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# 2023 Scottish Cup final The 2023 Scottish Cup final was the final match of the 2022–23 Scottish Cup, the 138th edition of Scotland's most prestigious knockout football competition. It was contested by Celtic and Inverness Caledonian Thistle at Hampden Park, Glasgow, on 3 June 2023. ## Background The 2023 final was a record 60th Scottish Cup final appearance for Celtic, while it was only Inverness Caledonian Thistle's second final appearance, having won the cup in 2015. It was the first time that the clubs had met in the final, but the eighth time they had met at any stage of the competition, the most recent meeting taking place in the fifth round in the 2016–17 season. It was also the first time since 2015 that teams in different divisions had contested the final, not including the 2020 final, where Heart of Midlothian were in the unique position of being a Premiership side when the competition was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but a Championship side when it resumed midway through the 2020–21 season. The winners were due to enter the 2023–24 UEFA Europa League play-off round, however, as Celtic had already qualified for the 2023–24 UEFA Champions League, the team placed third in the Premiership (Aberdeen) entered the Europa League instead. ## Road to the final \| Celtic \| Celtic \| Round \| Inverness Caledonian Thistle \| Inverness Caledonian Thistle \| \| Opposition \| Score \| Round \| Opposition \| Score \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------ \| ------ \| ----- \| ---------------------------- \| ---------------------------- \| \| N/A \| N/A \| 3rd \| Stirling Albion (H) \| 3–2 \| \| Greenock Morton (H) \| 5–0 \| 4th \| Queen's Park (H) \| 0–2 \| \| St Mirren (H) \| 5–1 \| 5th \| Livingston (A) \| 3–0 \| \| Heart of Midlothian (A) \| 3–0 \| QF \| Kilmarnock (H) \| 2–1 \| \| Rangers (N) \| 1–0 \| SF \| Falkirk (N) \| 3–0 \| \| Key: (H) = Home venue; (A) = Away venue; (N) = Neutral venue \| \| \| \| \| Inverness Caledonian Thistle entered the Scottish Cup at the third round, securing their place in the fourth round by defeating Stirling Albion 3–2 at Caledonian Stadium. Celtic entered at the fourth round, with a 5–0 home victory over Greenock Morton ensuring their progression to the fifth round. Inverness Caledonian Thistle were eliminated from the competition after a 2–0 defeat to Queen's Park in their rescheduled tie, however, they were reinstated after Queen's Park were found to have fielded an ineligible player. In the fifth round, Celtic beat St Mirren 5–1 in Glasgow, with a flurry of late goals in the match, while Inverness Caledonian Thistle defeated Premiership side Livingston 3–0 at Almondvale Stadium. Caley Thistle also faced Premiership opposition in the quarter-finals, beating Kilmarnock 2–1 in Inverness, while Celtic travelled to Tynecastle Park to face Heart of Midlothian, where they ran out 3–0 winners. The semi-finals were both played at Hampden Park, with Inverness Caledonian Thistle facing Falkirk on 29 April and Celtic taking on holders Rangers the next day. In a repeat of the 2015 final, Caley Thistle defeated Falkirk, with goals from Billy Mckay and Daniel MacKay taking the club to only the second Scottish Cup final in its history. They would also become the first and only team to have made the final, having been eliminated from the competition in the same season. On 30 April, Celtic beat Rangers, with Jota scoring the only goal of the game. ## Match ### Details \| Celtic \| 3–1 \| Inverness Caledonian Thistle \| \| -------------------------------------- \| ------ \| ---------------------------- \| \| Furuhashi 38' · Abada 65' · Jota 90+1' \| Report \| MacKay 84' \| \| Celtic \| Inverness Caledonian Thistle \| \| GK \| 1 \| Joe Hart \| \| \| \| RB \| 2 \| Alistair Johnston \| \| \| \| CB \| 24 \| Tomoki Iwata \| \| \| \| CB \| 4 \| Carl Starfelt \| \| \| \| LB \| 3 \| Greg Taylor \| \| \| \| CM \| 33 \| Matt O'Riley \| \| 76' \| \| CM \| 42 \| Callum McGregor (c) \| \| \| \| CM \| 41 \| Reo Hatate \| \| 76' \| \| RW \| 17 \| Jota \| \| 90+2' \| \| CF \| 8 \| Kyogo Furuhashi \| \| 59' \| \| LW \| 38 \| Daizen Maeda \| \| 45' \| \| Substitutes: \| \| \| \| \| \| GK \| 31 \| Benjamin Siegrist \| \| \| \| FW \| 9 \| Sead Hakšabanović \| \| 76' \| \| FW \| 11 \| Liel Abada \| \| 45' \| \| MF \| 14 \| David Turnbull \| \| 76' \| \| FW \| 19 \| Oh Hyeon-gyu \| \| 59' \| \| DF \| 25 \| Alexandro Bernabei \| \| \| \| MF \| 49 \| James Forrest \| \| 90+2' \| \| DF \| 56 \| Anthony Ralston \| \| \| \| DF \| 57 \| Stephen Welsh \| \| \| \| Manager: \| \| \| \| \| \| Ange Postecoglou \| \| \| \| \| \| GK \| 1 \| Mark Ridgers \| \| \| \| RB \| 2 \| Wallace Duffy \| 70' \| \| \| CB \| 6 \| Danny Devine \| \| 75' \| \| CB \| 5 \| Robbie Deas \| \| \| \| LB \| 3 \| Cameron Harper \| \| \| \| CM \| 18 \| Scott Allardice \| \| 81' \| \| CM \| 8 \| David Carson \| 44' \| \| \| CM \| 4 \| Sean Welsh (c) \| \| \| \| RW \| 20 \| Jay Henderson \| \| 68' \| \| CF \| 9 \| Billy Mckay \| \| 75' \| \| LW \| 22 \| Nathan Shaw \| \| 81' \| \| Substitutes: \| \| \| \| \| \| GK \| 21 \| Cameron Mackay \| \| \| \| MF \| 10 \| Aaron Doran \| \| 81' \| \| MF \| 12 \| Roddy MacGregor \| \| 81' \| \| MF \| 16 \| Lewis Hyde \| \| \| \| MF \| 17 \| Daniel MacKay \| \| 68' \| \| DF \| 23 \| Zak Delaney \| \| 75' \| \| FW \| 24 \| Austin Samuels \| \| 75' \| \| MF \| 28 \| Ben Woods \| \| \| \| FW \| 30 \| Steven Boyd \| \| \| \| Manager: \| \| \| \| \| \| Billy Dodds \| \| \| \| \| \| Man of the Match: Jota (Celtic) Assistant referees: Graeme Stewart Gordon Crawford Fourth official: David Dickinson Video assistant referee: Steven McLean Gary Hilland (assistant) \| Match rules - 90 minutes - 30 minutes of extra time if necessary - Penalty shoot-out if scores still level - Nine named substitutes - Maximum of five substitutions in normal time (a sixth substitute is permitted in extra time) \| ## Media coverage BBC Scotland and Viaplay Sports broadcast the final; this was the fifth season of a six-year deal in the United Kingdom to broadcast Scottish Cup matches.	enwiki/73683716	enwiki	73,683,716	2023 Scottish Cup final	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Scottish_Cup_final	2025-07-31T16:52:08Z	en	Q118112610	226,223	{{Short description\|Football match}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2023}} {{infobox football match \| title = 2023 Scottish Cup final \| image = Hampden Park, January 2023.jpg \| caption = The match took place at [[Hampden Park]] \| event = [[2022–23 Scottish Cup]] \| date = {{start date\|2023\|6\|3\|df=y}} \| team1 = [[Celtic F.C.\|Celtic]] \| team1score = 3 \| team2 = [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\|Inverness Caledonian Thistle]] \| team2score = 1 \| details = \| stadium = [[Hampden Park]] \| city = [[Glasgow]] \| man_of_the_match1a = [[Jota (footballer, born March 1999)\|Jota]] \| referee = [[John Beaton]] \| attendance = 47,247 \| weather = \| previous = [[2022 Scottish Cup final\|2022]] \| next = [[2024 Scottish Cup final\|2024]] }} The '''2023 Scottish Cup final''' was the final match of the [[2022–23 Scottish Cup]], the 138th edition of Scotland's most prestigious knockout [[association football\|football]] competition. It was contested by [[Celtic F.C.\|Celtic]] and [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\|Inverness Caledonian Thistle]] at [[Hampden Park]], Glasgow, on 3 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/news/scottish-cup-dates-and-preliminary-round-draw-confirmed-for-season-202223/ \|title=Scottish Cup dates and Preliminary Round draw confirmed for season 2022/23 \|publisher=Scottish Football Association \|website=www.scottishfa.co.uk \|date=29 July 2022 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> ==Background== The 2023 final was a record 60th Scottish Cup final appearance for Celtic, while it was only Inverness Caledonian Thistle's second final appearance, having won the cup in [[2015 Scottish Cup final\|2015]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://spfl.co.uk/news/weekend-in-numbers-49167 \|title=Weekend in Numbers \|publisher=SPFL \|date=1 May 2023 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> It was the first time that the clubs had met in the final, but the eighth time they had met at any stage of the competition, the most recent meeting taking place in the fifth round in the [[2016–17 Scottish Cup#Fifth round\|2016–17]] season. It was also the first time since 2015 that teams in different divisions had contested the final, not including the [[2020 Scottish Cup final\|2020 final]], where [[Heart of Midlothian F.C.\|Heart of Midlothian]] were in the unique position of being a [[Scottish Premiership\|Premiership]] side when the competition was suspended due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland\|COVID-19 pandemic]], but a [[Scottish Championship\|Championship]] side when it resumed midway through the [[2020–21 in Scottish football\|2020–21 season]]. The winners were due to enter the [[2023–24 UEFA Europa League]] play-off round, however, as Celtic had already qualified for the [[2023–24 UEFA Champions League]], the team placed third in the [[2022–23 Scottish Premiership\|Premiership]] ([[Aberdeen F.C.\|Aberdeen]]) entered the Europa League instead.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/uefaorg/General/02/58/61/42/2586142_DOWNLOAD.pdf \|title=Access list 2021–24 \|website=[[UEFA]] \|publisher=Union of European Football Associations \|format=PDF \|access-date=24 March 2022 \|archive-date=4 December 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204074949/https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/uefaorg/General/02/58/61/42/2586142_DOWNLOAD.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==Road to the final== {{main\|2022–23 Scottish Cup}} <div class="thumb tright"> {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin:0" \|- !colspan="2"\|Celtic !rowspan="2" style="width:25px"\|Round !colspan="2"\|Inverness Caledonian Thistle \|- !scope="col" style="width:180px"\|Opposition !scope="col" style="width:70px"\|Score !scope="col" style="width:180px"\|Opposition !scope="col" style="width:70px"\|Score \|- \|colspan=2 \| N/A !scope=row style="text-align:center"\|3rd \|[[Stirling Albion F.C.\|Stirling Albion]] ([[Caledonian Stadium\|H]]) \|3–2 \|- \|[[Greenock Morton F.C.\|Greenock Morton]] ([[Celtic Park\|H]]) \|5–0 !scope=row style="text-align:center"\|4th \|[[Queen's Park F.C.\|Queen's Park]] ([[Caledonian Stadium\|H]]) \|0–2<ref>As Queen's Park fielded an ineligible player, they were ejected from the Scottish Cup and Inverness Caledonian Thistle were reinstated.</ref> \|- \|[[St Mirren F.C.\|St Mirren]] ([[Celtic Park\|H]]) \|5–1 !scope=row style="text-align:center"\|5th \|[[Livingston F.C.\|Livingston]] ([[Almondvale Stadium\|A]]) \|3–0 \|- \|[[Heart of Midlothian F.C.\|Heart of Midlothian]] ([[Tynecastle Park\|A]]) \|3–0 !scope=row style="text-align:center"\|QF \|[[Kilmarnock F.C.\|Kilmarnock]] ([[Caledonian Stadium\|H]]) \|2–1 \|- \|[[Rangers F.C.\|Rangers]] ([[Hampden Park\|N]]) \|1–0 !scope=row style="text-align:center"\|SF \|[[Falkirk F.C.\|Falkirk]] ([[Hampden Park\|N]]) \|3–0 \|- \|colspan="5"\|<small>'''Key:''' (H) = Home venue; (A) = Away venue; (N) = [[Neutral venue]]</small> \|} </div> Inverness Caledonian Thistle entered the Scottish Cup at the third round, securing their place in the fourth round by defeating [[Stirling Albion F.C.\|Stirling Albion]] 3–2 at [[Caledonian Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last= \|first= \|date=26 November 2022 \|title=Inverness Caledonian Thistle 3–2 Stirling Albion \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63685959 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> Celtic entered at the fourth round, with a 5–0 [[Celtic Park\|home]] victory over [[Greenock Morton F.C.\|Greenock Morton]] ensuring their progression to the fifth round.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Campbell \|first=Andy \|date=21 January 2023 \|title=Celtic 5–0 Greenock Morton \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64272753 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> Inverness Caledonian Thistle were eliminated from the competition after a 2–0 defeat to [[Queen's Park F.C.\|Queen's Park]] in their rescheduled tie,<ref>{{Cite news \|last=McLauchlin \|first=Brian \|date=31 January 2023 \|title=Inverness Caledonian Thistle 0–2 Queen's Park \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64272757 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> however, they were reinstated after Queen's Park were found to have fielded an ineligible player.<ref>{{Cite news \|last= \|first= \|date=3 February 2023 \|title=Queen's Park out of Scottish Cup over ineligible player, Inverness to face Livingston \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64515676 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> In the fifth round, Celtic beat [[St Mirren F.C.\|St Mirren]] 5–1 in Glasgow, with a flurry of late goals in the match,<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Murray \|first=Keir \|date=11 February 2023 \|title=Celtic 5–1 St Mirren \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64520976 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> while Inverness Caledonian Thistle defeated [[Scottish Premiership\|Premiership]] side [[Livingston F.C.\|Livingston]] 3–0 at [[Almondvale Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Petrie \|first=Andrew \|date=11 February 2023 \|title=Livingston 0–3 Inverness Caledonian Thistle \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64520972 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> Caley Thistle also faced Premiership opposition in the quarter-finals, beating [[Kilmarnock F.C.\|Kilmarnock]] 2–1 in Inverness,<ref>{{Cite news \|last=McGill \|first=Sean \|date=10 March 2023 \|title=Inverness Caledonian Thistle 2–1 Kilmarnock \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64799897 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> while Celtic travelled to [[Tynecastle Park]] to face [[Heart of Midlothian F.C.\|Heart of Midlothian]], where they ran out 3–0 winners.<ref>{{Cite news \|last= \|first= \|date=11 March 2023 \|title=Heart of Midlothian 0–3 Celtic \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64845558 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> The semi-finals were both played at [[Hampden Park]], with Inverness Caledonian Thistle facing [[Falkirk F.C.\|Falkirk]] on 29 April and Celtic taking on [[2022 Scottish Cup final\|holders]] [[Rangers F.C.\|Rangers]] the next day. In a repeat of the [[2015 Scottish Cup final\|2015 final]], Caley Thistle defeated Falkirk, with goals from [[Billy Mckay]] and [[Daniel MacKay]] taking the club to only the second Scottish Cup final in its history.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=McPheat \|first=Nick \|date=29 April 2023 \|title=Falkirk 0–3 Inverness Caledonian Thistle \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65357243 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> They would also become the first and only team to have made the final, having been eliminated from the competition in the same season. On 30 April, Celtic beat Rangers, with [[Jota (footballer, born March 1999)\|Jota]] scoring the only goal of the game.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Moffat \|first=Colin \|date=30 April 2023 \|title=Rangers 0–1 Celtic \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65364027 \|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> ==Match== ===Details=== <onlyinclude>{{Football box \| date = {{Start date\|2023\|6\|3\|df=y}} \| time = 17:30 [[British Summer Time\|BST]] \| team1 = [[Celtic F.C.\|Celtic]] \| score = 3–1 \| team2 = [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\|Inverness Caledonian Thistle]] \| goals1 = [[Kyogo Furuhashi\|Furuhashi]] {{goal\|38}}<br/>[[Liel Abada\|Abada]] {{goal\|65}}<br/>[[Jota (footballer, born March 1999)\|Jota]] {{goal\|90+1}} \| goals2 = [[Daniel MacKay\|MacKay]] {{goal\|84}} \| stadium = [[Hampden Park]] \| attendance = 47,247 \| referee = [[John Beaton]] \| report = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65730831 \| location = [[Glasgow]] }}</onlyinclude> {\| width=92% \|- \|{{Football kit \| pattern_la = _celtic2223h \| pattern_b = _celtic2223h \| pattern_ra = _celtic2223h \| pattern_sh = _celtic2223h \| pattern_so = _celtic2223hl \| leftarm = FFFFFF \| body = FFFFFF \| rightarm = FFFFFF \| shorts = FFFFFF \| socks = FFFFFF \| title = Celtic }} \|{{Football kit \| pattern_la = _inverness2223h \| pattern_b = _inverness2223h \| pattern_ra = _inverness2223h \| pattern_sh = \| pattern_so = _inverness2223h \| leftarm = 006AFF \| body = 006AFF \| rightarm = 006AFF \| shorts = 0044FF \| socks = 0044FF \| title = Inverness Caledonian Thistle }} \|} {\| style="width:100%;" \|- \| style="vertical-align:top; width:40%;"\| {\| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" \|- !width="25"\| !!width="25"\| \|- \|GK\|\|'''1'''\|\|{{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Joe Hart]] \|- \|RB\|\|'''2'''\|\|{{flagicon\|CAN}} [[Alistair Johnston]] \|- \|CB\|\|'''24'''\|\|{{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Tomoki Iwata]] \|- \|CB\|\|'''4''' \|\|{{flagicon\|SWE}} [[Carl Starfelt]] \|- \|LB\|\|'''3''' \|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Greg Taylor (Scottish footballer)\|Greg Taylor]] \|- \|CM\|\|'''33'''\|\|{{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Matt O'Riley]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|76}} \|- \|CM\|\|'''42'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Callum McGregor]] ([[Captain (association football)\|c]]) \|- \|CM\|\|'''41'''\|\|{{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Reo Hatate]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|76}} \|- \|RW\|\|'''17'''\|\|{{flagicon\|POR}} [[Jota (footballer, born March 1999)\|Jota]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|90+2}} \|- \|CF\|\|'''8''' \|\|{{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Kyogo Furuhashi]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|59}} \|- \|LW\|\|'''38''' \|\|{{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Daizen Maeda]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|45}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Substitutes:''' \|- \|GK\|\|'''31'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SUI}} [[Benjamin Siegrist]] \|- \|FW\|\|'''9''' \|\|{{flagicon\|MNE}} [[Sead Hakšabanović]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|76}} \|- \|FW\|\|'''11'''\|\|{{flagicon\|ISR}} [[Liel Abada]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|45}} \|- \|MF\|\|'''14'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[David Turnbull (footballer)\|David Turnbull]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|76}} \|- \|FW\|\|'''19''' \|\|{{flagicon\|KOR}} [[Oh Hyeon-gyu]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|59}} \|- \|DF\|\|'''25'''\|\|{{flagicon\|ARG}} [[Alexandro Bernabei]] \|- \|MF\|\|'''49'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[James Forrest (footballer, born 1991)\|James Forrest]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|90+2}} \|- \|DF\|\|'''56'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Anthony Ralston]] \|- \|DF\|\|'''57'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Stephen Welsh]] \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Manager:''' \|- \|colspan="4"\|{{flagicon\|AUS}} [[Ange Postecoglou]] \|} \| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"\| {\| style="font-size: 90%;margin:auto;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" \|- !width="25"\| !!width="25"\| \|- \|GK\|\|'''1'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Mark Ridgers]] \|- \|RB\|\|'''2'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Wallace Duffy]]\|\|{{yel\|70}} \|- \|CB\|\|'''6'''\|\|{{flagicon\|NIR}} [[Danny Devine (footballer, born 1992)\|Danny Devine]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|75}} \|- \|CB\|\|'''5''' \|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Robbie Deas]] \|- \|LB\|\|'''3''' \|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Cameron Harper (footballer)\|Cameron Harper]] \|- \|CM\|\|'''18'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Scott Allardice]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|81}} \|- \|CM\|\|'''8'''\|\|{{flagicon\|ENG}} [[David Carson (footballer)\|David Carson]]\|\|{{yel\|44}} \|- \|CM\|\|'''4'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Sean Welsh]] ([[Captain (association football)\|c]]) \|- \|RW\|\|'''20'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Jay Henderson (footballer)\|Jay Henderson]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|68}} \|- \|CF\|\|'''9''' \|\|{{flagicon\|NIR}} [[Billy Mckay]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|75}} \|- \|LW\|\|'''22''' \|\|{{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Nathan Shaw]]\|\|\|\|{{suboff\|81}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Substitutes:''' \|- \|GK\|\|'''21'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Cameron Mackay]] \|- \|MF\|\|'''10''' \|\|{{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Aaron Doran]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|81}} \|- \|MF\|\|'''12'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Roddy MacGregor]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|81}} \|- \|MF\|\|'''16'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Lewis Hyde (footballer)\|Lewis Hyde]] \|- \|MF\|\|'''17''' \|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Daniel MacKay]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|68}} \|- \|DF\|\|'''23'''\|\|{{flagicon\|IRL}} [[Zak Delaney]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|75}} \|- \|FW\|\|'''24'''\|\|{{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Austin Samuels]]\|\|\|\|{{subon\|75}} \|- \|MF\|\|'''28'''\|\|{{flagicon\|ENG}} Ben Woods \|- \|FW\|\|'''30'''\|\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Steven Boyd]] \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Manager:''' \|- \|colspan="4"\|{{flagicon\|SCO}} [[Billy Dodds]] \|} \|} {\| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;" \|- \|style="width:40%; vertical-align:top;"\| '''Man of the Match:''' <br />[[Jota (footballer, born March 1999)\|Jota]] (Celtic)<ref>{{cite tweet \|number=1665093104263733248 \|title=Congratulations to today's Player of the Match: Jota 👏👏 #ScottishCupFinal \|user=ScottishCup \|date=3 June 2023 \|access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> '''[[Assistant referee (association football)\|Assistant referees]]:''' <br />Graeme Stewart <br />Gordon Crawford <br />'''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official\|Fourth official]]:''' <br />David Dickinson <br />'''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Video assistant referee\|Video assistant referee]]:''' <br />[[Steven McLean]] <br />Gary Hilland (assistant) \|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"\| '''Match rules'''<ref>{{cite web \|title=Format & Rules \|url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup/format-rules/ \|publisher=The Scottish FA \|access-date=24 March 2022 \|archive-date=16 February 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216142725/https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup/format-rules/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> * 90 minutes * 30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football\|extra time]] if necessary * [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)\|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level * Nine named substitutes * Maximum of five substitutions in normal time (a sixth substitute is permitted in extra time) \|} ==Media coverage== [[BBC Scotland]] and [[Viaplay Sports]] broadcast the final; this was the fifth season of a six-year deal in the United Kingdom to broadcast Scottish Cup matches.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/news/scottish-fa-announce-scottish-cup-broadcasting-deals/\|title=Scottish FA Announce Scottish Cup Broadcasting Deals\|work=[[Scottish Football Association]]\|date=12 November 2018\|access-date=24 March 2022\|archive-date=26 April 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426063653/https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/news/scottish-fa-announce-scottish-cup-broadcasting-deals/\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Scottish Cup seasons}} {{2022-23 in Scottish football}} {{Celtic F.C. matches}} {{Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. matches}} [[Category:2022–23 Scottish Cup\|Final]] [[Category:Scottish Cup finals]] [[Category:June 2023 sports events in the United Kingdom\|Scottish Cup final]] [[Category:2020s in Glasgow]] [[Category:Celtic F.C. matches\|Scottish Cup final 2023]] [[Category:Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. matches]]	1,303,547,864	[{"title": "2023 Scottish Cup final", "data": {"Event": "2022\u201323 Scottish Cup", "Celtic": "Inverness Caledonian Thistle", "3": "1", "Date": "3 June 2023", "Venue": "Hampden Park, Glasgow", "Man of the Match": "Jota", "Referee": "John Beaton", "Attendance": "47,247"}}]	false
# Methodist Church in Ireland The Methodist Church in Ireland (Irish: Eaglais Mheitidisteach in Éirinn) is a Wesleyan Methodist church that operates across both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland on an all-Ireland basis. It is the fourth-largest Christian denomination in Northern Ireland. The Irish Methodist Church has close links with the Methodist Church in Britain. For the year ending 31 December 2012, there were 105 Methodist ministers, 227 local preachers and over six hundred lay people in leadership positions serving over 200 congregations, which combine to form a total community of 49,394 people. In 2018, the numbers of members and wider community role was approximately 50,000. The governing body of the Methodist Church in Ireland is the annual Conference. ## History Methodism was founded in England by John Wesley and his younger brother Charles Wesley during the 18th century, initially as a revival movement within the Church of England. The spread of Methodism to Ireland was facilitated by English preachers, and the early Irish adherents were nicknamed 'Swaddlers', after John Cennick delivered a sermon in Dublin on "the babe in swaddling clothes" (Luke 2:12). It was John Wesley's twenty-one visits between 1747 and 1789 which were crucial in fostering the Irish Methodist community. He built and opened the first dedicated Methodist chapel in Ireland on Whitefriar Street in Dublin in 1752. By 1789 Methodist membership exceeded 14,000 in Ireland. Irish Methodism initially exerted the most influence among members of the established Church of Ireland and migrant European minorities, such as Moravians, Palatines and Huguenots. There were significantly fewer conversions to Methodism among Irish Catholics. During the Great Famine, Methodist membership declined significantly from 44,000 in 1844 to 26,000 by 1855; over 15,000 members emigrated during the period from 1840 to 1859. Irish Methodism experienced a division in 1816 due to disagreements regarding whether Irish preachers were authorised to administer the sacraments. This resulted in the formation of two distinct connexions: the Wesleyan Methodists and the Primitive Methodists. These two bodies reconciled and reunited in 1878, more than fifty years prior to the equivalent reunification in Britain. The all-Ireland denomination has continued despite the political partition of Ireland in 1922. The church began to ordain women in 1978. In 1997, Methodist membership was about 18,000. By 2018, there were 50,000 members and adherents across the island. In 2002 the church signed a covenant with the Anglican Church of Ireland, leading to a closer working relationship. In the early 2020s the majority of Irish Methodists live in Northern Ireland; however, there are Methodist churches in most of the populated areas in the Republic of Ireland (mainly along the eastern and southern coastline). At this time there are 191 congregations on the island, about 145 of which are in Northern Ireland. ## Methodist belief The Methodist Church as part of the worldwide church shares those core beliefs which it believes to have been passed down from the time of the Apostles. Those beliefs are founded on the Bible and are summed up in the creeds, which are regularly used in Christian services of many denominations. It is widely considered that the Protestant Reformation focused on three main matters of belief: the primary authority of scripture; salvation by faith through faith in Christ, and; the priesthood of all believers. The Methodist Church affirms the importance of these matters. John Wesley (the founder of Methodism) believed that certain aspects of the Christian Faith required special emphasis. Methodists today still hold to these emphases, known to them as, the 'Four Alls': - All need to be saved – "All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God" (Romans 3:23) – Sin is a deep-seated self-seeking from which no-one is immune. - All can be saved – We can be saved from the consequences of our sin through the work of Jesus Christ on the cross. This is a Gospel ('good news') for everyone – "God sent the Son into the world... that the world might be saved through him" (John 3:17) - All may know themselves saved – through the promises in scripture, the intense conviction of God's graciousness to us individually, and a different outlook on life leading to a changed quality of living – "If you confess with your mouth, 'Jesus is Lord', and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved." (Romans 10:9) - All may be completely saved – there can be no limits on what God can do in our lives, as we are continually becoming more and more perfect in love for God and also our fellow humans[16] ## Structure The Methodist Church in Ireland works on a democratic structure. There are no bishops or ordained hierarchy. Authority in the Church is vested in the Conference and the trustees. ### Classes The small group (or 'class') has long been an organisational mainstay of Methodism. While now operating under a number of different names, such as Alpha Home groups, prayer triplets, or Bible studies, their essential purpose remains the same: the mutual encouragement and strengthening of church members through close fellowship. ### Societies and circuits These small groups gather, along with other people, to worship together on Sunday and "to work and witness in the community throughout the week". These congregations (or 'societies') can be linked with up to six or seven other congregations in the local area to form a 'circuit'. The direction of a circuit is guided by the Circuit Executive, composed of one senior minister ('Circuit superintendent'), other ministers, local preachers and a group of leaders from the member congregations. ### Districts There are 57 Methodist circuits on the island of Ireland, which have been gathered into three 'districts' to co-ordinate and motivate at a more general geographical level. Each district appoints a superintendent to oversee the work and provide pastoral support to the ministerial team. ### Conference The annual Conference is usually held over the second weekend of June each year. There are several boards and departments which work at the Connexional level to serve individuals and the Methodist Church in Ireland as a whole. Each year Conference elects an administrative and representative president for 12 months. ## Social action and education The Methodist Church has made a large contribution to Ireland both through education and social action. ### Social action The church has an emphasis on social action in society. One of the church's mottoes is that the organisation is "Friends of all, enemies of none". The Methodist Church maintains a number of "City Missions". Work carried out by the City Missions includes listening services, homeless help, retirement and nursing homes and various other self-help groups. Strongly emphasised is that the relief of social and personal needs are addressed irrespective of creed. The Methodist Church attempts to make a proactive contribution to society as a whole through its Council on Social Responsibility, World Development & Relief Committee and Home missions department. The Church can also claim a positive contribution to the peace process in Northern Ireland. #### LGBTQ Issues and Same-sex marriage The Methodist Church of Ireland does not permit same-sex marriages. In 2024, the Methodist Church voted to apologise to the LGBTQ community for "all forms of homophobia," while also voting to reaffirm that the church defines marriage as "between one man and one woman." The church also accepted a report that "recommended individual churches and their councils could decide if people in same-sex relationships could serve in leadership roles," but an amendment reaffirming that sexual intercourse is reserved for marriage made it unclear if the recommendation would be implemented. The amendment stating that "faithfulness in marriage and celibacy outside of it" is "a standard for spiritual leadership and teaching roles" was approved with 56% in favour and 46% opposed. ### Education The Methodist Church maintains two large secondary schools in Ireland, one north and one south. Methodist College Belfast has made a significant contribution to the life of Ireland and internationally, with some distinguished past pupils including Ernest Walton. Its counterpart in the Republic, Wesley College Dublin has a similar reputation. Famous past pupils of Wesley include George Bernard Shaw and Senator Gordon Wilson. The Methodist Church also maintains a number of primary schools in both the Republic and Northern Ireland. In addition to these schools the church also maintains a theological college at Edgehill which has been in existence for over 80 years. Edgehill Theological College is a constituent college of the Queen's University, Belfast and provides a series of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in theology, part-time courses in faith and worship and other areas of church life as well as correspondence courses and seminars. Edgehill is the ministerial training college for the Methodist Church in Ireland. The church also owns an agricultural college in the Republic of Ireland called Gurteen College. ### Children's and youth work Methodism has a long tradition of organised youth work, currently instigated and supported by the Irish Methodist Youth and Children's Department [IMYC] (formerly Department of Youth and Children's Work). The first full-time general secretary was appointed over thirty years ago. IMYC exists to establish links between the Church and children and young people, so that every generation in the church's life is appreciated and listened to. This involves representing and advocating youth and children's issues within the whole life of the Church as well as providing training to ministers and youth and children's workers. The current general secretary is Gillian Gilmore, and her predecessors have included: Rev Dr David Rock, Rev David Neilands; Rev Dr Johnston McMaster, Rev Winston Good and Rev John Knox, the department's first general secretary. Current members of staff are: Dani Lorimer (Office Administrator), Lisa Best, & Gemma Barclay (Youth Ministry), Amy Anderson (Communications) & Leanne Hill (Training & Development). Previous members of staff include: Rev Dr Janet Unsworth, Jill McVitty, Kerry Scarlett, Janette McCormick, Nicky Blair and Raymond Ruttle (Children's Ministry) Rev Dr Julian Hamilton & Stephen McCann (Youth Ministry) and Sadie Bamford, Tara Crawford, Sharon Heath, Tina Barnett, Wendy Johnston & Liza Wiseman (Office Administrators). It offers a year out discipleship and evangelism programme known as Team on Mission (TOM) which is currently in its 31st year, members including Amy McSharry, Sara Fullerton and Aaron Sweeney; TOM succeeded the older programme known as Youth Evangelism Team (YET). The department also runs a number of flagship events such as Follow the Star (an interactive prayer room for under 8s), Soul Mates (For ages 9–13), Overflow (for young leaders aged 15+) and Autumn Soul (for ages 13+). ### The Methodist Newsletter The Methodist Newsletter is a newsletter produced by the Methodist Church in Ireland every month (except August). ## Contribution to Northern Ireland peace process ### Eric Gallagher Eric Gallagher was president of the Methodist Church in Ireland and the first Protestant churchman who met with IRA representatives in Feakle, County Clare in the 1970s to try to broker a peace. The meeting was unsuccessful, and was broken up by the Garda Síochána, but the fugitive IRA men had already left. ### Gordon Wilson Another contribution to the Peace Process emerged from tragedy in 1987. Gordon Wilson, a member of the Church was the father of Marie Wilson, one of 11 victims of the Enniskillen Remembrance Sunday Parade bombing by the Provisional IRA. He came to national and international prominence with an emotional television interview he gave to the BBC the same evening in which he described his last conversation with his daughter, a nurse, as they both lay buried in rubble. Wilson declared at the end of his interview that he forgave his daughter's killers and urged loyalist paramilitaries not to take revenge for her death. This was seen as a turning point in the peace process, that somebody so soon after such a disaster was able to forgive his own daughter's murderers. His contribution was honoured when he was invited to take a seat in Seanad Éireann by request of the Taoiseach in 1993. ### Harold Good In 2005, a former president of the Methodist Church in Ireland, Harold Good, was asked to be an independent witness for the historic decommissioning of IRA arms. ## Ecumenical relations The Methodist Church is a member of several ecumenical bodies, including the World Council of Churches, the Conference of European Churches, Churches Together in Britain and Ireland, and the Irish Council of Churches. ## Into the future In 1998 The Methodist Church in Ireland embarked on a period of reflection on its position within Irish Society which it called 'Dreaming Dreams'. Although in many areas of the country the Church is increasing in numbers it is aware that as a whole numbers are decreasing in church membership across the country in every denomination. The church has since published its 'ConneXions' plan. The core vision of ConneXions is that each local Church will reflect the life of Christ in its own area. Each church was asked to participate in a community survey so as to find a policy in each church which will best match the needs of its locality. The Methodist Church hopes that this plan when fully implemented will put the entire connexion in a strong position for regrowth and redevelopment in the 21st Century whilst holding fast to the emphasises of the Wesleyan tradition on which it was formed. In 2002 The Methodist Church in Ireland signed a covenant for greater cooperation and potential ultimate unity with the Church of Ireland. ## Presidents of the Methodist Church of Ireland - Rev. John Arthur Walton (father of Nobel Physics prize winner Ernest Walton) - Rev. John Robertson (1929) - Rev. William Henry Massey (1936–1937), died in office. - Rev. W. E. Morley Thompson (1948–1949) - Rev. Eric Gallagher (1967) - Rev. Charles George Eyre (1982-1983) - Rev. Sydney Frame (1985–1986) - Rev. William I Hamilton (1986–1987) - Rev. George Morrison (1987–1988) - Rev. Stanley Whittington (1988–1989) - Rev. Edmund T I Mawhinney (1994-1995) - Rev. Ken Best (1996–1997) - Rev. Dr. Norman Taggart (1997–1998) - Rev. David Kerr (1999–2000) - Rev. S. Kenneth Todd (2000–2001) - Rev. Dr. Harold Good OBE (2001–2002) - Rev. Winston Graham (2002–2003) - Rev. Jim Rea MBE (2003–2004) - Rev. Dr. Brian Fletcher (2004–2005) - Rev. Desmond Bain (2005–2006) - Rev. Ivan McElhinney (2006–2007) - Rev. Roy Cooper (2007–2008) - Rev. Aian Ferguson (2008–2009) - Rev. Donald P. Ker (2009–2010) - Rev. Paul Kingston (2010–2011) - Rev. Ian D. Henderson (2011–2012) - Rev. Kenneth Lindsay (2012–2013) - Rev. Dr. Heather Morris (2013–2014), the first woman to hold the position. - Rev. Peter Murray (2014–2015) - Rev. Brian Anderson (2015–2016) - Rev. Bill Mullaly (2016–2017) - Rev. Dr. Laurence Graham (2017–2018) - Rev. William Davison (2018–2019) - Rev. Sam McGuffin (2019–2020) - Rev. Tom McKnight (2020–2021) - Rev. Dr Sahr Yambasu (2021–2022), the first non-white person to lead one of the Four Main Churches in Ireland. - Rev. David Nixon (2022–2023) - Rev. David Turtle (2023–2024) - Rev Dr. John D Alderdice (2024–2025)[37] ## Gallery - Methodist chapel in Ballintra - Methodist church in Athlone - Thomas Street Methodist Church in Portadown - Methodist church in Portrush - Gorey United Methodist and Presbyterian Church	enwiki/4971073	enwiki	4,971,073	Methodist Church in Ireland	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland	2025-07-31T20:13:36Z	en	Q3586039	308,973	{{Short description\|Wesleyan Methodist church in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox Christian denomination \|name = Methodist Church in Ireland \|image = \|imagewidth = \|caption = Living wholeheartedly as followers of Jesus for the transformation of the world \|main_classification = [[Protestantism\|Protestant]] \|type = \|theology = [[Wesleyan theology\|Wesleyan]] \|polity = [[Connexionalism\|Connexional]] \|orientation = [[Methodism\|Methodist]] \|leader = Changes annually<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.irishmethodist.org/president-lay-leader\|title=President & Lay Leader\|website=www.irishmethodist.org}}</ref> \|fellowships = \|associations = [[World Council of Churches]], [[World Methodist Council]], [[Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe]] \|area = [[Ireland]] \|website = {{URL\|http://www.irishmethodist.org}} \|founder = \|founded_date = 1784 \|founded_place = \|separated_from = [[Church of Ireland]] \|parent = \|merger = \|separations = [[Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fimc.org.uk/\|title=Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches - Home \|website=www.fimc.org.uk}}</ref> 1973 \|hospitals = \|nursing_homes = \|aid = \|congregations = 232<ref name="irishmethodist.org">[http://www.irishmethodist.org/find-a-church/index.php IrishMethodist.org – Find a Church] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219213150/http://irishmethodist.org/find-a-church/index.php \|date=19 February 2009 }}</ref> \|members = approx 50,000 (2018){{update inline\|date=October 2021}}<ref name="irishmethodist.org"/> \|ministers = 108<ref name="irishmethodist.org"/> \|missionaries = \|temples = \|primary_schools = \|secondary_schools = 2 \|tertiary = \|footnotes = }} {{Methodism}} The '''Methodist Church in Ireland''' ({{Langx\|ga\|Eaglais Mheitidisteach in Éirinn}})<ref>[http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/census/UlsterScots.pdf 2001 Northern Irish census leaflet, Ulster-Scots] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225223255/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/census/UlsterScots.pdf \|date=25 February 2013 }} NI Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 5 October 2012.</ref> is a [[Wesleyan]] [[Methodism\|Methodist]] church that operates across both [[Northern Ireland]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]] on an all-[[Ireland]] basis. It is the fourth-largest Christian denomination in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=136&themeName=Census%202011\|title=NINIS: Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service}}</ref> The Irish Methodist Church has close links with the [[Methodist Church in Britain]]. For the year ending 31 December 2012, there were 105 Methodist ministers, 227 [[local preacher]]s and over six hundred lay people in leadership positions serving over 200 congregations, which combine to form a total community of 49,394 people.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.irishmethodist.org/membership-and-minister-statistics\|title=Membership and Minister Statistics \|website=www.irishmethodist.org }}</ref> In 2018, the numbers of members and wider community role was approximately 50,000.<ref name=IC /> The governing body of the Methodist Church in Ireland is the annual Conference. ==History== Methodism was founded in England by [[John Wesley]] and his younger brother [[Charles Wesley]] during the 18th century, initially as a [[Christian revival\|revival]] movement within the [[Church of England]]. The spread of Methodism to Ireland was facilitated by English preachers, and the early Irish adherents were nicknamed 'Swaddlers', after [[John Cennick]] delivered a sermon in Dublin on "the babe in swaddling clothes" ({{Bibleverse\|Luke\|2:12}}).<ref name="DMBI">{{cite web \|editor1-last=Vickers \|editor1-first=John A \|title=Ireland \|url=https://dmbi.online/index.php?do=app.entry&id=1471 \|website=A Dictionary of Methodism in Britain and Ireland \|access-date=20 July 2024 \|date=2008}}</ref> It was John Wesley's twenty-one visits between 1747 and 1789<ref>{{cite news \|first=Dudley Levistone \|last=Cooney \|title=The prophet of experience \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-prophet-of-experience-1.362632 \|access-date=19 January 2020 \|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] \|date=14 June 2003 \|language=en}}</ref> which were crucial in fostering the Irish Methodist community.<ref name="DMBI"/> He built and opened the first dedicated Methodist chapel in Ireland on Whitefriar Street in Dublin in 1752.<ref>{{cite web \|title=John Wesley in Dublin \|url=https://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/history-of-ireland/john-wesley-in-dublin \|website=www.askaboutireland.ie \|access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> By 1789 Methodist membership exceeded 14,000 in Ireland. Irish Methodism initially exerted the most influence among members of the [[established church\|established]] [[Church of Ireland]] and migrant European minorities, such as [[Moravians]], [[Palatines#Re-settlement in Ireland\|Palatines]] and [[Huguenots]].<ref>[https://www.irishpalatines.org/about/methodism.html Irish Palatines website, ''Methodism'']</ref><ref name= DMBIM /> There were significantly fewer conversions to Methodism among [[Irish Catholics]].<ref name="DMBI"/> During the [[Great Famine (Ireland)\|Great Famine]], Methodist membership declined significantly from 44,000 in 1844 to 26,000 by 1855; over 15,000 members emigrated during the period from 1840 to 1859.<ref name="DMBI"/> Irish Methodism experienced a division in 1816 due to disagreements regarding whether Irish preachers were authorised to administer the [[sacrament]]s. This resulted in the formation of two distinct [[Connexionalism\|connexions]]: the Wesleyan Methodists and the [[Primitive Methodists]].<ref>{{cite journal\|first=Robin P\|last=Roddie\|title=Primitive Methodism's Irish Connexion\|journal=Bulletin of the WHS, Irish Branch\|volume=9\|pages=3–38}}</ref> These two bodies reconciled and reunited in 1878, more than fifty years prior to the equivalent reunification in Britain. The [[All-Ireland#In religion\|all-Ireland]] denomination has continued despite the political partition of Ireland in 1922.<ref name= DMBIM>[https://dmbi.online/index.php?do=app.entry&id=1471 Dictionary of Methodism in Britain and Ireland website, ''Ireland'']</ref> The church began to [[Ordination of women in Methodism\|ordain women]] in 1978.<ref name=IC>[https://www.irishchurches.org/members/methodist-church-in-ireland Churches in Ireland website, ''Methodist Church in Ireland'']</ref> In 1997, Methodist membership was about 18,000.<ref name="DMBI"/> By 2018, there were 50,000 members and adherents across the island.<ref name=IC /> In 2002 the church signed a covenant with the Anglican Church of Ireland, leading to a closer working relationship.<ref>[https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/methodist-church-in-ireland World Council of Churches website, ''Methodist Church in Ireland'']</ref> In the early 2020s the majority of Irish Methodists live in Northern Ireland; however, there are Methodist churches in most of the populated areas in the Republic of Ireland (mainly along the eastern and southern coastline).<ref>[https://irishmethodist.org/find-a-church Irish Methodist website, ''Find a Church'', retrieved September 19, 2024]</ref> At this time there are 191 congregations on the island, about 145 of which are in Northern Ireland. ==Methodist belief== {{Main\|Wesleyan theology}} {{refimprove section\|date=October 2024}} The Methodist Church as part of the worldwide church shares those core beliefs which it believes to have been passed down from the time of the Apostles. Those beliefs are founded on the Bible and are summed up in the [[creed]]s, which are regularly used in Christian services of many denominations. It is widely considered that the [[Protestant Reformation]] focused on three main matters of belief: the [[Prima scriptura\|primary authority of scripture]]; [[sola fide\|salvation by faith]] through faith in Christ, and; the [[priesthood of all believers]]. The Methodist Church affirms the importance of these matters. John Wesley (the founder of Methodism) believed that certain aspects of the Christian Faith required special emphasis. Methodists today still hold to these emphases, known to them as, the 'Four Alls': * All need to be saved – "All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God" (Romans 3:23) – Sin is a deep-seated self-seeking from which no-one is immune. * All can be saved – We can be saved from the consequences of our sin through the work of [[Jesus Christ]] on the cross. This is a Gospel ('good news') for everyone – "God sent the Son into the world... that the world might be saved through him" (John 3:17) * All may [[assurance (theology)\|know themselves saved]] – through the promises in scripture, the intense conviction of God's graciousness to us individually, and a different outlook on life leading to a changed quality of living – "If you confess with your mouth, 'Jesus is Lord', and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved." (Romans 10:9) * All may be [[Christian perfection\|completely saved]] – there can be no limits on what God can do in our lives, as we are continually becoming more and more perfect in love for God and also our fellow humans<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.irishmethodist.org/who/mb-c.htm \|title=Irish Methodist.org – Beliefs \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819213256/http://www.irishmethodist.org/who/mb-c.htm \|archive-date=19 August 2006 \|website=www.irishmethodist.org }}</ref> ==Structure== [[File:Knock Methodist Church - geograph.org.uk - 82367.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Knock Methodist Church, [[Belfast]]]] The [[Methodist Church]] in [[Ireland]] works on a democratic structure. There are no bishops or ordained hierarchy. Authority in the Church is vested in the Conference and the trustees. ===Classes=== The small group (or '[[class meeting\|class]]') has long been an organisational mainstay of Methodism. While now operating under a number of different names, such as Alpha Home groups, prayer triplets, or Bible studies, their essential purpose remains the same: the mutual encouragement and strengthening of church members through close fellowship. ===Societies and circuits=== These small groups gather, along with other people, to worship together on Sunday and "to work and witness in the community throughout the week". These congregations (or 'societies') can be linked with up to six or seven other congregations in the local area to form a 'circuit'. The direction of a circuit is guided by the Circuit Executive, composed of one senior minister ('Circuit superintendent'), other ministers, local preachers and a group of leaders from the member congregations. ===Districts=== There are 57 Methodist circuits on the island of Ireland, which have been gathered into three 'districts' to co-ordinate and motivate at a more general geographical level. Each district appoints a [[Superintendent (Christianity)\|superintendent]] to oversee the work and provide pastoral support to the ministerial team. ===Conference=== The [[Annual conferences within Methodism\|annual Conference]] is usually held over the second weekend of June each year. There are several boards and departments which work at the Connexional level to serve individuals and the Methodist Church in Ireland as a whole. Each year Conference elects an administrative and representative president for 12 months.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.irishmethodist.org/who/structures.htm \|title=Irish Methodist.org – Structures \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107210759/http://www.irishmethodist.org/who/structures.htm \|archive-date=7 January 2005 \|website=www.irishmethodist.org }}</ref> ==Social action and education== The [[Methodist Church]] has made a large contribution to Ireland both through education and social action. ===Social action=== The church has an emphasis on social action in society. One of the church's mottoes is that the organisation is "Friends of all, enemies of none". The Methodist Church maintains a number of "City Missions". Work carried out by the City Missions includes listening services, homeless help, retirement and nursing homes and various other self-help groups. Strongly emphasised is that the relief of social and personal needs are addressed irrespective of creed. The Methodist Church attempts to make a proactive contribution to society as a whole through its Council on Social Responsibility, World Development & Relief Committee and Home missions department. The Church can also claim a positive contribution to the peace process in Northern Ireland. ==== LGBTQ Issues and Same-sex marriage ==== {{See also\|Homosexuality and Methodism}} The Methodist Church of Ireland does not permit same-sex marriages.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2021-06-30 \|title=Irish Methodist Church will not permit same-sex marriages \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-57671828 \|access-date=2024-06-18 \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=Irish Methodist Church reaffirms marriage is 'between man and woman' after UK vote \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/religion-and-beliefs/irish-methodist-church-reaffirms-marriage-is-between-man-and-woman-after-uk-vote-1.4609193 \|access-date=2024-06-18 \|newspaper=The Irish Times \|language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the Methodist Church voted to apologise to the LGBTQ community for "all forms of homophobia," while also voting to reaffirm that the church defines marriage as "between one man and one woman."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=Linehan \|first=Alice \|date=2024-06-10 \|title=Methodist Church in Ireland apologises to LGBTQ+ community but fails to allow same-sex marriage \|url=https://gcn.ie/methodist-church-ireland-apologises-lgbtq-community/ \|access-date=2024-06-18 \|website=GCN \|language=en}}</ref> The church also accepted a report that "recommended individual churches and their councils could decide if people in same-sex relationships could serve in leadership roles," but an amendment reaffirming that sexual intercourse is reserved for marriage made it unclear if the recommendation would be implemented.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Methodist Church in Ireland apologises to LGBT community \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggnqlp46xo \|access-date=2024-06-18 \|website=www.bbc.com \|date=9 June 2024 \|language=en-GB}}</ref> The amendment stating that "faithfulness in marriage and [[celibacy]] outside of it" is "a standard for spiritual leadership and teaching roles" was approved with 56% in favour and 46% opposed.<ref name=":0" /> ===Education=== [[File:ChapelofUnity.jpg\|thumb\|Chapel of Unity, [[Methodist College Belfast]]]] The Methodist Church maintains two large secondary schools in Ireland, one north and one south. [[Methodist College Belfast]] has made a significant contribution to the life of Ireland and internationally, with some distinguished past pupils including [[Ernest Walton]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://methody.biznetservers.com/dsp_sub.cfm/page/Historycollege \|title=History of Methodist College, Belfast \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060417233305/http://methody.biznetservers.com/dsp_sub.cfm/page/Historycollege \|archive-date=17 April 2006 }}</ref> Its counterpart in the Republic, [[Wesley College Dublin]] has a similar reputation. Famous past pupils of Wesley include [[George Bernard Shaw]] and Senator [[Gordon Wilson (peace campaigner)\|Gordon Wilson]]. The Methodist Church also maintains a number of primary schools in both the Republic and Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.wesleycollege.ie/gen_pages/history.htm \|title=History of Wesley College, Dublin \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712051207/http://www.wesleycollege.ie/gen_pages/history.htm \|archive-date=12 July 2006 \|publisher=Wesley College }}</ref> In addition to these schools the church also maintains a theological college at [[Edgehill Theological College\|Edgehill]] which has been in existence for over 80 years. [[Edgehill Theological College]] is a constituent college of the [[Queen's University, Belfast]] and provides a series of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in theology, part-time courses in faith and worship and other areas of church life as well as correspondence courses and seminars. Edgehill is the ministerial training college for the Methodist Church in Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.edgehillcollege.org/history.htm \|title=History of Edgehill Theological College \|url-status=usurped \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516190358/http://www.edgehillcollege.org/history.htm \|archive-date=16 May 2008 \|publisher=Edgehill Theological College }}</ref> The church also owns an agricultural college in the Republic of Ireland called [[Gurteen College]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.gurteencollege.ie/about.htm \|title=About Gurteen College \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721192839/http://www.gurteencollege.ie/about.htm \|archive-date=21 July 2006 \|publisher=Gurteen Agricultural College }}</ref> ===Children's and youth work=== Methodism has a long tradition of organised youth work, currently instigated and supported by the Irish Methodist Youth and Children's Department [IMYC] (formerly Department of Youth and Children's Work). The first full-time general secretary was appointed over thirty years ago. IMYC exists to establish links between the Church and children and young people, so that every generation in the church's life is appreciated and listened to. This involves representing and advocating youth and children's issues within the whole life of the Church as well as providing training to ministers and youth and children's workers. The current general secretary is Gillian Gilmore, and her predecessors have included: Rev Dr David Rock, Rev David Neilands; Rev Dr Johnston McMaster, Rev Winston Good and Rev John Knox, the department's first general secretary. Current members of staff are: Dani Lorimer (Office Administrator), Lisa Best, & Gemma Barclay (Youth Ministry), Amy Anderson (Communications) & Leanne Hill (Training & Development). Previous members of staff include: Rev Dr Janet Unsworth, Jill McVitty, Kerry Scarlett, Janette McCormick, Nicky Blair and Raymond Ruttle (Children's Ministry) Rev Dr Julian Hamilton & Stephen McCann (Youth Ministry) and Sadie Bamford, Tara Crawford, Sharon Heath, Tina Barnett, Wendy Johnston & Liza Wiseman (Office Administrators). It offers a year out discipleship and evangelism programme known as Team on Mission (TOM) which is currently in its 31st year, members including Amy McSharry, Sara Fullerton and Aaron Sweeney; TOM succeeded the older programme known as Youth Evangelism Team (YET). The department also runs a number of flagship events such as Follow the Star (an interactive prayer room for under 8s), Soul Mates (For ages 9–13), Overflow (for young leaders aged 15+) and Autumn Soul (for ages 13+). <ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.youth.ie/members/methodist_dycw \|title=Methodist Church Department of Youth and Children's Work \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210151606/http://youth.ie/members/methodist_dycw \|archive-date=10 February 2009 \|publisher=National Youth Council of Ireland }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.irishmethodist.org/imycd/ \|title=Irish Methodist Youth and Children's Department \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825210032/http://www.irishmethodist.org/imycd/ \|archive-date=25 August 2012 \|website=www.irishmethodist.org }}</ref> ===''The Methodist Newsletter''=== ''[[The Methodist Newsletter]]'' is a newsletter produced by the Methodist Church in Ireland every month (except August). ==Contribution to Northern Ireland peace process== [[File:Methodism Northern Ireland Census 2011.png\|thumb\|Map of Methodist population in Northern Ireland ([[United Kingdom Census 2011\|2011 census]]). The Methodist population is highest in [[County Fermanagh]]; south [[County Antrim]] and [[Belfast]]; the [[Ards Peninsula]]; and the [[Upper Bann (Assembly constituency)\|Upper Bann]] valley]] ===Eric Gallagher=== [[Eric Gallagher]] was president of the Methodist Church in Ireland and the first Protestant churchman who met with IRA representatives in [[Feakle, County Clare]] in the 1970s to try to broker a peace. The meeting was unsuccessful, and was broken up by the [[Garda Síochána]], but the fugitive IRA men had already left.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2005/highlights_december/december29/northernireland.htm\|title=National Archives' Work (UK)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.presbyterianireland.org/news/news2000/news0285.html \|title=Presbyterian Ireland.org \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204223417/http://www.presbyterianireland.org/news/news2000/news0285.html \|archive-date=4 December 2008 }}</ref> ===Gordon Wilson=== Another contribution to the Peace Process emerged from tragedy in 1987. [[Gordon Wilson (Northern Irish peace campaigner)\|Gordon Wilson]], a member of the Church was the father of Marie Wilson, one of 11 victims of the Enniskillen Remembrance Sunday Parade bombing by the Provisional IRA. He came to national and international prominence with an emotional television interview he gave to the BBC the same evening in which he described his last conversation with his daughter, a nurse, as they both lay buried in rubble.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.cist.org/pv/em/er2521.htm \|title=cist.org – The Story of Gordon Wilson }}</ref> Wilson declared at the end of his interview that he forgave his daughter's killers and urged loyalist paramilitaries not to take revenge for her death. This was seen as a turning point in the peace process, that somebody so soon after such a disaster was able to forgive his own daughter's murderers.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.soetrust.co.uk/p/gordon-wilson/ \|title=Spirit of Enniskillen Trust – Gordon Wilson (includes audio file of Mr Wilson forgiving his attackers) \|access-date=17 March 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406051947/http://www.soetrust.co.uk/p/gordon-wilson/ \|archive-date=6 April 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> His contribution was honoured when he was invited to take a seat in [[Seanad Éireann]] by request of the [[Taoiseach]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/S/0144/S.0144.199506270002.html \|title=Seanad Éireann – Volume 144 – 27 June 1995 Death of Senator Gordon Wilson – Expression of Sympathy \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607063131/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/S/0144/S.0144.199506270002.html \|archive-date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> ===Harold Good=== In 2005, a former president of the Methodist Church in Ireland, [[Harold Good]], was asked to be an independent witness for the historic decommissioning of [[Provisional Irish Republican Army\|IRA]] arms.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/decommission/hgar260905.htm \|title=Joint Statement by Reverend Harold Good and Father Alec Reid on the Decommissioning of IRA weapons\|date=26 September 2005\|publisher=University of Ulster\|work=Conflict Archive on the INternet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/2005/09/26/story222552.html \|title=Rev Harold Good 'certain, totally certain' of IRA disarmament\|work=BreakingNews.ie\|date=26 September 2005 }}</ref> ==Ecumenical relations== The Methodist Church is a member of several ecumenical bodies, including the [[World Council of Churches]], the [[Conference of European Churches]], [[Churches Together in Britain and Ireland]], and the [[Irish Council of Churches]]. ==Into the future== In 1998 The Methodist Church in Ireland embarked on a period of reflection on its position within Irish Society which it called 'Dreaming Dreams'. Although in many areas of the country the Church is increasing in numbers it is aware that as a whole numbers are decreasing in church membership across the country in every denomination. The church has since published its 'ConneXions' plan. The core vision of ConneXions is that each local Church will reflect the life of Christ in its own area. Each church was asked to participate in a community survey so as to find a policy in each church which will best match the needs of its locality. The Methodist Church hopes that this plan when fully implemented will put the entire connexion in a strong position for regrowth and redevelopment in the 21st Century whilst holding fast to the emphasises of the Wesleyan tradition on which it was formed.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.irishmethodist.org/who/connexions.htm \|title=ConneXions \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813190657/http://www.irishmethodist.org/who/connexions.htm \|archive-date=13 August 2006 \|website=www.irishmethodist.org }}</ref> In 2002 The Methodist Church in Ireland signed a covenant for greater cooperation and potential ultimate unity with the [[Church of Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.ireland.anglican.org/archives/pressreleases/prarchive2002/covstmt2.html \|title=Church of Ireland/Methodist Church Covenant}}</ref> ==Presidents of the Methodist Church of Ireland== [[File:Rev. Dr. Heather Morris President of the Methodist Church in Ireland.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Rev. Dr. Heather Morris, President 2013–2014]] * Rev. John Arthur Walton (father of Nobel Physics prize winner Ernest Walton) * Rev. [[John Robertson (Irish minister)\|John Robertson]] (1929) * Rev. William Henry Massey (1936–1937), died in office. * Rev. W. E. Morley Thompson (1948–1949) * Rev. [[Eric Gallagher]] (1967) * Rev. Charles George Eyre (1982-1983) * Rev. Sydney Frame (1985–1986) * Rev. William I Hamilton (1986–1987) * Rev. George Morrison (1987–1988) * Rev. Stanley Whittington (1988–1989) * Rev. Edmund T I Mawhinney (1994-1995) * Rev. Ken Best (1996–1997) * Rev. Dr. Norman Taggart (1997–1998) * Rev. David Kerr (1999–2000) * Rev. S. Kenneth Todd (2000–2001) * Rev. Dr. [[Harold Good]] OBE (2001–2002) * Rev. Winston Graham (2002–2003) * Rev. Jim Rea MBE (2003–2004) * Rev. Dr. Brian Fletcher (2004–2005) * Rev. Desmond Bain (2005–2006) * Rev. Ivan McElhinney (2006–2007) * Rev. Roy Cooper (2007–2008) * Rev. Aian Ferguson (2008–2009) * Rev. Donald P. Ker (2009–2010) * Rev. Paul Kingston (2010–2011) * Rev. Ian D. Henderson (2011–2012) * Rev. Kenneth Lindsay (2012–2013) * Rev. Dr. Heather Morris (2013–2014), the first woman to hold the position. * Rev. Peter Murray (2014–2015) * Rev. Brian Anderson (2015–2016) * Rev. Bill Mullaly (2016–2017) * Rev. Dr. Laurence Graham (2017–2018) * Rev. William Davison (2018–2019) * Rev. Sam McGuffin (2019–2020) * Rev. Tom McKnight (2020–2021) * Rev. Dr Sahr Yambasu (2021–2022), the first non-white person to lead one of the Four Main Churches in Ireland. * Rev. David Nixon (2022–2023) * Rev. David Turtle (2023–2024) * Rev Dr. John D Alderdice (2024–2025)<ref>[https://irishmethodist.org/president-lay-leader Irish Methodist website, ''President & Lay Leader'', retrieved September 29, 2024]</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Methodist Church in Ballintra - geograph.org.uk - 913401.jpg\|Methodist chapel in [[Ballintra]] File:Chapel-athlone.jpg\|Methodist church in [[Athlone]] File:Thomas Street Methodist Church, Portadown. - geograph.org.uk - 571138.jpg\|Thomas Street Methodist Church in [[Portadown]] File:Portrush Methodist Church - geograph.org.uk - 222870.jpg\|Methodist church in [[Portrush]] File:County Wexford - Gorey United Methodist and Presbyterian Church - 20180923192900.jpg\|[[Gorey]] United Methodist and Presbyterian Church </gallery> ==See also== {{Portal\|Christianity}} * [[History of Christianity in Ireland]] {{clear}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|Methodist churches in the Republic of Ireland}} {{Official website\|http://www.irishmethodist.org/}} {{Northern Ireland topics}} {{Christianity in the United Kingdom}} {{CPCE}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Methodist Church in Ireland}} [[Category:Methodist Church in Ireland\| ]] [[Category:Methodist denominations]] [[Category:Members of the World Council of Churches]] [[Category:Religious organizations established in 1784]] [[Category:Methodist organizations established in the 18th century\|]] [[Category:Protestantism in Ireland]] [[Category:Protestantism in the United Kingdom]]	1,303,575,103	[{"title": "Methodist Church in Ireland", "data": {"Classification": "Protestant", "Orientation": "Methodist", "Theology": "Wesleyan", "Polity": "Connexional", "Leader": "Changes annually", "Associations": "World Council of Churches, World Methodist Council, Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe", "Region": "Ireland", "Origin": "1784", "Separated from": "Church of Ireland", "Separations": "Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches 1973", "Congregations": "232", "Members": "approx 50,000 (2018)", "Ministers": "108", "Secondary schools": "2", "Official website": "www.irishmethodist.org"}}]	false
# Foothill Extension The Foothill Extension (formerly the Gold Line Foothill Extension) is a construction project extending the light rail A Line, a part of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. The project begins at the former terminus of the former Gold Line at Sierra Madre Villa station in Pasadena and continues east through the "Foothill Cities" of Los Angeles County. The plan's first stage, "Phase 2A", extended the then-Gold Line to APU/Citrus College station in Azusa; it opened on March 5, 2016. The first part of "Phase 2B" will extend the now A Line a further four stations to Pomona North station on the Metrolink San Bernardino Line in Pomona, thereby returning passenger rail service to the full right of way originally built out by the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad in 1887. It broke ground in December 2017, was substantially completed on January 3, 2025, and is currently undergoing pre-revenue testing. Pre-revenue testing will last through August 2025, and with the stations opening on September 19, 2025. The second part of Phase 2B will further extend the line two stations to the Montclair Transcenter in San Bernardino County. This phase is planned to break ground in spring 2025, and is expected to be completed in 2030. The corridor extension is being planned, managed, and implemented by the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority, simply known as Foothill Gold Line. The joint powers authority is governed by appointees from Los Angeles Metro, the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority (SBCTA), the San Gabriel Valley Council of Governments (SVGCOG), and the cities of Los Angeles, South Pasadena, and Pasadena. In addition to enhancing mobility in one of the most congested metropolitan areas in the United States, the 23.8-mile project (38.3 km) is seen as an economic catalyst for the region, generating 6,900 jobs during the construction phase and creating infill and transit-oriented development opportunities. With the Regional Connector having opened on June 16, 2023, the north (Pasadena–Azusa–Pomona) branch of the then-L/Gold Line was absorbed into the A Line, providing service from Long Beach via Downtown Los Angeles and Pasadena to Azusa. ## Route The entire 23.8-mile (38.3 km) route (Phase 2A and 2B) of the Foothill Extension follows the roadbed of the former Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway's Second Division through the Foothill Cities. These cities are in the foothills south of the San Gabriel Mountains, in the northern San Gabriel and Pomona valleys. Beginning at the former Gold Line terminus at Sierra Madre Villa station in Pasadena, the route extends roughly east, ending at Montclair Transcenter in Montclair, in San Bernardino County. The route parallels several major roads and highways, including I-210 (Foothill Freeway), Huntington Drive, and Foothill Boulevard. ## Planning and Phase 2A The Foothill Extension was initially conceived as "Phase 2" of the Gold Line, split into two parts, hence the numbering of its two phases. The route between Los Angeles and Pasadena is considered "Phase 1". The Gold Line Construction Authority (now Foothill Gold Line), which took over the Phase 1 project from Metro in 1999, also coordinates the Phase 2 projects. The initial draft environmental impact report (DEIR) for the Gold Line Foothill Extension was completed in April 2006 and covered the entire corridor between Sierra Madre Villa station in Pasadena and Montclair Transcenter in Montclair. The final environmental impact report (FEIR) study assessed two different construction options: an LRT Full Build alternative, which would complete the full extension to Montclair, and an LRT Build To Azusa alternative, which would extend only to Azusa; this was dubbed Phase 2A. On February 28, 2007, the Construction Authority Board certified the final EIR and decided to complete the "LRT Build to Azusa" alternative. In October 2009, the Los Angeles Metro board of directors unanimously voted to include the Gold Line Foothill Extension in its long-range plan and approved funding for the construction and operation of Phase 2A. A groundbreaking ceremony for Phase 2A was held on June 26, 2010; construction began the following summer and was completed in September 2015, with the extension entering service on March 5, 2016. The original project budget for Phase 2A was $690 million, including not only construction but also the purchase of vehicles, financing, administrative costs, mitigation, and other costs; in March 2011, the Construction Authority requested a $45 million increase in total budget, to $735 million, to reflect updated cost estimates. Phase 2A is 11.5 miles (18.5 km) long and included stations at Arcadia, Monrovia, Duarte/City of Hope, Irwindale, Azusa Downtown, and APU/Citrus College, as well as a new Division 24 Maintenance and Storage Facility. ## Phase 2B to Montclair Phase 2B is the project to extend the A Line from the Phase 2A terminus in Azusa east to Montclair. The final EIR was certified by the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority (Foothill Gold Line) board in March 2013. ### Proposed station listing Phase 2B is 12.3 miles (19.8 km) long and will take approximately 17.9 minutes to traverse. The segment between Azusa and Pomona is 9.1 miles (14.6 km) long and the segment between Pomona and Montclair is 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long. The alignment will have six new Metro stations: Glendora; San Dimas; La Verne/Fairplex; and Pomona North with a connection to the Metrolink San Bernardino Line; Claremont with a connection to the Metrolink San Bernardino Line; and Montclair with a connection to the Metrolink San Bernardino Line and the Foothill Transit Silver Streak. Foothill Gold Line expects 17,800 riders by 2035. ### Status Planning for the Foothill Extension Phase 2B (Azusa to Montclair) began in 2003, and significant work has been completed for the segment. The final EIR for the project was certified by the Foothill Gold Line board in March 2013, and advanced conceptual engineering began in 2014. On June 23, 2017, the Los Angeles Metro board of directors approved a $1.4 billion budget to extend the A Line (then the Gold Line) from APU/Citrus College station in Pasadena to Claremont station in Claremont, 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to the east. However, officials in San Bernardino County convinced planners to further continue the extension to Montclair Transcenter in Montclair, an additional 0.8 miles (1.3 km) to the east, saying the transit center made for a natural terminus for the line. It is expected to cost an additional $70 million to extend the A Line from Claremont to Montclair, across county lines. Construction on Phase 2B of the Foothill Extension is split into two projects. Project 1 is the relocation of freight railroad tracks, which is complete. Project 2 is the construction of the light rail line itself the A Line utilizes. Full construction to Claremont and Montclair by 2028 depended on additional funding to be secured by October 2021. However, on September 10, 2021, state funding was past due for constructing the route further east of Pomona. This pushed the opening date to Montclair back, as well as outright placing the 3.2-mile segment at risk of cancellation altogether. However, Foothill Gold Line was persistent in seeking funding for the project. On July 8, 2024, Governor of California Gavin Newsom and the California State Transportation Agency (CalSTA) announced the distribution of the first year of funding from California State Senate Bill 125 (SB125). Metro allocated $798 million of SB125 funding to complete the Los Angeles County portion of the Pomona to Montclair project. Courtesy of the state’s Transit and Intercity Rail Capital Program (TIRCP), CalSTA released close to $500 million for the project, with the remainder of the $798 million to be allocated by the end of 2024. On July 11, 2024, the Foothill Gold Line board of directors unanimously voted to work with Kiewit Corporation as their contractor to build the Pomona to Montclair project. The project's construction contract award is set for spring 2025 and should take five years to complete and open in 2030. On October 31, 2024, having received the total $798 million in funding from CalSTA, the Metro board of directors unanimously voted to transfer the funds to Foothill Gold Line. Additionally, the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority (SBCTA) has set aside $80 million in funding to directly fund the construction of the approximately 1-mile-long (1.6 km) segment of the extension within San Bernardino County, matching the project's current total estimated cost of $878 million. However, on March 26, 2025, Foothill Gold Line canceled their bid with Kiewit due to the final bid remaining hundreds of millions of dollars above expert estimates and available funding. ### Construction On December 2, 2017, officials broke ground for Phase 2B in a ceremony at Citrus College. The cost of the project was estimated at $1.5 billion. Completion of Phase 2B (including Montclair Transcenter) was expected by early 2026. On July 10, 2020, major construction began on Phase 2B, building four stations from Azusa to Pomona. The first part of the construction focused on reconstructing the 28 at-grade crossings and relocating utilities. Gladstone Street in San Dimas was the first one to begin. Nearly all reconstructions commenced and finished in late 2022. As of June 2023, the at-grade crossing reconstructions were complete. The freight/light rail bridges over channels and washes began in 2021, relocating and building new bridges to facilitate the freight and the A Line (then known as the L Line). These bridges were the first to finish as they didn't impact vehicular traffic. The light rail bridges, crossing major streets, began briefly. As required by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), the light rail crossing at Foothill Blvd, Route 66, Lone Hill Blvd, and Bonita/Cataract Ave needed to be grade-separated (light rail only) with a flyover bridge. Those bridges feature the neighborhood's citrus design and includes local artwork. All of these components were complete by June 2023. The more complex component was the freight track relocation. The freight originally existed in the middle of the corridor, leaving no room for the light rail extension. To create space, the construction authority relocated it to the north side (south side west of Lone Hill Blvd) of the alignment. It was complete by October 2022. With the relocation work finished, crews began work on the light rail system by installing the overhead line, train control systems, and the light rail track. On June 24, 2023, an event held in La Verne culminated in the installation of the 230,630th rail clip (rail clips permanently attach the steel rail to the concrete railroad ties), officially completing major construction for the new light rail tracks from Glendora to Pomona. The extension to Pomona reached substantial completion on January 3, 2025. Following this, Foothill Gold Line transferred ownership of the segment to Metro, who is currently conducting pre-revenue testing along the segment. Pre-revenue testing will last through August 2025, with the extension opening on September 19, 2025. ## Proposed extension to Ontario International Airport There has been past interest in extending the Gold Line (now the A Line) from Montclair Transcenter in Montclair to Ontario International Airport. Currently, no active proposals exist to plan or construct this extension. ### City of Ontario In 2006, when the city of Ontario joined the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority, city leaders pushed to further extend the line to Ontario International Airport. On March 9, 2009, the city passed a resolution affirming their support for this extension. The extension would be 7.5 miles (12.1 km) in length. ### Studies In 2008, the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority commissioned a study by KOA Corporation to determine the feasibility of such an extension, which they dubbed "Phase 2C." The study found the extension would be feasible and provided several alignment alternatives. The extension would be between 7 miles (11 km) and 15 miles (24 km) and add up to four new stations, depending on the chosen alignment. In November 2014, the San Bernardino Associated Governments (SANBAG), the precursor to the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority (SBCTA), conducted a study focused on better serving Ontario International Airport via public transport. Out of the six alternatives narrowed down from 32 that were more closely studied, one of these alternatives included "Alternative D-1", which proposed extending the Gold Line from Montclair Transcenter along the San Bernardino Line until Cucamonga Creek, which the line would then follow to terminate at Ontario International Airport. In October 2018, the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), in cooperation with the SBCTA and the Los Angeles Metro, conducted a transit and rail planning study for the corridor connecting the eastern San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County with the western San Bernardino Valley in San Bernardino County. This study considered two options for the "LRT Alternative", including extensions of the Gold Line to Ontario International Airport, the "Arterial Option" and the "Cucamonga Creek Option". The Arterial Option followed Indian Hill Boulevard and Holt Boulevard, while the Cucamonga Creek Option had the same routing as Alternative D-1 in the 2014 study. ### Legislative attempts In January 2020, California State Assemblyman Chris Holden (D-Pasadena), representing California's 41st State Assembly district, introduced Assembly Bill AB 2011. The measure would've formed the West San Bernardino County Rail Construction Authority, which would've designed and constructed the extension from Montclair to Ontario International Airport. Holden would be aided by California State Senator Anthony Portantino (D-La Cañada Flintridge), representing California's 25th senatorial district, who introduced his bill, SB 1390, on February 21, 2020, which went even further and would've transferred taxpayer funds and land owned by the SBCTA within the proposed rail right of way to a state-created independent construction authority. Both state legislators presented their bills to the SBCTA board of directors at the March 7, 2020, board meeting. The board voted to oppose both bills and passed a motion reasserting itself as the sole authority to plan, design, and build new mass transit projects in San Bernardino County. Despite this, both bills were supported by the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority. Neither bill was able to pass the state legislature. On May 18, 2020, the SBCTA ceased negotiations on a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on the extension, following Holden committing against further action on his legislative proposal, killing these attempts at the project. ### Proposed alternative As a cost-effective solution compared to the proposed extension, estimated at around $1–1.5 billion, SBCTA and Ontario International Airport are currently in the process of trying to implement a tunnel with autonomous, zero-emission vehicles on an "on-demand" basis from the Metrolink San Bernardino Line's Rancho Cucamonga station to Ontario International Airport. Initially, The Boring Company proposed constructing a single 2.8-mile (4.5 km) tunnel similar to the Las Vegas Convention Center Loop that would cost $60 million. However, the company eventually dropped out of the project because they refused to submit another refined proposal. Despite this, the SBCTA moved forward with plans on the project. The new plans for the project include two 4.2-mile (6.8 km) tunnels that will cost roughly $492 million. The SBCTA selected HNTB as their new contractor to design, build, and maintain the project.	enwiki/28775167	enwiki	28,775,167	Foothill Extension	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_Extension	2025-08-05T02:26:14Z	en	Q5578777	352,816	{{Short description\|Light rail extension project in Los Angeles County, California}} {{Use American English\|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=July 2025}} {{Infobox rail line \| name = {{LACMTA link logo}} Foothill Extension {{LACMTA icon\|A}} \| type = [[Light rail]] \| logo = \| logo_width = \| color = {{rcr\|Los Angeles Metro Rail\|A}} \| image = Gold Line Overpass on I-210.jpg \| caption = [[Foothill Freeway]] overpass east of [[Sierra Madre Villa station]] \| system = [[Los Angeles Metro Rail]] \| status = Phase 2A: Complete<br />Phase 2B1: In testing<br />Phase 2B2: Planned \| locale = [[Los Angeles County, California\|Los Angeles]], [[Pasadena]], [[Azusa, California\|Azusa]], [[Pomona, California\|Pomona]] \| start = {{LAMs\|Sierra Madre Villa}} \| end = {{LAMs\|APU/Citrus College}} (Phase 2A)<br />{{LAMs\|Pomona North}} (Phase 2B1)<br />{{LAMs\|Montclair}} (Phase 2B2) \| stations = 6 (Phase 2A)<br />4 (Phase 2B1)<br />2 (Phase 2B2) \| routes = \| ridership2 = \| open = {{Start date and age\|2016\|03\|05}} (Phase 2A)<br />{{Start date and age\|2025\|09\|19}} (Phase 2B1)<br />{{Start date and age\|2030}} (Phase 2B2) \| close = \| owner = \| operator = {{LACMTA link logo\|showtext=yes}} \| character = \| depot = \| stock = \| linelength = {{convert\|11.5\|mi\|km\|abbr=on}} (Phase 2A)<ref name="pasadenatoazusa" /><br />{{convert\|9.1\|mi\|km\|abbr=on}} (Phase 2B to Pomona)<ref name="glendoratomontclair" /><br />{{convert\|3.2\|mi\|km\|abbr=on}} (Phase 2B to Montclair)<ref name="glendoratomontclair" /> \| tracklength = \| gauge = {{Track gauge\|ussg}} \| electrification = {{750 V DC\|conductor=overhead}} \| map = {{switcher \| {{maplink-road\|from=Foothill Extension.map}} Phase 2A highlighted in red, 2B to Pomona in green, 2B to Montclair in blue <hr /> \| Show interactive map \| {{Foothill Extension\|inline=yes}} \| Show route diagram }} }} The '''Foothill Extension''' (formerly the '''Gold Line Foothill Extension''') is a construction project extending the [[light rail]] [[A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|A Line]], a part of the [[Los Angeles Metro Rail]] system. The project begins at the former terminus of the former [[L Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|Gold Line]] at [[Sierra Madre Villa station]] in [[Pasadena]] and continues east through the "Foothill Cities" of [[Los Angeles County]]. The plan's first stage, "Phase 2A", extended the then-Gold Line to [[APU/Citrus College station]] in [[Azusa, California\|Azusa]]; it opened on March 5, 2016. The first part of "Phase 2B" will extend the now A Line a further four stations to [[Pomona North station]] on the [[Metrolink (California)\|Metrolink]] [[San Bernardino Line]] in [[Pomona, California\|Pomona]], thereby returning passenger rail service to the full right of way originally built out by the [[Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad]] in 1887. It broke ground in December 2017, was substantially completed on January 3, 2025, and is currently undergoing pre-revenue testing.<ref name="subcomplete" /> Pre-revenue testing will last through August 2025, and with the stations opening on September 19, 2025.<ref name="pomonaopen" /><ref name="A Line Extension Info Page" /> The second part of Phase 2B will further extend the line two stations to the [[Montclair Transcenter]] in [[San Bernardino County]]. This phase is planned to break ground in spring 2025, and is expected to be completed in 2030.<ref name="MetroProjectPage" /><ref name="montclairfunded" /><ref name="contractorchosen" /> The corridor extension is being planned, managed, and implemented by the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority, simply known as Foothill Gold Line.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Foothill Gold Line (official project website) \|url=http://www.foothillgoldline.org/ \|access-date=January 12, 2022 \|publisher=Metro Gold Line Foothill Extension Construction Authority}}</ref><ref name="MetroProjectPage" /> The [[joint powers authority]] is governed by appointees from [[Los Angeles Metro]], the [[San Bernardino County Transportation Authority]] (SBCTA), the San Gabriel Valley Council of Governments (SVGCOG), and the cities of [[Los Angeles]], [[South Pasadena, California\|South Pasadena]], and [[Pasadena]]. In addition to enhancing mobility in one of the most congested metropolitan areas in the United States, the {{convert\|23.8\|mi\|km\|adj=mid\|project}} is seen as an economic catalyst for the region, generating 6,900 jobs during the construction phase and creating infill and [[transit-oriented development]] opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=January 11, 2010 \|title=Economic Impact Study: Metro Gold Line Foothill Extension Phase 2A \|url=http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab082856.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121110011217/http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab082856.pdf \|archive-date=November 10, 2012 \|access-date=2014-11-22 \|publisher=Los Angeles Economic Development Corporation}}</ref> With the [[Regional Connector]] having opened on June 16, 2023,<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Von Quednow \|first1=Cindy \|title=Metro Regional Connector opens in Los Angeles, bringing more direct access to downtown \|url=https://ktla.com/news/metro-regional-connector-opens-in-los-angeles-brings-more-direct-access-to-downtown/ \|access-date=June 16, 2023 \|work=[[KTLA]] \|publisher=[[Nexstar Media Group]] \|date=June 16, 2023}}</ref> the north (Pasadena–Azusa–Pomona) branch of the then-L/Gold Line was absorbed into the [[A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|A Line]], providing service from Long Beach via Downtown Los Angeles and Pasadena to Azusa.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2017-09-25 \|title=Prepare for Our "Gold Line" to Be The "Blue Line" \|language=en-US \|work=ColoradoBoulevard.net \|url=https://coloradoboulevard.net/get-ready-for-our-gold-line-to-be-the-blue-line/ \|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|date=2015-01-20 \|title=Regional Connector Transit Corridor \|language=en \|work=US Department of Transportation \|url=https://www.transportation.gov/tifia/financed-projects/regional-connector-transit-corridor \|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=The Metro Blue Line will soon be called the 'A Line' • Long Beach Post \|url=https://lbpost.com/news/city/the-metro-blue-line-will-soon-be-called-the-a-line/ \|access-date=2018-12-12 \|website=lbpost.com\|date=December 8, 2018 }}</ref> ==Route== [[File:Gold Line Map (Future) of the Los Angeles County Metro System.png\|thumb\|300px\|Map of the former L Line, with the Foothill Extension along the top. Note that Citrus Avenue station was eventually opened as part of Phase 2A as [[APU/Citrus College station]].]] The entire {{convert\|23.8\|mi\|adj=on}} route (Phase 2A and 2B) of the Foothill Extension follows the roadbed of the former [[Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway]]'s [[Pasadena Subdivision\|Second Division]] through the Foothill Cities. These cities are in the foothills south of the [[San Gabriel Mountains]], in the northern [[San Gabriel Valley\|San Gabriel]] and [[Pomona Valley\|Pomona]] valleys. Beginning at the former [[L Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|Gold Line]] terminus at [[Sierra Madre Villa station]] in [[Pasadena]], the route extends roughly east, ending at [[Montclair Transcenter]] in [[Montclair, California\|Montclair]], in [[San Bernardino County]]. The route parallels several major roads and highways, including I-210 ([[Foothill Freeway]]), [[Huntington Drive]], and [[Foothill Boulevard (Southern California)\|Foothill Boulevard]].<ref name="FEIRAlternatives" /> ==Planning and Phase 2A== The Foothill Extension was initially conceived as "Phase 2" of the [[L Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|Gold Line]], split into two parts, hence the numbering of its two phases. The route between [[Los Angeles]] and [[Pasadena]] is considered "Phase 1". The Gold Line Construction Authority (now Foothill Gold Line), which took over the Phase 1 project from Metro in 1999, also coordinates the Phase 2 projects. The initial [[draft environmental impact report]] (DEIR) for the Gold Line Foothill Extension was completed in April 2006 and covered the entire corridor between [[Sierra Madre Villa station]] in Pasadena and [[Montclair Transcenter]] in [[Montclair, California\|Montclair]]. The final environmental impact report (FEIR) study assessed two different construction options: an ''[[LRT]] Full Build'' alternative, which would complete the full extension to Montclair, and an ''LRT Build To [[Azusa, California\|Azusa]]'' alternative, which would extend only to Azusa; this was dubbed Phase 2A. On February 28, 2007, the Construction Authority Board certified the final EIR and decided to complete the "LRT Build to Azusa" alternative.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=28 February 2007 \|title=Board resolution to certify FEIR. \|url=http://www.foothillextension.org/feir/Resolution%20No%202007-R-01.pdf \|access-date=2010-09-21 \|publisher=Gold Line Foothill Construction Authority}}{{dead link\|date=January 2017 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In October 2009, the [[Los Angeles Metro]] board of directors unanimously voted to include the Gold Line Foothill Extension in its long-range plan and approved funding for the construction and operation of Phase 2A. A groundbreaking ceremony for Phase 2A was held on June 26, 2010;<ref>{{Cite news \|date=June 26, 2010 \|title=Metro Gold Line Breaks Ground \|work=[[KABC-TV]] \|url=https://abc7.com/archive/7523039/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=2010-09-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040722/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news%2Flocal%2Flos_angeles&id=7523039 \|archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> construction began the following summer and was completed in September 2015, with the extension entering service on March 5, 2016. The original project budget for Phase 2A was $690 million, including not only construction but also the purchase of vehicles, financing, administrative costs, mitigation, and other costs;<ref>{{Cite web \|date=March 10, 2010 \|title=Project Overview and Status, presentation to the Design-Build Institute of America \|url=http://www.dbiawp.org/events/2010/DBIA_WP_Mar10_Breakfast_Presentation.pdf \|access-date=2010-09-21}}{{dead link\|date=January 2017 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in March 2011, the Construction Authority requested a $45 million increase in total budget, to $735 million, to reflect updated cost estimates.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.metro.net/board/Items/2011/03_March/20110324RBMItem7.pdf \|title=Gold Line Foothill Extension \|access-date=2011-03-23 \|archive-date=2012-04-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407003605/http://www.metro.net/board/Items/2011/03_March/20110324RBMItem7.pdf \|url-status=dead}}</ref> Phase 2A is {{convert\|11.5\|mi\|km}} long and included stations at {{LAMs\|Arcadia}}, {{LAMs\|Monrovia}}, {{LAMs\|Duarte/City of Hope}}, {{LAMs\|Irwindale}}, {{LAMs\|Azusa Downtown}}, and {{LAMs\|APU/Citrus College}}, as well as a new [[Los Angeles Metro Rail rolling stock#Current rail facilities\|Division 24 Maintenance and Storage Facility]].<ref name="pasadenatoazusa" /> ==Phase 2B to Montclair== Phase 2B is the project to extend the A Line from the Phase 2A terminus in [[Azusa, California\|Azusa]] east to [[Montclair, California\|Montclair]]. The final EIR was certified by the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority (Foothill Gold Line) board in March 2013.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Azusa to Montclair Final EIR. \|url=http://www.foothillgoldline.org/construction_phases/azusa_to_montclair/ \|access-date=2014-09-02 \|publisher=Gold Line Foothill Construction Authority}}</ref> ===Proposed station listing=== [[File:Montclair Transcenter, March 2025.jpg\|thumb\|Montclair – proposed terminus of the line]] Phase 2B is {{convert\|12.3\|mi\|km}} long and will take approximately 17.9 minutes to traverse.<ref name="FEIRAlternatives" /> The segment between [[Azusa, California\|Azusa]] and [[Pomona, California\|Pomona]] is {{convert\|9.1\|mi\|km}} long and the segment between Pomona and [[Montclair, California\|Montclair]] is {{convert\|3.2\|mi\|km}} long.<ref name="glendoratomontclair" /> The alignment will have six new Metro stations: {{LAMs\|Glendora}}; {{LAMs\|San Dimas}}; {{LAMs\|La Verne/Fairplex}}; and {{LAMs\|Pomona North}} with a connection to the [[Metrolink (California)\|Metrolink]] [[San Bernardino Line]]; {{LAMs\|Claremont}} with a connection to the Metrolink San Bernardino Line; and {{LAMs\|Montclair}} with a connection to the Metrolink San Bernardino Line and the [[Foothill Transit]] [[Silver Streak (bus)\|Silver Streak]]. Foothill Gold Line expects 17,800 riders by 2035.