up to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter . The thin stem is up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@... | Mycena inclinata , commonly known as the clustered bonnet or the oak @-@ stump bonnet cap , is | a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae . The doubtfully edible mushroom has a reddish @-@ brown bell @-@ shaped cap up to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter . The thin stem is up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) tall , whitish to yellow @-@ brown at the top but progressively becoming reddish @-@ brown towards the bas... |
First described as Agaricus inclinatus by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838 , it was assigned its current name in 1872 by Lucien Quélet . Mycena galericulata var. calopus ( named by Karsten in 1879 ) , and its basionym Agaricus galericulatus var. calopus ( named by Fries in 1873 ) <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> , are ... | First described as Agaricus inclinatus by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838 , it was assigned its current name in 1872 by Lucien Quélet . Mycena galericulata var. calopus ( named by Karsten in 1879 ) , and its basionym Agaricus galericulatus var. calopus ( named by Fries in 1873 ) | , are synonyms . |
In a molecular study of the large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of mycorrhizal fungi of the orchid Gastrodia confusa , M. inclinata was <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> found to be closely related to M. aurantiomarginata , M. crocata , and M. leaiana . | In a molecular study of the large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of mycorrhizal fungi of the orchid Gastrodia confusa , M. inclinata was | found to be closely related to M. aurantiomarginata , M. crocata , and M. leaiana . |
The specific epithet inclinata means " bent in " . The mushroom is <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> commonly known as the " clustered bonnet " or the " oak @-@ stump bonnet cap " . | The specific epithet inclinata means " bent in " . The mushroom is | commonly known as the " clustered bonnet " or the " oak @-@ stump bonnet cap " . |
The cap is light reddish @-@ brown , with a diameter typically ranging from 1 to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 8 in ) . Initially conic to bell @-@ shaped to convex , it flattens during maturity , developing visible surface grooves corresponding to the gills underneath the cap . The margin of the cap has minute but dis... | The cap is light reddish @-@ brown , with a diameter typically ranging from 1 to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 8 in ) . Initially conic to bell @-@ shaped to convex , it flattens during maturity , developing visible surface grooves corresponding to the gills underneath the cap . The margin of the cap has minute but dis... | red . They are broad ( between 3 and 6 mm ) , and have a close to subdistant spacing , with about 26 – 35 gills reaching the stem . The fragile stem is 3 to 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 3 @.@ 5 in ) long by 0 @.@ 15 to 0 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 06 to 0 @.@ 16 in ) thick and yellow to yellow @-@ brown , becoming reddish @-@ brown to ora... |
The spores are 7 – 9 by 5 – 6 @.@ 5 μm , broadly ellipsoid , smooth , and strongly amyloid ( it turns black when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> face ) are not differentiated . The cheilocystid... | The spores are 7 – 9 by 5 – 6 @.@ 5 μm , broadly ellipsoid , smooth , and strongly amyloid ( it turns black when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill | face ) are not differentiated . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are embedded in the gill edge and very inconspicuous , club @-@ shaped , 26 – 36 by 5 – 10 μm , and have tips that are covered with contorted projections that can be slender or thick . The flesh of the gills is homogeneous , and pale yell... |
E.J.H. Corner defined the varieties M. inclinata var. <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> kinabaluensis and var. subglobospora in his 1994 publication on Agaric mushrooms of Malesia , a biogeographical region straddling the boundary of the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones . The variety kinabaluensis ( named after its type locality ... | E.J.H. Corner defined the varieties M. inclinata var. | kinabaluensis and var. subglobospora in his 1994 publication on Agaric mushrooms of Malesia , a biogeographical region straddling the boundary of the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones . The variety kinabaluensis ( named after its type locality , Kinabalu ) has a cap margin that is not scalloped , little or no odor ,... |
Mycena maculata bears some resemblance to M. inclinata , but is only associated with decaying hardwood logs and stumps , and is found in eastern North America , and sometimes on oak on the West Coast . In age , it develops <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> reddish spots on the gills that are not seen in M. inclinata . M. inclinata i... | Mycena maculata bears some resemblance to M. inclinata , but is only associated with decaying hardwood logs and stumps , and is found in eastern North America , and sometimes on oak on the West Coast . In age , it develops | reddish spots on the gills that are not seen in M. inclinata . M. inclinata is often confused with the edible M. galericulata , a common species that is variable in cap color , size and shape . M. galericulata typically has a bluntly conical cap that is dull gray @-@ brown , and white to grayish veins that have numero... |