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Neal Broverman \|date=August 21, 2012 \|title=Plans Released for Gold Line Train to San Bernardino County \|work=Curbed Los Angeles \|publisher=[[Vox Media Inc.]] \|url=http://la.curbed.com/archives/2012/08/plans_released_for_gold_line_extension_to_san_bernardino_county.php \|access-date=2015-01-07}}</ref> ===Status=== Planning for the Foothill Extension Phase 2B ([[Azusa, California\|Azusa]] to [[Montclair, California\|Montclair]]) began in 2003, and significant work has been completed for the segment. The final EIR for the project was certified by the Foothill Gold Line board in March 2013, and advanced conceptual engineering began in 2014. On June 23, 2017, the [[Los Angeles Metro]] board of directors approved a $1.4 billion budget to extend the [[A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|A Line]] (then the [[L Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|Gold Line]]) from [[APU/Citrus College station]] in [[Pasadena]] to [[Claremont station (California)\|Claremont station]] in [[Claremont, California\|Claremont]], {{convert\|11.5\|mi\|km}} to the east.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Metro Gold Line Extension to Claremont Montclair \|date=23 June 2017 \|url=https://la.curbed.com/2017/6/23/15858170/metro-gold-line-extension-claremont-montclair \|publisher=Curbed L.A.}}</ref> However, officials in [[San Bernardino County]] convinced planners to further continue the extension to [[Montclair Transcenter]] in Montclair, an additional {{convert\|0.8\|mi\|km}} to the east, saying the transit center made for a natural terminus for the line.<ref name="ontariojoins" /> It is expected to cost an additional $70 million to extend the A Line from [[Claremont, California\|Claremont]] to Montclair, across county lines.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Foothill Gold Line \|url=http://www.foothillgoldline.org/construction_phases/glendora_to_montclair/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813145953/http://www.foothillgoldline.org/construction_phases/glendora_to_montclair/ \|archive-date=2017-08-13 \|access-date=2017-08-13 \|website=www.foothillgoldline.org \|language=en}}</ref> Construction on Phase 2B of the Foothill Extension is split into two projects. Project 1 is the relocation of freight railroad tracks, which is complete. Project 2 is the construction of the light rail line itself the [[A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|A Line]] utilizes.<ref name="workplan" /> Full construction to Claremont and Montclair by 2028 depended on additional funding to be secured by October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=10 July 2020 \|title=Major Construction Begins on Foothill Gold Line Extension Project \|agency=NBC Los Angeles \|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/major-construction-begins-on-foothill-gold-line-extension-project/2394227/?amp \|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> However, on September 10, 2021, state funding was past due for constructing the route further east of Pomona. This pushed the opening date to Montclair back, as well as outright placing the 3.2-mile segment at risk of cancellation altogether.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Scauzillo \|first1=Steve \|title=Hopes Dashed for Light Rail Line Extension From Pomona to Montclair \|url=https://www.dailybulletin.com/2021/09/09/hopes-dashed-for-light-rail-line-extension-from-pomona-to-montclair/ \|access-date=September 10, 2021 \|work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] \|agency=[[Daily Bulletin]] \|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] \|date=September 10, 2021}}</ref> However, Foothill Gold Line was persistent in seeking funding for the project. On July 8, 2024, [[Governor of California]] [[Gavin Newsom]] and the [[California State Transportation Agency]] (CalSTA) announced the distribution of the first year of funding from [[California State Senate]] Bill 125 (SB125).<ref>{{cite web \|title=Nearly $2 billion going to California public transit \|url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/07/08/nearly-2-billion-going-to-california-public-transit/ \|website=Governor of California - CA.gov \|date=July 8, 2024 \|access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref> Metro allocated $798 million of SB125 funding to complete the [[Los Angeles County]] portion of the [[Pomona, California\|Pomona]] to Montclair project. Courtesy of the state’s Transit and Intercity Rail Capital Program (TIRCP), CalSTA released close to $500 million for the project, with the remainder of the $798 million to be allocated by the end of 2024. On July 11, 2024, the Foothill Gold Line board of directors unanimously voted to work with [[Kiewit Corporation]] as their contractor to build the Pomona to Montclair project. The project's construction contract award is set for spring 2025 and should take five years to complete and open in 2030.<ref name="montclairfunded"/><ref name="contractorchosen" /> On October 31, 2024, having received the total $798 million in funding from CalSTA, the Metro board of directors unanimously voted to transfer the funds to Foothill Gold Line. Additionally, the [[San Bernardino County Transportation Authority]] (SBCTA) has set aside $80 million in funding to directly fund the construction of the approximately {{convert\|1\|mi\|km\|adj=mid\|-long}} segment of the extension within [[San Bernardino County]], matching the project's current total estimated cost of $878 million.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Scauzillo \|first1=Steve \|title=LA Metro awards funding to extend light-rail line into San Bernardino County \|url=https://www.dailynews.com/2024/10/31/la-metro-awards-full-funding-to-extend-light-rail-line-into-san-bernardino-county/ \|access-date=November 2, 2024 \|work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] \|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] \|date=November 1, 2024}}</ref> However, on March 26, 2025, Foothill Gold Line canceled their bid with Kiewit due to the final bid remaining hundreds of millions of dollars above expert estimates and available funding.<ref>{{cite press release \|last=Levy Buch \|first=Lisa \|date=March 26, 2025 \|title=Construction Authority Announces New Plan to Deliver Pomona to Montclair Project \|url=https://foothillgoldline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2025-03-26-FINAL-Agency-Statement-DB-Procurement-Cancelled.pdf \|agency=Foothill Gold Line \|access-date=July 25, 2025}}</ref> === Construction === On December 2, 2017, officials broke ground for Phase 2B in a ceremony at [[Citrus College]]. The cost of the project was estimated at $1.5 billion.<ref name="Los Angeles Times" /> Completion of Phase 2B (including Montclair Transcenter) was expected by early 2026.<ref name="workplan" /> On July 10, 2020, major construction began on Phase 2B, building four stations from Azusa to Pomona. The first part of the construction focused on reconstructing the 28 at-grade crossings and relocating utilities. Gladstone Street in San Dimas was the first one to begin.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Foothill Gold Line E-News Update – Major Construction Begins July 10: Full Closure of Gladstone Street at Railroad Crossing in San Dimas (July 10 - Sept. 30) \|url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CAFGL/bulletins/2933993 \|access-date=2025-01-04 \|website=Foothill Gold Line \|language=en}}</ref> Nearly all reconstructions commenced and finished in late 2022. As of June 2023, the at-grade crossing reconstructions were complete.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Foothill Gold Line E-News Update – 2022 Year-End Review; What to Expect in 2023 \|url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CAFGL/bulletins/33ec5c4 \|access-date=2023-01-06 \|website=Foothill Gold Line \|language=en}}</ref> The freight/light rail bridges over channels and washes began in 2021, relocating and building new bridges to facilitate the freight and the A Line (then known as the L Line). These bridges were the first to finish as they didn't impact vehicular traffic. The light rail bridges, crossing major streets, began briefly. As required by the [[California Public Utilities Commission]] (CPUC), the light rail crossing at Foothill Blvd, Route 66, Lone Hill Blvd, and Bonita/Cataract Ave needed to be grade-separated (light rail only) with a flyover bridge. Those bridges feature the neighborhood's citrus design and includes local artwork. All of these components were complete by June 2023.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Project Progress - Q2 2023 \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gu10UHvfz0s \|access-date=June 15, 2023 \|website=[[YouTube]] \| date=June 14, 2023 \|publisher=Foothill Gold Line}}</ref> The more complex component was the freight track relocation. The freight originally existed in the middle of the corridor, leaving no room for the light rail extension. To create space, the construction authority relocated it to the north side (south side west of Lone Hill Blvd) of the alignment. It was complete by October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Foothill Gold Line E-News Update – October 2022 Project and Community Updates \|url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CAFGL/bulletins/3330f47 \|access-date=2023-01-06 \|website=Foothill Gold Line \|language=en}}</ref> With the relocation work finished, crews began work on the light rail system by installing the [[overhead line]], train control systems, and the light rail track. On June 24, 2023, an event held in La Verne culminated in the installation of the 230,630th rail clip (rail clips permanently attach the steel rail to the concrete railroad ties), officially completing major construction for the new light rail tracks from Glendora to Pomona.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-06-27 \|title=Video, Photo & Media Recap: Completion of Major Work on New Light Rail Track System from Glendora to Pomona \|url=https://www.iwillride.org/video-photo-media-recap-completion-of-major-work-on-new-light-rail-track-system-from-glendora-to-pomona/ \|access-date=2023-08-03 \|website=I Will Ride Blog \|language=en}}</ref> The extension to Pomona reached substantial completion on January 3, 2025. Following this, Foothill Gold Line transferred ownership of the segment to Metro, who is currently conducting pre-revenue testing along the segment.<ref name="subcomplete" /> Pre-revenue testing will last through August 2025, with the extension opening on September 19, 2025.<ref name="pomonaopen" /><ref name="A Line Extension Info Page" /> ==Proposed extension to Ontario International Airport== There has been past interest in extending the [[L Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|Gold Line]] (now the [[A Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|A Line]]) from [[Montclair Transcenter]] in [[Montclair, California\|Montclair]] to [[Ontario International Airport]]. Currently, no active proposals exist to plan or construct this extension. ===City of Ontario=== In 2006, when the city of [[Ontario, California\|Ontario]] joined the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority, city leaders pushed to further extend the line to [[Ontario International Airport]].<ref name="ontariojoins" /> On March 9, 2009, the city passed a resolution affirming their support for this extension. The extension would be {{convert\|7.5\|mi\|km}} in length.<ref>{{cite web \|title=A Resolution Supporting The Metro Gold Line Foothill Extension Project \|date=March 3, 2009 \|url=http://www.ci.ontario.ca.us/index.cfm/4298/60075 \|accessdate=September 21, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718093201/http://www.ci.ontario.ca.us/index.cfm/4298/60075 \|archive-date=July 18, 2011}}</ref> ===Studies=== In 2008, the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority commissioned a study by [[KOA Corporation]] to determine the feasibility of such an extension, which they dubbed "Phase 2C."<ref>{{cite web \|title=Foothill Authority Website, Phase 2C, Montclair to Ontario \|date=4 January 2011 \|url=http://www.foothillextension.org/construction_phases/phase_2c_montclair_to_ontario/ \|accessdate=January 4, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522103836/http://www.foothillextension.org/construction_phases/phase_2c_montclair_to_ontario/ \|archive-date=May 22, 2011}}</ref> The study found the extension would be feasible and provided several alignment alternatives. The extension would be between {{convert\|7\|mi\|km}} and {{convert\|15\|mi\|km}} and add up to four new stations, depending on the chosen alignment.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Strategic Planning Study Report for Metro Gold Line Foothill Extension to LA/Ontario International Airport \|url=https://www.gosbcta.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Strategic-Planning-Study-Report-for-Metro-Gold-Line-Extension-to-the-Ontario-International-Airport-2008.pdf \|website=[[San Bernardino County Transportation Authority]] \|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> In November 2014, the [[San Bernardino Associated Governments]] (SANBAG), the precursor to the [[San Bernardino County Transportation Authority]] (SBCTA), conducted a study focused on better serving [[Ontario International Airport]] via [[public transport]]. Out of the six alternatives narrowed down from 32 that were more closely studied, one of these alternatives included "Alternative D-1", which proposed extending the [[L Line (Los Angeles Metro)\|Gold Line]] from [[Montclair Transcenter]] along the [[San Bernardino Line]] until Cucamonga Creek, which the line would then follow to terminate at Ontario International Airport.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Ontario Airport Rail Access Study FINAL REPORT \|url=https://www.gosbcta.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Ontario-Airport-Rail-Access-Study-Report-2014.pdf \|website=[[San Bernardino County Transportation Authority]] \|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> In October 2018, the [[Southern California Association of Governments]] (SCAG), in cooperation with the SBCTA and the [[Los Angeles Metro]], conducted a transit and rail planning study for the corridor connecting the eastern [[San Gabriel Valley]] in [[Los Angeles County]] with the western [[San Bernardino Valley]] in [[San Bernardino County]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Los Angeles-San Bernardino Inter-County Transit and Rail Study \|url=https://scag.ca.gov/los-angeles-san-bernardino-inter-county-transit-rail-study \|website=[[Southern California Association of Governments]] \|date=October 21, 2020 \|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> This study considered two options for the "[[LRT]] Alternative", including extensions of the Gold Line to Ontario International Airport, the "Arterial Option" and the "Cucamonga Creek Option". The Arterial Option followed Indian Hill Boulevard and [[Holt Boulevard]], while the Cucamonga Creek Option had the same routing as Alternative D-1 in the 2014 study.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Los Angeles and San Bernardino Inter-County Transit and Rail Connectivity Study Final Report \|url=https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/scag_intercountystudyreport_oct2018.pdf?1603319226 \|website=[[Southern California Association of Governments]] \|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> ===Legislative attempts=== In January 2020, [[California State Assembly]]man [[Chris Holden]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)\|D]]-[[Pasadena]]), representing [[California's 41st State Assembly district]], introduced Assembly Bill AB 2011. The measure would've formed the West San Bernardino County Rail Construction Authority, which would've designed and constructed the extension from Montclair to Ontario International Airport.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Scauzillo \|first1=Steve \|title=Lawmaker pushes LA Metro Gold Line extension to Ontario Airport \|url=https://www.dailybulletin.com/2020/01/30/bill-would-create-agency-to-build-gold-line-to-ontario-international-airport/ \|access-date=July 2, 2024 \|work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] \|agency=[[Daily Bulletin]] \|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] \|date=January 30, 2020}}</ref> Holden would be aided by [[California State Senator]] [[Anthony Portantino]] (D-[[La Cañada Flintridge]]), representing [[California's 25th senatorial district]], who introduced his bill, SB 1390, on February 21, 2020, which went even further and would've transferred taxpayer funds and land owned by the SBCTA within the proposed rail [[right of way]] to a state-created independent construction authority. Both [[California State Legislature\|state legislators]] presented their bills to the SBCTA board of directors at the March 7, 2020, board meeting. The board voted to oppose both bills and passed a motion reasserting itself as the sole authority to plan, design, and build new mass transit projects in [[San Bernardino County]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Scauzillo \|first1=Steve \|title=Tensions mount over rail access to Ontario airport \|url=https://www.dailybulletin.com/2020/03/07/tensions-mount-over-rail-access-to-ontario-airport/ \|access-date=July 12, 2024 \|work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] \|agency=[[Daily Bulletin]] \|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] \|date=March 7, 2020}}</ref> Despite this, both bills were supported by the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Scauzillo \|first1=Steve \|title=Gold Line board warms to Ontario airport light-rail connection bill \|url=https://www.sgvtribune.com/2020/03/11/gold-line-board-warms-to-ontario-airport-light-rail-connection-bill/ \|access-date=July 12, 2024 \|work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] \|agency=[[San Gabriel Valley Tribune]] \|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] \|date=March 11, 2020}}</ref> Neither bill was able to pass the state legislature. On May 18, 2020, the SBCTA ceased negotiations on a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) on the extension, following Holden committing against further action on his legislative proposal, killing these attempts at the project.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Ontario Airport Gold Line Connection - Project 'Derailed' by Transit Authority \|url=https://southpasadenan.com/ontario-airport-gold-line-connection-project-derailed-by-transit-authority/ \|access-date=July 12, 2024 \|work=South Pasadenan \|date=May 18, 2020}}</ref> ===Proposed alternative=== {{Main\|San Bernardino County Transportation Authority#Ontario Connector Project}} As a cost-effective solution compared to the proposed extension, estimated at around $1–1.5 billion,<ref name="muskproposal" /> SBCTA and [[Ontario International Airport]] are currently in the process of trying to implement a tunnel with autonomous, zero-emission vehicles on an "on-demand" basis from the [[Metrolink (California)\|Metrolink]] [[San Bernardino Line]]'s [[Rancho Cucamonga station]] to [[Ontario International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=ONT Connector Project \|url=https://www.gosbcta.com/project/ontloop-rail-to-air-tunnel-connection/ \|website=[[San Bernardino County Transportation Authority]] \|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> Initially, [[The Boring Company]] proposed constructing a single {{convert\|2.8\|mi\|km\|adj=on}} tunnel similar to the [[Las Vegas Convention Center Loop]] that would cost $60 million.<ref name="muskproposal" /> However, the company eventually dropped out of the project because they refused to submit another refined proposal.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=John \|first1=Darryn \|title=The Boring Company abandons plans for Ontario Airport loop in California \|url=https://driveteslacanada.ca/news/the-boring-company-abandons-plans-for-ontario-airport-loop-in-california/ \|access-date=October 4, 2022 \|work=Drive Tesla \|date=July 20, 2022}}</ref> Despite this, the SBCTA moved forward with plans on the project.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Local News San Bernardino County moves forward with underground tunnel plan without Elon Musk \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/san-bernardino-county-underground-tunnel-plan-without-elon-musk/ \|access-date=July 12, 2024 \|work=[[CBS News]] \|date=July 28, 2022}}</ref> The new plans for the project include two {{convert\|4.2\|mi\|km\|adj=on}} tunnels that will cost roughly $492 million.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Lin \|first1=Summer \|title=Elon Musk abandoned plans for a four-mile tunnel at Ontario airport. Locals are picking it up \|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-07-27/elon-musk-abandons-plans-for-ontario-airport-tunnel \|access-date=July 12, 2024 \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|date=July 27, 2022}}</ref> The SBCTA selected [[HNTB]] as their new contractor to design, build, and maintain the project.<ref>{{cite press release \|date=January 27, 2021 \|title=HNTB selected by SBCTA for Ontario Airport tunnel project \|url=https://www.hntb.com/press_release/hntb-selected-by-sbcta-for-ontario-airport-tunnel-project/ \|publisher=[[HNTB]] \|accessdate=January 2, 2023 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143624/https://www.hntb.com/press_release/hntb-selected-by-sbcta-for-ontario-airport-tunnel-project/ \|archive-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist\|30em\|refs= <ref name="pasadenatoazusa">{{cite web \|title=Pasadena to Azusa \|url=https://foothillgoldline.org/construction_phases/pasadena_to_azusa/ \|website=Foothill Gold Line \|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> <ref name="glendoratomontclair">{{cite web \|title=Glendora to Montclair \|url=https://foothillgoldline.org/dual_content_with_ph/glendora-montclair-background/ \|website=Foothill Gold Line \|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> <ref name="subcomplete">{{cite press release \|date=January 3, 2025 \|title=Foothill Gold Line from Glendora to Pomona Reaches Substantial Completion \|url=https://foothillgoldline.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/2025-01-03-PRESS-RELEASE-Foothill-Gold-Line-from-Glendora-to-Pomona-Reaches-Substantail-Completion.pdf \|agency=Foothill Gold Line \|access-date=January 3, 2025}}</ref> <ref name="pomonaopen">{{cite news \|last1=Scauzillo \|first1=Steve \|title=A Line light-rail extension from Azusa to Pomona set to open in late summer \|url=https://www.sgvtribune.com/2025/01/03/a-line-a-light-rail-from-azusa-to-pomona-is-done-and-set-to-open-in-late-summer/ \|access-date=January 4, 2025 \|work=[[San Gabriel Valley Tribune]] \|publisher=[[Digital First Media]] \|date=January 4, 2025}}</ref> <ref name="A Line Extension Info Page">{{Cite web \|date=2025-07-24 \|title=A Line Extension to Pomona \|url=https://www.metro.net/alinetopomona/ \|access-date=2025-07-24 \|website=Los Angeles Metro}}</ref> <ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{Cite web \|date=December 2017 \|title=Extension of Gold Line rail system to San Bernardino County breaks ground \|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-gold-line-20171202-story.html \|access-date=December 2, 2017 \|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="MetroProjectPage">{{Cite web \|title=Gold Line Foothill Extension \|url=http://www.metro.net/projects/foothill-extension/ \|access-date=November 22, 2014 \|publisher=Metro (LACMTA)}}</ref> <ref name="montclairfunded">{{cite news \|last1=Scauzillo \|first1=Steve \|title=State funds Pomona-to-Montclair light rail, first LA Metro project to San Bernardino County \|url=https://www.dailynews.com/2024/07/08/state-funds-pomona-to-montclair-light-rail-first-la-metro-project-to-san-bernardino-county/ \|access-date=July 9, 2024 \|work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] \|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] \|date=July 8, 2024}}</ref> <ref name="contractorchosen">{{cite news \|last1=Scauzillo \|first1=Steve \|title=Board picks potential firm to build Pomona-to-Montclair light rail extension \|url=https://www.sgvtribune.com/2024/07/11/board-picks-potential-firm-to-build-pomona-to-montclair-light-rail-extension/ \|access-date=July 12, 2024 \|work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] \|agency=[[San Gabriel Valley Tribune]] \|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] \|date=July 11, 2024}}</ref> <ref name="FEIRAlternatives">{{Cite web \|date=February 2007 \|title=Gold Line Phase II Final Environment Impact Report: Chapter 2 - Alternatives \|url=http://foothillgoldline.org/images/uploads/Chapter%202%20Alternatives.pdf \|access-date=November 22, 2014 \|publisher=Gold Line Foothill Construction Authority \|pages=2–100}}</ref> <ref name="workplan">{{Cite web \|title=Glendora to Montclair Work Plan \|url=http://www.foothillgoldline.org/images/uploads/2017-05-31_-_Glendora_to_Montclair_Work_Plan.pdf \|access-date=August 13, 2017 \|website=Foothill Gold Line}}</ref> <ref name="ontariojoins">{{cite news \|last1=Stockstill \|first1=Mason \|title=Ontario courts Gold Line extension \|url=https://skyscraperpage.com/forum/showthread.php?t=121273 \|access-date=September 11, 2010 \|work=[[Inland Valley Daily Bulletin]] \|agency=[[San Gabriel Valley Tribune]] \|publisher=[[Digital First Media]]}}</ref> <ref name="muskproposal">{{cite news \|last1=Scauzillo \|first1=Steve \|title=Elon Musk's Boring Co. proposes tunnel to Ontario airport as alternative to light-rail \|url=https://www.dailybulletin.com/2020/05/27/elon-musks-boring-co-proposes-tunnel-to-ontario-airport-as-alternative-to-light-rail/ \|access-date=July 12, 2024 \|work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] \|agency=[[Daily Bulletin]] \|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] \|date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> }} ==External links== {{Attached KML\|display=title,inline}} * [https://foothillgoldline.org// Foothill Gold Line] – the construction authority overseeing this project. * [https://www.metro.net/projects/foothill-extension/ Foothill Extension] – the official Metro project page. * [https://la.streetsblog.org/2014/06/19/gold-line-phase-ii-photo-essay/ Los Angeles Metro Gold Line Foothill Extension: A Photo Essay] {{Los Angeles Metro Rail and Busway stations navbox}} {{Los Angeles Metro}} {{IE Mass Transit}} [[Category:A Line (Los Angeles Metro)]] [[Category:L Line (Los Angeles Metro)]] [[Category:Los Angeles Metro Rail projects]] [[Category:Proposed railway lines in California]] [[Category:Public transportation in the San Gabriel Valley]] [[Category:Railway lines opened in 2016]] [[Category:Tram and light rail transit systems under construction]] [[Category:2025 in rail transport]] [[Category:2030 in rail transport]] [[Category:Rapid transit line extensions]]	1,304,278,802	[{"title": "Overview", "data": {"Status": "Phase 2A: Complete \u00b7 Phase 2B1: In testing \u00b7 Phase 2B2: Planned", "Locale": "Los Angeles, Pasadena, Azusa, Pomona", "Termini": "- Sierra Madre Villa - APU/Citrus College (Phase 2A) \u00b7 Pomona North (Phase 2B1) \u00b7 Montclair (Phase 2B2)", "Stations": "6 (Phase 2A) \u00b7 4 (Phase 2B1) \u00b7 2 (Phase 2B2)"}}, {"title": "Service", "data": {"Type": "Light rail", "System": "Los Angeles Metro Rail", "Operator(s)": "Los Angeles Metro"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Opened": "March 5, 2016 (Phase 2A) \u00b7 September 19, 2025 (Phase 2B1) \u00b7 2030 (Phase 2B2)"}}, {"title": "Technical", "data": {"Line length": "11.5 mi (18.5 km) (Phase 2A) \u00b7 9.1 mi (14.6 km) (Phase 2B to Pomona) \u00b7 3.2 mi (5.1 km) (Phase 2B to Montclair)", "Track gauge": "4 ft 8+1\u20442 in (1,435 mm)", "Electrification": "Overhead line, 750 V DC"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"\| All stations \| \| are accessible \|": "\| All stations \| \| have parking \|"}}]	false
# Maggia (municipality) Maggia is a municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Maggia's municipal borders were created in 2004 when the previous municipalities of Maggia, Moghegno, Aurigeno, Giumaglio, Someo, and Lodano were united. The municipality contains roughly 2,500 inhabitants and its official language is Italian. ## History Maggia is first mentioned in 1200 as de madia. In 1225 it was mentioned as Madiis, 1270 Madia. It was first recorded in 1270 as Madiis. This history contradicts a persistent legend about the history of the town's name. "Maggio", meaning "May" in Italian, was thought to be the source of Maggia's name as legend dictated that in this month settlers first arrived at the site. Roman era graves have been discovered in Maggia. Maggia broke away from the parish of S. Vittore in Murano in 1000, to form their own parish. The church in Maggia was the first parish church of the lower Maggia valley. It was the mother church of the other parishes that developed in the region in the following centuries. The current church of St. Mauritius was built in 1636. In 1855 the front facade was extended, followed in 1881 by a monumental staircase. The church was renovated in 1996-98. The Oratory of Madonna delle Grazie was built in 1510 on the site of an earlier chapel. It contains frescoes from around the construction and votive paintings by Giovanni Antonio Vanoni. In the Antrobio chapel there are frescoes from the 15th Century, which are among the oldest in the valley. The local economy was, up in the middle of the 20th century, based on agriculture, even if a portion of the population worked in the quarries. Starting in the 18th century there was a major emigration to Italy, and later overseas. Between 1907 and 1965, Maggia was served by the railway line Locarno-Bignasco. The residential area initially clustered around the nucleus. The old village core included Casa Martinelli which was built in the 17th century, was used as a school house and then a retirement home. With the economic growth of Locarno the population of Maggia grew. The village expanded in the direction of the fields and grottos. In 1977-78, the Aurigeno school opened, which was a central school for the lower Vallemaggia. With the merger of 2004, Maggia has become a more important regional center. ## Geography Maggia has an area, as of 1997, of 111.09 square kilometers (42.89 sq mi). Of this area, 0.79 km2 (0.31 sq mi) or 0.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 14.29 km2 (5.52 sq mi) or 12.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.42 km2 (0.16 sq mi) or 0.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.42 km2 (0.16 sq mi) or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes and 7.48 km2 (2.89 sq mi) or 6.7% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 0.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.1%. Out of the forested land, 10.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.4% is used for growing crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 5.1% is unproductive vegetation and 1.7% is too rocky for vegetation. The municipality is located in the Vallemaggia district. Since 2004 it consists of the villages of Maggia, Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo. ## Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a fess wavy argent. The wavy line represents the Maggia river. ## Demographics Maggia has a population (as of December 2020) of 2,611. As of 2008, 10.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks Italian language (752 or 88.5%), with German being second most common (59 or 6.9%) and Spanish being third (10 or 1.2%). There are 9 people who speak French and 1 person who speaks Romansh. As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 1,045 Swiss men (42.6% of the population), and 152 (6.2%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,143 Swiss women (46.6%), and 115 (4.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 306 or about 36.0% were born in Maggia and lived there in 2000. There were 260 or 30.6% who were born in the same canton, while 82 or 9.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 145 or 17.1% were born outside of Switzerland. In 2008 there were 14 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 19 deaths of Swiss citizens and 3 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 5 while the foreign population decreased by 2. There were 2 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 7 non-Swiss men and 8 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 2 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 3 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.0%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Maggia is; 223 children or 9.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 274 teenagers or 11.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 243 people or 9.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 285 people or 11.6% are between 30 and 39, 414 people or 16.9% are between 40 and 49, and 360 people or 14.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 313 people or 12.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 187 people or 7.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 156 people or 6.4% who are over 80. As of 2000, there were 367 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 370 married individuals, 70 widows or widowers and 43 individuals who are divorced. There were 103 households that consist of only one person and 19 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 316 households that answered this question, 32.6% were households made up of just one person and 4 were adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 61 married couples without children, 114 married couples with children There were 29 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up unrelated people and 2 households that were made some sort of institution or another collective housing. In 2000 there were 312 single family homes (or 77.6% of the total) out of a total of 402 inhabited buildings. There were 75 multi-family buildings (18.7%), along with 9 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (2.2%) and 6 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (1.5%). Of the single family homes 15 were built before 1919, while 22 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (134) were built between 1919 and 1945. In 2000 there were 514 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 146. There were 39 single room apartments and 124 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 312 apartments (60.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 201 apartments (39.1%) were seasonally occupied and 1 apartment (0.2%) was empty. The historical population is given in the following chart: ## Heritage sites of national significance The Church of S. Maria Delle Grazie, in Campagna is listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire villages of Aurigeno, Moghegno and Someo are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. ### Sights Maggia central tourist draws include: beaches on the banks of the Maggia River; Vallemaggia's largest carnival celebration; the 16th century Santa Maria Maggiore church; the Centoscalini church; its COOP grocery store; and, of course, its beloved AC Vallemaggia football club. ## Sports Maggia also boasts of its successful football club AC Vallemaggia, which play in the Seconda Lega Regionale of FTC, the fifth-highest level in Switzerland. Recently the club spent a season in a superior category and reach the final of the Ticino Cup. The Club was a merger of AC Maggia and lower division teams AC Centrovalle and FC Avegno. In 2005 a team representing Maggia took part of Jeux Sans Frontiérs, a European game show. The team placed third, the second highest performance for a Swiss Team in Jeux Sans Frontiérs history. Boston Red Sox player, Dustin Pedroia, is of Swiss origin, with roots in the village of Maggia. ## Politics In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 34.58% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (24.89%), the SP (15.53%) and the Ticino League (12.4%). In the federal election, a total of 766 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 44.9%. In the 2007 Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 1,709 registered voters in Maggia, of which 1,103 or 64.5% voted. 9 blank ballots were cast, leaving 1,094 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 247 or 22.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD+GenGiova (with 232 or 21.2%), the SSI (with 221 or 20.2%) and the PS (with 168 or 15.4%). In the 2007 Consiglio di Stato election, 9 blank ballots and 3 null ballots were cast, leaving 1,091 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 243 or 22.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD (with 235 or 21.5%), the LEGA (with 205 or 18.8%) and the PS (with 200 or 18.3%). ## Economy There were 369 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.0% of the workforce. In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 440. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 26, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 172, of which 50 or (29.1%) were in manufacturing, 52 or (30.2%) were in mining and 71 (41.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 242. In the tertiary sector; 48 or 19.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 5.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 43 or 17.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 11 or 4.5% were the insurance or financial industry, 11 or 4.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 22 or 9.1% were in education and 69 or 28.5% were in health care. In 2000, there were 108 workers who commuted into the municipality and 237 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 8.3% of the workforce coming into Maggia are coming from outside Switzerland. As of 2009, there were 5 hotels in Maggia with a total of 37 rooms and 78 beds. ## Religion From the 2000 census, 683 or 80.4% were Roman Catholic, while 40 or 4.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.24% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.59% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 3 individuals (or about 0.35% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Islamic. 38 (or about 4.47% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 78 individuals (or about 9.18% of the population) did not answer the question. ## Education In Maggia about 309 or (36.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 71 or (8.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 71 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.6% were Swiss men, 29.6% were Swiss women, 8.5% were non-Swiss men. In Maggia there were a total of 404 students (as of 2009). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Maggia there were 54 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 124 students attended the standard primary schools and 5 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 101 students in the two-year middle school and 2 in their pre-apprenticeship, while 30 students were in the four-year advanced program. The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 26 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 54 who attend part-time. The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There were 8 students in the professional program. As of 2000, there was 1 student in Maggia who came from another municipality, while 119 residents attended schools outside the municipality.	enwiki/6854360	enwiki	6,854,360	Maggia (municipality)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggia_(municipality)	2025-08-05T20:14:24Z	en	Q67996	152,078	{{Other places\|Maggia (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox Swiss town \| subject_name = Maggia \| municipality_type = municipality \| image_photo = Maggia Santa Maria 2011-07-13 14 47 53 PICT3441.JPG \| image_caption = Maggia village from S. Maria Delle Grazie \| imagepath_flag = CHE Maggia Flag.svg \| imagepath_coa = CHE Maggia COA.svg \| canton = Ticino \| iso-code-region = CH-TI \| district = [[Vallemaggia (district)\|Vallemaggia]] \|coordinates = {{coord\|46\|14\|N\|8\|42\|E\|display=inline,title}} \| postal_code = 6671,6673,6674 \| municipality_code = 5317 \| area = 111.09 \| elevation = 372\|elevation_description= \| population = 2358\|populationof = December 2004 \| popofyear = 2004 \| website = www.maggia.ch \| mayor = \|mayor_asof=\|mayor_party= \| mayor_title = Sindaco \|list_of_mayors = \| places = Maggia, [[Moghegno]], [[Aurigeno]], [[Giumaglio]], [[Someo]], [[Lodano]] \| demonym = \| neighboring_municipalities= [[Avegno, Switzerland\|Avegno]], [[Brione (Verzasca)]], [[Campo (Vallemaggia)]], [[Cavigliano]], [[Cevio]], [[Gordevio]], [[Gresso]], [[Isorno]], [[Lavizzara]], [[Onsernone]], [[Vergeletto]], [[Verscio]] \| twintowns = \|}} '''Maggia''' is a [[Municipalities of Switzerland\|municipality]] in the district of [[Vallemaggia (district)\|Vallemaggia]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland\|canton]] of [[Ticino]] in [[Switzerland]]. Maggia's municipal borders were created in 2004 when the previous municipalities of Maggia, [[Moghegno]], [[Aurigeno]], [[Giumaglio]], [[Someo]], and [[Lodano]] were united. The municipality contains roughly 2,500 inhabitants and its official language is Italian. ==History== Maggia is first mentioned in 1200 as ''de madia''. In 1225 it was mentioned as ''Madiis, 1270 Madia''.<ref name=HDS/> It was first recorded in 1270 as ''Madiis''. This history contradicts a persistent legend about the history of the town's name. "Maggio", meaning "May" in Italian, was thought to be the source of Maggia's name as legend dictated that in this month settlers first arrived at the site. [[Switzerland in the Roman era\|Roman era]] graves have been discovered in Maggia.<ref name=HDS/> Maggia broke away from the [[parish]] of S. Vittore in Murano in 1000, to form their own parish. The church in Maggia was the first [[parish church]] of the lower Maggia valley. It was the [[mother church]] of the other parishes that developed in the region in the following centuries. The current church of St. Mauritius was built in 1636. In 1855 the front [[facade]] was extended, followed in 1881 by a monumental staircase. The church was renovated in 1996-98. The [[Oratory (worship)\|Oratory]] of Madonna delle Grazie was built in 1510 on the site of an earlier chapel. It contains [[fresco]]es from around the construction and [[votive]] paintings by [[Giovanni Antonio Vanoni]]. In the Antrobio chapel there are frescoes from the 15th Century, which are among the oldest in the valley.<ref name=HDS/> The local economy was, up in the middle of the 20th century, based on agriculture, even if a portion of the population worked in the quarries. Starting in the 18th century there was a major emigration to Italy, and later overseas. Between 1907 and 1965, Maggia was served by the railway line Locarno-Bignasco. The residential area initially clustered around the nucleus. The old village core included Casa Martinelli which was built in the 17th century, was used as a school house and then a retirement home. With the economic growth of [[Locarno]] the population of Maggia grew. The village expanded in the direction of the fields and grottos. In 1977-78, the Aurigeno school opened, which was a central school for the lower Vallemaggia. With the merger of 2004, Maggia has become a more important regional center.<ref name=HDS/> ==Geography== [[File:Gana 5.04.08 011.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Aerial view of the Maggia Valley, with Maggia in the center on the right of the river]] [[File:ETH-BIB-Maggia-LBS H1-016262.tif\|thumb\|Aerial view (1954)]] Maggia has an area, {{as of\|1997\|lc=on}}, of {{convert\|111.09\|km2\|sqmi\|sp=us}}. Of this area, {{convert\|0.79\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} or 0.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while {{convert\|14.29\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} or 12.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, {{convert\|0.42\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} or 0.4% is settled (buildings or roads), {{convert\|0.42\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes and {{convert\|7.48\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} or 6.7% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 0.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.1%. Out of the forested land, 10.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.4% is used for growing crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 5.1% is unproductive vegetation and 1.7% is too rocky for vegetation.<ref>[http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=02&key1_testo=Territorio%20e%20ambiente&key1=02&key2=01&key3=01 Altitudine, superficie, secondo il genere di utilizzazione, rilevazione 1992/1997, e densità della popolazione, nel 2000] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707003738/http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=02&key1_testo=Territorio%20e%20ambiente&key1=02&key2=01&key3=01 \|date=2011-07-07 }} {{in lang\|it}} accessed 25 October 2010</ref> The municipality is located in the Vallemaggia district. Since 2004 it consists of the villages of Maggia, Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo.<ref name=Fusion>[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.html Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz] published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office {{in lang\|de}} accessed 14 January 2010</ref> ==Coat of arms== The [[blazon]] of the municipal [[coat of arms]] is ''Azure a fess wavy argent.'' The wavy line represents the Maggia river.<ref>[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ch-ti233.html Flags of the World.com] accessed 16-February-2011</ref> ==Demographics== [[File:Coglio Mai 2015.JPG\|thumb\|Coglio village in the municipality]] Maggia has a population ({{as of\|{{Swiss populations YM\|CH-TI}}\|lc=on}}) of {{Swiss populations\|CH-TI\|5317}}.{{Swiss populations ref\|CH-TI}} {{as of\|2008}}, 10.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals.<ref name=HDS_superweb>[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/onlinedb/superweb/login.html Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628151016/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/onlinedb/superweb/login.html \|date=2010-06-28 }} {{in lang\|de}} accessed 19 June 2010</ref> Most of the population ({{as of\|2000\|lc=on}}) speaks [[Italian language]] (752 or 88.5%), with [[German language\|German]] being second most common (59 or 6.9%) and [[Spanish language\|Spanish]] being third (10 or 1.2%). There are 9 people who speak [[French language\|French]] and 1 person who speaks [[Romansh language\|Romansh]].<ref name=STAT2000/> {{as of\|2008}}, the gender distribution of the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 1,045 Swiss men (42.6% of the population), and 152 (6.2%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,143 Swiss women (46.6%), and 115 (4.7%) non-Swiss women.<ref name=Resident/> Of the population in the municipality 306 or about 36.0% were born in Maggia and lived there in 2000. There were 260 or 30.6% who were born in the same canton, while 82 or 9.6% were born somewhere else in [[Switzerland]], and 145 or 17.1% were born outside of Switzerland.<ref name=STAT2000/> In {{as of\|2008\|alt=2008}} there were 14 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 19 deaths of Swiss citizens and 3 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 5 while the foreign population decreased by 2. There were 2 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 7 non-Swiss men and 8 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 2 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 3 people. This represents a [[Population growth#Population growth rate\|population growth rate]] of 0.0%.<ref name=HDS_superweb/> The age distribution, {{as of\|2009\|lc=on}}, in Maggia is; 223 children or 9.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 274 teenagers or 11.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 243 people or 9.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 285 people or 11.6% are between 30 and 39, 414 people or 16.9% are between 40 and 49, and 360 people or 14.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 313 people or 12.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 187 people or 7.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 156 people or 6.4% who are over 80.<ref name=Resident>[http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=01&key1_testo=Popolazione&key1=01&key2=02&key3=03 01.02.03 Popolazione residente permanente] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707003757/http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=01&key1_testo=Popolazione&key1=01&key2=02&key3=03 \|date=2011-07-07 }} {{in lang\|it}} accessed 23 November 2010</ref> {{as of\|2000}}, there were 367 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 370 married individuals, 70 widows or widowers and 43 individuals who are divorced.<ref name=STAT2000>[http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809142611/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true \|date=2013-08-09 }} {{in lang\|de}} accessed 2 February 2011</ref> There were 103 households that consist of only one person and 19 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 316 households that answered this question, 32.6% were households made up of just one person and 4 were adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 61 married couples without children, 114 married couples with children There were 29 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up unrelated people and 2 households that were made some sort of institution or another collective housing.<ref name=STAT2000/> {{as of\|2000\|alt=In 2000}} there were 312 single family homes (or 77.6% of the total) out of a total of 402 inhabited buildings. There were 75 multi-family buildings (18.7%), along with 9 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (2.2%) and 6 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (1.5%). Of the single family homes 15 were built before 1919, while 22 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (134) were built between 1919 and 1945.<ref name=Housing>[http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_09%20-%20Bau-%20und%20Wohnungswesen/09.2%20-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen/09.2%20-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen.asp?lang=1&prod=09&secprod=2&openChild=trueSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121033424/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_09%20-%20Bau-%20und%20Wohnungswesen/09.2%20-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen/09.2%20-%20Geb%C3%A4ude%20und%20Wohnungen.asp?lang=1&prod=09&secprod=2&openChild=trueSwiss \|date=2015-01-21 }} {{in lang\|de}} accessed 28 January 2011</ref> {{as of\|2000\|alt=In 2000}} there were 514 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 146. There were 39 single room apartments and 124 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 312 apartments (60.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 201 apartments (39.1%) were seasonally occupied and 1 apartment (0.2%) was empty.<ref name=Housing/> The historical population is given in the following chart:<ref name=HDS>{{HDS\|2270\|Maggia}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.4%20-%201850-2000/40.4%20-%201850-2000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=4&openChild=true Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930162751/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.4%20-%201850-2000/40.4%20-%201850-2000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=4&openChild=true \|date=2014-09-30 }} {{in lang\|de}} accessed 29 January 2011</ref> <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) ImageSize = width:1140 height:210 PlotArea = height:150 left:100 bottom:50 right:100 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:850 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:200 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:40 start:0 PlotData= color:yellowgreen width:40 mark:(line,white) align:center bar:1591 from:start till:420 text:"420" bar:1709 from:start till:530 text:"530" bar:1801 from:start till:414 text:"414" bar:1850 from:start till:641 text:"641" bar:1860 from:start till:546 text:"546" bar:1870 from:start till:471 text:"471" bar:1880 from:start till:469 text:"469" bar:1888 from:start till:428 text:"428" bar:1900 from:start till:340 text:"340" bar:1910 from:start till:317 text:"317" bar:1920 from:start till:301 text:"301" bar:1930 from:start till:326 text:"326" bar:1941 from:start till:357 text:"357" bar:1950 from:start till:450 text:"450" bar:1960 from:start till:461 text:"461" bar:1970 from:start till:521 text:"521" bar:1980 from:start till:582 text:"582" bar:1990 from:start till:712 text:"712" bar:2000 from:start till:850 text:"850" </timeline> ==Heritage sites of national significance== [[File:Maggia Santa Maria 2011-07-13 14 44 31 PICT3434.JPG\|thumb\|The Church of S. Maria Delle Grazie]] The Church of S. Maria Delle Grazie, in Campagna is listed as Swiss [[Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance\|heritage site of national significance]]. The entire villages of Aurigeno, Moghegno and Someo are part of the [[Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.parsys.000117.DownloadFile.tmp/ti.pdf \|title=Kantonsliste A-Objekte:Ticino \|year=2009 \|work=KGS Inventar \|publisher=Federal Office of Civil Protection \|language=German \|accessdate=12 July 2010 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706221155/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.parsys.000117.DownloadFile.tmp/ti.pdf \|archivedate=6 July 2011 }}</ref> ===Sights=== Maggia central tourist draws include: beaches on the banks of the Maggia River; Vallemaggia's largest carnival celebration; the 16th century Santa Maria Maggiore church; the Centoscalini church; its COOP grocery store; and, of course, its beloved AC Vallemaggia football club. ==Sports== Maggia also boasts of its successful football club AC Vallemaggia, which play in the Seconda Lega Regionale of FTC, the fifth-highest level in Switzerland. Recently the club spent a season in a superior category and reach the final of the Ticino Cup. The Club was a merger of AC Maggia and lower division teams AC Centrovalle and FC Avegno. In 2005 a team representing Maggia took part of Jeux Sans Frontiérs, a European game show. The team placed third, the second highest performance for a Swiss Team in Jeux Sans Frontiérs history. [[Boston Red Sox]] player, [[Dustin Pedroia]], is of Swiss origin, with roots in the village of Maggia. ==Politics== In the [[2007 Swiss federal election\|2007 federal election]] the most popular party was the [[FDP.The Liberals\|FDP]] which received 34.58% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland\|CVP]] (24.89%), the [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland\|SP]] (15.53%) and the [[Ticino League]] (12.4%). In the federal election, a total of 766 votes were cast, and the [[voter turnout]] was 44.9%.<ref>[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/data/04/03.html Swiss Federal Statistical Office, ''Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton''] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514211354/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/data/04/03.html \|date=2015-05-14 }} {{in lang\|de}} accessed 28 May 2010</ref> In the {{as of\|2007\|alt=2007}} ''[[Ticino#Government\|Gran Consiglio]]'' election, there were a total of 1,709 registered voters in Maggia, of which 1,103 or 64.5% voted. 9 blank ballots were cast, leaving 1,094 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the [[FDP.The Liberals\|PLRT]] which received 247 or 22.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland\|PPD]]+GenGiova (with 232 or 21.2%), the SSI (with 221 or 20.2%) and the [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland\|PS]] (with 168 or 15.4%).<ref name=Election>[http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=17&key1_testo=Politica&key1=17&key2=02&key3=02 Elezioni cantonali: Gran Consiglio, Consiglio di Stato] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707003818/http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=17&key1_testo=Politica&key1=17&key2=02&key3=02 \|date=2011-07-07 }} {{in lang\|it}} accessed 23 November 2010</ref> In the {{as of\|2007\|alt=2007}} ''Consiglio di Stato'' election, 9 blank ballots and 3 null ballots were cast, leaving 1,091 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 243 or 22.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD (with 235 or 21.5%), the LEGA (with 205 or 18.8%) and the PS (with 200 or 18.3%).<ref name=Election/> ==Economy== There were 369 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.0% of the workforce. {{as of\|2008\|alt=In 2008}} the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 440. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 26, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 172, of which 50 or (29.1%) were in manufacturing, 52 or (30.2%) were in mining and 71 (41.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 242. In the tertiary sector; 48 or 19.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 5.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 43 or 17.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 11 or 4.5% were the insurance or financial industry, 11 or 4.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 22 or 9.1% were in education and 69 or 28.5% were in health care.<ref>[http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_06%20-%20Industrie%20und%20Dienstleistungen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen.asp?lang=1&prod=06&secprod=2&openChild=true Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225013454/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_06%20-%20Industrie%20und%20Dienstleistungen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen.asp?lang=1&prod=06&secprod=2&openChild=true \|date=2014-12-25 }} {{in lang\|de}} accessed 28 January 2011</ref> {{as of\|2000\|alt=In 2000}}, there were 108 workers who commuted into the municipality and 237 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 8.3% of the workforce coming into Maggia are coming from outside Switzerland.<ref name=commuter>[http://www.media-stat.admin.ch/stat/pendler/pop.php Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb] {{webarchive\|url=https://archive.today/20120804043150/http://www.media-stat.admin.ch/stat/pendler/pop.php \|date=2012-08-04 }} {{in lang\|de}} accessed 24 June 2010</ref> {{as of\|2009}}, there were 5 hotels in Maggia with a total of 37 rooms and 78 beds.<ref>[http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=10&key1_testo=Turismo&key1=10&key2=03&key3=01 Settori alberghiero e paralberghiero] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707003852/http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=10&key1_testo=Turismo&key1=10&key2=03&key3=01 \|date=2011-07-07 }} {{in lang\|it}} accessed 23 November 2010</ref> ==Religion== [[File:Maggia Pfarrkirche San Maurizio.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|The parish church of San Maurizio]] From the {{as of\|2000\|alt=2000 census}}, 683 or 80.4% were [[Roman Catholic]], while 40 or 4.7% belonged to the [[Swiss Reformed Church]]. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 [[Orthodoxy#Christianity\|members of an Orthodox church]] (or about 0.24% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.59% of the population) who belonged to the [[Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland\|Christian Catholic Church]], and there were 3 individuals (or about 0.35% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was [[Islam]]ic. 38 (or about 4.47% of the population) belonged to no church, are [[Agnosticism\|agnostic]] or [[Atheism\|atheist]], and 78 individuals (or about 9.18% of the population) did not answer the question.<ref name=STAT2000/> ==Education== In Maggia about 309 or (36.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory [[Education in Switzerland#Secondary\|upper secondary education]], and 71 or (8.4%) have completed additional higher education (either [[List of universities in Switzerland\|university]] or a ''[[Fachhochschule]]''). Of the 71 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.6% were Swiss men, 29.6% were Swiss women, 8.5% were non-Swiss men.<ref name=STAT2000/> In Maggia there were a total of 404 students ({{as of\|2009\|lc=on}}). The Ticino [[Education in Switzerland\|education system]] provides up to three years of non-mandatory [[kindergarten]] and in Maggia there were 54 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 124 students attended the standard primary schools and 5 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 101 students in the two-year middle school and 2 in their pre-apprenticeship, while 30 students were in the four-year advanced program. The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student).<ref>{{Cite report \|title=KANTONALE SCHULSTRUKTUREN IN DER SCHWEIZ UND IM FÜRSTENTUM LIECHTENSTEIN / STRUCTURES SCOLAIRES CANTONALES EN SUISSE ET DANS LA PRINCIPAUTÉ DU LIECHTENSTEIN \|url= http://edudoc.ch/record/35128/files/Schulsystem_alle.pdf \|author= EDK/CDIP/IDES \|year= 2010 \|accessdate= 24 June 2010 }}</ref> There were 26 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 54 who attend part-time. The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There were 8 students in the professional program.<ref>[http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=15&key1_testo=Formazione%20e%20scienza&key1=15&key2=02&key3=01 Allievi e studenti, secondo il genere di scuola, anno scolastico 2009/2010] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707003844/http://www.ti.ch/DFE/USTAT/DATI_RIEPILOGHI/default_x.asp?menu=15&key1_testo=Formazione%20e%20scienza&key1=15&key2=02&key3=01 \|date=2011-07-07 }} {{in lang\|it}} accessed 23 November 2010</ref> {{as of\|2000}}, there was 1 student in Maggia who came from another municipality, while 119 residents attended schools outside the municipality.<ref name=commuter/> ==References== {{Reflist\|2}} ==External links== {{commons category\|Maggia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191017070440/http://maggia.ch/ Official website] {{in lang\|it}} * {{HDS\|2270\|Maggia}} {{Municipalities of the district of Vallemaggia}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Municipalities of Ticino]] [[Category:Cultural property of national significance in Ticino]]	1,304,395,400	[{"title": "Maggia", "data": {"Country": "Switzerland", "Canton": "Ticino", "District": "Vallemaggia"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Mayor": "Sindaco"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "111.07 km2 (42.88 sq mi)", "Elevation": "372 m (1,220 ft)"}}, {"title": "Population (31 December 2018)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "2,592", "\u2022 Density": "23/km2 (60/sq mi)", "Time zone": "UTC+01:00 (Central European Time)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)", "Postal code(s)": "6671,6673,6674", "SFOS number": "5317", "ISO 3166 code": "CH-TI", "Localities": "Maggia, Moghegno, Aurigeno, Giumaglio, Someo, Lodano", "Surrounded by": "Avegno, Brione (Verzasca), Campo (Vallemaggia), Cavigliano, Cevio, Gordevio, Gresso, Isorno, Lavizzara, Onsernone, Vergeletto, Verscio", "Website": "www.maggia.ch \u00b7 SFSO statistics"}}]	false
# Heart's Cry (horse) Heart's Cry (Japanese :ハーツクライ 15 April 2001 – 9 March 2023) was a retired Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a racing career which lasted from January 2004 until November 2006 he ran nineteen times and won five races. In his first two seasons he was placed in many important races including the Tokyo Yushun, Takarazuka Kinen and Japan Cup, before recording a 16/1 upset victory over the Japanese Horse of the Year Deep Impact in the Arima Kinen at Nakayama Racecourse in December 2005. In the following year Heart's Cry proved himself in international competition, winning the Dubai Sheema Classic in the United Arab Emirates and finishing third in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes in Britain. After his retirement from racing he became a successful breeding stallion. ## Background Heart's Cry was a bay horse with a narrow white blaze and a white sock on his left hind leg, bred by the Yoshida family's Shadai Farm. He was sired by Sunday Silence, who won the 1989 Kentucky Derby, before retiring to stud in Japan where he was champion sire on thirteen consecutive occasions. His dam Irish Dance was a successful racemare who won the Niigata Daishoten and Niigata Kinen, both Grade III races in Japan. The horse was named after a number from the show Riverdance, in reference to his dam's name. ## Racing career ### 2004: three-year-old season Heart's Cry began his racing career by winning a ten furlong race at Kyoto Racecourse on 5 January 2004. A month later he was moved up to Group Three level and finished third in the Kisaragi Sho at the same course. He then won a ten furlong race at Hanshin Racecourse before finishing unplaced in the Satsuki Sho, the first leg of the Japanese Triple Crown. In May Heart's Cry won his first important race when he took the Group Two Kyoto Shimbun Hai, a trial race for the Tokyo Yushun (Japanese Derby), beating Suzuka Mambo by half a length. In the Tokyo Yushun four weeks later, Heart's Cry finished second of the eighteen runners, one and a half lengths behind the winner King Kamehameha. Heart's Cry returned after a summer break to finish third to King Kamehama in the Kobe Shimbun Hai, but then finished unplaced in the Kikuka Sho (Japanese St Leger), Japan Cup and Arima Kinen. ### 2005: four-year-old season In his first five starts as a four-year-old, Heart's Cry ran well without winning. In Spring he finished second in the Group Two Osaka Hai and then ran fifth of the eighteen runners behind Suzuka Mambo in the two mile Tenno Sho. In June he finished strongly to take second place, a neck behind Sweep Tosho in the Takarazuka Kinen, beating major winners such as Zenno Rob Roy and Tap Dance City. He was then off the course for more than four months. Heart's Cry returned in October to finish sixth in the Autumn Tenno Sho, in which he was ridden for the first time by Christophe Lemaire, before running in the Japan Cup a month later. Held up in the early stages, he was still fourteenth of the eighteen runners turning into the straight but then finished strongly and failed by a nose to catch the British runner Alkaased who won in a record time of 2:22.1. The beaten runners included Zenno Rob Roy, Ouija Board, Warrsan, Bago and Better Talk Now. On 25 December, Heart's Cry was one of sixteen runners invited to contest the Arima Kinen. The colt had gone ten races and nineteen months since his last win and started at odds of 16.1/1 while the undefeated three-year-old champion Deep Impact was made the 3/10 favourite. Lemaire rode the horse close to the lead before moving to the front in the straight and holding off the late challenge of Deep Impact to win by half a length. ### 2006: five-year-old season In 2006, Heart's Cry was campaigned internationally. In March he was sent to Dubai to contest the Dubai Sheema Classic at Nad Al Sheba. Ridden by Lemaire he contested the lead from the start, tactics which surprised his trainer Kojiro Hashiguchi. He went clear of the field in the straight and won by four and a quarter lengths from Collier Hill with the multiple Group One winners Ouija Board and Alexander Goldrun in fourth and fifth. In the August 2006 edition of the World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings, Heart's Cry was ranked the equal second best horse in the world, a pound behind Makybe Diva and equal with Electrocutionist and David Junior. Four months after his run in Dubai, Heart's Cry appeared at Ascot Racecourse in England for Britain's most prestigious all-aged race, the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. Lemaire claimed to be full of confidence before the race and Heart's Cry's participation attracted a large Japanese media contingent. Starting the 3/1 second favourite, he took the lead in the straight but was overtaken in the final furlong and finished third behind Hurricane Run and Electrocutionist. After his race at Ascot, Heart's Cry did not run again until the Japan Cup on 29 November. He started the 5.8/1 second favourite but ran disappointingly, finishing tenth of the eleven runners behind Deep Impact. After the race the Japan Racing Association announced that the horse had developed breathing problems which may have affected his performance, and his retirement was announced in early December. ## Stud record Heart's Cry was retired to become a stallion at his owners' Shadai Stallion Station on Hokkaido. He sired 35 individual group or graded race winners, ten of them at the highest level. In addition, Heart's Cry is the damsire of Efforia, who was named the Japanese Horse of the Year of 2021, and Tagaloa, who won the Blue Diamond Stakes in 2020. He was retired from stud duties in 2021 at the age of 20. On March 9, 2023, staff of Shadai Stallion Station found Heart's Cry unable to stand. He died later the same day. ### Major winners c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding bold = grade 1 stakes \| Foaled \| Name \| Sex \| Major wins \| \| 2008 \| Admire Rakti \| c \| Caulfield Cup \| \| 2009 \| Just A Way \| c \| Tenno Sho, Dubai Duty Free, Yasuda Kinen \| \| 2011 \| Nuovo Record \| f \| Yushun Himba \| \| 2011 \| One and Only \| c \| Tokyo Yushun \| \| 2012 \| Cheval Grand \| c \| Japan Cup \| \| 2014 \| Lys Gracieux \| f \| Queen Elizabeth II Cup, Takarazuka Kinen, Cox Plate, Arima Kinen \| \| 2014 \| Suave Richard \| c \| Osaka Hai, Japan Cup \| \| 2014 \| Yoshida \| c \| Turf Classic Stakes, Woodward Stakes \| \| 2015 \| Time Flyer \| c \| Hopeful Stakes \| \| 2017 \| Salios \| c \| Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes \| \| 2019 \| Do Deuce \| c \| Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes, Tokyo Yushun, Arima Kinen, Tenno Sho (Autumn), Japan Cup \| \| 2019 \| Notturno \| c \| Japan Dirt Derby \| \| 2020 \| Continuous \| c \| St Leger Stakes \| - Admire Rakti - Just A Way - Nuovo Record - One and Only - Cheval Grand - Suave Richard - Lys Gracieux - Yoshida - Time Flyer - Salios - Do Deuce - Notturno ## Pedigree \| Sire Sunday Silence (USA) 1986 \| Halo (USA) 1969 \| Hail to Reason \| Turn-To \| \| Sire Sunday Silence (USA) 1986 \| Halo (USA) 1969 \| Hail to Reason \| Nothirdchance \| \| Sire Sunday Silence (USA) 1986 \| Halo (USA) 1969 \| Cosmah \| Cosmic Bomb \| \| Sire Sunday Silence (USA) 1986 \| Halo (USA) 1969 \| Cosmah \| Almahmoud \| \| Sire Sunday Silence (USA) 1986 \| Wishing Well (USA) 1975 \| Understanding \| Promised Land \| \| Sire Sunday Silence (USA) 1986 \| Wishing Well (USA) 1975 \| Understanding \| Pretty Ways \| \| Sire Sunday Silence (USA) 1986 \| Wishing Well (USA) 1975 \| Mountain Flower \| Montparnasse \| \| Sire Sunday Silence (USA) 1986 \| Wishing Well (USA) 1975 \| Mountain Flower \| Edel Weiss \| \| Dam Irish Dance (JPN) 1990 \| Tony Bin (IRE) 1983 \| Kampala \| Kalamoun \| \| Dam Irish Dance (JPN) 1990 \| Tony Bin (IRE) 1983 \| Kampala \| State Pension \| \| Dam Irish Dance (JPN) 1990 \| Tony Bin (IRE) 1983 \| Severn Bridge \| Hornbeam \| \| Dam Irish Dance (JPN) 1990 \| Tony Bin (IRE) 1983 \| Severn Bridge \| Priddy Fair \| \| Dam Irish Dance (JPN) 1990 \| Buper Dance (USA) 1983 \| Lyphard \| Northern Dancer \| \| Dam Irish Dance (JPN) 1990 \| Buper Dance (USA) 1983 \| Lyphard \| Goofed \| \| Dam Irish Dance (JPN) 1990 \| Buper Dance (USA) 1983 \| My Bupers \| Bupers \| \| Dam Irish Dance (JPN) 1990 \| Buper Dance (USA) 1983 \| My Bupers \| Princess Revoked (Family 6-a) \|	enwiki/37987506	enwiki	37,987,506	Heart's Cry (horse)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%27s_Cry_(horse)	2025-08-09T00:00:55Z	en	Q4309360	108,598	{{Short description\|Japanese-bred Thoroughbred racehorse}} {{Infobox racehorse \| horsename = Heart's Cry<ref name="jbis" /> \| image_name = Heart's Cry 20051225P01.jpg \| caption =Heart's Cry at the 2005 Arima Kinen \| sire = [[Sunday Silence]]<ref name="jbis" /> \| grandsire = [[Halo (horse)\|Halo]]<ref name="jbis" /> \| dam = Irish Dance<ref name="jbis" /> \| damsire = [[Tony Bin]]<ref name="jbis" /> \| sex = [[Stallion]]<ref name="jbis" /> \| foaled = 15 April 2001 \| death_date = {{death date\|2023\|03\|09\|2001\|04\|15\|df=y}} (aged 22) \| country = Japan<ref name="jbis" /> \| colour = [[Bay (horse)\|Bay]] \| breeder = Shadai Farm<ref name="jbis" /> \| owner = Shadai Race Horse Co<ref name="jbis" /> \| trainer = [[Kojiro Hashiguchi]]<ref name="jbis" /> \| record = 19: 5-4-3 \| earnings =$8,054,175 \| race = [[Kyōto Shimbun Hai]] (2004)<br>[[Arima Kinen]] (2005)<br>[[Dubai Sheema Classic]] (2006) \| awards = [[JRA Award for Best Older Male Horse]] (2005) \| honours = \| updated= }} '''Heart's Cry''' ([[Japanese language\|Japanese]] :'''ハーツクライ''' 15 April 2001 – 9 March 2023)<ref name="shadai-profile">{{Cite web \|title=ハーツクライの情報 \|trans-title=Information about Heart's Cry \|url=https://www.shadaitc.co.jp/members_only/detail?horseno=76050&popup=1 \|access-date=2024-06-09 \|website=Shadai Thoroughbred Club 社台サラブレッドクラブ \|language=ja}}</ref><ref name="jbis">{{Cite web \|title=Heart's Cry(JPN) \|url=https://www.jbis.jp/horse/0000722158/ \|access-date=2024-06-09 \|website=JBIS-Search}}</ref> was a retired Japanese [[Thoroughbred]] racehorse and sire. In a racing career which lasted from January 2004 until November 2006 he ran nineteen times and won five races. In his first two seasons he was placed in many important races including the [[Tokyo Yushun]], [[Takarazuka Kinen]] and [[Japan Cup]], before recording a 16/1 upset victory over the [[Japanese Horse of the Year]] [[Deep Impact (horse)\|Deep Impact]] in the [[Arima Kinen]] at [[Nakayama Racecourse]] in December 2005. In the following year Heart's Cry proved himself in international competition, winning the [[Dubai Sheema Classic]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and finishing third in the [[King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes]] in Britain. After his retirement from racing he became a successful breeding stallion. ==Background== Heart's Cry was a bay horse with a narrow white [[blaze (horse marking)\|blaze]] and a white [[sock (horse marking)\|sock]] on his left hind leg,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web\|url=https://www.jbis.or.jp/jbis_cgi/sp_detail.cgi?sire=0000722158 \|title=Heart's Cry stallion page \|publisher=Jbis.or.jp \|date= \|accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> bred by the Yoshida family's Shadai Farm. He was sired by [[Sunday Silence]], who won the 1989 [[Kentucky Derby]], before retiring to stud in Japan where he was [[Leading sire in Japan\|champion sire]] on thirteen consecutive occasions. His dam Irish Dance was a successful racemare who won the [[Niigata Daishoten]] and [[Niigata Kinen]], both Grade III races in Japan. The horse was named after a number from the show ''[[Riverdance]]'', in reference to his dam's name.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=ハーツクライの情報 \|url=https://www.shadaitc.co.jp/members_only/detail?horseno=76050&popup=1 \|access-date=2024-08-26 \|website=www.shadaitc.co.jp \|publisher=Shadai Thoroughbred Club \|language=ja \|quote=アイリッシュダンスとケルトミュージックを融合して生まれた大ヒットミュージカル「リバーダンス」の中の一曲だ。母の名前より連想して命名。}}</ref> ==Racing career== ===2004: three-year-old season=== Heart's Cry began his racing career by winning a ten [[furlong]] race at [[Kyoto Racecourse]] on 5 January 2004. A month later he was moved up to Group Three level and finished third in the [[Kisaragi Sho]] at the same course. He then won a ten furlong race at [[Hanshin Racecourse]] before finishing unplaced in the [[Satsuki Sho]], the first leg of the [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing#Japan\|Japanese Triple Crown]]. In May Heart's Cry won his first important race when he took the Group Two [[Kyoto Shimbun Hai]], a trial race for the Tokyo Yushun (Japanese Derby), beating [[Suzuka Mambo]] by half a [[horse length\|length]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.racingpost.com/results/504/kyoto/2004-05-08/398365 \|work=[[Racing Post]] \|title=Tokyo Yushun result \|date= \|accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> In the Tokyo Yushun four weeks later, Heart's Cry finished second of the eighteen runners, one and a half lengths behind the winner [[King Kamehameha (horse)\|King Kamehameha]]. Heart's Cry returned after a summer break to finish third to King Kamehama in the [[Kobe Shimbun Hai]], but then finished unplaced in the [[Kikuka Sho]] (Japanese St Leger), [[Japan Cup]] and [[Arima Kinen]]. ===2005: four-year-old season=== [[Image:The Arima Kinen 2005.jpg\|thumb\|right\|240px\|2005 Arima Kinen: Heart's Cry defeats Deep Impact]] In his first five starts as a four-year-old, Heart's Cry ran well without winning. In Spring he finished second in the Group Two [[Osaka Hai]] and then ran fifth of the eighteen runners behind Suzuka Mambo in the two mile [[Tenno Sho]]. In June he finished strongly to take second place, a neck behind [[Sweep Tosho]] in the [[Takarazuka Kinen]], beating major winners such as [[Zenno Rob Roy]] and [[Tap Dance City]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.racingpost.com/results/491/hanshin/2005-06-26/388508 \|publisher=Racing Post \|title=Takarazuka Kinen result \|date= \|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref> He was then off the course for more than four months. Heart's Cry returned in October to finish sixth in the Autumn Tenno Sho, in which he was ridden for the first time by [[Christophe Lemaire]], before running in the [[Japan Cup]] a month later. Held up in the early stages, he was still fourteenth of the eighteen runners turning into the straight but then finished strongly and failed by a nose to catch the British runner [[Alkaased]] who won in a record time of 2:22.1. The beaten runners included Zenno Rob Roy, [[Ouija Board (horse)\|Ouija Board]], [[Warrsan]], [[Bago (horse)\|Bago]] and [[Better Talk Now]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.racingpost.com/results/315/tokyo/2005-11-27/396511 \|publisher=Racing Post \|title=Japan Cup result \|date= \|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref> On 25 December, Heart's Cry was one of sixteen runners invited to contest the [[Arima Kinen]]. The colt had gone ten races and nineteen months since his last win and started at odds of 16.1/1 while the undefeated three-year-old champion [[Deep Impact (horse)\|Deep Impact]] was made the 3/10 favourite. Lemaire rode the horse close to the lead before moving to the front in the straight and holding off the late challenge of Deep Impact to win by half a length.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.racingpost.com/results/514/nakayama/2005-12-25/398034 \|publisher=Racing Post \|title=Arima Kinen result \|date= \|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Horse+racing%3A+Heart's+Cry+upsets+Deep+Impact+at+Arima+Kinen.-a0140162411 \|title=Heart's Cry upsets Deep Impact at Arima Kinen \|work=Asian Economic News \|date=27 December 2005 \|accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> ===2006: five-year-old season=== In 2006, Heart's Cry was campaigned internationally. In March he was sent to Dubai to contest the [[Dubai Sheema Classic]] at [[Nad Al Sheba]]. Ridden by Lemaire he contested the lead from the start, tactics which surprised his trainer Kojiro Hashiguchi.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/sp20060327a2.html \|title=Japan's Heart's Cry wins Dubai Sheema Classic \|work=Japan Times \|date=2006-03-27 \|accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> He went clear of the field in the straight and won by four and a quarter lengths from [[Collier Hill]] with the multiple Group One winners [[Ouija Board (horse)\|Ouija Board]] and [[Alexander Goldrun]] in fourth and fifth.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2006-03-25/404546 \|title=Dubai Sheema Classic result \|date= \|publisher=Racing Post \|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref> In the August 2006 edition of the [[World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings]], Heart's Cry was ranked the equal second best horse in the world, a [[Pound (mass)\|pound]] behind [[Makybe Diva]] and equal with [[Electrocutionist]] and [[David Junior (horse)\|David Junior]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/34779/australian-mare-makybe-diva-tops-ifha-rankings \|title=Australian Mare Makybe Diva Tops IFHA Rankings \|work=BloodHorse \|date= \|accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> Four months after his run in Dubai, Heart's Cry appeared at [[Ascot Racecourse]] in England for Britain's most prestigious all-aged race, the [[King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes]]. Lemaire claimed to be full of confidence before the race and Heart's Cry's participation attracted a large Japanese media contingent.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://japanracing.jp/_news2006/060730.html \|title=Heart's Cry so close to the Diamonds! \|publisher=Japanracing.jp \|date=2006-07-30 \|accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> Starting the 3/1 second favourite, he took the lead in the straight but was overtaken in the final furlong and finished third behind [[Hurricane Run]] and Electrocutionist.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2006-07-29/410515 \|publisher=Racing Post \|title=King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes \|date= \|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref> After his race at Ascot, Heart's Cry did not run again until the Japan Cup on 29 November. He started the 5.8/1 second favourite but ran disappointingly, finishing tenth of the eleven runners behind Deep Impact. After the race the [[Japan Racing Association]] announced that the horse had developed breathing problems which may have affected his performance, and his retirement was announced in early December.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/breeding-news/2006/december/05/hearts-cry-retired-to-shadai-stallion-station.aspx \|title=Heart's Cry retired to Shadai Stallion Station \|work=Thoroughbred Times \|date=2006-12-05 \|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref> ==Stud record== Heart's Cry was retired to become a stallion at his owners' [[Shadai Stallion Station]] on [[Hokkaido]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/597689/hearts-cry \|title=Heart's Cry Stud Record .\|publisher=Racing Post \|date=2012-02-15 \|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.paulickreport.com/news/thoroughbred-racing/sunday-silence-grandson-yoshida-takes-turf-classic-at-churchill/\|title=Sunday Silence Grandson Yoshida Takes Turf Classic At Churchill\|publisher=Paulick Report\|date=2018-05-05\|accessdate=2018-05-06}}</ref> He sired 35 individual group or graded race winners, ten of them at the highest level. In addition, Heart's Cry is the damsire of [[Efforia]], who was named the Japanese Horse of the Year of 2021,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=TDN \|first=The \|date=2023-02-14 \|title=Japanese Horse Of The Year Efforia Retired To Stand At Shadai \|url=https://www.thoroughbreddailynews.com/japanese-horse-of-the-year-efforia-retired-to-stand-at-shadai/ \|access-date=2023-03-10 \|website=TDN {{!}} Thoroughbred Daily News {{!}} Horse Racing News, Results and Video {{!}} Thoroughbred Breeding and Auctions \|language=en}}</ref> and [[Tagaloa (horse)\|Tagaloa]], who won the [[Blue Diamond Stakes]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Smith \|first=Mark \|date=2020-02-22 \|title=Lord Kanaloa's Tagaloa Strikes in the Blue Diamond {{!}} Breednet \|url=https://www.breednet.com.au/news/9502/Lord-Kanaloa%27s-Tagaloa-Strikes-in-the-Blue-Diamond \|access-date=2023-03-10 \|website=www.breednet.com.au \|language=en}}</ref> He was retired from stud duties in 2021 at the age of 20.<ref>{{cite web\|first=Kitty\|last=Trice\|url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/251026/japanese-champion-sire-hearts-cry-pensioned-at-20 \|title=Japanese Champion Sire Heart's Cry Pensioned at 20 \|work=BloodHorse \|date=21 June 2021 \|accessdate=2021-06-24}}</ref> On March 9, 2023, staff of Shadai Stallion Station found Heart's Cry unable to stand. He died later the same day.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-03-10 \|title=ハーツクライが死亡 \|trans-title=Heart's Cry passes away \|url=https://jra.jp/news/202303/031002.html \|access-date=2023-03-10 \|website=[[Japan Racing Association]] \|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-03-10 \|title=ハーツクライ死す０５年有馬記念、０６年ドバイシーマクラシック制覇 \|trans-title=Heart's Cry dies; winner of the '05 Arima and '06 Dubai Sheema Classic \|url=https://www.sanspo.com/race/article/general/20230310-5XFQLHWUQNLPXIRNCKNBK6WD7A/ \|access-date=2023-03-10 \|website=サンスポZBAT! \|language=ja}}</ref> ===Major winners=== ''c = [[colt (horse)\|colt]], f = [[filly]], g = [[gelding]]'' '''''bold = grade 1 stakes''''' {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" \|- style="background:#eee;" \| style="width:35px;"\| '''Foaled''' \| style="width:120px;"\| '''Name''' \| style="width:35px;"\| '''Sex''' \| style="width:570px;"\| '''Major wins''' \|- \| 2008 \| [[Admire Rakti]] \| c \| '''[[Caulfield Cup]]''' \|- \| 2009 \| [[Just A Way]] \| c \| '''[[Tenno Sho]]''', '''[[Dubai Turf\|Dubai Duty Free]]''', '''[[Yasuda Kinen]]''' \|- \| 2011 \| [[Nuovo Record]] \| f \| '''[[Yushun Himba]]''' \|- \| 2011 \| [[One and Only (horse)\|One and Only]] \| c \| '''[[Tokyo Yushun]]''' \|- \| 2012 \| [[Cheval Grand]] \| c \|''' [[Japan Cup]]''' \|- \| 2014 \| [[Lys Gracieux]] \| f \| '''[[Queen Elizabeth II Cup (Japan)\|Queen Elizabeth II Cup]]''', '''[[Takarazuka Kinen]]''', '''[[Cox Plate]]''', '''[[Arima Kinen]]''' \|- \| 2014 \| [[Suave Richard]] \| c \| '''[[Osaka Hai]]''', '''[[Japan Cup]]''' \|- \| 2014 \| Yoshida \| c \| '''[[Turf Classic Stakes]]''', [[Woodward Stakes]] \|- \| 2015 \| Time Flyer \| c \| '''[[Hopeful Stakes (Japan)\|Hopeful Stakes]]''' \|- \| 2017 \| [[Salios]] \| c \| '''[[Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes]]''' \|- \| 2019 \| [[Do Deuce]] \| c \| '''[[Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes]]''', '''[[Tokyo Yushun]]''', '''[[Arima Kinen]]''', '''[[Tenno Sho\|Tenno Sho (Autumn)]]''', '''[[Japan Cup]]''' \|- \| 2019 \| Notturno \| c \| '''[[Japan Dirt Derby]]''' \|- \| 2020 \| [[Continuous (horse)\|Continuous]] \| c \| '''[[St Leger Stakes]]''' \|} <gallery perrow="4"> File:Admire-Rakti Meguro-Kinen 2013.jpg\|Admire Rakti File:Just-A-Way Tenno-Sho(Autumn) 2013(IMG1).jpg\|Just A Way File:Nuovo Record Rose Stakes 2014(IMG1).jpg\|Nuovo Record File:One-And-Only Tokyo-Yushun 2014(IMG1).jpg\|One and Only File:Cheval Grand Japan Cup 2017(IMG1).jpg\|Cheval Grand File:Suave Richard Japan Cup 2019(IMG1).jpg\|Suave Richard File:Lys gracieux(JPN) IMG 1664-2 20190623.jpg\|Lys Gracieux File:DSC 3425Yoshida.jpg\|Yoshida File:Time Flyer (JPN) IMG 0746-1 20180317.jpg\|Time Flyer File:Salios Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes 2019(IMG2).jpg\|Salios File:Do Deuce Tokyo Yushun 2022(IMG2).jpg\|Do Deuce File:Notturno 220713.jpg\|Notturno </gallery> ==Pedigree== {{Pedigree \|name = Heart's Cry (JPN), bay horse 2001<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm?page_state=ORDER_AND_CONFIRM&reference_number=7048664&registry=T&horse_name==Heart's%20Cry%20(JPN)&dam_name==Irish%20Dance%20(JPN)&foaling_year=2001&nicking_stats_indicator=Y \|title=Heart's Cry pedigree \|website=Equineline\|date=2012-05-08 \|accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> \|f = [[Sunday Silence]] (USA)<br />1986 \|m = Irish Dance (JPN)<br />1990 \|ff = [[Halo (horse)\|Halo]] (USA)<br />1969 \|fm = [[Wishing Well (horse)\|Wishing Well]] (USA)<br />1975 \|mf = [[Tony Bin]] (IRE)<br />1983 \|mm = Buper Dance (USA)<br />1983 \|fff = [[Hail to Reason]] \|ffm = [[Cosmah]] \|fmf = [[Understanding (racehorse)\|Understanding]]　 \|fmm = Mountain Flower \|mff = Kampala　 \|mfm = Severn Bridge \|mmf = [[Lyphard]] \|mmm = My Bupers \|ffff = [[Turn-To]] \|fffm = Nothirdchance \|ffmf = [[Cosmic Bomb (horse)\|Cosmic Bomb]] \|ffmm = [[Almahmoud]] \|fmff = [[Promised Land (racehorse)\|Promised Land]] \|fmfm = Pretty Ways \|fmmf = Montparnasse \|fmmm = Edel Weiss \|mfff = [[Kalamoun]] \|mffm = State Pension \|mfmf = Hornbeam \|mfmm = Priddy Fair \|mmff = [[Northern Dancer]] \|mmfm = Goofed \|mmmf = Bupers \|mmmm = Princess Revoked (Family 6-a)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family6a.htm \|title=Thoroughbred Bloodlines – Cream Cheeks – Family 6-a \|publisher=Bloodlines.net \|date= \|accessdate=2012-12-20}}</ref> }} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Racehorses bred in Japan]] [[Category:Racehorses trained in Japan]] [[Category:2001 racehorse births]] [[Category:2023 racehorse deaths]] [[Category:Thoroughbred family 6-a]] [[Category:Arima Kinen winners]]	1,304,918,237	[{"title": "Heart's Cry", "data": {"Sire": "Sunday Silence", "Grandsire": "Halo", "Dam": "Irish Dance", "Damsire": "Tony Bin", "Sex": "Stallion", "Foaled": "15 April 2001", "Died": "9 March 2023 (aged 22)", "Country": "Japan", "Colour": "Bay", "Breeder": "Shadai Farm", "Owner": "Shadai Race Horse Co", "Trainer": "Kojiro Hashiguchi", "Record": "19: 5-4-3", "Earnings": "$8,054,175"}}, {"title": "Major wins", "data": {"Major wins": "Ky\u014dto Shimbun Hai (2004) \u00b7 Arima Kinen (2005) \u00b7 Dubai Sheema Classic (2006)"}}, {"title": "Awards", "data": {"Awards": "JRA Award for Best Older Male Horse (2005)"}}]	false
# Dominion Energy Dominion Energy, Inc., commonly referred to as Dominion, is an American energy company headquartered in Richmond, Virginia that supplies electricity in parts of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina and supplies natural gas to parts of Utah, Idaho and Wyoming, West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Dominion also has generation facilities in Indiana, Illinois, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The company acquired Questar Corporation in the Western United States, including parts of Utah and Wyoming, in September 2016. In January 2019, Dominion Energy completed its acquisition of SCANA Corporation. ## Overview The company's asset portfolio includes 27,000 megawatts of power generation, 6,000 miles (9,700 km) of electric transmission lines, 54,000 miles (87,000 km) of distribution lines, 14,000 miles (23,000 km) of natural gas transmission, gathering and storage pipeline, and 1.2 trillion cubic feet (34 km3) equivalent of natural gas and oil reserves. Dominion also operates the nation's largest natural gas storage facility, amounting to more than 975 billion cubic feet (2.76×1010 m3) of storage capacity. The company's Cove Point liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminal on the Chesapeake Bay is one of the nation's largest and busiest facilities of its kind. Dominion serves more than 5 million retail energy customers in the Midwest, mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions of the U.S. In 2017, Dominion was listed at #238 on the Fortune 500. A book about the company's 100-year history, Dominion’s First Century: A Legacy of Service, was published in 2010. ### Generation statistics In 2022, 18 percent of Dominion's total electric production came from coal, 23 percent from nuclear power, 48 percent from natural gas, and 11 percent from hydroelectricity and other renewables. A strategy is being developed for renewable energy sources, primarily wind and biomass, and conservation and efficiency programs to play an increasingly important role in meeting future energy needs and minimizing the company's environmental footprint. ## History Dominion's corporate roots reach back to the Colonial era through predecessor companies that operated canal and river barging, street lighting, railways, and electric trolleys. In 1787, the Virginia General Assembly created the Appomattox Trustees to promote navigation along the Appomattox River. In 1795, the trustees formed the Upper Appomattox Company to build dams along the river for industrial use, beginning Dominion's history. In 1901, the water rights passed to the newly formed Virginia Passenger & Power Company. Dominion's closest direct corporate ancestor, Virginia Railway & Power Company, was founded by Frank Jay Gould on June 29, 1909. It bought Virginia Passenger & Power soon afterward. In 1925, the name was changed to the Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO), a regulated monopoly. In 1940, VEPCO doubled its service territory by merging with the Virginia Public Service Company. The transit operations were sold in 1944. In 1980, VEPCO began branding itself as "Virginia Power," while branding its North Carolina operations as "North Carolina Power." Three years later, VEPCO reorganized as a holding company, Dominion Resources. By 1985, Dominion split its distribution operations among two operating companies: Virginia Power (operating in Virginia and the Greenbrier Valley of West Virginia) and North Carolina Power (operating in North Carolina). In 1986, Dominion gained territory by expanding in Northern Virginia after purchasing the Virginia distribution territory of Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO). In 1987, the West Virginia assets of Dominion were sold to Utilicorp United becoming branded as West Virginia Power, but Dominion retained ownership of the Mount Storm Power Station in West Virginia. (In 1999, West Virginia Power would be sold to Allegheny Energy and folded into its Monongahela Power subsidiary; it and other Allegheny Energy subsidiaries have since been acquired in 2010 by FirstEnergy.) Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Dominion initiated a series of expansions into regulated and non-regulated energy businesses, both domestically and internationally. During that era, the company also established itself as a world-class operator of nuclear power stations. In 2000, Dominion bought Consolidated Natural Gas Company (CNG) of Pittsburgh, and added natural gas service to its energy delivery network in the energy-intensive markets in the Northeastern quadrant of the U.S. In 2001, Dominion bought Louis Dreyfus Natural Gas Company, adding to its natural gas delivery network. Dominion re-branded all of its operations in 2000 to Dominion from Virginia and North Carolina Power as well as Consolidated Gas in order to create a more unified energy company. In 2007, as part of another effort to refocus on core electric and gas operations, Dominion sold most of its Houston-based natural gas and oil exploration and production business for pre-tax proceeds of nearly $14 billion. Its onshore US oil and gas reserves were sold in separate deals to Loews Corporation and to XTO Energy, while its Gulf of Mexico reserves were sold to Eni, and its Canadian reserves were sold to two Canadian trusts. Dominion still retains some production areas in Appalachia, however. In February 2016, Dominion Resources announced that it would be acquiring Questar Corporation. The acquisition was completed in September 2016. In 2017, Dominion Resources rebranded itself to Dominion Energy, following with a new logo. In January 2018, Reuters reported that Dominion Energy would be buying SCANA Corporation for $7.9 billion.; the acquisition was completed in January 2019. In the summer of 2018, Dominion Energy launched a "grid transformation program." The program's aim was to build 3,000 megawatts worth of new solar and wind energy by the year 2022. The program was launched under the authority of the Grid Transformation & Security Act, a state law signed by Virginia Governor Ralph Northam. "The law paves the way for expanded investments in renewable energy, smart grid technology, a stronger, more secure grid and energy efficiency programs . . ." In July 2020, Dominion announced plans to sell natural gas transmission and storage assets to Berkshire Hathaway; the size of the deal is estimated at $10 billion. In February 2022, Dominion Energy sold one of its subsidiary, Dominion Energy West Virginia, to Hearthstone Utilities Inc. for $690 million. Hearthstone will continue operations in West Virginia under the name: "Hope Gas". In September 2023, Enbridge agreed to acquire East Ohio Gas, Questar Gas, and Public Service Co. of North Carolina, from Dominion for a total enterprise value worth $14 billion. ## Operations Dominion has four operating segments: ### Dominion Generation Dominion generates electricity for both regulated sale in its Virginia and North Carolina markets, and also for wholesale in other markets in the Northeast and Midwest United States. Electricity generation is the largest unit of Dominion. ### Dominion Virginia and North Carolina Power Dominion is a regulated electric utility that transmits, and distributes electricity from its power plants in Virginia, North Carolina, Connecticut, and West Virginia to customers. ### Dominion Energy - Natural gas distribution - Natural gas transmission and storage - Producer services - Solar Funding – Tredegar Solar Fund I, LLC ### Dominion Exploration and Production Dominion Exploration and Production was the natural gas and oil exploration and production subsidiary of Dominion, and by 2007 was one of the largest independent natural gas and oil operators. During 2007, Dominion sold the majority of its oil and natural gas exploration and production assets to put additional focus on growing its electric generation and energy distribution, transmission, storage and retail businesses mainly in Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. ## Expansion plans Dominion was a partner in a joint venture that planned to build the 600 miles (970 km) Atlantic Coast Pipeline, a natural gas pipeline to run between West Virginia and North Carolina. Though the project had faced stiff opposition from environmental and community heritage groups along its route, ground was broken on the pipeline in Lewis County, West Virginia, in May 2018. Dominion and Duke Energy canceled the pipeline in July 2020, citing cost increases due to lawsuits, largely from environmental groups opposed to the project. Dominion is constructing a massive offshore wind farm off of the coast of Virginia, the project being named Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind, or CVOW. This project will add more than 2,600 megawatts of clean energy to their grid, with 220 wind turbines capable of powering 650,000 homes at peak. This project will be the country's second offshore wind project, but the first of its kind to be installed in federal waters, sited roughly 27 miles off the Virginian coast. Dominion currently has two turbines constructed as a pilot project, planning for all turbines to be in place by 2026. In December 2020, the keel was laid for the project's novel Jones Act-compliant offshore WTIV, the Charybdis, under construction at Keppel AmFELS shipyards in Brownsville, Texas. ## Political activities The Dominion Political Action Committee (PAC) has been very active in donating to Virginia candidates. In 2009, the Dominion PAC donated a total of $814,885 with 56% going to Republicans and 41% to Democrats. In 2008, the PAC donated $539,038 with 50% going to Republicans and 47% to Democrats. In the 2016 election cycle, the PAC contributed $1,276,016.17 to various political candidates and committees. Lobbyists for Dominion worked to pass West Virginia's Critical Infrastructure Protection Act, a 2021 law creating felony penalties for trespassing offenses targeting oil and gas facilities, which was described by its sponsor John Kelly as having been "requested by the natural gas industry". ## Charitable contributions Dominion's social investment program is carried out primarily through the Dominion Foundation, which gives about $20 million each year to charities in the states in which Dominion does business. Dominion also has the Benjamin J. Lambert, III, Volunteer of the Year Program. 2017 was the thirty-third year of the program recognizing top company volunteers. Dominion honors the volunteers by paying $1000 to the charity of the individual's choice. In 2016, twelve employees from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia were selected. In 2020, Dominion responded to the coronavirus pandemic by stopping service disconnects for non-payment and helping customers who had been disconnected for not making payments to reconnect to its service. It is also waiving late and reconnection fees. The company has also directed its charitable foundation to provide $1 million in aid to help individuals and organizations fighting COVID-19. The $1 million will be offered to national groups like the American Red Cross and local organizations the company identifies. ## Controversies ### High voltage lines A number of controversies have surrounded the company's decisions to develop new routes for its electric power transmission lines. On February 13, 2007, The Washington Post reported that the power company was planning to change the route of one 500 kV transmission line to appease critics in Northern Virginia from a route that would cut through protected forest and farmland to a southern route that would bypass nature preserves and Civil War sites by running adjacent to existing power lines. However, U.S. Congressional Representative Frank Wolf (R - VA) and Governor Tim Kaine (D) remained opposed to the line, saying that there was no real need, and that Dominion was trying to bring cheap electricity from the Midwest. Dominion contested, saying that the line would bring needed electricity to growing Northern Virginia. The proposal was accepted by the State Corporation Commission (SCC) on October 7, 2008. On February 15, 2008, the SCC approved a controversial proposal for a 230 kV Dominion Virginia transmission line that would travel above ground for 1.8 miles (2.9 km) along a wooded portion of the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail between Leesburg and Clarks Gap in Loudoun County, which Dominion again claimed was necessary for power reliability. Less than three weeks later, on March 4 and March 5, 2008, the Senate and the House of Delegates of the Virginia General Assembly unanimously passed emergency legislation that ordered the SCC to approve the underground construction of the line along that section of the trail as part of a four-part statewide pilot program for the development of underground transmission lines. Sponsored by Delegate Joe T. May (R - Loudoun), the legislation exempted the project from any requirements for further SCC analyses relating to the impacts of the route, including environmental impacts and impacts upon historical resources. The legislation went into effect when Virginia Governor Tim Kaine approved it on April 2, 2008. ### Wise County power plant The company began constructing a 605 MWe coal fired power station in Wise County, Virginia in June 2008. As of December 2009, the construction had reached the halfway point, with the plant scheduled to be fully operational in mid-2012. Dominion calls the plant the "Virginia City Hybrid Energy Center," which has been criticized by environmentalists as a way to make the plant sound environmentally friendly. The plant does however have the most stringent air permit for any coal fired power plant in the nation currently. The plant will burn up to 20% biomass along with coal and a small amount of waste coal known as gob. The plant's carbon dioxide emissions are currently projected to be 5.4 million tons per year. High levels of mercury emitted from the plant, which is controlled by activated carbon injection to reduce the emissions, as well as a fly ash dump near the Clinch River (a source of drinking water) are also of concern. The plant would also continue to support mountaintop removal coal mining. Supporters, including Governor Tim Kaine, stated that as one of the largest importers of electricity, Virginia could become less dependent on importing electricity from other states with a new power plant. The plant brought 1000 workers to build, and will employ 130 full-time, as well as pay 4 to 7 million dollars of tax revenue yearly to economically depressed Wise County. In September 2008, the site was blockaded by activists from the Rainforest Action Network. ### Cove Point LNG import facility In 2001 when Dominion's Dominion Cove Point LNG subsidiary was scheduled to reopen, many local residents were concerned about the proximity (only 3 miles) to the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, and the damage that could be caused by an attack or an explosion at the plant. Residents thought that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission did not consider the risks before opening the plant. In 2005, Washington Gas claimed that the natural gas imported at the plant was too "hot," meaning that it contained fewer heavy hydrocarbons and burned hotter. Washington Gas said that the hot gas caused problems for its customers and caused many of its mains to break. Dominion denied that the imported gas was the cause of the breaks and stated that expanding the area serviced by the imported gas would not cause additional leaks in the District of Columbia and Northern Virginia suburbs. ### Environmental record In 2010, the Political Economy Research Institute ranked Dominion Resources 51st among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States. Dominion's Toxic Score of 16,656 (pounds released × toxicity × population exposure) represents a significant improvement from both the 2008 report (Dominion ranked 27th with a Toxic Score of 58,642) and the 2005 report (Dominion ranked 19th with a Toxic Score of 117,712) In December 2007, a settlement between the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Dominion Energy of Brayton Point called for the company's power generating plant to install new closed cycle cooling towers that provided significant protection to aquatic organisms in Mount Hope Bay, which flows into Narragansett Bay. The 2007 settlement resolved an ongoing dispute that began in 2003. The EPA issued a final discharge permit called a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for the Brayton Point Power Station requiring significant reductions in thermal discharges to, and water intake from, Mount Hope Bay. In 2002, Dominion was responsible for 1,110,703 pounds of gastrointestinal or liver toxicant emissions, 1,440,000 pounds of musculoskeletal toxicant emissions, and 1,489,763 pounds of suspected respiratory toxicant emissions, and 1,478,383 pounds of suspected skin or sense organ toxicant emissions among other emissions that are suspected to be hazardous. On August 12, 2025, police in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, released a dashcam footage capturing a lightning strike hitting the Dominion Energy infrastructure, erupting into a massive fireball.	enwiki/13868504	enwiki	13,868,504	Dominion Energy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Energy	2025-08-13T08:08:13Z	en	Q677464	252,482	{{redirect\|Dominion (company)\|the electronic voting machine manufacturer\|Dominion Voting Systems}} {{Short description\|American energy company}} {{Infobox company \| name = Dominion Energy, Inc. \| logo = Dominion Energy logo.svg \| former_name = Dominion Resources (1983–2017)<br>Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO) (1925–1983)<br>Virginia Railway and Power Company (1909–1925) \| type = [[Public company\|Public]] \| traded_as = {{ubl\|{{NYSE\|D}}\|[[DJUA]] component\|[[S&P 500]] component}} \| founder = \| area_served = [[Georgia (U.S. state)\|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[North Carolina]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[South Carolina]], [[Utah]], [[Virginia]], [[West Virginia]], [[Wyoming]] \| key_people = Robert Blue <small>([[Chief executive officer\|CEO]] and [[Chair (official)\|Chairman]])</small><br /> James R. Chapman<small> ([[Chief financial officer\|CFO]])</small> \| industry = [[Electric utility]] \| products = [[Electricity]]<br />[[Natural gas]] \| revenue = {{unbulleted list\|{{nowrap\|{{increase}} US$ 16.572 billion (2019)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/>}}\|{{nowrap\|{{increase}} US$ 13.366 billion (2018)<ref name='xbrlus_1'>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/103682/000119312520054469/d854390d10k.htm \|title=DOMINION RESOURCES INC /VA/ 2019 Annual Report Form (10-K) \|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission \|format=XBRL \|date=February 28, 2020}}</ref>}}}} \| operating_income = {{unbulleted list\|{{nowrap\|{{decrease}} US$ 2.514 billion (2019)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/>}}\|{{nowrap\|{{decrease}} US$ 3.601 billion (2018)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/>}}}} \| net_income = {{unbulleted list\|{{nowrap\|{{decrease}} US$ 1.376 billion (2019)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/>}}\|{{nowrap\|{{decrease}} US$ 2.549 billion (2018)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/>}}}} \| assets = {{unbulleted list\|{{nowrap\|{{increase}} US$ 103.823 billion (2019)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/>}}\|{{nowrap\|{{increase}} US$ 77.914 billion (2018)<ref name='xbrlus_2'>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/103682/000119312520054469/d854390d10k.htm \|title=DOMINION RESOURCES INC /VA/ 2019 Annual Report Form (10-K) \|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission \|format=XBRL \|date=February 28, 2020}}</ref>}}}} \| equity = {{unbulleted list\|{{nowrap\|{{increase}} US$ 34.033 billion (2019)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/>}}\|{{nowrap\|{{increase}} US$ 22.048 billion (2018)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/>}}}} \| num_employees = 21,000 (2019)<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.dominionenergy.com/about-us/who-we-are \|title=Who We Are \|access-date=2019-01-04 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108235859/https://www.dominionenergy.com/about-us/who-we-are \|archive-date=2018-01-08 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> \| divisions = Gas Infrastructure Group, Power Generation Group, Power Delivery Group, [[SCANA Corporation\|Southeast Energy Group]] \| founded = {{Start date and age\|1983}} in [[Virginia]], U.S. \| hq_location = [[Richmond, Virginia]], U.S. \| website = {{URL\|dominionenergy.com}} \| footnotes = <ref name="YahooDominionIncomeStatement2012">{{cite web \|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=D+Income+Statement&annual \|title=D Income Statement - Dominion Resources, Inc. \|access-date=2013-11-13}}</ref><ref name="YahooDominionCompanyProfile2012">{{cite web \|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=D+Profile \|title=D Profile - Dominion Resources, Inc. \|publisher=[[Yahoo Finance]] \|access-date=2013-11-13}}</ref><ref name=2008report/> }} '''Dominion Energy, Inc.''', commonly referred to as '''Dominion''', is an American [[energy company]] headquartered in [[Richmond, Virginia]] that supplies electricity in parts of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina and supplies [[natural gas]] to parts of Utah, Idaho and Wyoming, West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Dominion also has generation facilities in [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Connecticut]], and [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.dominionenergy.com/about-us/company-profile \|title=Company Profile \|access-date=2017-05-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703035858/https://www.dominionenergy.com/about-us/company-profile \|archive-date=2017-07-03 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The company acquired [[Questar_Corporation_(gas_company)\|Questar Corporation]] in the [[Western United States]], including parts of Utah and Wyoming, in September 2016.<ref name="Questar">{{cite web\|title=Dominion Resources Combines With Questar Corporation\|url=http://dominionenergy.mediaroom.com/2016-09-16-Dominion-Resources-Combines-With-Questar-Corporation\|date=Sep 16, 2016}}</ref> In January 2019, Dominion Energy completed its acquisition of [[SCANA\|SCANA Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/article223761640.html\|title=Dominion completes buyout of SCANA after 17-month nuclear fiasco\|website=thestate\|language=en\|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> ==Overview== The company's asset portfolio includes 27,000 [[megawatt]]s of power generation, {{convert\|6000\|mi\|km}} of electric transmission lines, {{convert\|54000\|mi\|km}} of distribution lines, {{convert\|14000\|mi\|km}} of natural gas transmission, gathering and storage pipeline, and {{convert\|1.2\|e12cuft\|km3}} equivalent of natural gas and oil reserves.{{Cn\|date=October 2022}} Dominion also operates the nation's largest natural gas storage facility,<ref name="Dimensions">{{cite web \|title=Dimensions 2008/2009: Corporate Responsibility Report \|url=http://www.dom.com/about/pdf/dimensions.pdf \|year=2009 \|publisher=Dominion Resources, Inc. \|access-date=31 August 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830041537/http://www.dom.com/about/pdf/dimensions.pdf \|archive-date=30 August 2009 }}</ref> amounting to more than {{convert\|975\|e9cuft\|m3}} of storage capacity.<ref name=2008report>{{cite web\|title=2008 Summary Annual Report \|url=http://www.dom.com/investors/annual2008/domannual.pdf \|year=2008 \|publisher=Dominion Resources Inc. \|access-date=13 July 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102063158/http://dom.com/investors/annual2008/domannual.pdf \|archive-date=2 January 2010 }}</ref> The company's [[Dominion Cove Point LNG, LP\|Cove Point]] [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) import terminal on the [[Chesapeake Bay]] is one of the nation's largest and busiest facilities of its kind.{{Cn\|date=October 2022}} Dominion serves more than 5 million retail energy customers in the Midwest, mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions of the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=December 31, 2018 \|title=Form 10-K SEC Filing for Dominion Energy \|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/103682/000119312519057924/d662998d10k.htm \|access-date=2023-11-21 \|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref> In 2017, Dominion was listed at #238 on the [[Fortune 500]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/dominion-resources/\|title=Dominion Energy\|website=Fortune\|language=en-US\|access-date=2017-07-18\|archive-date=2018-01-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107075604/http://fortune.com/fortune500/dominion-resources/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> A book about the company's 100-year history, ''Dominion’s First Century: A Legacy of Service'', was published in 2010.<ref>[http://www.dom.com/about/anniversary.jsp ''Dominion’s First Century: A Legacy of Service''] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729230939/http://www.dom.com/about/anniversary.jsp \|date=2010-07-29 }}, {{ISBN\|978-0-9768331-6-1}}</ref> ===Generation statistics=== In 2022, 18 percent of Dominion's total electric production came from [[coal]], 23 percent from [[nuclear power]], 48 percent from [[natural gas]], and 11 percent from [[hydroelectricity]] and other renewables.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NYSE_D_2022.pdf \|title=Dominion {{!}}Annual Report\|website=annualreports.com\|access-date=2024-03-28}}</ref> A strategy is being developed for [[renewable energy]] sources, primarily [[wind power\|wind]] and [[biomass]], and [[energy conservation\|conservation]] and [[Efficient energy use\|efficiency]] programs to play an increasingly important role in meeting future energy needs and minimizing the company's environmental footprint.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.dom.com/library/domcom/pdfs/corporate/ghg_report.pdf \|title=Dominion's Plan to Address Greenhouse Gasses \|publisher=Dominion \|access-date=2015-06-15 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617081514/https://www.dom.com/library/domcom/pdfs/corporate/ghg_report.pdf \|archive-date=2015-06-17 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=How Dominion Energy Plans to Launch an Offshore Wind Empire \|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/dominion-plans-to-use-a-pilot-project-to-launch-an-offshore-wind-empire \|website=www.greentechmedia.com \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204119/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/dominion-plans-to-use-a-pilot-project-to-launch-an-offshore-wind-empire \|archive-date=22 May 2020 \|url-status=live}}</ref> ==History== Dominion's corporate roots reach back to the Colonial era through predecessor companies that operated canal and river barging, street lighting, railways, and electric trolleys.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=chcom \|date=2013-07-05 \|title=Dominion Energy (Dominion Resources) \|url=https://www.companieshistory.com/dominion-resources/ \|access-date=2023-05-06 \|website=CompaniesHistory.com - The largest companies and brands in the world \|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1787, the [[Virginia General Assembly]] created the Appomattox Trustees to promote navigation along the [[Appomattox River]]. In 1795, the trustees formed the Upper Appomattox Company to build dams along the river for industrial use, beginning Dominion's history.<ref name="history">{{cite web \|url=http://www.dom.com/about/history.jsp \|title=Dominion History \|access-date=2008-08-03 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914083205/http://www.dom.com/about/history.jsp \|archive-date=2008-09-14 }}</ref> In 1901, the water rights passed to the newly formed Virginia Passenger & Power Company.<ref name="funun"/> Dominion's closest direct corporate ancestor, Virginia Railway & Power Company, was founded by [[Frank Jay Gould]] on June 29, 1909. It bought Virginia Passenger & Power soon afterward. In 1925, the name was changed to the Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO), a regulated [[monopoly]]. In 1940, VEPCO doubled its service territory by merging with the Virginia Public Service Company. The [[Greater Richmond Transit Company\|transit operations]] were sold in 1944.<ref>{{Cite news\| issn = 0362-4331\| title = ALLYN COMPANY EXPANDS; Buys Trolley and Bus Systems of Richmond and Norfolk, Va.\| work = The New York Times\| access-date = 2016-10-29\| date = 1944-12-04\| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1944/12/04/archives/allyn-company-expands-buys-trolley-and-bus-systems-of-richmond-and.html\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1980, VEPCO began branding itself as "Virginia Power," while branding its North Carolina operations as "North Carolina Power." Three years later, VEPCO reorganized as a holding company, Dominion Resources.<ref name="history"/><ref name="funun"/> By 1985, Dominion split its distribution operations among two operating companies: Virginia Power (operating in Virginia and the [[Greenbrier Valley]] of West Virginia) and North Carolina Power (operating in North Carolina). In 1986, Dominion gained territory by expanding in [[Northern Virginia]] after purchasing the Virginia distribution territory of [[Pepco\|Potomac Electric Power Company]] (PEPCO). In 1987, the West Virginia assets of Dominion were sold to [[Utilicorp United]] becoming branded as West Virginia Power, but Dominion retained ownership of the [[Mount Storm Power Station]] in West Virginia. (In 1999, West Virginia Power would be sold to [[Allegheny Energy]] and folded into its Monongahela Power subsidiary;<ref name="Allegheny-Energy-Sep-1999-8-K">{{cite web\|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/243/367399000074/filing-main.htm \|title=Allegheny Energy, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 10, 1999 \|publisher=secdatabase.com \|access-date =Jan 3, 2013}}</ref> it and other Allegheny Energy subsidiaries have since been acquired in 2010 by [[FirstEnergy]].) <ref name="funun">{{cite web \|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Dominion-Resources-Inc-Company-History.html \|title=Dominion Resources Company History \|publisher=FundingUniverse \|access-date=2010-03-04 }}</ref> Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Dominion initiated a series of expansions into regulated and non-regulated energy businesses, both domestically and internationally. During that era, the company also established itself as a world-class operator of [[Nuclear power\|nuclear]] [[power station]]s.<ref name="Washingtonian">{{cite news \|author-link=Rachel Smolkin\|first=Rachel \|last=Smolkin \|title=Are We Going Nuclear? \|work=Washingtonian \|date=January 2004 \|access-date=31 August 2009 \|quote="Dominion and North Anna are leaders in performance worldwide. Calvert's [Calvert Cliffs] coming that way, but North Anna's there." \|url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/coverarchive/6142.html }}</ref> In 2000, Dominion bought Consolidated Natural Gas Company (CNG) of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\|Pittsburgh]], and added natural gas service to its energy delivery network in the energy-intensive markets in the Northeastern quadrant of the U.S. In 2001, Dominion bought [[Louis Dreyfus Group\|Louis Dreyfus Natural Gas Company]], adding to its natural gas delivery network.<ref name="history"/> Dominion re-branded all of its operations in 2000 to Dominion from Virginia and North Carolina Power as well as Consolidated Gas in order to create a more unified energy company. In 2007, as part of another effort to refocus on core electric and gas operations, Dominion sold most of its [[Houston, Texas\|Houston]]-based natural gas and oil exploration and production business for pre-tax proceeds of nearly $14 billion. Its onshore US oil and gas reserves were sold in separate deals to [[Loews Corporation]] and to [[XTO Energy]], while its [[Gulf of Mexico]] reserves were sold to [[Eni]], and its Canadian reserves were sold to two Canadian trusts. Dominion still retains some production areas in [[Appalachia]], however.<ref name="history"/><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/04/AR2007060400512.html Mufson, Steven, "Dominion sells more of its oil and gas assets", ''Washington Post'' (June 5, 2007) p D04]</ref> In February 2016, Dominion Resources announced that it would be acquiring [[Questar Corporation (gas company)\|Questar Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Dominion Resources, Questar Corporation to Combine\|url=http://dominionenergy.mediaroom.com/2016-02-01-Dominion-Resources-Questar-Corporation-to-Combine\|date=Feb 1, 2016}}</ref> The acquisition was completed in September 2016.<ref name="Questar"/> In 2017, Dominion Resources rebranded itself to Dominion Energy, following with a new logo.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Dominion to Gain 'Energy' With New Name, Rebranding\|url=https://www.dominionenergy.com/news/news-releases/137224\|date=Feb 6, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422160930/http://dom.mediaroom.com/2017-02-06-Dominion-to-Gain-Energy-With-New-Name-Rebranding\|archive-date=2017-04-22\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2018, [[Reuters]] reported that Dominion Energy would be buying [[SCANA\|SCANA Corporation]] for $7.9 billion.;<ref name="Swamynathan">{{cite news\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-scana-m-a-dominion-inc/dominion-energy-to-buy-scana-corp-in-7-9-billion-deal-idUSKBN1ES0XK\|title=Dominion Energy to buy Scana Corp in $7.9 billion deal\|last=Swamynathan\|first=Yashaswini\|date=January 3, 2018\|work=[[Reuters]]\|access-date=January 3, 2018\|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]\|location=[[London]]}}</ref> the acquisition was completed in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Dominion Energy Combines With SCANA Corporation\|url=https://news.dominionenergy.com/2019-01-02-Dominion-Energy-Combines-With-SCANA-Corporation\|access-date=2022-01-03\|website=Dominion Energy MediaRoom\|language=en}}</ref> In the summer of 2018, Dominion Energy launched a "grid transformation program." The program's aim was to build 3,000 megawatts worth of new solar and wind energy by the year 2022. The program was launched under the authority of the Grid Transformation & Security Act, a state law signed by Virginia Governor [[Ralph Northam]]. "The law paves the way for expanded investments in [[renewable energy]], smart grid technology, a stronger, more secure grid and energy efficiency programs . . ."<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://investors.dominionenergy.com/news-releases/news-release-details/dominion-energy-launches-grid-transformation-program-paving-way\|title=Dominion Energy Launches Grid Transformation Program, Paving Way for Virginia's Energy Future With 3,000 Megawatts of New Solar and Wind Planned by 2022 {{!}} Dominion Energy Inc.\|website=Dominion Energy Inc.\|language=en\|access-date=2018-11-27\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127064807/https://investors.dominionenergy.com/news-releases/news-release-details/dominion-energy-launches-grid-transformation-program-paving-way\|archive-date=2018-11-27\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In July 2020, Dominion announced plans to sell natural gas transmission and storage assets to [[Berkshire Hathaway]]; the size of the deal is estimated at $10 billion.<ref name="duffy">{{cite web \|last1=Duffy \|first1=Clare \|title=Berkshire Hathaway will buy natural gas assets from Dominion Energy in $10 billion deal \|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/05/energy/berkshire-hathaway-dominion-energy-acquisition/index.html \|website=CNN Business \|access-date=6 July 2020 \|date=July 5, 2020}}</ref> In February 2022, Dominion Energy sold one of its subsidiary, Dominion Energy West Virginia, to [[Ullico \| Hearthstone Utilities Inc.]] for $690 million. Hearthstone will continue operations in West Virginia under the name: "Hope Gas".<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Kirk \|first1=David \|title=Dominion Energy West Virginia changes hands, becomes Hope Gas \|url=https://www.timeswv.com/news/local_news/dominion-energy-west-virginia-changes-hands-becomes-hope-gas/article_b2199674-295c-11ed-990c-57a9d1489100.html \|access-date=11 June 2024 \|agency=Times West Virginian \|date=Sep 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Ullico’s Hearthstone Closes Acquisition of Hope Gas \|url=https://www.ullico.com/ullicos-hearthstone-closes-acquisition-of-hope-gas/ \|website=Ullico \|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> In September 2023, [[Enbridge]] agreed to acquire East Ohio Gas, [[Questar Corporation (gas company)\|Questar Gas]], and Public Service Co. of North Carolina, from Dominion for a total enterprise value worth $14 billion.<ref>{{Cite news \|last1=Kumar \|first1=Arunima \|last2=French \|first2=David \|date=5 September 2023 \|title=Enbridge bets big on US gas with $14 billion bid for Dominion utilities \|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/enbridge-buy-three-utilities-deal-valued-14-bln-2023-09-05/ \|work=Reuters}}</ref> ==Operations== [[File:Chesterfield Power Station.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Dominion's Chesterfield Power Station]] Dominion has four operating segments:<ref>{{cite web \|title=Operating Segments \|url=https://www.dominionenergy.com/our-company/operating-segments \|website=Dominion Energy \|access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> ===Dominion Generation=== Dominion generates electricity for both regulated sale in its Virginia and North Carolina markets, and also for wholesale in other markets in the Northeast and Midwest United States. Electricity generation is the largest unit of Dominion.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100429-714367.html?mod=WSJ_earnings_MIDDLETopHeadlines \|title=Dominion 1Q Net Drops 30% On Charges, Lower Sales \|author=Matt Jarzemsky \|date=April 29, 2010 \|work=Dow Jones Newswires \|publisher=The Wall Street Journal Online \|access-date=May 4, 2010}} {{Dead link\|date=October 2010\|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> ===Dominion Virginia and North Carolina Power=== Dominion is a regulated electric utility that transmits, and distributes electricity from its power plants in [[Virginia City Hybrid Energy Center\|Virginia]], North Carolina, Connecticut, and West Virginia to customers. ===Dominion Energy=== :Natural gas distribution :Natural gas transmission and storage :Producer services :Solar Funding – Tredegar Solar Fund I, LLC ===Dominion Exploration and Production=== Dominion Exploration and Production was the [[natural gas]] and [[oil]] exploration and production subsidiary of Dominion, and by 2007 was one of the largest independent natural gas and oil operators. During 2007, Dominion sold the majority of its oil and natural gas exploration and production assets to put additional focus on growing its electric generation and energy distribution, transmission, storage and retail businesses mainly in Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.dom.com/business/exploration-production/index.jsp \|title=Dominion Exploration and Production \|access-date=2010-05-06 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510175251/http://www.dom.com/business/exploration-production/index.jsp \|archive-date=2010-05-10 }}</ref> ==Expansion plans== Dominion was a partner in a joint venture that planned to build the {{convert\|600\|mi\|km}} [[Atlantic Coast Pipeline]], a natural gas pipeline to run between West Virginia and North Carolina.<ref name="ogj">{{cite web \| url=http://www.ogj.com/articles/2016/09/atlantic-coast-pipeline-hires-main-construction-contractor.html \| title=Atlantic Coast Pipeline hires main construction contractor \| publisher=Oil and Gas Journal \| date=September 22, 2016 \| access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref> Though the project had faced stiff opposition from environmental and community heritage groups along its route, ground was broken on the pipeline in Lewis County, West Virginia, in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.wvnews.com/news/wvnews/atlantic-coast-pipeline-construction-begins-with-groundbreaking-in-lewis-county/article_ba265a2f-35a5-5102-bada-6ef2b66e39cf.html\|title=Atlantic Coast Pipeline construction begins with groundbreaking in Lewis County\|last=WRITER\|first=Charles Young STAFF\|work=WV News\|access-date=2018-05-24\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2018/05/14/ferc-lets-atlantic-coast-pipeline-construction.html\|title=FERC lets Atlantic Coast Pipeline construction begin in West Virginia\|last=Downey\|first=John\|date=14 May 2018\|website=www.bizjournals.com\|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref> Dominion and [[Duke Energy]] canceled the pipeline in July 2020, citing cost increases due to lawsuits, largely from environmental groups opposed to the project.<ref name="penn">{{cite news \|last1=Penn \|first1=Ivan \|title=Atlantic Coast Pipeline Canceled as Delays and Costs Mount \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/05/business/atlantic-coast-pipeline-cancel-dominion-energy-berkshire-hathaway.html \|access-date=17 August 2020 \|work=The New York Times \|date=5 July 2020}}</ref> Dominion is constructing a massive [[offshore wind farm]] off of the coast of [[Virginia]], the project being named [[Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind]], or CVOW. This project will add more than 2,600 [[megawatts]] of clean energy to their grid, with 220 [[Wind turbine\|wind turbines]] capable of powering 650,000 homes at peak.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Dominion Energy Announces Largest Offshore Wind Project in US \|url=https://news.dominionenergy.com/2019-09-19-Dominion-Energy-Announces-Largest-Offshore-Wind-Project-in-US \|access-date=2023-01-31 \|website=Dominion Energy MediaRoom \|language=en}}</ref> This project will be the country's second offshore wind project, but the first of its kind to be installed in federal waters, sited roughly 27 miles off the Virginian coast.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-10-26 \|title=CVOW Propelling U.S. Toward a Clean Energy Future / MYR Group \|url=https://myrgroup.com/news/cvow-propelling-toward-a-clean-energy-future/ \|access-date=2023-01-31 \|website=MYR Group \|language=en-US}}</ref> Dominion currently has two turbines constructed as a pilot project,<ref name=AJOT/> planning for all turbines to be in place by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Dominion Energy {{!}} CVOW Timeline \|url=https://coastalvawind.com/about-offshore-wind/timeline.aspx \|access-date=2023-01-31 \|website=coastalvawind.com \|language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, the keel was laid for the project's novel [[Jones Act]]-compliant offshore [[wind turbine installation vessel\|WTIV]], the ''Charybdis'',<ref name=AJOT>{{cite web \|url=https://ajot.com/premium/ajot-jones-act-wont-stop-us-offshore-wind \|title=Jones Act won't stop US offshore wind \|accessdate=April 6, 2023 \|author=Peter Buxbaum \|date=January 25, 2021 \|website=ajot.com \|publisher=American Journal of Transportation }}</ref> under construction at [[Keppel Corporation\|Keppel AmFELS]] shipyards in [[Brownsville, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.offshore-mag.com/renewable-energy/article/14282372/abs-us-initiatives-assess-current-wind-challenges-future-opportunities \|title=US initiatives assess current wind challenges, future opportunities \|accessdate=April 8, 2023 \|author=Wei Huang \|date=October 3, 2022 \|website=offshore-mag.com \|publisher=Offshore Magazine \|quote=September-October 2022, print issue }}</ref> ==Political activities== The Dominion [[Political Action Committee]] (PAC) has been very active in donating to Virginia candidates. In 2009, the Dominion PAC donated a total of $814,885 with 56% going to [[Republican Party of Virginia\|Republicans]] and 41% to [[Democratic Party of Virginia\|Democrats]]. In 2008, the PAC donated $539,038 with 50% going to Republicans and 47% to Democrats.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.vpap.org/committees/profile/home/526 \|title=Dominion \|publisher=Virginia Public Access Project \|access-date=2010-03-04 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806130234/http://www.vpap.org/committees/profile/home/526 \|archive-date=2009-08-06 }}</ref> In the 2016 election cycle, the PAC contributed $1,276,016.17 to various political candidates and committees.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00108209/?tab=summary&cycle=2016#total-spent\|title=DOMINION RESOURCES, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE - DOMINION PAC - committee overview - FEC.gov\|website=FEC.gov\|language=en\|access-date=2017-07-18}}</ref> Lobbyists for Dominion worked to pass West Virginia's Critical Infrastructure Protection Act, a 2021 law creating [[felony]] penalties for trespassing offenses targeting oil and gas facilities, which was described by its sponsor [[John Kelly (West Virginia politician)\|John Kelly]] as having been "requested by the natural gas industry".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://theintercept.com/2020/06/07/pipeline-petrochemical-lobbying-group-anti-protest-law/\|title=A Powerful Petrochemical Lobbying Group Advanced Anti-Protest Legislation in the Midst of the Pandemic\|date=June 7, 2020\|accessdate=March 17, 2021\|work=[[The Intercept]]\|first=Alleen\|last=Brown}}</ref> ==Charitable contributions== Dominion's social investment program is carried out primarily through the Dominion Foundation, which gives about $20 million each year to charities in the states in which Dominion does business.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.dom.com/about/community/charitable-giving-and-the-dominion-foundation.jsp \|title=Charitable Giving and the Dominion Foundation \|publisher=Dominion \|access-date=2010-03-04 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225214712/http://www.dom.com/about/community/charitable-giving-and-the-dominion-foundation.jsp \|archive-date=2010-02-25 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Dominion also has the Benjamin J. Lambert, III, Volunteer of the Year Program. 2017 was the thirty-third year of the program recognizing top company volunteers. Dominion honors the volunteers by paying $1000 to the charity of the individual's choice. In 2016, twelve employees from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia were selected.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://augustafreepress.com/dominion-honors-volunteers-year-donates-13000-local-charities/\|title=Dominion honors volunteers of the year, donates $13,000 to local charities\|date=2017-04-27\|work=Augusta Free Press\|access-date=2017-04-28\|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, Dominion responded to the coronavirus pandemic by stopping service disconnects for non-payment and helping customers who had been disconnected for not making payments to reconnect to its service. It is also waiving late and reconnection fees. The company has also directed its charitable foundation to provide $1 million in aid to help individuals and organizations fighting COVID-19. The $1 million will be offered to national groups like the American Red Cross and local organizations the company identifies.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Delane \|first1=Matt \|title=Dominion Energy committing $1 million to aid COVID-19 relief efforts \|url=https://abcnews4.com/news/coronavirus/dominion-energy-committing-1-million-to-aid-covid-19-relief-efforts \|work=WCIV-TV \|publisher=Sinclair Broadcast Group \|date=20 March 2020 \|location=Charleston SC}}</ref> == Controversies == ===High voltage lines=== A number of controversies have surrounded the company's decisions to develop new routes for its [[electric power transmission]] lines. On February 13, 2007, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that the power company was planning to change the route of one 500 [[Kilovolt\|kV]] transmission line to appease critics in [[Northern Virginia]] from a route that would cut through protected [[forest]] and [[farm]]land to a southern route that would bypass nature preserves and [[American Civil War\|Civil War]] sites by running adjacent to existing power lines. However, [[United States House of Representatives\|U.S. Congressional Representative]] [[Frank Wolf (politician)\|Frank Wolf]] ([[Republican Party (United States)\|R]] - VA) and Governor [[Tim Kaine]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)\|D]]) remained opposed to the line, saying that there was no real need, and that Dominion was trying to bring cheap electricity from the [[Midwest]]. Dominion contested, saying that the line would bring needed electricity to growing [[Northern Virginia]]. The proposal was accepted by the [[State Corporation Commission]] (SCC) on October 7, 2008.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021201662.html \|title=Power Line to Track Existing N.Va. Route \|author=Michael D. Shear and Amy Gardner \|date=2007-02-13 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|access-date=2010-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.dom.com/about/electric-transmission/meadow-brook/index.jsp \|title=Meadow Brook to Loudoun 500 kV Line \|publisher=Dominion \|access-date=2010-03-20 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404073247/http://www.dom.com/about/electric-transmission/meadow-brook/index.jsp \|archive-date=2010-04-04 }}</ref> On February 15, 2008, the SCC approved a controversial proposal for a 230 kV Dominion Virginia transmission line that would travel above ground for {{convert\|1.8\|mi}} along a [[woodland\|wooded]] portion of the [[Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail]] between [[Leesburg, Virginia\|Leesburg]] and Clarks Gap in [[Loudoun County, Virginia\|Loudoun County]], which Dominion again claimed was necessary for power reliability.<ref name="wpst">{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/07/AR2008030703583.html \|title=Portion of Power Line to Be Buried \|author=Jonathan Mummolo \|date=2008-03-09 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|access-date=2010-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dom.com/about/electric-transmission/westloudoun/index.jsp \|title=Pleasant View-Hamilton 230kV Line \|publisher=Dominion \|access-date=2010-03-20 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102041610/http://dom.com/about/electric-transmission/westloudoun/index.jsp \|archive-date=2010-01-02 }}</ref><ref>Section of W&OD Railroad Regional Park approved for transmission line route: From W&OD Trail Mile 36.2 at coordinates {{Coord\|39.114029\|-77.597283\|type:landmark\|name=W&OD Transmission line route at Trail Mile 36.2}} to Trail Mile 38.0 at coordinates {{Coord\|39.137417\|-77.609246\|type:landmark\|name=Transmission line route at Trail Mile 38.0}}.</ref> Less than three weeks later, on March 4 and March 5, 2008, the [[Senate of Virginia\|Senate]] and the [[Virginia House of Delegates\|House of Delegates]] of the Virginia General Assembly [[unanimity\|unanimously]] passed [[emergency legislation]] that ordered the SCC to approve the underground construction of the line along that section of the trail as part of a four-part statewide [[pilot (experiment)\|pilot program]] for the development of underground transmission lines. Sponsored by Delegate [[Joe T. May]] ([[Republican Party (United States)\|R]] - [[Loudoun County, Virginia\|Loudoun]]), the legislation exempted the project from any requirements for further SCC analyses relating to the impacts of the route, including environmental impacts and impacts upon historical resources. The legislation went into effect when [[Governor of Virginia\|Virginia Governor]] [[Tim Kaine]] approved it on April 2, 2008.<ref name="wpst" /><ref>[http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?ses=081&typ=bil&val=hb1319&Submit2=Go Legislative history of HB 1319: "Underground transmission lines; pilot program established"] and [http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?081+ful+HB1319ER Text of H 1319 (2008 Virginia Acts of Assembly -- Chapter 799): "An Act to establish a pilot program to place certain transmission lines underground."] The Virginia General Assembly. Accessed 2008-04-21.</ref> ===Wise County power plant=== The company began constructing a 605 [[MWe]] [[coal]] fired [[power station]] in [[Wise County, Virginia]] in June 2008. {{As of\|December 2009}}, the construction had reached the halfway point, with the plant scheduled to be fully operational in mid-2012.<ref name=times>{{cite web \|url=http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9007033 \|title=Dominion begins construction of Wise County Power Plant \|date=2008-06-30 \|work=Kingsport Times News \|access-date=2010-03-21 \|archive-date=2009-02-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209051925/http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9007033 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=dom>{{cite web \|url=http://www.dom.com/about/stations/fossil/virginia-city-hybrid-energy-center.jsp \|title=Virginia City Hybrid Energy Center \|publisher=Dominion \|access-date=2010-03-21 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314120936/http://www.dom.com/about/stations/fossil/virginia-city-hybrid-energy-center.jsp \|archive-date=2010-03-14 }}</ref> Dominion calls the plant the "[[Virginia City Hybrid Energy Center]]," which has been criticized by environmentalists as a way to make the plant sound environmentally friendly.<ref name=hampton>{{cite web \|url=http://hamptonroads.com/2008/06/power-plant-ground-zero-battle-energy-vs-environment \|title=Power plant is ground zero in battle of energy vs. environment \|author=Scott Harper \|date=2008-06-22 \|work=The Virginian-Pilot \|access-date=2010-03-21}}</ref> The plant does however have the most stringent air permit for any coal fired power plant in the nation currently. The plant will burn up to 20% [[biomass]] along with coal and a small amount of [[Coal refuse\|waste coal]] known as [[spoil tip\|gob]].<ref name=dom /> The plant's [[carbon dioxide]] emissions are currently projected to be 5.4 million tons per year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.chesapeakeclimate.org/campaigns/campaign_detail.cfm?id=75 \|title=Stop the Wise County Coal Plant \|publisher=Chesapeake Climate Action Network \|access-date=2010-03-21 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010232102/http://www.chesapeakeclimate.org/campaigns/campaign_detail.cfm?id=75 \|archive-date=2009-10-10 }}</ref> High levels of [[mercury (element)\|mercury]] emitted from the plant, which is controlled by activated carbon injection to reduce the emissions, as well as a [[fly ash]] dump near the [[Clinch River]] (a source of drinking water) are also of concern. The plant would also continue to support [[mountaintop removal]] coal mining. Supporters, including Governor [[Tim Kaine]], stated that as one of the largest importers of electricity, Virginia could become less dependent on importing electricity from other states with a new power plant.<ref name=hampton /> The plant brought 1000 workers to build, and will employ 130 full-time, as well as pay 4 to 7 million dollars of [[tax]] revenue yearly to economically depressed Wise County.<ref name=times /> In September 2008, the site was blockaded by activists from the [[Rainforest Action Network]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://cms.ran.org/media_center/news_article/?uid=4770 \|title=Protesters From Across the Country Join Wise County VA Residents to Oppose Coal Plant's Impact on Environment and Health and to Demand a Clean Energy Future \|date=2008-09-15 \|publisher=Rainforest Action Network \|access-date=2008-09-16 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612074420/http://cms.ran.org/media_center/news_article/?uid=4770 \|archive-date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> ===Cove Point LNG import facility=== In 2001 when Dominion's [[Dominion Cove Point LNG]] subsidiary was scheduled to reopen, many local residents were concerned about the proximity (only 3 miles) to the [[Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant]], and the damage that could be caused by an attack or an explosion at the plant. Residents thought that the [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]] did not consider the risks before opening the plant.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bayweekly.com/year02/issue10_01/dock10_01.html \|title=Worries Aside, Cove Point Gas Plant Gets a Green Light \|date=2001-01-03 \|work=Bay Weekly \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321035517/http://www.bayweekly.com/year02/issue10_01/dock10_01.html \|archive-date=March 21, 2006 \|access-date=October 9, 2010}}</ref> In 2005, [[Washington Gas]] claimed that the [[natural gas]] [[import]]ed at the plant was too "hot," meaning that it contained fewer heavy [[hydrocarbons]] and burned hotter. Washington Gas said that the hot gas caused problems for its customers and caused many of its mains to break. Dominion denied that the imported gas was the cause of the breaks and stated that expanding the area serviced by the imported gas would not cause additional leaks in the [[District of Columbia]] and [[Northern Virginia]] suburbs.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sutherland.com/files/Publication/31237808-f4d1-4ea8-a15b-475789b483de/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/b743dc0d-05e6-4711-a7b3-e78e2181af25/LNGsFinalHurdle.pdf \|title=LNG's Final Hurdle \|author=Jake Dweck and David Wochner \|date=March 2006 \|work=Public Utilities Fortnightly \|publisher=Sutherland \|access-date=2010-03-06 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171444/http://www.sutherland.com/files/Publication/31237808-f4d1-4ea8-a15b-475789b483de/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/b743dc0d-05e6-4711-a7b3-e78e2181af25/LNGsFinalHurdle.pdf \|archive-date=2011-07-16 }}</ref> ===Environmental record=== [[File:Brayton Point Power Station.JPG\|thumb\|right\|320px\|The former, now demolished Brayton Point Power Station in [[Somerset, Massachusetts\|Somerset, Mass]]]] In 2010, the [[Political Economy Research Institute]] ranked Dominion Resources 51st among corporations emitting [[airborne pollutants in the United States]]. Dominion's Toxic Score of 16,656 (pounds released × toxicity × population exposure) represents a significant improvement from both the 2008 report (Dominion ranked 27th with a Toxic Score of 58,642) and the 2005 report (Dominion ranked 19th with a Toxic Score of 117,712)<ref>[http://www.peri.umass.edu/toxic_index/ Political Economy Research Institute: Toxic 100 Table] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405182236/http://www.peri.umass.edu/toxic_index/ \|date=April 5, 2010}}</ref> In December 2007, a settlement between the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) and Dominion Energy of Brayton Point called for the company's power generating plant to install new closed cycle cooling towers that provided significant protection to aquatic organisms in [[Mount Hope Bay]], which flows into [[Narragansett Bay]]. The 2007 settlement resolved an ongoing dispute that began in 2003. The EPA issued a final discharge permit called a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for the Brayton Point Power Station requiring significant reductions in thermal discharges to, and water intake from, [[Mount Hope Bay]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120806002746/http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/eebfaebc1afd883d85257355005afd19/a5f10f4e71769df6852573b4007d0eb8!OpenDocument Settlement Will Spur Major Environmental Improvements at Brayton Point Power Plant]</ref> In 2002, Dominion was responsible for 1,110,703 pounds of [[gastrointestinal]] or liver toxicant emissions, 1,440,000 pounds of [[musculoskeletal]] toxicant emissions, and 1,489,763 pounds of suspected respiratory toxicant emissions, and 1,478,383 pounds of suspected skin or [[sense organ]] toxicant emissions among other emissions that are suspected to be hazardous.<ref>[http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/facility.tcl?tri_id=23692YRKTW1600W#data_summary_dioxin Environmental Releases for DOMINION RESOURCES INC. YORKTOWN POWER STATION<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729231343/http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/facility.tcl?tri_id=23692YRKTW1600W#data_summary_dioxin \|date=2020-07-29}}{{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130704111903/http://scorecard.goodguide.com/env-releases/facility.tcl?tri_id=23692YRKTW1600W Archived]}} At July 4 2013 on the Wayback Machine</ref> On August 12, 2025, police in [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina\|Mount Pleasant]], South Carolina, released a [[dashcam]] footage capturing a lightning strike hitting the Dominion Energy infrastructure, erupting into a massive fireball. <ref>{{Cite web \|date=2025-08-12 \|title=Watch: Dramatic lightning strike causes tower of flames \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cy8j5q7zj4zo \|access-date=2025-08-13 \|website=www.bbc.com \|language=en-GB}}</ref> {{clear}} ==See also== * [[Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind]] == References == {{reflist\|30em}} ==External links== *{{Official\|https://www.dominionenergy.com}} {{Finance links \| name = Dominion Energy, Inc. \| symbol = D \| sec_cik = 715957 \| yahoo = D \| google = D:NYSE }} {{Dow Jones Utility Average}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Companies in the Dow Jones Utility Average]] [[Category:Electric power companies of the United States]] [[Category:Companies based in Richmond, Virginia]] [[Category:Companies established in 1983]] [[Category:Natural gas companies of the United States]] [[Category:Dominion Energy\| ]] [[Category:Nuclear power companies of the United States]] [[Category:Hydroelectric power companies of the United States]] [[Category:Defunct companies based in Cleveland]] [[Category:1983 establishments in Virginia]]	1,305,646,243	[{"title": "Dominion Energy, Inc.", "data": {"Formerly": "Dominion Resources (1983\u20132017) \u00b7 Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO) (1925\u20131983) \u00b7 Virginia Railway and Power Company (1909\u20131925)", "Company type": "Public", "Traded as": "- NYSE: D - DJUA component - S&P 500 component", "Industry": "Electric utility", "Founded": "1983 in Virginia, U.S.", "Headquarters": "Richmond, Virginia, U.S.", "Area served": "Georgia, Idaho, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming", "Key people": "Robert Blue (CEO and Chairman) \u00b7 James R. Chapman (CFO)", "Products": "Electricity \u00b7 Natural gas", "Revenue": "- US$ 16.572 billion (2019) - US$ 13.366 billion (2018)", "Operating income": "- US$ 2.514 billion (2019) - US$ 3.601 billion (2018)", "Net income": "- US$ 1.376 billion (2019) - US$ 2.549 billion (2018)", "Total assets": "- US$ 103.823 billion (2019) - US$ 77.914 billion (2018)", "Total equity": "- US$ 34.033 billion (2019) - US$ 22.048 billion (2018)", "Number of employees": "21,000 (2019)", "Divisions": "Gas Infrastructure Group, Power Generation Group, Power Delivery Group, Southeast Energy Group", "Website": "dominionenergy.com"}}]	false
# Reactions to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes Following the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes, various business, government and social factors came into play, including criticism of the response by the governments of both nations, censorship of certain social media, and widespread arrests for the liability of collapsed buildings. In response to the earthquakes, national mourning was declared in Turkey and in other countries, and most foreign leaders offered condolences and support for both Turkey and Syria. ## Reactions in Turkey ### Government criticism The Turkish government was criticized on social media for allegedly trying to cover up the fact that there were not two, but three mainshocks above Mw 7. However, professor Hasan Sözbilir, Director of Dokuz Eylül University (DEU) Earthquake Research and Application Center, told Anadolu Agency that there were only 2 mainshocks reaching above Mw 7 between 6 and 17 February 2023, but of the smaller quakes, there was one that reached Mw 6.7. Additional allegations were made when the death toll in Turkey was at 41,000, could in fact be up to five times higher. The Justice and Development Party (AKP) government was accused of manipulating the death toll of the earthquakes to mask the scale of the disaster amid growing criticism due to what many say was a delayed and ineffective response to the tragedy. The collapse of many newly constructed buildings caused public anger and doubts about the Turkish construction and contracting industry following seismic codes. After the 1999 İzmit earthquake, new building codes were enacted to make buildings more resilient to earthquakes. The quality of the concrete is often a factor in collapse, especially in older buildings, but the engineering and design of newer high rise buildings, and improper placement of support columns and beams, may contribute to collapse. The building codes, last updated in 2018, required quality standards in engineering design, construction and material. There were complaints that the building codes were poorly enforced. After the earthquake, president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had claimed "98 percent of the destroyed buildings were built in before 1999" and described it "as the indicator of an improvement in the quality of building codes and enforcement". Erdoğan's claim was criticized by civil engineer and earthquake engineering academic Haluk Sucuoğlu, stating that field observations and more than half of the buildings in earthquake-affected areas being built after 2000 making Erdoğan's claims unlikely, though accepting that concrete data on the destroyed buildings do not exist yet. The comparison of historical satellite images with those taken after the earthquake, especially of those showing the destruction in the newly built area of western Kahramanmaraş, were used to dispute Erdoğan's claim. In Adıyaman, the minister of transport and infrastructure, Adil Karaismailoğlu, and governor, Mahmut Çuhadar, were met with protests by locals. The state car of the governor was also kicked by protesters. Turkish engineers previously warned that cities could become 'graveyards' with building amnesty. Critics of Erdoğan said contractors of housing projects were allowed to skip vital safety mandates which put residents at risk. Videos from several years earlier showed Erdoğan applauding housing projects which collapsed in the earthquake. During a campaign stop in anticipation of the March 2019 local elections, he listed, among his government's top attainment, new housing in Kahramanmaraş. Erdoğan said "We solved the problem of 144,156 citizens of Maras with zoning amnesty," In another video, he said "We have solved the problems of 205,000 citizens of Hatay with zoning peace." Before the 2018 general election, 3.1 million buildings were granted amnesty certificates, according to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Secretary General Assistant and city planner, Bugra Gokce. In the ten affected provinces, 294,165 certificates were granted; 59,247 in Adana; 10,629 in Adıyaman; 14,719 in Diyarbakır; 40,224 in Gaziantep; 56,464 in Hatay; 39,58 in Kahramanmaraş; 4,897 in Kilis; 22,299 in Malatya; 21,107 in Osmaniye; and 25,521 in Şanlıurfa. After a destructive earthquake struck İzmir in 2020, Asia Times said the Turkish government generated US$2 billion in profit since the latest zoning amnesty law was approved in May 2018. During that earthquake, there were 811,000 certificates linked to illegal construction in İzmir. The leader of the opposition in Parliament, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu of the Republican People's Party (CHP), pinned responsibility for the scale of the disaster on Erdoğan. He demanded from the CHP mayors not to back down from providing bread and blankets to people in need and reject bureaucratic blocking as they did during the COVID-19 lockdown. It has also been reported that some donations from relief organizations arriving at the Adana airport were relabeled as assistance by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) or also the governing AKP. Questions also arose as to how an "earthquake tax" (officially "special communications tax") levied by the Turkish government in the wake of the 1999 earthquake, estimated to have reached 88bn lira ($4.6bn; £3.8bn) and meant to have been spent on disaster prevention and the development of emergency services, were spent, given how the government has never given a public explanation. Some Kurdish and Alevi residents alleged discrimination and neglect in the government's recovery efforts. The pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) accused Turkish authorities of preventing equal distribution of aid and favoring areas inhabited majorly by people loyal to the governing AKP. #### Disaster management AFAD, the state organ for the disaster relief, was criticized on the grounds of slowness during the first days of the earthquake. There were reports of unsuccessful attempts by people to contact AFAD. Emergency management academic Kubilay Kaptan stated that the delayed reaction of AFAD was mainly caused by the increasing centralization of Turkish emergency response agencies under the current government. According to Kaptan, numerous relief agencies were merged into AFAD in the past years and since the implementation of the referendum, AFAD became part of the Ministry of Interior, losing its autonomy and self-governance. Kaptan added that the Ministry of Interior, responsible for making decisions, hindered the fast response since the organization required approval for its actions, contrasting more independent agencies like FEMA in the United States. AFAD was also criticized on the claims of inappropriate board of management, since some members of the board had no disaster management background. İsmail Palakoğlu, the general manager of disaster response subdivision of AFAD and a theologian who previously worked at the Directorate of Religious Affairs, was criticized by several politicians and media outlets. Another criticism was the late deployment of military resources. They were not mobilized for two days after the earthquake, and even then in what many considered in very modest amounts. There were many instances where aid was forced to go through local governors, who were not elected but appointed by the government. In some instances, aid was held by the ruling party with the explanation that it would be managed by AFAD. There were reports of aid trucks stopped and not let through unless ruling party placards and signs were placed on them, including stickers of the president placed on individual aid packages. On 16 February the district governor of Pazarcik accompanied by the gendarmerie seized aid stored in a distribution center established jointly by the HDP and the Hasankoca Neighborhood Assistance and Solidarity Association in presence of the head of the Diyarbakır Chamber of Industry arguing they could not distribute aid independently. On 9 February 2023, the governing alliance between the MHP and the AKP approved a state of emergency in 10 provinces affected by the earthquakes. The opposition voted no to the measure, claiming that it was unnecessary since the provinces were already declared as "disaster areas". A week after the earthquakes in Samandağ, a coastal town in Hatay Province, residents dug through the rubble to look for victims because of the slow and limited government response. "We have nothing left and the government barely helped us," one resident said, adding that assistance only came 48 hours after the earthquake. ### Media censorship NetBlocks announced that ICTA limited access to Twitter from Turkey, with Turkish government officials claiming disinformation. According to Reuters, citing an anonymous government official, the block was necessary "because in some accounts there were untrue claims, slander, insults and posts with fraudulent purposes," The block caused public anger as Twitter assisted in sharing information on arriving aid and the whereabouts of survivors still trapped in rubble. The Peoples' Democratic Party said Twitter helped in organizing aid to the affected and the block would "only cause more death." Ali Babacan, leader of the Turkey's opposition group, Democracy and Progress Party, also criticized the block. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) issued a statement critical of fines and penalties issued to Halk TV, Tele1, and Fox over their coverage of the earthquake by the Radio and Television Supreme Council. In addition to the fines, both Halk TV and TELE1 were required to suspend airing of the shows that had criticized the government for five days. The CPJ's statement said that Turkey officials should revoke both the fine and penalties along with refraining from silencing the media for its earthquake coverage. ### Criminal investigation On 7 February, Turkish police said they detained four people over "provocative posts aiming to create fear and panic" on social media following the earthquake. It added that a wider investigation into social media accounts was ongoing, but offered no information on the content of the posts. The number of detentions increased to a dozen on 8 February. Following reports of property being ransacked by looters, authorities arrested 98 people for robbery or defrauding victims. Syrians have faced increased discrimination in the country, with some Turks blaming them for the looting. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch alleged that Turkish security forces tortured and ill-treated individuals arrested on suspicion of looting. In a report from both organizations, one person died while being held by authorities. The report said allegations of torture came from 10 provinces, with most of them coming from Antakya alone. On 9 February, minister of justice, Bekir Bozdağ, said a judicial investigation into the collapse of buildings was opened. The probe attempts to hold accountable those who constructed the buildings or bore any responsibility for their collapse in the 10 hardest-hit provinces. Bozdağ said: "Those who have negligence, faults and those responsible for the destructions after the earthquake will be identified and held accountable before the judiciary". Nearly 150 local prosecutors were authorized to establish units to investigate contractors, surveyors and other experts linked to the collapsed buildings. On 11 February, the justice ministry announced the plan to establish the "Earthquake Crimes Investigation" bureaus. The bureaus aim to hold contractors and other responsible for construction, gathering evidence, recommendation experts; including architects geologists and engineers; and inspecting building permits and occupation permits. Vice President Fuat Oktay said 131 individuals linked to the collapse of buildings were identified. By 25 February 612 people were investigated for their involvement in building collapses; 184 were arrested and awaiting trial. Those in jail included contractors and building owners and managers. On 12 February, the Adana Chief Public Prosecutor's Office issued arrest warrants for 62 people; Thirty one arrests were made on 14 February. In Malatya, city prosecutors issued arrest warrants for 31 people. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) published an article on 14 February covering journalists being detained and harassed for their reporting on the earthquake in Turkey. Some of those detained were being investigated for "spreading misinformation" or for ""provoking the people into animosity and hatred" in connection with their reporting. The owner of Rönesans Rezidans which collapsed in Hatay Province was arrested in Istanbul while attempting to leave Turkey for Montenegro. In Gaziantep Province, two people were arrested after being suspected of cutting-down columns to make extra space in a building that collapsed. Bekir Bozdağ said 163 people were being investigated for their alleged involvement. Eight people were arrested and awaiting trial while 48 were held in police detention; another seven were prohibited from leaving Turkey. Officials detained two people at Istanbul Airport attempting to flee to Georgia. Among those arrested were a man and his wife who constructed several buildings in Adiyaman which collapsed. A contractor involved in developing the Bahar Apartments in Gaziantep was detained in Istanbul after his inspections were deemed negligent. The owner of a construction company which built several buildings in Adana was apprehended in Northern Cyprus. The majority of buildings that collapsed in Turkey were constructed before 2000, but some were constructed afterward. Following the 1999 earthquake, building construction followed new regulations and had improved materials. Sukru Ersoy, a geology professor at Yıldız Technical University, said "corruption is high in the construction sector in Turkey. And therefore, there were abuses". However, corruption was not always present in local authorities; in Erzin, which has a strict policy against the construction of buildings that violated safety codes in addition to having endured other earthquakes with less damage, became a popular location for survivors elsewhere to take refuge as no collapsed buildings were reported. On 3 January 2024, the first trials opened in Turkey relating to the earthquake, with a court in Adiyaman trying 11 individuals accused of "conscious negligence" while overseeing the construction of the collapsed Isias Hotel. The families of those killed in the Isias Hotel collapsed testified against its owner and 10 contractors. Attorneys representing victims' families said contractors tried may be handled a less severe sentence as evidence and collapsed rubble were cleared in the aftermath. In mid-April 2024, trials began for eight defendants; four from the construction contractor and four from a private inspector involved with the Rönesans Rezidans. All the defendants pleaded not guilty. The luxury apartment collapsed, killing at least 269 and leaving 46 missing, believed to have also died. Four of the accused were held in detention while another was reportedly on the run. At the Hatay Third High Criminal Court, they were charged with "causing the death and injury of more than one person with conscious negligence." The eight individuals face up to 22 years in jail if convicted. The director for Human Rights Watch in Turkey voiced concerns that many public officials have not gone for trial, while only individuals from private sector have. Public servants also has a role in the construction of inadequate buildings such as issuing permits and consenting to building plans. No public servant has gone to trial as of 19 April 2024. ### Commemorations On the first anniversary of the earthquake on 6 February 2024, the Turkish government organized a series of programs to mark the disaster, with schools closed in the affected regions. In Antakya, a moment of silence was held at 04:17, the time when the earthquake struck, and carnations were scattered into the Orontes River. A silent march was held in Adiyaman while President Erdoğan visited Kahramanmaraş. Protests were also held in Antakya criticizing health minister Fahrettin Koca and mayor Lütfü Savaş, with demonstrators chanting "Can anyone hear me?", a reminder of cries for rescue following the earthquake and "We won't forget, we won't forgive." In Malatya Province, the governor banned events that were not officially sanctioned until 9 February. ## National mourning President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared seven days of national mourning in Turkey. The same period of mourning was observed in Northern Cyprus, and one day was also declared in Albania, Bangladesh and Kosovo. On 13 February, all overseas diplomatic missions of North Macedonia lowered their flags to half-mast. ## Condolences Condolences to Turkey and Syria were expressed by most countries that provided aid, as well as Bolivia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Malawi, Monaco, Morocco, North Korea, Nicaragua, Peru, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, South Africa and Tonga. President of the European Council Charles Michel and President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen expressed their solidarity with the Turkish and Syrian people and wished a speedy recovery to the injured. The African Union Commission, ASEAN and Organization of Turkic States, the latter of which Turkey is a founding member, also extended condolences.	enwiki/78432490	enwiki	78,432,490	Reactions to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes	2025-08-15T18:48:38Z	en	Q131405306	295,763	{{Short description\|none}} {{bots\|deny=Citation bot}} {{overcoverage\|2=the response in Turkey\|date=February 2025}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2025}} Following the [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes]], various business, government and social factors came into play, including criticism of the response by the governments of both nations, censorship of certain social media, and widespread arrests for the liability of collapsed buildings. In response to the earthquakes, [[national mourning]] was declared in Turkey and in other countries, and most foreign leaders offered condolences and support for both Turkey and Syria. ==Reactions in Turkey== === Government criticism === [[File:Murat Kurum, Minister of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change of Türkiye, makes a statement at AFAD.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Murat Kurum, Minister of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change at an AFAD press conference]] The Turkish government was criticized on social media for allegedly trying to cover up the fact that there were not two, but three mainshocks above {{M\|w\|7}}. However, professor Hasan Sözbilir, Director of [[Dokuz Eylül University]] (DEU) Earthquake Research and Application Center, told [[Anadolu Agency]] that there were only 2 mainshocks reaching above {{M\|w\|7}} between 6 and 17 February 2023, but of the smaller quakes, there was one that reached {{M\|w\|6.7}}.<ref>{{Cite news\|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]\|date=17 February 2023\|title="Üçüncü deprem kamuoyundan saklandı" iddiası\|access-date=17 February 2023\|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/teyithatti/aktuel/ucuncu-deprem-kamuoyundan-saklandi-iddiasi/1815440\|location=Istanbul\|first1=Yeter Ada\|last1=Şeko\|language=tr}}</ref> Additional allegations were made when the death toll in Turkey was at 41,000, could in fact be up to five times higher. The [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)\|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) government was accused of manipulating the death toll of the earthquakes to mask the scale of the disaster amid growing criticism due to what many say was a delayed and ineffective response to the tragedy.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Governor in earthquake zone says death toll could be 5 times higher than official figure\|date=20 February 2023\|url=https://stockholmcf.org/governor-in-earthquake-zone-says-death-toll-could-be-5-times-higher-than-official-figure/\|publisher=Stockholm Center for Freedom\|access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref> The collapse of many newly constructed buildings caused public anger and doubts about the [[Turkish construction and contracting industry]] following seismic codes.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Sert\|first=Ayşegül\|date=8 February 2023\|title=Turkey's Trust in Government Has Turned to Dust\|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/02/earthquake-turned-turkey-cemetery/672988/\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230215095238/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/02/earthquake-turned-turkey-cemetery/672988/\|archive-date=15 February 2023\|access-date=11 February 2023\|website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> After the [[1999 İzmit earthquake]], new building codes were enacted to make buildings more [[earthquake engineering\|resilient to earthquakes]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/64568826\|title=Turkey earthquake: Why did so many buildings collapse?\|publisher=BBC News\|date=8 February 2023}}</ref> The quality of the concrete is often a factor in collapse, especially in older buildings, but the engineering and design of newer high rise buildings, and improper placement of support columns and beams, may contribute to collapse.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/feb/07/turkey-earthquakes-death-toll-prompts-questions-over-building-standards\|title=Turkey earthquake death toll prompts questions over building standards\|first=Peter\|last=Beaumont\|date=7 February 2023\|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> The building codes, last updated in 2018, required quality standards in engineering design, construction and material.<ref name="auto" /> There were complaints that the building codes were poorly enforced.<ref name="auto1" /> After the earthquake, president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] had claimed "98 percent of the destroyed buildings were built in before 1999" and described it "as the indicator of an improvement in the quality of building codes and enforcement".<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Şimdi yaraları sarma, acıları dindirme vaktidir\|url=https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-simdi-yaralari-sarma-acilari-dindirme-vaktidir,2g5F39TwJkiJF9RZeBJg6A\|access-date=14 February 2023\|website=ntv.com.tr\|language=tr}}</ref> Erdoğan's claim was criticized by civil engineer and earthquake engineering academic Haluk Sucuoğlu, stating that field observations and more than half of the buildings in earthquake-affected areas being built after 2000 making Erdoğan's claims unlikely, though accepting that concrete data on the destroyed buildings do not exist yet.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Erdoğan 'Yıkılan binalar 99 öncesi' dedi, Prof. Sucuoğlu'ndan yanıt geldi: Elimizdeki rakamlar böyle söylemiyor\|url=https://artigercek.com/guncel/erdogan-yikilan-binalar-99-oncesi-dedi-prof-sucuoglu-yanit-verdi-elimizdeki-239156h\|access-date=16 February 2023\|website=Artı Gerçek\|date=15 February 2023\|language=tr}}</ref> The comparison of historical satellite images with those taken after the earthquake, especially of those showing the destruction in the newly built area of western Kahramanmaraş, were used to dispute Erdoğan's claim.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=15 February 2023\|title=TÜİK: Yıkılan binaların yüzde 51'i 2001'den sonra yapıldı\|url=https://www.paraanaliz.com/2023/genel/tuik-yikilan-binalarin-yuzde-51i-2001den-sonra-yapildi-g-47133/\|access-date=16 February 2023\|website=Paraanaliz\|language=tr}}</ref> In Adıyaman, the minister of transport and infrastructure, [[Adil Karaismailoğlu]], and governor, [[Mahmut Çuhadar]], were met with protests by locals. The [[Official state car\|state car]] of the governor was also kicked by protesters.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=8 February 2023\|title=Adıyaman'da Bakan Karaismailoğlu ve valiye halk böyle tepki gösterdi\|work=T24\|url=https://t24.com.tr/video/adiyaman-da-bakan-karaismailoglu-ve-valiye-halk-boyle-tepki-gosterdi,52126\|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> Turkish engineers previously warned that cities could become 'graveyards' with building amnesty.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=26 February 2019\|title=Turkish cities could become 'graveyards' with building amnesty, engineers say\|agency=Reuters\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-construction-idUSKCN1QF1VU}}</ref> Critics of Erdoğan said contractors of housing projects were allowed to skip vital safety mandates which put residents at risk. Videos from several years earlier showed Erdoğan applauding housing projects which collapsed in the earthquake. During a campaign stop in anticipation of the [[2019 Turkish local elections\|March 2019 local elections]], he listed, among his government's top attainment, new housing in Kahramanmaraş. Erdoğan said "We solved the problem of 144,156 citizens of Maras with zoning amnesty," In another video, he said "We have solved the problems of 205,000 citizens of Hatay with zoning peace."<ref name="Kenyon1">{{cite news\|last1=Kenyon\|first1=Peter\|date=13 February 2023\|title=Videos show Turkey's Erdogan boasted letting builders avoid earthquake codes\|publisher=[[NPR]]\|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/02/13/1156512284/turkey-earthquake-erdogan-building-safety\|access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> Before the [[2018 Turkish general election\|2018 general election]], 3.1 million buildings were granted amnesty certificates, according to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Secretary General Assistant and city planner, Bugra Gokce. In the ten affected provinces, 294,165 certificates were granted; 59,247 in Adana; 10,629 in Adıyaman; 14,719 in Diyarbakır; 40,224 in Gaziantep; 56,464 in Hatay; 39,58 in Kahramanmaraş; 4,897 in Kilis; 22,299 in Malatya; 21,107 in Osmaniye; and 25,521 in Şanlıurfa.<ref name="duvarenglish1">{{cite news\|date=12 February 2023\|title=2019 video of Erdoğan praising zoning amnesty in quake-hit province goes viral\|work=[[Gazete Duvar]]\|url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/2019-video-of-erdogan-praising-zoning-amnesty-in-quake-hit-province-goes-viral-video-61831\|access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> After a [[2020 Aegean Sea earthquake\|destructive earthquake]] struck İzmir in 2020, [[Asia Times]] said the Turkish government generated US$2 billion in profit since the latest zoning amnesty law was approved in May 2018. During that earthquake, there were 811,000 certificates linked to illegal construction in İzmir.<ref name="deCramer1">{{cite news\|last1=de Cramer\|first1=Alexandra\|date=24 November 2020\|title=Govt policy worsens Turkey's earthquake toll\|work=Asian Times\|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/11/govt-policy-worsens-turkeys-earthquake-toll/\|access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> The leader of the opposition in Parliament, [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu]] of the [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP), pinned responsibility for the scale of the disaster on Erdoğan.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64566296\|title=Turkey earthquake: Erdogan 'responsible for this' opposition leader says\|publisher=BBC News\|date=8 February 2023\|access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref> He demanded from the CHP mayors not to back down from providing bread and blankets to people in need and reject bureaucratic blocking as they did during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey\|COVID-19]] lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=8 February 2023\|title=Kılıçdaroğlu: 'We will not accept your bureaucratic blocking this time'\|url=https://bianet.org/english/crisis/273902-kilicdaroglu-we-will-not-accept-your-bureaucratic-blocking-this-time?bia_source=rss\|website=[[Bianet]]}}</ref> It has also been reported that some donations from relief organizations arriving at the Adana airport were relabeled as assistance by the [[Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency]] (AFAD) or also the governing AKP.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Hermann\|first=Rainer\|title=Erdbeben in der Türkei: Mit dem Logo der AKP\|language=de\|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung\|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/erdbeben-in-der-tuerkei-mit-dem-logo-der-akp-18676096.html\|access-date=13 February 2023\|issn=0174-4909}}</ref> Questions also arose as to how an "[[Earthquake tax (Turkey)\|earthquake tax]]" (officially "special communications tax") levied by the Turkish government in the wake of the 1999 earthquake, estimated to have reached 88bn lira ($4.6bn; £3.8bn) and meant to have been spent on disaster prevention and the development of emergency services, were spent, given how the government has never given a public explanation.<ref name="bbc.com" /> Some [[Kurds in Turkey\|Kurdish]] and [[Alevism\|Alevi]] residents alleged discrimination and neglect in the government's recovery efforts.<ref>{{Cite web\|author=Shweta Sharma\|date=13 February 2023\|title=Son recounts horror of watching mother die in Turkey rubble as they waited for help that never came\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-earthquake-rescue-anger-erdogan-b2281063.html\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230225142238/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-earthquake-rescue-anger-erdogan-b2281063.html\|archive-date=25 February 2023\|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Razaghi\|first=Tawar\|date=21 February 2023\|title=Kurds in Turkey, Syria fear discrimination in the face of earthquake recovery\|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/kurds-in-turkey-syria-fear-discrimination-in-the-face-of-earthquake-recovery-20230215-p5cko3.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224124220/https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/kurds-in-turkey-syria-fear-discrimination-in-the-face-of-earthquake-recovery-20230215-p5cko3.html\|archive-date=24 February 2023\|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> The pro-Kurdish [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)\|Peoples' Democratic Party]] (HDP) accused Turkish authorities of preventing equal distribution of aid<ref name=":6">{{Cite web\|last=Yılmaz\|first=Tuğçe\|date=16 February 2023\|title=Authorities seize aid intended for earthquake victims in epicenter area\|url=https://bianet.org/english/politics/274389-authorities-seize-aid-intended-for-earthquake-victims-in-epicenter-area\|website=[[Bianet]]}}</ref> and favoring areas inhabited majorly by people loyal to the governing AKP.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Ozalp\|first=Mehmet\|title=Will the Turkish earthquakes affect how the country is governed?\|url=http://theconversation.com/will-the-turkish-earthquakes-affect-how-the-country-is-governed-199946\|access-date=22 February 2023\|website=[[The Conversation (website)\|The Conversation]]\|date=21 February 2023\|publication-place=[[Charles Sturt University]]}}</ref> ==== Disaster management ==== [[File:Kahramanmaraş after 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Türkiye.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|Kahramanmaraş after the earthquake]] AFAD, the state organ for the disaster relief, was criticized on the grounds of slowness during the first days of the earthquake.<ref name=":9">{{Cite magazine\|last=Burga\|first=Solcyre\|date=15 February 2023\|title=How Turkey's Earthquake Response Failed Its People\|url=https://time.com/6255634/earthquake-turkey-syria-erdogan-rescue/\|access-date=17 February 2023\|magazine=Time}}</ref> There were reports of unsuccessful attempts by people to contact AFAD.<ref name=":9" /> [[Emergency management]] academic Kubilay Kaptan stated that the delayed reaction of AFAD was mainly caused by the increasing centralization of Turkish emergency response agencies under the current government. According to Kaptan, numerous relief agencies were merged into AFAD in the past years and [[2017 Turkish constitutional referendum\|since the implementation of the referendum]], AFAD became part of the [[Ministry of Interior (Turkey)\|Ministry of Interior]], losing its autonomy and self-governance. Kaptan added that the Ministry of Interior, responsible for making decisions, hindered the fast response since the organization required approval for its actions, contrasting more independent agencies like [[Federal Emergency Management Agency\|FEMA]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=AFAD büyük bir depreme ne kadar hazırdı? – DW – 08.02.2023\|url=https://www.dw.com/tr/afad-b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk-bir-depreme-ne-kadar-haz%C4%B1rd%C4%B1/a-64639121\|access-date=12 February 2023\|publisher=Deutsche Welle\|language=tr}}</ref> AFAD was also criticized on the claims of inappropriate board of management, since some members of the board had no disaster management background. {{Interlanguage link\|İsmail Palakoğlu\|tr}}, the general manager of disaster response subdivision of AFAD and a theologian who previously worked at the [[Directorate of Religious Affairs]], was criticized by several politicians and media outlets.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Akkaş\|first=Simge\|title=Afetlere Müdahale Genel Müdürü İsmail Palakoğlu İlahiyat Fakültesi Mezunu Doğruluk Payı\|url=https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/dogruluk-kontrolu/afetlere-mudahale-genel-muduru-ismail-palakoglu-ilahiyat-fakultesi-mezunu-61\|access-date=12 February 2023\|website=dogrulukpayi.com\|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Eski AFAD Başkanı geri çağrıldı... İYİ Parti'nin başlattığı tartışma akla geldi\|url=https://www.odatv4.com//guncel/eski-afad-baskani-geri-cagrildi-iyi-parti-nin-baslattigi-tartisma-akla-geldi-270172\|access-date=12 February 2023\|website=odatv4.com\|archive-date=10 February 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210083420/https://www.odatv4.com/guncel/eski-afad-baskani-geri-cagrildi-iyi-parti-nin-baslattigi-tartisma-akla-geldi-270172\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=9 February 2023\|title=AFAD müdürü İsmail Palakoğlu'nun özgeçmişi 'göz kamaştırdı' – Diken\|url=https://www.diken.com.tr/afad-genel-muduru-ismail-palakoglunun-ozgecmisi-goz-kamastirdi/\|access-date=12 February 2023\|website=diken.com.tr\|language=tr}}</ref> Another criticism was the late deployment of military resources.<ref name=":9" /> They were not mobilized for two days after the earthquake, and even then in what many considered in very modest amounts.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://onedio.com/haber/cuneyt-ozdemir-canli-yayinda-askerin-neden-deprem-bolgesinde-olmadigini-sordu-1126568\|title=Cüneyt Özdemir Canlı Yayında Askerin Neden Deprem Bölgesinde Olmadığını Sordu\|website=Onedio}}</ref>{{Request quotation\|date=February 2023}} There were many instances where aid was forced to go through local governors, who were not elected but appointed by the government. In some instances, aid was held by the ruling party with the explanation that it would be managed by AFAD.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://artigercek.com/guncel/yardimlara-afad-koordine-edecek-engeli-238341h\|title=Yardımlara 'AFAD koordine edecek' engeli\|website=Artı Gerçek\|date=8 February 2023}}</ref> There were reports of aid trucks stopped and not let through unless ruling party placards and signs were placed on them, including stickers of the president placed on individual aid packages.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/sozcutv/,%20https://www.sozcu.com.tr/sozcutv/\|title=Sözcü Gazetesi\|website=sozcu.com.tr}}{{Dead link\|date=June 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 16 February the [[Kaymakam\|district governor]] of [[Pazarcık\|Pazarcik]] accompanied by the [[Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization\|gendarmerie]] seized aid stored in a distribution center established jointly by the HDP and the Hasankoca Neighborhood Assistance and Solidarity Association in presence of the head of the [[Diyarbakır]] Chamber of Industry arguing they could not distribute aid independently.<ref name=":6"/> On 9 February 2023, the governing alliance between the MHP and the AKP approved a state of emergency in 10 provinces affected by the earthquakes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|title=Bülent Arınç calls for scheduled elections to be postponed\|url=https://bianet.org/english/politics/274246-bulent-arinc-calls-for-scheduled-elections-to-be-postponed\|website=[[Bianet]]\|access-date=14 February 2023\|archive-date=2 May 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502095741/https://bianet.org/\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|last=Ertan\|first=Nazli\|title=Turkey's politicians play blame game as earthquake death toll hits 20,000 – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East\|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/02/turkeys-politicians-play-blame-game-earthquake-death-toll-hits-20000\|access-date=14 February 2023\|website=[[Al-Monitor]]\|date=9 February 2023}}</ref> The opposition voted no to the measure, claiming that it was unnecessary since the provinces were already declared as "disaster areas".<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> A week after the earthquakes in [[Samandağ]], a coastal town in Hatay Province, residents dug through the rubble to look for victims because of the slow and limited government response. "We have nothing left and the government barely helped us," one resident said, adding that assistance only came 48 hours after the earthquake.<ref name="Atallah1">{{cite news\|last1=Atallah\|first1=Nada Maucourant\|title=The forgotten people of Samandag, still waiting for help a week after Turkey earthquake\|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/02/14/the-forgotten-people-of-samandag-still-waiting-for-help-a-week-after-turkey-earthquake/\|access-date=15 February 2023\|work=The National\|date=15 February 2023}}</ref> ===Media censorship=== [[NetBlocks]] announced that [[Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)\|ICTA]] limited access to Twitter from Turkey, with Turkish government officials claiming disinformation.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=8 February 2023\|title=VPN nedir, nasıl kullanılır?\|publisher=[[BBC Turkish]]\|url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/ce9v1xv1qyzo\|access-date=8 February 2023\|archive-date=8 February 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208152059/https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/ce9v1xv1qyzo\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=8 February 2023\|title=Twitter access in Turkey is restored, according to network monitoring firm\|access-date=12 February 2023\|url=https://abc17news.com/money/cnn-social-media-technology/2023/02/08/twitter-restricted-in-turkey-according-to-network-monitoring-firm/}}</ref> According to Reuters, citing an anonymous government official, the block was necessary "because in some accounts there were untrue claims, slander, insults and posts with fraudulent purposes," The block caused public anger as Twitter assisted in sharing information on arriving aid and the whereabouts of survivors still trapped in rubble. The [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)\|Peoples' Democratic Party]] said Twitter helped in organizing aid to the affected and the block would "only cause more death." [[Ali Babacan]], leader of the Turkey's opposition group, [[Democracy and Progress Party]], also criticized the block.<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Butler\|first1=Daren\|last2=Coskun\|first2=Orhan\|title=Anger over Turkey's temporary Twitter block during quake rescue\|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/anger-over-turkeys-temporary-twitter-block-during-quake-rescue-2023-02-09/\|access-date=26 February 2023\|agency=Reuters\|date=9 February 2023}}</ref> The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) issued a statement critical of fines and penalties issued to [[Halk TV]], {{ill\|Tele1\|diq\|Tele1\|tr\|Tele1}}, and [[Fox (Turkish TV channel)\|Fox]] over their coverage of the earthquake by the [[Radio and Television Supreme Council]]. In addition to the fines, both Halk TV and TELE1 were required to suspend airing of the shows that had criticized the government for five days. The CPJ's statement said that Turkey officials should revoke both the fine and penalties along with refraining from silencing the media for its earthquake coverage.<ref>[https://cpj.org/2023/02/turkish-media-watchdog-fines-broadcasters-for-criticizing-earthquake-response/ Turkish media watchdog fines broadcasters for criticizing earthquake response] Committee to Protect Journalists</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/23/turkey-fines-broadcasters-for-coverage-critical-of-earthquake-response Turkey fines broadcasters for coverage critical of earthquake response] [[The Guardian]]</ref> === Criminal investigation === [[File:City of Adıyaman after 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Türkiye 45.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Ruins in Adıyaman]] On 7 February, Turkish police said they detained four people over "provocative posts aiming to create fear and panic" on social media following the earthquake. It added that a wider investigation into social media accounts was ongoing, but offered no information on the content of the posts.<ref name="arrests1">{{Cite news\|date=7 February 2023\|title=Turkiye detains four over quake social media posts\|work=Arab News\|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2246331/media\|url-status=live\|access-date=8 February 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124808/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2246331/media\|archive-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> The number of detentions increased to a dozen on 8 February.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=8 February 2023\|title=Twitter Down in Turkey as Quake Response Criticism Mounts\|publisher=Voice of America\|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/twitter-down-in-turkey-as-quake-response-criticism-mounts/6953800.html\|access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref> Following reports of property being ransacked by looters,<ref>{{Cite web\|author1=Kathryn Armstrong\|author2=Andre Rhoden-Paul\|date=12 February 2023\|title=Turkey-Syria earthquake death toll passes 28,000 as rescue hopes dwindle\|url=https://news.yahoo.com/turkey-earthquake-rescue-efforts-disrupted-155918043.html\|access-date=13 February 2023\|publisher=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=12 February 2023\|title=Turkey, Syria Earthquake Live Updates: Looters raid shops, homes after Turkey quake; toll climbs to 33,000\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/turkey-earthquake-live-updates-deaths-toll-injuries-buildings-collapsed-in-kahramanmaras-earthquake-in-syria-latest-news/liveblog/97831278.cms\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230213100532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/turkey-earthquake-live-updates-deaths-toll-injuries-buildings-collapsed-in-kahramanmaras-earthquake-in-syria-latest-news/liveblog/97831278.cms\|archive-date=13 February 2023\|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> authorities arrested 98 people for robbery or defrauding victims.<ref>{{cite news\|date=12 February 2023\|title=At least 98 people arrested in Turkey over alleged looting, robbery or defrauding earthquake victims\|agency=[[CNN International]]\|url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/turkey-syria-earthquake-updates-2-12-23-intl/index.html\|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> Syrians have faced increased discrimination in the country, with some Turks blaming them for the looting.<ref>{{Cite web\|author=Nabih Bulos\|date=15 February 2023\|title=Syrian refugees in Turkey face harassment after quake: 'I never felt this level of racism before'\|url=https://news.yahoo.com/survived-war-earthquake-turkeys-syrian-133206745.html\|access-date=17 February 2023\|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|author=Levent Kenez\|date=10 February 2023\|title=Government-backed ultranationalists and Islamists spread hatred and xenophobia amid earthquake devastation\|url=https://nordicmonitor.com/2023/02/government-backed-ultra-nationalists-and-islamists-spread-hatred-and-xenophobia-amid-earthquake-devastation/\|access-date=17 February 2023\|website=[[Nordic Monitor]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Earthquake fans anti-Syrian sentiment in Turkey\|date=14 February 2023\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MufV4wn2klk\|access-date=15 February 2023\|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] alleged that Turkish security forces tortured and ill-treated individuals arrested on suspicion of looting. In a report from both organizations, one person died while being held by authorities. The report said allegations of torture came from 10 provinces, with most of them coming from Antakya alone.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Police tortured Turkey earthquake looting suspects, say rights groups\|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2023/0405/1374299-turkey-earthquake/\|access-date=6 April 2023\|agency=Agence France-Presse\|publisher=RTÉ\|date=5 April 2023}}</ref> On 9 February, minister of justice, [[Bekir Bozdağ]], said a judicial investigation into the collapse of buildings was opened.<ref name="Uddin1" /> The probe attempts to hold accountable those who constructed the buildings or bore any responsibility for their collapse in the 10 hardest-hit provinces. Bozdağ said: "Those who have negligence, faults and those responsible for the destructions after the earthquake will be identified and held accountable before the judiciary".<ref name="Uddin1">{{cite news\|last1=Uddin\|first1=R.\|title=Turkey earthquake: Owner of collapsed residential complex arrested at airport\|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-earthquake-hatay-owner-building-complex-arrested-airport\|access-date=11 February 2023\|website=Middle East Eye\|date=10 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/turkey-syria-earthquake-updates-2-10-23-intl#h_c98792c3dd3be731c4f1866b81db857c\|title=Turkish justice minister says judicial investigations of builders in quake-stricken regions have begun\|last1=Atay Alam\|first1=Hande\|last2=Baysan\|first2=Reyhan\|publisher=CNN\|date=10 February 2023\|access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref> Nearly 150 local prosecutors were authorized to establish units to investigate contractors, surveyors and other experts linked to the collapsed buildings.<ref name="Samson1">{{cite news\|last1=Samson\|first1=A.\|last2=Yackley\|first2=A. J.