Mycena inclinata is <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> a saprobic fungus , deriving its nutrients from decomposing organic matter found in plant litter such as leaves , twigs , bark and branches . It accomplishes this by producing enzymes capable of breaking down the three major biochemical components of plant cell walls found in lit... | Mycena inclinata is | a saprobic fungus , deriving its nutrients from decomposing organic matter found in plant litter such as leaves , twigs , bark and branches . It accomplishes this by producing enzymes capable of breaking down the three major biochemical components of plant cell walls found in litter : cellulose , hemicellulose and lig... |
The fruit bodies of Mycena inclinata grow in dense groups or clusters on decaying hardwood logs and stumps ( especially oak and chestnut ) during the spring and autumn . The fungus forms a white , woolly mycelium on the surface of decomposing oak leaves . Occasionally , it can be found growing on a living tree . In eas... | The fruit bodies of Mycena inclinata grow in dense groups or clusters on decaying hardwood logs and stumps ( especially oak and chestnut ) during the spring and autumn . The fungus forms a white , woolly mycelium on the surface of decomposing oak leaves . Occasionally , it can be found growing on a living tree . In eas... | Scotia , Ontario , Manitoba , Missouri , North Carolina , and New York . It has been found in Oregon , but the species appears to be generally rare along the Pacific Coast . The range of the fungus also includes Europe , the Canary Islands , North Africa , East Siberia , Japan , Malesia , Turkey , and New Zealand . |
In a study of the trace metal concentrations of various mushrooms species found in Ordu ( Turkey ) , M. inclinata was found to have comparatively high levels of iron ( 628 mg per kg ) and nickel ( 21 @.@ 6 mg / kg ) , measured on a dry weight basis . Laboratory studies have shown that the fungus is resistant to aluminu... | In a study of the trace metal concentrations of various mushrooms species found in Ordu ( Turkey ) , M. inclinata was found to have comparatively high levels of iron ( 628 mg per kg ) and nickel ( 21 @.@ 6 mg / kg ) , measured on a dry weight basis . Laboratory studies have shown that the fungus is resistant to aluminu... | for its ability to decolorize synthetic dyes that are used in the textile , plastics , biomedical and foodstuff industries . The dyes are not readily biodegradable , and when discharged into the environment are persistent and many are toxic . |
Capel Lligwy ( sometimes referred to as Hen Gapel Lligwy ) is a ruined chapel near Rhos Lligwy in Anglesey , north Wales , dating back to the first half of the 12th century . The chapel 's original purpose is unknown , but it might have been used as a memorial chapel or in connection with a local royal court , or as a ... | Capel Lligwy ( sometimes referred to as Hen Gapel Lligwy ) is a ruined chapel near Rhos Lligwy in Anglesey , north Wales , dating back to the first half of the 12th century . The chapel 's original purpose is unknown , but it might have been used as a memorial chapel or in connection with a local royal court , or as a ... | internally , but there is no roof . |
It contains a 16th @-@ century side chapel with a vault beneath , used as a burial chamber . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve <<<SPECIAL-TOKEN>>> them " , in particular because it is " a substantially 1... | It contains a 16th @-@ century side chapel with a vault beneath , used as a burial chamber . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve | them " , in particular because it is " a substantially 12th @-@ century structure " with the " unusual 16th @-@ century vaulted south chapel " . |
The oldest parts of Capel Lligwy date from the first half of the 12th century . This was a time when many churches on Anglesey in north @-@ west Wales were first built in stone following the end of Viking raids and attempts by the Normans to gain control of the island . The reason for its construction , and the saint t... | The oldest parts of Capel Lligwy date from the first half of the 12th century . This was a time when many churches on Anglesey in north @-@ west Wales were first built in stone following the end of Viking raids and attempts by the Normans to gain control of the island . The reason for its construction , and the saint t... | to ancient Anglesey monuments , note that it was built in the large parish of Penrhos Lligwy and was perhaps intended to serving the expanding population in medieval times . Despite this , it seems to have remained as a chapel of ease rather than become a parish church in its own right . The chapel is sometimes referr... |
The walls were partially rebuilt in the 14th century , and the upper parts of the walls date from this time . A chapel was added to the south side of the building in the 16th century . A vault under the south chapel was used to bury members of a local family , the Pierce Lloyds . In 1999 , the vault was used to record ... | The walls were partially rebuilt in the 14th century , and the upper parts of the walls date from this time . A chapel was added to the south side of the building in the 16th century . A vault under the south chapel was used to bury members of a local family , the Pierce Lloyds . In 1999 , the vault was used to record ... | of Welsh musicians including members of Echo and the Bunnymen , Super Furry Animals and Ectogram that was described by one journalist as " possibly the strangest pop group of all time " . |
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