\|title=Turkey cracks down on developers of buildings toppled in earthquake\|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a8419771-6cd9-4fec-8075-62c7e604aca7\|access-date=12 February 2023\|work=Financial Times\|location=London\|date=12 February 2023}}</ref> On 11 February, the justice ministry announced the plan to establish the "Earthquake Crimes Investigation" bureaus. The bureaus aim to hold contractors and other responsible for construction, gathering evidence, recommendation experts; including architects geologists and engineers; and inspecting building permits and occupation permits.<ref name="detain1" /> Vice President [[Fuat Oktay]] said 131 individuals linked to the collapse of buildings were identified.<ref name="Diyar21Haber1">{{cite news\|title=Depremde ölenlerin sayısı 24 bin 617'ye yükseldi\|trans-title=The death toll in the earthquake rose to 24,617\|url=https://www.diyar21.com/depremde-olenlerin-sayisi-24-bin-617ye-yukseldi/\|access-date=11 February 2023\|agency=Diyar21Haber\|date=11 February 2023\|language=tr}}</ref> By 25 February 612 people were investigated for their involvement in building collapses; 184 were arrested and awaiting trial. Those in jail included contractors and building owners and managers.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Turkey launches probe into 612 people after quakes: Minister\|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/25/turkey-launches-probe-into-612-people-after-quakes-minister\|access-date=26 February 2023\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|date=26 February 2023}}</ref> On 12 February, the Adana Chief Public Prosecutor's Office issued arrest warrants for 62 people;<ref>{{cite news\|title=Depremde 6. gün: Can kaybı 24 bin 617'e yükseldi\|trans-title=6th day in earthquake: Loss of life increased to 24 thousand 617\|url=https://www.barandergisi.net/genel/depremde-6-gun-can-kaybi-24-bin-617-e-yukseldi-h26546.html\|access-date=12 February 2023\|agency=Baran Dergisi\|date=11 February 2023\|language=tr}}</ref> Thirty one arrests were made on 14 February. In Malatya, city prosecutors issued arrest warrants for 31 people.<ref name="SaidMoorhouse1">{{cite news\|last1=Said-Moorhouse\|first1=Lauren\|title=Turkey cracks down on building contractors as quake death toll reaches grim milestone\|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/13/middleeast/turkey-earthquake-building-construction-intl/index.html\|access-date=13 February 2023\|publisher=CNN\|date=13 February 2023}}</ref> The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) published an article on 14 February covering journalists being detained and harassed for their reporting on the earthquake in Turkey. Some of those detained were being investigated for "spreading misinformation" or for ""provoking the people into animosity and hatred" in connection with their reporting.<ref>[https://cpj.org/2023/02/journalists-covering-turkey-earthquake-detained-and-harassed/ Journalists covering Turkey earthquake detained and harassed] Committee to Protect Journalists</ref> The owner of Rönesans Rezidans which collapsed in Hatay Province was arrested in Istanbul while attempting to leave Turkey for [[Montenegro]].<ref name="Uddin1" /> In Gaziantep Province, two people were arrested after being suspected of cutting-down columns to make extra space in a building that collapsed.<ref name="detain1">{{cite news\|title=Turkey detains building contractors as quake death toll passes 33,000\|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/12/turkey-detains-building-contractors-as-quake-death-toll-passes-33000.html\|access-date=13 February 2023\|agency=Associated Press\|publisher=CNBC\|date=12 February 2023}}</ref> Bekir Bozdağ said 163 people were being investigated for their alleged involvement. Eight people were arrested and awaiting trial while 48 were held in police detention; another seven were prohibited from leaving Turkey. Officials detained two people at Istanbul Airport attempting to flee to Georgia. Among those arrested were a man and his wife who constructed several buildings in Adiyaman which collapsed. A contractor involved in developing the Bahar Apartments in Gaziantep was detained in Istanbul after his inspections were deemed negligent. The owner of a construction company which built several buildings in Adana was apprehended in Northern Cyprus.<ref name="SaidMoorhouse1" /> The majority of buildings that collapsed in Turkey were constructed before 2000, but some were constructed afterward. Following the 1999 earthquake, building construction followed new regulations and had improved materials. Sukru Ersoy, a geology professor at [[Yıldız Technical University]], said "corruption is high in the construction sector in Turkey. And therefore, there were abuses".<ref name="Uras1">{{cite news\|last1=Uras\|first1=U.\|title=After massive Turkey quakes, Istanbul residents fear the next one\|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/11/we-live-in-distress-istanbul-residents-worry-over-coming-quake\|access-date=12 February 2023\|publisher=Al Jazeera\|date=12 February 2023}}</ref> However, [[Corruption in Turkey\|corruption]] was not always present in local authorities;<ref>{{Cite news\|title=Turkey's earthquakes show the deadly extent of construction scams\|newspaper=The Economist\|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/02/12/turkeys-earthquakes-show-the-deadly-extent-of-construction-scams\|access-date=13 February 2023\|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> in [[Erzin, Turkey\|Erzin]], which has a strict policy against the construction of buildings that violated safety codes in addition to having endured other earthquakes with less damage, became a popular location for survivors elsewhere to take refuge as no collapsed buildings were reported.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Hatay'da yıkılmayan tek ilçe: Erzin Belediye Başkanı Ökkeş Elmasoğlu bir bir anlattı\|url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/hatayda-yikilmayan-tek-ilce-erzin-belediye-baskani-okkes-elmasoglu-bir-bir-anlatti-2050699\|access-date=13 February 2023\|website=cumhuriyet.com.tr\|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|access-date=16 February 2023\|title=The town that didn't collapse: How a tiny Turkish city avoided the earthquake's destruction\|date=15 February 2023\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/erzin-turkey-earthquake-building-collapse-construction-codes-rcna70733\|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> On 3 January 2024, the first trials opened in Turkey relating to the earthquake, with a court in Adiyaman trying 11 individuals accused of "conscious negligence" while overseeing the construction of the collapsed Isias Hotel.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Turkey opens first major trial into earthquake deaths\|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240103-turkey-opens-first-major-trial-into-earthquake-deaths\|access-date=13 February 2023\|work=France 24\|date=3 January 2024}}</ref> The families of those killed in the Isias Hotel collapsed testified against its owner and 10 contractors.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Parents of Cyprus school volleyball team players killed in Turkish quake testify against hotel owner\|url=https://apnews.com/article/turkey-earthquake-trial-volleyball-team-fe4a75941ad6370bbdc001cac86be632\|access-date=6 February 2024\|agency=Associated Press\|date=4 January 2024}}</ref> Attorneys representing victims' families said contractors tried may be handled a less severe sentence as evidence and collapsed rubble were cleared in the aftermath.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Turkey quake survivors seek justice one year on\|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/turkey-quake-survivors-seek-justice-one-year-on\|access-date=6 February 2024\|work=The Straits Times\|date=28 January 2024}}</ref> In mid-April 2024, trials began for eight defendants; four from the construction contractor and four from a private inspector involved with the [[Rönesans Rezidans]]. All the defendants pleaded not guilty. The luxury apartment collapsed, killing at least 269 and leaving 46 missing, believed to have also died. Four of the accused were held in detention while another was reportedly on the run. At the Hatay Third High Criminal Court, they were charged with "causing the death and injury of more than one person with conscious negligence." The eight individuals face up to 22 years in jail if convicted.<ref name="turkishminute1">{{cite news\|title=Trial concerning 269 luxury residence deaths in Turkey earthquake begins\|url=https://www.turkishminute.com/2024/04/18/trial-concerning-269-luxury-residence-death-turkey-earthquake-begin/\|access-date=8 May 2024\|work=Turkish Minute\|date=18 April 2024}}</ref> The director for [[Human Rights Watch]] in Turkey voiced concerns that many public officials have not gone for trial, while only individuals from private sector have. Public servants also has a role in the construction of inadequate buildings such as issuing permits and consenting to building plans. No public servant has gone to trial as of 19 April 2024.<ref name="Hubbard24">{{cite news\|first1=Safak\|last1=Timur\|last2=Hubbard\|first2=Ben\|title=Turkey Earthquake Trial Opens Amid Anger and Tears\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/19/world/europe/turkey-earthquake-trial.html\|access-date=8 May 2024\|work=The New York Times\|date=19 April 2024}}</ref> === Commemorations === On the first anniversary of the earthquake on 6 February 2024, the Turkish government organized a series of programs to mark the disaster, with schools closed in the affected regions. In Antakya, a moment of silence was held at 04:17, the time when the earthquake struck, and [[Carnation\|carnations]] were scattered into the Orontes River. A silent march was held in Adiyaman while President Erdoğan visited Kahramanmaraş. Protests were also held in Antakya criticizing health minister Fahrettin Koca and mayor [[Lütfü Savaş]], with demonstrators chanting "Can anyone hear me?", a reminder of cries for rescue following the earthquake and "We won't forget, we won't forgive." In Malatya Province, the governor banned events that were not officially sanctioned until 9 February.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Wilks \|first1=Andrew \|date=6 February 2024 \|title=Turkey mourns tens of thousands dead, surrounded by the ruins of last year's earthquake \|url=https://apnews.com/article/turkey-earthquake-anniversary-hatay-kahramanmaras-77ca7874fbfbe15f898f12c2690216fb \|access-date=6 February 2024 \|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> == Reactions in Syria == {{Empty section\|date=February 2025\|section=6\|small=no}} == National mourning == <!-- The following sections are transcluded to 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake. DO NOT REMOVE <section begin=/> or <section end=/> parameters --> <section begin=mourning/> [[File:Türkiye'de_6_Şubat_Depremi_Nedeniyle_Yas_İlan_Edildi-Urla.jpg\|thumb\|Turkish flag lowered to [[half-mast]] during the national mourning period]] President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] declared seven days of national mourning in Turkey.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news \|date=6 February 2023 \|title=Türkiyədə 7 günlük ümummilli matəm elan edilib \|url=https://report.az/region-xeberleri/umummilli-matem-elan-edilib/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207002704/https://report.az/region-xeberleri/umummilli-matem-elan-edilib/ \|archive-date=7 February 2023 \|access-date=6 February 2023 \|work=report.az \|language=az}}</ref><ref name="Guzel1">{{Cite news \|last1=Guzel \|first1=M. \|last2=Alsayed \|first2=G. \|last3=Fraser \|first3=S. \|date=6 February 2023 \|title=Powerful quake rocks Turkey and Syria, kills more than 3,400 \|url=https://apnews.com/article/earthquake-shakes-turkey-b927808f6a5c54bdb669120faa40b7bc \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207003135/https://apnews.com/article/earthquake-shakes-turkey-b927808f6a5c54bdb669120faa40b7bc \|archive-date=7 February 2023 \|access-date=6 February 2023 \|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The same period of mourning was observed in [[Northern Cyprus]],<ref>{{cite news \|date=6 February 2023 \|title=KKTC'de Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremlerin ardından 7 gün ulusal yas ilan edildi \|trans-title=Following the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş, 7 days of national mourning were declared in the TRNC \|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/kktcde-kahramanmaras-merkezli-depremlerin-ardindan-7-gun-ulusal-yas-ilan-edildi/2808994 \|access-date=25 February 2025 \|agency=Anadolu Agency}}</ref>{{efn\|Northern Cyprus is a ''de facto'' state that comprises the northeastern portion of the [[island of Cyprus]]. [[List of states with limited recognition\|Recognised only]] by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be part of the [[Cyprus\|Republic of Cyprus]]. See also [[Cyprus problem]].\|name=TRNC}} and one day was also declared in [[Albania]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{cite news \|date=8 February 2023 \|title=Bangladesh announces state mourning for Turkey, Syria earthquake \|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-announces-state-mourning-turkey-syria-earthquake-581982 \|access-date=13 February 2023 \|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|date=7 February 2023 \|title=Kosova'da Türkiye'deki depremler nedeniyle 1 günlük yas ilan edildi \|trans-title=1-day mourning declared in Kosovo due to earthquakes in Turkey \|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/kosovada-turkiyedeki-depremler-nedeniyle-1-gunluk-yas-ilan-edildi-42216606 \|access-date=13 February 2023 \|work=Hürriyet Daily News \|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|date=11 February 2023 \|title=Arnavutluk Türkiye'deki depremler nedeniyle ulusal yas ilan etti \|trans-title=Albania declares national mourning for earthquakes in Turkey \|url=https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/arnavutluk-turkiyedeki-depremler-nedeniyle-ulusal-yas-ilan-etti,MRWoQD1uykC0EEnQaMsSKQ \|access-date=13 February 2023 \|publisher=Anadolu Agency \|language=tr}}</ref> On 13 February, all overseas [[List of diplomatic missions of North Macedonia\|diplomatic missions]] of [[North Macedonia]] lowered their [[Flag of North Macedonia\|flags]] to half-mast.<ref>{{cite news \|date=13 February 2023 \|title=Kuzey Makedonya'da, Türkiye ve Suriye'deki depremler nedeniyle yas ilan edildi \|trans-title=North Macedonia declared mourning due to earthquakes in Turkey and Syria \|url=https://www.mynet.com/kuzey-makedonya-da-turkiye-ve-suriye-deki-depremler-nedeniyle-yas-ilan-edildi-110107096498 \|access-date=13 February 2023 \|publisher=Anadolu Agency \|language=tr}}</ref><section end=mourning/> == Condolences == <section begin=cond/> Condolences to Turkey and Syria were expressed by [[Humanitarian response to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes\|most countries that provided aid]], as well as [[Bolivia]],<ref>{{Cite web \|date=6 February 2023 \|title=Bolivia expresa su solidaridad a Turquía y Siria tras "devastador" terremoto \|trans-title=Bolivia expresses its solidarity with Turkey and Syria after "devastating" earthquake \|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/terremoto-turqu%25C3%25ADa_bolivia-expresa-su-solidaridad-a-turqu%25C3%25ADa-y-siria-tras--devastador--terremoto/48263748 \|access-date=11 February 2023 \|website=SWI swissinfo.ch \|language=es}}</ref> the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]],<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Séisme/Türkiye: Le président de la RDC, Félix Tshisekedi, présente ses condoléances à Erdogan \|trans-title=Earthquake/Turkey: DRC President Felix Tshisekedi offers condolences to Erdogan \|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/s%C3%A9isme-turkiye-le-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-rdc-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-pr%C3%A9sente-ses-condol%C3%A9ances-%C3%A0-erdogan/2810242 \|access-date=7 April 2023 \|publisher=Anadolu Agency \|language=fr}}</ref> the [[Dominican Republic]],<ref>{{Cite web \|date=6 February 2023 \|title=Dominican Republic stands in solidarity with Turkey after earthquake \|url=https://dominicantoday.com/dr/world/2023/02/06/dominican-republic-stands-in-solidarity-with-turkey-after-earthquake/ \|access-date=19 July 2024 \|publisher=Dominican Today}}</ref> [[Ghana]],<ref>{{Cite web \|date=6 February 2023 \|title=Akufo-Addo offers condolence to Turkey following catastrophic earthquake \|url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/02/akufo-addo-offers-condolence-to-turkey-following-catastrophic-earthquake-2/ \|access-date=7 April 2023 \|agency=[[Ghana News Agency]]}}</ref> [[Grenada]],<ref>{{Cite web \|date=8 February 2023 \|title=Grenada offers condolences to Turkey and Syria on earthquake disaster \|url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/grenada-offers-condolences-turkey-and-syria-earthquake-disaster \|access-date=15 February 2023 \|publisher=Loop Caribbean News}}</ref> [[Malawi]],<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Malenga \|first=Bright \|date=7 February 2023 \|title=MAM Condoles Turkiye Over Earthquake Tragedy \|url=https://malawimuslims.com/news/mam-condoles-turkiye-over-earthquake-tragedy \|access-date=16 June 2023 \|publisher=Malawi Muslims}}</ref> [[Monaco]],<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Esteve \|first=Camille \|date=7 February 2023 \|title=Prince Albert II expresses support after earthquakes in Turkey \|url=https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2023/02/prince-albert-ii-expresses-support-after-earthquakes-in-turkey/}}</ref> [[Morocco]],<ref>{{Cite web \|date=7 February 2023 \|title=Morocco's King sends message of condolences to Turkish President following devastating earthquake \|url=https://northafricapost.com/65076-moroccos-king-sends-message-of-condolences-to-turkish-president-following-devastating-earthquake.html \|access-date=15 February 2023 \|work=The North Africa Post}}</ref> [[North Korea]],<ref name="APLiveFeb9">{{cite news \|date=10 February 2023 \|title=North Korea sends condolences to Syria, Turkey after quakes \|url=https://www.nknews.org/pro/state-media-review-north-korea-sends-condolences-to-syria-turkey-after-quakes/ \|access-date=25 February 2025 \|work=NK News}}</ref> [[Nicaragua]],<ref name="el19">{{cite news \|date=6 February 2023 \|title=Nicaragua expresa solidaridad ante tragedia que viven Turquía y Siria \|trans-title=Nicaragua expresses solidarity in the face of the tragedy that Turkey and Syria are experiencing \|url=https://www.el19digital.com/articulos/ver/titulo:136682-nicaragua-expresa-solidaridad-ante-tragedia-que-viven-turquia-y-siria \|access-date=11 February 2023 \|website=El19 \|language=es}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref>{{Cite web \|author=Yuriko Cabeza \|date=6 February 2023 \|title=Gobierno peruano se solidariza con Turquía y Siria por terremoto de 7.8 de magnitud \|url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/02/06/terremoto-en-turquia-de-78-de-magnitud-gobierno-peruano-se-solidariza-con-siria-por-sismo/ \|access-date=15 February 2023 \|publisher=Infobae \|language=es}}</ref> the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]],<ref>{{Cite news \|date=February 11, 2023 \|title=El Presidente de la Repùblica envía condolencias y solidaridad al pueblo turco \|url=https://www.spsrasd.info/news/es/articles/2023/02/11/44073.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212102125/https://www.spsrasd.info/news/es/articles/2023/02/11/44073.html \|archive-date=February 12, 2023 \|access-date=February 11, 2023 \|website=spsrasd.info \|language=es}}</ref> [[South Africa]]<ref>{{cite news \|date=7 February 2023 \|title=Ramaphosa, world leaders send condolences to victims of Turkey and Syria earthquake \|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/ramaphosa-world-leaders-turkey-syria-earthquake/ \|access-date=7 February 2023 \|work=The Citizen \|location=South Africa}}</ref> and [[Tonga]].<ref>{{cite news \|date=14 February 2023 \|title=Princess extends Tonga's condolences to Turkey and Syria after earthquakes claim 36,000 lives \|url=https://matangitonga.to/2023/02/14/princess-extends-tonga-s-condolences-turkey-and-syria-after-earthquakes-claim-36000-lives \|access-date=5 March 2023 \|publisher=Matangi Tonga}}</ref> President of the European Council [[Charles Michel]] and President of the European Commission [[Ursula von der Leyen]] expressed their solidarity with the Turkish and Syrian people and wished a speedy recovery to the injured.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/news/20230206-turkey-earthquake/\|title=Earthquake: EU support for Türkiye and Syria\|date=February 6, 2023\|publisher=Europa (web portal)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet\|number=1622519755293818880\|user=vonderleyen\|title=We stand in full solidarity with the people of Türkiye and Syria after the deadly earthquake that hit this morning. We mourn with the families of the victims. Europe's support is already on the way and we stand ready to continue helping in any way we can.\|date=6 February 2023\|access-date=6 February 2023\|}}</ref> The [[African Union Commission]], [[ASEAN]] and [[Organization of Turkic States]], the latter of which Turkey is a founding member, also extended condolences.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230207/chairperson-condolences-earthquake-hit-turkiye-and-syria\|title=The Chairperson of the AU Commission expresses his shock and deep condolences on the earthquake that hit Türkiye and Syria \| African Union\|website=au.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|website=ASEAN Secretariat\|date=February 7, 2023\|title=ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Statement on The Earthquake in Turkiye and Syria\|url=https://asean.org/asean-foreign-ministers-statement-on-the-earthquake-in-turkiye-and-syria/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.turkicstates.org/en/haberler/condolence-message-of-the-ots-secretary-general-over-the-devastating-earthquake-in-kahramanmaras-turkiye_2796\|title=Condolence Message of the OTS Secretary General over the devastating earthquake in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye.\|website=Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı\|access-date=25 February 2025\|archive-date=7 February 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207185214/https://www.turkicstates.org/en/haberler/condolence-message-of-the-ots-secretary-general-over-the-devastating-earthquake-in-kahramanmaras-turkiye_2796\|url-status=dead}}</ref><section end=cond/> <!-- END OF SECTIONS TRANSCLUDED TO 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes. --> ==See also== [[Humanitarian response to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake]] [[Construction amnesty]] *[[Seismic code]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Reactions to 2020s events\|Turkey–Syria earthquakes]] [[Category:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake]]	1,306,065,388	[]	false
# Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2009 was a 2009 concert tour by Elton John and Billy Joel, their first concert tour together in 7 years since Face to Face 2003. The tour originally consisted of four legs throughout the year. The last leg, in fall 2009, was cancelled due to an E. coli infection that John had picked up. Joel stated in 2012 that he would no longer tour with John because it restrains his setlists. ## Tour The cancelled shows were rescheduled for the following year (Face to Face 2010). The first two legs focused on arenas in the United States as would have the fourth leg, but it was cancelled. The third leg focused on the major baseball stadiums in the United States. ## Tour dates \| Date \| City \| Country \| Venue \| Attendance \| Revenue \| \| ------------- \| ---------------- \| ------------- \| ------------------------------------ \| ------------------------ \| ----------- \| \| North America \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 March 2009 \| Jacksonville \| United States \| Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena \| 13,433 / 13,433 \| $1,807,308 \| \| 5 March 2009 \| Tampa \| United States \| St. Pete Times Forum \| 19,401 / 19,401 \| $2,141,042 \| \| 7 March 2009 \| Charlotte \| United States \| Time Warner Cable Arena \| 17,908 / 17,908 \| $1,913,847 \| \| 10 March 2009 \| Cincinnati \| United States \| U.S. Bank Arena \| 16,065 / 16,065 \| $1,914,327 \| \| 14 March 2009 \| Atlanta \| United States \| Philips Arena \| 18,883 / 18,883 \| $2,049,955 \| \| 17 March 2009 \| Tulsa \| United States \| BOK Center \| 17,335 / 17,335 \| $1,940,793 \| \| 19 March 2009 \| Houston \| United States \| Toyota Center \| 16,612 / 16,612 \| $2,125,479 \| \| 21 March 2009 \| San Antonio \| United States \| AT&T Center \| 17,203 / 17,203 \| $1,893,547 \| \| 26 March 2009 \| Phoenix \| United States \| US Airways Center \| 17,495 / 17,495 \| $2,129,764 \| \| 28 March 2009 \| Anaheim \| United States \| Honda Center \| 33,548 / 33,548 \| $3,576,465 \| \| 30 March 2009 \| Anaheim \| United States \| Honda Center \| 33,548 / 33,548 \| $3,576,465 \| \| 2 May 2009 \| Fargo \| United States \| Fargodome \| 20,573 / 20,573 \| $1,616,699 \| \| 5 May 2009 \| St. Paul \| United States \| Xcel Energy Center \| 18,273 / 18,273 \| $2,509,482 \| \| 7 May 2009 \| Madison \| United States \| Kohl Center \| 15,943 / 15,943 \| $1,883,487 \| \| 12 May 2009 \| Omaha \| United States \| Qwest Center Omaha \| 17,211 / 17,211 \| $2,258,537 \| \| 14 May 2009 \| St. Louis \| United States \| Scottrade Center \| 19,692 / 19,692 \| $2,450,119 \| \| 16 May 2009 \| Nashville \| United States \| Sommet Center \| 17,211 / 17,211 \| $2,258,537 \| \| 19 May 2009 \| Indianapolis \| United States \| Conseco Fieldhouse \| 16,840 / 16,840 \| $2,013,316 \| \| 21 May 2009 \| Auburn Hills \| United States \| The Palace of Auburn Hills \| 20,827 / 20,827 \| $2,320,120 \| \| 23 May 2009 \| Cleveland \| United States \| Quicken Loans Arena \| 20,045 / 20,045 \| $2,562,259 \| \| 26 May 2009 \| Toronto \| Canada \| Air Canada Centre \| 37,266 / 37,266 \| $6,236,533 \| \| 30 May 2009 \| Toronto \| Canada \| Air Canada Centre \| 37,266 / 37,266 \| $6,236,533 \| \| 1 June 2009 \| Ottawa \| Canada \| Scotiabank Place \| 19,440 / 19,440 \| $2,576,723 \| \| 3 June 2009 \| Montreal \| Canada \| Bell Centre \| 16,555 / 16,555 \| $2,394,576 \| \| 11 July 2009 \| Washington, D.C. \| United States \| Nationals Park \| 38,617 / 38,617 \| $4,638,645 \| \| 14 July 2009 \| Columbus \| United States \| Nationwide Arena \| 18,395 / 18,395 \| $2,027,791 \| \| 16 July 2009 \| Chicago \| United States \| Wrigley Field \| 77,520 / 77,520 \| $11,154,840 \| \| 18 July 2009 \| Foxborough \| United States \| Gillette Stadium \| 52,007 / 52,007 \| $6,209,342 \| \| 21 July 2009 \| Chicago \| United States \| Wrigley Field \| [ a ] \| [ a ] \| \| 30 July 2009 \| Philadelphia \| United States \| Citizens Bank Park \| 89,690 / 89,690 \| $11,853,455 \| \| 1 August 2009 \| Philadelphia \| United States \| Citizens Bank Park \| 89,690 / 89,690 \| $11,853,455 \| \| Total \| Total \| Total \| Total \| 665,371 / 665,371 (100%) \| $83,818,343 \| Cancellations and rescheduled shows \| 4 November 2009 \| Seattle, Washington \| KeyArena \| Rescheduled to 3 February 2010 \| \| 7 November 2009 \| Seattle, Washington \| KeyArena \| Rescheduled to 6 February 2010 \| \| 10 November 2009 \| Portland, Oregon \| Rose Garden \| Rescheduled to 10 February 2010 \| \| 14 November 2009 \| Oakland, California \| Oracle Arena \| Rescheduled to 13 February 2010 \| \| 17 November 2009 \| San Jose, California \| HP Pavilion \| Rescheduled to 16 February 2010 \| \| 20 November 2009 \| Salt Lake City, Utah \| EnergySolutions Center \| Rescheduled to 19 February 2010 \| \| 22 November 2009 \| Denver, Colorado \| Pepsi Center \| Rescheduled to 22 February 2010 \| \| 25 November 2009 \| Oklahoma City, Oklahoma \| Ford Center \| Rescheduled to 25 February 2010 \| \| 28 November 2009 \| Little Rock, Arkansas \| Verizon Center \| Cancelled \| \| 1 December 2009 \| Kansas City, Missouri \| Sprint Center \| Rescheduled to 27 February 2010 \| \| 4 December 2009 \| Buffalo, New York \| HSBC Arena \| Rescheduled to 9 March 2010 \| \| 7 December 2009 \| Albany, New York \| Times Union Center \| Rescheduled to 11 March 2010 \| ## Setlist Elton John & Billy Joel & Bands 1. Your Song 2. Just the Way You Are 3. Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me 4. My Life Elton John & Band 1. Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding 2. Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting 3. Levon 4. Madman Across the Water 5. Tiny Dancer 6. Goodbye Yellow Brick Road 7. Daniel 8. Rocket Man 9. Philadelphia Freedom 10. I'm Still Standing 11. Crocodile Rock Billy Joel & Band 1. Prelude/Angry Young Man 2. Movin' Out 3. Allentown 4. Zanzibar 5. Don't Ask Me Why 6. She's Always a Woman 7. Scenes from an Italian Restaurant 8. River of Dreams 9. We Didn't Start the Fire 10. It's Still Rock and Roll to Me 11. Only the Good Die Young Elton John & Billy Joel & Bands 1. I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues 2. Uptown Girl 3. The Bitch is Back 4. You May Be Right 5. Bennie and the Jets 6. Candle in the Wind 7. Piano Man	enwiki/32960971	enwiki	32,960,971	Face to Face 2009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_to_Face_2009	2025-08-17T10:47:51Z	en	Q5428439	137,250	{{Short description\|2009 concert tour by Elton John and Billy Joel}} {{Use British English\|date=June 2014}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}} {{Primary sources\|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox concert \| concert_tour_name = Face to Face 2009 \| artist = [[Elton John]] and [[Billy Joel]] \| type = Continental \| location = North America \| start_date = 2 March 2009 \| end_date = 1 August 2009 \| number_of_legs = 3 \| number_of_shows = 27 \| Misc = {{Extra tour chronology \| Group = [[Elton John]] \| Type = tour \| Last tour = [[Rocket Man: Greatest Hits Live]] <br/> (2007–10) \| This tour = '''Face to Face 2009'''<br/> (2009) \| Next tour = [[Face to Face 2010]]<br/> (2010) }}{{Extra tour chronology \| Group = [[Billy Joel]] \| Type = tour \| Last tour = [[Face to Face 2003]]<br/>(2003) \| This tour = '''Face to Face 2009'''<br/>(2009) \| Next tour = [[Face to Face 2010]]<br/>(2010) }} \| image = Elton John-2009-Toronto.jpg \| image_size = 220 \| caption = Poster to the concert in Toronto, Canada }} '''Face to Face 2009''' was a 2009 concert tour by [[Elton John]] and [[Billy Joel]], their first concert tour together in 7 years since [[Face to Face 2003]]. The tour originally consisted of four legs throughout the year. The last leg, in fall 2009, was cancelled due to an ''[[Escherichia coli\|E. coli]]'' infection that John had picked up.{{citation needed\|date=May 2020}} Joel stated in 2012 that he would no longer tour with John because it restrains his setlists.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltondaily.com/2012/03/billy-joel-wont-tour-with-elton-due-to.html \|title=Billy Joel Won't Tour with Elton due to Setlist Constraints \|date=3 March 2012 \|publisher=EltonDaily.com \|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.gainesville.com/article/20120301/articles/120309937 \|title=Billy Joel mixes lots of music into his Q&A \|publisher=Gainesville.com \|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> ==Tour== The cancelled shows were rescheduled for the following year ([[Face to Face 2010]]).{{cn\|date=May 2022}} The first two legs focused on arenas in the United States as would have the fourth leg, but it was cancelled. The third leg focused on the major baseball stadiums in the United States.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.eltonography.com/cgi-bin/find_concerts.cgi?YEAR=2009 \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2011-09-02 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052927/http://www.eltonography.com/cgi-bin/find_concerts.cgi?YEAR=2009 \|archive-date=28 September 2011}} eltonography.com, Retrieved 2 September 2011</ref> ==Tour dates== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening act, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue \|- ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"\| Date ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"\| City ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"\| Country ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"\| Venue ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"\| Attendance ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"\| Revenue \|- \|colspan="6"\|'''North America''' \|- \|2 March 2009 \|[[Jacksonville, Florida\|Jacksonville]] \|rowspan="20"\|United States \|[[Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena]] \|13,433 / 13,433 \|$1,807,308 \|- \|5 March 2009 \|[[Tampa, Florida\|Tampa]] \|[[St. Pete Times Forum]] \|19,401 / 19,401 \|$2,141,042 \|- \|7 March 2009 \|[[Charlotte, North Carolina\|Charlotte]] \|[[Time Warner Cable Arena]] \|17,908 / 17,908 \|$1,913,847 \|- \|10 March 2009 \|[[Cincinnati]] \|[[U.S. Bank Arena]] \|16,065 / 16,065 \|$1,914,327 \|- \|14 March 2009 \|[[Atlanta]] \|[[Philips Arena]] \|18,883 / 18,883 \|$2,049,955 \|- \|17 March 2009 \|[[Tulsa, Oklahoma\|Tulsa]] \|[[BOK Center]] \|17,335 / 17,335 \|$1,940,793 \|- \|19 March 2009 \|[[Houston]] \|[[Toyota Center]] \|16,612 / 16,612 \|$2,125,479 \|- \|21 March 2009 \|[[San Antonio]] \|[[AT&T Center]] \|17,203 / 17,203 \|$1,893,547 \|- \|26 March 2009 \|[[Phoenix, Arizona\|Phoenix]] \|[[US Airways Center]] \|17,495 / 17,495 \|$2,129,764 \|- \|28 March 2009 \|rowspan="2"\|[[Anaheim, California\|Anaheim]] \|rowspan="2"\|[[Honda Center]] \|rowspan="2"\|33,548 / 33,548 \|rowspan="2"\|$3,576,465 \|- \|30 March 2009 \|- \|2 May 2009 \|[[Fargo, North Dakota\|Fargo]] \|[[Fargodome]] \|20,573 / 20,573 \|$1,616,699 \|- \|5 May 2009 \|[[Saint Paul, Minnesota\|St. Paul]] \|[[Xcel Energy Center]] \|18,273 / 18,273 \|$2,509,482 \|- \|7 May 2009 \|[[Madison, Wisconsin\|Madison]] \|[[Kohl Center]] \|15,943 / 15,943 \|$1,883,487 \|- \|12 May 2009 \|[[Omaha, Nebraska\|Omaha]] \|[[Qwest Center Omaha]] \|17,211 / 17,211 \|$2,258,537 \|- \|14 May 2009 \|[[St. Louis]] \|[[Scottrade Center]] \|19,692 / 19,692 \|$2,450,119 \|- \|16 May 2009 \|[[Nashville, Tennessee\|Nashville]] \|[[Sommet Center]] \|17,211 / 17,211 \|$2,258,537 \|- \|19 May 2009 \|[[Indianapolis]] \|[[Conseco Fieldhouse]] \|16,840 / 16,840 \|$2,013,316 \|- \|21 May 2009 \|[[Auburn Hills, Michigan\|Auburn Hills]] \|[[The Palace of Auburn Hills]] \|20,827 / 20,827 \|$2,320,120 \|- \|23 May 2009 \|[[Cleveland]] \|[[Quicken Loans Arena]] \|20,045 / 20,045 \|$2,562,259 \|- \|26 May 2009 \|rowspan="2"\|[[Toronto]] \|rowspan="4"\|Canada \|rowspan="2"\|[[Air Canada Centre]] \|rowspan="2"\|37,266 / 37,266 \|rowspan="2"\|$6,236,533 \|- \|30 May 2009 \|- \|1 June 2009 \|[[Ottawa]] \|[[Scotiabank Place]] \|19,440 / 19,440 \|$2,576,723 \|- \|3 June 2009 \|[[Montreal]] \|[[Bell Centre]] \|16,555 / 16,555 \|$2,394,576 \|- \|11 July 2009 \|Washington, D.C. \|rowspan="7"\|United States \|[[Nationals Park]] \|38,617 / 38,617 \|$4,638,645 \|- \|14 July 2009 \|[[Columbus, Ohio\|Columbus]] \|[[Nationwide Arena]] \|18,395 / 18,395 \|$2,027,791 \|- \|16 July 2009 \|[[Chicago]] \|\|[[Wrigley Field]] \|77,520 / 77,520 \|$11,154,840 \|- \|18 July 2009 \|[[Foxborough, Massachusetts\|Foxborough]] \|[[Gillette Stadium]] \|52,007 / 52,007 \|$6,209,342 \|- \|21 July 2009 \|Chicago \|Wrigley Field \|{{efn\|name="Chicago"\|The score data is representative of the two shows in Chicago, Illinois at Wrigley Field on 16 July and 21 July respectively.}} \|{{efn\|name="Chicago"}} \|- \|30 July 2009 \|rowspan="2"\|[[Philadelphia]] \|rowspan="2"\|[[Citizens Bank Park]] \|rowspan="2"\|89,690 / 89,690 \|rowspan="2"\|$11,853,455 \|- \|1 August 2009 \|- !colspan="4"\|Total \|665,371 / 665,371 (100%) \|$83,818,343 \|- \|} ;Cancellations and rescheduled shows {\| cellpadding="2" style="border: 0px solid darkgray; font-size:90%" ! width="150" \| <!--Date--> ! width="175" \| <!--City, (State or Country)--> ! width="150" \| <!--Venue--> ! width="350" \| <!--Reason/Additional Info--> \|- border="0" \|4 November 2009 \|Seattle, Washington \|KeyArena \|Rescheduled to 3 February 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7706190 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730201813/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7706190 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2012-07-30 \|title=Seattle concerts rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref> \|- \|7 November 2009 \|Seattle, Washington \|KeyArena \|Rescheduled to 6 February 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091031&contentid=7586108 \|title=Three Face2Face concerts postponed \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113145331/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091031&contentid=7586108 \|archive-date=13 January 2012 \|df=dmy }}</ref> \|- \|10 November 2009 \|Portland, Oregon \|Rose Garden \|Rescheduled to 10 February 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091119&contentid=7691070 \|title=Portland concert rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}{{dead link\|date=December 2016 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> \|- \|14 November 2009 \|Oakland, California \|Oracle Arena \|Rescheduled to 13 February 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7705332 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730063711/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7705332 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2012-07-30 \|title=Bay Area concerts rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091110&contentid=7647484 \|title=Oakland concert postponed \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123071408/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091110&contentid=7647484 \|archive-date=23 January 2010 \|df=dmy }}</ref> \|- \|17 November 2009 \|San Jose, California \|HP Pavilion \|Rescheduled to 16 February 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7705332 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730063711/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7705332 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2012-07-30 \|title=Bay Area concerts rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091116&contentid=7670940 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122035544/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091116&contentid=7670940 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2013-01-22 \|title=San Jose concert postponed \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref> \|- \|20 November 2009 \|Salt Lake City, Utah \|EnergySolutions Center \|Rescheduled to 19 February 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091119&contentid=7690802 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730152618/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091119&contentid=7690802 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2012-07-30 \|title=Salt Lake City concert rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref> \|- \|22 November 2009 \|Denver, Colorado \|Pepsi Center \|Rescheduled to 22 February 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091119&contentid=7689314 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907135137/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091119&contentid=7689314 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2012-09-07 \|title=Denver concert rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref> \|- \|25 November 2009 \|Oklahoma City, Oklahoma \|Ford Center \|Rescheduled to 25 February 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091120&contentid=7694524 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906120112/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091120&contentid=7694524 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2012-09-06 \|title=Oklahoma City concert rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref> \|- \|28 November 2009 \|Little Rock, Arkansas \|Verizon Center \|Cancelled <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091120&contentid=7694386 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122012427/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091120&contentid=7694386 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2013-01-22 \|title=Little Rock concert cancelled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref> \|- \|1 December 2009 \|Kansas City, Missouri \|Sprint Center \|Rescheduled to 27 February 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091119&contentid=7691344 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122035956/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091119&contentid=7691344 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2013-01-22 \|title=Kansas City concert rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref> \|- \|4 December 2009 \|Buffalo, New York \|HSBC Arena \|Rescheduled to 9 March 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7704974 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729030749/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7704974 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2012-07-29 \|title=Buffalo concert rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref> \|- \|7 December 2009 \|Albany, New York \|Times Union Center \|Rescheduled to 11 March 2010 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7704936 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730111200/http://www.eltonjohn.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091123&contentid=7704936 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2012-07-30 \|title=Albany concert rescheduled \|publisher=Elton John \|access-date=2011-12-16 }}</ref> \|} ==Setlist== {{hidden \|headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 90%; \|header = Standard setlist \|content = '''Elton John & Billy Joel & Bands''' #Your Song #Just the Way You Are #Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me #My Life '''Elton John & Band''' #Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding #Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting #Levon #[[Madman Across the Water (song)\|Madman Across the Water]] #Tiny Dancer #Goodbye Yellow Brick Road #Daniel #Rocket Man #Philadelphia Freedom #I'm Still Standing #Crocodile Rock ''' Billy Joel & Band''' #Prelude/Angry Young Man #Movin' Out #Allentown #Zanzibar #Don't Ask Me Why #She's Always a Woman #Scenes from an Italian Restaurant #River of Dreams #We Didn't Start the Fire #It's Still Rock and Roll to Me #Only the Good Die Young '''Elton John & Billy Joel & Bands''' #I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues #Uptown Girl #The Bitch is Back #You May Be Right #Bennie and the Jets #Candle in the Wind #Piano Man }} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.eltonography.com/tours/index.html Information Site with Tour Dates] {{Elton John}} {{Billy Joel}} [[Category:2009 concert tours]] [[Category:Billy Joel concert tours]] [[Category:Co-headlining concert tours]] [[Category:Elton John concert tours]]	1,306,368,861	[{"title": "Face to Face 2009", "data": {"Location": "North America", "Start date": "2 March 2009", "End date": "1 August 2009", "Legs": "3", "No. of shows": "27", "Rocket Man: Greatest Hits Live \u00b7 (2007\u201310)": "Face to Face 2009 \u00b7 (2009) \u00b7 Face to Face 2010 \u00b7 (2010)"}}, {"title": "Billy Joel tour chronology", "data": {"Face to Face 2003 \u00b7 (2003)": "Face to Face 2009 \u00b7 (2009) \u00b7 Face to Face 2010 \u00b7 (2010)"}}, {"title": "Elton John", "data": {"Studio albums": "Empty Sky Elton John Tumbleweed Connection Madman Across the Water Honky Ch\u00e2teau Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player Goodbye Yellow Brick Road Caribou Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy Rock of the Westies Blue Moves A Single Man Victim of Love 21 at 33 The Fox Jump Up! Too Low for Zero Breaking Hearts Ice on Fire Leather Jackets Reg Strikes Back Sleeping with the Past The One Duets Made in England The Big Picture Songs from the West Coast Peachtree Road The Captain & the Kid The Diving Board Wonderful Crazy Night Regimental Sgt. Zippo The Lockdown Sessions", "Live albums": "17-11-70 Here and There Live in Australia with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Elton John One Night Only \u2013 The Greatest Hits Elton 60 \u2013 Live at Madison Square Garden Live from Moscow 1979 Live from the Rainbow Theatre", "Soundtrack albums": "Friends The Lion King (1994) Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida The Muse The Road to El Dorado Gnomeo & Juliet (soundtrack) Rocketman The Lion King (2019)", "Compilation albums": "Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Volume II Lady Samantha Greatest Hits Vol. 3 The Complete Thom Bell Sessions To Be Continued The Very Best of Elton John Rare Masters Greatest Hits 1976\u20131986 Chartbusters Go Pop Classic Elton John Love Songs Greatest Hits 1970\u20132002 Elton John's Christmas Party Rocket Man: The Definitive Hits Diamonds Elton: Jewel Box", "Extended plays": "\" I've Been Loving You \" The Thom Bell Sessions Remixed", "Other albums": "Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin The Union Good Morning to the Night Revamp & Restoration Who Believes in Angels?", "Video albums": "Night and Day Concert Live in Australia The Very Best of Elton John Live in Barcelona Love Songs Elton John One Night Only \u2013 The Greatest Hits Dream Ticket Elton 60 \u2013 Live at Madison Square Garden The Red Piano", "Concert tours": "1970 World Tour Rock of the Westies Tour Louder Than Concorde Tour 1979 tour of the Soviet Union 1980 World Tour Jump Up Tour Too Low for Zero Tour European Express Tour Breaking Hearts Tour Ice on Fire Tour Tour De Force Sleeping with the Past Tour The One Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Made in England Tour Face to Face 1998 An Evening with Elton John Medusa Tour Stately Home Tour Face to Face 2001 Songs from the West Coast Tour Face to Face 2002 A Journey Through Time 2003 Tour Face to Face 2003 2004 Tour Peachtree Road Tour 2006 European Tour The Captain and the Kid Tour Rocket Man: Greatest Hits Live Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 2010 European Tour Greatest Hits Tour 40th Anniversary of the Rocket Man The Diving Board Tour Follow the Yellow Brick Road Tour All the Hits Tour The Final Curtain Tour Wonderful Crazy Night Tour Farewell Yellow Brick Road", "Concert residencies": "The Red Piano The Million Dollar Piano", "Miscellaneous \u00b7 performances": "List of Elton John and Ray Cooper concert tours The Union Tour", "Musicals": "The Lion King 1994 film 2019 film 1997 musical The Road to El Dorado Aida Billy Elliot the Musical Lestat The Devil Wears Prada Tammy Faye", "Documentaries": "Elton John: Tantrums & Tiaras Elton John: Me, Myself & I The Union Elton John: Never Too Late", "Related articles": "Bernie Taupin Elton John Band Gus Dudgeon Paul Buckmaster John Reid Ray Williams Dick James DJM Records David Furnish Kiki Dee Elton John AIDS Foundation Watford F.C. Bluesology Hookfoot Woodside, Old Windsor Rocket Pictures Elton John: The Classic Years Rocketman (film) Me"}}, {"title": "Billy Joel", "data": {"Studio albums": "Cold Spring Harbor Piano Man Streetlife Serenade Turnstiles The Stranger 52nd Street Glass Houses The Nylon Curtain An Innocent Man The Bridge Storm Front River of Dreams Fantasies & Delusions", "Live albums": "Songs in the Attic Kontsert 2000 Years: The Millennium Concert 12 Gardens Live Live at Shea Stadium: The Concert", "Compilations": "Greatest Hits \u2013 Volume I & Volume II Souvenir: The Ultimate Collection Greatest Hits Volume III The Complete Hits Collection: 1973\u20131997 The Ultimate Collection The Essential Billy Joel Piano Man: The Very Best of Billy Joel My Lives The Hits Billy Joel: Opus Collection", "Singles": "\" She's Got a Way \" / \" Everybody Loves You Now \" \" Piano Man \" / \" You're My Home \" \" Worse Comes to Worst \" \" Travelin' Prayer \" \" The Ballad of Billy the Kid \" \" The Entertainer \" \" James \" \" I've Loved These Days \" / \" Say Goodbye to Hollywood \" \" Just the Way You Are \" / \" Vienna \" \" Movin' Out (Anthony's Song) \" \" Only the Good Die Young \" \" She's Always a Woman \" \" The Stranger \" \" My Life \" \" Big Shot \" \" Honesty \" \" Until the Night \" \" All for Leyna \" \" You May Be Right \" \" It's Still Rock and Roll to Me \" \" Don't Ask Me Why \" \" Sometimes a Fantasy \" \" Say Goodbye to Hollywood \" (Live) \" She's Got a Way \" (Live) \" Pressure \" \" Allentown \" \" Goodnight Saigon \" \" Tell Her About It \" \" Uptown Girl \" \" An Innocent Man \" \" The Longest Time \" \" Leave a Tender Moment Alone \" \" This Night \" \" Keeping the Faith \" \" You're Only Human (Second Wind) \" \" The Night Is Still Young \" \" Modern Woman \" / \" Sleeping with the Television On \" \" A Matter of Trust \" \" This Is the Time \" \" Baby Grand \" \" Back in the U.S.S.R. \" (Live) \" We Didn't Start the Fire \" References \" Leningrad \" \" I Go to Extremes \" \" The Downeaster 'Alexa' \" \" That's Not Her Style \" \" And So It Goes \" \" Shameless \" \" All Shook Up \" \" The River of Dreams \" \" No Man's Land \" \" All About Soul \" \" Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel) \" \" To Make You Feel My Love \" \" All My Life \" \" Christmas in Fallujah \" \" Turn the Lights Back On \"", "Other songs": "\" Captain Jack \" \" Tomorrow Is Today \" \" Los Angelenos \" \" Root Beer Rag \" \" New York State of Mind \" \" Prelude/Angry Young Man \" \" Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway) \" \" Scenes from an Italian Restaurant \" \" Zanzibar \" \" Laura \" \" Scandinavian Skies \" \" Big Man on Mulberry Street \"", "Tours": "The Nylon Curtain Tour An Innocent Man Tour The Bridge Tour Storm Front Tour River of Dreams Tour Face to Face Tours 1994 1995 1998 2001 2002 2003 2009 2010 Billy Joel in Concert", "See also": "Discography Billy Joel band members Movin' Out The Last Play at Shea The Hassles Attila Alexa Ray Joel Christie Brinkley Oliver & Company soundtrack Katie Lee \"Movin' Out\" ( Glee episode) Billy Joel: And So It Goes"}}]	false
# Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center The Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center (sabeel is Arabic for 'the way' and also 'a channel' or 'spring') is a Christian liberation theology organization based in Jerusalem. It was founded by Palestinian Anglican priest, Rev. Naim Ateek, the former Canon of St. George's Cathedral in Jerusalem. An official partner of the Presbyterian Church USA, Sabeel has Friends of Sabeel chapters in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Ireland, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Australia. According to its official website, Sabeel "strives to develop a spirituality based on love, justice, peace, nonviolence, liberation and reconciliation for the different national and faith communities." In particular, the group aims to "promote a more accurate international awareness regarding the identity, presence and witness of Palestinian Christians as well as their contemporary concerns." Sabeel, which advocates "morally responsible investment," has been described by its critics as promoting an anti-Israel agenda, including divestment from Israel. It has also been accused of using anti-semitic rhetoric. The Rev. Canon Dr. Richard K. Toll, the Chair of Friends of Sabeel—North America denies those allegations, writing that "the state of Israel is not above criticism and needs to be challenged when its policies are wrong. And its policy of occupation is wrong." Toll also says that Sabeel "consistently condemns anti-Semitism in all its ugly forms." ## Political Vision ### Principles for a Just Peace In 2004, Sabeel issued a document entitled Principles for Just Peace in Palestine-Israel outlining their support for a two-state solution as an immediate goal, while envisioning that it may eventually lead to a one-state solution. The document outlines several demands made of Israel, including the need for reparations to be made to Palestinians. It further states that "No solution is acceptable if it does not guarantee the Palestinians’ and Israelis’ right to self-determination, independence, and sovereignty" and calls for "a peace treaty… between the two states of Palestine and Israel guaranteeing the full sovereignty and territorial integrity of each including recognized borders, water rights, and other resources." The Genuine Hope: Two sovereign and fully democratic states This scenario envisages the total withdrawal of Israel from all the occupied territories including East Jerusalem according to United Nations resolutions 242 and 338. The Palestinians will establish their sovereign state on the whole of the 23% of the land of Palestine... As to Jerusalem, it will have to be shared. The city must remain open to all. A peace treaty will be drawn up and the two countries will become inter-dependent economically and will help each other develop their resources for the well being of both their peoples. . . The Vision for the Future Our vision involves two sovereign states, Palestine and Israel, who in the future may choose to enter into a confederation or even a federation, possibly with other neighboring countries and where Jerusalem becomes the federal capital. Indeed, the ideal and best solution has always been to envisage ultimately a bi-national state in Palestine-Israel where people are free and equal, living under a constitutional democracy that protects and guarantees all their rights, responsibilities, and duties without racism or discrimination. One state for two nations and three religions. In December 2009, Sabeel endorsed the Kairos Palestine Document, "a prayerful call by Palestinians Christians to end the Occupation". Based on the 1985 South African Kairos Document, Palestinian clergy called to the churches of the world for "a moment of truth: a word of faith, hope and love from the heart of the Palestinian suffering." ## Program Community Building Program Sabeel's Community Building Program seeks to educate the public about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, to foster "a sense of solidarity", and to contribute to the community's spiritual growth. Youth Program Sabeel's Youth Program "provides opportunities for young people from different churches to meet and get to know each other" and "educates and empowers youth to be future Church and Civic leaders". Women's Program Sabeel's Women's Program "encourages networks of women, fosters inclusivity, broadens knowledge of existing support resources, and educates women on their spiritual history and their responsibility as Christian women". Witness Visits Sabeel offers regular "witness visits" to the Holy Land for Christian clergy. The trips provide them with an opportunity to meet, talk, and worship with Palestinian Christians and others who oppose the Israeli occupation. The clergy members are able to experience "the Separation Wall, illegal settlements, checkpoints, confiscated and demolished homes, refugee camps, and environmental degradation". Wave of Prayer Each Thursday at noon in Jerusalem, Sabeel holds an ecumenical Communion service that is open to the community. Cornerstone Sabeel also publishes a quarterly English-language newspaper Cornerstone, which "highlights Sabeel's ministry activities both locally and internationally as well as theological reflections on contemporary social and political events". ## Friends of Sabeel Sabeel describes Friends of Sabeel – North America (FOSNA) as "a nonprofit, tax-exempt Christian ecumenical organization seeking justice and peace in the Holy Land through non-violence and education". It works in the U.S. and Canada to support the vision of Sabeel. It cultivates the support of American churches through co-sponsored regional educational conferences, alternative pilgrimage, witness trips, and international gatherings in the Holy Land. Friends of Sabeel chapters also exist in Canada, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Ireland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Australia. In 2010, Friends of Sabeel-North America circulated a list of ten companies to boycott titled “All I want for Christmas is an End to Apartheid,” stating that “While there are many Israeli and multinational companies that benefit from apartheid, we put together this list to highlight ten specific companies to target.” 1. Ahava 2. Delta Galil Industries 3. Motorola 4. L'Oreal / The Body Shop 5. Dorot Garlic and Herbs 6. Estee Lauder 7. Intel 8. Sabra 9. Sara Lee 10. Victoria's Secret ## Mixed Support from different Christian denominations Sabeel has sent representatives to several denominational gatherings in the United States and has advocated for divestment resolutions, which it sees as a non-violent approach to resisting the occupation. It has met with some success. The Presbyterian Church (USA) has passed divestment resolutions based on information provided by Sabeel. All of the major mainline denominations, including the United Church of Christ, the United Methodist Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the Episcopal Church, have discussed divestment and the possibility of using the money in their pension funds and endowments to exert pressure for peace in the Middle East. In February 2006, the World Council of Churches (WCC) commended the actions of the Presbyterian Church (USA) and urged other member churches worldwide to consider economic measures to end Israel's occupation. Salpy Eskidjian Weiderud, former special consultant to the Geneva-based WCC General Secretary on Palestine and Israel, has noted that support for divestment by the WCC governing body came in the backdrop of a history of "bold statements since 1948 on its Israel/Palestine policy", and was a way of ensuring "that it is not in any way contributing financially to what it says is illegal or immoral." The Episcopal Church, The United Church of Christ and others have passed Sabeel-influenced resolutions urging Israel to dismantle the separation barrier and end its occupation of the Palestinian territories. Other groups within these denominations have rejected and opposed these resolutions. Rev. David Runnion-Bareford of the Biblical Witness Fellowship issued an apology to Jewish people after the United Church of Christ issues their 2005 resolution. He also accused "an ad hoc group made up of Sabeel representatives and UCC officials" of becoming unduly involved in the resolution process. The PCUSA resolution also created much controversy, leading to a 2006 Synod renouncing the resolution that was made under the consultation of Sabeel. ## Criticism In addition to the mainline opposition groups that have formed as a result of Sabeel's activity, there have been other groups that have opposed either Sabeel's goals or their manner of speaking their message. In some cases, groups have accused Sabeel of extremism and antisemitism. Sabeel's most vocal critics are listed below with their most significant criticisms also listed. ### Coe College The chair of the Department of Philosophy and Religion at Coe College (Iowa), which had co-sponsored a campus conference with a group of American supporters of Sabeel, acknowledged in a letter to a local rabbi that anti-Semitic remarks had been made at the conference. The chair wrote "We regret any harm that may have been caused by such anti-Semitic statements", but later told journalists covering the story that his letter was not an apology, and that it was deliberately vague because he was unsure exactly which comments could be considered anti-Semitic. ### Stephen Roth Institute The Israeli Stephen Roth Institute claimed that Sabeel "commonly engages in blatant propaganda seeking to isolate and demonize Israel, while delegitimizing the right of the Jewish state to exist." Sabeel responded that "It accepts the presence of Israel in the land that was once Palestine and asks that the two peoples be allowed to live together in this land as equals with full rights for people of both groups.". ### Dexter Van Zile, CAMERA, and Judeo-Christian Alliance Dexter Van Zile, Christian Media Analyst for the pro-Israel media-monitoring group CAMERA, has accused Ateek of trafficking in the anti-Semitic canard of Jewish deicide: Ateek’s ‘theology’ embraces the old anti-Jewish teachings that every responsible church – Protestant and Catholic – has officially renounced fifty years ago... Not only does Ateek deny Israel’s right to exist, he traffics in anti-Judaic imagery that has been taboo since the Holocaust... In his 2001 Easter Message, Ateek wrote the ‘Israeli government crucifixion system is operating daily’ and likened the occupation to the stone blocking Christ’s tomb. In a February 2001 sermon, Ateek compared Israeli officials to Herod (the baby killer). The implication is undeniable: Israel is a baby- and Christ-killing nation that stands in the way of humanity’s salvation. Given the role this imagery has played in promoting violence against Jews, and its use in reference to the Jewish state is inexcusable. Van Zile bases these accusations on fragments from Ateek's 2001 Easter message, such as, “in this season of Lent, it seems to many of us that Jesus is on the cross again with thousands of crucified Palestinians around Him ...The Israeli government crucifixion system is operating daily,". Similarly, in a February 2001 sermon, Ateek likened the occupation to the “stone placed on the entrance of Jesus’ tomb. ... This boulder has shut in the Palestinians within and built structures of domination to keep them in. We have a name for this boulder. It is called the occupation.” Sabeel's comparisons of Palestinians to the crucified Jesus and Israel to his murderers is also rejected by the ADL as an "ugly and false deicide charge against all the Jewish people - a concept rejected by prominent historians and repudiated by the Roman Catholic Church and other Christian denominations." The Judeo-Christian Alliance has also promoted Van Zile's paper, entitled "Sabeel's One State Agenda", claiming that Sabeel has failed to draw attention to the mistreatment of Christians by Muslim extremists in areas under the control of the Palestinian Authority. Van Zile also accused Ateek of breathing new life into what French historian Jules Isaac called the “teachings of contempt” and having directed their "vile energy" toward the Jewish State. Sabeel disagrees with these characterizations of their beliefs and actions. They have published a statement affirming their belief that the ancient Jews were not responsible for the death of Jesus, and that neither Palestinians nor Israelis have a "vocation for suffering" that requires either people to be stateless. ### Anti-Defamation League The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), in a backgrounder article on Sabeel, accused the organization of "generating hostility towards Israel" citing "its use of theologically charged accusations" as belying "its professed passion for reconciliation." The ADL further submitted that, "Sabeel rejects Zionism on theological grounds. It has promoted the idea that Zionism is based on a false reading of the Bible and that it stands for injustice and in opposition to God." ### Criticism of, and support for Old South Church The Boston Globe's conservative columnist Jeff Jacoby criticized Boston's historic Old South Church, a congregation of the United Church of Christ, for hosting the Most Reverend Doctor Desmond Tutu as part of that church's Engaging Three Faiths spiritual dialog series, and Sabeel's Apartheid Paradigm in Palestine-Israel conference. Jacoby argued that "Sabeel and Ateek's denunciations of Israel have included imagery explicitly linking the modern Jewish state to the terrible charge that for centuries fueled so much anti-Jewish hatred and bloodshed" and that "In Ateek's metaphorical telling, in other words, Israel is guilty of trying to murder Jesus as an infant, of killing Jesus on the cross, and of seeking to prevent his resurrection." Rabbi Arthur Waskow, director of the Shalom Center, and Rabbi Howard A. Berman, founder of Jewish Spirit have expressed support for, and are participants in Old South Church's Engaging Three Faiths series. During his presentation at Old South Church on October 28, 2007, Waskow raised concerns about Sabeel's use of crucifixion imagery in reference to Israel. Waskow said that in Latin America, Christian liberation theologians often "talk about the crucifixion of Jesus by the Roman Empire ... and from their view point of course the resurrection of the Christ as teaching of what it means to transcend imperial power, in the Latin American context it's clear that the empire you're talking about is America and it makes sense." Waskow said that Sabeel may think it's doing the same thing when it talks about the crucifixion of Jesus, but "when you are doing it in the context of a Jewish state, when you're doing it in the context of 2000 years of Jewish suffering from the Christian dogma of deicide that the Jews killed God and the violence that has been visited on the Jewish community by people upholding that theology, to hear that strikes a nerve that has 2000 years of pain behind it and that has to be heard." ### Sabeel's Responses to Frequently Asked Questions Sabeel has posted responses to questions about its policies and theology at http://fosna.org/faq. In October, 2010, the Anti-Defamation League issued its list of "the top 10 anti-Israel groups in America" and included Friends of Sabeel–North America (FOSNA) and Jewish Voice for Peace among them. Friends of Sabeel– North America posted a response to the Anti-Defamation League saying that Fosna did not consider its criticism of Israeli government policies "anti-Israeli" and that to the extent those policies are unjust and violate international law, they jeopardize Israel's future. ### Connection to Protestant Church in the Netherlands A Protestant church in the Netherlands supported organization, Kerk in Actie, employs a representative in Israel, who is working at Sabeel in Jerusalem, promoting the Kairos Palestine document and the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel. The synod of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, in regards to the Gaza Flotilla supported by Sabeel, said, "We are not responsible for the political views that Sabeel or their employees promote, but we are engaged in a dialogue with them on this issue."	enwiki/3022313	enwiki	3,022,313	Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabeel_Ecumenical_Liberation_Theology_Center	2025-08-17T09:08:14Z	en	Q2186466	172,894	{{Short description\|Jerusalem-based Protestant Christian Pro-Palestine nonprofit organization}} {{redirect\|Sabeel\|the architectural sabeel (''sabīl'')\|Sebil (fountain)}} {{Infobox organization \| name = Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center \| logo = \| type = [[non-profit organization]] \| formation = 1989 \| founding_location = Jerusalem \| location = [[Jerusalem]] \| key_people = [[Naim Ateek]], Director \| methods = [[Liberation theology]], [[Social action]] \| num_employees = \| products = \| revenue = \| net_income = \| homepage = {{URL\|http://www.sabeel.org}} }} The '''Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center''' (''sabeel'' is [[Arabic language\|Arabic]] for 'the way' and also 'a channel' or 'spring') is a [[Christianity\|Christian]] [[liberation theology]] organization based in [[Jerusalem]]. It was founded by [[Palestinian people\|Palestinian]] [[Anglicanism\|Anglican]] priest, Rev. [[Naim Ateek]], the former [[Canon (priest)\|Canon]] of [[St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem\|St. George's Cathedral]] in Jerusalem. An official partner of the [[Presbyterian Church USA]],<ref name="Presbyterian">{{cite web\|title=Israel-Palestine Partner Churches and Organizations\|publisher=Presbyterian Church (USA)\|accessdate=May 3, 2007\|url=https://www.pcusa.org/worldwide/israelpalestine/international.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2005-04-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050407042836/http://www.pcusa.org/worldwide/israelpalestine/international.htm}}</ref> Sabeel has Friends of Sabeel chapters in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Ireland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Australia]]. According to its official website, Sabeel "strives to develop a spirituality based on love, justice, peace, nonviolence, liberation and reconciliation for the different national and faith communities." In particular, the group aims to "promote a more accurate international awareness regarding the identity, presence and witness of Palestinian Christians as well as their contemporary concerns."<ref>{{cite web\|title=About Us\|publisher=Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center\|accessdate=May 9, 2007\|url=http://www.sabeel.org/etemplate.php?id=2\|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505213742/http://www.sabeel.org/etemplate.php?id=2\|archivedate=May 5, 2007}}</ref> Sabeel, which advocates "[[Socially responsible investing\|morally responsible investment]],"<ref name=MRI>{{cite web\|title=Sabeel's Call for Morally Responsible Investment: A Nonviolent Response to the Occupation\|publisher=Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center\|accessdate=May 11, 2007\|url=http://www.sabeel.org/pdfs/mri.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2007-02-21\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221202235/https://sabeel.org/pdfs/mri.htm}}</ref> has been described by its critics as promoting an anti-Israel agenda, including [[divestment]] from [[Israel]]. It has also been accused of using [[Antisemitism\|anti-semitic]] rhetoric.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.camera.org/article/chicago-tribune-public-editor-lauds-sabeel/\|title=CHICAGO TRIBUNE PUBLIC EDITOR LAUDS SABEEL\|date=2005-10-25\|publisher=[[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America]]\|access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=15100\|title=Letters: Interfaith Dialogue\|date=2005-12-09\|last1=Seid\|first1=Roberta P.\|last2=Rothstein\|first2=Roz\|publisher=The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2006-03-21\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321133522/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=15100}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=617749\|title=Guardians of the fence\|date=2005-08-28\|publisher=Haaretz\|last=Beker\|first=Avi\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2007-10-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001145505/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=617749}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.melaniephillips.com/diary/?p=1421\|title=Peace on earth, but hatred towards Israel\|author=[[Melanie Phillips]]\|date=2006-12-18\|publisher=Melanie Phillips\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2007-01-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106200625/http://www.melaniephillips.com/diary/?p=1421}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cjnews.com/viewarticle.asp?id=7648\|title=Conference on divesting in Israel cause of concern\|date=2006-04-12\|last=Csillag\|first=Ron\|publisher=The Canadian Jewish News\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2006-04-20\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420021018/http://www.cjnews.com/viewarticle.asp?id=7648}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1143498880500&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull\|title=Cut the cash, end the hostility\|last=Steinberg\|first=Gerald M.\|date=2006-04-20\|publisher=The Jerusalem Post\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2011-08-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816165637/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1143498880500&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull}}</ref> The Rev. Canon Dr. Richard K. Toll, the Chair of Friends of Sabeel—North America <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.fosna.org/steering-committee\|title=Leadership\|date=n.d.\|publisher=FOSNA\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2013-03-25\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325143902/http://www.fosna.org/steering-committee}}</ref> denies those allegations, writing that "the state of Israel is not above criticism and needs to be challenged when its policies are wrong. And its policy of occupation is wrong." Toll also says that Sabeel "consistently condemns anti-Semitism in all its ugly forms."<ref name=Toll>{{cite web\|title=An Open Letter From Friends of Sabeel To Our Supporters and to Internet Media\|author=Richard K. Toll\|publisher=Miftah, Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy\|date=12 December 2006\|accessdate=2007-05-09\|url=http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=9124&CategoryId=18}}</ref> == Political Vision == ===Principles for a Just Peace=== In 2004, Sabeel issued a document entitled ''Principles for Just Peace in Palestine-Israel'' outlining their support for a [[two-state solution]] as an immediate goal, while envisioning that it may eventually lead to a [[one-state solution]].<ref name="Sabeel">{{cite web\|title=The Jerusalem Sabeel Document: Principles for a Just Peace in Palestine-Israel\|publisher=Sabeel\|accessdate=May 3, 2007\|url=http://www.sabeel.org/old/justice/\|url-status=dead\|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071025092255/http://www.sabeel.org/old/justice/\|archivedate = 2007-10-25}}</ref> The document outlines several demands made of Israel, including the need for reparations to be made to [[Palestinian people\|Palestinians]]. It further states that "No solution is acceptable if it does not guarantee the Palestinians’ and Israelis’ right to [[self-determination]], independence, and sovereignty" and calls for "a peace treaty… between the two states of Palestine and Israel guaranteeing the full sovereignty and territorial integrity of each including recognized borders, water rights, and other resources."<ref name="Sabeel"/> <blockquote>'''The Genuine Hope: Two sovereign and fully democratic states''' This scenario envisages the total withdrawal of Israel from all the occupied territories including East Jerusalem according to United Nations resolutions 242 and 338. The Palestinians will establish their sovereign state on the whole of the 23% of the land of Palestine... As to Jerusalem, it will have to be shared. The city must remain open to all. A peace treaty will be drawn up and the two countries will become inter-dependent economically and will help each other develop their resources for the well being of both their peoples. . .</blockquote> <blockquote> '''The Vision for the Future''' Our vision involves two sovereign states, [[Palestine]] and [[Israel]], who in the future may choose to enter into a [[confederation]] or even a federation, possibly with other neighboring countries and where Jerusalem becomes the federal capital. Indeed, the ideal and best solution has always been to envisage ultimately a [[bi-national state]] in Palestine-Israel where people are free and equal, living under a constitutional democracy that protects and guarantees all their rights, responsibilities, and duties without [[racism]] or [[discrimination]]. One state for two nations and three religions.<ref name="Sabeel"/></blockquote> In December 2009, Sabeel endorsed the [https://web.archive.org/web/20101005061604/http://www.fosna.org/content/kairos-palestine-document-prayerful-call-palestinian-christians-end-occupation Kairos Palestine Document], "a prayerful call by Palestinians Christians to end the Occupation". Based on the 1985 South African [[Kairos Document]], Palestinian clergy called to the churches of the world for "a moment of truth: a word of faith, hope and love from the heart of the Palestinian suffering." ==Program== ;Community Building Program Sabeel's Community Building Program seeks to educate the public about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, to foster "a sense of solidarity", and to contribute to the community's spiritual growth.<ref>{{cite web\| title =Community Program\| publisher =Sabeel\| date=2009-12-11\|url =http://www.sabeel.org/communityprogram.php\| url-status =dead\| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190147/http://www.sabeel.org/communityprogram.php\| archivedate =2013-10-29}}</ref> ;Youth Program Sabeel's Youth Program "provides opportunities for young people from different churches to meet and get to know each other" and "educates and empowers youth to be future Church and Civic leaders".<ref>{{cite web\| title =Youth Program\| date=2010\|publisher =Sabeel\| url =http://www.sabeel.org/youthprogram.php\| url-status =dead\| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193152/http://www.sabeel.org/youthprogram.php\| archivedate =2013-10-29}}</ref> ;Women's Program Sabeel's Women's Program "encourages networks of women, fosters inclusivity, broadens knowledge of existing support resources, and educates women on their spiritual history and their responsibility as Christian women".<ref>{{cite web\| title =Women Program\| publisher =Sabeel\|date=2010\| url =http://www.sabeel.org/womenprogram.php\| url-status =dead\| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193146/http://www.sabeel.org/womenprogram.php\| archivedate =2013-10-29}}</ref> ;Witness Visits Sabeel offers regular "witness visits" to the [[Holy Land]] for Christian clergy. The trips provide them with an opportunity to meet, talk, and worship with [[Palestinian Christians]] and others who oppose the Israeli occupation. The clergy members are able to experience "the Separation Wall, illegal settlements, checkpoints, confiscated and demolished homes, refugee camps, and environmental degradation".<ref>{{cite web\| title =Witness Visit\| publisher =Sabeel\|date=2010\| url =http://www.sabeel.org/witnessvisit.php\| url-status =dead\| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191448/http://www.sabeel.org/witnessvisit.php\| archivedate =2013-10-29}}</ref> ;Wave of Prayer Each Thursday at noon in Jerusalem, Sabeel holds an ecumenical Communion service that is open to the community.<ref>{{cite web\| title =Weekly Wave Prayer\| publisher =Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center\|date=2013-10-24\|url=http://www.sabeel.org/waveofprayer.php\| url-status =dead\| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183917/http://www.sabeel.org/waveofprayer.php\| archivedate =2013-10-29}}</ref> ;Cornerstone Sabeel also publishes a quarterly English-language newspaper ''Cornerstone'', which "highlights Sabeel's ministry activities both locally and internationally as well as theological reflections on contemporary social and political events".<ref>{{cite web\| title =Cornerstone\|date=2013\| publisher =Sabeel\| url =http://www.sabeel.org/cornerstone.php\| url-status =dead\| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200905/http://www.sabeel.org/cornerstone.php\| archivedate =2013-10-29}}</ref> ==Friends of Sabeel== Sabeel describes Friends of Sabeel – North America (FOSNA) as "a nonprofit, tax-exempt Christian ecumenical organization seeking justice and peace in the Holy Land through non-violence and education". It works in the U.S. and Canada to support the vision of Sabeel. It cultivates the support of American churches through co-sponsored regional educational conferences, alternative pilgrimage, witness trips, and international gatherings in the Holy Land.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.fosna.org/content/mission-purpose\|title=Mission and Purpose\|date=2008\|publisher=Friends of Sabeel - North America\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2009-02-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210015909/http://www.fosna.org/content/mission-purpose}}</ref> Friends of Sabeel chapters also exist in Canada,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://friendsofsabeel.ca/\|title=WE STAND FOR TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION\|date=n.d.\|publisher=CFOS\|access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sabeel.org/friends-of-sabeel-united-kingdom/\|title=Sabeel-Kairos UK\|date=2016-02-21\|publisher=J Sabeel\|access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref> Sweden,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sabeel.org/friends-of-sabeel-sweden/\|title=Friends of Sabeel Sweden\|date=2021-11-22\|publisher=J Sabeel\|access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref> [[Denmark]],<ref name=ngo>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ngo-monitor.org/ngos/sabeel_ecumenical_liberation_theology_center/\|title=Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center\|date=2021-12-20\|publisher=NGO Monitor\|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> [[Norway]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sabeel.org/friends-of-sabeel-scandinavia-in-norway/\|title=Friends of Sabeel Scandinavia in Norway\|date=2016-02-21\|publisher=J Sabeel\|access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref> [[Ireland]], France, [[Germany]], the Netherlands, and [[Australia]].<ref name=ngo/> In 2010, Friends of Sabeel-North America circulated a list of ten companies to boycott titled “All I want for Christmas is an End to Apartheid,”<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://sacbds.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/all-i-want-for-christmas-is-an-end-to-apartheid3.pdf\|title=All I Want for Christmas is an End to Apartheid\|date=2010\|publisher=Friends of Sabeel - North America\|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref>{{Self-published inline\|date=August 2022}}<!--{{sps}}--> stating that “While there are many Israeli and multinational companies that benefit from apartheid, we put together this list to highlight ten specific companies to target.” #[[Ahava]] #[[Delta Galil Industries]] #[[Motorola]] #[[L'Oréal\|L'Oreal / The Body Shop]] #Dorot Garlic and Herbs #[[Estée Lauder Companies\|Estee Lauder]] #[[Intel]] #[[Sabra (company)\|Sabra]] #[[Sara Lee Corporation\|Sara Lee]] #[[Victoria's Secret]] == Mixed Support from different Christian denominations == Sabeel has sent representatives to several denominational gatherings in the [[United States]] and has advocated for [[divestment]] resolutions, which it sees as a non-violent approach to resisting the occupation.<ref name=MRI/> It has met with some success. The [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] has passed [[Current controversies regarding the Presbyterian Church (USA)\|divestment resolutions]] based on information provided by Sabeel.<ref name="Paulson">{{cite news\|title=Church Delegation Offers Mideast Peace Investment Plan\|author=Michael Paulson\|date=2 July 2005\|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/07/02/church_delegation_offers_mideast_peace_investment_plan/ \| work=The Boston Globe}}</ref> All of the major mainline denominations, including the [[United Church of Christ]], the [[United Methodist Church]], the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] and the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America\|Episcopal Church]], have discussed [[divestment]] and the possibility of using the money in their pension funds and endowments to exert pressure for peace in the Middle East.<ref name="Paulson"/> In February 2006, the [[World Council of Churches]] (WCC) commended the actions of the [[PC(USA)\|Presbyterian Church (USA)]] and urged other member churches worldwide to consider economic measures to end Israel's occupation.<ref name="Kelley">{{cite report\|title=Christianity and the Middle East: Sabeel Conference Considers Economic Leverage as Tool to Fight Israeli Occupation\|author=Sister Elaine Kelley\|publisher=Washington Report\|date=January–February 2006\|url=http://www.fosna.org/investment_activism/documents/article_kelley_report.pdf\|pages=60–61\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2006-12-19\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219041203/https://www.fosna.org/investment_activism/documents/article_kelley_report.pdf}}</ref> Salpy Eskidjian Weiderud, former special consultant to the Geneva-based WCC General Secretary on Palestine and Israel, has noted that support for divestment by the WCC governing body came in the backdrop of a history of "bold statements since 1948 on its Israel/Palestine policy", and was a way of ensuring "that it is not in any way contributing financially to what it says is illegal or immoral."<ref name="Kelley"/> The Episcopal Church, The United Church of Christ and others have passed Sabeel-influenced resolutions urging Israel to dismantle the [[Israeli West Bank barrier\|separation barrier]] and end its occupation of the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name="Kelley"/> Other groups within these denominations have rejected and opposed these resolutions. Rev. David Runnion-Bareford of the [[Biblical Witness Fellowship]] issued an apology to Jewish people after the United Church of Christ issues their 2005 resolution.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/topics/Israel_divestment.htm\|title=Israeli/Palestinian Conflict and Divestment from Israel Considered by Various Protestant Churches\|date=2004\|publisher=Boston College Center for Christian-Jewish learning\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2005-05-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050503083033/http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/topics/Israel_divestment.htm}}</ref> He also accused "an ad hoc group made up of Sabeel representatives and UCC officials" of becoming unduly<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11172\|title=Palestinian Nationalists Seen Behind Divestment\|date=2005-07-22\|last=Besser\|first=James D.\|publisher=The Jewish Week\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2006-01-18\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118011156/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11172}}</ref> involved in the resolution process. The [[PC(USA) Divestment from Israel\|PCUSA resolution also created much controversy]], leading to a 2006 Synod renouncing the resolution that was made under the consultation of Sabeel. ==Criticism== In addition to the mainline opposition groups that have formed as a result of Sabeel's activity, there have been other groups that have opposed either Sabeel's goals or their manner of speaking their message. In some cases, groups have accused Sabeel of extremism and antisemitism. Sabeel's most vocal critics are listed below with their most significant criticisms also listed. ===Coe College=== The chair of the Department of Philosophy and Religion at [[Coe College]] (Iowa), which had co-sponsored a campus conference with a group of American supporters of Sabeel, acknowledged in a letter to a local rabbi that anti-Semitic remarks had been made at the conference. The chair wrote "We regret any harm that may have been caused by such anti-Semitic statements", but later told journalists covering the story that his letter was not an apology, and that it was deliberately vague because he was unsure exactly which comments could be considered anti-Semitic.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://layman.org/newsc0ea/\|title=Anti-Semitic remarks made at Presbyterian college event\|date=2005-10-31\|publisher=The Layman\|access-date=2022-08-15\|last=Adams\|first=John H.}}</ref> ===Stephen Roth Institute=== The Israeli [[Stephen Roth Institute]] claimed that Sabeel "commonly engages in blatant propaganda seeking to isolate and demonize Israel, while delegitimizing the right of the Jewish state to exist." <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://antisemitism.tau.ac.il/asw2005/canada.htm\|title=Canada 2005\|publisher=Stephen Roth Institute For The Study Of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism\|date=2005\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2011-08-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805002021/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/canada.htm}}</ref> Sabeel responded that "It accepts the presence of Israel in the land that was once Palestine and asks that the two peoples be allowed to live together in this land as equals with full rights for people of both groups.".<ref name=faq>{{cite web\|url=https://fosna.org/faq\|title=FAQ\|publisher=Friends of Sabeel_North America\|date=2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2010-01-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123012021/http://fosna.org/faq}}</ref> ===Dexter Van Zile, CAMERA, and Judeo-Christian Alliance=== Dexter Van Zile, Christian Media Analyst for the pro-Israel media-monitoring group [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America\|CAMERA]],<ref name="dexter2020">{{cite web \| title=Van Zile, Dexter \| website=CAMERA \| date=August 7, 2020 \| url=https://www.camera.org/camera-author/dexter-van-zile/ \| access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref> has accused Ateek of trafficking in the anti-Semitic canard of [[Jewish deicide]]:<ref>{{cite web\|title=Chicago Tribune Public Editor Lauds Sabeel\|publisher=CAMERA\|date=25 October 2005\|accessdate=May 3, 2007\|url=http://camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=6&x_article=1001}}</ref> {{blockquote\|text=Ateek’s ‘theology’ embraces the old anti-Jewish teachings that every responsible church – Protestant and Catholic – has officially renounced fifty years ago... Not only does Ateek deny Israel’s right to exist, he traffics in anti-Judaic imagery that has been taboo since the Holocaust... In his 2001 Easter Message, Ateek wrote the ‘Israeli government crucifixion system is operating daily’ and likened the occupation to the stone blocking Christ’s tomb. In a February 2001 sermon, Ateek compared Israeli officials to Herod (the baby killer). The implication is undeniable: Israel is a baby- and Christ-killing nation that stands in the way of humanity’s salvation. Given the role this imagery has played in promoting violence against Jews, and its use in reference to the Jewish state is inexcusable.}} Van Zile bases these accusations on fragments from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070221202346/http://www.sabeel.org/pdfs/2001%20Easter%20Message.htm Ateek's 2001 Easter message], such as, “in this season of Lent, it seems to many of us that Jesus is on the cross again with thousands of crucified Palestinians around Him ...The Israeli government crucifixion system is operating daily,".<ref name="Van Zile"/> Similarly, in a February 2001 sermon, Ateek likened the occupation to the “stone placed on the entrance of Jesus’ tomb. ... This boulder has shut in the Palestinians within and built structures of domination to keep them in. We have a name for this boulder. It is called the occupation.” <ref name="Van Zile"/> Sabeel's comparisons of Palestinians to the crucified Jesus and Israel to his murderers is also rejected by the ADL as an "ugly and false [[Jewish deicide\|deicide charge against all the Jewish people]] - a concept rejected by prominent historians and repudiated by the Roman Catholic Church and other Christian denominations."<ref name="ADL"/> The Judeo-Christian Alliance has also promoted Van Zile's paper, entitled "Sabeel's One State Agenda", claiming that Sabeel has failed to draw attention to the mistreatment of Christians by Muslim extremists in areas under the control of the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref name="Van Zile">{{cite web\|title=Main Repository Page: Special Reports\|author=Dexter Van Zile\|publisher=The Judeo-Christian Alliance: Fighting for Israel and Human Rights in the Middle East\|date=12 December 2005\|accessdate=May 3, 2007\|url=http://www.judeo-christianalliance.org/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=62&func=fileinfo&id=10\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301103537/http://www.judeo-christianalliance.org/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=62&func=fileinfo&id=10\|archive-date=2007-03-01}}</ref> Van Zile also accused Ateek of breathing new life into what French historian Jules Isaac called the “teachings of contempt” and having directed their "vile energy" toward the Jewish State.<ref name="Van Zile"/> Sabeel disagrees with these characterizations of their beliefs and actions. They have published a statement affirming their belief that the ancient Jews were not responsible for the death of Jesus, and that neither Palestinians nor Israelis have a "vocation for suffering"<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://coptorthodox.blogspot.com/2010/10/suffering-is-vocation-of-christians.html\|title=Coptic Orthodox: Suffering is the vocation of Christians\|date=13 October 2010}}{{better source needed\|date=August 2022}}</ref>{{self-published inline\|date=August 2022}} that requires either people to be stateless.<ref name=faq/> ===Anti-Defamation League=== The [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), in a backgrounder article on Sabeel, accused the organization of "generating hostility towards Israel" citing "its use of theologically charged accusations" as belying "its professed passion for reconciliation."<ref name="ADL">{{cite web\|title=Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center: An ADL Backgrounder\|publisher=Anti-Defamation League\|date=2007-01-24\|accessdate=May 3, 2007\|url=https://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/sabeel_backgrounder.htmCritics \|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2007-11-13\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113154541/https://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/sabeel_backgrounder.htmCritics}}</ref> The ADL further submitted that, "Sabeel rejects Zionism on theological grounds. It has promoted the idea that Zionism is based on a false reading of the Bible and that it stands for injustice and in opposition to God."<ref name="ADL"/> ===Criticism of, and support for Old South Church=== The [[Boston Globe\|Boston ''Globe's'']] conservative columnist Jeff Jacoby criticized Boston's historic [[Old South Church]], a congregation of the [[United Church of Christ]], for hosting the [[Desmond Tutu\|Most Reverend Doctor Desmond Tutu]] as part of that church's ''Engaging Three Faiths'' spiritual dialog series, and Sabeel's ''Apartheid Paradigm in Palestine-Israel'' conference. Jacoby argued that "Sabeel and Ateek's denunciations of Israel have included imagery explicitly linking the modern Jewish state to the terrible charge that for centuries fueled so much anti-Jewish hatred and bloodshed" and that "In Ateek's metaphorical telling, in other words, Israel is guilty of trying to murder Jesus as an infant, of killing Jesus on the cross, and of seeking to prevent his resurrection."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/10/21/criticism_gone_too_far/\|title=Criticism gone too far\|last=Jacoby\|first=Jeff\|date=2007-10-21\|publisher=Boston.com News\|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> Rabbi [[Arthur Waskow]], director of the [[Shalom Center]], and Rabbi Howard A. Berman, founder of Jewish Spirit have expressed support for, and are participants in Old South Church's ''Engaging Three Faiths'' series.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.oldsouth.org/3faiths.htm#3faiths\|title=Old South Church Engages Three Faiths\|date=2007\|publisher=Old South Church\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2007-10-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006084917/http://www.oldsouth.org/3faiths.htm}}</ref> During his presentation at Old South Church on October 28, 2007, Waskow raised concerns about Sabeel's use of crucifixion imagery in reference to Israel. Waskow said that in Latin America, Christian liberation theologians often "talk about the crucifixion of Jesus by the Roman Empire ... and from their view point of course the resurrection of the Christ as teaching of what it means to transcend imperial power, in the Latin American context it's clear that the empire you're talking about is America and it makes sense." Waskow said that Sabeel may think it's doing the same thing when it talks about the crucifixion of Jesus, but "when you are doing it in the context of a Jewish state, when you're doing it in the context of 2000 years of Jewish suffering from the Christian dogma of deicide that the Jews killed God and the violence that has been visited on the Jewish community by people upholding that theology, to hear that strikes a nerve that has 2000 years of pain behind it and that has to be heard."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=118&x_article=1472\|title=SABEEL'S RHETORIC QUESTIONED BY JEWISH PEACE ACTIVISTS\|date=2008-03-28\|last=Van Zile\|first=Dexter\|publisher=Committee for the Accuracy in Middle East Reporting and Analysis\|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> ===Sabeel's Responses to Frequently Asked Questions=== Sabeel has posted responses to questions about its policies and theology at http://fosna.org/faq. In October, 2010, the [[Anti-Defamation League]] issued its list of "the top 10 anti-Israel groups in America" <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://fosna.org/content/adl-top-ten\|title=ADL's List of Top Anti-Israeli Groups\|date=2010-10-14\|publisher=Friends of Sabeel - North America\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2010-10-29\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029214503/http://fosna.org/content/adl-top-ten}}</ref> and included Friends of Sabeel–North America (FOSNA) and [[Jewish Voice for Peace]] among them. Friends of Sabeel– North America posted a response to the Anti-Defamation League saying that Fosna did not consider its criticism of Israeli government policies "anti-Israeli" and that to the extent those policies are unjust and violate international law, they jeopardize Israel's future.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://fosna.org/content/fosna-makes-top-10\|title=FOSNA Makes the "Top 10"\|date=2010-10-20\|publisher=Friends of Sabeel–North America\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2010-10-28\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028151548/http://fosna.org/content/fosna-makes-top-10}}</ref> ===Connection to Protestant Church in the Netherlands=== A Protestant church in the Netherlands supported organization, Kerk in Actie,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kerkinactie.org/\|title=Stop hongersnood Oost-Afrika\|language=nl}}</ref> employs a representative in Israel, who is working at Sabeel in Jerusalem,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.protestantchurch.nl/site/uploadedDocs/Faith%20in%20progress%2020091.pdf\|title=Faith in Progress\|date=2009\|page=24\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2011-07-19\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162800/http://www.protestantchurch.nl/site/uploadedDocs/Faith%20in%20progress%2020091.pdf}}</ref> promoting the [[Palestinian Christians#"Kairos Palestine" document (2009)\|Kairos Palestine]] document and the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]] campaign against Israel.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.kerkinactie.nl/projecten/Meta-Floor-dialoog-vorming-en-toerusting--p483-7796\|title=Meta Floor, dialoog, vorming en toerusting\|year=2010\|publisher=Kerk in Actie\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2010-10-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030125007/http://www.kerkinactie.nl/projecten/Meta-Floor-dialoog-vorming-en-toerusting--p483-7796}}</ref> The synod of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, in regards to the Gaza Flotilla supported by Sabeel, said, "We are not responsible for the political views that Sabeel or their employees promote, but we are engaged in a dialogue with them on this issue."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kerknieuws.nl/nieuws.asp?oId=20867\|title=PKN-bestuur blijft bij relatie met Sabeel\|date=2011-09-08\|publisher=Kerk in Actie\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2011-09-25\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925175914/http://www.kerknieuws.nl/nieuws.asp?oId=20867\|language=nl}}</ref> == See also == * [[Liberation theology]] * [[Palestinian Christians]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.sabeel.org/ Sabeel] - official website * [http://www.fosna.org/ Friends of Sabeel North America] * [https://friendsofsabeel.ca/ Canadian Friends of Sabeel] * [https://www.ngo-monitor.org/reports/_sabeel_s_ecumenical_facade_/ NGO Monitor study] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100123012021/http://fosna.org/faq Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center's FAQ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724031323/http://fosna.org/faq/could-you-provide-summary-sabeels-theology The Theology of Sabeel: What We Believe, by Rev. Naim Ateek] {{Authority control}} {{coord missing}} [[Category:Liberation theology]] [[Category:Anti-Zionism in Israel]] [[Category:Christian and Jewish interfaith dialogue]] [[Category:Organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process]] [[Category:Christian organizations established in 1989]] [[Category:1989 establishments in Israel]] [[Category:Organizations based in Palestine]] [[Category:Organizations based in Jerusalem]] [[Category:Christianity in Israel]] [[Category:Christianity in Palestine]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Jerusalem]]	1,306,356,604	[{"title": "Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center", "data": {"Formation": "1989", "Founded at": "Jerusalem", "Type": "non-profit organization", "Location": "- Jerusalem", "Methods": "Liberation theology, Social action", "Key people": "Naim Ateek, Director", "Website": "www.sabeel.org"}}]	false
# 1966 RAC Tourist Trophy The 1966 RAC Tourist Trophy saw the world’s oldest motor race, organised by the Royal Automobile Club, return to Oulton Park on 29 April, for the 31st running of the RAC International Tourist Trophy Race sponsored by Daily Express. The TT, was the second round of the British Sports Car Championship. ## Report ### Entry Despite the race being dropped from the World Sportscar Championship, the event still attracted a total of 30 sports cars, across two classes. However, just 21 took part in qualifying. ### Qualifying The Formula One (F1) regular, and winner of the previous year’s TT, Denny Hulme took pole position for the Sidney Taylor team, in their Lola-Chevrolet T70 Mk.2, averaging a speed of 102.012 mph (164.172 km/h), around the 2.761 mi (4.443 km) circuit. Dick Protheroe lost his life at the wheel of a Ferrari 330P-64 following an accident during a practice session. ### Race The race was held over 140 laps of the circuit, split into two heats of 70 laps. Hulme took overall victory, winning with an aggregated time of 4hrs 06:11.200mins., averaging a speed of 94.760 mph (152.501 km/h). Second place went to Tony Dean, in his Brabham-Climax BT8. The podium was completed by Peter Sutcliffe, in his Ford GT40. As Sutcliffe was also the Group 6 class winner, he was awarded The Oulton Trophy. For Hulme, this victory was his second Tourist Trophy, he would go on and win a further two, the last being in 1986. ## Classification ### Aggregate Results \| Pos. \| No. \| Group \| Driver(s) \| Entrant \| Car - Engine \| Time, Laps \| Reason Out \| \| ------- \| --- \| ----- \| -------------------------- \| -------------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| ----------------------- \| -------------------------- \| \| 1st \| 4 \| Gr. 7 \| Denny Hulme \| Sidney Taylor \| Lola-Chevrolet T70 Mk.2 \| 4hrs 06:11.200 140 laps \| \| \| 2nd \| 14 \| Gr. 7 \| Tony Dean \| Race Proved by Willment \| Brabham-Climax BT8 \| 135 \| \| \| 3rd \| 48 \| Gr. 6 \| Peter Sutcliffe \| Peter Sutcliffe \| Ford GT40 \| 134 \| \| \| 4th \| 58 \| Gr. 7 \| Geoff Breakell \| G.H. Breakell \| Brabham-Climax BT8 \| 132 \| \| \| 5th \| 18 \| Gr.7 \| Tommy Weber \| Vegantune Engineering \| Lotus-BRM 23 \| 131 \| \| \| 6th \| 36 \| Gr.6 \| Peter de Klerk \| Porsche Cars (GB) Ltd. \| Porsche 906 \| 131 \| \| \| 7th \| 26 \| Gr. 7 \| John Coundley \| John O. Coundley \| McLaren Elva M1A Oldsmobile \| 126 \| \| \| 8th \| 24 \| Gr. 7 \| Peter Gethin Derek Bennett \| Robert Ashcroft Racing Ltd. \| Crosslé-BMW 9S \| 125 \| \| \| 9th \| 38 \| Gr. 6 \| David Piper \| David Piper \| Ferrari 365 P2 \| 123 \| \| \| 10th \| 56 \| Gr. 7 \| Peter Sadler \| Peter Sadler \| Lotus-Ford 30 \| 122 \| \| \| 11th \| 50 \| Gr. 6 \| Alan Rees \| Maranello Concessionaires Ltd. \| Ferrari 250 LM \| 119 \| \| \| 12th \| 20 \| Gr. 7 \| Mike Garton \| Vegantune Engineering \| Lotus-Ford 23 \| 114 \| \| \| 13th \| 28 \| Gr. 7 \| Brian Redman \| Red Rose Racing Team \| Lola-Chevrolet T70 Mk.2 \| 111 \| 2: Final drive \| \| DNF \| 54 \| Gr. 7 \| Malcolm Wayne \| Malcolm Wayne \| Elva-BRM \| \| DNF \| \| DNF \| 6 \| Gr.7 \| Hugh Dibley \| Racing Partnership (Jersey) Ltd. \| Lola-Chevrolet T70 Mk.2 \| \| 2: Oil pressure \| \| DNF \| 30 \| Gr. 7 \| Keith St. John \| Radio London Racing \| McLaren Elva-Ford Mk II \| \| DNF \| \| DNF \| 16 \| Gr.7 \| Mac Daghorn \| Felday Engineering Ltd. \| Felday-BRM 4 \| \| Mechanical \| \| DNF \| 8 \| Gr.7 \| Frank Gardner \| Alan Brown \| McLaren Elva-Ford Mk I \| \| DNF \| \| DNF \| 2 \| Gr.7 \| Jack Brabham \| Brabham Racing Organisation Ltd. \| Brabham-Repco BT17 \| \| 2: Oil Leak \| \| DNF \| 32 \| Gr.7 \| David Prophet \| David Prophet \| McLaren Elva-Chevrolet \| \| DNF \| \| DNF \| 42 \| Gr.6 \| Mike Parkes \| Maranello Concessionaires Ltd. \| Ferrari Dino 206 S \| \| 1: Ring & pinion \| \| DNS \| 44 \| Gr.6 \| Dick Protheroe \| Dick Protheroe \| Ferrari 330 P-64 \| \| Fatal accident in practice \| \| DNS \| 46 \| Gr.6 \| Richard Bond \| Nick Cussons \| Ford GT40 \| \| \| \| Source: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Fastest lap: Denny Hulme, 1:37.400secs. (102.646 mph) [2]	enwiki/41935771	enwiki	41,935,771	1966 RAC Tourist Trophy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_RAC_Tourist_Trophy	2022-04-19T22:48:37Z	en	Q16826349	59,921	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} The '''1966 RAC Tourist Trophy''' saw the world’s oldest motor race, organised by the [[Royal Automobile Club]], return to [[Oulton Park]] on 29 April, for the 31st running of the [[RAC Tourist Trophy\|RAC International Tourist Trophy Race]] sponsored by ''[[Daily Express]]''. The [[RAC Tourist Trophy\|TT]], was the second round of the [[1966 British Sports Car Championship season\|British Sports Car Championship]].<ref name="Wsrp.ic.cz">{{cite web \|url=http://www.wsrp.ic.cz/bscc1966.html#2 \|title=World Sports Racing Prototypes - British Sports Car Championship 1966 \|publisher=Wsrp.ic.cz \|accessdate=2014-02-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221082826/http://www.wsrp.ic.cz/bscc1966.html#2 \|archive-date=2014-02-21 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="racingsportscars1966">{{cite web \|url=http://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Oulton_Park-1966-04-29.html \|title=Tourist Trophy 1966 \|publisher=Racing Sports Cars \|date=1966-04-29 \|accessdate=2014-02-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204165330/http://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Oulton_Park-1966-04-29.html \|archive-date=2013-12-04 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Report== ===Entry=== Despite the race being dropped from the World Sportscar Championship, the event still attracted a total of 30 sports cars, across two classes. However, just 21 took part in qualifying.<ref name="racingsportscars1966"/> ===Qualifying=== The [[Formula One]] (F1) regular, and winner of the previous year’s [[RAC Tourist Trophy\|TT]], [[Denny Hulme]] took [[pole position]] for the Sidney Taylor team, in their [[Lola T70\|Lola-Chevrolet T70 Mk.2]], averaging a speed of {{convert\|102.012\|mph\|abbr=on}}, around the {{convert\|2.761\|mi\|abbr=on}} circuit.<ref name="racingsportscars1966"/> Dick Protheroe lost his life at the wheel of a [[Ferrari P\|Ferrari 330P-64]] following an accident during a practice session.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Geoff Protheroe \|url=http://www.myitshere.co.uk/DProtheroe/e_cut7/HH2005.html \|title=Dick Protheroe Raceing History \|publisher=Myitshere.co.uk \|date= \|accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref> ===Race=== The race was held over 140 laps of the circuit, split into two heats of 70 laps. Hulme took overall victory, winning with an aggregated time of 4hrs 06:11.200mins., averaging a speed of {{convert\|94.760\|mph\|abbr=on}}. Second place went to [[Tony Dean (racing driver)\|Tony Dean]], in his [[Brabham]]-[[Coventry Climax\|Climax]] BT8. The podium was completed by [[Peter Sutcliffe (racing driver)\|Peter Sutcliffe]], in his [[Ford GT40]]. As Sutcliffe was also the [[Group 6 (racing)\|Group 6]] class winner, he was awarded The Oulton Trophy. For Hulme, this victory was his second Tourist Trophy, he would go on and win a further two, the last being in 1986.<ref name="Wsrp.ic.cz"/><ref name="racingsportscars1966"/> ==Classification== ===Aggregate Results=== {\|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" \|- ! Pos. ! No. ! Group ! Driver(s) ! Entrant ! Car - Engine ! Time, Laps ! Reason Out \|- ! '''1st''' \| '''4''' \| '''Gr. 7''' \| {{flagicon\|New Zealand}} '''[[Denny Hulme]]''' \| '''Sidney Taylor''' \| '''[[Lola T70\|Lola-Chevrolet T70 Mk.2]]''' \| '''4hrs 06:11.200'''<br />'''140 laps''' \| \|- ! 2nd \| 14 \| Gr. 7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Tony Dean (racing driver)\|Tony Dean]] \| Race Proved by Willment \| [[Brabham]]-[[Coventry Climax\|Climax]] BT8 \| 135 \| \|- ! '''3rd''' \| '''48''' \| '''Gr. 6''' \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} '''[[Peter Sutcliffe (racing driver)\|Peter Sutcliffe]]''' \| '''[[Peter Sutcliffe (racing driver)\|Peter Sutcliffe]]''' \| '''[[Ford GT40]]''' \| '''134''' \| \|- ! 4th \| 58 \| Gr. 7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Geoff Breakell]] \| [[Geoff Breakell\|G.H. Breakell]] \| [[Brabham]]-[[Coventry Climax\|Climax]] BT8 \| 132 \| \|- ! 5th \| 18 \| Gr.7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Tommy Weber (racing driver)\|Tommy Weber]] \| Vegantune Engineering \| [[Lotus 23\|Lotus-BRM 23]] \| 131 \| \|- ! 6th \| 36 \| Gr.6 \| {{flagicon\|South Africa\|1928}} [[Peter de Klerk]] \| Porsche Cars (GB) Ltd. \| [[Porsche 906]] \| 131 \| \|- ! 7th \| 26 \| Gr. 7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[John Coundley]] \| John O. Coundley \| [[Elva (car manufacturer)\|McLaren Elva]] M1A [[Oldsmobile]] \| 126 \| \|- ! 8th \| 24 \| Gr. 7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Peter Gethin]]<br />{{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Derek Bennett (racing driver)\|Derek Bennett]] \| Robert Ashcroft Racing Ltd. \| [[Crosslé Car Company\|Crosslé]]-[[BMW in motorsport\|BMW]] 9S \| 125 \| \|- ! 9th \| 38 \| Gr. 6 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[David Piper (racing driver)\|David Piper]] \| [[David Piper (racing driver)\|David Piper]] \| [[Ferrari P\|Ferrari 365 P2]] \| 123 \| \|- ! 10th \| 56 \| Gr. 7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Peter Sadler]] \| [[Peter Sadler]] \| [[Lotus 30\|Lotus-Ford 30]] \| 122 \| \|- ! 11th \| 50 \| Gr. 6 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Alan Rees (racing driver)\|Alan Rees]] \| Maranello Concessionaires Ltd. \| [[Ferrari P\|Ferrari 250 LM]] \| 119 \| \|- ! 12th \| 20 \| Gr. 7 \| {{Flagicon\|GBR}} [[Mike Garton]] \| Vegantune Engineering \| [[Lotus 23\|Lotus-Ford 23]] \| 114 \| \|- ! 13th \| 28 \| Gr. 7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Brian Redman]] \| Red Rose Racing Team \| [[Lola T70\|Lola-Chevrolet T70 Mk.2]] \| 111 \| 2: Final drive \|- ! DNF \| 54 \| Gr. 7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Malcolm Wayne]] \| Malcolm Wayne \| [[Elva (car manufacturer)\|Elva-BRM]] \| \| DNF \|- ! DNF \| 6 \| Gr.7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Hugh Dibley]] \| Racing Partnership (Jersey) Ltd. \| [[Lola T70\|Lola-Chevrolet T70 Mk.2]] \| \| 2: Oil pressure \|- ! DNF \| 30 \| Gr. 7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Keith St. John (racing driver)\|Keith St. John]] \| Radio London Racing \| [[Elva (car manufacturer)\|McLaren Elva-Ford]] Mk II \| \| DNF \|- ! DNF \| 16 \| Gr.7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Mac Daghorn]] \| Felday Engineering Ltd. \| Felday-[[British Racing Motors\|BRM]] 4 \| \| Mechanical \|- ! DNF \| 8 \| Gr.7 \| {{flagicon\|Australia}} [[Frank Gardner (racing driver)\|Frank Gardner]] \| [[Alan Brown (racing driver)\|Alan Brown]] \| [[Elva (car manufacturer)\|McLaren Elva-Ford]] Mk I \| \| DNF \|- ! DNF \| 2 \| Gr.7 \| {{flagicon\|Australia}} [[Jack Brabham]] \| [[Brabham\|Brabham Racing Organisation Ltd.]] \| [[Brabham]]-[[Repco]] BT17 \| \| 2: Oil Leak \|- ! DNF \| 32 \| Gr.7 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[David Prophet]] \| [[David Prophet]] \| [[McLaren]] [[Elva (car manufacturer)\|Elva]]-[[Chevrolet]] \| \|DNF \|- ! DNF \| 42 \| Gr.6 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Mike Parkes]] \| Maranello Concessionaires Ltd. \| [[Dino (automobile)\|Ferrari Dino 206 S]] \| \|1: Ring & pinion \|- ! DNS \| 44 \| Gr.6 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Dick Protheroe]] \| [[Dick Protheroe]] \| [[Ferrari P\|Ferrari 330 P-64]] \| \| Fatal accident in practice \|- ! DNS \| 46 \| Gr.6 \| {{flagicon\|GBR}} [[Richard Bond (racing driver)\|Richard Bond]] \| [[Nick Cussons]] \| [[Ford GT40]] \| \| \|- \| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"\| Source:<ref name="Wsrp.ic.cz"/><ref>{{cite web\| url = http://www.racingsportscars.com/results/Oulton_Park-1966-04-29.html\| title = Le Mans 24 Hours 1923 - Race Results - Racing Sports Cars}} </ref> \|} * Fastest lap: [[Denny Hulme]], 1:37.400secs. (102.646 mph) <ref name="racingsportscars1966"/> ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} [[Category:1966 in British motorsport\|RAC Tourist Trophy]] [[Category:April 1966 sports events in the United Kingdom\|RAC Tourist Trophy]] [[Category:RAC Tourist Trophy]]	1,083,643,687	[]	false
# Zasavica (bog) The Zasavica (Serbian Cyrillic: Засавица) is a bog in the region of Mačva, west central Serbia. It is a major wildlife refuge and one of the last authentically preserved wetlands in Serbia. In the 2000s it became a popular attraction with the successful reintroduction of beavers, which had become extinct on the same land areas 100 years before. ## Location Zasavica is located several kilometers across the Sava River from the town of Sremska Mitrovica. The entire Zasavica system is located in the Mačva region and is administratively divided between the province of Vojvodina (northern part; municipality of Sremska Mitrovica) and Central Serbia (southern part; municipality of Bogatić). It roughly extends between the settlements of Crna Bara, Banovo Polje, Ravnje, Zasavica I, Zasavica II, Salaš Noćajski, Noćaj and Mačvanska Mitrovica. ## Geography The Zasavica bog is a marshy lowland in the floodplain of the Sava River. It is a typical elongated oxbow (in Serbian: mrtvaja, dead [water]). The fossilized, parallel bed of the Sava is so elongated that it actually stretches almost to the Drina river. In time, Zasavica river was formed from the subterranean waters from the Drina and from several streams, most notably, Duboka Jovača and Prekopac canal (gravitationally, from the Cer mountain). The final section connecting Zasavica and Sava has been channeled (Bogaz canal). The river slowly meanders into and through the bog, widening from 50 metres (55 yd) to almost 300 metres (330 yd). The marsh, consisting of several connected bogs, covers an area of 11.5 square kilometres (4.4 sq mi). During normal water levels, the bog is 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) deep on average, but it can get up to 10 metres (33 ft) deep. The marshland's altitude varies from 76 to 82 meters (249 to 269 ft). The entire biotype includes also the Batar stream and several other canal-tributaries to Zasavica, and consists of an ecological row of water and marsh systems with fragments of flooded meadows and forests. Through the Sava and Danube rivers, the Zasavica biotype belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin. ## Human history Remains show that humans were already settled in the marshy areas of Mačva in 5000 BCE. They made canals and water alleys in the marsh, using them both for irrigation and drainage. That way, they participated in the volatile process of constant change of the Sava and Drina rivers directions, creation of meanders, and change of the landscape. Time erased memories of the first recorded settlers and the remains of their work was attributed by the later settlers as the work of giants, creating one of two popular legends in Zasavica. Another legend connected to the area is that of winged dragons. Ancient Celtic maps show area of Zasavica as one of eight dragon-inhabited places in the Balkans. From recent history, Zasavica is known as both the hiding place and a battle ground of Zeka Buljubaša, one of the heroes of the First Serbian Uprising. He was finally defeated and killed by the Ottomans in Zasavica in 1813. In 2017–2020, a dozen sculptures of the animals which inhabit the reserve were carved and exhibited in the open, including beaver, umbra fish and donkey. They were made by the artistic team of archaeologist Zoran Đajić. In September 2020, a massive, 15-ton heavy sculpture of a "Serbian ox" was placed at the main entry. Celebrating importance of oxen in older Serbian history, the sculpture was carved from one slab of hard, ancient Brazilian stone, formed over 1 billion years ago. The sculptor is Velimir Karavelić. ## Preservation Special reservation of nature of Zasavica was formed in 1997 and placed under the state protection as the category I natural treasure of exquisite value. It includes the bog and surrounding terrains, with a total area of 18.25 square kilometers. Of that, 6.75 square kilometres (2.61 sq mi) or 37% is placed under the level I of protection and the rest is in levels II and III. The majority of the protected area covers the water surfaces of the rivers and canals Zasavica, Jovac, Prekopac and Batar. Zasavica has a priority nomination to become a Ramsar site. It is proclaimed an Important Bird Area and since 2001 it is a member of the Europark Federation, federation of the national parks of Europe. ## Wildlife ### Plants #### Flowering plants There are over 600 species of plants recorded in the reservation. Several of them are endangered natural rarities and listed in the Serbia's Red Book of Endangered Species: European white water-lily, yellow waterlily, water soldier, fringed water-lily, marsh nettle, sweet flag, aquatic bladderwort, triangular club-rush, common mare's tail, water violet, greater spearwort and the endemic Pannonian plain species of Pannonian cornflower. In the Valjevac section of Zasavica, a rare and endangered marshland bio-community Acoro-Glyceretum maximae is found. The white orchid is also found in Zasavica. #### Fungi 150 species of fungi are widely distributed in the entire reservation, in every ecosystem (ground, trees, logs, meadows, and pastures). Many are edible, including rare species of morel. Poisonous mushrooms are rare and few, including the panther cap, death cap, and yellow-staining mushroom. #### Trees Although dozens of species of trees are found, the forests, which make up 16.74% of the reservation, mainly consist of narrow-leafed ash and to a lesser extent white poplar, willow, or black alder. Species on the alluvial slopes include pedunculate oak, European hornbeam, linden, and European Turkey oak. In 1962, a 1.1-square-kilometre (270-acre) plantation of willow and hybrid poplars was planted. ### Invertebrate #### Plankton Phytoplankton is represented with 234 species and zooplankton with 220. Representatives of the first group are the Batrachospermnum algae, fresh water sponge (Spongilla lacustris) and fresh water jellyfish (Craspedacustra sowerbii). Out of the second group, 21 taxa are new and recently discovered in Serbia. #### Insects 250 species of insects live in Zasavica and 15 of them are protected. There are several rare species of longhorn beetle (out of 35 living in Zasavica) and endemic Balkan species including three recently discovered in Serbia: Syrian longhorn beetle (Arhopalus syriacus), Morimus asper and Agapanthia lais. Species of Cerambyx cerdo and Morimus funereus are protected. Endemic and rare cricket Zeuneriana amplipennis, living only in Serbia, is also found. ### Vertebrate #### Fish In Zasavica live 23 species of fish, categorised in 8 families and 20 genera. The most common are members of the carp family. Of those, 20 species ar autochthonous and three are imported (two from North America, one from China), though even the common carp had been introduced by Romans. Seven species are protected: Umbra krameri, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, loach (Misgumus fossilis), Cobitis tenia, etc. Six species are classified as endangered, five as vulnerable and six as rare. As part of the "Return of the autochthonous species of fish" project, the wels catfish has been reintroduced into Zasavica. #### Herpetofauna Zasavica hosts 27 species of reptiles and amphibians, of which all 12 amphibian and 4 reptilian species are protected and some of them are on the preliminary list to be included into the Red Book. Six amphibian and seven reptilian species are also classified as the endangered species by the Bern Convention. Two endemic Balkan species live in Zasavica: Danube crested newt and eastern sub-species of the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis bosnica, which is European Protected Species. #### Birds There are 185 species of birds in the reserve, of which 120 are resident. Because of such large number of birds, including rarities like night heron and spotted crake, Zasavica is included in the list of IBAs, (important bird areas). Since 1998, 20 artificial nesting platforms have been placed throughout the reserve. Other species include common moorhen, little grebe, Eurasian coot, great reed warbler, little bittern, mallard, common quail, white stork, black stork, Eurasian bittern, white-tailed eagle, western marsh harrier, common kestrel, mute swan, northern lapwing, etc. #### Mammals So far, 45 species of mammals are found in Zasavica. It is ideal for the water-bound species like Eurasian otter or wildcat, which are protected all over Europe. Otters were not spotted for years though. Recent but unconfirmed sightings of otters recently prompted the ecology organisations from Sremska Mitrovica to announce an award for those who capture otter on camera. Fur animals also live in Zasavica, most notably muskrat. Eurasian shrew, striped field mouse, fat dormouse and several species of bats are listed as rarities in Serbia. ## Special residents of Zasavica ### Balkan donkey Zasavica is the location of the only farm of the Balkan donkey on the territory of former Yugoslavia. The farm was founded in the early 1990s and holds some 120 donkeys. They are kept for meat but mostly for their milk, which is used to make the pule cheese, one of the most expensive in the world with the price of 1,000 euros per kilogram (there are farms of the Balkan donkeys in Italy, Belgium and France with over 700 animals). Meat is used for the sausages and kulen while the milk is also used in the cosmetic industry (creams, soaps) but for the cream liqueur, too. Every April, a festival called World's Donkey Day is held. Teams from several countries (Serbia, Hungary, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, etc.) compete in the preparation of the donkey stew, while other meat and milk products are being exchanged and tasted. ### Beavers The main attraction in the reservation are the reintroduced beavers. Zoologist Alfred Brehm wrote in 1887 that a beaver has been spotted on the right bank of the Sava, near Sremska Mitrovica. Extinct in the early 1900s, four families with five members each, plus 11 single animals (31 in total) were reintroduced in 2004 with the help from the Bavarian Science Society. From Serbian side, project is conducted by the Biology Faculty of the Belgrade University. Each animal has a subdermal tracking microchip implant. Initial fears that the beavers will not adapt proved to be groundless as very soon first dam was spotted and the animals began to reproduce. A dam is 30 metres (33 yd) long and 1.8 feet (0.55 m) tall (of that, 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) above the water) and located at the Batar's mouth into Zasavica. In the late 2006 a dam in the canal Glušci, which flows into the Zasavica, was discovered and the beavers, though not the dams, are spotted in the river of Jadar some 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the south down the Drina. As the area surrounding the Zasavica is entirely agricultural, farmers don't share the excitement of the biologists as they claim the beavers ruin their crops saying that was the original reason for their extinction a hundred years ago, though they were also hunted for the valuable fur and the meat which could be consummated during the religious fasting. By 2012, beavers in Zasavica built 17 burrows and 6 dams, their population grew to a 100 and the chipped specimen have been caught near Šabac, Obrenovac and even Brčko, 135 kilometres (84 mi) upstream, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Population found in Obedska Bara is a local one, being reintroduced in the same time and as the part of the same project as the Zasavica beavers. Initially knocking down the poplars and willows, causing damage to the surrounding arable land, after several years in which they adapted the habitat to their needs, beavers for the most part stopped being a nuisance to the local inhabitants. By 2020 they spread all over the northern and western parts of Serbia. Apart from the Sava, Drina, and Jadar, they have been spotted in the Danube, Tamnava, Tisza, Bega, Timiș, Great Morava and canal systems in the Vojvodina province. To the north, they reached Petrovaradin and Novi Sad, while at the south they are spotted near Velika Plana. They also inhabited the surroundings of Belgrade, like Ritopek and Krnjača, which is part of urban Belgrade, but has much unurbanized area in the former marsh of Pančevački Rit. ### Mangulica Mangulica is the only surviving autochthonous Serbian breed of domesticated pig. Other two, Šiška and Šumadinka died out. A breed, also known as "woolen pig", due to its good qualities, is considered a "noble", but it almost died out in the 1980s. Its fat has up to 80% less cholesterol and triglycerides than a common, white pig. In 1998 Mangulica was introduced in Zasavica, but unlike Podolian cattle, they are left to roam free in the reservation, becoming feral since then. A cases of breeding with wild boar are known. By the early 2010s, their number grew to 1,000. ### Podolian In 1998 the cattle of the Podolian breed was introduced in Zasavica. First animals arrived in the spring of 1998 from Mionica, in western Serbia. Pasture "Valjevac", near the small Goransko-ribolovačko lake was chosen as their home. The pasture has an area of 3 square kilometers and numbered 80 cattle by 2011. Breeding of Podolian cattle is being part of the program for the preservation of the animal species, developed by the Serbian Ministry of agriculture. In the reserve there are several other, today rare, breeds of domesticated animals: Buša cattle, Bosnian Mountain Horse and wooly goat. ### European mudminnow The European mudminnow (Umbra krameri, Serbian: mrguda) lives in Zasavica. It has been classified as an endangered species in the entire of Europe and placed under the strict protection by the Bern Convention. In Serbia it has been protected in 1993. In March 2008 the fish was discovered in the village of Bački Monoštor, near the town of Sombor, almost 150 kilometers north of Zasavica.	enwiki/10515461	enwiki	10,515,461	Zasavica (bog)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasavica_(bog)	2025-03-20T17:11:24Z	en	Q3444519	153,713	{{Short description\|Bog in Mačva, Serbia}} {{Infobox body of water \| name = Zasavica \| image = Zasavica (3).JPG \| caption = \| image_bathymetry = \| caption_bathymetry = \|pushpin_map=Serbia Vojvodina \| location = [[Mačva]] region, [[Vojvodina]] province (partially) \| coords = {{coord\|44.957624\|N\|19.526369\|E\|type:waterbody_region:RS\|display=inline,title}} \| type = [[marsh]] \| inflow = [[Zasavica (river)\|Zasavica River]] \| outflow = [[Zasavica (river)\|Zasavica River]] \| catchment = \| basin_countries = [[Serbia]] \| length = {{convert\|33\|km\|mi}} \| width = {{convert\|300\|m\|yd}} \| area = {{convert\|11.5\|km2\|sqmi}} \| depth = {{convert\|2.5\|m\|ft}} \| max-depth = {{convert\|10\|m\|ft}} \| volume = \| residence_time = \| shore = \| elevation = {{convert\|76\|-\|82\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} \| islands = \| cities = [[Zasavica I]]<br/>[[Zasavica II]]<br/>[[Noćaj]]<br/>[[Ravnje (Sremska Mitrovica)\|Ravnje]] \| embedded = {{Designation list \| embed = yes \| designation1 = Ramsar \| designation1_offname = Zasavica \| designation1_date = 13 March 2008 \| designation1_number = 1783<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Zasavica\|website=[[Ramsar Convention\|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service\|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1783\|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} The '''Zasavica''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl\|Засавица}}) is a [[bog]] in the region of [[Mačva]], west central [[Serbia]]. It is a major [[wildlife refuge]] and one of the last authentically preserved [[wetlands]] in Serbia. In the 2000s it became a popular attraction with the successful [[reintroduction]] of [[beavers]], which had become extinct on the same land areas 100 years before. == Location == Zasavica is located several kilometers across the [[Sava]] River from the town of [[Sremska Mitrovica]]. The entire Zasavica system is located in the Mačva region and is administratively divided between the province of [[Vojvodina]] (northern part; municipality of Sremska Mitrovica) and [[Central Serbia]] (southern part; municipality of [[Bogatić]]). It roughly extends between the settlements of [[Crna Bara (Bogatić)\|Crna Bara]], [[Banovo Polje]], [[Ravnje (Sremska Mitrovica)\|Ravnje]], [[Zasavica I]], [[Zasavica II]], [[Salaš Noćajski]], [[Noćaj]] and [[Mačvanska Mitrovica]]. == Geography == [[File:Zasavica view.jpg\|thumb\|Canal-tributaries to Zasavica]] The Zasavica bog is a marshy [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)\|lowland]] in the [[floodplain]] of the Sava River. It is a typical elongated [[oxbow (lake)\|oxbow]] (in [[Serbian language\|Serbian]]: ''mrtvaja'', dead [water]).<ref>{{cite book \|author=Marković Jovan Đ \|title=Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije \|year=1990 \|publisher=Svjetlost \|location=Sarajevo\|language=sr}} {{ISBN\|86-01-02651-6}}</ref> The fossilized, parallel bed of the Sava is so elongated that it actually stretches almost to the [[Drina]] river. In time, [[Zasavica (river)\|Zasavica]] river was formed from the subterranean waters from the Drina and from several streams, most notably, Duboka Jovača and Prekopac canal <ref name=pol>{{Cite journal \| title = Mangulica, dabar i lokvanji\| publisher = [[Politika]] \| pages = 41 \| language = sr \| date = 2008-04-30 }}</ref> (gravitationally, from the [[Cer (mountain)\|Cer]] mountain). The final section connecting Zasavica and Sava has been channeled (Bogaz canal). The river slowly meanders into and through the bog, widening from {{convert\|50\|m\|yd}} to almost {{convert\|300\|m\|yd}}. The marsh, consisting of several connected bogs, covers an area of {{convert\|11.5\|km2\|sqmi}}. During normal water levels, the bog is {{convert\|2.5\|m\|ft}} deep on average, but it can get up to {{convert\|10\|m\|ft}} deep. The marshland's altitude varies from {{convert\|76\|to\|82\|m\|ft\|sp=us}}. The entire [[biotope\|biotype]] includes also the Batar stream and several other canal-tributaries to Zasavica, and consists of an ecological row of water and marsh systems with fragments of flooded meadows and forests.<ref name=zas>{{in lang\|sr}} [http://www.zasavica.org.yu/ Zasavica site] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405095751/http://www.zasavica.org.yu/ \|date=April 5, 2007 }}</ref> Through the Sava and Danube rivers, the Zasavica biotype belongs to the [[Black Sea]] [[drainage basin]]. == Human history == Remains show that humans were already settled in the marshy areas of Mačva in 5000 [[Before Common Era\|BCE]].<ref name=zas/> They made canals and water alleys in the marsh, using them both for irrigation and drainage. That way, they participated in the volatile process of constant change of the Sava and Drina rivers directions, creation of [[meanders]], and change of the landscape. Time erased memories of the first recorded settlers and the remains of their work was attributed by the later settlers as the work of giants, creating one of two popular legends in Zasavica. Another legend connected to the area is that of winged dragons. Ancient [[Celts\|Celtic]] maps show area of Zasavica as one of eight dragon-inhabited places in the [[Balkans]].<ref name=zas/> From recent history, Zasavica is known as both the hiding place and a battle ground of [[Zeka Buljubaša]], one of the heroes of the [[First Serbian Uprising]]. He was finally defeated and killed by the [[Ottoman Turks\|Ottomans]] in Zasavica in 1813.<ref>{{cite book\| title=Mala enciklopedija Prosveta \|edition=I \|volume=II \|pages=562 \|year=1959 \|publisher=[[Prosveta (publisher)\|Prosveta]] \|location=Belgrade\|language=sr}}</ref> In 2017–2020, a dozen sculptures of the animals which inhabit the reserve were carved and exhibited in the open, including beaver, umbra fish and donkey. They were made by the artistic team of archaeologist Zoran Đajić. In September 2020, a massive, 15-ton heavy sculpture of a "Serbian ox" was placed at the main entry. Celebrating importance of oxen in older Serbian history, the sculpture was carved from one slab of hard, ancient Brazilian stone, formed over 1 billion years ago. The sculptor is Velimir Karavelić.<ref>{{cite news \| author = Miomir Filipović \| title = Podignut prvi spomenik srpskom volu \| trans-title = First monument to Serbian ox erected \| newspaper = Politika \| page = 9 \| language = sr \| date = 6 September 2020 \| url = http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/461868/Podignut-prvi-spomenik-srpskom-volu}}</ref> == Preservation == Special reservation of nature of Zasavica was formed in 1997 and placed under the state protection as the category I natural treasure of exquisite value.<ref name=pol/> It includes the bog and surrounding terrains, with a total area of 18.25 square kilometers.<ref name=zas/> Of that, {{convert\|6.75\|km2\|sqmi}} or 37% is placed under the level I of protection and the rest is in levels II and III. The majority of the protected area covers the water surfaces of the rivers and canals Zasavica, Jovac, Prekopac and Batar. Zasavica has a priority nomination to become a [[Ramsar site]]. It is proclaimed an [[Important Bird Area]] and since 2001 it is a member of the Europark Federation, federation of the national parks of [[Europe]]. == Wildlife == [[File:Zasavica - Oiseau (11).JPG\|thumb\|210px\|[[Mute swan]]]] [[File:Zasavica - Oiseau (4).JPG\|thumb\|210px]] [[File:Zasavica - Oiseau (3).JPG\|thumb\|210px]] [[File:Zasavica - Oiseau (10).JPG\|thumb\|210px\|[[Eurasian coot]]]] [[File:Zasavica - Oiseau (9).JPG\|thumb\|210px\|[[Great reed warbler]]]] [[File:Zasavica - Serpent (1).JPG\|thumb\|210px\|[[Grass snake]] ]] === Plants === ==== Flowering plants ==== There are over 600 species of plants recorded in the reservation. Several of them are endangered natural rarities and listed in the Serbia's [[Red Book of Endangered Species]]: [[Nymphaea alba\|European white water-lily]], [[Nuphar lutea\|yellow waterlily]], [[Stratiotes aloides\|water soldier]], [[Nymphoides peltata\|fringed water-lily]], [[Stachys palustris\|marsh nettle]], [[sweet flag]], [[Utricularia australis\|aquatic bladderwort]], [[Scirpus\|triangular club-rush]], [[common mare's tail]], [[Hottonia palustris\|water violet]], [[Buttercup\|greater spearwort]] and the endemic [[Pannonian plain]] species of Pannonian [[cornflower]].<ref name=zas/> In the Valjevac section of Zasavica, a rare and endangered marshland bio-community ''Acoro-Glyceretum maximae'' is found. The white [[orchid]] is also found in Zasavica. ==== Fungi ==== 150 species of [[fungi]] are widely distributed in the entire reservation, in every ecosystem (ground, trees, logs, meadows, and pastures).{{citation needed\|date=December 2022}} Many are edible, including rare species of [[morel]]. Poisonous mushrooms are rare and few, including the [[panther cap]], [[death cap]], and [[Agaricus xanthodermus\|yellow-staining mushroom]]. ==== Trees ==== Although dozens of species of trees are found, the forests, which make up {{formatnum:16.74}}% of the reservation, mainly consist of [[Fraxinus angustifolia\|narrow-leafed ash]] and to a lesser extent [[Populus alba\|white poplar]], [[willow]], or [[Alnus glutinosa\|black alder]]. Species on the alluvial slopes include [[pedunculate oak]], [[European hornbeam]], [[Tilia\|linden]], and [[Quercus cerris\|European Turkey oak]]. In 1962, a {{convert\|1.1\|km2\|acre\|adj=on}} plantation of willow and hybrid poplars was planted.{{citation needed\|date=December 2022}} === Invertebrate === ==== Plankton ==== [[Phytoplankton]] is represented with 234 species and [[zooplankton]] with 220. Representatives of the first group are the ''Batrachospermnum'' algae, fresh water [[sponge]] (''Spongilla lacustris'') and fresh water [[jellyfish]] (''Craspedacustra sowerbii''). Out of the second group, 21 taxa are new and recently discovered in Serbia. ==== Insects ==== 250 species of insects live in Zasavica and 15 of them are protected. There are several rare species of [[longhorn beetle]] (out of 35 living in Zasavica) and endemic Balkan species including three recently discovered in Serbia: Syrian longhorn beetle (''Arhopalus syriacus''), ''[[Morimus]] asper'' and ''Agapanthia lais''. Species of ''[[Cerambyx cerdo]]'' and ''[[Morimus funereus]]'' are protected. Endemic and rare cricket ''Zeuneriana amplipennis'', living only in Serbia, is also found. === Vertebrate === ==== Fish ==== In Zasavica live 23 species of fish, categorised in 8 families and 20 genera. The most common are members of the [[carp]] family. Of those, 20 species ar autochthonous and three are imported (two from [[North America]], one from [[China]]), though even the [[common carp]] had been introduced by [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]]s.<ref name=zas/> Seven species are protected: ''Umbra krameri'', ''Rhodeus sericeus amarus'', [[loach (fish)\|loach]] (''Misgumus fossilis''), ''Cobitis tenia'', etc. Six species are classified as endangered, five as vulnerable and six as rare. As part of the "Return of the autochthonous species of fish" project, the [[wels catfish]] has been reintroduced into Zasavica. ==== Herpetofauna ==== Zasavica hosts 27 species of reptiles and amphibians, of which all 12 amphibian and 4 reptilian species are protected and some of them are on the preliminary list to be included into the Red Book. Six amphibian and seven reptilian species are also classified as the endangered species by the Bern Convention. Two endemic Balkan species live in Zasavica: [[Danube crested newt]] and eastern sub-species of the [[sand lizard]], ''Lacerta agilis bosnica'', which is [[European Protected Species]]. ==== Birds ==== There are 185 <ref name=pol/> species of birds in the reserve, of which 120 are [[resident bird\|resident]]. Because of such large number of birds, including rarities like [[night heron]] and [[spotted crake]], Zasavica is included in the list of IBAs, (important bird areas). Since 1998, 20 artificial nesting platforms have been placed throughout the reserve. Other species include [[common moorhen]], [[little grebe]], [[Eurasian coot]], [[great reed warbler]], [[little bittern]], [[mallard]], [[common quail]], [[white stork]], [[black stork]], [[Eurasian bittern]], [[white-tailed eagle]], [[western marsh harrier]], [[common kestrel]], [[mute swan]], [[northern lapwing]], etc. ==== Mammals ==== So far, 45 species of mammals are found in Zasavica. It is ideal for the water-bound species like [[Eurasian otter]] or [[wildcat]], which are protected all over Europe. Otters were not spotted for years though. Recent but unconfirmed sightings of otters recently prompted the ecology organisations from Sremska Mitrovica to announce an award for those who capture otter on camera.<ref name=zas/> Fur animals also live in Zasavica, most notably [[muskrat]]. [[Eurasian shrew]], [[striped field mouse]], [[fat dormouse]] and several species of bats are listed as rarities in Serbia. == Special residents of Zasavica == === Balkan donkey === Zasavica is the location of the only farm of the [[Balkan donkey]] on the territory of [[former Yugoslavia]]. The farm was founded in the early 1990s and holds some 120 donkeys. They are kept for meat but mostly for their milk, which is used to make the [[pule cheese]], one of the most expensive in the world with the price of 1,000 euros per kilogram (there are farms of the [[Balkan donkey]]s in Italy, Belgium and France with over 700 animals). Meat is used for the sausages and [[kulen]] while the milk is also used in the cosmetic industry (creams, soaps) but for the [[cream liqueur]], too. Every April, a festival called World's Donkey Day is held. Teams from several countries (Serbia, Hungary, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, etc.) compete in the preparation of the donkey stew, while other meat and milk products are being exchanged and tasted.<ref>{{Citation \| author = Jelenko Slatinac\| title = Svetski dan magaraca na Zasavici \| newspaper = [[Politika]] \| language = sr \| date = 1 May 2011}}</ref> === Beavers === The main attraction in the reservation are the reintroduced [[beavers]]. Zoologist [[Alfred Brehm]] wrote in 1887 that a beaver has been spotted on the right bank of the Sava, near Sremska Mitrovica.<ref name="dabrovi">{{Citation \| author = Jelenko Slatinac \| title = Dabrovi osvajaju nova staništa\| newspaper = [[Politika]] \| language = sr \| date = 17 August 2012}}</ref> Extinct in the early 1900s, four families with five members each, plus 11 single animals (31 in total) were reintroduced in 2004 with the help from the Bavarian Science Society. From Serbian side, project is conducted by the Biology Faculty of the [[Belgrade University]]. Each animal has a subdermal tracking [[microchip implant (animal)\|microchip implant]].<ref name=zas/> Initial fears that the beavers will not adapt proved to be groundless as very soon first dam was spotted and the animals began to reproduce. A dam is {{convert\|30\|m\|yd}} long and {{convert\|1.8\|ft}} tall (of that, {{convert\|0.8\|m\|ft}} above the water) and located at the Batar's mouth into Zasavica. In the late 2006 a dam in the canal Glušci, which flows into the Zasavica, was discovered and the beavers, though not the dams, are spotted in the river of [[Jadar River (Serbia)\|Jadar]] some {{convert\|35\|km\|mi}} to the south down the Drina. As the area surrounding the Zasavica is entirely agricultural, farmers don't share the excitement of the biologists as they claim the beavers ruin their crops saying that was the original reason for their extinction a hundred years ago,<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2005/05/07/srpski/SE05050601.shtml \|title=Dabrovi oglodali mnoga imanja \|access-date=2008-05-27\|language=sr}}</ref> though they were also hunted for the valuable fur and the meat which could be consummated during the religious fasting.<ref name="dabrovi"/> By 2012, beavers in Zasavica built 17 burrows and 6 dams, their population grew to a 100 and the chipped specimen have been caught near [[Šabac]], [[Obrenovac]] and even [[Brčko]], {{convert\|135\|km\|mi}} upstream, in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Population found in Obedska Bara is a local one, being reintroduced in the same time and as the part of the same project as the Zasavica beavers. Initially knocking down the poplars and willows, causing damage to the surrounding arable land, after several years in which they adapted the habitat to their needs, beavers for the most part stopped being a nuisance to the local inhabitants.<ref name="dabrovi"/> By 2020 they spread all over the northern and western parts of Serbia. Apart from the Sava, Drina, and Jadar, they have been spotted in the [[Danube]], [[Tamnava]], [[Tisza]], [[Bega (Tisza)\|Bega]], [[Timiș (river)\|Timiș]], [[Great Morava]] and canal systems in the [[Vojvodina]] province. To the north, they reached [[Petrovaradin]] and [[Novi Sad]], while at the south they are spotted near [[Velika Plana]]. They also inhabited the surroundings of Belgrade, like [[Ritopek]] and [[Krnjača]], which is part of urban Belgrade, but has much unurbanized area in the former marsh of [[Pančevački Rit]].<ref>{{cite news \| author = Branka Vasiljević \| title = Povratak dabra posle više od sto godina \| trans-title = Beaver returns after 100 years \| newspaper = Politika \| page = 15 \| language = sr \| date = 6 August 2020 \| url = http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/459849/Povratak-dabra-posle-vise-od-sto-godina}}</ref> === Mangulica === [[Mangalitsa\|Mangulica]] is the only surviving autochthonous Serbian breed of domesticated pig. Other two, ''Šiška'' and ''Šumadinka'' died out. A breed, also known as "woolen pig", due to its good qualities, is considered a "noble", but it almost died out in the 1980s. Its fat has up to 80% less [[cholesterol]] and [[triglycerides]] than a common, white pig.<ref name=pol/> In 1998 Mangulica was introduced in Zasavica, but unlike Podolian cattle, they are left to roam free in the reservation, becoming [[feral]] since then. A cases of breeding with [[wild boar]] are known. By the early 2010s, their number grew to 1,000.<ref>{{Citation \| author = Jelenko Slatinac\| title = Zbog mangulice u Zasavicu\| newspaper = [[Politika]] \| language = sr }}</ref> === Podolian === In 1998 the cattle of the Podolian breed was introduced in Zasavica. First animals arrived in the spring of 1998 from [[Mionica]], in western Serbia. Pasture "Valjevac", near the small ''Goransko-ribolovačko'' lake was chosen as their home. The pasture has an area of 3 square kilometers and numbered 80 cattle by 2011.<ref>{{Citation \| author = Jelenko Slatinac \| title = "Kod dabra" na ćašu magarećek likera \| newspaper = [[Politika]] \| language = sr \| date = 2 December 2011\|url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/199923/Srbija/Kod-dabra-na-casu-magareceg-likera}}</ref> Breeding of Podolian cattle is being part of the program for the preservation of the animal species, developed by the Serbian Ministry of agriculture.<ref name=zas/> In the reserve there are several other, today rare, breeds of domesticated animals: [[Buša cattle]], [[Bosnian Mountain Horse]] and wooly goat.<ref>{{Citation \| author = Nenad Novak Stefanović \| title = Leti ptica mangulica \| newspaper = [[Politika]] \| language = sr \| date = August 2009}}</ref> ===European mudminnow=== The [[European mudminnow]] (''Umbra krameri'', Serbian: ''mrguda'') lives in Zasavica. It has been classified as an endangered species in the entire of Europe and placed under the strict protection by the [[Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats\|Bern Convention]].<ref name=zas/> In Serbia it has been protected in 1993.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije \|pages=br. 50 \|date=1993-07-09\|language=sr}}</ref> In March 2008 the fish was discovered in the village of [[Bački Monoštor]], near the town of [[Sombor]], almost 150 kilometers north of Zasavica.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ekoforum.org/index/vest.asp?vID=2279 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020738/http://www.ekoforum.org/index/vest.asp?vID=2279 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=July 26, 2011 \|title=Mrguda pronađena u Bačkom Monoštoru \|access-date=2008-05-27\|language=sr}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery class="center"> Zasavica visitorski centar 07.jpg Zasavica visitorski centar 04.jpg Zasavica visitorski centar 09.jpg Zasavica visitorski centar 08.jpg РП20 Zasavica.122.jpg Zasavica rogoz 18.jpg Zasavica pašnjak 18.jpg РП20 СРП Засавица (111).jpg Zasavica bara lokvanji 29.jpg Zasavica bara 79.jpg Zasavica bara 78.jpg Zasavica bara 70.jpg Zasavica bara 26.jpg Zasavica bara 07.jpg Засавица 138.jpg Zasavica lokvanji 17.jpg Zasavica drezga 44.jpg Zasavica labudovi 12.jpg Засавица 152.jpg Zasavica zoo 20.jpg Zasavica zoo 17.jpg Zasavica zoo 10.jpg Zasavica pašnjak 14.jpg РП20 СРП Засавица (43).jpg РП20 СРП Засавица (45).jpg </gallery> == See also == {{Portal\|Lakes}} * [[List of lakes in Serbia]] == References == {{Reflist\|2}} == External links == [http://www.zasavica.org.rs/ Official Zasavica site] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090308023249/http://www.wild-serbia.com/gallery/Pejzazi-Landscapes/Zasavica/index.html Gallery from Zasavica Nature Reserve on www.wild-serbia.com] {{Protected areas of Serbia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zasavica (Bog)}} [[Category:Lakes of Serbia]] [[Category:Geography of Vojvodina]] [[Category:Mačva]] [[Category:Sremska Mitrovica]] [[Category:Protected areas of Serbia]] [[Category:Nature reserves in Serbia]] [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Serbia]] [[Category:Ramsar sites in Serbia]]	1,281,481,562	[{"title": "Zasavica", "data": {"Location": "Ma\u010dva region, Vojvodina province (partially)", "Coordinates": "44\u00b057\u203227\u2033N 19\u00b031\u203235\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff44.957624\u00b0N 19.526369\u00b0E", "Type": "marsh", "Primary inflows": "Zasavica River", "Primary outflows": "Zasavica River", "Basin countries": "Serbia"}}, {"title": "Zasavica", "data": {"Max. length": "33 kilometres (21 mi)", "Max. width": "300 metres (330 yd)", "Surface area": "11.5 square kilometres (4.4 sq mi)", "Average depth": "2.5 metres (8.2 ft)", "Max. depth": "10 metres (33 ft)", "Surface elevation": "76\u201382 m (249\u2013269 ft)"}}, {"title": "Zasavica", "data": {"Settlements": "Zasavica I \u00b7 Zasavica II \u00b7 No\u0107aj \u00b7 Ravnje"}}, {"title": "Ramsar Wetland", "data": {"Official name": "Zasavica", "Designated": "13 March 2008", "Reference no.": "1783"}}]	false
# Massachusetts Route 126 Route 126 is a 33.5704-mile-long (54.0263 km) north–south state highway in Massachusetts. Its southern terminus is a continuation of Rhode Island Route 126 by Woonsocket, Rhode Island and its northern terminus is at Route 2 and Route 2A in Concord. Along the way it intersects several major routes including Interstate 495 (I-495) in Bellingham, Route 9 in Framingham, and U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in Wayland. ## Route description Route 126 begins at the Rhode Island state line, continuing into Woonsocket as Rhode Island Route 126. After a short stretch in the town of Blackstone and Worcester County, Route 126 enters the town of Bellingham and Norfolk County, heading north. In Bellingham, Route 126 has a short concurrency with Route 140 at the center of town. In the north of the town, the route turns east on Hartford Avenue, crossing I-495 at Exit 46. Shortly after entering the town of Medway, the route turns north again, crossing Route 109 shortly after that. Route 126 then enters Holliston, in Middlesex County. In Holliston, Route 126 shares a 2.3 miles (3.7 km) long concurrency with Route 16 through the center of town. After splitting from Route 16, Route 126 heads north into Ashland, passing through the eastern side of town before entering Framingham. The route passes Waushakam Pond before crossing Route 135 near the center of town, next to the Framingham MBTA station. The road bears to the right, passing Gleason Pond before crossing over Route 9 with exit ramps between the two. At this point, Route 30 eastbound joins Route 126 for a short stretch before meeting Route 30 westbound. Route 126 continues northward, crossing the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90) without junction. (The nearest exit along the Pike is on Route 30 to the east.) As it passes Lake Cochituate, Route 126 enters the town of Wayland. The route then joins Route 27 for a mile, crossing U.S. Route 20 together just before the two routes split. Route 126 then enters the town of Lincoln. After crossing Route 117, the route continues north, crossing the Fitchburg Line before entering Concord. As the route rounds the banks of Walden Pond through the State Reservation, it finally ends at Routes 2 and 2A next to Concord-Carlisle Regional High School. ## Major intersections \| County \| Location \| mi \| km \| Destinations \| Notes \| \| --------- \| ---------------------------------------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| \| Worcester \| Blackstone \| 0.00 \| 0.00 \| · Route 126 south – Woonsocket \| Continuation into Rhode Island \| \| Norfolk \| Bellingham \| 5.40 \| 8.69 \| · Route 140 south – Franklin, Taunton \| Southern terminus of concurrency with Route 140 \| \| Norfolk \| Bellingham \| 5.48 \| 8.82 \| · Route 140 north – Milford, Worcester \| Northern terminus of concurrency with Route 140 \| \| Norfolk \| Bellingham \| 7.66 \| 12.33 \| I-495 (Blue Star Memorial Highway) – Taunton, Cape Cod, Marlboro, Lowell \| I-495 Exit 46; partial cloverleaf interchange \| \| Norfolk \| Medway \| 10.30 \| 16.58 \| Route 109 – Westwood, Milford \| \| \| Middlesex \| Holliston \| 12.90 \| 20.76 \| · Route 16 west (Washington Street) – Milford, Uxbridge \| Western terminus of concurrency with Route 16 \| \| Middlesex \| Holliston \| 15.20 \| 24.46 \| · Route 16 east (Washington Street) – Sherborn, Wellesley \| Eastern terminus of concurrency with Route 16 \| \| Middlesex \| Framingham \| 20.00 \| 32.19 \| Route 135 (Waverly Street) – Hopkinton, Natick \| Crossing point for the Boston Marathon \| \| Middlesex \| Framingham \| 21.60 \| 34.76 \| Route 9 (Worcester Road) – Natick, Worcester \| \| \| Middlesex \| Framingham \| 21.80 \| 35.08 \| · Route 30 (Cochituate Road) to I-90 (Mass Pike) – Weston, Southboro \| To I-90 (Mass Pike) via Route 30 eastbound \| \| Middlesex \| Wayland \| 26.30 \| 42.33 \| · Route 27 south (Cochituate Road) – Natick \| Southern terminus of concurrency with Route 27 \| \| Middlesex \| Wayland \| 27.30 \| 43.94 \| US 20 (Boston Post Road) – Marlboro, Boston \| \| \| Middlesex \| Wayland \| 27.40 \| 44.10 \| · Route 27 north (Old Sudbury Road) – Sudbury \| Northern end of concurrency with Route 27 \| \| Middlesex \| Lincoln \| 31.30 \| 50.37 \| Route 117 (South Great Road) – Waltham, Bolton \| \| \| Middlesex \| Concord \| 33.57 \| 54.03 \| · Route 2 / Route 2A to Route 27 – Cambridge, Boston, Ayer, Fitchburg / Walden Street \| Northern terminus; to Route 27 via Route 2 west; Walden Street continues north to Route 62 \| \| Middlesex \| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/6143242	enwiki	6,143,242	Massachusetts Route 126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_126	2025-04-24T02:22:56Z	en	Q2484139	141,576	{{Short description\|North-south state highway in Massachusetts, US}} {{Use American English\|date=April 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox road \|state=MA \|type=Route \|route=126 \|map={{maplink\|frame=yes\|plain=yes\|frame-align=center\|frame-width=290\|frame-height=290\|type=line\|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/Massachusetts Route 126}}}} \|map_custom=yes \|map_notes=Route 126 highlighted in red \|length_mi=33.5704 \|length_ref=<ref name="inventory">[[Massachusetts Department of Transportation\|Executive Office of Transportation]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927193052/http://www.eot.state.ma.us/default.asp?pgid=content%2Fplan02&sid=about Office of Transportation Planning - 2005 Road Inventory]</ref> \|length_round=4 \|established= \|direction_a=South \|direction_b=North \|terminus_a={{jct\|state=MA\|RI\|126}} in [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island\|Woonsocket, RI]]\| junction={{plainlist\| {{jct\|state=MA\|I\|495}} in [[Bellingham, Massachusetts\|Bellingham]] {{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|9}} in [[Framingham, Massachusetts\|Framingham]] *{{jct\|state=MA\|US\|20}} in [[Wayland, Massachusetts\|Wayland]] }} \|terminus_b={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|2\|MA\|2A}} in [[Concord, Massachusetts\|Concord]] \|counties=[[Worcester County, Massachusetts\|Worcester]], [[Norfolk County, Massachusetts\|Norfolk]], [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts\|Middlesex]] \|previous_type=Route \|previous_route=125 \|next_type=Route \|next_route=127 }} '''Route 126''' is a {{convert\|33.5704\|mi\|km\|adj=mid\|-long}} north–south [[state highway]] in [[Massachusetts]]. Its southern terminus is a continuation of [[Rhode Island Route 126]] by [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island]] and its northern terminus is at [[Massachusetts Route 2\|Route 2]] and [[Massachusetts Route 2A\|Route 2A]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts\|Concord]]. Along the way it intersects several major routes including [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)\|Interstate 495]] (I-495) in [[Bellingham, Massachusetts\|Bellingham]], [[Massachusetts Route 9\|Route 9]] in [[Framingham, Massachusetts\|Framingham]], and [[U.S. Route 20 in Massachusetts\|U.S. Route 20]] (US 20) in [[Wayland, Massachusetts\|Wayland]]. ==Route description== Route 126 begins at the Rhode Island state line, continuing into [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island\|Woonsocket]] as [[Rhode Island Route 126]]. After a short stretch in the town of [[Blackstone, Massachusetts\|Blackstone]] and [[Worcester County, Massachusetts\|Worcester County]], Route 126 enters the town of [[Bellingham, Massachusetts\|Bellingham]] and [[Norfolk County, Massachusetts\|Norfolk County]], heading north. In Bellingham, Route 126 has a short concurrency with [[Massachusetts Route 140\|Route 140]] at the center of town. In the north of the town, the route turns east on Hartford Avenue, crossing [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)\|I-495]] at Exit 46. Shortly after entering the town of [[Medway, Massachusetts\|Medway]], the route turns north again, crossing [[Massachusetts Route 109\|Route 109]] shortly after that. Route 126 then enters [[Holliston, Massachusetts\|Holliston]], in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts\|Middlesex County]]. [[Image:MA Route 126 northbound in Wayland MA.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Route 126 northbound in [[Wayland, Massachusetts\|Wayland]]]] In Holliston, Route 126 shares a {{convert\|2.3\|mi\|km}} long concurrency with [[Massachusetts Route 16\|Route 16]] through the center of town. After splitting from Route 16, Route 126 heads north into [[Ashland, Massachusetts\|Ashland]], passing through the eastern side of town before entering [[Framingham, Massachusetts\|Framingham]]. The route passes Waushakam Pond before crossing [[Massachusetts Route 135\|Route 135]] near the center of town, next to the [[Framingham (MBTA station)\|Framingham MBTA station]]. The road bears to the right, passing Gleason Pond before crossing over [[Massachusetts Route 9\|Route 9]] with exit ramps between the two. At this point, [[Massachusetts Route 30\|Route 30]] eastbound joins Route 126 for a short stretch before meeting Route 30 westbound. Route 126 continues northward, crossing the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] (I-90) without junction. (The nearest exit along the Pike is on Route 30 to the east.) As it passes [[Lake Cochituate]], Route 126 enters the town of [[Wayland, Massachusetts\|Wayland]]. The route then joins [[Massachusetts Route 27\|Route 27]] for a mile, crossing [[U.S. Route 20 in Massachusetts\|U.S. Route 20]] together just before the two routes split. Route 126 then enters the town of [[Lincoln, Massachusetts\|Lincoln]]. After crossing [[Massachusetts Route 117\|Route 117]], the route continues north, crossing the [[Fitchburg Line]] before entering [[Concord, Massachusetts\|Concord]]. As the route rounds the banks of [[Walden Pond]] through the State Reservation, it finally ends at [[Massachusetts Route 2\|Routes 2]] and [[Massachusetts Route 2A\|2A]] next to [[Concord-Carlisle Regional High School]]. ==Major intersections== {{jcttop}} {{MAint \|county=Worcester \|location=Blackstone \|mile=0.00 \|road={{jct\|state=RI\|RI\|126\|dir1=south\|city1=Woonsocket}} \|notes=Continuation into Rhode Island }} {{MAint \|type=concur \|county=Norfolk \|cspan=4 \|location=Bellingham \|lspan=3 \|mile=5.40 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|140\|dir1=south\|city1=Franklin\|city2=Taunton}} \|notes=Southern terminus of concurrency with Route 140 }} {{MAint \|mile=5.48 \|type=concur \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|140\|dir1=north\|city1=Milford\|city2=Worcester}} \|notes=Northern terminus of concurrency with Route 140 }} {{MAint \|mile=7.66 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|I\|495\|name1=Blue Star Memorial Highway\|city1=Taunton\|city2=Cape Cod\|city3=Marlboro\|city4=Lowell}} \|notes=I-495 Exit 46; [[partial cloverleaf interchange]] }} {{MAint \|location=Medway \|mile=10.30 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|109\|city1=Westwood\|city2=Milford}} }} {{MAint \|type=concur \|county=Middlesex \|cspan=11 \|location=Holliston \|lspan=2 \|mile=12.90 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|16\|dir1=west\|city1=Milford\|city2=Uxbridge\|name1=Washington Street}} \|notes=Western terminus of concurrency with Route 16 }} {{MAint \|type=concur \|mile=15.20 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|16\|dir1=east\|city1=Sherborn\|city2=Wellesley\|name1=Washington Street}} \|notes=Eastern terminus of concurrency with Route 16 }} {{MAint \|location=Framingham \|lspan=3 \|mile=20.00 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|135\|city1=Hopkinton\|areadab1=CDP\|city2=Natick\|name1=Waverly Street}} \|notes=Crossing point for the [[Boston Marathon]] }} {{MAint \|mile=21.60 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|9\|name1=Worcester Road\|city1=Natick\|city2=Worcester}} \|notes= }} {{MAint \|mile=21.80 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|30\|name1=Cochituate Road\|I\|90\|name2=[[Massachusetts Turnpike\|Mass Pike]]\|to2=yes\|city1=Weston\|city2=Southboro}} \|notes=To I-90 (Mass Pike) via Route 30 eastbound }} {{MAint \|type=concur \|location=Wayland \|lspan=3 \|mile=26.30 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|27\|dir1=south\|city1=Natick\|name1=Cochituate Road}} \|notes=Southern terminus of concurrency with Route 27 }} {{MAint \|mile=27.30 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|US\|20\|city1=Marlboro\|city2=Boston\|name1=Boston Post Road}} }} {{MAint \|type=concur \|mile=27.40 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|27\|dir1=north\|city1=Sudbury\|name1=Old Sudbury Road}} \|notes=Northern end of concurrency with Route 27 }} {{MAint \|location=Lincoln \|mile=31.30 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|117\|city1=Waltham\|city2=Bolton\|name1=South Great Road}} }} {{MAint \|location=Concord \|mile=33.57 \|road={{jct\|state=MA\|MA\|2\|MA\|2A\|MA\|27\|to3=yes\|city1=Cambridge\|city2=Boston\|city3=Ayer\|city4=Fitchburg}} / Walden Street \|notes=Northern terminus; to Route 27 via Route 2 west; Walden Street continues north to [[Massachusetts Route 62\|Route 62]] }} {{jctbtm\|keys=concur}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Attached KML}} [[Category:Numbered routes in Massachusetts\|126]] [[Category:Transportation in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Transportation in Norfolk County, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Transportation in Worcester County, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Holliston, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Ashland, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Framingham, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Wayland, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Lincoln, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Concord, Massachusetts]]	1,287,112,297	[{"title": "Route information", "data": {"Route information": "Maintained by MassDOT", "Length": "33.5704 mi (54.0263 km)"}}, {"title": "Major junctions", "data": {"South end": "Route 126 in Woonsocket, RI", "Major intersections": "- I-495 in Bellingham - Route 9 in Framingham - US 20 in Wayland", "North end": "Route 2 / Route 2A in Concord"}}, {"title": "Location", "data": {"Country": "United States", "State": "Massachusetts", "Counties": "Worcester, Norfolk, Middlesex"}}, {"title": "Highway system", "data": {"Highway system": "Massachusetts State Highway System Interstate US State", "\u2190 Route 125": "\u2192 Route 127"}}]	false
# Lāʻie, Hawaii Lāʻie (pronounced [laːˈʔie]) is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the Koolauloa District on the island of Oʻahu in Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 5,963 at the 2020 census. ## History Historically, Lāʻie was a puʻuhonua, a sanctuary for fugitives. While a fugitive was in the puʻuhonua, it was unlawful for that fugitive's pursuers to harm him or her. During wartime, spears with white flags attached were set up at each end of the city of refuge. If warriors attempted to pursue fugitives into the puʻuhonua, they would be killed by sanctuary priests. Fugitives seeking sanctuary in a city of refuge were not forced to permanently live within the confines of its walls. Instead, they were given two choices. In some cases, after a certain length of time (ranging from a couple of weeks to several years), fugitives could enter the service of the priests and assist in the daily affairs of the puʻuhonua. A second option was that after a certain length of time the fugitives would be free to leave and re-enter the world unmolested. Traditional cities of refuge were abolished in 1819. The history of Lāʻie began long before European contact. The name Lāʻie is said to derive from two Hawaiian words: lau, 'leaf', and ʻieʻie, the red-spiked climbing screwpine, Freycinetia arborea, which wreaths forest trees of the upland or mauka regions of the mountains of the Koʻolau Range behind the community of Lāʻie. In Hawaiian mythology, this red-spiked climbing screwpine is sacred to Kāne, god of the earth, god of life, and god of the forests, as well as to Laka, the patron goddess of the hula. The name Lāʻie becomes more environmentally significant through the Hawaiian oral history (kaʻao) entitled Laieikawai. In this history, the term ikawai, which means "in the water", also belongs to the food-producing tree called kalalaikawa. The kalalaikawa tree was planted in a place called Paliula's garden, which is closely associated with the spiritual home, after her birth and relocation of Laieikawai. According to Hawaiian oral traditions, the planting of the kalalaikawa tree in the garden of Paliula is symbolic of the reproductive energy of male and female, which union in turns fills the land with offspring. From its close association with nature through its name, and through its oral traditions and history, the community of Lāʻie takes upon itself a precise identification and a responsibility in perpetuating life and in preserving all life forms. Sometimes the land itself provided sanctuary for the Hawaiian people. Lāʻie was such a place. The earliest information about Lāʻie states that it was a small, sparsely populated village with a major distinction: "it was a city of refuge". Within this city of refuge were located at least two heiau, traditional Hawaiian temples, of which very little remains today. Moʻohekili heiau was destroyed, but its remains can be found in taro patches makai (seaward) of Laie Hawaii Temple belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Towards the mountain (mauka), the remains of Nioi heiau can be found on a small ridge. All that is left of Nioi is a coral platform. Between 1846 and 1848, the traditional Hawaiian feudal ownership of land by the king, the aliʻi nui, and his leading chiefs or konohiki was changed through the Great Mahele, or major land division. The aliʻi nui at the time was Kauikeaouli King Kamehameha III, and his konohiki (leading chief) for Lāʻie was Peni Kealiʻiwaiwaiole (which means "The Chief without Riches"); the wife to this konohiki descended directly from the aliʻi nui of Oʻahu named Kakuiewa, making his wife of higher rank than he. The result of the mahele was not in compliance with the original intent of Kamehameha III. The result was that the chiefs received about 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km2), the king kept about 1 million acres (4,000 km2), which were called crown lands, and about 1 million acres (4,000 km2) were set aside as government lands. The land of the mahele itself was cut up into parcels, much like the traditional Hawaiian land divisions, centering on the ahupuaʻa, which followed a fairly uniform pattern. Each parcel was shaped roughly like a piece of pie with the tip in the mountains, the middle section in the foothills and coastal plain, and the broad base along the ocean front and the sea. The size and shape of the ahupuaʻa varied. However, the purpose of these remained the same. The village of Lāʻie is located in the ahupuaʻa of Lāʻie. As such, Lāʻie followed the general pattern of life in the ahupuaʻa, but only the valleys in the foothills had ample water. There were ten streams that flowed through the ahupuaʻa of Lāʻie before 1865 (see 1865 map). Their names were Kahoʻoleinapea, Kaluakauila, Kahawainui, Kaihihi, Kawaipapa, Kawauwai, Wailele, Koloa, Akakiʻi, and Kokololio. There were more streams flowing through the ahupuaʻa of Lāʻie than through any of the other surrounding ahupuaʻa, including Kaipapau and Hauʻula to the southeast and Malaekahana, Keana, and Kahuku to the northwest. ### Latter-day Saints A new phase of development for Lāʻie began when the plantation of that name was purchased by George Nebeker, the president of the LDS Church's Hawaiian Mission. The Latter-day Saints in Hawaii were then encouraged to move to this location. This purchase occurred in 1865. The sugarcane plantation was rarely profitable, and through 1879 the church had subsidized its operations with about $40,000. Soon after the settlement a sugar factory was built. Much of the land was used to grow sugar, but other food crops were also raised. Significantly, Lāʻie was one of the few sugarcane plantations where both kalo (taro) and sugar were grown simultaneously. This was unusual because sugar and kalo are both thirsty crops. In the plantation economy of Hawaii in the late 19th century and early 20th century, kalo usually lost out to sugar. One of the reasons both kalo and sugar grew on the plantation is because of the commitment of Hawaiian plantation workers to growing their staple. Their dedication to growing kalo included their insistence that Saturday not be a work day on the plantation so that they could make poi for their families. Both schools and church buildings were constructed in the town in the ensuing years. Samuel E. Woolley, who served as the LDS Church's mission president for 24 years, pushed the expansion of the operations at Laie. In 1898 he negotiated a $50,000 loan that allowed for the building of a new pump. The Hawaiian Mission was headquartered in Lāʻie until 1919 when the headquarters were moved to Honolulu, but by then the temple had been built in Lāʻie, so it remained the spiritual center of the Latter-day Saint community in Hawaii. ## Community Lāʻie is one of the best-known communities of the LDS Church and the site of the Laie Hawaii Temple, the church's fifth oldest operating temple in the world. Brigham Young University–Hawaii is located in Lāʻie. The Polynesian Cultural Center (PCC), the state's largest living museum, draws millions of visitors annually. The PCC houses 42 acres of lush garden and water features with 6 miniature "villages" that display various cultures and traditions of the pacific islands. It offers family friendly games and shows as well as various luau and dining options. In 2015, the PCC opened a new addition to the public called the Hukilau Marketplace. The marketplace is a vintage throwback to 1950s Hawaii offering nostalgic food, local goods and everyone-is-family hospitality. Also in 2015, the community welcomed a new "Laie Courtyard by Marriott", a three-story hotel housing 144 standard rooms which feature local island-style furnishing. The hotel replaced the historical Laie Inn which was demolished in 2009 to make room for the new hotel. Though small, Lāʻie has had a significant impact on Hawaiian culture, despite many of its residents' tracing their lineages from various Pacific Island countries such as Tonga, Samoa, Fiji, and New Zealand. Fundraisers and feasts on the beach in the late 1940s inspired "The Hukilau Song", written, composed and originally recorded by Jack Owens, The Cruising Crooner, and made famous by Alfred Apaka. ## Geography Lāʻie is located at 21°38′55″N 157°55′32″W / 21.64861°N 157.92556°W. Lāʻie is located north of Hauʻula and south of Kahuku along Kamehameha Highway (State Route 83). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km2). 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2) of it is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) of it (40.65%) is water. The coastline is marked by Lāʻie Point, a prominent lithified dune jutting out into the ocean. Two other lithified dunes (Kukuihoolua and Mokualai) lie just offshore of the point as scenic islets. Lāʻielohelohe Beach Park, to the south of town, includes Pahumoa Beach, named after Pahumoa "John" Kamakeʻeʻāina (1879–1944), a fisherman from Lāʻie Maloʻo who kept his nets on the beach adjacent to Kōloa Stream. He was well known in Lāʻie for his generosity and gave fish to everyone in the village, especially to those who could not fish for themselves. Pahumoa conducted many hukilau, a method of community net fishing. His family, the Kamakeʻeʻāinas, were a well known fishing family in the area, and stories can still be found today of their abilities in fishing. Pahumoa Beach has also been known as Pounders Beach for its pounding shorebreak. The name was popularized in the 1950s by students at the Church College of the Pacific (now Brigham Young University–Hawaii) who called the beach "Pounders" after a shorebreak that provided popular bodysurfing rides. Pounders was the official name of the beach until it was reverted to Pahumoa in 2021. Another bodysurfing beach is Hukilau, located at the north end of town at the mouth of Kahawainui Stream. ## Demographics \| Census \| Pop. \| Note \| %± \| \| --------------------- \| ----- \| ---- \| ----- \| \| 2000 \| 4,585 \| \| — \| \| 2010 \| 6,138 \| \| 33.9% \| \| 2020 \| 5,963 \| \| −2.9% \| \| U.S. Decennial Census \| \| \| \| As of the census of 2000, there were 4,585 people, 903 households, and 735 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,601.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,390.6/km2). There were 1,010 housing units at an average density of 793.4 per square mile (306.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 27.59% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 9.23% Asian, 36.88% Pacific Islander, 0.65% from other races, and 25.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.12% of the population. There were 903 households, out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 9.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.47 and the average family size was 4.75. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 21.8% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,875, and the median income for a family was $59,432. Males had a median income of $40,242 versus $26,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,785. About 10.7% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under the age of 18 and 11.6% of those ages 65 and older. ## Education Lāʻie is within the Hawaii Department of Education. Lāʻie Elementary School is in the CDP. Students go on to attend, Kahuku High & Intermediate School. Brigham Young University–Hawaii is in Laie CDP. ## Culture - Speed The Band, a pop/folk band from Laie, Hawaii[25] ## Notable people - Robert Anae (born 1958), offensive coordinator for the NC State Wolfpack - Eni Faleomavaega (1943–2017), former Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from American Samoa - Joseph Kekuku (1874–1931), inventor of steel guitar - Neff Maiava (1924–2018), professional wrestler - Ken Niumatalolo (born 1965), former head football coach, United States Naval Academy - Roman Salanoa (born 1997), rugby union prop - Keala Settle (born 1975), actress and singer - Manti Te'o (born 1991), American football linebacker	enwiki/110519	enwiki	110,519	Lāʻie, Hawaii	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81%CA%BBie,_Hawaii	2025-07-13T08:05:35Z	en	Q3308783	167,076	{{Short description\|Census-designated place in Hawaii, United States}} {{Use American English\|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- Basic info ----------------> \|official_name = Lā{{okina}}ie \|other_name = \|native_name = \|nickname = \|settlement_type = [[Census-designated place]] \|motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> \|image_skyline = Laie Hawaii Temple (1400).JPG \|imagesize = \|image_caption = The [[Laie Hawaii Temple]], the fifth oldest [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\|LDS Church]] [[Temple (LDS Church)\|temple]] worldwide \|image_flag = \|flag_size = \|image_seal = \|seal_size = \|image_shield = \|shield_size = \|image_blank_emblem = \|blank_emblem_type = \|blank_emblem_size = \|image_map = Honolulu County Hawaii Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Laie Highlighted.svg \|mapsize = 250px \|map_caption = Location in [[Honolulu County, Hawaii\|Honolulu County]] and the state of [[Hawaii]] \|image_map1 = \|mapsize1 = \|map_caption1 = \|image_dot_map = \|dot_mapsize = \|dot_map_caption = \|dot_x = \|dot_y = \|pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> \|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> \|pushpin_map_caption = \|pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> \|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states\|Country]] \|subdivision_name = United States \|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state\|State]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[Hawaii]] \|subdivision_type2 = \|subdivision_name2 = \|subdivision_type3 = \|subdivision_name3 = \|subdivision_type4 = \|subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = \|leader_title = \|leader_name = \|leader_title1 = \|leader_name1 = \|leader_title2 = \|leader_name2 = \|leader_title3 = \|leader_name3 = \|leader_title4 = \|leader_name4 = \|established_title = \|established_date = \|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> \|established_date2 = \|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> \|established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> \|area_magnitude = \|unit_pref = Imperial \|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web\|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_15.txt\|publisher=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate=December 18, 2021}}</ref> \|area_total_km2 = 5.62 \|area_land_km2 = 3.47 \|area_water_km2 = 2.16 \|area_total_sq_mi = 2.17 \|area_land_sq_mi = 1.34 \|area_water_sq_mi = 0.83 \|area_water_percent = \|area_urban_km2 = \|area_urban_sq_mi = \|area_metro_km2 = \|area_metro_sq_mi = \|area_blank1_title = \|area_blank1_km2 = \|area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> \|population_as_of = [[2020 United States census\|2020]] \|population_footnotes = \|population_note = \|population_total = 5963 \|population_density_km2 = 1719.63 \|population_density_sq_mi = 4453.32 \|population_metro = \|population_density_metro_km2 = \|population_density_metro_sq_mi = \|population_urban = \|population_density_urban_km2 = \|population_density_urban_sq_mi = \|population_blank1_title = \|population_blank1 = \|population_density_blank1_km2 = \|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> \|timezone = [[Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time Zone\|Hawaii-Aleutian]] \|utc_offset = −10 \|timezone_DST = \|utc_offset_DST = \|coordinates = {{Coord\|21\|38\|55\|N\|157\|55\|32\|W\|region:US-HI_type:city\|display=inline,title}} \|elevation_footnotes = \|elevation_m = \|elevation_ft = 9 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> \|postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]] \|postal_code = 96762 \|area_code = [[Area code 808\|808]] \|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard\|FIPS code]] \|blank_info = 15-43250 \|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System\|GNIS]] feature ID \|blank1_info = 0361691 \|website = \|footnotes = \|pop_est_as_of = \|pop_est_footnotes = \|population_est = }} '''Lā{{okina}}ie''' ({{IPA\|haw\|laːˈʔie\|pron}}) is a [[census-designated place]] (CDP) located in the Koolauloa District on the island of [[O{{okina}}ahu]] in [[Honolulu County, Hawaii\|Honolulu County]], [[Hawaii]], United States. The population was 5,963 at the [[2020 United States census\|2020 census]]. ==History== Historically, Lā{{okina}}ie was a {{lang\|haw\|pu{{okina}}uhonua}}, a sanctuary for fugitives. While a fugitive was in the {{lang\|haw\|pu{{okina}}uhonua}}, it was unlawful for that fugitive's pursuers to harm him or her. During wartime, spears with white flags attached were set up at each end of the city of refuge. If warriors attempted to pursue fugitives into the {{lang\|haw\|pu{{okina}}uhonua}}, they would be killed by sanctuary priests. Fugitives seeking sanctuary in a city of refuge were not forced to permanently live within the confines of its walls. Instead, they were given two choices. In some cases, after a certain length of time (ranging from a couple of weeks to several years), fugitives could enter the service of the priests and assist in the daily affairs of the {{lang\|haw\|pu{{okina}}uhonua}}. A second option was that after a certain length of time the fugitives would be free to leave and re-enter the world unmolested. Traditional cities of refuge were abolished in 1819.<ref>Mulholland, John F. ''Hawaii's Religions''. [[Rutland (city), Vermont\|Rutland]]: Tuttle, 1970, p. 121</ref> The history of Lā{{okina}}ie began long before European contact. The name ''Lā{{okina}}ie'' is said to derive from two Hawaiian words: {{lang\|haw\|lau}}, 'leaf', and {{lang\|haw\|{{okina}}ie{{okina}}ie}}, the red-spiked climbing screwpine, ''[[Freycinetia arborea]]'', which wreaths [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests\|forest]] trees of the upland or {{lang\|haw\|mauka}} regions of the mountains of the [[Koʻolau Range]] behind the community of Lā{{okina}}ie. In [[Hawaiian mythology]], this red-spiked climbing screwpine is sacred to [[Kāne Milohai\|Kāne]], god of the earth, god of life, and god of the forests, as well as to [[Laka]], the patron goddess of the [[hula]]. The name Lā{{okina}}ie becomes more environmentally significant through the Hawaiian oral history ({{lang\|haw\|ka{{okina}}ao}}) entitled {{lang\|haw\|Laieikawai}}. In this history, the term {{lang\|haw\|ikawai}}, which means "in the water", also belongs to the food-producing tree called {{lang\|haw\|kalalaikawa}}. The {{lang\|haw\|kalalaikawa}} tree was planted in a place called {{lang\|haw\|Paliula}}'s garden, which is closely associated with the spiritual home, after her birth and relocation of {{lang\|haw\|Laieikawai}}. According to Hawaiian oral traditions, the planting of the {{lang\|haw\|kalalaikawa}} tree in the garden of {{lang\|haw\|Paliula}} is symbolic of the reproductive energy of male and female, which union in turns fills the land with offspring. From its close association with nature through its name, and through its oral traditions and history, the community of Lā{{okina}}ie takes upon itself a precise identification and a responsibility in perpetuating life and in preserving all life forms. Sometimes the land itself provided sanctuary for the Hawaiian people. Lā{{okina}}ie was such a place. The earliest information about Lā{{okina}}ie states that it was a small, sparsely populated village with a major distinction: "it was a city of refuge". Within this city of refuge were located at least two {{lang\|haw\|[[heiau]]}}, traditional Hawaiian temples, of which very little remains today. Moʻohekili {{lang\|haw\|heiau}} was destroyed, but its remains can be found in [[taro]] patches {{lang\|haw\|makai}} (seaward) of [[Laie Hawaii Temple]] belonging to [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). Towards the mountain ({{lang\|haw\|mauka}}), the remains of Nioi {{lang\|haw\|heiau}} can be found on a small ridge. All that is left of Nioi is a coral platform.<ref>Sterling & Summers 1978, p. 158</ref> Between 1846 and 1848, the traditional Hawaiian feudal ownership of land by the king, the {{lang\|haw\|ali{{okina}}i nui}}, and his leading chiefs or {{lang\|haw\|konohiki}} was changed through the [[Great Mahele\|Great {{lang\|haw\|Mahele\|nocat=y}}]], or major land division. The {{lang\|haw\|ali{{okina}}i nui}} at the time was {{lang\|haw\|Kauikeaouli}} King [[Kamehameha III]], and his {{lang\|haw\|konohiki}} (leading chief) for Lā{{okina}}ie was [[Peni Keali{{okina}}iwaiwaiole]] (which means "The Chief without Riches"); the wife to this {{lang\|haw\|konohiki}} descended directly from the {{lang\|haw\|ali{{okina}}i nui}} of O{{okina}}ahu named Kakuiewa, making his wife of higher rank than he. The result of the {{lang\|haw\|mahele}} was not in compliance with the original intent of Kamehameha III. The result was that the chiefs received about {{convert\|1500000\|acre\|km2}}, the king kept about {{convert\|1\|e6acre\|km2}}, which were called crown lands, and about {{convert\|1\|e6acre\|km2}} were set aside as government lands. The land of the {{lang\|haw\|mahele}} itself was cut up into parcels, much like the traditional Hawaiian land divisions, centering on the {{lang\|haw\|[[ahupua{{okina}}a]]}}, which followed a fairly uniform pattern. Each parcel was shaped roughly like a piece of pie with the tip in the mountains, the middle section in the foothills and coastal plain, and the broad base along the ocean front and the sea. The size and shape of the {{lang\|haw\|ahupua{{okina}}a}} varied. However, the purpose of these remained the same. The village of Lā{{okina}}ie is located in the {{lang\|haw\|ahupua{{okina}}a}} of Lā{{okina}}ie. As such, Lā{{okina}}ie followed the general pattern of life in the {{lang\|haw\|ahupua{{okina}}a}}, but only the valleys in the foothills had ample water. There were ten streams that flowed through the {{lang\|haw\|ahupua{{okina}}a}} of Lā{{okina}}ie before 1865 (see 1865 map). Their names were Kaho{{okina}}oleinapea, Kaluakauila, Kahawainui, Kaihihi, Kawaipapa, Kawauwai, Wailele, Koloa, Akaki{{okina}}i, and Kokololio. There were more streams flowing through the {{lang\|haw\|ahupua{{okina}}a}} of Lā{{okina}}ie than through any of the other surrounding {{lang\|haw\|ahupua{{okina}}a}}, including Kaipapau and Hau{{okina}}ula to the southeast and Malaekahana, Keana, and Kahuku to the northwest. ===Latter-day Saints=== A new phase of development for Lā{{okina}}ie began when the plantation of that name was purchased by George Nebeker, the [[mission president\|president]] of the LDS Church's Hawaiian [[Mission (LDS Church)\|Mission]]. The Latter-day Saints in Hawaii were then encouraged to move to this location.<ref>Jenson, Andrew. ''Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints''. (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1941) p. 324</ref> This purchase occurred in 1865.<ref name="Mulholland, p. 122">Mulholland, ''Hawaii's Religions'', p. 122</ref> The [[sugarcane]] [[sugar plantations in Hawaii\|plantation]] was rarely profitable, and through 1879 the church had subsidized its operations with about $40,000.<ref name="Mulholland, p. 122"/> Soon after the settlement a sugar factory was built. Much of the land was used to grow sugar, but other food crops were also raised. Significantly, Lā{{okina}}ie was one of the few sugarcane plantations where both {{lang\|haw\|[[kalo in Hawaii\|kalo]]}} ([[taro]]) and sugar were grown simultaneously. This was unusual because sugar and {{lang\|haw\|kalo}} are both thirsty crops. In the plantation economy of Hawaii in the late 19th century and early 20th century, {{lang\|haw\|kalo}} usually lost out to sugar. One of the reasons both {{lang\|haw\|kalo}} and sugar grew on the plantation is because of the commitment of Hawaiian plantation workers to growing their staple. Their dedication to growing {{lang\|haw\|kalo}} included their insistence that Saturday not be a work day on the plantation so that they could make {{lang\|haw\|[[poi (food)\|poi]]}} for their families.<ref>{{cite thesis\|first=Cynthia \|last=Compton \|title=The Making of the Ahupuaa of Laie into a Gathering Place and Plantation, The Creation of an Alternative Space to Capitalism \|date=December 2005 \|url=http://contentdm.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/ETD&CISOPTR=562&filename=etd1151.pdf\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807183621/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/ETD&CISOPTR=562&filename=etd1151.pdf \|access-date=2008-10-28 \|archive-date=2011-08-07 }}</ref> Both schools and church buildings were constructed in the town in the ensuing years. Samuel E. Woolley, who served as the LDS Church's mission president for 24 years, pushed the expansion of the operations at Laie. In 1898 he negotiated a $50,000 loan that allowed for the building of a new pump.<ref>Mulholland, ''Hawaii's Religions'', p. 123</ref> The Hawaiian Mission was headquartered in Lā{{okina}}ie until 1919 when the headquarters were moved to Honolulu, but by then the temple had been built in Lā{{okina}}ie, so it remained the spiritual center of the Latter-day Saint community in Hawaii.<ref>Jenson. ''Encyclopedic History''. p. 324</ref> ==Community== [[File:Temple Beach, Laie.jpg\|thumb\|Laie Point and Temple Beach]] Lā{{okina}}ie is one of the best-known communities of the LDS Church and the site of the Laie Hawaii Temple, the church's fifth oldest operating [[Temple (LDS Church)\|temple]] in the world. [[Brigham Young University–Hawaii]] is located in Lā{{okina}}ie. The [[Polynesian Cultural Center]] (PCC), the state's largest [[living museum]], draws millions of visitors annually.<ref>[http://www.polynesia.com/ Polynesian Cultural Center Official Site - Best Luau Oahu, Hawaii<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="sacred ground">{{cite web\|author1=Theresa Bigbie\|title=Lai'e - A Sacred Privilege and Responsibility\|url=https://devotional.byuh.edu/node/248\|website=devotional.byuh.edu\|publisher=byuh.edu\|access-date=28 May 2018\|date=July 8, 2004}}</ref> The PCC houses 42 acres of lush garden and water features with 6 miniature "villages" that display various cultures and traditions of the pacific islands.<ref name="Oahu, Hawaii's Top Attraction">{{Cite web\|title=Oahu, Hawaii's Top Attraction\|url=https://www.polynesia.com/\|access-date=2022-02-16\|website=Polynesian Cultural Center\|language=en}}</ref> It offers family friendly games and shows as well as various luau and dining options.<ref name="About">{{Cite web\|title=About\|url=https://hukilaumarketplace.com/about/\|access-date=2022-02-16\|website=Hukilau Marketplace\|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Oahu, Hawaii's Top Attraction"/> In 2015, the PCC opened a new addition to the public called the Hukilau Marketplace.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=PCC's Hukilau Marketplace brings back memories of bygone era\|url=https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/28178006/pccs-hukilau-marketplace-brings-back-memories-of-bygone-era\|access-date=2022-02-16\|website=hawaiinewsnow.com\|language=en}}</ref> The marketplace is a vintage throwback to 1950s Hawaii offering nostalgic food, local goods and everyone-is-family hospitality.<ref name="About"/> Also in 2015, the community welcomed a new "Laie Courtyard by Marriott", a three-story hotel housing 144 standard rooms which feature local island-style furnishing.<ref name="hawaiinewsnow.com">{{Cite web\|title=New hotel opens on Oahu's North Shore\|url=https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/29437559/new-hotel-opens-on-oahus-north-shore\|access-date=2022-02-16\|website=hawaiinewsnow.com\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Segal\|first=Dave\|date=2015-02-22\|title=North Shore hotel takes form\|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2015/02/22/business/north-shore-hotel-takes-form/\|access-date=2022-02-16\|website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser\|language=en-US}}</ref> The hotel replaced the historical Laie Inn which was demolished in 2009 to make room for the new hotel.<ref name="hawaiinewsnow.com"/> Though small, Lā{{okina}}ie has had a significant impact on [[Hawaiian culture]], despite many of its residents' tracing their lineages from various Pacific Island countries such as [[Tonga]], [[Samoa]], [[Fiji]], and [[New Zealand]]. Fundraisers and feasts on the beach in the late 1940s inspired "[[The Hukilau Song]]",<ref>[http://www.polynesia.com/alii-luau/alii-luau-and-laie-hukilau.html History of the Hukilau Song] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401052302/http://polynesia.com/alii-luau/alii-luau-and-laie-hukilau.html \|date=2008-04-01 }}</ref> written, composed and originally recorded by [[Jack Owens, The Cruising Crooner]], and made famous by [[Alfred Apaka]]. == Geography == Lā{{okina}}ie is located at {{coord\|21\|38\|55\|N\|157\|55\|32\|W\|type:city}}.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web \|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html \|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] \|access-date=2011-04-23 \|date=2011-02-12 \|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990 }}</ref> Lā{{okina}}ie is located north of [[Hauʻula, Hawaii\|Hauʻula]] and south of [[Kahuku, Hawaii\|Kahuku]] along [[Kamehameha Highway]] (State Route 83). According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the CDP has a total area of {{convert\|2.1\|sqmi\|km2}}. {{convert\|1.3\|sqmi\|km2}} of it is land and {{convert\|0.9\|sqmi\|km2}} of it (40.65%) is water. The coastline is marked by Lā{{okina}}ie Point, a prominent lithified [[dune]] jutting out into the ocean. Two other lithified dunes ({{lang\|haw\|Kukuihoolua}} and {{lang\|haw\|Mokualai}}) lie just offshore of the point as scenic [[islet]]s. Lā{{okina}}ielohelohe Beach Park, to the south of town, includes {{lang\|haw\|Pahumoa}} Beach, named after {{lang\|haw\|Pahumoa}} "John" {{lang\|haw\|Kamake{{okina}}e{{okina}}āina}} (1879–1944), a fisherman from {{lang\|haw\|Lā{{okina}}ie Malo{{okina}}o}} who kept his nets on the beach adjacent to Kōloa Stream. He was well known in Lā{{okina}}ie for his generosity and gave fish to everyone in the village, especially to those who could not fish for themselves. {{lang\|haw\|Pahumoa}} conducted many {{lang\|haw\|[[hukilau]]}}, a method of community net fishing.<ref>"Hawaii Place Names, Shores, Beaches, and Surf Sites" by John R. K. Clark, University of Hawaii Press, November 2001, Page 207, referring to Lahilahi Point and the LaMariana Sailing Club. As well as "Beaches of Oʻahu, Revised Edition" by John R. K. Clark, University of Hawaii Press, 2004, page 91. Reference information annotated with updated information from the Kamakeʻeʻāina family genealogical data by Kāwika Kolomona Kamake{{okina}}e{{okina}}āina, great-great grandson of Pahumoa "John" Kamakeʻeʻāina.</ref> His family, the Kamake{{okina}}e{{okina}}āinas, were a well known fishing family in the area, and stories can still be found today of their abilities in fishing. Pahumoa Beach has also been known as Pounders Beach for its pounding shorebreak. The name was popularized in the 1950s by students at the Church College of the Pacific (now Brigham Young University–Hawaii) who called the beach "Pounders" after a shorebreak that provided popular [[bodysurfing]] rides. Pounders was the official name of the beach until it was reverted to Pahumoa in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-09-10\|title=Two of Lāʻie's Beaches Will Be Restored to Original Names\|url=https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2021-09-10/laie-beaches-will-be-restored-to-their-original-names\|access-date=2021-09-11\|website=Hawaiʻi Public Radio\|language=en}}</ref> Another bodysurfing beach is [[Hukilau]], located at the north end of town at the mouth of {{lang\|haw\|Kahawainui}} Stream. == Demographics == {{US Census population \|2000= 4585 \|2010= 6138 \|2020= 5963 \|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web\|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html\|title=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher=Census.gov\|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}</ref> }} [[Image:Laiepoint.JPG\|right\|thumb\|Lā{{okina}}ie Point overlooking the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the east]] As of the [[census]] of 2000,<ref name="GR2">{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov\|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]\|access-date=2008-01-31\|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> there were 4,585 people, 903 households, and 735 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert\|3,601.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp=us\|adj=off}}. There were 1,010 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|793.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp=us\|adj=off}}. The [[race (U.S. Census)\|racial]] makeup of the CDP was 27.59% [[White (U.S. Census)\|White]], 0.35% Black or [[African American]], 0.15% [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native American]], 9.23% [[Asian Americans\|Asian]], 36.88% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\|Pacific Islander]], 0.65% from other races, and 25.15% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)\|Hispanic]] or [[Race (U.S. Census)\|Latino]] of any race were 3.12% of the population. There were 903 households, out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were [[marriage\|married couples]] living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 9.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.47 and the average family size was 4.75. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 21.8% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,875, and the median income for a family was $59,432. Males had a median income of $40,242 versus $26,750 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the CDP was $13,785. About 10.7% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 13.8% of those under the age of 18 and 11.6% of those ages 65 and older. ==Education== Lā{{okina}}ie is within the [[Hawaii Department of Education]]. Lā{{okina}}ie Elementary School is in the CDP.<ref name=LaieMap>{{cite web\|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/GUBlock/st15_hi/place/p1543250_laie/DC10BLK_P1543250_001.pdf\|title=2010 Census - Census Block Map: Laie CDP, HI\|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]\|access-date=2020-10-10}}<br>2000 Map: {{cite web\|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/blk2000/st15_Hawaii/Place/1543250_Laie/CBP1543250_001.pdf\|title=Census 2000 Block Map: LAIE CDP\|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]\|access-date=2020-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.laie.k12.hi.us/\|title=Home\|publisher=Laie Elementary School\|access-date=2020-10-10\|quote=55-109 Kulanui Street, Laie HI 96762}}</ref> Students go on to attend, [[Kahuku High & Intermediate School]]. [[Brigham Young University–Hawaii]] is in Laie CDP.<ref name=LaieMap/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.byuh.edu\|title=Home\|access-date=2020-10-10\|quote=55-220 Kulanui Street Laie, Hawaii 96762-1293 }}</ref> ==Culture== [[Speed The Band]], a pop/folk band from Laie, Hawaii<ref>[http://www.ocregister.com/news/band-280680-speed-chelsea.html An Ocean Apart, Band Keeps It Together] OCregister.com, retrieved on 2011-04-12</ref> ==Notable people== [[Robert Anae]] (born 1958), offensive coordinator for the [[NC State Wolfpack football\|NC State Wolfpack]] * [[Eni Faleomavaega]] (1943–2017), former [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives\|Delegate]] to the [[United States House of Representatives\|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[American Samoa]] * [[Joseph Kekuku]] (1874–1931), inventor of [[steel guitar]] * [[Neff Maiava]] (1924–2018), professional wrestler * [[Ken Niumatalolo]] (born 1965), former head football coach, [[Navy Midshipmen football\|United States Naval Academy]] * [[Roman Salanoa]] (born 1997), rugby union [[Rugby union positions#Prop\|prop]] * [[Keala Settle]] (born 1975), actress and singer * [[Manti Te'o]]<!-- sic: not an ʻokina --> (born 1991), American football [[linebacker]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite journal \|last=Aikau \|first=Hokulani K. \|title=Resisting Exile in the Homeland: He Moʻolemo No Lāʻie \|journal=American Indian Quarterly \|volume=32 \|issue=1 \|pages=70–95 \|publisher=University of Nebraska Press \|location=[[Lincoln, Nebraska]] \|date=Winter 2008 \|issn=0095-182X \|doi=10.1353/aiq.2008.0003 <!--\|access-date=2008-07-18--> \|s2cid=161421626 }} * {{cite book \|last=Dorrance \|first=William H. \|title=Oʻahu's Hidden History: Tours into the Past \|publisher=Mutual Publishing \|year=1998 \|location=[[Honolulu]] \|isbn=1-56647-211-3 }} * {{cite book \|last=Sterling \|first=Elspeth P. \|author2=Catherine C. Summers \|title=Sites of Oahu \|publisher=Bishop Museum Press \|year=1978 \|location=Honolulu \|pages=155–160 \|isbn=0-910240-73-6 }} * {{cite book \|last=Moffat \|first=Riley \|title=Historical Sites Around Laʻie \|publisher=Mormon Pacific Historical Society \|year=1997 \|location=Lāʻie }} {{commons category}} {{Honolulu County, Hawaii}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Laie}} [[Category:Census-designated places in Honolulu County, Hawaii]] [[Category:Populated places on Oahu]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Hawaii]]	1,300,263,912	[{"title": "L\u0101\u02bbie", "data": {"Country": "United States", "State": "Hawaii"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "2.17 sq mi (5.62 km2)", "\u2022 Land": "1.34 sq mi (3.47 km2)", "\u2022 Water": "0.83 sq mi (2.16 km2)", "Elevation": "9 ft (3 m)"}}, {"title": "Population (2020)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "5,963", "\u2022 Density": "4,453.32/sq mi (1,719.63/km2)", "Time zone": "UTC\u221210 (Hawaii-Aleutian)", "ZIP Code": "96762", "Area code": "808", "FIPS code": "15-43250", "GNIS feature ID": "0361691"}}]	false
# Lethal white syndrome Lethal white syndrome (LWS), also called overo lethal white syndrome (OLWS), lethal white overo (LWO), and overo lethal white foal syndrome (OLWFS), is an autosomal genetic disorder most prevalent in the American Paint Horse. Affected foals are born after the full 11-month gestation and externally appear normal, though they have all-white or nearly all-white coats and blue eyes. However, internally, these foals have a nonfunctioning colon. Within a few hours, signs of colic appear; affected foals die within a few days. Because the death is often painful, such foals are often humanely euthanized once identified. The disease is particularly devastating because foals are born seemingly healthy after being carried to full term. The disease has a similar cause to Hirschsprung's disease in humans. A mutation in the middle of the endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) gene causes lethal white syndrome when homozygous. Carriers, which are heterozygous—that is, have one copy of the mutated allele, but themselves are healthy—can now be reliably identified with a DNA test. Both parents must be carriers of one copy of the LWS allele for an affected foal to be born. Horses that are heterozygous for the gene that causes lethal white syndrome often exhibit a spotted coat color pattern commonly known as "frame" or "frame overo". Coat color alone does not always indicate the presence of LWS or carrier status, however. The frame pattern may be minimally expressed or masked by other spotting patterns. Also, different genetic mechanisms produce healthy white foals and have no connection to LWS, another reason for genetic testing of potential breeding stock. Some confusion also occurs because the term overo is used to describe a number of other non tobiano spotting patterns besides the frame pattern. Though no treatment or cure for LWS foals is known, a white foal without LWS that appears ill may have a treatable condition. ## Signs Unlike the premature births and stillborn or weak foals of some coat color dilution lethals, foals born with lethal white syndrome appear to be fully formed and normal. The coat is entirely or almost entirely white with underlying unpigmented pink skin. If pigmented regions are present, they may be any color, and are most common around the muzzle, underside of the barrel, and the hindquarters or tail. The eyes are blue. A few lethal white foals have been shown to be deaf. Healthy foals pass meconium, the first stool, soon after birth. Some healthy foals may require an enema to assist this process, but the meconium of LWS foals is impacted high in the intestine, and never appears, even with the use of enemas. Signs of colic begin to appear within the first day, and all foals with LWS die within the first few days of life. The painful and inevitable death that follows usually prompts veterinarians and owners to euthanize foals suspected of having lethal white syndrome. Death is caused by an underdeveloped part of the digestive system. The large intestine of the horse comprises the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. Necropsies on LWS foals reveal a pale, underdeveloped colon and intestinal obstruction (impaction). Samples of affected tissue show a lack of nerves that allow the intestine to move material through the digestive system, a condition called intestinal agangliosis. Closer examination of the skin and hair shows both to be unpigmented, and most hair follicles are inactive and many are devoid of hair altogether. All LWS foals test homozygous for a genetic abnormality. ## Inheritance and expression Genetic conditions which affect more than one physical trait—in the case of lethal white syndrome, both pigment cells and enteric nerve cells—are termed pleiotropic. The unusual instance of pleiotropy in LWS foals suggested early on that the syndrome was related to an important section of embryonic tissue called the neural crest. As the name suggests, the stem cells of the neural crest are precursors to nerve cells. Another cell type that descends from neural crest cells are melanocytes, pigment-producing cells found in hair follicles and skin. The migration of nerve- and melanocyte-precursors from the top of the embryo to their eventual destinations is carefully controlled by regulatory genes. Such regulatory genes include endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB). A mutation in the middle of the EDNRB gene, Ile118Lys, causes lethal white syndrome. In this mutation, a "typo" in the DNA mistakes isoleucine for lysine. The resulting EDNRB protein is unable to fulfill its role in the development of the embryo, limiting the migration of the melanocyte and enteric neuron precursors. In the case of LWS, a single copy of the EDNRB mutation, the heterozygous state, produces an identifiable trait, but with a very different outcome from the homozygous state. To produce a foal with LWS, both parents must be heterozygotes or carriers of the mutated gene. Without genetic testing, some carriers are misidentified as having white markings due to another gene, while some are even classified as solids. The presence of this gene in a variety of horse populations in North America suggests that the mutation occurred in early American history, perhaps in a Spanish-type horse. ### Heterozygotes Horses heterozygous for the Ile118Lys mutation on the equine EDNRB gene—carriers of lethal white syndrome—usually exhibit a white-spotting pattern called "frame", or "frame overo". Frame is characterized by jagged, sharply defined, horizontally oriented white patches that run along the horse's neck, shoulder, flank, and hindquarters. The frame pattern by itself does not produce white markings that cross the back, or affect the legs or tail. It does, however, often produce bald faces and blue eyes. The term "frame" describes the effect of viewing a frame-patterned horse from the side: the white markings appear to be "framed" by a dark-colored border. To date, animals which are heterozygous carriers do not exhibit health concerns associated with carrier-only status. Not all horses with the heterozygous mutation exactly fit the standard visual description. A horse with the Ile118Lys mutation on EDNRB that is not readily identified as frame-patterned is called a cryptic frame. In addition to cryptic frames, a significant proportion of horses with the frame phenotype are visually misidentified, even in clinical settings. One study found from a group of visually inspected registered Paints, 18% of breeding stock solids and 35% of bald-faced horses were actually frames. However, over one-quarter of Paints registered in the "overo" category were not frames, and conversely, 10% of horses registered as tobiano also carried frame genetics. The difficulty in accurately identifying frames has contributed to the accidental breeding of LWS foals. Minimally marked horses heterozygous for the Ile118Lys mutation are not uncommon: one DNA-tested Thoroughbred has white markings limited to a bottom-heavy blaze and two socks below the knee. A Quarter Horse mare tested positive for the gene after she and a frame Paint stallion produced a LWS foal; the mare's markings were a thin blaze with a disconnected white spot in the right nostril, with no other white markings. One major study identified two miniature horses that were completely unmarked, but were positive for the Ile118Lys gene. Multiple theories are given for this. Variability in the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype that express an associated phenotype is called penetrance, and this may simply be evidence of variable penetrance. Several research groups have suggested that other, "suppressor" genes may limit the expression of frame-pattern white spotting. On the other end of the spectrum, some white-spotted horses are so extensively marked that the character of the frame pattern is masked. In particular, the tobiano pattern, a dominant gene, is epistatic to overo. Other white-spotting genes include splashed white or "splash", sabino, and "calico". Any combination, or all, of these white-spotting genes can act together to produce horses with so much white that the presence of frame cannot be determined without a DNA test. Ambiguous terminology has also contributed to the confusion surrounding this disease. Currently, the American Paint Horse Association categorizes horses as tobiano, solid, "overo", and tovero. The association breaks down "overo" into three categories: Frame, Splash and Sabino. In the past, "overo" was used even more loosely, to refer to spotted animals that were "Paint, but not tobiano". However, no fewer than four—and likely many more—genetically distinct patterns are included under the term "overo". To be categorized as "overo" by the APHA, a horse must fit a written description: white spotting does not cross the back, at least one solid-colored leg, solid tail, face markings, and irregular, scattered, or splashy white patches. To further complicate matters, various Sabino patterns also appear in some horse breeds that do not carry genetics for frame or any other spotting pattern. Likewise, official classification of a horse as an unspotted solid is based not on genetic testing, but on a visual description. Horses carrying genetics for frame and other white-spotting patterns may be so minimally marked as to lack the registry's minimum requirements for white. This helps to account for allegedly solid horses producing spotted offspring, called cropouts. The long-standing practice of categorizing Paint horses in this manner contributed to the incorporation of the word "overo" into some of the titles used to describe the disease, such as overo lethal white foal syndrome. However, "overo" refers to several genetically unrelated white-spotting patterns, and only the frame pattern is indicative of the syndrome. The confusion about the nature of LWS is then furthered by statements such as "there are many overos that do not carry the lethal allele", which is technically correct, but only because the term "overo" also encompasses splash and sabino patterns, as well as frame. ### Homozygotes Homozygotes for the Ile118Lys mutation on the equine endothelin receptor type B gene have lethal white syndrome. In any crossing of two carrier parents, the statistical probability of producing a solid-colored, living foal is 25%; a 50% chance exists for a frame-patterned, living foal; and a 25% chance exists of a LWS foal. ### Producing frame color patterns without producing lethal white Spotted coat colors, including frame, are popular and sought-after by breeders. While many lethal white syndrome foals are accidentally produced when breeders cross two untested cryptic frames, or a known frame and a cryptic frame, some are produced by the intentional breeding of two known frames, whether out of ignorance or indifference. Producing a foal with LWS is now completely avoidable, because most major animal genetics labs now offer the DNA test for it. Whether a horse visually appears to have the frame pattern or not, testing horses of frame or "overo" lineage is highly recommended. The statistical likelihood of producing a living, frame-patterned foal by crossing two frames is 50%, the same odds of producing a living, frame-patterned foal from a frame-to-nonframe breeding which carries no risk of producing a lethal white syndrome foal. Therefore, breeding two frame overos conveys no benefit to breeders hoping to produce another frame overo. ### Dominant or recessive? Lethal white syndrome has been described by researchers as both dominantly and recessively inherited. Lethal white syndrome is described as recessive because heterozygotes (written Oo or N/O) are not affected by intestinal agangliosis. However, if the frame pattern trait is included, inheritance of the trait follows an incomplete dominant pattern. The concept of "recessive" and "dominant" antedate molecular biology and technically apply only to traits, not to genes themselves. In pleiotropic conditions, such as LWS, the application of "recessive" or "dominant" can be ambiguous. A separate issue is the nomenclature applied to the frame pattern itself. While it follows a dominant pattern of inheritance, deviations occur. The majority of horses with the Ile118Lys mutation do exhibit the recognizable frame pattern, but a small percentage are too modestly marked to be classified as "spotted" by breed registries. Such "solid" horses, bred to a solid partner, can produce classically marked frames. The "crop-out" phenomenon can make frame appear to follow a recessive mode of inheritance. ## Prevalence The gene for LWS is most common in the American Paint Horse, but occurs in any breed that may carry frame genetics, including American Quarter Horses, Appaloosas, Thoroughbreds, Morgan horses, miniature horses, Tennessee Walking Horses, and mustangs, as well as horses that are descended from these breeds. Only two Morgan horses have been identified as frame overos. Breeds that do not carry genes for the frame pattern also do not carry LWS. ## Lethal white mimics Not all white, blue-eyed foals are affected with LWS. Other genes can produce healthy pink-skinned, blue-eyed horses with a white or very light cream-colored coat. For a time, some of these completely white horses were called "living lethals", but this is a misnomer. Before reliable information and the DNA test were available to breeders, perfectly healthy, white-coated, blue-eyed foals were sometimes euthanized for fear they were lethal whites, an outcome which can be avoided today with testing and a better understanding of coat color genetics or even waiting 12 hours or so for the foal to develop clinical signs. The availability of testing also allows a breeder to determine if a white-coated, blue-eyed foal that becomes ill is an LWS foal that requires euthanasia or a non-LWS foal with a simple illness that may be successfully treated. - Double-cream dilutes such as cremello, perlinos, and smoky creams, have cream-colored coats, blue eyes, and pink skin. The faint cream pigmentation of their coats can be distinguished from the unpigmented white markings and underlying unpigmented pink skin. A similar-looking "pseudo double dilute" can be produced with help from the pearl gene or "barlink factor" or the champagne gene.[citation needed] - The combination of tobiano with other white-spotting patterns can produce white or nearly white horses, which may have blue eyes.[35] - Sabino horses that are homozygous for the sabino-1 (Sb-1) gene are often called "sabino-white", and are all- or nearly all-white. Not all sabino horses carry Sb-1.[24] - Dominant white genetics are not thoroughly understood, but are characterized by all- or nearly all-white coats. ## Analogous conditions From very early in research into its genetics, LWS has been compared to Hirschsprung's disease in humans, which is also caused by mutations on the EDNRB gene. Various polymorphisms on this gene result in intestinal agangliosis, in some cases attended by unusual pigmentation of the skin and eyes, and deafness. The occasionally attendant pigmentation condition in humans is called Waardenburg-Shah syndrome. The terms "piebald-lethal" and "spotting lethal" apply to similar conditions in mice and rats, respectively, both caused by mutations on the EDNRB gene. Only lethal in the homozygous state, the mutations are associated with white-spotted coats, deafness, and megacolon caused by intestinal agangliosis.	enwiki/653410	enwiki	653,410	Lethal white syndrome	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_white_syndrome	2025-08-05T02:13:14Z	en	Q411936	183,061	{{short description\|Genetic disorder in horses}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) \| name = Lethal white syndrome \| synonyms = overo lethal white syndrome (OLWS), lethal white overo (LWO), overo lethal white foal syndrome (OLWFS) \| image = Overo paint horse by Bonnie Gruenberg.jpg \| width = \| alt = \| caption = Healthy horse exhibiting the [[Overo#Frame overo\|frame overo]] pattern. \| pronounce = \| field = \| symptoms = Nonfunctioning colon, no meconium, [[Horse colic\|colic]], fatal within hours to days \| onset = Birth \| duration = Hours to days \| causes = Homozygous for "frame" allele on endothelin receptor B (EDNRB); Ile to Lys substitution at codon 118. \| risks = If both parents are heterozygotes for frame, there is a 25% probability of an affected LWS [[foal]]. \| diagnosis = Nearly all-white coat at birth, blue eyes, DNA testing, observation for colic, no meconium, pain \| differential =Heterozygotes have no known health issues related to the frame allele. [[Cremello]], [[Dominant white]] and [[Sabino (horse)\|Sabino-white]] are normal white or near-white coat colors for healthy horses. Can be distinguished by genetic testing. \| prevention =Avoid breeding heterozygous frame horses to each other \| treatment =None \| medication = \| frequency = \| deaths = }} '''Lethal white syndrome''' ('''LWS'''), also called '''overo lethal white syndrome''' ('''OLWS'''), '''lethal white overo''' ('''LWO'''), and '''overo lethal white foal syndrome''' ('''OLWFS'''), is an [[Autosome\|autosomal]] [[genetic disorder]] most prevalent in the [[American Paint Horse]]. Affected [[foal]]s are born after the full 11-month [[gestation]] and externally appear normal, though they have all-white or nearly all-white coats and blue eyes. However, internally, these foals have a nonfunctioning [[Colon (anatomy)\|colon]]. Within a few hours, signs of [[Horse colic\|colic]] appear; affected foals die within a few days. Because the death is often painful, such foals are often humanely [[Animal euthanasia\|euthanized]] once identified. The disease is particularly devastating because foals are born seemingly healthy after being carried to full term.<ref name=apha>{{cite web \|url = http://ads.apha.com/Sitefinity_Website_Images/breed/lethalwhites03.html \|title = Stalking the Lethal White Syndrome: University of Minnesota researchers track down the gene responsible for lethal white foals, from the July 1998 \|journal = Paint Horse Journal \|author1 = Paul D. Vrotsos \|author2 = Elizabeth M. Santschi \|publisher = American Paint Horse Association \|date = July 1998 \|access-date = 2012-12-19 \|url-status = dead \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150503055227/http://ads.apha.com/Sitefinity_Website_Images/breed/lethalwhites03.html \|archive-date = 2015-05-03 }} </ref> The disease has a similar cause to [[Hirschsprung's disease]] in humans. A mutation in the middle of the [[endothelin receptor type B]] (''EDNRB'') [[gene]] causes lethal white syndrome when [[homozygous]]. Carriers, which are [[heterozygous]]—that is, have one copy of the mutated [[allele]], but themselves are healthy—can now be reliably identified with a [[DNA test]]. Both parents must be carriers of one copy of the LWS allele for an affected foal to be born. Horses that are heterozygous for the gene that causes lethal white syndrome often exhibit a spotted [[equine coat color\|coat color pattern]] commonly known as "frame" or "frame overo". Coat color alone does not always indicate the presence of LWS or carrier status, however. The frame pattern may be minimally expressed or masked by other spotting patterns. Also, different genetic mechanisms produce healthy [[White (horse)\|white]] foals and have no connection to LWS, another reason for [[genetic testing]] of potential breeding stock. Some confusion also occurs because the term [[overo]] is used to describe a number of other non [[tobiano]] spotting patterns besides the frame pattern. Though no treatment or cure for LWS foals is known, a white foal without LWS that appears ill may have a treatable condition. ==Signs<!--in vet land, “symptoms” are what people report; animals can’t talk ;-)-->== Unlike the premature births and stillborn or weak foals of some [[Lavender foal syndrome\|coat color dilution lethals]], foals born with lethal white syndrome appear to be fully formed and normal.<ref name=1a>{{cite journal \| last = Vonderfecht \| first = SL \|author2=Bowling AT \|author3=Cohen M \|date=January 1983 \| title = Congenital intestinal megacolon in white foals \| journal = Veterinary Pathology \| volume = 20 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 65–70 \| publisher = The American College of Veterinary Pathologists \| pmid = 6849219 \| doi = 10.1177/030098588302000107 \| s2cid = 29041847 }}</ref><ref name=3a>{{cite journal \|author=Lightbody T \|title=Foal with Overo lethal white syndrome born to a registered quarter horse mare \|journal=Can. Vet. J. \|volume=43 \|issue=9 \|pages=715–7 \|date=September 2002 \|pmid=12240532 \|pmc=339559 \|quote = The mare was registered as solid chestnut with a star, strip and snip, a dark spot above her nostrils, a white spot in the right nostril, and no other white markings. }}</ref> The coat is entirely or almost entirely white with underlying unpigmented pink skin.<ref name=1a/><ref name="3a" /><ref name=2a>{{cite journal \|vauthors=McCabe L, Griffin LD, Kinzer A, Chandler M, Beckwith JB, McCabe ER \|title=Overo lethal white foal syndrome: equine model of aganglionic megacolon (Hirschsprung disease) \|journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. \|volume=36 \|issue=3 \|pages=336–40 \|date=July 1990 \|pmid=2363434 \|doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320360319 }}</ref> If pigmented regions are present, they may be any color, and are most common around the muzzle, underside of the barrel, and the hindquarters or tail.<ref name=1a/> The eyes are blue. A few lethal white foals have been shown to be deaf.<ref name=3a/><ref name=4a>{{cite journal \| last = Metallinos \| first = DL \|author2=Bowling AT \|author3=Rine J \|date=June 1998 \| title = A missense mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with Lethal White Foal Syndrome: an equine version of Hirschsprung Disease \| journal = Mammalian Genome \| volume = 9 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 426–31 \| publisher = Springer New York \| location = New York \| pmid = 9585428 \| doi = 10.1007/s003359900790 \| s2cid = 19536624 }}</ref> Healthy foals pass [[meconium]], the first [[feces\|stool]], soon after birth. Some healthy foals may require an [[enema]] to assist this process, but the meconium of LWS foals is impacted high in the intestine, and never appears, even with the use of enemas.<ref name=3a/> Signs of [[Horse colic\|colic]] begin to appear within the first day,<ref name=1a/> and all foals with LWS die within the first few days of life.<ref name=2a/> The painful and inevitable death that follows usually prompts veterinarians and owners to euthanize foals suspected of having lethal white syndrome.<ref name=6a>{{cite web \|url=http://www.netpets.com/horses/healthspa/lethal.html \|title=Overo Lethal White Syndrome \|access-date=2008-05-08 \|last=Santschi \|first=Elizabeth M \|publisher=NetPets}}</ref><ref name=13a>{{cite web \|url=http://ads.apha.com/Sitefinity_Website_Images/breed/geneticeq.html \|title=Genetic Equation \|author=D. P. Sponenberg \|access-date=2012-12-19 \|publisher=American Paint Horse Association \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503120031/http://ads.apha.com/Sitefinity_Website_Images/breed/geneticeq.html \|archive-date=2015-05-03 }}</ref> Death is caused by an underdeveloped part of the [[Equine anatomy#Digestive system\|digestive system]]. The [[Equine anatomy#Large intestine\|large intestine]] of the horse comprises the [[cecum]], the [[Colon (anatomy)\|colon]], and the [[rectum]].<ref name="Digestive system">{{cite web \| url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/b762/b762_5.html \| title=Horse Nutrition - The Horse's Digestive System. Bulletin 762-00 \| publisher=Ohio State University \| access-date=2007-02-09 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708022415/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b762/b762_5.html \| archive-date=2009-07-08 }}</ref> [[Necropsy\|Necropsies]] on LWS foals reveal a pale, underdeveloped colon<ref name=1a/> and intestinal obstruction (impaction).<ref name=2a/> Samples of affected tissue show a lack of nerves that allow the intestine to move material through the digestive system, a condition called [[Intestine\|intestinal]] [[Ganglion\|agangliosis]].<ref name="1a" /><ref name="3a" /><ref name="2a" /> Closer examination of the skin and hair shows both to be unpigmented, and most hair follicles are inactive and many are devoid of hair altogether.<ref name=3a/> All LWS foals test [[homozygous]] for a genetic abnormality.<ref name=5a>{{cite journal \| last = Vrotsos \| first = PD \|author2=Santschi EM \|author3=Mickelson JR \| year = 2001 \| title = The Impact of the Mutation Causing Overo Lethal White Syndrome on White Patterning in Horses \| journal = Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP 2001 \| volume = 47 \| pages = 381–91 \| publisher = American Association of Equine Practitioners \| url = http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/aaep/2001/91010100385.pdf \| access-date = 2008-09-05 }}</ref> ==Inheritance and expression== Genetic conditions which affect more than one physical trait—in the case of lethal white syndrome, both pigment cells and [[enteric]] [[Neuron\|nerve cells]]—are termed [[pleiotropic]]. The unusual instance of pleiotropy in LWS foals suggested early on that the syndrome was related to an important section of embryonic tissue called the [[neural crest]].<ref name=2a/> As the name suggests, the [[stem cell]]s of the neural crest are precursors to [[nerve cells]]. Another cell type that descends from neural crest cells are [[melanocyte]]s, pigment-producing cells found in hair follicles and skin. The migration of nerve- and melanocyte-precursors from the top of the embryo to their eventual destinations is carefully controlled by [[regulatory gene]]s.<ref name=thiruvenkadan2008>{{cite journal \|title=Coat colour inheritance in horses \|last=Thiruvenkadan \|first=AK \|author2=Kandasamy N \|author3=Panneerselvam S \|journal=Livestock Science \|volume=117 \|year=2008 \|pages=109–129 \|publisher=Elsevier \|doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2008.05.008 \|quote=There are many mutations that may affect the migration of the cells from the neural crest...Very many different mutants that affect migration of the cells from neural crest region cause lethal white-spotting condition. These mutations affect normal melanocytic and enteric neural crest cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration during development (Searle, 1968). This leads to depigmentation and also lack of neural connections to the colon. \|issue=2–3}}</ref> Such regulatory genes include [[endothelin receptor type B]] (''EDNRB''). A mutation in the middle of the ''EDNRB'' gene, Ile118Lys, causes lethal white syndrome.<ref name=4a/><ref name=19a>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Yang GC, Croaker D, Zhang AL, Manglick P, Cartmill T, Cass D \|title=A dinucleotide mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with lethal white foal syndrome (LWFS); a horse variant of Hirschsprung disease \|journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. \|volume=7 \|issue=6 \|pages=1047–52 \|date=June 1998 \|pmid=9580670 \|doi= 10.1093/hmg/7.6.1047\|quote=sequence analysis, together with allele-specific PCR and the amplification-created restriction site (ACRS) technique, revealed a dinucleotide TC-->AG mutation, which changed isoleucine to lysine in the predicted first transmembrane domain of the EDNRB protein. This was associated with LWFS when homozygous and with the overo phenotype when heterozygous. \|doi-access=free }}</ref> In this mutation, a "typo" in the [[DNA]] mistakes [[isoleucine]] for [[lysine]].<ref name=19a/> The resulting EDNRB [[protein]] is unable to fulfill its role in the development of the embryo, limiting the migration of the melanocyte and enteric neuron precursors. In the case of LWS, a single copy of the ''EDNRB'' mutation, the [[heterozygous]] state, produces an identifiable trait, but with a very different outcome from the homozygous state.<ref name=HTHZ>Metallinos DL, Bowling AT, Rine J (1998). "In three unrelated lethal white foals, the EDNRB gene contained a 2-bp nucleotide change leading to a missense mutation (I118K) in the first transmembrane domain of the receptor, a highly conserved region of this protein among different species. Seven additional unrelated lethal white foal samples were found to be homozygous for this mutation. No other homozygotes were identified in 138 samples analyzed, suggesting that homozygosity was restricted to lethal white foals. All (40/40) horses with the frame overo pattern (a distinct coat color pattern that is a subset of overo horses) that were tested were heterozygous for this allele, defining a heterozygous coat color phenotype for this mutation."</ref> To produce a foal with LWS, both parents must be heterozygotes or carriers of the mutated gene.<ref name="13a" /><ref name=9a>{{cite web \|url=http://www.aegrc.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=30053 \|title=Overo-Lethal White Foal Syndrome (OLW) \|access-date=2008-09-05 \|author=Australian Equine Genetics Research Center \|work=DNA Screening Tests \|publisher=University of Queensland \|quote=An individual contains two copies of a gene, one inherited from its father, the other from its mother. When both copies of the'' EDNRB'' gene are the mutated form, LWS results. However, when an individual has one copy that is normal (also called the "wild-type" of the gene) and one that is the mutated form, then an overo colour pattern results. \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721000432/http://www.aegrc.uq.edu.au//index.html?page=30053 \|archive-date=2008-07-21 }}</ref><ref name=12a>{{cite news \|first=Rebecca \|last=Overton \|title=By A Hair \|url=http://www.painthorsejournal.com/archives/pdfs/ByAHair-Mar04.pdf\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308102848/http://www.painthorsejournal.com/archives/pdfs/ByAHair-Mar04.pdf\|archive-date=March 8, 2008 \|work=Paint Horse Journal \|publisher=American Paint Horse Association \|date=2004-03-01 \|access-date=2008-09-06}}</ref> Without genetic testing, some carriers are misidentified as having white markings due to another gene, while some are even classified as solids.<ref name=3a/> The presence of this gene in a variety of horse populations in [[North America]] suggests that the mutation occurred in early American history, perhaps in a Spanish-type horse.<ref name=4a/><ref name=6a/><ref name=13a/> ===Heterozygotes=== {{main article\|Overo}} {{see also\|Pinto horse\|American Paint Horse\|Cropout}} [[Image:SabinoTestedNegforOLWS.jpg\|thumb\|This horse has irregular white markings, and would be classed by the APHA and PtHA as "overo". However, his markings are caused by a type of [[Sabino horse\|sabino]] patterning and he has been DNA-tested negative for the OLWS gene.]] Horses heterozygous for the Ile118Lys mutation on the equine ''EDNRB'' gene—carriers of lethal white syndrome—usually exhibit a [[pinto horse\|white-spotting]] pattern called "frame", or "frame [[overo]]".<ref name=4a/><ref name=13a/><ref name=5a/><ref name=9a/> Frame is characterized by jagged, sharply defined, horizontally oriented white patches that run along the horse's neck, shoulder, flank, and hindquarters. The frame pattern by itself does not produce white markings that cross the back, or affect the legs or tail. It does, however, often produce [[horse markings\|bald faces]] and blue eyes.<ref name=4a/><ref name=13a/><ref name=5a/> The term "frame" describes the effect of viewing a frame-patterned horse from the side: the white markings appear to be "framed" by a dark-colored border.<ref name=13a/> To date, animals which are heterozygous carriers do not exhibit health concerns associated with carrier-only status.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.horsetesting.com/LWO.htm \|title=Lethal White Overo (LWO) \|publisher=Animal Genetics, Inc. \|access-date=May 21, 2010 \|archive-date=June 3, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603063318/http://www.horsetesting.com/LWO.htm \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Not all horses with the heterozygous mutation exactly fit the standard visual description. A horse with the Ile118Lys mutation on ''EDNRB'' that is not readily identified as frame-patterned is called a cryptic frame. In addition to cryptic frames, a significant proportion of horses with the frame [[phenotype]] are visually misidentified, even in clinical settings.<ref name=5a/> One study found from a group of visually inspected registered Paints, 18% of breeding stock solids and 35% of bald-faced horses were actually frames.<ref name=5a/> However, over one-quarter of Paints registered in the "overo" category were not frames, and conversely, 10% of horses registered as [[tobiano]] also carried frame genetics.<ref name=5a/><!--need to review source--> The difficulty in accurately identifying frames has contributed to the accidental breeding of LWS foals. Minimally marked horses heterozygous for the Ile118Lys mutation are not uncommon: one DNA-tested [[Thoroughbred]] has [[horse markings\|white markings]] limited to a bottom-heavy blaze and two socks below the knee.<ref name=remarquez>{{cite web \|url=http://www.orchardviewsporthorses.net/ \|title=Orchard View Sporthorses \|access-date=2009-05-01 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721061453/http://www.orchardviewsporthorses.net/ \|archive-date=2009-07-21 }}</ref> A [[American Quarter Horse\|Quarter Horse]] mare tested positive for the gene after she and a frame Paint stallion produced a LWS foal; the mare's markings were a thin blaze with a disconnected white spot in the right nostril, with no other white markings.<ref name=3a/> One major study identified two [[miniature horse]]s that were completely unmarked, but were positive for the Ile118Lys gene.<ref name=5a/> Multiple theories are given for this. Variability in the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype that express an associated phenotype is called [[penetrance]], and this may simply be evidence of variable penetrance.<ref name="Metallinos">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Metallinos DL, Bowling AT, Rine J \|title=A missense mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with Lethal White Foal Syndrome: an equine version of Hirschsprung disease \|journal=Mamm. Genome \|volume=9 \|issue=6 \|pages=426–31 \|date=June 1998 \|pmid=9585428 \|doi=10.1007/s003359900790 \|s2cid=19536624 \|url=http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00335/bibs/9n6p426.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000916124713/http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00335/bibs/9n6p426.html \|archive-date=2000-09-16 \|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Santschi EM, Vrotsos PD, Purdy AK, Mickelson JR \|title=Incidence of the endothelin receptor B mutation that causes lethal white foal syndrome in white-patterned horses \|journal=Am. J. Vet. Res. \|volume=62 \|issue=1 \|pages=97–103 \|date=January 2001 \|pmid=11197568 \|doi= 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.97\|doi-access=free }}</ref> Several research groups have suggested that other, "suppressor" genes may limit the expression of frame-pattern white spotting.<ref name=9a/><ref name=15a>{{cite journal \| last = Santschi \| first = EM \|author2=Purdy AK \|author3=Valberg SJ \|author4=Vrotsos PD \|author5=Kaese H \|author6=Mickelson JR \|date=April 1998 \| title = Endothelin receptor B polymorphism associated with lethal white foal syndrome in horses. \| journal = Mammalian Genome \| volume = 9 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 306–9 \| publisher = Springer New York \| location = New York \| pmid = 9530628 \| doi = 10.1007/s003359900754 \| s2cid = 20587883 }}</ref> On the other end of the spectrum, some white-spotted horses are so extensively marked that the character of the frame pattern is masked. In particular, the tobiano pattern, a dominant gene, is [[Epistasis\|epistatic]] to overo.<ref name="Metallinos"/> Other white-spotting genes include [[splashed white]] or "splash", sabino, and "calico".<ref name=5a/><!--Never heard of "calico" what is that one??--> Any combination, or all, of these white-spotting genes can act together to produce horses with so much white that the presence of frame cannot be determined without a DNA test.<ref name=BSwhite>Santschi EM, Mickelson JR (2001). 80% of breeding stock white (all-white horses of Paint pedigree) were genotyped N/L for Endothelin Receptor B.</ref> Ambiguous terminology has also contributed to the confusion surrounding this disease. Currently, the [[American Paint Horse Association]] <!-- (APHA) --> categorizes horses as tobiano, solid, "overo", and [[tovero]].<ref name="Guidebook">{{cite web\|url=http://www.apha.com/forms/PDFFiles/guidebooks/07ColorGen.pdf\|title='American Paint Horse Association's Guide to Coat Color Genetics\|publisher=American Paint Horse Association\|year=2007\|access-date=2008-08-19\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011220117/http://www.apha.com/forms/PDFFiles/guidebooks/07ColorGen.pdf\|archive-date=2008-10-11}}</ref> The association breaks down "overo" into three categories: Frame, [[Splashed white\|Splash]] and Sabino.<ref name="Guidebook"/> In the past, "overo" was used even more loosely, to refer to spotted animals that were "Paint, but not tobiano".<ref name="Guidebook"/> However, no fewer than four—and likely many more<!--awk to phrase: frame (testable), splash (not yet testable), sabino SB-1 (testable), and all other sabino that are not SB-1 (the not-yet-testable patterning in Clydesdales and Arabians, sometimes called splash, but not the same as "splash overo" in APHA-->—genetically distinct patterns are included under the term "overo".<ref name=5a/><ref name=15a/><ref name=7a>{{cite news \|first=Paul D. \|last=Vrotsos \|author2=Elizabeth M. Santschi \|title=Stalking the Lethal White Syndrome \|url=http://www.apha.com/breed/lethalwhites03.html \|work=Paint Horse Journal \|publisher=American Paint Horse Association \|date=1998-07-01 \|access-date=2008-09-06 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026125923/http://www.apha.com/breed/lethalwhites03.html \|archive-date=2008-10-26 }}</ref> To be categorized as "overo" by the APHA, a horse must fit a written description: white spotting does not cross the back, at least one solid-colored leg, solid tail, face markings, and irregular, scattered, or splashy white patches.<ref name=10a>{{cite web \|url=http://www.apha.com/breed/overo.html \|title=Overo Pattern \|access-date=2008-09-03 \|publisher=American Paint Horse Association \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906232841/http://www.apha.com/breed/overo.html \|archive-date=2008-09-06 }}</ref> To further complicate matters, various Sabino patterns also appear in some horse breeds that do not carry genetics for frame or any other spotting pattern.<ref name="UCDVGL">{{cite web\| url=http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php \|title=Horse coat color tests\|publisher=Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis\|access-date=2008-09-06}}</ref> Likewise, official classification of a horse as an unspotted solid is based not on genetic testing, but on a visual description. Horses carrying genetics for frame and other white-spotting patterns may be so minimally marked as to lack the registry's minimum requirements for white.<ref name=11a>{{cite web\|url=http://www.apha.com/breed/colorreq.html \|title=Color Requirements \|access-date=2008-09-03 \|publisher=American Paint Horse Association \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906232801/http://www.apha.com/breed/colorreq.html \|archive-date=2008-09-06 }}</ref> This helps to account for allegedly solid horses producing spotted offspring, called [[cropout]]s.<ref name=13a/> The long-standing practice of categorizing Paint horses in this manner contributed to the incorporation of the word "overo" into some of the titles used to describe the disease, such as overo lethal white foal syndrome.<ref name=2a/> However, "overo" refers to several genetically unrelated white-spotting patterns, and only the frame pattern is indicative of the syndrome.<ref name=13a/><ref name=5a/><ref name=9a/> The confusion about the nature of LWS is then furthered by statements such as "there are many overos that do not carry the lethal allele",<ref name="Guidebook"/><!--p. 16--> which is technically correct, but only because the term "overo" also encompasses splash and sabino patterns, as well as frame.<ref name="Guidebook"/><!--p. 1--> ===Homozygotes=== Homozygotes for the Ile118Lys mutation on the equine endothelin receptor type B gene have lethal white syndrome.<ref name=4a/><ref name=5a/> In any crossing of two carrier parents, the statistical probability of producing a solid-colored, living foal is 25%; a 50% chance exists for a frame-patterned, living foal; and a 25% chance exists of a LWS foal.<ref name=12a/> [[Image:Yukichan 20080427 001.jpg\|thumb\|right\|This Thoroughbred mare was born pure white with pink skin. Such foals are occasionally born with no apparent white ancestry. This mare does not carry the LWS gene, and her coat is termed "[[dominant white]]".]] ===Producing frame color patterns without producing lethal white=== Spotted coat colors, including frame, are popular and sought-after by breeders.<ref name=brooksdissert>{{cite thesis \| first = Samantha Ann \| last = Brooks \| title = Studies of Genetic Variation at the ''KIT'' Locus and White Spotting Patterns in the Horse \| publisher = University of Kentucky \| year = 2006 \| url = http://archive.uky.edu/handle/10225/564 \| format = PDF \| access-date = 2010-12-29 \| quote = Aside from the scientific benefits of studying coat color in the horse there is a more immediate advantage. People like the look of unusual coat colors, and they are willing to pay for a way to improve their ability to get more of them. The value in a flashy colored horse isn’t as easily measured as that in a fast race horse, but it does translate into real dollars at the point of sale. For example, the average price of an APHA registered yearling (young horses with undetermined athletic ability) without a spotting pattern on Equine.com was $1540. A yearling APHA registered horse with the tobiano pattern averaged $2803 (Appendix B). This price difference creates an enormous interest among breeders to increase their production of spotted foals. \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121212125924/http://archive.uky.edu/handle/10225/564 \| archive-date = 2012-12-12 \|degree=PhD \|department=Veterinary Science \|others=Ernest Bailey (Advisor)}}</ref> While many lethal white syndrome foals are accidentally produced when breeders cross two untested cryptic frames, or a known frame and a cryptic frame, some are produced by the intentional breeding of two known frames, whether out of ignorance or indifference. Producing a foal with LWS is now completely avoidable, because most major animal genetics labs now offer the DNA test for it. Whether a horse visually appears to have the frame pattern or not, testing horses of frame or "overo" lineage is highly recommended.<!-- {{Citation needed\|date=September 2008}} --> The statistical likelihood of producing a living, frame-patterned foal by crossing two frames is 50%, the same odds of producing a living, frame-patterned foal from a frame-to-nonframe breeding which carries no risk of producing a lethal white syndrome foal.<ref name=12a/> Therefore, breeding two frame overos conveys no benefit to breeders hoping to produce another frame overo. ===Dominant or recessive?=== {{see also\|Autosomal recessive#Nomenclature of recessiveness}} Lethal white syndrome has been described by researchers as both [[Dominance (genetics)\|dominantly]] and recessively inherited.<ref name=finno2008>{{cite journal \|title=Equine diseases caused by known genetic mutations \|last=Finno \|first=Carrie J. \|author2=Sharon J. Spier \|author3=Stephanie J. Valberg \|publisher=Elsevier \|journal=The Veterinary Journal \|date=March 2009 \|volume=179 \|issue=3 \|pages=336–47 \|quote=Ileocolonic aganglionosis, or overo lethal white foal syndrome (OLWS), is an autosomal recessive trait \|doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.016 \|pmid=18472287}}</ref><ref name=missense2>Metallinos ''et al'' 1998. "Based on the strength of this association and its complete compatibility with simple mendelian recessive inheritance, we inferred that Lethal White Foal Syndrome was tightly linked to the mutation."</ref><ref name=thiruvenkadan2>Thiruvenkadan ''et al'' 2008. "The overo lethal syndrome due to dominant homozygotes (OO) at the overo locus results in death of the foals a few days after birth."</ref> Lethal white syndrome is described as recessive because heterozygotes (written ''Oo'' or ''N/O'') are not affected by intestinal agangliosis. However, if the frame pattern trait is included, inheritance of the trait follows an [[Autosomal recessive#Incomplete dominance\|incomplete dominant]] pattern. The concept of "recessive" and "dominant" antedate [[molecular biology]] and technically apply only to traits, not to genes themselves. In [[Pleiotropy\|pleiotropic]] conditions, such as LWS, the application of "recessive" or "dominant" can be ambiguous.<ref name=nomenclature2000>{{cite journal \|last=den Dunnen \|first=Johan T \|author2=Antonarakis \|title=Mutation nomenclature extensions and suggestions to describe complex mutations: A discussion \|journal=Human Mutation \|publisher=Wiley-Liss Inc. \|volume=15 \|pages=7–12 \|url=http://mecp2.chw.edu.au/mecp2/info/nomenclature_for_complex_mutations.pdf \|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200001)15:1<7::AID-HUMU4>3.0.CO;2-N \|pmid=10612815 \|year=2000 \|issue=1\|doi-access=free }}</ref> A separate issue is the nomenclature applied to the frame pattern itself. While it follows a dominant pattern of inheritance, deviations occur.<ref name=14a>{{cite journal \|author=Bowling AT \|title=Dominant inheritance of overo spotting in paint horses \|journal=J. Hered. \|volume=85 \|issue=3 \|pages=222–4 \|year=1994 \|pmid=8014463 \|quote=Analysis of selected studbook records of the American Paint Horse Association, consisting of 687 foals sired by 13 overo stallions from nonovero mares, supports the inheritance of overo spotting as an autosomal dominant gene. More than one gene may control patterns registered as overo.\|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111439 }}</ref> The majority of horses with the Ile118Lys mutation do exhibit the recognizable frame pattern, but a small percentage are too modestly marked to be classified as "spotted" by breed registries. Such "solid" horses, bred to a solid partner, can produce classically marked frames.<ref name=APHAGE3-2>{{cite web \|url=http://www.apha.com/breed/geneticeq3.html \|title=Genetic Equation \|access-date=2008-09-04 \|publisher=American Paint Horse Association \|quote=Frame overo behaves as a dominant gene. [T]here are records of frame overos being produced by two nonspotted parents. This is typical of a recessive gene, and it is not logical to have both a recessive and a dominant control over the same pattern. \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907031343/http://www.apha.com/breed/geneticeq3.html \|archive-date=2008-09-07 }}</ref> The "crop-out" phenomenon can make frame appear to follow a recessive mode of inheritance. ==Prevalence== The gene for LWS is most common in the American Paint Horse, but occurs in any breed that may carry frame genetics, including American Quarter Horses, [[Appaloosa]]s, [[Thoroughbred]]s, [[Morgan horse]]s, [[miniature horse]]s, [[Tennessee Walking Horse]]s, and [[mustang]]s, as well as horses that are descended from these breeds.{{citation needed\|date=June 2017}} Only two Morgan horses have been identified as frame overos.<ref>Laura Behning. "Other Colors". Morgan Colors. Retrieved 2009-05-03.</ref> Breeds that do not carry genes for the frame pattern also do not carry LWS.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.morgancolors.com/othercolors.htm \|title=Morgan Colors- Rabicano, Roan, Flaxen and Frame Overo Morgan Horses \|access-date=2008-08-03 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914113002/http://www.morgancolors.com/othercolors.htm \|archive-date=2008-09-14 }} \|title=Other Colors \|work=Morgan Colors \|author=Laura Behning \|accessdate=2009-05-03</ref> ==Lethal white mimics== {{Main article\|White (horse)\|dilution gene}} [[Image:Creamwildponyfilly.jpg\|thumb\|This blue-eyed, pink-skinned, whitish filly is, in fact, a cremello, and is healthy. Her skin is a rosier shade and her coat cream-colored, as opposed to stark white.]] Not all white, blue-eyed foals are affected with LWS. Other genes can produce healthy pink-skinned, blue-eyed horses with a white or very light cream-colored coat.<ref name=12a/> For a time, some of these completely white horses were called "living lethals", but this is a [[misnomer]]. Before reliable information and the [[DNA test]] were available to breeders, perfectly healthy, white-coated, blue-eyed foals were sometimes euthanized for fear they were lethal whites,<ref name=12a/> an outcome which can be avoided today with testing and a better understanding of coat color genetics or even waiting 12 hours or so for the foal to develop clinical signs. The availability of testing also allows a breeder to determine if a white-coated, blue-eyed foal that becomes ill is an LWS foal that requires euthanasia or a non-LWS foal with a simple illness that may be successfully treated. * Double-[[cream gene\|cream dilutes]] such as [[Cream gene\|cremello]], [[perlino]]s, and [[smoky cream]]s, have cream-colored coats, blue eyes, and pink skin. The faint cream pigmentation of their coats can be distinguished from the unpigmented white markings and underlying unpigmented pink skin. A similar-looking "pseudo double dilute" can be produced with help from the [[pearl gene]] or "barlink factor" or the [[champagne gene]].{{Citation needed\|date=September 2008}} * The combination of tobiano with other white-spotting patterns can produce white or nearly white horses, which may have blue eyes.<ref name=phj>{{cite web\|url=http://www.painthorsejournal.com/pastissues/pdfs/byahair-mar04.pdf \|title=By a Hair \|first=Rebecca \|last=Overton \|publisher=Paint Horse Journal \|date=2003-03-01 \|access-date=2012-12-19 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218233122/http://www.painthorsejournal.com/pastissues/pdfs/byahair-mar04.pdf \|archive-date=2013-02-18 }} </ref> * Sabino horses that are homozygous for the sabino-1 (''Sb-1'') gene are often called "sabino-white", and are all- or nearly all-white. Not all sabino horses carry ''Sb-1''.<ref name="UCDVGL"/> * [[Dominant white]] genetics are not thoroughly understood, but are characterized by all- or nearly all-white coats. ==Analogous conditions== From very early in research into its genetics,<ref name=2a/> LWS has been compared to [[Hirschsprung's disease]] in humans, which is also caused by mutations on the ''EDNRB'' gene. Various [[Polymorphism (biology)\|polymorphisms]] on this gene result in intestinal agangliosis, in some cases attended by unusual pigmentation of the skin and eyes, and deafness. The occasionally attendant pigmentation condition in humans is called [[Waardenburg syndrome\|Waardenburg-Shah syndrome]].<ref name=4a/> The terms "piebald-lethal" and "spotting lethal" apply to similar conditions in mice and rats, respectively, both caused by mutations on the ''EDNRB'' gene.<ref name=17a>{{cite journal \| last = Gariepy \| first = CE \|author2=Cass DT \|author3=Yanagisawa M \| date = 1996-01-23 \| title = Null mutation of endothelin receptor type B gene in spotting lethal rats causes aganglionic megacolon and white coat color. \| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \| volume = 93 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 867–72 \| pmid = 8570650 \| pmc = 40149 \| doi = 10.1073/pnas.93.2.867 \| bibcode = 1996PNAS...93..867G \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=18a>{{cite journal \| last = Hosoda \| first = K \|author2=Hammer RE \|author3=Richardson JA \|author4=Baynash AG \|author5=Cheung JC \|author6=Giaid A \|author7=Yanagisawa M \| date = 1994-12-30 \| title = Targeted and natural (piebald-lethal) mutations of endothelin-B receptor gene produce megacolon associated with spotted coat color in mice. \| journal = Cell \| volume = 79 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 1267–76 \| pmid = 8001159 \| doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90017-5 \| s2cid = 8349897 }}</ref> Only lethal in the homozygous state, the mutations are associated with white-spotted coats, deafness, and [[megacolon]] caused by intestinal agangliosis.<ref name=4a/> ==See also== * [[Dilution gene]] * [[Equine coat color genetics]] ==External links== * ''Canadian Veterinary Journal'' [https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/339559 paper] which includes a picture of a foal with OLWS ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lethal White Syndrome}} [[Category:Genetic disorders with no OMIM]] [[Category:Syndromes in horses]]	1,304,277,171	[{"title": "Lethal white syndrome", "data": {"Other names": "overo lethal white syndrome (OLWS), lethal white overo (LWO), overo lethal white foal syndrome (OLWFS)", "Symptoms": "Nonfunctioning colon, no meconium, colic, fatal within hours to days", "Usual onset": "Birth", "Duration": "Hours to days", "Causes": "Homozygous for \"frame\" allele on endothelin receptor B (EDNRB); Ile to Lys substitution at codon 118.", "Risk factors": "If both parents are heterozygotes for frame, there is a 25% probability of an affected LWS foal.", "Diagnostic method": "Nearly all-white coat at birth, blue eyes, DNA testing, observation for colic, no meconium, pain", "Differential diagnosis": "Heterozygotes have no known health issues related to the frame allele. Cremello, Dominant white and Sabino-white are normal white or near-white coat colors for healthy horses. Can be distinguished by genetic testing.", "Prevention": "Avoid breeding heterozygous frame horses to each other", "Treatment": "None"}}]	false
# Ryan Thomas (footballer) Ryan Jared Thomas (born 20 December 1994) is a New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Eredivisie club PEC Zwolle and the New Zealand national team. Thomas played for various clubs across the Waikato region of New Zealand, before signing professional terms with Eredivisie club PEC Zwolle in 2013. Since then, Thomas has spent his footballing career in the Netherlands, signing for reigning champions PSV Eindhoven in 2018. ## Club career ### New Zealand Thomas was born in Te Puke, New Zealand, attended Tauranga Boys' College and played his youth football at Mount Maunganui Tauranga City AFC and Waikato club Melville United in the NRFL Premier. He made his debut off the bench on 30 July 2011, alongside fellow current professional Jesse Edge, and scored in the 3–1 win against Forrest Hill Milford. Thomas was announced as part of the squad for New Zealand Football Championship side Waikato FC at the beginning of the 2011–12 season, joining other future New Zealand international Tyler Boyd. Thomas was later convinced by his previous Waikato FC manager, Declan Edge, to leave his current side to join the Olé Football Academy in Wellington, along with several other Waikato players. During this time, Thomas played for the Olé Academy-affiliated club Western Suburbs. Noting Thomas' exceptional talent, Edge organised a trial for the 18-year-old at Eredivisie club PEC Zwolle. ### PEC Zwolle Following a successful trial period in the Netherlands, Thomas signed for PEC Zwolle in September 2013, and made his debut for the club on 30 October 2013 against amateur side Wilhelmina '08 in the third round of the KNVB Cup, scoring the first goal in a 4–0 win. He quickly became a key winger for the club; his successful debut season culminated in winning the KNVB Cup, with Thomas scoring two goals in the final in a 5–1 win over AFC Ajax. Thomas continued to impress for PEC Zwolle in the following seasons following his transition to a holding midfielder, with his rise being compared to that of Dutch legend Arjen Robben by former manager Ron Jans. In a 2017 interview, Jans stated that "it would not surprise me if he ended up at Real Madrid". ### PSV On 10 August 2018, Thomas joined reigning Eredivisie champions PSV for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. The move was described by former New Zealand and Eredivisie footballer Ivan Vicelich as one of the biggest deals ever by a New Zealander. Just days after signing, however, Thomas sustained a knee injury in training; originally thought to be only a minor sprain, it was later discovered to be a serious anterior cruciate ligament tear, meaning Thomas spent the rest of the season sidelined. As part of his rehabilitation, Thomas spent time working with Olympic swimming champion Pieter van den Hoogenband. On 6 October 2019, after 14 months out injured, Thomas finally made his debut for PSV as an 85th minute substitute for Érick Gutiérrez in a 4−1 win over VVV Venlo. After four injury-riddled seasons, during which he had four surgeries on his knee in total, Thomas was released by PSV in June 2022. ### Return to PEC Zwolle On 26 October 2022, Dutch side PEC Zwolle now playing in the Eerste Divisie announced that they had re-signed Thomas. In August 2024, it was announced that PEC Zwolle had extended Thomas’s contract until mid-2025. ## Career statistics ### Club As of match played 23 August 2024 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| National Cup \| National Cup \| Europe \| Europe \| Other \| Other \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ------------ \| ------------ \| --------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Waikato \| 2011–12 \| ASB Premiership \| 13 \| 3 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 3 \| 2 \| 16 \| 5 \| \| Waikato \| 2012–13 \| ASB Premiership \| 5 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 5 \| 1 \| \| Waikato \| Total \| Total \| 18 \| 4 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 3 \| 2 \| 21 \| 6 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| 2013–14 \| Eredivisie \| 19 \| 1 \| 5 \| 3 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 24 \| 4 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| 2014–15 \| Eredivisie \| 30 \| 3 \| 5 \| 1 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 38 \| 4 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| 2015–16 \| Eredivisie \| 12 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 12 \| 2 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| 2016–17 \| Eredivisie \| 31 \| 1 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 33 \| 1 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| 2017–18 \| Eredivisie \| 31 \| 1 \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 34 \| 1 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| Total \| Total \| 123 \| 8 \| 15 \| 4 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 141 \| 12 \| \| PSV \| 2019–20 \| Eredivisie \| 11 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 15 \| 2 \| \| PSV \| 2020–21 \| Eredivisie \| 16 \| 1 \| 2 \| 0 \| 6 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 24 \| 1 \| \| PSV \| 2021–22 \| Eredivisie \| 6 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 9 \| 1 \| \| PSV \| Total \| Total \| 33 \| 4 \| 3 \| 0 \| 12 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 48 \| 4 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| 2022–23 \| Eerste Divisie \| 18 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 19 \| 0 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| 2023–24 \| Eredivisie \| 7 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 7 \| 0 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| 2024–25 \| Eredivisie \| 17 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 3 \| 0 \| \| PEC Zwolle \| Total \| Total \| 42 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 29 \| 0 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 201 \| 16 \| 19 \| 4 \| 14 \| 0 \| 4 \| 2 \| 238 \| 22 \| 1. ↑ Includes KNVB Cup 2. ↑ Appearance(s) in White Ribbon Cup 3. 1 2 3 Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League 4. ↑ Appearance(s) in Johan Cruyff Shield 5. ↑ One appearance in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League ## International career Thomas made his international debut for New Zealand when he played in a 2–4 friendly loss to Japan in March 2014. He scored his first international goals on 28 March 2017, netting a brace in a 2–0 win over Fiji. ### International goals Scores and results list New Zealand's goal tally first. \| No \| Date \| Venue \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| Competition \| \| -- \| ---------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------- \| --------------- \| ----- \| ------ \| --------------------------------- \| \| 1. \| 28 March 2017 \| Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington, New Zealand \| Fiji \| 1–0 \| 2–0 \| 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification \| \| 2. \| 28 March 2017 \| Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington, New Zealand \| Fiji \| 2–0 \| 2–0 \| 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification \| \| 3. \| 1 September 2017 \| North Harbour Stadium, Auckland, New Zealand \| Solomon Islands \| 4–1 \| 6–1 \| 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification \| ## Honours ### Club Waikato FC - NZF Cup runner-up: 2011–12 PEC Zwolle - KNVB Cup: 2013–14; runner-up 2014–15 - Johan Cruijff Shield: 2014 ### International - OFC U-20 Championship: 2013 ### Individual - Oceania Footballer of the Year, 2015 - IFFHS OFC Men's Team of the Decade 2011–2020[24] - IFFHS Oceania Men's Team of All Time: 2021[25]	enwiki/41065552	enwiki	41,065,552	Ryan Thomas (footballer)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Thomas_(footballer)	2025-08-19T08:17:07Z	en	Q3943100	128,937	{{Short description\|New Zealand footballer}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2019}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Ryan Thomas \| image = Ryan Jared Thomas.jpg \| caption = Thomas playing for [[New Zealand national football team\|New Zealand]] at the [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup]] \| fullname = Ryan Jared Thomas<ref name="FIFA U-20 2013">{{cite web \|url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2013/pdf/FWYC_2013_SquadLists.pdf \|title=FIFA U-20 World Cup Turkey 2013 List of Players: New Zealand \|work=FIFA.com \|page=16 \|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association \|date=23 June 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627043508/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2013/pdf/FWYC_2013_SquadLists.pdf \|archive-date=27 June 2013 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1994\|12\|20\|df=yes}}<ref name="FIFA U-20 2013"/> \| birth_place = [[Te Puke]], New Zealand \| height = 1.74 m<ref name="FIFA U-20 2013"/> \| position = [[Midfielder]] \| currentclub = \| clubnumber = \| youthyears1 = \| youthclubs1 = Mount Maunganui Junior FC \| youthyears2 = \| youthclubs2 = [[Tauranga City AFC]] \| youthyears3 = \| youthclubs3 = [[Melville United]] \| youthyears4 = \| youthclubs4 = [[Waikato FC]] \| years1 = 2011 \| clubs1 = [[Melville United]] \| caps1 = \| goals1 = \| years2 = 2011–2013 \| clubs2 = [[Waikato FC]] \| caps2 = 18 \| goals2 = 4 \| years3 = 2013 \| clubs3 = [[Western Suburbs FC (New Zealand)\|Western Suburbs]] \| caps3 = 11 \| goals3 = 7 \| years4 = 2013–2018 \| clubs4 = [[PEC Zwolle]] \| caps4 = 123 \| goals4 = 8 \| years5 = 2018–2022 \| clubs5 = [[PSV Eindhoven\|PSV]] \| caps5 = 33 \| goals5 = 4 \| years6 = 2022– \| clubs6 = [[PEC Zwolle]] \| caps6 = 42 \| goals6 = 0 \| nationalyears1 = 2013 \| nationalteam1 = [[New Zealand national under-20 football team\|New Zealand U20]] \| nationalcaps1 = 11 \| nationalgoals1 = 2 \| nationalyears2 = 2014– \| nationalteam2 = [[New Zealand national football team\|New Zealand]] \| nationalcaps2 = 19 \| nationalgoals2 = 3 \| club-update = 6 June 2025 \| ntupdate = 2 December 2019 \| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry\|{{fb\|NZL}}}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[OFC U-20 Championship]]}} {{Medal\|W\|[[2011 OFC U-20 Championship\|2011 New Zealand]]\|}} }} '''Ryan Jared Thomas''' (born 20 December 1994) is a New Zealand professional [[association football\|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Eredivisie]] club [[PEC Zwolle]] and the [[New Zealand national football team\|New Zealand national team]]. Thomas played for various clubs across the [[Waikato]] region of New Zealand, before signing professional terms with [[Eredivisie]] club [[PEC Zwolle]] in 2013. Since then, Thomas has spent his footballing career in the [[Netherlands]], signing for reigning champions [[PSV Eindhoven]] in 2018. ==Club career== ===New Zealand=== Thomas was born in [[Te Puke]], New Zealand,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/64181-te-puke-player-all-whites.html\|title=SunLive - Te Puke player in All Whites - The Bay's News First\|website=www.sunlive.co.nz\|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> attended Tauranga Boys' College and played his youth football at Mount Maunganui [[Tauranga City AFC]] and [[Waikato]] club [[Melville United]] in the [[Northern League (New Zealand)\|NRFL Premier]]. He made his debut off the bench on 30 July 2011, alongside fellow current professional [[Jesse Edge]], and scored in the 3–1 win against [[Forrest Hill Milford]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Goile \|first1=Aaron \|title=Teenager stars for Melville in Northern League \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/sport/5368767/Teenager-stars-for-Melville-in-Northern-League \|access-date=5 December 2018 \|publisher=[[Waikato Times]] \|date=1 August 2011}}</ref> Thomas was announced as part of the squad for [[New Zealand Football Championship]] side [[Waikato FC]] at the beginning of the [[2011–12 New Zealand Football Championship\|2011–12 season]], joining other future New Zealand international [[Tyler Boyd (footballer)\|Tyler Boyd]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Anderson \|first1=Ian \|title=Waikato FC hope for deliverance \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/sport/5831393/Waikato-FC-hope-for-deliverance \|access-date=5 December 2018 \|publisher=[[Waikato Times]] \|date=22 October 2011}}</ref> Thomas was later convinced by his previous Waikato FC manager, [[Declan Edge]], to leave his current side to join the [[Olé Football Academy]] in Wellington, along with several other Waikato players.<ref name="ole">{{cite news \|last1=Worthington \|first1=Sam \|title=Kiwi teen Thomas signs with top Dutch club \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/9131017/Kiwi-teen-Thomas-signs-with-top-Dutch-club \|access-date=5 December 2018 \|publisher=[[Stuff.co.nz]] \|date=6 September 2013}}</ref> During this time, Thomas played for the Olé Academy-affiliated club [[Western Suburbs FC (New Zealand)\|Western Suburbs]]. Noting Thomas' exceptional talent, Edge organised a trial for the 18-year-old at [[Eredivisie]] club [[PEC Zwolle]].<ref name="ole" /> ===PEC Zwolle=== Following a successful trial period in the Netherlands, Thomas signed for [[PEC Zwolle]] in September 2013, and made his debut for the club on 30 October 2013 against amateur side Wilhelmina '08 in the third round of the [[KNVB Cup]], scoring the first goal in a 4–0 win.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/soccer/report?gameId=381834\|title=PEC Zwolle vs. Wilhelmina '08 - Football Match Report - October 30, 2013 - ESPN\|website=ESPN.com\|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> He quickly became a key [[Midfielder#Winger\|winger]] for the club; his successful debut season culminated in winning the [[KNVB Cup]], with Thomas scoring two goals [[2014 KNVB Cup Final\|in the final]] in a 5–1 win over [[AFC Ajax]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.football-oranje.com/pec-zwolle-win-knvb-cup-after-hammering-ajax/ \|title=PEC Zwolle win KNVB Cup after hammering Ajax \|date=20 April 2014 \|publisher=Football Oranje \|access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref> Thomas continued to impress for PEC Zwolle in the following seasons following his transition to a [[Midfielder#Holding midfielder\|holding midfielder]], with his rise being compared to that of Dutch legend [[Arjen Robben]] by former manager [[Ron Jans]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://olefootballacademy.co.nz/ryan-thomas-compared-to-arjen-robben/\|title=Ryan Thomas compared to Arjen Robben\|date=24 January 2016\|website=Olé Football Academy\|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> In a 2017 interview, Jans stated that "it would not surprise me if he ended up at [[Real Madrid]]".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://voetbalflitsen.nl/nieuws/td2bsw/in-studiovoetbal-wordt-ryan-thomas-van-peczwolle-een-grote-toekomst-voorspeld-ron-jans-denkt-zelfs-aan-real-madrid\|title=Wat zegt Ron Jans hier nou?! "Zou me niks verbazen als Ryan Thomas naar Real Madrid gaat"\|date=20 November 2017\|website=Voetbalflitsen.nl - het leukste en opvallendste voetbalnieuws!\|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=All White Ryan Thomas tipped to attract interest from Europe's biggest clubs \|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11946552 \|publisher=[[The New Zealand Herald]] \|date=22 November 2017}}</ref> ===PSV=== On 10 August 2018, Thomas joined reigning [[Eredivisie]] champions [[PSV Eindhoven\|PSV]] for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Ryan Thomas signs from PEC Zwolle \|url=https://www.psv.nl/english-psv/news/article/ryan-thomas-signs-from-pec-zwolle.htm \|website=PSV \|date=10 August 2018 \|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> The move was described by former New Zealand and Eredivisie footballer [[Ivan Vicelich]] as one of the biggest deals ever by a New Zealander.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Rollo \|first1=Phillip \|title=Ryan Thomas completes landmark transfer to PSV Eindhoven \|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/106280934/Ryan-Thomas-completes-landmark-transfer-to-PSV-Eindhoven \|publisher=[[Waikato Times]] \|date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Just days after signing, however, Thomas sustained a knee injury in training; originally thought to be only a minor sprain, it was later discovered to be a serious [[anterior cruciate ligament]] tear, meaning Thomas spent the rest of the season sidelined.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Ryan Thomas sustains severe knee injury \|url=https://www.psv.nl/english-psv/news/article/ryan-thomas-sustains-severe-knee-injury.htm \|website=PSV \|date=23 August 2018 \|access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Cruel injury blow for All White Ryan Thomas days after joining PSV Eindhoven \|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/world-game/106495365/injury-setback-for-ryan-thomas-delays-psv-eindhoven-debut \|publisher=[[Stuff.co.nz]] \|date=23 August 2018}}</ref> As part of his rehabilitation, Thomas spent time working with [[Olympic Games\|Olympic]] swimming champion [[Pieter van den Hoogenband]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.voetbalprimeur.nl/nieuws/857391/-pechvogel-thomas-kan-na-de-winterstop-gaan-denken-aan-debuut-voor-psv-.html\|title='PSV-debuut weer een stapje dichterbij voor Thomas door voorspoedige revalidatie'}}</ref> On 6 October 2019, after 14 months out injured, Thomas finally made his debut for PSV as an 85th minute substitute for [[Érick Gutiérrez]] in a 4−1 win over [[VVV Venlo]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/world-game/115563240/all-whites-midfielder-ryan-thomas-makes-debut-for-psv-eindhoven-after-year-out-with-knee-injury\|title = All Whites star Ryan Thomas makes PSV debut after year out with knee injury\|date = 5 September 2019}}</ref> After four injury-riddled seasons, during which he had four surgeries on his knee in total, Thomas was released by PSV in June 2022.<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2022/07/football-injury-plagued-all-whites-star-ryan-thomas-has-rare-surgery-in-bid-to-revive-career.html \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720115049/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2022/07/football-injury-plagued-all-whites-star-ryan-thomas-has-rare-surgery-in-bid-to-revive-career.html \| url-status=dead \| archive-date=20 July 2022 \| title=Football: Injury-plagued All Whites star Ryan Thomas has 'rare surgery' in bid to revive career \| newspaper=[[Newshub]] }}</ref> ===Return to PEC Zwolle=== On 26 October 2022, Dutch side [[PEC Zwolle]] now playing in the [[Eerste Divisie]] announced that they had re-signed Thomas.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://peczwolle.nl/nieuws/ryan-thomas-keert-terug-in-zwolle\|title=Ryan Thomas keert terug in Zwolle injury\|access-date=26 October 2022\|date=26 October 2022\|publisher=PEC Zwoller\|language=nl}}</ref> In August 2024, it was announced that PEC Zwolle had extended Thomas’s contract until mid-2025.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.friendsoffootballnz.com/2024/08/03/all-whites-midfielder-ryan-thomas-signs-new-deal-after-return-from-injury/\|title=All Whites Midfielder Ryan Thomas signs new deal after return from injury\|access-date=3 September 2024\|date=3 August 2024\|publisher=Friends of Football NZ\|language=en}}</ref> ==Career statistics== === Club === {{updated\|match played 23 August 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway\|ryan-thomas/215382}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|National Cup{{efn\|Includes [[KNVB Cup]]}} !colspan="2"\|Europe !colspan="2"\|Other !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[WaiBOP United\|Waikato]] \|[[2011–12 New Zealand Football Championship\|2011–12]] \|rowspan="2"\|[[New Zealand Football Championship\|ASB Premiership]] \|13\|\|3\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|3{{efn\|Appearance(s) in [[White Ribbon Cup]]}}\|\|2\|\|16\|\|5 \|- \|[[2012–13 New Zealand Football Championship\|2012–13]] \|5\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|5\|\|1 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !18!!4!!colspan="2"\|—!!colspan="2"\|—!!3!!2!!21!!6 \|- \|rowspan="6"\|[[PEC Zwolle]] \|[[2013–14 Eredivisie\|2013–14]] \|rowspan="5"\|[[Eredivisie]] \|19\|\|1\|\|5\|\|3\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|24\|\|4 \|- \|[[2014–15 Eredivisie\|2014–15]] \|30\|\|3\|\|5\|\|1\|\|2{{efn\|name=UEL\|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}\|\|0\|\|1{{efn\|Appearance(s) in [[Johan Cruyff Shield]]}}\|\|0\|\|38\|\|4 \|- \|[[2015–16 PEC Zwolle season\|2015–16]] \|12\|\|2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|12\|\|2 \|- \|[[2016–17 PEC Zwolle season\|2016–17]] \|31\|\|1\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|33\|\|1 \|- \|[[2017–18 PEC Zwolle season\|2017–18]] \|31\|\|1\|\|3\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|34\|\|1 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !123!!8!!15!!4!!2!!0!!1!!0!!141!!12 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[PSV Eindhoven\|PSV]] \|[[2019–20 PSV Eindhoven season\|2019–20]] \|rowspan="3"\|Eredivisie \|11\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|3{{efn\|name=UEL}}\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|15\|\|2 \|- \|[[2020–21 PSV Eindhoven season\|2020–21]] \|16\|\|1\|\|2\|\|0\|\|6{{efn\|name=UEL}}\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|24\|\|1 \|- \|[[2021–22 PSV Eindhoven season\|2021–22]] \|6\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|3{{efn\|One appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]], two appearances in UEFA Europa League}}\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|9\|\|1 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !33!!4!!3!!0!!12!!0!!colspan="2"\|—!!48!!4 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|PEC Zwolle \|[[2022–23 PEC Zwolle season\|2022–23]] \|[[Eerste Divisie]] \|18\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|19\|\|0 \|- \|[[2023–24 PEC Zwolle season\|2023–24]] \|rowspan=2\|Eredivisie \|7\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|7\|\|0 \|- \|[[2024–25 PEC Zwolle season\|2024–25]] \|17\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|3\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !42!!0!!1!!0!!colspan="2"\|—!!colspan="2"\|—!!29!!0 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career total !201!!16!!19!!4!!14!!0!!4!!2!!238!!22 \|} {{notelist}} ==International career== Thomas made his international debut for [[New Zealand national football team\|New Zealand]] when he played in a 2–4 friendly loss to [[Japan]] in March 2014.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Japan vs New Zealand \|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/05/world/friendlies/japan/new-zealand/1608810/ \|website=Soccerway \|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> He scored his first international goals on 28 March 2017, netting a brace in a 2–0 win over [[Fiji national football team\|Fiji]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11827257\|title=Football: All Whites progress in World Cup qualifying\|website=[[New Zealand Herald]] \|last=Burgess\|first=Michael\|date=28 March 2017\|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> ===International goals=== :''Scores and results list New Zealand's goal tally first.''<ref name="NFT">{{NFT\|54718\|accessdate=}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" ! No !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition \|- \| 1. \|\| rowspan=2 \| 28 March 2017 \|\| rowspan=2 \| [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]] \|\| rowspan=2 \| {{fb\|FIJ}} \|\| align=center \| '''1'''–0 \|\| rowspan = 2 align=center \| 2–0 \|\| rowspan=3 \| [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC third round\|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]] \|- \| 2. \|\| align=center \| '''2'''–0 \|- \| 3. \|\| 1 September 2017 \|\| [[North Harbour Stadium]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand \|\| {{fb\|SOL}} \|\| align=center \| '''4'''–1 \|\| align=center \| 6–1 \|- \|} ==Honours== ===Club=== '''Waikato FC''' [[White Ribbon Cup\|NZF Cup]] runner-up: [[2011–12 NZF Cup\|2011–12]] '''PEC Zwolle''' [[KNVB Cup]]: [[2013–14 KNVB Cup\|2013–14]]; runner-up [[2014–15 KNVB Cup\|2014–15]] [[Johan Cruijff Shield]]: [[Johan Cruijff-schaal XIX\|2014]] ===International=== [[OFC U-20 Championship]]: [[2013 OFC U-20 Championship\|2013]] ===Individual=== * [[Oceania Footballer of the Year]], 2015 * [[IFFHS World Team#Men Team of the Decade (2011–2020)\|IFFHS OFC Men's Team of the Decade]] 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/934 \|title=IFFHS MAN TEAM - OFC - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 \|work=IFFHS \|date=31 January 2021 }}</ref> [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics\|IFFHS]] Oceania Men's Team of All Time: 2021<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1150 \|title=IFFHS ALL TIME OCEANIA MEN'S DREAM TEAM \|publisher=IFFHS \|date=14 June 2021 \|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Soccerway\|ryan-thomas/215382}} * {{WorldFootball.net\|ryan-thomas_3}} * {{FIFA player\|336641\|Ryan Thomas}} {{New Zealand squad 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Ryan}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Te Puke]] [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]] [[Category:Sportspeople from the Bay of Plenty Region]] [[Category:New Zealand men's association footballers]] [[Category:PEC Zwolle players]] [[Category:PSV Eindhoven players]] [[Category:Eredivisie players]] [[Category:New Zealand men's under-20 international footballers]] [[Category:New Zealand men's international footballers]] [[Category:2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:New Zealand expatriate men's association footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands]] [[Category:New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands]] [[Category:21st-century New Zealand sportsmen]]	1,306,712,756	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Full name": "Ryan Jared Thomas", "Date of birth": "20 December 1994", "Place of birth": "Te Puke, New Zealand", "Height": "1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)", "Position(s)": "Midfielder"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2011": "Melville United", "2011\u20132013": "Waikato FC \u00b7 18 \u00b7 (4)", "2013": "Western Suburbs \u00b7 11 \u00b7 (7)", "2013\u20132018": "PEC Zwolle \u00b7 123 \u00b7 (8)", "2018\u20132022": "PSV \u00b7 33 \u00b7 (4)", "2022\u2013": "PEC Zwolle \u00b7 42 \u00b7 (0)"}}, {"title": "International career\u2021", "data": {"2013": "New Zealand U20 \u00b7 11 \u00b7 (2)", "2014\u2013": "New Zealand \u00b7 19 \u00b7 (3)"}}, {"title": "OFC U-20 Championship", "data": {"Winner": "2011 New Zealand"}}, {"title": "New Zealand squad \u2013 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup", "data": {"1 Marinovi\u0107 2 Brotherton 3 Wynne 4 Tzimopoulos 5 Boxall 6 Tuiloma 7 Barbarouses 8 McGlinchey 9 Wood ( c ) 10 Smeltz 11 Rojas 12 Moss 13 Patterson 14 Thomas 15 Lewis 16 Ingham 17 Doyle 18 Colvey 19 Rufer 20 Smith 21 Roux 22 Durante 23 Williams Coach: Hudson": "New Zealand"}}]	false
# Sarkis Hayrapetyan Sarkis Hayrapetyan (Armenian: Սարգիս Հայրապետյանը Sargis Hayrapetyany; born 22 July 1992) is an Armenian figure skater. His father, Samvel Hayrapetyan, is his coach, and his younger brother, Slavik Hayrapetyan, is also a competitive skater. ## Programs \| Season \| Short program \| Free skating \| \| --------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------------------- \| \| 2013–2014 \| - Joda Sen \| - Requiem for a Dream by Clint Mansell - Matrix \| \| 2010–2012 \| - Tchaikovski Remix by Edvin Marton \| - Requiem for a Dream by Clint Mansell - Matrix \| \| 2009–2010 \| - Classical medley \| - Requiem for a Dream by Clint Mansell - Matrix \| \| 2007–2009 \| - The Mask of Zorro by James Horner \| - Pirates of the Caribbean by Klaus Badelt \| ## Competitive highlights JGP: Junior Grand Prix \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| International \| \| Event \| 2004–05 \| 2007–08 \| 2008–09 \| 2009–10 \| 2010–11 \| 2011–12 \| 2012–13 \| 2013–14 \| \| ----------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| Worlds \| \| \| \| 42nd \| 23rd PR \| \| \| \| \| Europeans \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 35th \| \| Bavarian Open \| \| \| \| \| \| 12th \| 21st \| \| \| Gardena \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 11th \| \| \| Ice Challenge \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 16th \| \| New Year's Cup \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1st \| \| Seibt Memorial \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 6th \| \| \| Tallinn Trophy \| \| \| \| \| \| 1st \| \| \| \| Warsaw Cup \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 12th \| \| International: Junior \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Junior Worlds \| \| 40th \| 32nd \| \| \| \| \| \| \| JGP Belarus \| \| \| 25th \| \| \| \| \| \| \| JGP Estonia \| \| \| \| \| \| 11th \| \| \| \| EYOF \| \| \| 16th J. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Dragon Trophy \| \| \| \| \| 5th J. \| \| \| \| \| Toruń Cup \| \| \| \| \| 2nd J. \| \| \| \| \| National \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Armenian \| 3rd \| \| \| \| 2nd \| \| \| \| \| J. = Junior level; PR = Preliminary round \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/31637521	enwiki	31,637,521	Sarkis Hayrapetyan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkis_Hayrapetyan	2025-08-19T12:34:02Z	en	Q28050243	58,015	{{short description\|Armenian figure skater}} {{Infobox figure skater \|name= Sarkis Hayrapetyan \|image= 2011 WFSC 085 Sarkis Hayrapetyan.JPG \|caption= Sarkis Hayrapetyan in 2011 \|native_name= Սարգիս Հայրապետյանը \|native_name_lang= hy \|fullname= \|altname= \|country= [[Armenia]] \|birth_date= {{birth date and age\|1992\|7\|22\|df=yes}} \|birth_place= [[Yerevan]], Armenia \|hometown= \|residence= \|height= {{height\|m=1.77}} \|coach= Samvel Hayrapetyan \|formercoach= \|choreographer= Armine Hayrapetyan, Ekaterina Proskurina \|formerchoreographer= \|skating club= \|former skating club= \|currenttraininglocations= [[Tukums]], Latvia <br> [[Tsaghkadzor]] and [[Yerevan]], Armenia \|formertraininglocations= \|beganskating= 2000 \|retired= \|combined total= 140.93 \|combined date= [[2014 New Year's Cup]] \|SP score= 49.25 \|SP date= [[2012 Bavarian Open Figure Skating]] \|FS score= 99.08 \|FS date= [[2014 New Year's Cup]] }} '''Sarkis Hayrapetyan''' ({{langx\|hy\|Սարգիս Հայրապետյանը}} ''Sargis Hayrapetyany''; born 22 July 1992) is an [[Armenia]]n [[Figure skating\|figure skater]]. His father, Samvel Hayrapetyan, is his coach, and his younger brother, [[Slavik Hayrapetyan]], is also a competitive skater<ref name=ISU-1314/>. == Programs == {\|class=wikitable style=text-align:center ! Season ! [[Short program (figure skating)\|Short program]] ! [[Free skating]] \|- ! 2013–2014 <br> <ref name=ISU-1314/> \| * Joda Sen \| rowspan=3 \| * Requiem for a Dream <br><small> by [[Clint Mansell]] </small> * Matrix \|- ! 2010–2012 <br> <ref name=ISU-1112/><ref name=ISU-1011/> \| * Tchaikovski Remix <br><small> by [[Edvin Marton]] </small> \|- ! 2009–2010 <br> <ref name=ISU-0910/> \| * Classical medley \|- ! 2007–2009 <br> <ref name=ISU-0809/><ref name=ISU-0708/> \| * [[The Mask of Zorro]] <br><small> by [[James Horner]] </small> \| * Pirates of the Caribbean <br><small> by [[Klaus Badelt]] </small> \|} == Competitive highlights == ''JGP: [[ISU Junior Grand Prix\|Junior Grand Prix]]'' {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- ! colspan="9" style="background-color: #ffdead; " align="center" \| '''International'''<ref name=ISU-SH/> \|- ! Event ! 2004–05 ! 2007–08 ! [[2008–09 figure skating season\|2008–09]] ! [[2009–10 figure skating season\|2009–10]] ! [[2010–11 figure skating season\|2010–11]] ! [[2011–12 figure skating season\|2011–12]] ! [[2012–13 figure skating season\|2012–13]] ! [[2013–14 figure skating season\|2013–14]] \|- \| align=left \| [[World Figure Skating Championships\|Worlds]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 42nd \|\| 23rd PR \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[European Figure Skating Championships\|Europeans]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 35th \|- \| align=left \| [[Bavarian Open]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 12th \|\| 21st \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Gardena Spring Trophy\|Gardena]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 11th \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Ice Challenge]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 16th \|- \| align=left \| New Year's Cup \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| bgcolor=gold \| 1st \|- \| align=left \| Seibt Memorial \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 6th \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Tallinn Trophy]] \| \| \| \| \| \| bgcolor="gold" \| 1st \| \| \|- \| align=left \| [[Warsaw Cup]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 12th \|- ! colspan="9" style="background-color: #ffdead; " align="center" \| '''International: Junior'''<ref name=ISU-SH/> \|- \| align=left \| [[World Junior Figure Skating Championships\|Junior Worlds]] \|\| \|\| 40th \|\| 32nd \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| <small>JGP</small> [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Belarus\|Belarus]] \|\| \|\| \|\| 25th \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| <small>JGP</small> [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Estonia\|Estonia]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 11th \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Figure skating at the European Youth Olympic Festival\|EYOF]] \|\| \|\| \|\| 16th J. \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Dragon Trophy]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 5th J. \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| align=left \| [[Toruń Cup]] \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| bgcolor=silver \| 2nd J. \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- ! colspan="9" style="background-color: #ffdead; " align="center" \| '''National'''<ref name=ISU-SH/> \|- \| align=left \| Armenian \|\| bgcolor="cc9966" \| 3rd \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| bgcolor=silver \| 2nd \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| colspan="9" align="center" \| <small> J. = Junior level; PR = Preliminary round </small> \|} == References == {{Reflist\|30em\|refs= <ref name=ISU-SH>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00008775.htm \|title= Competition Results: Sarkis HAYRAPETYAN \|publisher= International Skating Union }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-0708>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|title= Sarkis HAIRAPETYAN: 2007/2008 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080514071250/http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|archivedate= 14 May 2008 }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-0809>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|title= Sarkis HAIRAPETYAN: 2008/2009 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090606061512/http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|archivedate= 6 June 2009 }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-0910>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|title= Sarkis HAYRAPETYAN: 2009/2010 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100526153613/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|archivedate= 26 May 2010 }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-1011>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|title= Sarkis HAYRAPETYAN: 2010/2011 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110816095925/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|archivedate= 16 August 2011 }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-1112>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|title= Sarkis HAYRAPETYAN: 2011/2012 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120926043112/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|archivedate= 26 September 2012 }}</ref> <ref name=ISU-1314>{{cite web \|url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|title= Sarkis HAYRAPETYAN: 2013/2014 \|publisher= International Skating Union \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140621215638/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008775.htm \|archivedate= 21 June 2014 \|url-status= live}}</ref> }} == External links == {{commons category\|Sarkis Hayrapetyan}} {{isu name \| id= 00008775 \| name= Sarkis Hayrapetyan }} [http://www.sport-folio.net/database/person/sarkis-hayrapetyan/results/ Sarkis Hayrapetyan] at sport-folio.net *[http://tracings.net/hair-sark.html Sarkis Hayrapetyan] at Tracings {{DEFAULTSORT:Hayrapetyan, Sarkis}} {{auth}} [[Category:1992 births]] [[Category:Armenian male single skaters]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Yerevan]] {{Armenia-sport-bio-stub}} {{Europe-figure-skating-bio-stub}}	1,306,742,438	[{"title": "Sarkis Hayrapetyan", "data": {"Native name": "\u054d\u0561\u0580\u0563\u056b\u057d \u0540\u0561\u0575\u0580\u0561\u057a\u0565\u057f\u0575\u0561\u0576\u0568", "Born": "22 July 1992 \u00b7 Yerevan, Armenia", "Height": "1.77 m (5 ft 9+1\u20442 in)"}}, {"title": "Figure skating career", "data": {"Country": "Armenia", "Coach": "Samvel Hayrapetyan", "Began skating": "2000"}}]	false
# Wedding reception A wedding reception is a party usually held after the completion of a marriage ceremony as hospitality for those who have attended the wedding, hence the name reception: the couple receive society, in the form of family and friends, for the first time as a married couple. Hosts provide their choice of food and drink, although a wedding cake is popular. Entertaining guests after a wedding ceremony is traditional in most societies, and can last anywhere from half an hour to many hours or even days. Most wedding receptions are made in the evening for dinner; however, the couple may opt for a luncheon, brunch, or even afternoon tea. Ultimately the married couple chooses the details and location of the reception. In some cultures, separate wedding celebrations are held for the bride's and groom's families. Before receptions – a social event that is structured around a receiving line, and usually held in the afternoon, with only light refreshments – became popular, weddings were more typically celebrated with wedding breakfasts (for those whose religious traditions encouraged morning weddings) and wedding balls (for those who were married in the evening). The popularity of receptions, rather than breakfasts, dinners, and balls, during the 20th century led to the name reception being applied to any social event after a wedding, whether it is brunch, tea, dinner, or a dance. ## Western culture ### Location Until after World War II, wedding celebrations were most commonly held in the bride's home, in whatever style of entertainment was within the means of the family. This might be a grand ball for a wealthy family, a luncheon for middle-class families, or an afternoon tea, featuring cake and lemonade, for working-class families. The choice depended primarily on the family's economic situation, and in some cases, mass weddings were favored as a way to share costs. At the beginning of the 20th century, dance halls became common, and were rented by those planning a celebration beyond what their homes could hold. Typical locations for wedding celebrations now include hotel ballrooms, banquet halls, wedding venues, community halls, social halls at the church or other sacred place where the wedding ceremony took place, and, particularly for smaller weddings, restaurants and garden parties at home. There are also many small businesses that specialize in providing places for wedding ceremonies and celebrations. ### Receiving line In a receiving line, newly wedded couple, the hosts, and often their parents and any honour attendants, stand in order of precedence and greet every guest in turn. Each guest greets the first (lowest precedence) person in the line and, if necessary, introduces him/herself. The first person then introduces the guest to the next person in the line, and turns to the next guest. As each guest properly speaks little more than his/her name (if necessary) and conventional greetings or congratulations to each person in turn, the line progresses steadily without unnecessary delays. Western etiquette requires at least one of the hosts and the newly married couple, as the guests of honor, to welcome and greet the guests, but the other members of the wedding party, parents who are not hosting the party, siblings, etc., are not required to stand in the receiving line. It is increasingly common to feature only the couple, since more modern couples host and pay for their own weddings rather than their parents. After formally receiving each guest in this fashion, the receiving line is finished and the people who had been duty-bound to stand in it can mingle with guests, eat, and enjoy more extended conversations. ### Grand entrance Another option, especially popular on the East and West Coast of the United States, is having a grand entrance instead of a receiving line. The grand entrance might involve presenting some or all of the wedding party, the parents, and/or the bride and groom. The wedding party is usually introduced by a master of ceremonies, toastmaster, disc jockey, or band leader. It may be done in the same manner as they walked down the aisle during the wedding ceremony. This is generally much faster than a receiving line and guests may be seated before the arrival of the wedding party. In addition, it can be an event in itself and be as entertaining as wished. Introductions may be accompanied by music and information about each person to introduce them to the guests. However, unlike a reception line, it does not give the guests an opportunity to speak to any of the people being presented. ### Food The food served at a wedding reception is determined by the time of the wedding and local customs. Food may range from a non-alcoholic drink with wedding cake to elaborate, multi-course dinners. The type of food is chosen entirely at the discretion and budget of the hosts as costs for catering weddings have soared. Some receptions, especially if the wedding party's culture or religious faith prohibits alcohol or dancing, focus on dessert. Hosts may also choose to honor regional or local customs, such as by serving a culturally important cake like croquembouche in France, or featuring a cookie table as is celebrated in Pittsburgh and some surrounding areas. The wedding cake is often a multi-tiered layer cake that is elaborately decorated with white frosting. Some couples have a smaller display cake, which is supplemented by sheet cake. The groom's cake is a tradition observed mainly in the southern United States. In the Colonial and Victorian eras, the white-iced bride's cake was considered "too light" for male tastes, and a second cake choice—usually a dark, liquor-soaked fruitcake—was also offered. Today, chocolate is popular, although the groom's cake may be in any flavor and is usually shaped or decorated as something significant to the groom, such as a favorite hobby or sport. If a full meal is served, the wedding cake is usually served after the meal. Otherwise, the cake may be served as soon as the family has received all of the guests. Commonly, the couple ceremonially cut the first piece of the cake, and in a nod to an ancient Roman wedding rite, may feed a bite to one another and perhaps sip a glass of wine or other drink with linked arms. Then the cake is served to the guests. Like being asked to pour tea at a formal tea party, being asked to serve the cake is generally considered an honor.: 428 ### Toasts In most Western countries, either before or after food is served, toasts are made by members of the wedding party, wishing the couple well. Commonly, toasts are proposed by the bride's father, the groom, the best man, and/or the maid of honor, although there is no absolutely required list of people who must make toasts, or indeed any requirement to offer toasts at all. A new trend involves the addition of a DVD slideshow or photo montage video, featuring pictures of the new spouses growing up and meeting. These are created using home movies and photos taken over the couple's life, edited and set to music. The montage is shown either on a large TV or monitor or with an LCD projector. ### Dances If there is dancing, the newly married couple typically open the dancing with their first dance. When waltzing was popular, it was sometimes called a "bridal waltz" to a love song, although other dance styles are more commonly used now. The bride and groom might decide to choose a choreographed dance routine or other forms of dancing, like club, disco or hip hop. Top 40 chart hits becoming an increasingly popular option for the first dance – the most popular first dance song at UK weddings in 2020 is You Got Me Thinking, a soft rock ballad by Joshua Radin. Before the wedding, the newlyweds choose a DJ and agree on a playlist with them. As a rule, the performance of the DJ takes place after the official traditional part. Traditionally, shortly after the dance begins, guests would promptly join in the dancing, in order of precedence, exactly like at any other ball. In very recent times, some families have told guests to not start dancing until after watching a sometimes lengthy sequence of "special" dances. For example, after the first dance, the newly married couple might dance with their parents and/or in-laws. However, there is no requirement that any particular people dance at all, much less with any particular person, and no absolutely required order for the bridal couple, their families, or the bridal party to begin dancing in. ### Entertainment Wedding receptions are often the time when couples want to ensure their family and guests will be entertained, and a variety of options such as disc jockeys, live bands, professional dancers such as ballroom dancers or belly dancers, magicians, fire artists, electric violinists, comedians and more unusual entertainers are brought in to heighten the festivities and make the wedding stand out. Typically, including lavish entertainment at the wedding reception is a luxury. Wedding DJs have been increasing in popularity in modern cultures as has hiring a live band. ### Departure A ceremony is often made of the newlyweds' departure. Rice or birdseed, signifying abundance, may be thrown at the departing couple, with birdseed preferred by facility managers, since it requires less clean up work than rice, and new, mess-free substitutes, such as blowing soap bubbles or ringing small bells being even more favored by the cleaning staff. As the newlyweds are the guests of honor, the other guests are expected to remain at the reception until they leave them, and consequently, it is an imposition on the other guests for the newlyweds to stay unreasonably long at the party. On occasion, the newlyweds will stage an official leave-taking, so that guests feel free to leave, and then quietly return through another door. ### Expense The median cost of a wedding, including both the ceremony and reception, has generally outpaced the rate of inflation. In the United States, as of 2016, the average price is $35,329, steadily rising year over year, as it also has in the UK where the average cost was £25,090, rising roughly 7000 pounds from two years prior. In Australia, the cost is $36,200 (AUD). Approximately 50% of a couple's entire wedding budget is spent on the reception alone. This is primarily due to the cost of food and alcohol. The wedding industry is a huge industry grossing $161 billion annually, according to Rebecca Mead, author of One Perfect Day. ### Other Western traditions and beyond Wedding traditions vary between countries, and between regions of the same country. Some shared traditions include: - The money dance, or "dollar dance". Guests pay a small amount of money to dance with the bride or groom. In some cultures, the money is pinned to a special apron worn by the bride or groom. In others, the money is collected by friends. This is prevalent among Polish and Italian couples, although many other brides and grooms often incorporate it. There is considerable debate about the propriety of a money dance in English-speaking countries, where the practice is frowned upon because making guests pay for dancing or socializing with the bridal couple seems inhospitable, greedy, or distasteful.[19] It is accepted when the couple and the majority of their guests are of one of the cultures in which it is traditional. - Tossing of the bride's bouquet and garter.[9] The bride tosses her bouquet over her shoulder to a group of all the single women present. Whoever catches it is supposed to be the next to get married. Similarly, the groom tosses the bride's garter to the single men after removing it from her leg. On occasion, the bride will "rig" the bouquet toss by tossing the bouquet to a woman who is engaged.[citation needed] The groom then arranges for the fiancé of the bouquet-toss winner to receive the bride's garter.[citation needed] Sometimes, the man who catches the garter is supposed to put it on the leg of the woman who catches the bouquet, or the garter is sold in a raffle instead of being tossed. This tradition is now slightly less common in Western cultures, where some have argued it is old fashioned.[20] - Clinking glasses. Guests will often clink their glasses during dinner to ask the newlyweds to stand up and kiss. Some couples pass out wedding favor bells for guests to ring instead of clinking glasses.[9] - Favors. The hosts may provide a small gift for each guest. Favors may include chocolates, candles, picture frames, or other small gifts. Such favors are not required.[9] ## Chinese traditions ### Gifts Unless the wedding couple has a wedding registry, it is best not to give gifts or gift certificates. For Chinese weddings, cash or a check is the traditional gift. (Traditional Italian weddings similarly include cash gifts.) The check should be in a red envelope or red pocket with the givers' names on it, and it is always given when signing in at the restaurant. In choosing the amount of money to give, givers scrupulously avoid unlucky numbers, such as 4 and favor combinations of lucky numbers, such even numbers, numbers with 8 (homonym with "fortune") and 9 (homonym with "longevity" – as in, may your marriage enjoy longevity). Also, white envelopes are never used to wrap gifts for a wedding or other joyful event, as the color white is associated with death. In addition to the check, in Chinese weddings some elder relatives might also give gold jewelry. ### Timing There are two times listed on the invitation: 恭候 (gōnghòu/greeting) and 入席 (rùxí/reception). Typically, they are at least two hours apart (some may be four hours). The first one is the time the groom and bride, along with their family, will be ready to receive guests and greet them; the second one is the time the reception/banquet will start. The gap between those hours is referred to as entertainment time. Very often, the restaurant will provide poker and mahjong (麻將) for gambling; the time can also be used to socialize with other guests and take photos with the bride/groom and their families. Nowadays, for Chinese couples' weddings in the U.S., you are less likely to see mahjong being played before the banquet; it is often replaced by a cocktail party. However, if the wedding reception takes place in southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, and even parts of Canada (where there is a large Cantonese population), mahjong might still be played before the dinner. ### Signing in Two people will be at the sign-in tables (one from the bride's family and one from the groom's) to register guests and receive gifts/red envelopes. Often, they will have two separate guest lists, one from the groom's side and one from the bride's. Then the best man and the maid of honor will direct ushers to escort guests to their seat. ### Banquet procedure Typically, the banquet will include a speech from the parents, the best man, the maid of honor, and the guest speaker. There will be cake cutting, toasts, a tea ceremony, and dancing. The two tables at the center of the room are for the groom's and bride's families. ### Traditions A Chinese wedding reception typically has nine or ten courses. Expensive dishes such as shark fin, abalone, lobster, jumbo shrimp, squab, sea bass, or sea cucumber are common on a wedding banquet menu. A whole fish, chicken, or pig means luck and completeness in Chinese wedding culture. Traditionally, after the fifth dish of the dinner, the groom and bride and their families will approach each table to toast the guests. Very often, the bride will change into a traditional Chinese red wedding dress (鳳褂, or qípáo) at that time, if she has been wearing a different style of clothing before. ## Gallery The decorations vary by culture and budget. - Modern reception in Vietnam - An elaborate wedding reception in 1894 in Australia - This wedding reception was held outdoors. - Wedding reception in 2019 in Bangladesh	enwiki/38942	enwiki	38,942	Wedding reception	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_reception	2025-08-20T14:30:48Z	en	Q1190070	165,771	{{short description\|Party after a wedding}} {{Redirect\|Wedding party\|\|The Wedding Party (disambiguation){{!}}The Wedding Party}} {{Globalize\|date=July 2015}} [[File:A Boyar Wedding Feast (Konstantin Makovsky, 1883) Google Cultural Institute.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.25\|Wedding reception in 17th-century [[tsardom of Russia\|Russia]] by [[Konstantin Makovsky]]]] [[File:Wedding dance of Azerbaijanian couple.jpg\|thumb\|Wedding dance of an [[Azerbaijan]]i married couple]] A '''wedding reception''' is a [[party]] usually held after the completion of a [[marriage]] ceremony as hospitality for those who have attended the [[wedding]], hence the name reception: the couple ''receive'' society, in the form of family and friends, for the first time as a married couple. Hosts provide their choice of food and drink, although a [[wedding cake]] is popular. Entertaining guests after a wedding ceremony is traditional in most societies, and can last anywhere from half an hour to many hours or even days. Most wedding receptions are made in the evening for dinner; however, the couple may opt for a luncheon, brunch, or even afternoon tea.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Anna\|date=December 5, 2016\|url=https://www.modwedding.com/2016/12/plan-wedding-reception/\|title=Step-by-Step Guide: How to Plan a Wedding Reception\|website=MODwedding\|access-date=October 29, 2018\|archive-date=October 29, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191608/https://www.modwedding.com/2016/12/plan-wedding-reception/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately the married couple chooses the details and location of the reception. In some cultures, separate wedding celebrations are held for the [[bride]]'s and [[groom]]'s families. Before receptions – a [[social event]] that is structured around a receiving line, and usually held in the afternoon, with only light refreshments – became popular, weddings were more typically celebrated with wedding [[brunch\|breakfasts]] (for those whose religious traditions encouraged morning weddings) and wedding [[Ball (dance)\|balls]] (for those who were married in the evening). The popularity of receptions, rather than breakfasts, dinners, and balls, during the 20th century led to the name ''reception'' being applied to any social event after a wedding, whether it is brunch, tea, dinner, or a dance. ==Western culture== ===Location=== [[File:Royal Palace Banquet Hall.jpg\|thumb\|Banquet hall being used for wedding reception]] Until after World War II, wedding celebrations were most commonly held in the bride's home, in whatever style of entertainment was within the means of the family.<ref>{{cite book \|author=McBee, Randy D. \|title=Dance hall days: intimacy and leisure among working-class immigrants in the United States \|publisher=New York University Press \|location=New York \|year=2000 \|pages=222–228 \|isbn=0-8147-5620-4 }}</ref> This might be a grand [[ball (dance)\|ball]] for a wealthy family, a luncheon for middle-class families, or an afternoon tea, featuring cake and lemonade, for working-class families. The choice depended primarily on the family's economic situation, and in some cases, [[mass wedding]]s were favored as a way to share costs. At the beginning of the 20th century, [[dance hall]]s became common, and were rented by those planning a celebration beyond what their homes could hold.<ref>{{cite book \|first1=Ryan A. \|last1=Brasseaux \|first2=Bienvenu \|last2=Marcelle \|first3=Brasseaux \|last3=Carl A. \|title=Stir the pot: the history of Cajun cuisine \|publisher=Hippocrene Books \|location=New York \|year=2005 \|page=104 \|isbn=0-7818-1120-1 }}</ref> Typical locations for wedding celebrations now include hotel ballrooms, [[banquet halls]], wedding venues, community halls, social halls at the church or other sacred place where the wedding ceremony took place, and, particularly for smaller weddings, restaurants and [[garden parties]] at home. There are also many small businesses that specialize in providing places for wedding ceremonies and celebrations. ===Receiving line=== <!-- "Receiving line" redirects here --> {{Unreferenced section\|date=April 2024}} In a receiving line, newly wedded couple, the hosts, and often their parents and any honour attendants, stand in [[order of precedence]] and greet every guest in turn.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Everything You Need to Know About Receiving Lines at Weddings \|url=https://www.brides.com/story/wedding-receiving-line-etiquette \|access-date=2024-09-04 \|website=Brides \|language=en}}</ref> Each guest greets the first (lowest precedence) person in the line and, if necessary, introduces him/herself. The first person then introduces the guest to the next person in the line, and turns to the next guest. As each guest properly speaks little more than his/her name (if necessary) and conventional greetings or congratulations to each person in turn, the line progresses steadily without unnecessary delays. Western etiquette requires at least one of the hosts and the newly married couple, as the guests of honor, to welcome and greet the guests, but the other members of the wedding party, parents who are not hosting the party, siblings, etc., are not required to stand in the receiving line. It is increasingly common to feature only the couple, since more modern couples host and pay for their own weddings rather than their parents. After formally receiving each guest in this fashion, the receiving line is finished and the people who had been duty-bound to stand in it can mingle with guests, eat, and enjoy more extended conversations. ===Grand entrance=== Another option, especially popular on the East and West Coast of the United States, is having a grand entrance instead of a receiving line.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Choosing Between A Grand Entrance And Receiving Line\|url=http://www.belvederebanquets.com/choosing-between-a-grand-entrance-and-receiving-line/\|author=Jodi Curry\|website=Belvedere\|date=15 October 2014\|access-date=6 July 2015\|archive-date=4 March 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230513/http://www.belvederebanquets.com/choosing-between-a-grand-entrance-and-receiving-line/\|url-status=live}}</ref> The grand entrance might involve presenting some or all of the wedding party, the parents, and/or the bride and groom. The wedding party is usually introduced by a [[master of ceremonies]], [[toastmaster]], [[disc jockey]], or band leader. It may be done in the same manner as they walked down the aisle during the wedding ceremony. This is generally much faster than a receiving line and guests may be seated before the arrival of the wedding party. In addition, it can be an event in itself and be as entertaining as wished. Introductions may be accompanied by music and information about each person to introduce them to the guests. However, unlike a reception line, it does not give the guests an opportunity to speak to any of the people being presented. ===Food=== {{See also\|Wedding breakfast}} [[File:MomDadwedding1955 photos.jpg\|thumb\|The bride and groom cut the wedding cake at an American wedding reception in 1955.]] The food served at a wedding reception is determined by the time of the wedding and local customs. Food may range from a non-alcoholic drink with [[wedding cake]] to elaborate, multi-course dinners. The type of food is chosen entirely at the discretion and budget of the hosts as costs for catering weddings have soared.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://go.weddingwire.com/newlywed-report\|title=Wedding costs on the rise\|work=[[Wedding Wire (magazine)\|Wedding Wire]]\|author=Thelma Louise\|date=2020-06-11\|access-date=10 June 2020\|archive-date=2020-06-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626175102/https://go.weddingwire.com/newlywed-report\|url-status=live}}</ref> Some receptions, especially if the wedding party's culture or religious faith prohibits alcohol or dancing, focus on dessert. Hosts may also choose to honor regional or local customs, such as by serving a culturally important cake like [[croquembouche]] in France, or featuring a [[cookie table]]<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://nationalpost.com/appetizer/in-pittsburgh-the-wedding-cookie-table-is-a-peculiar-and-wonderful-local-tradition\|title=In Pittsburgh, the wedding cookie table is a peculiar and wonderful local tradition {{!}} National Post\|last=Appetizer\|newspaper=Nationalpost\|date=2013-11-30\|language=en-CA\|access-date=2020-01-18\|archive-date=2022-05-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524034438/https://nationalpost.com/appetizer/in-pittsburgh-the-wedding-cookie-table-is-a-peculiar-and-wonderful-local-tradition\|url-status=live}}</ref> as is celebrated in [[Pittsburgh]]<ref>{{cite news \|author= Lieber, Ron \|title= The Wedding? I'm Here for the Cookies \|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/dining/16cookies.html?em \|newspaper= [[The New York Times]] \|date= 15 December 2009 \|access-date= 26 February 2017 \|archive-date= 2 February 2017 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170202165348/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/dining/16cookies.html?em \|url-status= live }}</ref> and some surrounding areas. The wedding cake is often a multi-tiered [[layer cake]] that is elaborately decorated with white frosting. Some couples have a smaller display cake, which is supplemented by [[sheet cake]]. The [[groom's cake]] is a tradition observed mainly in the southern United States. In the Colonial and Victorian eras, the white-iced bride's cake was considered "too light" for male tastes, and a second cake choice—usually a dark, liquor-soaked fruitcake—was also offered. Today, chocolate is popular, although the groom's cake may be in any flavor and is usually shaped or decorated as something significant to the groom, such as a favorite hobby or sport. If a full meal is served, the wedding cake is usually served after the meal. Otherwise, the cake may be served as soon as the family has received all of the guests. Commonly, the couple ceremonially cut the first piece of the cake, and in a nod to [[confarreatio\|an ancient Roman wedding rite]], may feed a bite to one another and perhaps sip a glass of wine or other drink with linked arms. Then the cake is served to the guests. Like being asked to pour tea at a formal [[tea party (social gathering)\|tea party]], being asked to serve the cake is generally considered an honor.<ref name=Martin1/>{{rp\|428}} ===Toasts=== {{Main\|Toast (honor)}} In most [[Western culture\|Western]] countries, either before or after food is served, toasts are made by members of the wedding party, wishing the couple well. Commonly, toasts are proposed by the [[bride]]'s father, the [[bridegroom\|groom]], the [[best man]], and/or the [[maid of honor]], although there is no absolutely required list of people who must make toasts, or indeed any requirement to offer toasts at all.<ref name=Martin1/> A new trend involves the addition of a DVD slideshow or [[photo montage]] video, featuring pictures of the new spouses growing up and meeting. These are created using [[home movies]] and photos taken over the couple's life, edited and set to music. The montage is shown either on a large TV or monitor or with an [[LCD projector]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.brides.com/story/wedding-projector-ideas\|title=Wedding Projector Ideas That Aren't At All Cheesy\|work=[[Brides (magazine)\|Brides]]\|author=Stefania Sainato\|date=2017-06-11\|access-date=10 June 2017\|archive-date=2017-06-11\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611050813/http://www.brides.com/story/wedding-projector-ideas\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Dances=== [[File:"A Goral Wedding" at Dom Ludowy Theatre - bride and groom dancing.jpg\|thumb\|"A [[Gorals]]' Wedding" – bride and groom dance]] [[File:Armenian Wedding, Bride's Dance.jpg\|thumb\|Armenian Wedding, Bride's Dance]] If there is dancing, the newly married couple typically open the dancing with their [[first dance]].<ref name=Martin1 /> When [[waltz]]ing was popular, it was sometimes called a "bridal waltz" to a love song, although other dance styles are more commonly used now. The bride and groom might decide to choose a choreographed dance routine or other forms of dancing, like club, disco or hip hop. Top 40 chart hits becoming an increasingly popular option for the first dance – the most popular first dance song at UK weddings in 2020 is [[You Got Me Thinking]], a soft rock ballad by [[Joshua Radin]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hitched.co.uk/wedding-planning/entertainment/wedding-songs-2020/\|title=Most popular wedding first dance songs of 2020\|author1=Helen Pye \|publisher=HitchKnow\|access-date=2020-06-16\|archive-date=2020-06-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616150630/https://www.hitched.co.uk/wedding-planning/entertainment/wedding-songs-2020/\|url-status=deviated <!-- the page is live as of 21 March 2025, but it's updated from time to time to keep it current and is no longer a source for 2020. -->}}</ref> Before the wedding, the newlyweds choose a DJ and agree on a playlist with them.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.brides.com/story/what-to-tell-your-wedding-dj\|title=5 Things on Your Checklist to Tell Your Wedding DJ\|last=Mitchell\|first=Elizabeth\|date=November 3, 2022\|website=Brides\|access-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref> As a rule, the performance of the DJ takes place after the official traditional part.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Sandy Malone\|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/5-tips-for-getting-the-most_b_2649718\|title=5 Tips For Getting The Most Out Of Your Wedding DJ\|date=2013-02-08\|work=HuffPost\|access-date=April 10, 2013\|archive-date=2019-12-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226001509/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/5-tips-for-getting-the-most_b_2649718\|url-status=live}}</ref> Traditionally, shortly after the dance begins, guests would promptly join in the dancing, in [[order of precedence]], exactly like at any other [[ball (dance)\|ball]].<ref name=Martin1/> In very recent times, some families have told guests to not start dancing until after watching a sometimes lengthy sequence of "special" dances.<ref name=Martin1/> For example, after the first dance, the newly married couple might dance with their parents and/or in-laws. However, there is no requirement that any particular people dance at all, much less with any particular person, and no absolutely required order for the bridal couple, their families, or the bridal party to begin dancing in.<ref>^ Martin, Judith (1995). ''Miss Manners on Painfully Proper Weddings'' New York: Crown Publishers. p. 126. {{ISBN\|978-0517701874}}.</ref> ===Entertainment=== [[File:wedding breakfast entertainment arp.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Entertainment at an English wedding reception. The organisers have hired two [[opera]] singers to sing [[aria]]s during the meal for the entertainment of the guests. The mother of the [[groom]] is being [[serenade]]d.]] Wedding receptions are often the time when couples want to ensure their family and guests will be entertained, and a variety of options such as disc jockeys, live bands, professional dancers such as ballroom dancers or [[Belly dancing\|belly dancers]], magicians, fire artists, electric violinists, comedians and more unusual entertainers are brought in to heighten the festivities and make the wedding stand out. Typically, including lavish entertainment at the wedding reception is a luxury. Wedding DJs have been increasing in popularity in modern cultures as has hiring a live band.<ref>{{cite web \| last=Lindholm \| first=Erin \| title=The Great Debate: Choosing a Band Versus a DJ at Your Wedding \| website=Brides \| date=January 16, 2023 \| url=https://www.brides.com/choosing-band-vs-dj-wedding-music-6829027 \| access-date=July 29, 2025}}</ref> ===Departure=== A ceremony is often made of the newlyweds' departure. Rice or birdseed, signifying abundance, may be thrown at the departing couple, with birdseed preferred by facility managers, since it requires less clean up work than rice, and new, mess-free substitutes, such as blowing [[soap bubble]]s or ringing small bells being even more favored by the cleaning staff.<ref name=Martin1 /> As the newlyweds are the guests of honor, the other guests are expected to remain at the reception until they leave them, and consequently, it is an imposition on the other guests for the newlyweds to stay unreasonably long at the party.<ref name=Martin1 /> On occasion, the newlyweds will stage an official leave-taking, so that guests feel free to leave, and then quietly return through another door. ===Expense=== [[File:Formal Black Tie Wedding Reception.png\|thumb\|alt=A black tie wedding reception held at the Society Room in Hartford, Connecticut.\|A [[black tie]] wedding reception held at the Society Room in [[Hartford, Connecticut]]]] The [[median]] cost of a wedding, including both the ceremony and reception, has generally outpaced the rate of inflation. In the United States, as of 2016, the average price is $35,329, steadily rising year over year, as it also has in the UK where the average cost was £25,090,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hitched.co.uk/wedding-planning/organising-and-planning/the-average-wedding-cost-in-the-uk-revealed/\|title=How Much Does a Wedding Cost? The UK Average Revealed\|website=hitched.co.uk\|language=en\|access-date=2020-01-18\|archive-date=2020-04-29\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429124016/https://www.hitched.co.uk/wedding-planning/organising-and-planning/the-average-wedding-cost-in-the-uk-revealed/\|url-status=live}}</ref> rising roughly 7000 pounds<ref name=":0" /> from two years prior. In Australia, the cost is $36,200 (AUD). Approximately 50% of a couple's entire wedding budget is spent on the reception alone. This is primarily due to the cost of food and alcohol.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.brightweddingideas.com/receptions.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708094128/http://www.brightweddingideas.com/receptions.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2011-07-08\|title=Wedding Receptions\|website=BrightWeddingIdeas.com}}</ref> The wedding industry is a huge industry grossing $161 billion annually, according to Rebecca Mead, author of ''One Perfect Day''.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The wedding-industrial complex\|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0608/p08s01-comv.html\|website=Christian Science Monitor\|access-date=4 June 2016\|page=8\|date=8 June 2007\|archive-date=15 April 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123927/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0608/p08s01-comv.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Other Western traditions and beyond=== Wedding traditions vary between countries, and between regions of the same country. Some shared traditions include: [[Image:Mauritanian wedding party.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Dancing guests at a wedding party in [[Mauritania]]]] [[Image:East Timor hakka wedding.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Ethnic [[Hakka people]] in a wedding in [[East Timor]], 2006]] * ''The [[money dance]], or "dollar dance".'' Guests pay a small amount of money to dance with the bride or groom. In some cultures, the money is pinned to a special apron worn by the bride or groom. In others, the money is collected by friends. This is prevalent among Polish and Italian couples, although many other brides and grooms often incorporate it. There is considerable debate about the propriety of a money dance in English-speaking countries, where the practice is frowned upon because making guests pay for dancing or socializing with the bridal couple seems inhospitable, greedy, or distasteful.<ref name="isbn0-393-06914-1">{{cite book \|author1=Martin, Judith \|author2=Jacobina Martin \|title=Miss Manners' Guide to a Surprisingly Dignified Wedding \|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company \|location=New York \|year=2010 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/missmannersguide0000mart_a1u6/page/273 273–274] \|isbn=978-0-393-06914-3 \|url=https://archive.org/details/missmannersguide0000mart_a1u6/page/273 }}</ref> It is accepted when the couple and the majority of their guests are of one of the cultures in which it is traditional. * ''Tossing of the bride's [[Flower bouquet\|bouquet]] and [[Garter (stockings)\|garter]].''<ref name=Martin1/> The bride tosses her bouquet over her shoulder to a group of all the single women present. Whoever catches it is supposed to be the next to get married. Similarly, the groom tosses the bride's garter to the single men after removing it from her leg. On occasion, the bride will "rig" the bouquet toss by tossing the bouquet to a woman who is engaged.{{citation needed\|date=February 2021}} The groom then arranges for the fiancé of the bouquet-toss winner to receive the bride's garter.{{citation needed\|date=February 2021}} Sometimes, the man who catches the garter is supposed to put it on the leg of the woman who catches the bouquet, or the garter is sold in a [[raffle]] instead of being tossed. This tradition is now slightly less common in Western cultures, where some have argued it is old fashioned.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theknot.com/content/reasons-to-skip-bouquet-toss\|title=Why It Might Be Time to Nix the Bouquet and Garter Toss\|author=Maggie Seaver\|website=The Knot\|access-date=2019-07-07\|archive-date=2019-07-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707202829/https://www.theknot.com/content/reasons-to-skip-bouquet-toss\|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''Clinking glasses.'' Guests will often clink their glasses during dinner to ask the newlyweds to stand up and kiss. Some couples pass out [[wedding favor]] bells for guests to ring instead of [[clinking glasses]].<ref name=Martin1 /> * ''Favors.'' The hosts may provide a small gift for each guest. Favors may include chocolates, candles, picture frames, or other small gifts. Such favors are not required.<ref name=Martin1/> ==Chinese traditions== ===Gifts=== [[File:Rully and Nenden Wedding Party 2022.jpg\|alt=A typical wedding ceremony in Indonesia, complete with an orchestra on a stage. The audience is allowed to request a song to be sung by the orchestra, or they can come up to the stage and sing the song they want.\|thumb\|A typical wedding ceremony in [[Indonesia]], complete with an orchestra on a stage, 2022. The audience is allowed to request a song to be sung by the orchestra, or they can come up to the stage and sing the song they want.]] Unless the wedding couple has a wedding registry, it is best not to give gifts or gift certificates. For Chinese weddings, cash or a check is the traditional gift. (Traditional Italian weddings similarly include cash gifts.) The check should be in a [[red envelope]] or red pocket with the givers' names on it, and it is always given when signing in at the restaurant. In choosing the amount of money to give, givers scrupulously avoid [[Numbers in Chinese culture\|unlucky numbers, such as 4]] and favor combinations of lucky numbers, such even numbers, numbers with 8 (homonym with "fortune") and 9 (homonym with "longevity" – as in, may your marriage enjoy longevity). Also, white envelopes are never used to wrap gifts for a wedding or other joyful event, as the color white is associated with death. In addition to the check, in Chinese weddings some elder relatives might also give gold jewelry. ===Timing=== There are two times listed on the invitation: 恭候 (gōnghòu/greeting) and 入席 (rùxí/reception). Typically, they are at least two hours apart (some may be four hours). The first one is the time the groom and bride, along with their family, will be ready to receive guests and greet them; the second one is the time the reception/banquet will start. The gap between those hours is referred to as entertainment time. Very often, the restaurant will provide poker and [[mahjong]] (麻將) for gambling; the time can also be used to socialize with other guests and take photos with the bride/groom and their families. Nowadays, for Chinese couples' weddings in the U.S., you are less likely to see mahjong being played before the banquet; it is often replaced by a cocktail party.{{Citation needed\|date=July 2015}} However, if the wedding reception takes place in southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, and even parts of Canada (where there is a large Cantonese population), mahjong might still be played before the dinner. ===Signing in=== [[File:Marriage reception desk in Thailand.JPG\|thumb\|Gifts of money may be placed in a special box at the sign-in table.]] Two people will be at the sign-in tables (one from the bride's family and one from the groom's) to register guests and receive gifts/red envelopes. Often, they will have two separate guest lists, one from the groom's side and one from the bride's. Then the best man and the maid of honor will direct ushers to escort guests to their seat. ===Banquet procedure=== Typically, the banquet will include a speech from the parents, the best man, the maid of honor, and the guest speaker. There will be cake cutting, toasts, a [[tea ceremony]],<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Nathan\|first1=Sherman\|title=גני אירועים בשרון\|url=http://www.odeon.co.il/swita/\|website=Odeon\|access-date=4 June 2016\|page=9\|language=he-IL\|date=14 January 2007\|archive-date=8 June 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608115425/http://www.odeon.co.il/swita/\|url-status=live}}</ref> and dancing. The two tables at the center of the room are for the groom's and bride's families. ===Traditions=== A Chinese wedding reception typically has nine or ten courses. Expensive dishes such as [[shark fin soup\|shark fin]], abalone, lobster, jumbo shrimp, squab, sea bass, or [[sea cucumber]] are common on a wedding banquet menu. A whole fish, chicken, or pig means luck and completeness in Chinese wedding culture. Traditionally, after the fifth dish of the dinner, the groom and bride and their families will approach each table to toast the guests. Very often, the bride will change into a traditional Chinese red wedding dress (鳳褂, or ''[[Cheongsam\|qípáo]]'') at that time, if she has been wearing a different style of clothing before. ==Gallery== The decorations vary by culture and budget. <gallery> File:Vietnamese wedding reception.jpg\|Modern reception in Vietnam File:StateLibQld 1 116464 Ready for the wedding reception to begin, Merthyr, 1894.jpg\|An elaborate wedding reception in 1894 in Australia File:The Holmes, Churchill Hall - geograph.org.uk - 133650.jpg\|This wedding reception was held outdoors. File:Decoration of a marriage festival at a party center in Dhaka (1).jpg\|Wedding reception in 2019 in Bangladesh </gallery> ==See also== {{commons category\|Wedding banquets}} *[[White wedding]] ==References== {{reflist\|refs= <ref name=Martin1>{{cite book\|author=Martin, Judith\|title=Miss Manners' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior\|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co\|location=New York\|year=2005\|isbn=0-393-05874-3}}</ref> }} {{Parties}} {{Wedding}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wedding Reception}} [[Category:Wedding]] [[Category:Parties]] [[Category:Wedding industry\|Reception]]	1,306,930,947	[]	false
# Tyler Blackburn Tyler Jordon Blackburn (born October 12, 1986) is an American actor, singer and model. He is best known for playing Caleb Rivers on the hit Freeform series Pretty Little Liars and its spin-off, Ravenswood. He most recently starred as Alex Manes in The CW series Roswell, New Mexico (2019–2022). ## Early life Blackburn was born in Burbank, California. He has one older sister and three younger brothers. Blackburn has a 4 inch long scar on his left shoulder. This was caused due to the removal of a benign bone tumor at the age of 10. ## Career ### Acting Blackburn began performing in 2004 and appeared on the series Unfabulous on Nickelodeon. In the following year he was a teacher in the short film The Doers of Coming Deeds. In 2008, he made a cameo in the film Next of Kin. In 2009, Blackburn appeared in Cold Case and Rockville CA, a webseries launched by Josh Schwartz. In 2010, he appeared on Days of Our Lives, Gigantic, and was also in the independent film Peach Plum Pear. In October 2010, Blackburn was cast in a recurring role as Caleb Rivers in the television series Pretty Little Liars. He was upgraded to series regular for the third season starting in the summer of 2012. Blackburn also starred as Pete in the six-episode web series Wendy, a project developed by Alloy Entertainment and Macy's that was based on Peter Pan which premiered on September 15, 2011. In 2012, he starred in drama Hiding alongside Ana Villafañe, Jeremy Sumpter, Dean Armstrong and Dan Payne. In May 2013, it was announced that Blackburn would star in the 2013 Pretty Little Liars' spin-off Ravenswood. In March 2018, Blackburn joined the cast of The CW series Roswell, New Mexico as Alex Manes, a character initially introduced as a love interest to Michael Vlamis's Michael Guerin. Blackburn remained a series regular on the show during its four-season run until it ended in 2022. ### Music For his role in Alloy Entertainment web series Wendy, Blackburn recorded Golden State's "Save Me" to be used as the show's theme song, which was released on August 15, 2011. He recorded "Find a Way" in 2012 for the then ABC Family (now renamed Freeform) show, The Secret Life of the American Teenager. The song was also featured on ABC Family's other shows, including The Fosters and Pretty Little Liars, the latter of which Blackburn starred on. Subsequently, Blackburn released an extended play titled "Find My Way - EP" in 2013 which was released on Apple Music. Blackburn has also recorded several songs with Novi, including a feature on Novi's song titled "Can't Love Me". The song was then featured in the twelfth episode of Roswell, New Mexico. on which Blackburn starred on during its four-season run. Blackburn also performed a song called "Would You Come Home" on the thirteenth episode of season two of Roswell, New Mexico as his character, Alex Manes. ## Personal life Blackburn publicly came out as bisexual on April 19, 2019 through an interview with The Advocate. ## Filmography ### Film \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ------------------------- \| ---------------------- \| --------------- \| \| 2006 \| The Doers of Coming Deeds \| Solly Katz \| Short film \| \| 2008 \| Next of Kin \| French Student \| \| \| 2010 \| The Tudor Tutor \| Toby \| Short film \| \| 2011 \| Peach Plum Pear \| Jesse Pratt \| \| \| 2012 \| Hiding \| Jesse \| Direct-to-video \| \| 2013 \| You & Me \| Young William \| Short film \| \| 2016 \| Love Is All You Need? \| Ryan Morris \| \| \| 2017 \| Hello Again \| Jack (The Young Thing) \| \| ### Television \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --------- \| ---------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| 2006 \| Unfabulous \| Nathan \| 2 episodes \| \| 2009 \| Cold Case \| Jeff Feldman / Foster \| Episode: "Witness Protection" \| \| 2010 \| Days of Our Lives \| Ian \| 17 episodes \| \| 2010 \| Gigantic \| Echo \| Episode: "Bye Bye Baby" \| \| 2011–2017 \| Pretty Little Liars \| Caleb Rivers \| Recurring role (seasons 1–2), main role (seasons 3–7); 124 episodes \| \| 2013–2014 \| Ravenswood \| Caleb Rivers / Original Caleb \| Main role \| \| 2019–2022 \| Roswell, New Mexico \| Alex Manes \| Main role \| \| 2019 \| Charmed \| Viralis \| Episode: "Surrender" \| \| 2019 \| Capsized: Blood in the Water \| Brad Cavanagh \| Television film \| ### Web \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ------------ \| ------- \| --------------------- \| \| 2009 \| Rockville CA \| Spencer \| Episode: "Shoegazed" \| \| 2011 \| Wendy \| Pete \| Main role; 9 episodes \| ## Discography ### Extended play \| Title \| EP details \| \| ---------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Find a Way \| - Released: November 5, 2013 - Formats: Digital download - Label: International Family Entertainment \| ### Singles #### As main artist \| Title \| Year \| Album \| \| --------------------- \| ---- \| ------------------ \| \| "Find a Way" \| 2012 \| Find a Way \| \| "Would You Come Home" \| 2020 \| Roswell New Mexico \| #### As featured artist \| Title \| Year \| Album \| \| ------------------------------------------------ \| ---- \| ---------------- \| \| "Long Day" (Novi featuring Tyler Blackburn) \| 2017 \| Non-album single \| \| "Can't Love Me" (Novi featuring Tyler Blackburn) \| 2019 \| Non-album single \| #### Promotional singles \| Title \| Year \| Album \| \| -------------------------------------- \| ---- \| ----------------------------- \| \| "Hard to Forget" (with Anabel Englund) \| 2012 \| Find a Way and Anabel Englund \| ### Music videos \| Title \| Year \| Other artist(s) \| Director(s) \| Ref. \| \| As main artist \| As main artist \| As main artist \| As main artist \| As main artist \| \| ------------------ \| -------------- \| --------------- \| ---------------- \| -------------- \| \| "Save Me" \| 2011 \| — \| Unknown \| \| \| "Hard to Forget" \| 2012 \| Anabel Englund \| Hannah Lux Davis \| \| \| As featured artist \| \| \| \| \| \| "Long Day" \| 2017 \| Novi \| Quinn Starr \| \| ## Awards and nominations \| Year \| Award \| Category \| Nominated work \| Result \| Refs \| \| ---- \| ------------------ \| ------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------- \| --------- \| ---- \| \| 2014 \| Teen Choice Awards \| Choice Summer TV Star: Male \| Pretty Little Liars \| Won \| \| \| 2015 \| Teen Choice Awards \| Choice Summer TV Star: Male \| Pretty Little Liars \| Won \| \| \| 2016 \| Teen Choice Awards \| Choice TV Actor: Drama \| Pretty Little Liars \| Nominated \| \| \| 2016 \| Teen Choice Awards \| Choice TV: Chemistry (shared with: Ashley Benson) \| Pretty Little Liars \| Won \| \|	enwiki/30974716	enwiki	30,974,716	Tyler Blackburn	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Blackburn	2025-04-04T21:32:32Z	en	Q932636	99,552	{{Short description\|American actor, singer and model}} {{Infobox person \| name = Tyler Blackburn \| image = Tyler Blackburn-002 (25576681706).jpg \| caption = Tyler Blackburn in 2016 \| birth_name = Tyler Jordon Blackburn \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1986\|10\|12}} \| birth_place = [[Burbank, California]], U.S. \| occupation = {{hlist\|Actor\|singer\|model}} \| yearsactive = 2002–present \| website = }} '''Tyler Jordon Blackburn''' (born October 12, 1986<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.hollywood.com/celebrities/tyler-blackburn-58453978/ \|title=Tyler Blackburn \|website=Hollywood.com \|access-date=April 30, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620181503/http://www.hollywood.com/celebrities/tyler-blackburn-58453978/\|archive-date=June 20, 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is an American actor, singer and model. He is best known for playing [[List of Pretty Little Liars characters#Caleb Rivers\|Caleb Rivers]] on the hit [[Freeform (TV channel)\|Freeform]] series ''[[Pretty Little Liars]]'' and its spin-off, ''[[Ravenswood (TV series)\|Ravenswood]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Neha Gandhi\|url=http://www.seventeen.com/entertainment/features/tyler-blackburn-interview\|title=Exclusive Interview: PLL's Tyler Blackburn\|work=[[Seventeen (American magazine)\|Seventeen]]\|access-date=June 10, 2013\|date=2011-02-22}}</ref> He most recently starred as Alex Manes in [[The CW]] series ''[[Roswell, New Mexico (TV series)\|Roswell, New Mexico]]'' (2019–2022). ==Early life== Blackburn was born in Burbank, California.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2107620/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm {{User-generated source\|certain=yes\|date=March 2022}}</ref> He has one older sister and three younger brothers.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Erica\|url=http://beta.abcfamily.go.com/shows/pretty-little-liars/blogs/Season-3/live-chat-tyler-blackburn-pretty-little-liars?page=2\|title=Pretty Little Liars - Fan Q&A With Tyler Blackburn\|publisher=ABC Family\|access-date=June 10, 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215091136/http://beta.abcfamily.go.com/shows/pretty-little-liars/blogs/Season-3/live-chat-tyler-blackburn-pretty-little-liars?page=2\|archive-date=February 15, 2013}}</ref> Blackburn has a 4 inch long scar on his left shoulder. This was caused due to the removal of a benign bone tumor at the age of 10.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://www.maxim.com/style/outfitted-tyler-blackburn \|title = Outfitted: Tyler Blackburn\| date=4 June 2015 }} </ref> ==Career== ===Acting=== Blackburn began performing in 2004 and appeared on the series ''[[Unfabulous]]'' on [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)\|Nickelodeon]]. In the following year he was a teacher in the short film ''The Doers of Coming Deeds''. In 2008, he made a cameo in the film ''Next of Kin''. In 2009, Blackburn appeared in ''[[Cold Case]]'' and ''Rockville CA'', a webseries launched by [[Josh Schwartz]]. In 2010, he appeared on ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'', ''[[Gigantic (TV series)\|Gigantic]]'', and was also in the independent film ''Peach Plum Pear''.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Natalie Alcala\|url=http://bullettmedia.com/article/tyler-blackburn/\|title=Tyler Blackburn on 'Pretty Little Liars,' Female Fans, & His Soap Opera Past\|website=Bullettmedia.com\|date=December 3, 2012\|access-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref> In October 2010, Blackburn was cast in a recurring role as Caleb Rivers in the television series ''[[Pretty Little Liars]]''.<ref name=pllcasting>{{cite news\|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2010/10/pretty-little-liars-troian-bellisario-ashley-benson-shay-mitchell-on-new-bad-boy-caleb.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011080217/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2010/10/pretty-little-liars-troian-bellisario-ashley-benson-shay-mitchell-on-new-bad-boy-caleb.html\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=October 11, 2010\|title ='Pretty Little Liars' Troian Bellisario, Ashley Benson, Shay Mitchell on new bad boy Caleb\|author=Andrea Reiher\|date=October 8, 2010\|work=[[Zap2it]]\|access-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> He was upgraded to series regular for the third season starting in the summer of 2012.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Lesley Goldberg\|title='Pretty Little Liars': Tyler Blackburn Promoted to Series Regular (Exclusive)\|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/pretty-little-liars-tyler-blackburn-caleb-285956\|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]\|date=January 30, 2012\|access-date=January 31, 2012}}</ref> Blackburn also starred as Pete in the six-episode web series ''Wendy'', a project developed by [[Alloy Entertainment]] and [[Macy's]] that was based on [[Peter Pan]] which premiered on September 15, 2011.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.clevvertv.com/featured/26036/wendy-starring-tyler-blackburn-meaghan-martin.html\|title='Wendy' Starring Tyler Blackburn & Meaghan Martin \|website=Clevvertv.com\|date=August 12, 2011\|access-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref> In 2012, he starred in drama ''Hiding'' alongside [[Ana Villafañe]], [[Jeremy Sumpter]], [[Dean Armstrong]] and [[Dan Payne]]. In May 2013, it was announced that Blackburn would star in the 2013 ''Pretty Little Liars''{{'}} spin-off ''[[Ravenswood (TV series)\|Ravenswood]]''.<ref>{{cite web \| author=Zach Johnson\| url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/tyler-blackburn-starring-in-pretty-little-liars-spinoff-ravenswood-201315\| title=Tyler Blackburn Starring in Pretty Little Liars Spinoff Ravenswood\| work=[[Us Magazine]]\| date=May 1, 2013\| access-date=June 10, 2013}}</ref>{{Better source needed\|date=May 2021}} In March 2018, Blackburn joined the cast of [[The CW]] series ''[[Roswell, New Mexico (TV series)\|Roswell, New Mexico]]'' as Alex Manes, a character initially introduced as a love interest to [[Michael Vlamis]]'s Michael Guerin.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://tvline.com/2018/03/05/roswell-reboot-tyler-blackburn-cast-the-cw/ \| title=Roswell Reboot: PLL's Tyler Blackburn, Originals' Nathan Parsons Join Cast\| date=2018-03-06}}</ref> Blackburn remained a series regular on the show during its four-season run until it ended in 2022. ===Music=== For his role in [[Alloy Entertainment]] web series ''Wendy'', Blackburn recorded [[Golden State (band)\|Golden State's]] "Save Me" to be used as the show's theme song, which was released on August 15, 2011.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Marc Graser\|title='Wendy' gets some retailtherapy\|url=https://variety.com/2011/digital/news/wendy-gets-some-retail-therapy-1118041226/\|work=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date=August 12, 2011\|access-date=August 16, 2011}}</ref> He recorded "Find a Way" in 2012 for the then [[Freeform (TV channel)\|ABC Family]] (now renamed [[Freeform (TV channel)\|Freeform]]) show, ''[[The Secret Life of the American Teenager]].'' The song was also featured on ABC Family's other shows, including [[The Fosters (American TV series)\|''The Fosters'']] and ''[[Pretty Little Liars]]'', the latter of which Blackburn starred on. Subsequently, Blackburn released an extended play titled "Find My Way - EP" in 2013 which was released on Apple Music.<ref>{{Citation \|title=Find a Way - EP by Tyler Blackburn on Apple Music \|date=2013-11-05 \|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/find-a-way-ep/729006666 \|access-date=2024-06-24 \|language=en-US}}</ref> Blackburn has also recorded several songs with Novi, including a feature on Novi's song titled "Can't Love Me". The song was then featured in the twelfth episode of ''Roswell, New Mexico''.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Allison Stubblebine\|url=https://nylon.com/tyler-blackburn-novi-premiere/ \|title='Pretty Little Liars' Actor Tyler Blackburn And NOVI Dig Into The Complexities Of Love On "Can't Love Me"\|access-date=April 24, 2019\|date=2019-04-11 }}</ref> on which Blackburn starred on during its four-season run. Blackburn also performed a song called "Would You Come Home" on the thirteenth episode of season two of ''Roswell, New Mexico'' as his character, Alex Manes. ==Personal life== Blackburn publicly [[coming out\|came out]] as [[bisexual]] on April 19, 2019 through an interview with ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)\|The Advocate]]''.<ref name="AdvocateInterview">{{cite magazine \| url=https://www.advocate.com/television/2019/4/19/do-you-think-you-really-know-tyler-blackburn\| title=Do You Think You Really Know Tyler Blackburn?\| first=David\| last=Artavia\| magazine=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)\|The Advocate]]\| date=19 April 2019\| access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes \|- \| 2006 \| ''The Doers of Coming Deeds'' \| Solly Katz \| Short film \|- \| 2008 \| ''Next of Kin'' \| French Student \| \|- \| 2010 \| ''The Tudor Tutor'' \| Toby \| Short film \|- \| 2011 \| ''Peach Plum Pear'' \| Jesse Pratt \| \|- \| 2012 \| ''Hiding'' \| Jesse \| Direct-to-video \|- \| 2013 \| ''You & Me'' \| Young William \| Short film \|- \| 2016 \| ''[[Love Is All You Need? (2016 film)\|Love Is All You Need?]]'' \| Ryan Morris \| \|- \| 2017 \| ''[[Hello Again (2017 film)\|Hello Again]]'' \| Jack (The Young Thing) \| \|- \|} ===Television=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes \|- \| 2006 \| ''[[Unfabulous]]'' \| Nathan \| 2 episodes \|- \| 2009 \| ''[[Cold Case]]'' \| Jeff Feldman / Foster \| Episode: "Witness Protection" \|- \| 2010 \| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' \| Ian \| 17 episodes \|- \| 2010 \| ''[[Gigantic (TV series)\|Gigantic]]'' \| Echo \| Episode: "Bye Bye Baby" \|- \| 2011–2017 \| ''[[Pretty Little Liars]]'' \| [[Caleb Rivers]] \| Recurring role (seasons 1–2), main role (seasons 3–7); 124 episodes \|- \| 2013–2014 \| ''[[Ravenswood (TV series)\|Ravenswood]]'' \| Caleb Rivers / Original Caleb \| Main role \|- \| 2019–2022 \| ''[[Roswell, New Mexico (TV series)\|Roswell, New Mexico]]'' \| Alex Manes \| Main role \|- \| 2019 \| ''[[Charmed (2018 TV series)\|Charmed]]'' \| Viralis \| Episode: "Surrender" \|- \| 2019 \| ''[[Capsized: Blood in the Water]]'' \| Brad Cavanagh \| Television film \|} ===Web=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes \|- \| 2009 \| ''Rockville CA'' \| Spencer \| Episode: "Shoegazed" \|- \| 2011 \| ''Wendy'' \| [[Peter Pan\|Pete]] \| Main role; 9 episodes \|- \|} ==Discography== ===Extended play=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"\| Title ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"\| EP details \|- ! scope="row"\| ''Find a Way'' \| * Released: November 5, 2013<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/find-a-way-ep/729006666\|title=Find a Way - EP\|work=[[iTunes]]\|date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> * Formats: [[Music download\|Digital download]] * Label: [[International Family Entertainment]] \|- \|} ===Singles=== ====As main artist==== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"\| Title ! scope="col"\| Year ! scope="col"\| Album \|- ! scope="row"\| "Find a Way"<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/find-a-way-single/515365163\|title=Find a Way - Single\|work=iTunes\|date=April 2, 2012}}</ref> \| 2012 \| ''Find a Way'' \|- !"Would You Come Home" \|2020 \|Roswell New Mexico \|- \|} ====As featured artist==== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"\| Title ! scope="col"\| Year ! scope="col"\| Album \|- ! scope="row"\| "Long Day"<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/long-day-feat-tyler-blackburn-single/1261483596\|title=Long Day (feat. Tyler Blackburn) - Single\|work=iTunes\|date=August 18, 2017}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Novi featuring Tyler Blackburn)</span> \| 2017 \| {{n/a\|Non-album single}} \|- ! scope="row"\| "Can't Love Me"<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/pe/album/cant-love-me-feat-tyler-blackburn/1457298323?i=1457298324&l=en\|title=Can't Love Me (feat. Tyler Blackburn) - Single\|work=iTunes\|date=April 12, 2019}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Novi featuring Tyler Blackburn)</span> \| 2019 \| {{n/a\|Non-album single}} \|- \|} ====Promotional singles==== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"\| Title ! scope="col"\| Year ! scope="col"\| Album \|- ! scope="row"\| "Hard to Forget"<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hard-to-forget/549568210?i=549568237\|title=Hard to Forget - Single\|work=iTunes\|date=August 1, 2012}}</ref><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Anabel Englund]])</span> \| 2012 \| ''Find a Way'' and ''Anabel Englund'' \|- \|} ===Music videos=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" \|- ! Title ! Year ! Other artist(s) ! Director(s) ! Ref. \|- ! colspan="5"\| As main artist \|- ! scope="row"\| "Save Me" \| 2011 \| {{n/a}} \| {{Unknown}} \| \|- ! scope="row"\| "Hard to Forget" \| 2012 \| Anabel Englund \| [[Hannah Lux Davis]] \| \|- ! colspan="5"\| As featured artist \|- ! scope="row"\| "Long Day" \| 2017 \| Novi \| Quinn Starr \| \|- \|} ==Awards and nominations== {{BLP unsourced section\|date=April 2017}} <!-- Note: Avoid use of 'rowspan', as it violates [[WP:ACCESSIBILITY]] which is designed to foster Wikipedia's site policy on non-discrimination (see: [[Wikipedia:Non-discrimination policy]]) --> {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Nominated work ! Result ! Refs \|- \| 2014 \| [[2014 Teen Choice Awards\|Teen Choice Awards]] \| Choice Summer TV Star: Male \| ''[[Pretty Little Liars]]'' \| {{win}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| 2015 \| [[2015 Teen Choice Awards\|Teen Choice Awards]] \| Choice Summer TV Star: Male \| ''Pretty Little Liars'' \| {{win}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \|rowspan="2"\| 2016 \|rowspan="2"\| [[2016 Teen Choice Awards\|Teen Choice Awards]] \| Choice TV Actor: Drama \| ''Pretty Little Liars'' \| {{nom}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|- \| Choice TV: Chemistry <small>(shared with: [[Ashley Benson]])</small> \| ''Pretty Little Liars'' \| {{win}} \| style="text-align:center;" \| \|} ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name\|2107620\|Tyler Blackburn}} * {{Twitter}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blackburn, Tyler}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male singers]] [[Category:American bisexual male actors]] [[Category:American bisexual musicians]] [[Category:American LGBTQ models]] [[Category:American LGBTQ singers]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male television actors]] [[Category:Bisexual male models]] [[Category:Bisexual male musicians]] [[Category:Bisexual singers]] [[Category:LGBTQ people from California]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Male actors from Burbank, California]] [[Category:Male models from California]]	1,283,984,512	[{"title": "Tyler Blackburn", "data": {"Born": "Tyler Jordon Blackburn \u00b7 October 12, 1986 \u00b7 Burbank, California, U.S.", "Occupations": "Actor singer model", "Years active": "2002\u2013present"}}]	false
# Steven Rosenblum Steven Rosenblum is an American film editor with over twenty feature film credits dating from 1987. He has had an extended, notable collaboration with the director Edward Zwick, and has edited all of his films since Glory (1989). ## Life and career Rosenblum is a 1976 graduate of the American Film Institute Conservatory. His collaborator Edward Zwick was a 1975 graduate. Among the films edited by Rosenblum are Dangerous Beauty (1998), X-Men (2000), and Failure to Launch (2006). Rosenblum has won two American Cinema Editors "Eddie Awards" for Glory and for Braveheart (1995). He has been nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing (for Glory, Braveheart, and Blood Diamond). Rosenblum has been elected to membership in the American Cinema Editors, and is the 2011 recipient of the Franklin J. Schaffner Alumni Medal of the American Film Institute Conservatory. ## Filmography \| Year \| Film \| Director \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ---------------------------------- \| -------------------- \| --------------------------------------------- \| \| 1987 \| Steele Justice \| Robert Boris \| \| \| 1987 \| Wild Thing \| Max Reid \| \| \| 1989 \| Glory \| Edward Zwick \| First collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 1993 \| Jack the Bear \| Marshall Herskovitz \| First collaboration with Marshall Herskovitz \| \| 1994 \| Legends of the Fall \| Edward Zwick \| Second collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 1995 \| Braveheart \| Mel Gibson \| First collaboration with Mel Gibson \| \| 1996 \| Courage Under Fire \| Edward Zwick \| Third collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 1998 \| Dangerous Beauty \| Marshall Herskovitz \| Second collaboration with Marshall Herskovitz \| \| 1998 \| The Siege \| Edward Zwick \| Fourth collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 2000 \| X-Men \| Bryan Singer \| \| \| 2001 \| Pearl Harbor \| Michael Bay \| \| \| 2002 \| The Four Feathers \| Shekhar Kapur \| \| \| 2003 \| The Last Samurai \| Edward Zwick \| Fifth collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 2005 \| XXX: State of the Union \| Lee Tamahori \| \| \| 2006 \| Failure to Launch \| Tom Dey \| \| \| 2006 \| Blood Diamond \| Edward Zwick \| Sixth collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 2008 \| Journey to the Center of the Earth \| Eric Brevig \| \| \| 2008 \| Defiance \| Edward Zwick \| Seventh collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 2009 \| Notorious \| George Tillman Jr. \| \| \| 2010 \| Love & Other Drugs \| Edward Zwick \| Eighth collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 2012 \| Get the Gringo \| Adrian Grünberg \| \| \| 2013 \| After Earth \| M. Night Shyamalan \| \| \| 2014 \| Pawn Sacrifice \| Edward Zwick \| Ninth collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 2016 \| The Birth of a Nation \| Nate Parker \| \| \| 2016 \| Blood Father \| Jean-François Richet \| \| \| 2016 \| The Promise \| Terry George \| \| \| 2017 \| Woman Walks Ahead \| Susanna White \| \| \| 2018 \| Trial by Fire \| Edward Zwick \| Tenth collaboration with Edward Zwick \| \| 2021 \| Lansky \| Eytan Rockaway \| \| \| 2022 \| Medieval \| Petr Jákl \| \| \| 2022 \| On the Come Up \| Sanaa Lathan \| \| \| 2025 \| Flight Risk \| Mel Gibson \| Second collaboration with Mel Gibson \| \| Year \| Film \| Director \| Role \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ---------------------------- \| -------------------- \| ---------------------- \| ---------- \| \| 1980 \| Getting Wasted \| Paul Frizler \| Dailies editor \| \| \| 1981 \| Liar's Moon \| David Fisher \| Assistant film editor \| \| \| 1982 \| Some Kind of Hero \| Michael Pressman \| Assistant editor \| \| \| 1985 \| The Journey of Natty Gann \| Jeremy Kagan \| Additional film editor \| \| \| 1987 \| Extreme Prejudice \| Walter Hill \| Assistant editor \| \| \| 1988 \| Elvira: Mistress of the Dark \| James Signorelli \| Additional film editor \| \| \| 2001 \| Enemy at the Gates \| Jean-Jacques Annaud \| Additional editor \| \| \| 2001 \| Spy Game \| Tony Scott \| Editorial consultant \| \| \| 2009 \| Public Enemies \| Michael Mann \| Additional editor \| \| \| 2016 \| Blood Father \| Jean-François Richet \| Additional editor \| Uncredited \| \| Year \| Film \| Director \| Role \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| ------------ \| ---------------- \| \| 2014 \| Pawn Sacrifice \| Edward Zwick \| Music supervisor \| \| Year \| Film \| Director \| Role \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| --------- \| -------------- \| \| 2008 \| Righteous Kill \| Jon Avnet \| Special thanks \| TV series \| Year \| Title \| Notes \| \| ------- \| --------------- \| ----------- \| \| 1989 \| Dream Street \| 1 episode \| \| 1987−90 \| Thirtysomething \| 12 episodes \| \| Year \| Title \| \| ---- \| ------------ \| \| 1999 \| Animal Minds \|	enwiki/4883775	enwiki	4,883,775	Steven Rosenblum	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Rosenblum	2025-04-08T05:27:14Z	en	Q2347669	72,232	{{short description\|American film editor}} {{Infobox person \| name = Steven Rosenblum \| occupation = Film editor }} '''Steven Rosenblum''' is an American [[film editor]] with over twenty feature film credits dating from 1987. He has had an [[List of film director and editor collaborations\|extended, notable collaboration]] with the director [[Edward Zwick]], and has edited all of his films since ''[[Glory (1989 film)\|Glory]]'' (1989).<ref>{{IMDb name\|0742475}}</ref> ==Life and career== Rosenblum is a 1976 graduate of the [[AFI Conservatory\|American Film Institute Conservatory]]. His collaborator Edward Zwick was a 1975 graduate.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Alumni \|url=http://www.afi.com/conservatory/alumni/alumni.aspx \|accessdate=2013-07-14 \|publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> Among the films edited by Rosenblum are ''[[Dangerous Beauty]]'' (1998), ''[[X-Men (film)\|X-Men]]'' (2000), and ''[[Failure to Launch (film)\|Failure to Launch]]'' (2006). Rosenblum has won two [[American Cinema Editors]] "Eddie Awards" for ''Glory'' and for ''[[Braveheart]]'' (1995). He has been nominated three times for the [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing]] (for ''Glory'', ''Braveheart'', and ''[[Blood Diamond]]'').<ref name=Kilday>{{cite news \|title=Film Editor Steve Rosenblum to Receive AFI Honor \|last=Kilday \|first=Gregg \|date=May 24, 2011 \|work=The Hollywood Reporter \|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/film-editor-steve-rosenblum-receive-191604}}</ref> Rosenblum has been elected to membership in the American Cinema Editors,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080218035827/http://www.ace-filmeditors.org/newace/dir_Mem.html "American Cinema Editors > Members"], webpage archived by WebCite from [http://www.ace-filmeditors.org/newace/dir_Mem.html this original URL] on 2008-03-04.</ref> and is the 2011 recipient of the [[Franklin J. Schaffner]] Alumni Medal of the American Film Institute Conservatory.<ref name=Kilday /><ref>{{cite web \|title=Franklin J. Schaffner Alumni Medal \|url=http://www.afi.com/conservatory/alumni/schaffneraward.aspx \|accessdate=2013-07-13 \|publisher=American Film Institute}}</ref> ==Filmography== {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Editor \|- ! Year ! Film ! Director ! Notes \|- \|rowspan=2\| 1987 \| ''[[Steele Justice]]'' \|[[Robert Boris]] \| \|- \| ''[[Wild Thing (film)\|Wild Thing]]'' \|Max Reid \| \|- \|1989 \| ''[[Glory (1989 film)\|Glory]]'' \|[[Edward Zwick]] \|First collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|1993 \| ''[[Jack the Bear]]'' \|[[Marshall Herskovitz]] \|First collaboration with Marshall Herskovitz \|- \|1994 \| ''[[Legends of the Fall]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Second collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|1995 \| ''[[Braveheart]]'' \|[[Mel Gibson]] \|First collaboration with Mel Gibson \|- \|1996 \| ''[[Courage Under Fire]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Third collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|rowspan=2\| 1998 \| ''[[Dangerous Beauty]]'' \|Marshall Herskovitz \|Second collaboration with Marshall Herskovitz \|- \| ''[[The Siege]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Fourth collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|2000 \| ''[[X-Men (film)\|X-Men]]'' \|[[Bryan Singer]] \| \|- \|2001 \| ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)\|Pearl Harbor]]'' \|[[Michael Bay]] \| \|- \|2002 \| ''[[The Four Feathers (2002 film)\|The Four Feathers]]'' \|[[Shekhar Kapur]] \| \|- \|2003 \| ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Fifth collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|2005 \| ''[[XXX: State of the Union]]'' \|[[Lee Tamahori]] \| \|- \|rowspan=2\| 2006 \| ''[[Failure to Launch]]'' \|[[Tom Dey]] \| \|- \| ''[[Blood Diamond]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Sixth collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|rowspan=2\| 2008 \| ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)\|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' \|[[Eric Brevig]] \| \|- \| ''[[Defiance (2008 film)\|Defiance]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Seventh collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|2009 \| ''[[Notorious (2009 film)\|Notorious]]'' \|[[George Tillman Jr.]] \| \|- \|2010 \| ''[[Love & Other Drugs]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Eighth collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|2012 \| ''[[Get the Gringo]]'' \|[[Adrian Grünberg]] \| \|- \|2013 \| ''[[After Earth]]'' \|[[M. Night Shyamalan]] \| \|- \|2014 \| ''[[Pawn Sacrifice]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Ninth collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|rowspan=3\| 2016 \| ''[[The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)\|The Birth of a Nation]]'' \|[[Nate Parker]] \| \|- \| ''[[Blood Father]]'' \|[[Jean-François Richet]] \| \|- \| ''[[The Promise (2016 film)\|The Promise]]'' \|[[Terry George]] \| \|- \|2017 \| ''[[Woman Walks Ahead]]'' \|[[Susanna White]] \| \|- \|2018 \| ''[[Trial by Fire (2018 film)\|Trial by Fire]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Tenth collaboration with Edward Zwick \|- \|2021 \| ''[[Lansky (2021 film)\|Lansky]]'' \|[[Eytan Rockaway]] \| \|- \|rowspan=2\| 2022 \| ''[[Medieval (film)\|Medieval]]'' \|[[Petr Jákl]] \| \|- \| ''[[On the Come Up (film)\|On the Come Up]]'' \|[[Sanaa Lathan]] \| \|- \|2025 \| ''[[Flight Risk (film)\|Flight Risk]]'' \|Mel Gibson \|Second collaboration with Mel Gibson \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Editorial department \|- ! Year ! Film ! Director ! Role ! Notes \|- \|1980 \| ''Getting Wasted'' \|Paul Frizler \|Dailies editor \| \|- \|1981 \| ''[[Liar's Moon]]'' \|David Fisher \|Assistant film editor \| \|- \|1982 \| ''[[Some Kind of Hero]]'' \|[[Michael Pressman]] \|Assistant editor \| \|- \|1985 \| ''[[The Journey of Natty Gann]]'' \|[[Jeremy Kagan]] \|Additional film editor \| \|- \|1987 \| ''[[Extreme Prejudice (film)\|Extreme Prejudice]]'' \|[[Walter Hill]] \|Assistant editor \| \|- \|1988 \| ''[[Elvira: Mistress of the Dark (film)\|Elvira: Mistress of the Dark]]'' \|[[James Signorelli]] \|Additional film editor \| \|- \|rowspan=2\| 2001 \| ''[[Enemy at the Gates]]'' \|[[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] \|Additional editor \| \|- \| ''[[Spy Game]]'' \|[[Tony Scott]] \|Editorial consultant \| \|- \|2009 \| ''[[Public Enemies (2009 film)\|Public Enemies]]'' \|[[Michael Mann]] \|rowspan=2\| Additional editor \| \|- \|2016 \| ''[[Blood Father]]'' \|Jean-François Richet \|<small>{{center\|Uncredited}}</small> \|- \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Music department \|- ! Year ! Film ! Director ! Role \|- \|2014 \| ''[[Pawn Sacrifice]]'' \|Edward Zwick \|Music supervisor \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Thanks \|- ! Year ! Film ! Director ! Role \|- \|2008 \| ''[[Righteous Kill]]'' \|[[Jon Avnet]] \|Special thanks \|} '''TV series''' {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Editor \|- ! Year ! Title ! Notes \|- \|1989 \| ''[[Dream Street (American TV series)\|Dream Street]]'' \|1 episode \|- \|1987−90 \| ''[[Thirtysomething]]'' \|12 episodes \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Director \|- ! Year ! Title \|- \|1999 \| ''Animal Minds'' \|} ==See also== * [[List of film director and editor collaborations]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{YouTube\|dXXpszhfvrM\|Edward Zwick & Steven Rosenblum discuss the editing style and strategies in PAWN SACRIFICE}}. Posted September 9, 2014 by the [[American Film Institute]]. ==External links== * {{IMDb name\|0742475\|Steven Rosenblum}} {{American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film}} {{Satellite Award Best Editing}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosenblum, Steven}} [[Category:American Cinema Editors]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:American film editors]] {{US-film-editor-stub}}	1,284,529,051	[{"title": "Steven Rosenblum", "data": {"Occupation": "Film editor"}}]	false
# Comparison of CAD, CAM, and CAE file viewers This is an overview of notable viewers for files, that are produced by Computer-aided design (CAD), Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and Computer-aided engineering (CAE) applications. ## Comparison of notable CAD/CAM/CAE file viewers \| Application \| Developer \| Platform \| Latest release \| Latest release \| License \| 3D support? \| User Interface Language(s) \| Supported format(s) \| \| Application \| Developer \| Platform \| Version \| Date \| License \| 3D support? \| User Interface Language(s) \| Supported format(s) \| \| --------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| -------------- \| ------------ \| ----------- \| ----------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Caddie \| Advanced Computer Solutions \| Windows \| 14 \| \| Proprietary \| Yes \| EN \| DXF, DWG, DRW \| \| LibreCAD \| LibreCAD \| POSIX \| 2.2.1.1 \| 2025-02-19 \| GPL-2.0-only \| No \| CN, EN, ES, FR, DE, HU, IT, JP, RU, other \| DXF \| \| LibreCAD \| LibreCAD \| Windows \| 2.2.1.1 \| 2025-02-19 \| GPL-2.0-only \| No \| CN, EN, ES, FR, DE, HU, IT, JP, RU, other \| DXF \| \| LibreCAD \| LibreCAD \| Other \| 2.2.1.1 \| 2025-02-19 \| GPL-2.0-only \| No \| CN, EN, ES, FR, DE, HU, IT, JP, RU, other \| DXF \| \| VariCAD Viewer \| VariCAD \| Linux \| v2.03 \| 2019 \| Proprietary \| Yes \| EN, DE, JP, PT, CN \| DWG (2D), DXF (2D), STEP (3D) \| \| VariCAD Viewer \| VariCAD \| Windows \| v2.03 \| 2019 \| Proprietary \| Yes \| EN, DE, JP, PT, CN \| DWG (2D), DXF (2D), STEP (3D) \| \| VariCAD Viewer \| VariCAD \| Other \| v2.03 \| 2019 \| Proprietary \| Yes \| EN, DE, JP, PT, CN \| DWG (2D), DXF (2D), STEP (3D) \| \| WorkXPlore 3D \| Sescoi \| Windows \| 1.7 \| 2009 \| Proprietary \| Yes \| EN, FR, DE, ES, IT, JP, CN \| DWG, DXF, IGES, STEP, STL, UNISURF, 3D WorkNC, XDW, Parasolid, SolidWorks, Pro/E, Catia V4, Catia V5, UGS, ISO toolpaths, CADDS, Solid Edge \| \| HOOPS Visualize \| Tech Soft 3D \| Windows, Linux, MacOS, Android, Xamarin \| ? \| 2022 \| Proprietary \| Yes \| EN \| PostScript, PDF, DWG, Parasolid, etc. \| \| ABViewer \| CADSoftTools \| Windows, Linux with Wine \| 15.1 \| 2023 \| Proprietary \| Yes \| EN, FR, DE, ES, IT, CN, RU \| DWG, DXF, STEP, STL, IGES, PDF \| \| AutoCAD \| Autodesk \| Windows, macOS \| 25.0 \| 2024 \| Proprietary \| Yes \| EN, FR, DE, ES, IT, CN, RU, PL, KO, PT-BR \| DWG, DWT, DWS, DXF \|	enwiki/18913138	enwiki	18,913,138	Comparison of CAD, CAM, and CAE file viewers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CAD,_CAM,_and_CAE_file_viewers	2025-05-12T20:42:42Z	en	Q5155695	33,123	{{short description\|None}} This is an overview of notable viewers for files, that are produced by [[Computer-aided design]] (CAD), [[Computer-aided manufacturing]] (CAM) and [[Computer-aided engineering]] (CAE) applications. == Comparison of notable CAD/CAM/CAE file viewers == <!-- Editors: Software which has not been added to this table can be seen on the discussion page. --> <!-- Editors: please keep the list in alphabetical order so others can find things --> <!-- Editors: there is an empty template for new entries on the discussion page, please use it --> <!-- Editors: please only add NOTABLE viewers, that already have their own Wikipedia article --> {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%; width: auto; table-layout: fixed;" \|- ! rowspan="2" \| Application ! rowspan="2" \| Developer ! rowspan="2" \| Platform ! colspan="2" \| Latest release ! rowspan="2" \| [[Software license\|License]] ! rowspan="2" \| 3D support? ! rowspan="2" \| User Interface Language(s) ! rowspan="2" \| Supported format(s) \|- ! Version ! Date \|- <!-- ### Caddie ### --> ! <!-- Application -->[[Caddie (CAD system)\|Caddie]] \| <!-- Developer -->[[Advanced Computer Solutions]] \| <!-- Platform --> Windows \| <!-- Latest release version --> 14 \| <!-- Latest release date --> \| <!-- License --> {{proprietary}} \| <!-- 3D support? -->{{yes}} \| <!-- User interface languages -->[[English language\|EN]] \| <!-- Supported format(s) -->[[DXF]], [[DWG]], DRW \|- <!-- ### LibreCAD ### --> ! <!-- Application --> rowspan="3" \| [[LibreCAD]] \| <!-- Developer --> rowspan="3" \| [[LibreCAD]] \| <!-- Platform --> [[Unix-like\|POSIX]] \| <!-- Latest release version --> rowspan="3" \| {{wikidata\|property\|edit\|reference\|Q1252865\|P548=Q2804309\|P348}} \| <!-- Latest release date --> rowspan="3" \| {{wikidata\|qualifier\|raw\|Q1252865\|P548=Q2804309\|P348\|P577}} \| <!-- License --> rowspan="3" {{open source\|[[GNU General Public License\|GPL-2.0-only]]}} \| <!-- 3D support? --> rowspan="3" {{No}} \| <!-- User interface languages --> rowspan="3" \| [[Chinese language\|CN]], [[English language\|EN]], [[Spanish language\|ES]], [[French language\|FR]], [[German language\|DE]], [[Hungarian language\|HU]], [[Italian language\|IT]], [[Japanese language\|JP]], [[Russian language\|RU]], other \| <!-- Supported format(s) --> rowspan="3" \| [[DXF]] \|- \| <!-- Platform --> Windows \|- \| <!-- Platform --> Other \|- <!-- ### VariCAD Viewer ### --> ! <!-- Application --> rowspan="3" \| [[VariCAD]] Viewer \| <!-- Developer --> rowspan="3" \| [[VariCAD]] \| <!-- Platform --> [[Linux]] \| <!-- Latest release version --> rowspan="3" \| v2.03 \| <!-- Latest release date --> rowspan="3" \| 2019 \| <!-- License --> rowspan="3" {{proprietary}} \| <!-- 3D support? --> rowspan="3" {{yes}} \| <!-- User Interface Language(s) --> rowspan="3" \| [[English language\|EN]], [[German language\|DE]], [[Japanese language\|JP]], [[Portuguese language\|PT]], [[Chinese language\|CN]] \| <!-- Supported format(s) --> rowspan="3" \| [[.dwg\|DWG]] (2D), [[DXF]] (2D), [[ISO STEP\|STEP]] (3D)<ref>[http://www.varicad.com/en/home/products/description/ VariCAD - CAD system description]</ref> \|- \| <!-- Platform -->Windows \|- \| <!-- Platform -->Other \|- <!-- ### WorkXplore 3D viewer ### --> ! <!-- Application --> [[WorkXPlore 3D]] \| <!-- Developer --> [[Sescoi]] \| <!-- Platform --> Windows \| <!-- Latest release version --> 1.7 \| <!-- Latest release date --> 2009 \| <!-- License --> {{proprietary}} \| <!-- 3D support? --> {{yes}} \| <!-- User Interface Language(s) --> [[English language\|EN]], [[French language\|FR]], [[German language\|DE]], [[Spanish language\|ES]], [[Italian language\|IT]], [[Japanese language\|JP]], [[Chinese language\|CN]] \| <!-- Supported format(s) --> [[.dwg\|DWG]], [[DXF]], [[IGES]], [[ISO STEP\|STEP]], [[STL (file format)\|STL]], [[UNISURF]], 3D [[WorkNC]], XDW, [[Parasolid]], [[SolidWorks]], [[Pro/E]], [[CATIA\|Catia V4]], [[CATIA\|Catia V5]], [[Siemens Digital Industries Software\|UGS]], [[G-code\|ISO toolpaths]], [[CADDS]], [[Solid Edge]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20110718113413/http://www.workxplore-3d.com/us/product/versions-comparison/ Comparison of WorkXPlore 3D versions]</ref> \|- \|'''[[HOOPS Visualize]]''' \|Tech Soft 3D \|Windows, [[Linux Mint\|Linux]], MacOS, Android, [[Xamarin]] \|{{Dunno}} \|2022<ref>{{Cite web \|title=What's New in HOOPS Visualize 2022 {{!}} Tech Soft 3D \|url=https://www.techsoft3d.com//resources/product-updates/visualize-2022 \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=www.techsoft3d.com \|language=en}}</ref> \|{{Proprietary}} \|{{Yes}} \|[[English language\|EN]] \|PostScript, PDF, DWG, Parasolid, etc.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Supported File Formats — HOOPS Visualize HPS 2023 U1 Documentation \|url=https://docs.techsoft3d.com/hps/latest/general/supported_file_formats.html \|access-date=2023-04-20 \|website=docs.techsoft3d.com}}</ref> \|- \|'''[[ABViewer]]''' \|CADSoftTools \|Windows, Linux with [[Wine (software)\|Wine]] \|15.1 \|2023 \|{{Proprietary}} \|{{Yes}} \|[[English language\|EN]], [[French language\|FR]], [[German language\|DE]], [[Spanish language\|ES]], [[Italian language\|IT]], [[Chinese language\|CN]], [[Russian language\|RU]] \|DWG, DXF, STEP, STL, IGES, PDF \|- \|'''[[AutoCAD]]''' \|[[Autodesk]] \|Windows, [[macOS]] \|25.0 \|2024 \|{{Proprietary}} \|{{Yes}} \|[[English language\|EN]], [[French language\|FR]], [[German language\|DE]], [[Spanish language\|ES]], [[Italian language\|IT]], [[Chinese language\|CN]], [[Russian language\|RU]], [[Polish language\|PL]], [[Korean language\|KO]], [[Brazilian Portuguese\|PT-BR]] \|DWG, DWT, DWS, DXF \|} == See also == * [[Comparison of computer-aided design software]] * [[List of file formats#Computer-aided design .28CAD.29\|List of CAD file formats]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Computer-aided engineering]] [[Category:Computer-aided manufacturing]] [[Category:Computer-aided design]] [[Category:Software comparisons\|CAD, CAM and CAE file viewers]]	1,290,101,873	[]	false
# Ribbon of Saint George The ribbon of Saint George (also known as Saint George's ribbon, the Georgian ribbon; Russian: Георгиевская лента, romanized: Georgiyevskaya lenta; and the Guards ribbon in Soviet context) is a Russian military symbol consisting of a black and orange bicolour pattern, with three black and two orange stripes. It appears as a component of many high military decorations awarded by the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the current Russian Federation. In the early 21st century, the ribbon of Saint George has come to be used as an awareness ribbon for commemorating the veterans of the Eastern Front of the Second World War (known in Russia and some post-Soviet countries as the Great Patriotic War). It is the primary symbol used in association with Victory Day. It enjoys wide popularity in Russia as a patriotic symbol. Since 2014, the symbol has become much more controversial in certain post-Soviet states such as Ukraine and the Baltic states, due to its association with pro-Russian and separatist sentiment, especially following the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine where it has been associated with Russian nationalism and militarism. ## Terminology As the ribbon of Saint George has been used by different Russian governments, multiple terms exist for it in the Russian language. The ribbon first received a formal name in the Russian Empire, in documents prescribing its usage as an award: the Georgian ribbon (Russian: георгиевская лента, georgiyevskaya lenta). The old Tsarist term was used in the Soviet Union to describe the black-orange ribbon in the Soviet award system, but only in non-official contexts, such as the Military History Journal published by the Soviet Ministry of Defense. Formally, the black-orange ribbon on the badges, flags and cap tallies of Guards units was called the Guards ribbon (Russian: гвардейская лента, gvardeyskaya lenta), while the same ribbon as it was used in other Soviet awards had no official name. In the military terminology of the Russian Federation, both Tsarist and Soviet terms are used. The modern term георгиевская ленточка (georgiyevskaya lentochka, distinguished from the Tsarist term by the usage of the diminutive) comes from the Russian 2005 program of the same name, and is used to refer to the mass-produced awareness ribbons as opposed to the original military awards. The usage of the epithet Georgian in reference to that ribbon is subject to controversy in Russia, due to its Tsarist connotations, and thus sometimes the term Guards ribbon is used to refer to the modern ribbons as well, as they are meant to commemorate the Soviet period of Russian history. ## History ### Origins The Georgian ribbon emerged as part of the Order of Saint George, established in 1769 as the highest military decoration of Imperial Russia (and re-established in 1998 by Presidential decree signed by then President of Russia Boris Yeltsin). While the Order of Saint George was normally not a collective award, the ribbon was sometimes granted to regiments and units that performed brilliantly during wartime and constituted an integral part of some collective battle honours (such as banners and pennants). When not awarded the full Order, some distinguished officers were granted ceremonial swords, adorned with the Georgian ribbon. In 1806, distinctive Georgian banners were introduced as a further battle honour awarded to meritorious Guards and Leib Guard regiments. These banners had the Cross of Saint George as their finials and were adorned with 4.44 cm wide Georgian ribbons. It remained the highest collective military award in the Imperial Russian Army until the Revolution in 1917. In the original statute of the Order of Saint George, written in 1769, the currently orange stripes of the ribbon were described as yellow; however, they were frequently rendered as orange in practice, and the orange colour was later formalised in the 1913 statute. The colours are said to symbolise fire and gunpowder of war, the death and resurrection of Saint George, or the colours of the original Russian imperial coat of arms (black double-headed eagle on a golden escutcheon). Another theory is that they are, in fact, German in origin, derived from the or and sable stripe patterns found on the heraldry of the House of Ascania, from which Catherine II originated, or the County of Ballenstedt, the house's ancient demesne. The original Georgian ribbons disappeared alongside all other Tsarist awards after the October Revolution, although wearing a previously earned Cross of Saint George was allowed. However, the symbol would reappear during the Second World War, as a symbol of office for the newly established Soviet Guards units, whose badges and banners were adorned with black and orange ribbons in a similar manner to old Imperial regiments Later, the same ribbon would be used for the Order of Glory (Russian: Орден Славы, Orden Slavy), an award given for bravery to soldiers and non-commissioned officers similar to the Tsarist Cross of Saint George, and the medal "For the Victory over Germany" (Russian: За победу над Германией, Za pobedu nad Germaniyey), awarded to almost all veterans who participated in Eastern Front campaigns. As part of the original Tsarist awards, the ribbon was also used by the collaborationist Russian Liberation Army. After the war, the ribbon would be sometimes used in postcards commemorating the veterans of the war; however, the ribbon did not hold the public significance it has today. ### 21st century #### Russia In 2005, to mark the 60th anniversary of the Soviet Union's victory over Germany (Victory Day; 9 May 1945), the Russian state-run news agency RIA Novosti and the youth civic organization РООСПМ «Студенческая Община» launched a campaign that called on volunteers to distribute ribbons in the streets ahead of Victory Day. Since then, civilians in Russia and other former republics of the Soviet Union have worn the ribbon as an act of commemoration and remembrance. For the naming of the ribbons the diminutive form is used: георгиевская ленточка (georgiyevskaya lentochka, "small George ribbon"). Since 2005 the ribbon is distributed each year all over Russia and around the world in advance of 9 May and is on that day widely to be seen on wrists, lapels, and cars. Novaya Gazeta columnist Yulia Latynina and other journalists have speculated the Russian government introduced the ribbon as a public-relations response to the 2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine in which demonstrators had adopted orange ribbons as their symbol. Subsequently, Russian communist, nationalist and government loyalist groups have adopted the ribbon. During the 2011–2013 Russian protests, protestors demonstrating against electoral fraud in the 2011 elections wore white ribbons. Supporters of Putin would counter-protest wearing Saint George's ribbons. On 28 April 2016, a group of people from the Nashi youth movement wearing St. George ribbons attacked a school competition organized by the Memorial society, pouring a toxic solution of Brilliant Green on writer Ludmila Ulitskaya and other guests and assaulting a journalist. The Russian anti-Western nationalist group National Liberation Movement (Russian: Национально-освободительное движение - NOD) has adopted a flag of orange and black horizontal stripes as its symbol. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the colors of the ribbon were used in conjunction with the "Z" military symbol, which became a pro-war symbol that appeared across Russia. Russian soldiers in Ukraine have been seen decorating their combat uniforms with St. George ribbons. The St. George's ribbon is used as part of the uniform of the Russian Airborne Forces. In December 2022, president Vladimir Putin signed a law making desecration of the ribbon a criminal offense, with the law designating the ribbon as an official symbol of military glory that can only be used in events "dedicated to notable dates in Russia" or "aimed at patriotic and morally-spiritual education of Russian citizens". #### Ukraine During the events of 2014 in Ukraine, anti-Maidan activists and the pro-Russian population of Ukraine (especially in the south-east regions) used the ribbon as a symbol of pro-Russian and separatist sentiment. Pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine used the ribbon as a symbol of loyalty, while Ukrainians loyalists used the derogatory term "kolorady" (Russian: колорады; Ukrainian: колоради) to describe pro-Russian separatists in reference to the Colorado potato beetle, and the ribbon was referred to as the "Colorado ribbon" (Russian: колорадская лента, koloradskaya lenta; Ukrainian: колорадська стрічка, kolorads'ka strichka). Since 2014, incidents over the ribbon would occur during Victory Day celebrations on 9 May. In April 2014, the authorities of Kropyvnytskyi banned the symbol from Victory Day celebrations "in order to prevent provocations between the activists of different movements". Instead, only Ukrainian state symbols would be used. The next month Cherkasy urged veterans and supporters not to wear the ribbon or any other party symbols. The Ukrainian government replaced the ribbon with a red-and-black remembrance poppy, like those associated with Remembrance Day in Western Europe, in 2014. On 16 May 2017, the ribbon was officially banned in the country, with those who produce or promote the symbol subject to fines or temporary arrest. According to Speaker Andriy Parubiy (People's Front), the symbol had become a symbol of "Russia's aggression and occupation of Ukraine". #### Belarus On 5 May 2014, the Belarusian Republican Youth Union encouraged activists not to use the ribbon. Other officials reported that the decision not to use the symbol was related to the situation in Ukraine, "where the ribbon is used by militants and terrorists". In time for Victory Day 2015, the government introduced a new ribbon, featuring red and green of the Flag of Belarus. #### Canada During preparation for the first Victory Day parade in the Canadian city of Winnipeg on 10 May 2014, the Russian embassy distributed Ribbons of Saint George to participants. The move was considered controversial to the local Ukrainian community in view of the ongoing events in Ukraine. #### Latvia Latvia's Parliament has approved a ban on the public display of Nazi and Soviet symbols, including swastikas and the hammer and sickle, and the singing and promotion of fascist and communist anthems and ideologies. On 11 November 2021, Lāčplēsis Day, the Saeima approved an amendment of the law on Security and Public Entertainment and Festive Events banning the use of the ribbon in public events. #### Lithuania The ban on similar grounds to that in Latvia was discussed after the Russian annexation of Crimea. The ribbon was finally banned, along with "Z" and "V" military symbols, in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. #### Moldova On 7 April 2022, the Moldovan Parliament voted to ban the ribbon following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The military symbols "Z" and "V" were also banned. #### Estonia The Riigikogu passed legislation to ban the use of St George Ribbon after Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022. The law also provides that it is not allowed to publicly exhibit symbols connected with the commission of an act of aggression, genocide, a crime against humanity or a war crime in a way that expresses support to Nazi or justifies such activities. This is punishable by a fine of up to 300 fine units or €1200, or detention. If such an act is committed by a legal person, it is punishable by a fine of up to €32,000. ## Gallery - Nicholas II of Russia was a recipient of the Order of St. George (Fourth Class) - Catherine II wearing the Order of St. George sash - Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia with the Order of St. George sash (first class) - Ivan Gannibal with the Ribbon of St. George - Saint George Standard of the Life Guard Cuirassier Regiment 1817 - Beret badge with ribbon of St George of a Russian Federation Guards unit - Ribbon of Saint George on a car antenna, Moscow, May 2008 - Ribbon of Saint George decal on the Kurganets-25 - Pro-Russian separatist Vostok Battalion member wearing a Saint George ribbon armband - Shoulder sleeve insignia of the 300th Mechanized Regiment (Ukraine) (disbanded in 2013) - Former insignia of the 25th Airborne Brigade (Ukraine) - Sleeve patch of the 6th Army Corps (Ukraine) (disbanded in 2013) - Topol-M participating in a military parade on Red Square on Soviet-Russian Victory Day - Z-shaped Saint George ribbon used in the 2022 invasion of Ukraine with the hashtag: #СвоихНеБросаем (#SvoikhNeBrosaem; "We don't abandon our own") - Red Star and ribbon of Saint George decal on Russian military vehicles ### Flags On July 21, 1992, by the Decree of the President of Russia under Boris Yeltsin, the need for new naval banners for the Russian Federation was created under decree No. 798. Article 1, section 2 states the description of the "Guards naval flag" with the "Guards Ribbon" located in the middle of the lower half of the flag, symmetrically relative to the middle vertical line of the flag. The usage of the Soviet term "Guards Ribbon" in modern Russian laws were only in reference of the Guards units of the Soviet Navy. These units were subsequently acquired by the newly formed Russian Navy after the collapse of the Soviet Union. - Pro-Russian demonstration in Odesa in 2014 - 1942–1950 Soviet Guards Naval Flag - First Guards naval flag of the Russian Navy, 1992–2000 - Second version of the Guards naval flag, reverted to the historical color of the original St Andrews's flag, 2000 ### Medals - Russian Federation Order of Saint George 4th class - Imperial Cross of Saint George 3rd class 1807 – 1917 (enlisted award) - Medal of St. George 1st class - Soviet Medal "For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" - Soviet Order of Glory 3rd class - Medal "For the Capture of Berlin" - Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" - Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" - 60 Years of Ukraine's Liberation from Nazi Invaders Jubilee Medal - Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" - 50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War - Defender of the Motherland Medal (Ukraine) 1999–2015 - Jubilee Medal "70 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" - Medal of Zhukov - Order of Military Glory (Belarus) - Jubilee medal in honor of the 70th anniversary of liberation of Belarus from Nazi invaders ### Guards Badge - Guards badge of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - Guards badge of the Armed Forces of Belarus - Guards badge of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, established in 2005,[49] removed in 2016 - Guards badge for the Soviet Navy	enwiki/4357197	enwiki	4,357,197	Ribbon of Saint George	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_of_Saint_George	2025-05-10T14:26:15Z	en	Q1790496	276,840	{{short description\|Russian military and patriotic symbol}} {{use dmy dates\|date=March 2022\|cs1-dates=y}} {{Infobox coat of arms \|lesser_width = \|lesser_caption = \|image2 = Flag of the St George Ribbon.svg \|image2_alt = \|image2_width = 220px \|image2_caption = Flag of the Saint George Ribbon. \|image3 = Ribbon of Saint George (tied).svg \|image3_alt = \|image3_width = \|image3_caption = The Ribbon of Saint George (tied). The pattern is thought to symbolise fire and gunpowder. It is also thought to be derived from the colours of the original [[Coat of arms of the Russian Empire#1721–1917: Russian Empire\|Russian imperial coat of arms]] (black eagle on a golden background). \|armiger = \|year_adopted = [[Order of St. George\|Order of Saint George]], established in 1769 \|until = \|crest = \|torse = \|shield = \|supporter = \|supporters = \|compartment = \|motto = \|orders = \|badge = \|other_elements = \|earlier_versions = \|use = \|notes = }} The '''ribbon of Saint George''' (also known as '''Saint George's ribbon''', the '''Georgian ribbon'''; {{langx\|ru\|Георгиевская лента\|Georgiyevskaya lenta}}; and the '''Guards ribbon''' in Soviet context){{efn\|See [[#Terminology\|Terminology]] for further information}} is a Russian military symbol consisting of a black and orange bicolour pattern, with three black and two orange stripes. It appears as a component of many high [[military decorations]] awarded by the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Soviet Union]] and the current [[Russia\|Russian Federation]]. In the early 21st century, the ribbon of Saint George has come to be used as an [[awareness ribbon]] for commemorating the veterans of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)\|Eastern Front]] of the [[Second World War]] (known in Russia and some post-Soviet countries as the [[Great Patriotic War]]). It is the primary symbol used in association with [[Victory Day (9 May)\|Victory Day]]. It enjoys wide popularity in Russia as a patriotic symbol.<ref name=OD150501>{{cite news \|url= https://opendemocracy.net/od-russia/oleg-kashin/hunting-swastikas-in-russia \|title= Hunting swastikas in Russia \|first= Oleg \|last= Kashin \|author-link=Oleg Kashin\|publisher= OpenDemocracy.net \|date= 1 May 2015 }}</ref> Since 2014, the symbol has become much more controversial in certain post-Soviet states such as [[Ukraine]] and the [[Baltic states]], due to its association with pro-Russian and [[Novorossiya (confederation)\|separatist]] sentiment,<ref name=RFE150507>{{cite news \|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/victory-day-st-george-ribbon-orange-and-black/26999911.html \|title=For Victory Day, Post-Soviets Show Their Colors – Just Not Orange And Black \|first1= Ihar \|last1= Karney \|first2= Daisy \|last2= Sindelar \|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] \|date= 7 May 2015 }}</ref> especially following the start of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] where it has been associated with Russian nationalism and militarism.<ref>{{Cite magazine \|date=2022-05-13 \|title=A Ukrainian City Under a Violent New Regime \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/05/23/a-ukrainian-city-under-a-violent-new-regime \|access-date=2022-05-31 \|magazine=The New Yorker \|language=en-US}}</ref> == Terminology == [[File:Russian navy ensign of the order of Nakhimov on the battlecruiser Moskva.jpg\|thumb\|Russian naval flag with the [[Order of Nakhimov]] and the Guards Ribbon on the cruiser [[Russian cruiser Moskva\|Moskva]] (2016)]] As the ribbon of Saint George has been used by different Russian governments, multiple terms exist for it in the Russian language. The ribbon first received a formal name in the [[Russian Empire]], in documents prescribing its usage as an award: the '''Georgian ribbon''' ({{langx\|ru\|георгиевская лента}}, ''georgiyevskaya lenta''). The old Tsarist term was used in the [[Soviet Union]] to describe the black-orange ribbon in the Soviet award system, but only in non-official contexts, such as the [[:ru:Военно-исторический журнал\|Military History Journal]] published by the [[Soviet Ministry of Defense]]. Formally, the black-orange ribbon on the badges, flags and cap tallies of [[Guards unit]]s was called the '''Guards ribbon''' ({{langx\|ru\|гвардейская лента}}, ''gvardeyskaya lenta''),<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://flot.com/publications/books/shelf/insignias/40.htm\|title=ЛЕНТЫ К ФУРАЖКАМ РЯДОВОГО СОСТАВА\|website=flot.com\|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://forum.guns.ru/forummessage/103/983243-m25051148.html\|title=Neve : Голосование. "Георгиевская лента" : Криминальные сводки\|website=forum.guns.ru\|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> while the same ribbon as it was used in other Soviet awards had no official name. In the military terminology of the [[Russian Federation]], both Tsarist and Soviet terms are used.<ref name=law1>{{citation \|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%BE%D1%82_21.07.1992_%E2%84%96_798 \|title=Указ Президента РФ от 21.07.1992 № 798}}</ref><ref name=law2>{{citation \|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102118429&rdk=&backlink=1 \|title=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ об утверждении общевоинских уставов Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации}}</ref> The modern term ''георгиевская ленточка'' (''georgiyevskaya lentochka'', distinguished from the Tsarist term by the usage of the [[diminutive]]) comes from the Russian 2005 program of the same name, and is used to refer to the mass-produced [[awareness ribbon]]s as opposed to the original military awards. The usage of the epithet ''Georgian'' in reference to that ribbon is subject to controversy in Russia, due to its Tsarist connotations, and thus sometimes the term ''Guards ribbon'' is used to refer to the modern ribbons as well, as they are meant to commemorate the Soviet period of Russian history.<ref name=guards>{{cite news \|url=https://riastrela.ru/posts/id37-georgievskaya-lentochka-startuet-v-bryanske \|title=Георгиевская ленточка стартует в Брянске \|date= 2 April 2019}}</ref> == History == ===Origins=== [[File:Gold Weapon of the Order of Saint George (Russia).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|210px\|left\|[[Gold Sword for Bravery]], one of the first instances of the Georgian ribbon used independently.]] The Georgian ribbon emerged as part of the [[Order of St. George\|Order of Saint George]], established in 1769 as the highest military decoration of [[Russian Empire\|Imperial Russia]] (and re-established in 1998 by [[Decree of the President of Russia\|Presidential decree]] signed by then [[President of Russia]] [[Boris Yeltsin]]). While the Order of Saint George was normally not a collective award, the ribbon was sometimes granted to regiments and units that performed brilliantly during wartime and constituted an integral part of some collective battle honours (such as [[Colours, standards and guidons\|banners]] and [[Pennon\|pennant]]s). When not awarded the full Order, some distinguished officers were granted ceremonial swords, adorned with the Georgian ribbon.{{cn\|date=April 2023}} In 1806, distinctive Georgian banners were introduced as a further battle honour awarded to meritorious Guards and [[Russian Imperial Guard\|Leib Guard]] regiments. These banners had the [[Cross of Saint George]] as their [[finial]]s and were adorned with 4.44 cm wide Georgian ribbons. It remained the highest collective military award in the [[Imperial Russian Army]] until the Revolution in 1917.{{fact\|date=July 2023}} In the original statute of the [[Order of Saint George]], written in 1769, the currently orange stripes of the ribbon were described as yellow; however, they were frequently rendered as orange in practice,<ref name=guards/> and the orange colour was later formalised in the 1913 statute.<ref name="order">{{cite news\|url=http://george-orden.narod.ru\|title=СТАТУТ ВОЕННОГО ОРДЕНА СВЯТОГО ВЕЛИКОМУЧЕНИКА и ПОБЕДОНОСЦА ГЕОРГИЯ}}</ref> The colours are said to symbolise fire and gunpowder of war, the death and resurrection of [[Saint George]], or the colours of the original [[Coat of arms of the Russian Empire\|Russian imperial coat of arms]] (black [[double-headed eagle]] on a golden [[Escutcheon (heraldry)\|escutcheon]]).<ref name="facts">{{cite news\|url=http://russian7.ru/2014/04/5-faktov-o-georgievskoj-lente/ \|script-title=ru:5 фактов о георгиевской ленте \|trans-title=5 Facts about the Saint George Ribbon \|work=Russia7 \|author=Alexei Rudevich \|date=25 April 2014 \|access-date=23 February 2015 \|language=ru}}</ref> Another theory is that they are, in fact, German in origin, derived from the [[or (tincture)\|or]] and [[Sable (heraldry)\|sable]] stripe patterns found on the heraldry of the [[House of Ascania]], from which Catherine II originated, or the County of [[Ballenstedt]], the house's ancient demesne.<ref name="ribbon">{{cite news\|url=https://sovet.geraldika.ru/article/39938 \|script-title=ru:Георгиевская ленточка: победа прихоти над культурой \|trans-title=Ribbon of Saint George: fads prevail over culture \|work=Saint George \|author=Mikhail Medvedev \|date=8 May 2017 \|access-date=3 September 2017 \|language=ru}}</ref> [[File:Za_pobedu_nad_germaniej.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|right\|The association of the Georgian ribbon to Soviet victory in the Second World War stems from the Soviet [[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"\|"For the Victory over Germany" medal]].]] The original Georgian ribbons disappeared alongside all other Tsarist awards after the [[October Revolution]], although wearing a previously earned [[Cross of St. George (Russia)\|Cross of Saint George]] was allowed. However, the symbol would reappear during the [[Second World War]], as a symbol of office for the newly established Soviet [[Guards unit]]s, whose badges and banners were adorned with black and orange ribbons in a similar manner to old Imperial regiments<ref name="facts"/> Later, the same ribbon would be used for the [[Order of Glory]] ({{langx\|ru\|Орден Славы}}, ''Orden Slavy''), an award given for bravery to soldiers and non-commissioned officers similar to the Tsarist [[Cross of Saint George]], and the medal [[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"\|"For the Victory over Germany"]] ({{langx\|ru\|За победу над Германией}}, ''Za pobedu nad Germaniyey''), awarded to almost all veterans who participated in [[Eastern Front (World War II)\|Eastern Front]] campaigns. As part of the original Tsarist awards, the ribbon was also used by the [[Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union\|collaborationist]] [[Russian Liberation Army]].<ref name=kp5 /> After the war, the ribbon would be sometimes used in [[postcard]]s commemorating the veterans of the war;<ref name="postcards">{{cite news\|url=https://news2.ru/story/53665 \|script-title=ru:Георгиевская ленточка на старых (советских) открытках\|trans-title=Ribbon of Saint George in old (Soviet) postcards \|date=21 December 2017 \|access-date=2 April 2019 \|language=ru}}</ref> however, the ribbon did not hold the public significance it has today.<ref name=kp5>{{cite news\|title=Ukraine breaks from Russia in commemorating victory\|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/ukraine-breaks-from-russia-in-commemorating-victory-388068.html\|access-date=8 May 2015\|agency=Kyiv Post\| quote="“In the 1960-70s there were no St. George's Ribbons seen during the Victory Day parades. If someone showed up with a ribbon, it would be a violation."}}</ref> [[File:Парад в честь 70-летия Великой Победы - 15.jpg\|thumb\|Presidents of Russia, China and Kyrgyzstan with Saint George ribbons during the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade]]]] ===21st century=== ==== Russia ==== In 2005, to mark the 60th anniversary of the Soviet Union's victory over Germany ([[Victory Day (May 9)\|Victory Day]]; 9 May 1945), the Russian state-run news agency [[RIA Novosti]] and the youth civic organization РООСПМ «Студенческая Община» launched a campaign that called on volunteers to distribute ribbons in the streets ahead of Victory Day.<ref name=kp5 /> Since then, civilians in Russia and other former republics of the Soviet Union have worn the ribbon as an act of commemoration and remembrance.{{cn\|date=April 2023}} For the naming of the ribbons the [[diminutive]] form is used: георгиевская ленточка (''georgiyevskaya lentochka'', "small George ribbon").{{cn\|date=April 2023}} Since 2005 the ribbon is distributed each year all over Russia and around the world in advance of 9 May and is on that day widely to be seen on wrists, lapels, and cars.<ref name=grps2005>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32650024 Russia awash with symbols of WW2 victory], [[BBC News]] 8 May 2015</ref> ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' columnist [[Yulia Latynina]] and other journalists have speculated the Russian government introduced the ribbon as a [[public-relations]] response to the 2004 [[Orange Revolution]] in [[Ukraine]] in which demonstrators had adopted [[orange ribbon]]s as their symbol.<ref name=kp5 /><ref name=grps2005/> [[File:2015-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 182.jpg\|thumb\|Individuals in occupied [[Donetsk]] carry portraits of their ancestors and participants in [[World War II]] alongside a ribbon of St George, 9 May 2015]] Subsequently, Russian communist, nationalist and government loyalist groups have adopted the ribbon. During the [[2011–2013 Russian protests]], protestors demonstrating against electoral fraud in the [[2011 Russian legislative election\|2011 elections]] wore white ribbons. Supporters of Putin would counter-protest wearing Saint George's ribbons.<ref>{{cite news \|url= https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/the-black-and-orange-ribbon-of-putins-army-34077 \|title= The Black and Orange Ribbon of Putin's Army \|author= [[Andrei Viktorovich Malgin\|Andrei Malgin]] \|date= April 16, 2014 \|newspaper= [[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> On 28 April 2016, a group of people from the [[Nashi (youth movement)\|Nashi youth movement]] wearing St. George ribbons attacked a school competition organized by the [[Memorial (society)\|Memorial]] society, pouring a toxic solution of [[Brilliant Green (dye)\|Brilliant Green]] on writer [[Ludmila Ulitskaya]] and other guests and assaulting a journalist.<ref>{{cite web\|url= https://meduza.io/en/news/2016/04/28/crowd-wearing-nationalist-symbols-attacks-children-s-school-competition-organized-by-historical-society-memorial\|title= Crowd wearing nationalist symbols attacks children's school competition organized by historical society Memorial — Meduza\|access-date= 12 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url= https://meduza.io/en/news/2016/04/28/meduza-correspondent-assaulted-by-member-of-crowd-disrupting-memorial-society-young-scholar-awards\|title= Meduza correspondent assaulted by member of crowd disrupting Memorial society young scholar awards — Meduza\|access-date= 12 August 2016}}</ref> The Russian anti-Western nationalist group [[National Liberation Movement (Russia)\|National Liberation Movement]] ({{langx \|ru\| Национально-освободительное движение}} - NOD) has adopted a flag of orange and black horizontal stripes as its symbol.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/4/17/russian-ultranationalists-decry-fifth-column.html\|title= Putin's ultranationalist base takes aim at the West\|access-date= 12 August 2016}}</ref> [[File:Russian 6B47 Helmet with EMR Cover Front and Ribbon of St. George.jpg\|thumb\|259x259px\|A Russian [[Russian Airborne Forces\|VDV]] [[6B47 helmet\|6B47]] helmet adorned with the ribbon of St. George]] [[File:Letter Z in the colours of the Russian Ribbon of Saint George.svg\|thumb\|The “Z” symbol in the colors of the ribbon]] During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the colors of the ribbon were used in conjunction with the [[Z (military symbol)\|"Z" military symbol]], which became a pro-war symbol that appeared across Russia.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=MacFarquhar \|first1=Neil \|title=The letter 'Z' has become a symbol for Russians who support the invasion of Ukraine. \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/07/world/europe/russia-letter-z-ivan-kuliak.html \|access-date=8 March 2022 \|work=The New York Times \|date=8 March 2022 \|archive-date=8 March 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308002119/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/07/world/europe/russia-letter-z-ivan-kuliak.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/09/1085471200/the-letter-z-russia-ukraine\|title=The letter Z is becoming a symbol of Russia's aggression in Ukraine. But what does it mean?\|website=NPR\|date=9 March 2022}}</ref> Russian soldiers in Ukraine have been seen decorating their combat uniforms with St. George ribbons.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://theatlasnews.co/conflict/2022/03/31/the-ribbon-of-saint-george/ \| title=The Ribbon of Saint George \| Atlas News \| date=31 March 2022 }}</ref> The St. George's ribbon is used as part of the [[uniform]] of the [[Russian Airborne Forces]].<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8nCu72qzAo \|title=Why are Russian Soldiers Wearing Orange and Black Ribbons? \|date=2022-08-13 \|last=BLRD G&G \|access-date=2025-01-14 \|via=YouTube}}</ref> In December 2022, president Vladimir Putin signed a law making desecration of the ribbon a criminal offense, with the law designating the ribbon as an official symbol of military glory that can only be used in events "dedicated to notable dates in Russia" or "aimed at patriotic and morally-spiritual education of Russian citizens".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/12/29/russia-makes-desecration-of-st-george-ribbon-criminal-offense-a79844\|title=Russia Makes 'Desecration' of St. George Ribbon Criminal Offense\|website=The Moscow Times\|date=29 December 2022}}</ref> ====Ukraine==== During the [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine\|events of 2014 in Ukraine]], [[anti-Maidan]] activists and the pro-Russian population of Ukraine (especially in the south-east regions) used the ribbon as a symbol of pro-Russian and separatist sentiment.<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-ukraine-st-george-ribbon-wwii-commemoration/25375013.html \|title= Kyiv Ditches Separatist-Linked Ribbon As WWII Symbol \|publisher= [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] \|first= Claire \|last= Bigg \|date= May 6, 2014 \|access-date= 2014-05-09}}</ref><ref name=colUWP>{{cite web \|last= Sindelar \|first= Daisy \|title=What's Orange and Black and Bugging Ukraine? \|url= http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-colorado-beetle-separatists/25365793.html \|work= [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] \|date= April 28, 2014 \|access-date= 18 May 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/world/europe/kievs-reins-weaken-as-chaos-spreads.html?_r=0 "Ukraine's Reins Weaken as Chaos Spreads"], ''[[The New York Times]]''(4 May 2014).</ref><ref>{{in lang\|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/06/18/7029494/ Lyashko in Lviv poured green], ''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]'' (18 June 2014).</ref> Pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine used the ribbon as a symbol of loyalty, while Ukrainians loyalists used the derogatory term "kolorady" ({{langx\|ru\|колорады}}; {{langx\|uk\|колоради}}) to describe pro-Russian separatists in reference to the [[Colorado potato beetle]],<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/world/europe/kievs-reins-weaken-as-chaos-spreads.html \|title=Ukraine's Reins Weaken as Chaos Spreads \|author1=Kramermay, A. E. \|date= 4 May 2014 \|work=The New York Times}}</ref> and the ribbon was referred to as the "Colorado ribbon" ({{langx\|ru\|колорадская лента}}, ''koloradskaya lenta''; {{langx\|uk\|колорадська стрічка}}, ''kolorads'ka strichka'').<ref name="colUWP" /><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.mk.ru/politics/article/2014/03/31/1006237-aktivistka-maydana-quoteto-ya-sozhgla-tri-koloradskie-lentyiquot.html\|script-title=ru:Активистка Майдана: "Это я сожгла три колорадские ленты"\|date=March 30, 2014\|publisher=[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]\|language=ru\|access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=54782DAA8E270\|title=О 'ватниках' и лимитрофах (On 'vatniks' and limitrophes)\|last=Ikhlov\|first=Yevgeniy\|website=www.kasparov.ru\|language=ru\|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-bans-russian-st-george-ribbon/28542973.html\|title=Ukraine Bans Russian St. George Ribbon\|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|date=12 June 2017 \|language=en\|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/07/24/talking-smack-about-ukrainians-and-russians-a37647\|title=Talking Smack About Ukrainians and Russians\|last=Berdy\|first=Michele A.\|date=2014-07-24\|website=The Moscow Times\|language=en\|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> Since 2014, incidents over the ribbon would occur during [[Victory Day (9 May)\|Victory Day]] celebrations on 9 May.<ref name="PRCampaignWashPo">{{cite news \|last1=Roth \|first1=Andrew \|title=How an unlikely PR campaign made a ribbon the symbol of Russian patriotism \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/05/09/how-an-unlikely-pr-campaign-made-a-ribbon-the-symbol-of-russian-patriotism/ \|access-date=6 March 2022 \|newspaper=Washington Post \|date=9 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="RFE_Ribbon_May9">{{cite news \|last1=Karney \|first1=Ihar \|last2=Sindelar \|first2=Daisy \|title=For Victory Day, Post-Soviets Show Their Colors -- Just Not Orange And Black \|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/victory-day-st-george-ribbon-orange-and-black/26999911.html \|access-date=6 March 2022 \|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty \|date=7 May 2015 \|language=en}}</ref> In April 2014, the authorities of [[Kropyvnytskyi]] banned the symbol from [[Victory Day]] celebrations "in order to prevent provocations between the activists of different movements". Instead, only Ukrainian state symbols would be used.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unian.net/society/910959-kirovogradskie-veteranyi-otkazalis-ot-georgievskih-lent-na-9-maya.html \|title=Кировоградские ветераны отказались от георгиевских лент на 9 мая : Новости УНИАН \|publisher=Unian.net \|date=2014-04-23 \|access-date=2014-05-09}}</ref> The next month [[Cherkasy]] urged veterans and supporters not to wear the ribbon or any other party symbols.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/911947-predsedatel-cherkasskoy-oga-prizval-otkazatsya-na-9-maya-ot-georgievskih-lent.html \|title=Председатель Черкасской ОГА призвал отказаться на 9 мая от георгиевских лент : Новости УНИАН \|publisher=Unian.net \|date=2014-04-26 \|access-date=2014-05-09}}</ref> The Ukrainian government [[Victory Day over Nazism in World War II\|replaced the ribbon]] with a red-and-black [[remembrance poppy]], like those associated with [[Remembrance Day]] in Western Europe, in 2014.<ref name=kp5 /><ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Yaffa \|first=Joshua \|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2014/05/vladimir-putins-victory-day-in-crimea.html \|title=Vladimir Putin's Victory Day in Crimea \|magazine=The New Yorker \|date=8 May 2014 \|access-date=2014-05-09}}</ref> On 16 May 2017, the ribbon was officially banned in the country, with those who produce or promote the symbol subject to fines or temporary arrest. According to Speaker [[Andriy Parubiy]] ([[People's Front (Ukraine)\|People's Front]]), the symbol had become a symbol of "Russia's aggression and occupation of Ukraine".<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-bans-st-georges-ribbon-separatist-symbol/28491961.html\|title=Ukrainian Lawmakers Back Ban On Ribbon Embraced As Patriotic Symbol In Russia\|date=2017-05-16\|website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty\|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> ====Belarus==== On 5 May 2014, the [[Belarusian Republican Youth Union]] encouraged activists not to use the ribbon. Other officials reported that the decision not to use the symbol was related to the situation in Ukraine, "where the ribbon is used by militants and terrorists".<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.svoboda.org/a/25379021.html\|title=Георгиевская лента напугала Лукашенко\|newspaper=Радио Свобода \|date=9 May 2014 \|access-date=12 August 2016\|last1=Цыганков \|first1=Виталий }}</ref> In time for Victory Day 2015, the government introduced a new ribbon, featuring red and green of the [[Flag of Belarus]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/world/russians-embrace-kremlinbacked-wwii-ribbon-42876.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055913/http://www.thanhniennews.com/world/russians-embrace-kremlinbacked-wwii-ribbon-42876.html\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=5 May 2015\|title=Russians embrace Kremlin-backed WWII ribbon\|date=4 May 2015\|access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> ====Canada==== During preparation for the first Victory Day parade in the Canadian city of [[Winnipeg]] on 10 May 2014, the Russian embassy distributed Ribbons of Saint George to participants. The move was considered controversial to the local Ukrainian community in view of the ongoing events in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/ethnic-tension-258585441.html\|publisher=WinnipegFreePress\|date=9 May 2014\|access-date=9 May 2014\|title=Pro-Russia parade planned for city riles local Ukrainians\|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press\|last1=Sanders\|first1=Carol}}</ref> [[File:Возложение венка к Могиле Неизвестного Солдата - 02.jpg\|thumb\|Then-president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] of Kazakhstan during the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade]]]] ====Latvia==== Latvia's Parliament has approved a ban on the public display of Nazi and Soviet symbols, including swastikas and the hammer and sickle, and the singing and promotion of fascist and communist anthems and ideologies. On 11 November 2021, [[Lāčplēsis Day]], the [[Saeima]] approved an amendment of the law on Security and Public Entertainment and Festive Events banning the use of the ribbon in public events.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Saeima backs ban on 'St. George ribbon' use at public events \|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/saeima-backs-ban-on-st-george-ribbon-use-at-public-events.a429865/ \|access-date=11 November 2021 \|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] \|date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Latvian parliament official bans the use of Ribbon of St.George at public events \|url=https://www.baltictimes.com/proposals_to_ban_russian_war_symbols_z__st_george_s_ribbon_put_before_lithuanian_parlt/ \|access-date=11 November 2021 \|newspaper=[[The Baltic Times]] \|date=11 November 2021}}</ref> ====Lithuania==== The ban on similar grounds to that in Latvia was discussed after the Russian annexation of Crimea.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://uawire.org/news/lithuanian-faction-st-george-ribbon-a-symbol-of-russian-aggression-and-imperialist-ambitions\|title=Lithuanian faction: St. George Ribbon a symbol of 'Russian aggression and imperialist ambitions'\|access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> The ribbon was finally banned, along with [[Z military symbol\|"Z" and "V" military symbols]], in response to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1676176/lithuania-bans-symbols-of-russia-s-war-against-ukraine\|title = Lithuania bans symbols of Russia's war against Ukraine\|date = 19 April 2022}}</ref> ====Moldova==== On 7 April 2022, the [[Parliament of Moldova\|Moldovan Parliament]] voted to ban the ribbon following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The military symbols "Z" and "V" were also banned.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://unimedia.info/ro/news/854731b24c0d48b1/in-republica-moldova-se-interzic-simbolurile-si-atributele-care-promoveaza-actiuni-de-agresiune-militara.html\|title=(video) Panglica Sf. Gheorghe, "V, Z" și alte simboluri ale războiului, interzise în Moldova: PAS a votat legea în prima lectură\|newspaper=[[Unimedia]]\|date=7 April 2022\|language=ro}}</ref> ==== Estonia ==== The Riigikogu passed legislation to ban the use of St George Ribbon after Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022. The law also provides that it is not allowed to publicly exhibit symbols connected with the commission of an act of aggression, genocide, a crime against humanity or a war crime in a way that expresses support to Nazi or justifies such activities. This is punishable by a fine of up to 300 fine units or €1200, or detention. If such an act is committed by a legal person, it is punishable by a fine of up to €32,000.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://news.err.ee/1608557650/trucker-justifying-ribbon-of-saint-george-and-bucha-murders-denied-entry \| title=Trucker justifying Ribbon of Saint George and Bucha murders denied entry \| date=7 April 2022 }}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery class="left"> File:Fabergé - Imperial presentation box - Google Art Project.jpg\|[[Nicholas II of Russia]] was a recipient of the [[Order of St. George]] (Fourth Class) File:Catherine II by J.B.Lampi (1780s, Kunsthistorisches Museum).jpg\|[[Catherine II]] wearing the [[Order of St. George]] sash File:Эрнст Липгарт - Портрет Великого Князя Михаила Николаевича.jpg\|[[Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia]] with the [[Order of St. George]] sash (first class) File:Gannibal I A.jpg\|[[Ivan Gannibal]] with the Ribbon of St. George File:Russian Standard St George 1817.jpg\|Saint George Standard of the Life Guard Cuirassier Regiment 1817 File:MoD Guards beret badge plastic.jpg\|Beret badge with ribbon of St George of a Russian Federation Guards unit File:Georgievskaya lentochka.jpg\|Ribbon of Saint George on a car antenna, Moscow, May 2008 File:4mayrehearsal 18.jpg\|Ribbon of Saint George decal on the [[Kurganets-25]] File:2014-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 353.jpg\|Pro-Russian separatist [[Vostok Battalion (Donbass)\|Vostok Battalion]] member wearing a Saint George ribbon armband File:300 ОМП.png\|Shoulder sleeve insignia of the [[300th Mechanized Regiment (Ukraine)]] (disbanded in 2013) File:25 OPDBr patch Ukraine.png\|Former insignia of the [[25th Airborne Brigade (Ukraine)]] File:6-й армійський корпус.png\|Sleeve patch of the [[6th Army Corps (Ukraine)]] (disbanded in 2013) File:Military parade on Red Square 2016-05-09 037.jpg\|[[RT-2PM2 Topol-M\|Topol-M]] participating in a military parade on [[Red Square]] on Soviet-Russian [[Victory Day (9 May)\|Victory Day]] File:Letter Z in the colours of the Russian Ribbon of Saint George withHashtag.svg\|Z-shaped Saint George ribbon used in the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\|2022 invasion of Ukraine]] with the hashtag: #[[wikt:своих не бросаем\|СвоихНеБросаем]] (#SvoikhNeBrosaem; "We don't abandon our own") File:Red Star and ribbon of Saint George decal on Russian military vehicles.svg\|Red Star and ribbon of Saint George decal on Russian military vehicles </gallery> ===Flags=== On July 21, 1992, by the [[Decree of the President of Russia]] under [[Boris Yeltsin]], the need for new naval banners for the [[Russian Federation]] was created under decree No. 798.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%BE%D1%82_21.07.1992_%E2%84%96_798\|title=Указ Президента РФ от 21.07.1992 № 798 — Викитека\|website=ru.wikisource.org\|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> Article 1, section 2 states the description of the "Guards naval flag" with the "'''Guards Ribbon'''" located in the middle of the lower half of the flag, symmetrically relative to the middle vertical line of the flag. The usage of the Soviet term "'''Guards Ribbon'''" in modern Russian laws were only in reference of the [[Russian Guards\|Guards units]] of the [[Soviet Navy]]. These units were subsequently acquired by the newly formed [[Russian Navy]] after the collapse of the Soviet Union. <gallery class="left"> File:Odessa_Russian_Spring_2014040609.JPG\|Pro-Russian demonstration in [[Odesa]] in 2014 File:Гвардейский военно-морской флаг эсминца Гремящий.JPG\|1942–1950 Soviet Guards Naval Flag File:Russia, Guards naval flag 1992.svg\| First Guards naval flag of the [[Russian Navy]], 1992–2000 File:Russia, Guards naval flag 2000.svg\| Second version of the Guards naval flag, reverted to the historical color of the original [[Ensign of the Russian Navy\|St Andrews's flag]], 2000 </gallery> ===Medals=== <gallery class="left"> file:Order of St. George, 4th class RF.jpg\|Russian Federation Order of Saint George 4th class file:Cross of St George 3rd class.jpg\|Imperial [[Cross of St. George (Russia)\|Cross of Saint George]] 3rd class 1807 – 1917 (enlisted award) File:St George Medal I.jpg\| Medal of St. George 1st class file:Za pobedu nad germaniej.jpg\|Soviet [[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"\|Medal "For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] file:Order of Glory 3rd class.jpg\|Soviet [[Order of Glory]] 3rd class File:Capture of Berlin OBVERSE.jpg\|[[Medal "For the Capture of Berlin"]] File:40yearsvictory.jpg\|[[Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] File:30yearsvictory.jpg\|[[Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] File:Nagradigosukrmedal 008 ukr.jpg\| 60 Years of Ukraine's Liberation from Nazi Invaders Jubilee Medal File:65 ann WW2 obverse.jpg\|[[Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] File:50 ann WW2 obverse.jpg\| 50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War File:2017-01-15. Медаль 01.jpg\| Defender of the Motherland Medal (Ukraine) 1999–2015 File:70-let-pobedy.jpg\|[[Jubilee Medal "70 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] File:Medal of Zhukov.jpg\|[[Medal of Zhukov]] File:Orden Voinskoy Slavy.jpg\|Order of Military Glory (Belarus) File:70letnemfash.jpg\|Jubilee medal in honor of the 70th anniversary of liberation of Belarus from Nazi invaders </gallery> ===Guards Badge=== <gallery class="left"> file:Chest_badge_Guards_Russian_Federation.png\|Guards badge of the [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]] File:Belarusian guard unit badge.png\| Guards badge of the [[Armed Forces of Belarus]] File:Нагрудний знак «Гвардія» (ф).png\| Guards badge of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]], established in 2005,<ref>{{cite web \|title=About the Badge (Guards) \|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=breastplate&sub=guards&lang=ua \|website=Ukrainian Ministry of Defense \|access-date=6 March 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908224552/http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=breastplate&sub=guards&lang=ua\|archive-date=8 September 2007}}</ref> removed in 2016 File:Guards sign for the Soviet Navy.png\| Guards badge for the [[Soviet Navy]] </gallery> == Notes == {{notelist}} == See also == {{commons category\|Ribbon of St. George}} * [[Soviet imagery during the Russo-Ukrainian War]] * [[Z (military symbol)]] * [[Russian Guards]] * [[Order of Glory]] * [[Awards and decorations of the Russian Federation]] * [[Green ribbon (Russia)\|Green ribbon]], a symbol used by protesters against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Moscow Victory Parade}} {{Awareness ribbon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ribbon Of Saint George}} [[Category:Military symbols used during the Russo-Ukrainian War]] [[Category:Eastern Front (World War II)]] [[Category:Military awards and decorations of Russia]] [[Category:National symbols of Russia]] [[Category:Awareness ribbon]] [[Category:Political symbols]]	1,289,737,205	[{"title": "Versions", "data": {"Versions": ["Flag of the Saint George Ribbon.", "The Ribbon of Saint George (tied). The pattern is thought to symbolise fire and gunpowder. It is also thought to be derived from the colours of the original Russian imperial coat of arms (black eagle on a golden background)."]}}]	false
# Painful (album) \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ----------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| AllMusic \| [ 3 ] \| \| Chicago Tribune \| [ 4 ] \| \| Christgau's Consumer Guide \| A− \| \| Entertainment Weekly \| B+ \| \| Mojo \| [ 7 ] \| \| NME \| 8/10 \| \| Pitchfork \| 9.6/10 \| \| Q \| [ 10 ] \| \| The Rolling Stone Album Guide \| [ 11 ] \| \| Spin Alternative Record Guide \| 9/10 \| Painful is the sixth studio album by American indie rock band Yo La Tengo, released in 1993 by record label Matador, their first for the label. On 2 December 2014, the album was reissued with bonus material as Extra Painful, available on double CD, double vinyl and as a digital download. ## Style The album marked a creative shift from Yo La Tengo's previous work, blending atmospheric and ambient sounds with their famous noise jams. Painful features a much more melody-driven Yo La Tengo in its hazy, dream-like songwriting. Music journalist Andrew Earles described the album as the band's "ultimate love letter" to UK shoegaze and New Zealand indie pop, calling it the band's most atmospheric-sounding release to date. Music critic Jim DeRogatis said the tracks “Big Day Coming” and “Sudden Organ” have been noted for their elements of psychedelic music. Two versions of the track "Big Day Coming" are present on the album and display the range of musical stylings Yo La Tengo works with; the first version features a simple organ melody accompanied by a soft bass counterpoint and Kaplan's guitar feedback echoing in the background, while the second version is a much more straightforward, shoegaze style with an accompanying organ solo towards the latter part of the song. ## Critical reception and legacy In recent years, Painful has become regarded as a significant step for Yo La Tengo in their discography. In a biography of the band, AllMusic's Mark Deming dubbed it "their first masterpiece", seeing it push them "in a multitude of new directions, significantly expanding [their] palette of sounds and textures." Reflecting on it in a 20th anniversary review, Spectrum Culture's Rodger Coleman called it "revelatory, ageless and sublime." He saw it as the album "where they first came together as a real band," as well as showing "a substantial refinement of sound and approach." ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Vocals \| Length \| \| --- \| ---------------------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Big Day Coming" \| Ira Kaplan \| Kaplan \| 7:04 \| \| 2. \| "From a Motel 6" \| Ira Kaplan Georgia Hubley \| Hubley Kaplan \| 4:08 \| \| 3. \| "Double Dare" \| Ira Kaplan \| Kaplan \| 3:28 \| \| 4. \| "Superstar-Watcher" \| Yo La Tengo \| \| 1:42 \| \| 5. \| "Nowhere Near" \| Georgia Hubley \| Hubley \| 6:01 \| \| 6. \| "Sudden Organ" \| Ira Kaplan \| Kaplan \| 4:42 \| \| 7. \| "A Worrying Thing" \| Ira Kaplan \| Kaplan \| 2:53 \| \| 8. \| "I Was the Fool Beside You for Too Long" \| Yo La Tengo \| Kaplan \| 5:04 \| \| 9. \| "The Whole of the Law" \| Peter Perrett \| Hubley Kaplan \| 2:19 \| \| 10. \| "Big Day Coming" \| Ira Kaplan \| Kaplan \| 4:14 \| \| 11. \| "I Heard You Looking" \| Yo La Tengo \| \| 7:01 \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| ---------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Nowhere Near" (demo) \| 7:14 \| \| 2. \| "From A Motel 6" (live acoustic) \| 3:44 \| \| 3. \| "Tunnel Vision" (unreleased instrumental demo) \| 1:43 \| \| 4. \| "Sudden Organ" (demo) \| 7:35 \| \| 5. \| "Smart Window" (unreleased Painful session) \| 3:16 \| \| 6. \| "Big Day Coming" (live acoustic) \| 3:10 \| \| 7. \| "Slow Learner" (unreleased demo) \| 6:38 \| \| 8. \| "Double Dare" (demo) \| 3:24 \| \| 9. \| "A Worrying Thing" (demo) \| 2:57 \| \| 10. \| "I Heard You Looking" (live) \| 9:17 \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Double Dare (Sominextraction)" (live, CBGB, 1/31/92) \| 5:41 \| \| 2. \| "What She Wants" (live, House Of Music, West Orange) \| 2:54 \| \| 3. \| "Ashes On The Ground" (live, SIR, 9/29/93)) \| 5:14 \| \| 4. \| "Nutricia" (recorded At Snack Time by Fred Brockman) \| 5:04 \| \| 5. \| "For Shame Of Doing Wrong (Slide Version)" (live, House Of Music, West Orange) \| 4:37 \| \| 6. \| "Superstar Watcher" (recorded At Snack Time by Fred Brockman) \| 1:45 \| \| 7. \| "Big Day Coming" (live, Reckless Records, 4/26/92) \| 19:02 \| \| 8. \| "I Was The Fool Beside You For Too Long" (live, SIR, 9/29/93) \| 4:43 \| \| 9. \| "Shaker" (live, The Batschkapp, Frankfurt, 1/3/94) \| 3:07 \| \| 10. \| "Artificial Heart" (live, Shank Hall, 5/11/93) \| 2:39 \| \| 11. \| "Whole Of The Law Loops" (Painful Sessions, Water Music & James Apartment 1992) \| 2:45 \| \| 12. \| "Nowhere Near" (live, Lounge Ax, Chicago 11/13/93) \| 6:04 \| \| 13. \| "Sleeping Pill" (excerpt From "Ian Mackaye", Room Temperature, Brooklyn 2/20/93) \| 2:12 \| \| 14. \| "Big Day Coming" (live, SIR, 9/29/93) \| 3:45 \| \| 15. \| "Sudden Organ" (live, SIR, 9/29/93) \| 7:04 \| \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Shaker" \| \| \| 2. \| "For Shame Of Doing Wrong" (8-Track Version - the CD single contained a different version which is on the download coupon) \| \| Notes - An exact reproduction of the original single Shaker 7" came with the vinyl edition. - 15 additional bonus tracks were available for download ## Personnel - Georgia Hubley – drums, percussion, vocals, guitar, organ - Ira Kaplan – vocals, guitar, organ, percussion - James McNew – bass, vocals, guitar, percussion	enwiki/3690339	enwiki	3,690,339	Painful (album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painful_(album)	2025-06-13T22:29:43Z	en	Q10615151	113,455	{{more citations needed\|date=December 2024}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox album \| name = Painful \| type = studio \| artist = [[Yo La Tengo]] \| cover = Painfulalbumcover.png \| alt = \| released = October 5, 1993 \| recorded = 1993 \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = {{flatlist\| * [[Shoegaze]]<ref>{{cite magazine\|date=January 6, 2003\|title=The Top 25 College Radio Albums of All Time\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkzZ53I3Fx8C&pg=PA20\|magazine=[[CMJ\|CMJ New Music Report]]\|publisher=CMJ Network, Inc.\|volume=74\|issue=5\|page=20\|access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref><ref name="am">{{cite web \|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/yo-la-tengo-mn0000687487/biography \|title=Yo La Tengo – Biography \|publisher=[[AllMusic]] \|access-date=May 11, 2016 \|last=Ankeny \|first=Jason}}</ref> [[dream pop]]<ref name="am"/> }} \| length = 48:36 \| label = [[Matador Records\|Matador]] \| producer = {{flatlist\| Fred Brockman * Roger Moutenot }} \| prev_title = [[May I Sing with Me]] \| prev_year = 1992 \| next_title = [[Electr-O-Pura]] \| next_year = 1995 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = Painful \| type = studio \| single1 = Big Day Coming \| single1date = 30 September 1993 \| single2 = From a Motel 6 \| single2date = 7 January 1994 }} }} {{Music ratings \| rev1 = [[AllMusic]] \| rev1score = {{Rating\|4.5\|5}}<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/painful-mw0000102909 \|title=Painful – Yo La Tengo \|publisher=[[AllMusic]] \|access-date=March 27, 2015 \|last=Deming \|first=Mark}}</ref> \| rev2 = ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' \| rev2score = {{Rating\|4\|4}}<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/11/11/melody-lingers-on-2/ \|title=Melody Lingers On \|work=[[Chicago Tribune]] \|date=November 11, 1993 \|access-date=October 12, 2016 \|last=Kot \|first=Greg \|author-link=Greg Kot}}</ref> \| rev3 = ''[[Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s\|Christgau's Consumer Guide]]'' \| rev3score = A−<ref>{{cite book \|chapter=Yo La Tengo: Painful \|chapter-url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=4246 \|access-date=March 27, 2015 \|title=Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s \|title-link=Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s \|last=Christgau \|first=Robert \|author-link=Robert Christgau \|publisher=[[St. Martin's Griffin]] \|year=2000 \|isbn=0-312-24560-2}}</ref> \| rev4 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' \| rev4score = B+<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Yo La Tengo: Painful \|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] \|date=October 8, 1993 \|page=54}}</ref> \| rev5 = ''[[Mojo (magazine)\|Mojo]]'' \| rev5score = {{Rating\|4\|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Yo La Tengo: Extra Painful \|magazine=[[Mojo (magazine)\|Mojo]] \|issue=255 \|date=February 2015 \|last=Chick \|first=Stevie \|page=102}}</ref> \| rev6 = ''[[NME]]'' \| rev6score = 8/10<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Yo La Tengo: Painful \|magazine=[[NME]] \|date=November 6, 1993 \|page=29}}</ref> \| rev7 = ''[[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]'' \| rev7score = 9.6/10<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/20017-yo-la-tengo-extra-painful/ \|title=Yo La Tengo: Extra Painful \|website=[[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]] \|date=December 2, 2014 \|access-date=March 27, 2015 \|last=Berman \|first=Stuart}}</ref> \| rev8 = ''[[Q (magazine)\|Q]]'' \| rev8score = {{Rating\|4\|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Yo La Tengo: Extra Painful \|magazine=[[Q (magazine)\|Q]] \|issue=342 \|date=January 2015 \|page=139}}</ref> \| rev9 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]'' \| rev9score = {{Rating\|5\|5}}<ref>{{cite book \|chapter=Yo La Tengo \|last=Sheffield \|first=Rob \|author-link=Rob Sheffield \|title=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide \|title-link=The Rolling Stone Album Guide \|editor-last=Brackett \|editor-first=Nathan \|editor2-last=Hoard \|editor2-first=Christian \|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] \|edition=4th \|year=2004 \|isbn=0-7432-0169-8 \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/896 896–97]}}</ref> \| rev10 = ''[[Spin Alternative Record Guide]]'' \| rev10score = 9/10<ref>{{cite book \|chapter=Yo La Tengo \|last=Sheffield \|first=Rob \|author-link=Rob Sheffield \|title=Spin Alternative Record Guide \|title-link=Spin Alternative Record Guide \|editor1-last=Weisbard \|editor1-first=Eric \|editor2-last=Marks \|editor2-first=Craig \|publisher=[[Vintage Books]] \|year=1995 \|isbn=0-679-75574-8 \|pages=443–44}}</ref> }} '''''Painful''''' is the sixth studio album by American [[indie rock]] band [[Yo La Tengo]], released in 1993 by record label [[Matador Records\|Matador]], their first for the label. On 2 December 2014, the album was reissued with bonus material as ''Extra Painful'', available on double CD, double vinyl and as a digital download.<ref name=MatadorRecords>{{cite web \|url=http://matablog.matadorrecords.com/2014/10/21/coming-december-2-20th-anniversary-deluxe-editions-of-yo-la-tengos-painful/ \|title=Yo La Tengo > Coming December 2 : Yo La Tengo's 'Extra Painful' 2XLP / 2XCD \|publisher=[[Matador Records]] \|access-date=December 9, 2014 \|last=Cosloy \|first=Gerard\|date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> == Style == The album marked a creative shift from Yo La Tengo's previous work, blending atmospheric and ambient sounds with their famous noise jams. ''Painful'' features a much more melody-driven Yo La Tengo in its hazy, dream-like songwriting.{{citation needed\|date=December 2024}} Music journalist Andrew Earles described the album as the band's "ultimate love letter" to UK [[shoegaze]] and New Zealand [[indie pop]], calling it the band's most atmospheric-sounding release to date.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Earles \|first1=Andrew \|title=Gimme Indie Rock: 500 Essential American Underground Rock Albums 1981-1996 \|publisher=Voyageur Press \|pages=361}}</ref> Music critic [[Jim DeRogatis]] said the tracks “Big Day Coming” and “Sudden Organ” have been noted for their elements of [[psychedelic music]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=DeRogatis \|first=Jim \|title=Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock \|publisher=Hal Leonard \|year=2003 \|pages=517}}</ref> Two versions of the track "Big Day Coming" are present on the album and display the range of musical stylings Yo La Tengo works with; the first version features a simple organ melody accompanied by a soft bass counterpoint and Kaplan's guitar [[Guitar feedback\|feedback]] echoing in the background, while the second version is a much more straightforward, shoegaze style with an accompanying organ solo towards the latter part of the song.{{citation needed\|date=December 2024}} == Critical reception and legacy== In recent years, ''Painful'' has become regarded as a significant step for Yo La Tengo in their discography. In a biography of the band, [[AllMusic]]'s Mark Deming dubbed it "their first masterpiece", seeing it push them "in a multitude of new directions, significantly expanding [their] palette of sounds and textures."<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/yo-la-tengo-mn0000687487/biography\|last=Deming\|first=Mark\|author-link=Mark Deming\|title=Yo La Tengo Biography, Songs & Albums\|work=[[AllMusic]]\|access-date=August 20, 2023}}</ref> Reflecting on it in a 20th anniversary review, ''Spectrum Culture''{{'}}s Rodger Coleman called it "revelatory, ageless and sublime." He saw it as the album "where they first came together as a real band," as well as showing "a substantial refinement of sound and approach."<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://spectrumculture.com/2013/03/27/holy-hell-painful-turns-20/\|last=Coleman\|first=Rodger\|date=March 27, 2013\|title=Yo La Tengo: Painful {{!}} 20 Years Later\|work=Spectrum Culture\|access-date=August 20, 2023}}</ref> ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| extra_column = Vocals \| title1 = Big Day Coming \| writer1 = {{flatlist\| * Ira Kaplan }} \| extra1 = Kaplan \| length1 = 7:04 \| title2 = From a Motel 6 \| writer2 = {{flatlist\| * Ira Kaplan * Georgia Hubley }} \| extra2 = {{flatlist\| * Hubley * Kaplan }} \| length2 = 4:08 \| title3 = Double Dare \| writer3 = {{flatlist\| * Ira Kaplan }} \| extra3 = Kaplan \| length3 = 3:28 \| title4 = Superstar-Watcher \| writer4 = {{flatlist\| * Yo La Tengo }} \| extra4 = \| length4 = 1:42 \| title5 = Nowhere Near \| writer5 = {{flatlist\| * Georgia Hubley }} \| extra5 = Hubley \| length5 = 6:01 \| title6 = Sudden Organ \| writer6 = {{flatlist\| * Ira Kaplan }} \| extra6 = Kaplan \| length6 = 4:42 \| title7 = A Worrying Thing \| writer7 = {{flatlist\| * Ira Kaplan }} \| extra7 = Kaplan \| length7 = 2:53 \| title8 = I Was the Fool Beside You for Too Long \| writer8 = {{flatlist\| * Yo La Tengo }} \| extra8 = Kaplan \| length8 = 5:04 \| title9 = The Whole of the Law \| writer9 = {{flatlist\| * [[Peter Perrett]] }} \| extra9 = {{flatlist\| * Hubley * Kaplan }} \| length9 = 2:19 \| title10 = Big Day Coming \| writer10 = {{flatlist\| * Ira Kaplan }} \| extra10 = Kaplan \| length10 = 4:14 \| title11 = I Heard You Looking \| writer11 = {{flatlist\| * Yo La Tengo }} \| extra11 = \| length11 = 7:01 }} {{Track listing \| headline = Extra Painful bonus disc \| title1 = Nowhere Near \| note1 = demo \| length1 = 7:14 \| title2 = From A Motel 6 \| note2 = live acoustic \| length2 = 3:44 \| title3 = Tunnel Vision \| note3 = unreleased instrumental demo \| length3 = 1:43 \| title4 = Sudden Organ \| note4 = demo \| length4 = 7:35 \| title5 = Smart Window \| note5 = unreleased Painful session \| length5 = 3:16 \| title6 = Big Day Coming \| note6 = live acoustic \| length6 = 3:10 \| title7 = Slow Learner \| note7 = unreleased demo \| length7 = 6:38 \| title8 = Double Dare \| note8 = demo \| length8 = 3:24 \| title9 = A Worrying Thing \| note9 = demo \| length9 = 2:57 \| title10 = I Heard You Looking \| note10 = live \| length10 = 9:17 }} {{Track listing \| headline = Extra Painful bonus downloadable additional tracks \| title1 = Double Dare (Sominextraction) \| note1 = live, CBGB, 1/31/92 \| length1 = 5:41 \| title2 = What She Wants \| note2 = live, House Of Music, West Orange \| length2 = 2:54 \| title3 = Ashes On The Ground \| note3 = live, SIR, 9/29/93) \| length3 = 5:14 \| title4 = Nutricia \| note4 = recorded At Snack Time by Fred Brockman \| length4 = 5:04 \| title5 = For Shame Of Doing Wrong (Slide Version) \| note5 = live, House Of Music, West Orange \| length5 = 4:37 \| title6 = Superstar Watcher \| note6 = recorded At Snack Time by Fred Brockman \| length6 = 1:45 \| title7 = Big Day Coming \| note7 = live, Reckless Records, 4/26/92 \| length7 = 19:02 \| title8 = I Was The Fool Beside You For Too Long \| note8 = live, SIR, 9/29/93 \| length8 = 4:43 \| title9 = Shaker \| note9 = live, The [[Batschkapp]], Frankfurt, 1/3/94 \| length9 = 3:07 \| title10 = Artificial Heart \| note10 = live, [[Shank Hall]], 5/11/93 \| length10 = 2:39 \| title11 = Whole Of The Law Loops \| note11 = Painful Sessions, Water Music & James Apartment 1992 \| length11 = 2:45 \| title12 = Nowhere Near \| note12 = live, Lounge Ax, Chicago 11/13/93 \| length12 = 6:04 \| title13 = Sleeping Pill \| note13 = excerpt From "Ian Mackaye", Room Temperature, Brooklyn 2/20/93 \| length13 = 2:12 \| title14 = Big Day Coming \| note14 = live, SIR, 9/29/93 \| length14 = 3:45 \| title15 = Sudden Organ \| note15 = live, SIR, 9/29/93 \| length15 = 7:04 }} {{Track listing \| headline = Shaker 7" reissue \| title1 = Shaker \| title2 = For Shame Of Doing Wrong \| note2 = 8-Track Version - the CD single contained a different version which is on the download coupon }} ; Notes * An exact reproduction of the original single Shaker 7" came with the vinyl edition. * 15 additional bonus tracks were available for download ==Personnel== * [[Georgia Hubley]] – drums, percussion, vocals, guitar, organ * [[Ira Kaplan]] – vocals, guitar, organ, percussion * [[James McNew]] – bass, vocals, guitar, percussion == References == {{reflist\|30em}} == External links == * {{Discogs master\|32460\|Painful}} {{Yo La Tengo}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1993 albums]] [[Category:Yo La Tengo albums]] [[Category:Matador Records albums]]	1,295,460,797	[{"title": "Studio album by Yo La Tengo", "data": {"Released": "October 5, 1993", "Recorded": "1993", "Genre": "Shoegaze dream pop", "Length": "48:36", "Label": "Matador", "Producer": "Fred Brockman Roger Moutenot"}}, {"title": "Yo La Tengo chronology", "data": {"May I Sing with Me \u00b7 (1992)": "Painful \u00b7 (1993) \u00b7 Electr-O-Pura \u00b7 (1995)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Painful", "data": {"Singles from Painful": "1. \"Big Day Coming\" \u00b7 Released: 30 September 1993 2. \"From a Motel 6\" \u00b7 Released: 7 January 1994"}}, {"title": "Yo La Tengo", "data": {"Studio albums": "Ride the Tiger New Wave Hot Dogs President Yo La Tengo Fakebook May I Sing with Me Painful Electr-O-Pura I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One And Then Nothing Turned Itself Inside-Out Summer Sun I Am Not Afraid of You and I Will Beat Your Ass Popular Songs Fade Stuff Like That There There's a Riot Going On We Have Amnesia Sometimes This Stupid World", "EPs": "Today Is the Day!", "Compilation albums": "Genius + Love = Yo La Tengo Prisoners of Love Yo La Tengo Is Murdering the Classics They Shoot, We Score Murder in the Second Degree", "Other albums": "Strange but True (with Jad Fair ) The Sounds of the Sounds of Science Fuckbook", "Singles": "\" You Can Have It All \" \" Saturday \" \" Periodically Double or Triple \" \" Stupid Things \"", "Related articles": "Discography This Stupid World tour Dump"}}]	false
# 2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 5 – Women's allround combination The women's allround combination of the 2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 5, arranged in the Sørmarka Arena in Stavanger, Norway, was contested on 29–31 January 2016. It was the only allround combination competition of the 2015–16 World Cup. The contest included each skater's time from the 1500 metres and 3000 metres competitions that were raced during the weekend. Martina Sáblíková of the Czech Republic had the best combined result, while Dutch skaters Ireen Wüst and Linda de Vries came in second and third place. ## Results \| Rank \| Name \| Nat. \| 1500 m \| 3000 m \| Points \| GWC points \| \| ----------------------------- \| ----------------------- \| -------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------ \| ---------- \| \| 1st place, gold medalist(s) \| Martina Sáblíková \| Czech Republic \| 2:01.68 \| 4:17.68 \| 78.493 \| 100 \| \| 2nd place, silver medalist(s) \| Ireen Wüst \| Netherlands \| 1:56.09 \| 4:04.15 \| 79.387 \| 80 \| \| 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) \| Linda de Vries \| Netherlands \| 1:57.30 \| 4:01.80 \| 79.400 \| 70 \| \| 4 \| Olga Graf \| Russia \| 1:56.72 \| 4:08.63 \| 80.344 \| 60 \| \| 5 \| Marije Joling \| Netherlands \| 1:58.10 \| 4:05.94 \| 80.356 \| 50 \| \| 6 \| Annouk van der Weijden \| Netherlands \| 1:57.96 \| 4:07.58 \| 80.583 \| — \| \| 7 \| Miho Takagi \| Japan \| 1:57.11 \| 4:09.37 \| 80.597 \| \| \| 8 \| Natalya Voronina \| Russia \| 1:59.34 \| 4:07.12 \| 80.966 \| \| \| 9 \| Misaki Oshigiri \| Japan \| 1:57.63 \| 4:10.89 \| 81.025 \| \| \| 10 \| Yuliya Skokova \| Russia \| 1:58.53 \| 4:11.26 \| 81.386 \| \| \| 11 \| Claudia Pechstein \| Germany \| 1:59.79 \| 4:08.77 \| 81.391 \| \| \| 12 \| Ayaka Kikuchi \| Japan \| 1:57.71 \| 4:13.46 \| 81.479 \| \| \| 13 \| Ida Njåtun \| Norway \| 1:58.64 \| 4:12.21 \| 81.581 \| \| \| 14 \| Elizaveta Kazelina \| Russia \| 1:59.15 \| 4:11.96 \| 81.709 \| \| \| 15 \| Luiza Złotkowska \| Poland \| 1:59.51 \| 4:11.75 \| 81.794 \| \| \| 16 \| Ivanie Blondin \| Canada \| 2:00.36 \| 4:11.19 \| 81.984 \| \| \| 17 \| Brianne Tutt \| Canada \| 1:59.64 \| 4:12.88 \| 82.026 \| \| \| 18 \| Natalia Czerwonka \| Poland \| 1:58.61 \| 4:15.21 \| 82.071 \| \| \| 19 \| Bente Kraus \| Germany \| 2:02.59 \| 4:09.76 \| 82.489 \| \| \| 20 \| Nana Takagi \| Japan \| 2:00.47 \| 4:14.23 \| 82.527 \| \| \| 21 \| Hao Jiachen \| China \| 2:01.16 \| 4:13.99 \| 82.717 \| \| \| 22 \| Fuyo Matsuoka \| Japan \| 2:01.84 \| 4:12.95 \| 82.771 \| \| \| 23 \| Josie Spence \| Canada \| 2:01.20 \| 4:15.48 \| 82.980 \| \| \| 24 \| Liu Jing \| China \| 2:01.10 \| 4:15.87 \| 83.011 \| \| \| 25 \| Zhao Xin \| China \| 2:01.54 \| 4:16.25 \| 83.221 \| \| \| 26 \| Francesca Lollobrigida \| Italy \| 2:02.20 \| 4:15.43 \| 83.304 \| \| \| 27 \| Marina Zueva \| Belarus \| 2:01.68 \| 4:17.68 \| 83.506 \| \| \| 28 \| Francesca Bettrone \| Italy \| 2:01.88 \| 4:20.92 \| 84.112 \| \| \| 29 \| Magdalena Czyszczon \| Poland \| 2:03.91 \| 4:17.44 \| 84.209 \| \| \| 30 \| Sofie-Karoline Haugen \| Norway \| 2:03.78 \| 4:17.90 \| 84.243 \| \| \| 31 \| Lim Jung-soo \| South Korea \| 2:04.88 \| 4:16.81 \| 84.427 \| \| \| 32 \| Nikola Zdráhalová \| Czech Republic \| 2:02.82 \| 4:21.21 \| 84.475 \| \| \| 33 \| Natálie Kerschbaummayr \| Czech Republic \| 2:04.69 \| 4:18.15 \| 84.588 \| \| \| 34 \| Saskia Alusalu \| Estonia \| 2:04.39 \| 4:18.97 \| 84.624 \| \| \| 35 \| Marte Vatn \| Norway \| 2:04.97 \| 4:21.17 \| 85.184 \| \| \| 36 \| Nancy Swider-Peltz, Jr. \| United States \| 2:06.90 \| 4:22.98 \| 86.130 \| \| \| 37 \| Elena Møller-Rigas \| Denmark \| 2:06.73 \| 4:28.41 \| 86.978 \| \| \| \| Katarzyna Woźniak \| Poland \| 2:03:06 \| DNS \| \| \| \| \| Urszula Włodarczyk \| Poland \| 2:04.79 \| DNS \| \| \|	enwiki/50543064	enwiki	50,543,064	2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 5 – Women's allround combination	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_ISU_Speed_Skating_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_World_Cup_5_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_allround_combination	2022-03-27T19:40:48Z	en	Q24909269	94,011	{{short description\|None}} {{2015–16 ISU SS WC5}} {{2015–16 ISU SS women's allround combination}} The '''women's allround combination''' of the [[2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 5\|2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 5]], arranged in the [[Sørmarka Arena]] in [[Stavanger]], Norway, was contested on 29–31 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://static.isu.org/media/261436/announcement-isu-world-cup-stavanger.pdf \|title=ISU World Cup Speed Skating – Stavanger, Norway – Announcement \|publisher=Norwegian Skating Association \|format=PDF \|accessdate=24 January 2016 }}</ref> It was the only allround combination competition of the 2015–16 World Cup. The contest included each skater's time from the [[2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 5 – Women's 1500 metres\|1500 metres]] and [[2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 5 – Women's 3000 metres\|3000 metres]] competitions that were raced during the weekend. [[Martina Sáblíková]] of the Czech Republic had the best combined result, while Dutch skaters [[Ireen Wüst]] and [[Linda de Vries]] came in second and third place. ==Results== {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Name !! Nat. !! 1500 m !! 3000 m !! Points !! GWC points \|- \| {{gold01}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Martina\|Sáblíková\|\|Sablikova, Martina}} \|\| {{flagicon\|CZE}} \|\| 2:01.68 \|\| 4:17.68 \|\| 78.493 \|\| 100 \|- \| {{silver02}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Ireen\|Wüst\|\|Wust, Ireen}} \|\| {{flagicon\|NED}} \|\| 1:56.09 \|\| 4:04.15 \|\| 79.387 \|\| 80 \|- \| {{bronze03}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Linda\|de Vries\|\|Vries, Linda}} \|\| {{flagicon\|NED}} \|\| 1:57.30 \|\| 4:01.80 \|\| 79.400 \|\| 70 \|- \| {{sort\|04\|4}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Olga\|Graf}} \|\| {{ flagicon\|RUS}} \|\| 1:56.72 \|\| 4:08.63 \|\| 80.344 \|\| 60 \|- \| {{sort\|05\|5}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Marije\|Joling}} \|\| {{flagicon\|NED}} \|\| 1:58.10 \|\| 4:05.94 \|\| 80.356 \|\| 50 \|- \| {{sort\|06\|6}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Annouk\|van der Weijden\|\|Weijden, Annouk}} \|\| {{flagicon\|NED}} \|\| 1:57.96 \|\| 4:07.58 \|\| 80.583 \|\| — \|- \| {{sort\|07\|7}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Miho\|Takagi\|Miho Takagi (speed skater)}} \|\| {{flagicon\|JPN}} \|\| 1:57.11 \|\| 4:09.37 \|\| 80.597 \|\| \|- \| {{sort\|08\|8}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Natalya\|Voronina}} \|\| {{flagicon\|RUS}} \|\| 1:59.34 \|\| 4:07.12 \|\| 80.966 \|\| \|- \| {{sort\|09\|9}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Misaki\|Oshigiri}} \|\| {{flagicon\|JPN}} \|\| 1:57.63 \|\| 4:10.89 \|\| 81.025 \|\| \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Yuliya\|Skokova}} \|\| {{flagicon\|RUS}} \|\| 1:58.53 \|\| 4:11.26 \|\| 81.386 \|\| \|- \| 11 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Claudia\|Pechstein}} \|\| {{flagicon\|GER}} \|\| 1:59.79 \|\| 4:08.77 \|\| 81.391 \|\| \|- \| 12 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Ayaka\|Kikuchi\|Ayaka Kikuchi (speed skater)}} \|\| {{flagicon\|JPN}} \|\| 1:57.71 \|\| 4:13.46 \|\| 81.479 \|\| \|- \| 13 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Ida\|Njåtun\|\|Njatun, Ida}} \|\| {{flagicon\|NOR}} \|\| 1:58.64 \|\| 4:12.21 \|\| 81.581 \|\| \|- \| 14 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Elizaveta\|Kazelina}} \|\| {{flagicon\|RUS}} \|\| 1:59.15 \|\| 4:11.96 \|\| 81.709 \|\| \|- \| 15 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Luiza\|Złotkowska\|\|Zlotkowska, Luiza}} \|\| {{flagicon\|POL}} \|\| 1:59.51 \|\| 4:11.75 \|\| 81.794 \|\| \|- \| 16 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Ivanie\|Blondin}} \|\| {{flagicon\|CAN}} \|\| 2:00.36 \|\| 4:11.19 \|\| 81.984 \|\| \|- \| 17 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Brianne\|Tutt}} \|\| {{flagicon\|CAN}} \|\| 1:59.64 \|\| 4:12.88 \|\| 82.026 \|\| \|- \| 18 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Natalia\|Czerwonka}} \|\| {{flagicon\|POL}} \|\| 1:58.61 \|\| 4:15.21 \|\| 82.071 \|\| \|- \| 19 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Bente\|Kraus}} \|\| {{flagicon\|GER}} \|\| 2:02.59 \|\| 4:09.76 \|\| 82.489 \|\| \|- \| 20 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Nana\|Takagi}} \|\| {{flagicon\|JPN}} \|\| 2:00.47 \|\| 4:14.23 \|\| 82.527 \|\| \|- \| 21 \|\| align=left \| [[Hao Jiachen]] \|\| {{flagicon\|CHN}} \|\| 2:01.16 \|\| 4:13.99 \|\| 82.717 \|\| \|- \| 22 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Fuyo\|Matsuoka}} \|\| {{flagicon\|JPN}} \|\| 2:01.84 \|\| 4:12.95 \|\| 82.771 \|\| \|- \| 23 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Josie\|Spence}} \|\| {{flagicon\|CAN}} \|\| 2:01.20 \|\| 4:15.48 \|\| 82.980 \|\| \|- \| 24 \|\| align=left \| [[Liu Jing (speed skater)\|Liu Jing]] \|\| {{flagicon\|CHN}} \|\| 2:01.10 \|\| 4:15.87 \|\| 83.011 \|\| \|- \| 25 \|\| align=left \| [[Zhao Xin (speed skater, born 1992)\|Zhao Xin]] \|\| {{flagicon\|CHN}} \|\| 2:01.54 \|\| 4:16.25 \|\| 83.221 \|\| \|- \| 26 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Francesca\|Lollobrigida}} \|\| {{flagicon\|ITA}} \|\| 2:02.20 \|\| 4:15.43 \|\| 83.304 \|\| \|- \| 27 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Marina\|Zueva\|Marina Zueva (speed skater)}} \|\| {{flagicon\|BLR}} \|\| 2:01.68 \|\| 4:17.68 \|\| 83.506 \|\| \|- \| 28 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Francesca\|Bettrone}} \|\| {{flagicon\|ITA}} \|\| 2:01.88 \|\| 4:20.92 \|\| 84.112 \|\| \|- \| 29 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Magdalena\|Czyszczon}} \|\| {{flagicon\|POL}} \|\| 2:03.91 \|\| 4:17.44 \|\| 84.209 \|\| \|- \| 30 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Sofie-Karoline\|Haugen}} \|\| {{flagicon\|NOR}} \|\| 2:03.78 \|\| 4:17.90 \|\| 84.243 \|\| \|- \| 31 \|\| align=left \| [[Lim Jung-soo]] \|\| {{flagicon\|KOR}} \|\| 2:04.88 \|\| 4:16.81 \|\| 84.427 \|\| \|- \| 32 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Nikola\|Zdráhalová\|\|Zdrahalova, Nikola}} \|\| {{flagicon\|CZE}} \|\| 2:02.82 \|\| 4:21.21 \|\| 84.475 \|\| \|- \| 33 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Natálie\|Kerschbaummayr}} \|\| {{flagicon\|CZE}} \|\| 2:04.69 \|\| 4:18.15 \|\| 84.588 \|\| \|- \| 34 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Saskia\|Alusalu}} \|\| {{flagicon\|EST}} \|\| 2:04.39 \|\| 4:18.97 \|\| 84.624 \|\| \|- \| 35 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Marte\|Vatn}} \|\| {{flagicon\|NOR}} \|\| 2:04.97 \|\| 4:21.17 \|\| 85.184 \|\| \|- \| 36 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Nancy\|Swider-Peltz, Jr.}} \|\| {{flagicon\|USA}} \|\| 2:06.90 \|\| 4:22.98 \|\| 86.130 \|\| \|- \| 37 \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Elena\|Møller-Rigas\|\|Moller-Rigas, Elena}} \|\| {{flagicon\|DEN}} \|\| 2:06.73 \|\| 4:28.41 \|\| 86.978 \|\| \|- \| {{sort\|38\|}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Katarzyna\|Woźniak\|\|Wozniak, Katarzyna}} \|\| {{flagicon\|POL}} \|\| 2:03:06 \|\| DNS \|\| {{sort\|99.998\|}} \|\| \|- \| {{sort\|39\|}} \|\| align=left \| {{sortname\|Urszula\|Włodarczyk\|Urszula Włodarczyk (speed skater)\|Wlodarczyj, Urszula}} \|\| {{flagicon\|POL}} \|\| 2:04.79 \|\| DNS \|\| {{sort\|99.999\|}} \|\| \|} <ref>{{cite web \|url=http://live.isuresults.eu/2015-2016/worldcup/Quota_Ranking_Allround_Ladies.pdf \|title=ISU WORLD CUP SPEED SKATING 2015–2016 – 29, 30 & 31 JANUARY 2015 – STAVANGER (NOR) – Qualification World Allround Championships Quotas LADIES \|publisher=International Skating Union \|format=PDF \|accessdate=14 May 2016 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2015-16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup - World Cup 5 - Women's allround combination}} [[Category:2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 5\|Women allround combination]] [[Category:2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – Women's allround combination\|#5]]	1,079,623,482	[]	false
# John O'Donovan (scholar) John O'Donovan (Irish: Seán Ó Donnabháin; 25 July 1806 – 10 December 1861), from Atateemore, in the parish of Kilcolumb, County Kilkenny, and educated at Hunt's Academy, Waterford, was an Irish scholar of the Irish language. ## Life He was the fourth son of Edmond O'Donovan and Eleanor Hoberlin of Rochestown. His early career may have been inspired by his uncle Patrick O'Donovan. He worked for antiquarian James Hardiman researching state papers and traditional sources at the Public Records Office. Hardiman had secured O'Donovan a place in Maynooth College which he turned down. He also taught Irish to Thomas Larcom for a short period in 1828 and worked for Myles John O'Reilly, a collector of Irish manuscripts. Following the death of Edward O'Reilly in August 1830, he was recruited to the Topographical Department of the first Ordnance Survey of Ireland under George Petrie in October 1830. Apart from a brief period in 1833, he worked steadily for the Survey on place-name researches until 1842, unearthing and preserving many manuscripts. After that date, O'Donovan's work with the Survey tailed off, although he was called upon from time to time to undertake place-name research on a day-to-day basis. He researched maps and manuscripts at many libraries and archives in Ireland and England, with a view to establishing the correct origin of as many of Ireland's 63,000 townland names as possible. His letters to Larcom are regarded as an important record of the ancient lore of Ireland for those counties he documented during his years of travel throughout much of Ireland. He is said to have visited every parish in Ireland. By 1845, O'Donovan was corresponding with the younger scholar William Reeves, and much of their correspondence to 1860 survives. O'Donovan became professor of Celtic Languages at Queen's University, Belfast, and was called to the Bar in 1847. His work on linguistics was recognised in 1848 by the Royal Irish Academy, who awarded him their prestigious Cunningham Medal. On the recommendation of Jacob Grimm, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Prussia in 1856. Never in great health, he died shortly after midnight on 10 December 1861 at his residence, 36 Upper Buckingham Street, Dublin. He was buried on 13 December 1861 in Glasnevin Cemetery, where his tombstone inscription has slightly wrong dates of both birth and death. He married Mary Anne Broughton, sister-in-law of Eugene O'Curry and was the father of nine children (all but one of whom died without issue). His wife received a small state pension after his death. ## Personal genealogy In a letter to Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa of 29 May 1856 John O'Donovan gave his lineage as follows: - From the senior branch of Clann-Cahill, descended from the elder son Donnell II O'Donovan, married Joanna MacCarthy Reagh of Castle Donovan and who died 1638 - Edmond, married Catherine de Burgo, killed 1643. - Conor, married Rose Kavanagh. - William, married Mary Oberlin, a Puritan, died 1749. - Edmond, married to Mary Archdeacon, died 1798. - Edmond, married Eleanor Oberlin, died 1817. - John O'Donovan, L.L.D. married to Mary Ann Broughton, a descendant of Cromwellian settlers.[2] - Edmond 1840 d. 1842, John 1842, Edmond 1844 later War Correspondent (died in Sudan) 1882, William 1846, Richard 1846, Henry dead 1850, Henry 1852, Daniel 1856, Morgan Kavanaugh O'C 1859 d.1860.[7] See Edmund O'Donovan. ## Select bibliography - O'Donovan, John, ed. (1841), "The circuit of Ireland, by Muircheartach mac Neill, prince of Aileach; a poem written in the year DCCCCXLII by Cormacan Eigeas, chief poet of the north of Ireland", Tracts relating to Ireland, vol. 1, translated by O'Donovan, John - O'Donovan, John, ed. (1842), The Banquet of Dun Na n-Gedh and The Battle of Magh Rath, An Ancient Historical Tale, translated by O'Donovan, John, Dublin: The Irish Archaeological Society - O'Donovan, John (1853), "Inauguration of Cathal Crobhdhearg, king of Connaught", Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, 2 (2), translated by O'Daly, John: 335–347, JSTOR 2548984 - O'Donovan, John, ed. (1857), "On the elegy of Erard MacCoise, chief chronicler of the Gaels over the tomb of Fergal O'Ruairc, chief of Brefny at Clonmacnoise", Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, New, 1 (2), translated by O'Donovan, John: 341–56, JSTOR 25502520 Laws, charters, and proclamations - O'Donovan, John (1846), "The Irish charters in the Book of Kells", Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society, vol. 1, pp. 127–57 - O'Donovan, John, ed. (1847), Leabhar na gCeart, or The Book or Rights, translated by O'Donovan, John, The Celtic Society - Ancient Laws of Ireland, translated by O'Donovan, John; O'Curry, Eugene, Alexander Thom (Dublin); Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green (London) - Senchus Mor: Introduction to Senchus Mor, and Athgabhail; or, Law of Distress as contained in the Harleian manuscripts, vol. 1, 1865 - Ireland (1869), Senchus Mor Part II: Law of Distress (completed); Laws of Hostage-Sureties, Fosterage, Saer-Stock Tenure. Daer-Stock Tenure, and of Social Connexions, vol. 2 - Senchus Mor (conclusion), being the Corus Bescna or Customary Law and The Book of Aichill, vol. 3, 1873 - Din techtugad and other selected Brehon law tracts, vol. 4, 1879 - Uraicecht Becc and certain other selected Brehon law tracts, vol. 5, 1901 - Glossary, vol. 6 - O'Donovan, John (1858), "Military proclamation in the Irish language issued by Hugh O'Neill of Tyrone in 1601", Ulster Journal of Archaeology, First, 6: 57, JSTOR 20608857 Irish language, grammar, etymologies, and dictionaries - O'Donovan, John (1845), A Grammar of the Irish Language, Hodges and Smith - O'Donovan, John (1858), "Errors of Edmund Spenser on Irish surnames", Ulster Journal of Archaeology, First Series, 6: 135–144, JSTOR 20608864 - O'Reilly, Edward; O'Donovan, John (1864), "Supplement", O'Reilly's Irish-English Dictionary (New ed.), Dublin: James Duffy - O'Donovan, John; Stokes, Whitley, eds. (1868), Cormac's Glossary, translated by O'Donovan, John, Calcutta: The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society Irish histories - "The Annals of Ireland, from the year 1443 to 1468, translated from the Irish by Dudley Firbisse, or, as he is more usually called, Duald Mac Firbis, for Sir James Ware, in the year 1666", Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society, vol. 1, pp. 198–302, 1846 - O'Donovan, John, ed. (1856), The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, From the Earliest Period to the Year 1616, translated by O'Donovan, John, Hodges, Smith, and Co - 2nd edition (1856): Vol.1; Vol.2; Vol.3; Vol.4; Vol.5; Vol.6; Vol.7; - O'Donovan, John, ed. (1860), Three Fragments, Copied from Ancient Sources by Dubhaltach Mac Firbisigh, translated by O'Donovan, John, The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society Genealogies, family, tribal, and regional histories - "Origin and meaning of Irish family names", Irish Penny Journal, 1 - No. 41 (10 Apr 1841) pp. 326–28; No.42 (17 Apr 1841) pp. 330–32; No. 46 (15 May 1841) pp. 365–66; No.48 (29 May 1841) pp. 381–84; No.50 (12 June 1841) pp. 396–98; No.51 (19 June 1841) pp. 405–07; No.52 (26 June 1841) pp. 413–15. - Republished as O'Reilly, George, ed. (2008), Origin and Meanings of Irish Family Names including a description of the families of the Maguires and O'Reillys - O'Donovan, John (1843), The Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many, commonly called O'Kelly's Country, Dublin: Irish Archaeological Society - O'Donovan, John (1844), The Genealogies, Tribes, and Customs of Hy-Fiachrach, Commonly Called O'Dowda's Country, Dublin: The Irish Archaeological Society - Ó Cionga, Séamus (1846), O'Donovan, John (ed.), "Covenant between Mageoghagan and the Fox, with brief historical notes on the two families", Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society, vol. 1, pp. 179–97 - O'Donovan, John (1851), The Tribes and Territories of Ancient Ossory; Comprising the Portions of O'Heerin's and O'Dugan's Topographical Poems Which Relate to the Families of That District, John. O'Daly - O'Donovan, John, ed. (1861), The Topographical Poems of John O'Dubhagain and Giolla Na Naomh O'Huidhrin, translated by O'Donovan, John, The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society - O'Donovan, John (1861), "The Fomorians and Lochlans pedigrees of MacCabe of Ireland and MacLeod of Scotland", Ulster Journal of Archaeology, First, 9: 94–105, JSTOR 20608927 - O'Donovan, John (1891), O'Conor, Charles Owen (ed.), The O'Conors of Connaught: An Historical Memoir (posthumous compilation), Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, and Co - O'Daly, Aenghus; O'Donovan, John (1852), "Introduction, and an Historical Account of the Family of O'Daly", The Tribes of Ireland: A Satire, by Aenghus O'Daly, translated by Mangan, James Clarence, John O'Daly On historical letters, journals, and correspondences - O'Donovan, John (1846), "Autograph letter of Thady O'Roddy", Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society, vol. 1, pp. 112–25 - O'Donovan, John; Mac Carthy, Florence (1856), O'Donovan, John (ed.), "Letter of Florence MacCarthy to the earl of Thomond on the ancient history of Ireland", Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, New, 1 (1): 203–229, JSTOR 25502507 - O'Donovan, John (1857), "Original letters in the Irish and Latin languages by Shane O'Neill and Proclamation of Hugh's treason against Elizabeth", Ulster Journal of Archaeology, First, 5: 259–73, JSTOR 20608843 - O'Donovan, John (1858), "Extract from the journal of Thomas Dineley, Esq., giving some account of his visits to Ireland in the reign of Charles II", Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, New, 1 (1): 22–32, JSTOR 25502503 - O'Donovan, John (1859), "Irish correspondence of James FitzMaurice of Desmond", Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, New, 2 (2): 354–69, JSTOR 25502569 Religious works and figures - O'Donovan, John (1846), "An ancient poem attributed to St Columbkille", Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society, pp. 1–15 - O'Donovan, John (1857), "The registry of Clonmacnoise", Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, New, 1 (2): 444–60, JSTOR 25502530 - O'Donovan, John; Todd, James Henthorn; Reeves, William, eds. (1864), The Martyrology of Donegal. A Calendar of the Saints of Ireland, translated by O'Donovan, John, Dublin: The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society ### Sources - Lalor, Brian (2003), Encyclopaedia of Ireland, Gill and MacMillan, p. 813, ISBN 0-7171-3000-2 - Andrews, J.H. (1993), A Paper Landscape, the Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, Four Courts press, ISBN 1-85182-664-5 - O'Donovan, Michael R. (2000), "Iris Mhuintir Uì Dhonnabháin", O'Donovan History, the O'Donovan Clan, Skibbereen, Ireland. - Boyne, Patricia (1987), John O'Donovan (1806—1861): A Biography, Kilkenny: Boethius, ISBN 0-86314-139-0{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - De hÓir, É. (1962), Seán Ó Donnabháin agus Eoghan Ó Comhraí. Baile Átha Cliath - MacSweeney, P (1913), A Group of Nation-Builders: O'Donovan — O'Curry — Petrie - Ó Muráile, Nollaig (1997), "Seán Ó Donnabháin, 'an cúigiú máistir'", Scoláirí Gaeilge: Léchtaí Cholm Cille, XXVII: 11–82 - O'Donovan, Rossa (2004), Rossa's Recollections 1838 to 1898: Memoirs of an Irish Revolutionary, pp. 332–377 relate to John O'Donovan. Published by Globe Pequot, ISBN 1-59228-362-4	enwiki/5018192	enwiki	5,018,192	John O'Donovan (scholar)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)	2025-07-03T17:30:29Z	en	Q2043318	127,889	{{Short description\|Irish language scholar}} {{About\|\|other people\|John O'Donovan (disambiguation){{!}}John O'Donovan}} {{EngvarB\|date=October 2013}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox person \| name = John O'Donovan \| image = Portrait of John O'Donovan .PNG \| image_size = \| alt = A miniature of John O'Donovan, by Bernard Mulrenan \| caption = \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1806\|07\|25\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[County Kilkenny]], Ireland \| death_date = {{Death date and age\|1861\|12\|10\|1806\|07\|25\|df=yes}} \| death_place = [[Dublin]], Ireland \| resting_place = \| known_for = [[topographer]] \| education = Hunt's Academy, [[Waterford]] \| alma_mater = \| employer = \| organization = \| notable_works = \| style = \| occupation = \| years_active = \| spouse = \| parents = \| awards = \| website = <!-- {{URL\|www.example.com}} --> \| footnotes = }} '''John O'Donovan''' ({{langx\|ga\|Seán Ó Donnabháin}}; 25 July 1806 – 10 December 1861), from Atateemore, in the parish of Kilcolumb, [[County Kilkenny]], and educated at Hunt's Academy, [[Waterford]], was an Irish scholar of the [[Irish language]].<ref>Autobiographical article in ''Transactions of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society'', 1851, p. 362. Printed in Dublin by John Daly, 1862</ref>{{failed verification\|date=September 2020}} ==Life== He was the fourth son of Edmond O'Donovan and Eleanor Hoberlin of Rochestown.{{sfn\|Boyne\|1987\|p=1}} His early career may have been inspired by his uncle Patrick O'Donovan. He worked for antiquarian [[James Hardiman]] researching state papers and traditional sources at the [[National Archives of Ireland\|Public Records Office]]. Hardiman had secured O'Donovan a place in [[Maynooth College]] which he turned down.<ref>{{citation\| url = http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/o/ODonovan_J1/life.htm \| title = John O'Donovan (1806-1861) \| work = www.ricorso.net}}</ref> He also taught Irish to [[Thomas Larcom]] for a short period in 1828 and worked for [[Myles John O'Reilly]], a collector of Irish manuscripts. [[File:Odonovan.jpg\|left\|thumb\|from a miniature by Bernard Mulrenan (1803-1868)]] Following the death of [[Edward O'Reilly (scholar)\|Edward O'Reilly]] in August 1830, he was recruited to the Topographical Department of the first [[Ordnance Survey Ireland\|Ordnance Survey of Ireland]] under [[George Petrie (artist)\|George Petrie]] in October 1830. Apart from a brief period in 1833, he worked steadily for the Survey on place-name researches until 1842, unearthing and preserving many manuscripts. After that date, O'Donovan's work with the Survey tailed off, although he was called upon from time to time to undertake place-name research on a day-to-day basis. He researched maps and manuscripts at many libraries and archives in Ireland and England, with a view to establishing the correct origin of as many of Ireland's 63,000 [[townlands\|townland]] names as possible. His letters to Larcom are regarded as an important record of the ancient lore of Ireland for those counties he documented during his years of travel throughout much of Ireland. He is said to have visited every parish in Ireland.<ref>{{cite book \|last=De Breffny \|first=Brian \|author-link= \|date=1983 \|title=Ireland: A Cultural Encyclopedia \|url= \|location=London \|publisher=Thames and Hudson \|page=171\|isbn=}}</ref> By 1845, O'Donovan was corresponding with the younger scholar [[William Reeves (bishop)\|William Reeves]], and much of their correspondence to 1860 survives.<ref>{{citation \| last = Hastings \|first = Angela \| url = https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:7242 \| title = John O'Donovan/William Reeves correspondence\| type = archive \| publisher = UCD Digital Library }}</ref> O'Donovan became professor of Celtic Languages at [[Queen's University of Belfast\|Queen's University]], Belfast, and was called to the [[Bar association\|Bar]] in 1847. His work on linguistics was recognised in 1848 by the [[Royal Irish Academy]], who awarded him their prestigious [[Cunningham Medal]].<ref>{{citation \|jstor=20520269\|title=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (1836-1869)\|year = 1853 \|volume=4\|pages=193–210\|url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-20520539\| publisher= Royal Irish Academy}}</ref>{{failed verification\|date=September 2020}} On the recommendation of [[Jacob Grimm]], he was elected a corresponding member of the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences\|Royal Academy of Prussia]] in 1856. Never in great health, he died shortly after midnight on 10 December 1861 at his residence, 36 Upper Buckingham Street, Dublin. He was buried on 13 December 1861 in [[Glasnevin Cemetery]], where his tombstone inscription has slightly wrong dates of both birth and death. He married Mary Anne Broughton, sister-in-law of [[Eugene O'Curry]] and was the father of nine children (all but one of whom died without issue). His wife received a small state pension after his death. ==Personal genealogy== In a letter to [[Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa]] of 29 May 1856 John O'Donovan gave his lineage as follows: * From the senior branch of Clann-Cahill, descended from the elder son [[Donnell II O'Donovan]], married Joanna [[MacCarthy Reagh]] of [[Castle Donovan]] and who died 1638 * Edmond, married Catherine de Burgo, killed 1643. * Conor, married Rose Kavanagh. * William, married Mary Oberlin, a Puritan, died 1749. * Edmond, married to Mary Archdeacon, died 1798. * Edmond, married Eleanor Oberlin, died 1817. * John O'Donovan, L.L.D. married to Mary Ann Broughton, a descendant of Cromwellian settlers.{{sfn\|Boyne\|1987\|p=1}} * Edmond 1840 d. 1842, John 1842, Edmond 1844 later [[War Correspondent]] (died in [[Sudan]]) 1882, William 1846, Richard 1846, Henry dead 1850, Henry 1852, Daniel 1856, Morgan Kavanaugh O'C 1859 d.1860.{{sfn\|Boyne\|1987\|pp=118–120}} See [[Edmund O'Donovan]]. == Select bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{citation \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| title = The circuit of Ireland, by Muircheartach mac Neill, prince of Aileach; a poem written in the year DCCCCXLII by Cormacan Eigeas, chief poet of the north of Ireland \| work = Tracts relating to Ireland \| volume = 1 \| year = 1841 \| url = https://archive.org/details/tractsrelatingto01irisuoft/page/n11/mode/2up }} {{Citation \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| title = The Banquet of Dun Na n-Gedh and The Battle of Magh Rath, An Ancient Historical Tale \| publisher = The Irish Archaeological Society \| location = Dublin \| url = https://archive.org/details/banquetofdunnang00trin \| year = 1842 }} {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \|translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Daly \| title = Inauguration of Cathal Crobhdhearg, king of Connaught \| journal = Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society \| volume = 2 \| year = 1853 \| pages = 335–347 \| number = 2 \| jstor = 2548984 \| url = https://archive.org/details/jstor-25489844 }} * {{citation \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| title = On the elegy of Erard MacCoise, chief chronicler of the Gaels over the tomb of Fergal O'Ruairc, chief of Brefny at Clonmacnoise \| journal = Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society \| volume = 1 \| year = 1857 \| pages = 341–56 \| series = New \| number = 2 \| jstor = 25502520 }} ;Laws, charters, and proclamations * {{citation \|last = O'Donovan \| first = John \| title = The Irish charters in the Book of Kells \| work = Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society \| year = 1846 \| pages = 127–57 \| url = https://archive.org/details/miscellanyofiris01irisuoft/page/126/mode/2up \| volume = 1 }} {{Citation \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| title = Leabhar na gCeart, or The Book or Rights \| publisher = The Celtic Society \| year = 1847 \| url = https://archive.org/details/leabharnagcearto00odonuoft}} {{Citation \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| translator-first2 = Eugene \| translator-last2 = O'Curry \| translator2-link = Eugene O'Curry \| title = Ancient Laws of Ireland \| publisher = Alexander Thom (Dublin); Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green (London) \| url = https://www.vanhamel.nl/codecs/Hancock,_et_al._1865-1901 }} {{citation \| title = Senchus Mor: Introduction to Senchus Mor, and Athgabhail; or, Law of Distress as contained in the Harleian manuscripts \| volume = 1 \| url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlaws01hancuoft \| year = 1865 }} {{citation \| title = Senchus Mor Part II: Law of Distress (completed); Laws of Hostage-Sureties, Fosterage, Saer-Stock Tenure. Daer-Stock Tenure, and of Social Connexions \| volume = 2 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v1niAAAAMAAJ \| year = 1869 \| author1 = Ireland }} {{citation \| title = Senchus Mor (conclusion), being the Corus Bescna or Customary Law and The Book of Aichill \| volume = 3 \| url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlaws03hancuoft \| year = 1873 }} {{citation \| title = Din techtugad and other selected Brehon law tracts \| volume = 4 \| url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlaws04hancuoft \| year = 1879 }} {{citation \| title = Uraicecht Becc and certain other selected Brehon law tracts \| volume = 5 \| url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlawsirel00henngoog \| year = 1901}} {{citation \| title = Glossary \| volume = 6 \| url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlawsirel00atkigoog }} * {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \|title = Military proclamation in the Irish language issued by Hugh O'Neill of Tyrone in 1601 \| journal = Ulster Journal of Archaeology \| year = 1858 \| pages = 57 \| jstor = 20608857 \| series = First \| volume = 6 \| url = https://archive.org/details/jstor-20608857}} ; Irish language, grammar, etymologies, and dictionaries {{Citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \| title = A Grammar of the Irish Language \| publisher = Hodges and Smith \| year = 1845 \| url = https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_gle_morsyn-1 }} {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \| title = Errors of Edmund Spenser on Irish surnames \| journal = Ulster Journal of Archaeology \| year = 1858 \| url = https://archive.org/details/jstor-20608864 \| series = First Series \| volume = 6 \| pages = 135–144 \| jstor = 20608864}} {{Citation \| first1 = Edward \| last1 = O'Reilly \| last2 = O'Donovan \| first2 = John \| contribution = Supplement \| title = O'Reilly's Irish-English Dictionary \| edition = New \| publisher = James Duffy \| location = Dublin \| url = https://archive.org/details/irishenglishdict01orei \| year = 1864 }} {{Citation \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| editor-first2 = Whitley \| editor-last2 = Stokes \| editor2-link = Whitley Stokes (Celtic scholar) \| title = Cormac's Glossary \| publisher = The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society \| location = Calcutta \| url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924071173474 \| year = 1868}} ;Irish histories * {{citation \| title = The Annals of Ireland, from the year 1443 to 1468, translated from the Irish by Dudley Firbisse, or, as he is more usually called, Duald Mac Firbis, for Sir James Ware, in the year 1666 \| work = Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society \| year = 1846 \| volume = 1 \| pages = 198–302 \| url = https://archive.org/details/miscellanyofiris01irisuoft/page/198/mode/2up }} {{Citation \| year = 1856 \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| title = The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, From the Earliest Period to the Year 1616 \| publisher = Hodges, Smith, and Co }} 2nd edition (1856): [https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo01ocle Vol.1]; [https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo02ocle Vol.2]; [https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo03ocle Vol.3]; [https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo04ocle Vol.4]; [https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo05ocle Vol.5]; [https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo06ocle Vol.6]; [https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo07ocle Vol.7]; {{Citation \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| title = Three Fragments, Copied from Ancient Sources by Dubhaltach Mac Firbisigh \| publisher = The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society \| url = https://archive.org/details/annalsofirelandt00bibl \| year = 1860 }} ;Genealogies, family, tribal, and regional histories * {{citation \| title = Origin and meaning of Irish family names \| journal = Irish Penny Journal \| volume = 1 }} No. 41 (10 Apr 1841) pp. 326–28; No.42 (17 Apr 1841) pp. 330–32; No. 46 (15 May 1841) pp. 365–66; No.48 (29 May 1841) pp. 381–84; No.50 (12 June 1841) pp. 396–98; No.51 (19 June 1841) pp. 405–07; No.52 (26 June 1841) pp. 413–15. Republished as {{citation \| title = Origin and Meanings of Irish Family Names including a description of the families of the Maguires and O'Reillys \| editor-first = George \| editor-last = O'Reilly \| year = 2008 }} * {{citation \| title = The Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many, commonly called O'Kelly's Country \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \| publisher = Irish Archaeological Society \| year = 1843 \| location = Dublin \| url = https://archive.org/details/tribescustomsofh00odonuoft }} * {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \| title = The Genealogies, Tribes, and Customs of Hy-Fiachrach, Commonly Called O'Dowda's Country \| publisher = The Irish Archaeological Society \| year = 1844 \| location = Dublin \| url = https://archive.org/details/genealogiestribe44macf }} * {{citation \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| title = Covenant between Mageoghagan and the Fox, with brief historical notes on the two families \| work = Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society \| volume = 1 \| url = https://archive.org/details/miscellanyofiris01irisuoft/page/179/mode/1up \| year = 1846 \| pages = 179–97 \| first = Séamus \| last = Ó Cionga}} * {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \| title = The Tribes and Territories of Ancient Ossory; Comprising the Portions of O'Heerin's and O'Dugan's Topographical Poems Which Relate to the Families of That District \| publisher = John. O'Daly \| year = 1851 \| url = https://archive.org/details/tribesterritorie00odonrich }} {{Citation \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| year = 1861 \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| title = The Topographical Poems of John O'Dubhagain and Giolla Na Naomh O'Huidhrin \| publisher = The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society \| url = https://archive.org/details/topographicalpoe00odon }} {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \| title = The Fomorians and Lochlans pedigrees of MacCabe of Ireland and MacLeod of Scotland \| journal = Ulster Journal of Archaeology \| year = 1861 \| url = https://archive.org/details/jstor-20608927 \| series = First \| volume = 9 \| pages = 94–105 \| jstor = 20608927}} {{ Citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \| editor-last = O'Conor \| editor-first = Charles Owen \| editor-link = Charles Owen O'Conor \| year = 1891 \| title = The O'Conors of Connaught: An Historical Memoir \| location = Dublin \| publisher = Hodges, Figgis, and Co \| url = https://archive.org/details/oconorsconnaugh00dongoog \| type = posthumous compilation }} {{Citation \| first1 = Aenghus \| last1 = O'Daly \| last2 = O'Donovan \| first2 = John \| translator-first = James Clarence \| translator-last = Mangan \| contribution = Introduction, and an Historical Account of the Family of O'Daly \| title = The Tribes of Ireland: A Satire, by Aenghus O'Daly \| publisher = John O'Daly \| url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924068919939 \| year = 1852 }} ;On historical letters, journals, and correspondences * {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \|title = Autograph letter of Thady O'Roddy \| work = Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society \| year = 1846 \| pages = 112–25 \| volume = 1 \| url = https://archive.org/details/miscellanyofiris01irisuoft/page/112/mode/2up }} * {{citation \|last1 = O'Donovan \| first1 = John \| first2 = Florence \| last2 = Mac Carthy \| editor-first = John \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| title = Letter of Florence MacCarthy to the earl of Thomond on the ancient history of Ireland \| journal = Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society \| series = New \| volume = 1 \| number = 1 \| year = 1856 \| pages = 203–229 \| jstor = 25502507 }} * {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \|title = Original letters in the Irish and Latin languages by Shane O'Neill and Proclamation of Hugh's treason against Elizabeth \| journal = Ulster Journal of Archaeology \| year = 1857 \| pages = 259–73 \| series = First \| volume = 5 \| jstor = 20608843 \| url = https://archive.org/details/jstor-20608843 }} * {{citation \|last = O'Donovan \| first = John \| title = Extract from the journal of Thomas Dineley, Esq., giving some account of his visits to Ireland in the reign of Charles II \| journal = Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society \| year = 1858 \| pages = 22–32 \| jstor = 25502503 \| series = New \| volume = 1 \| number = 1 \| url = https://archive.org/details/jstor-25502538 }} * {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \|title = Irish correspondence of James FitzMaurice of Desmond \| journal = Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society \| volume = 2 \| year = 1859 \| pages = 354–69 \| jstor = 25502569 \| series = New \| number = 2 }} ;Religious works and figures * {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \|title = An ancient poem attributed to St Columbkille \| work = Miscellany of the Irish Archæological Society \| year = 1846 \| pages = 1–15 \| url = https://archive.org/details/miscellanyofiris01irisuoft/page/n13/mode/2up }} * {{citation \| last = O'Donovan \| first = John \|title = The registry of Clonmacnoise \| journal = Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society \| volume = 1 \| year = 1857 \| pages = 444–60 \| series = New \| number = 2 \| jstor = 25502530 \| url = https://archive.org/details/jstor-25502530 }} {{Citation \| translator-first = John \| translator-last = O'Donovan \| editor-last = O'Donovan \| editor-first = John \| editor2-last = Todd \| editor2-first = James Henthorn \| editor2-link = James Henthorn Todd \| editor3-last = Reeves \| editor3-first = William \| editor3-link = William Reeves (bishop) \| title = The Martyrology of Donegal. A Calendar of the Saints of Ireland \| publisher = The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society \| location = Dublin \| url = https://archive.org/details/themartyrologyof00adamuoft \| year = 1864}} {{refend}} ==See also== [[Mícheál Ó Cléirigh]] * [[James Ussher]] * [[Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh]] * [[Eoin MacNeill]] ==References== {{reflist}} ===Sources=== {{refbegin}} {{citation\| title = Encyclopaedia of Ireland \|first = Brian \| last = Lalor \|page = 813 \| year = 2003 \|publisher = Gill and MacMillan \| isbn =0-7171-3000-2}} {{citation\| title =A Paper Landscape, the Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland\|first = J.H. \| last = Andrews\| year = 1993 \|publisher = Four Courts press \| isbn = 1-85182-664-5}} * {{citation\| title =Iris Mhuintir Uì Dhonnabháin \| work = O'Donovan History \| year = 2000 \|publisher = the O'Donovan Clan, Skibbereen, Ireland. \|first = Michael R.\| last = O'Donovan }} * {{citation\| title =John O'Donovan (1806—1861): A Biography\|first = Patricia\| last = Boyne\| year = 1987 \|publisher = Kilkenny: Boethius \| isbn = 0-86314-139-0}} * {{citation \| last = De hÓir \|first =É. \| title =Seán Ó Donnabháin agus Eoghan Ó Comhraí. Baile Átha Cliath\| year = 1962 }} * {{citation \| last = MacSweeney\|first = P \| title =A Group of Nation-Builders: O'Donovan — O'Curry — Petrie\| year = 1913 }} * {{citation \| last = Ó Muráile \|first =Nollaig \| title = Seán Ó Donnabháin, 'an cúigiú máistir' \| journal = Scoláirí Gaeilge: Léchtaí Cholm Cille \| volume = XXVII \|year = 1997 \| pages = 11–82 }} * {{citation\| title =Rossa's Recollections 1838 to 1898: Memoirs of an Irish Revolutionary \| last = O'Donovan \|first =Rossa\|pages = 332–377 relate to John O'Donovan. Published by Globe Pequot\| year = 2004 \| isbn = 1-59228-362-4}} {{refend}} == External links == {{citation \| url = https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:7242 \| title = John O'Donovan/William Reeves Correspondence }} {{CathEncy\|wstitle=John O'Donovan}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Odonovan, John}} [[Category:1806 births]] [[Category:1861 deaths]] [[Category:Academics of Queen's University Belfast]] [[Category:19th-century Irish historians]] [[Category:Linguists from Ireland]] [[Category:Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery]] [[Category:People from County Kilkenny]] [[Category:Irish scribes]] [[Category:O'Donovan family\|John]] [[Category:Toponymists]]	1,298,630,004	[{"title": "John O'Donovan", "data": {"Born": "25 July 1806 \u00b7 County Kilkenny, Ireland", "Died": "10 December 1861 (aged 55) \u00b7 Dublin, Ireland", "Education": "Hunt's Academy, Waterford", "Known for": "topographer"}}]	false
# List of highest points in London This is a list of the highest natural points within the 1,569 km2 (606 sq mi) area of Greater London, England. The list includes all 21 peaks at least 100 metres high. One is an isolated hill, at Harrow on the Hill – the other 20 summits are clustered on six ridges (escarpments) in London, four of which extend beyond London and are named: Blackheath Ridge, one of the North Weald Ridges, the North Downs ridge and the Grim's Ditch ridge. The highest point of land, the 245 m (804 ft) Westerham Heights, was also higher than any man-made structure in London until 2012, when the 309 m (1,014 ft) tall Shard London Bridge was completed. A further claimant to being the highest point in London is the top of Crystal Palace transmitting station. This 219 m (719 ft) tall structure stands upon a rise that is itself 109 metres (358 ft) high, a combined height of 328 metres (1,076 ft). ## List \| Rank \| Name and location \| London borough \| OS grid reference \| Height \| \| ---- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------- \| \| 1 \| Westerham Heights \| Bromley \| TQ436564 (51°17′17″N 0°03′36″E / 51.288°N 0.060°E) \| 245 metres (804 ft) \| \| 2 \| Sanderstead Plantation \| Croydon \| TQ343618 (51°20′20″N 0°04′19″W / 51.339°N 0.072°W) \| 175 metres (574 ft) \| \| 3 \| Stanmore Hill \| Harrow \| TQ164934 (51°37′37″N 0°19′05″W / 51.627°N 0.318°W) \| 152 metres (499 ft) \| \| 4 \| Big Wood peak, north of Manor Hill/Corrigan Avenue Rec. Ground \| Sutton \| TQ282598 (51°19′19″N 0°09′36″W / 51.322°N 0.160°W) \| 150 metres (492 ft) \| \| 5 \| Arkley \| Barnet \| TQ219956 (51°38′42″N 0°14′17″W / 51.645°N 0.238°W) \| 147 metres (482 ft) \| \| 6 \| Highwood Hill/Moat Mount, Totteridge Fields \| Barnet \| TQ218941 (51°37′55″N 0°14′24″W / 51.632°N 0.240°W) \| 145 metres (476 ft) \| \| 7 \| Harrow Weald Common \| Harrow \| TQ149931 (51°37′26″N 0°20′24″W / 51.624°N 0.340°W) \| 145 metres (475 ft) \| \| 8 \| Hampstead Heath: west of Spaniards Road ‡ \| Camden \| TQ264869 (51°34′01″N 0°10′37″W / 51.567°N 0.177°W) \| 137 metres (449 ft) \| \| 9 \| Highgate: Gatehouse, North Road to Hillcrest, off the top of North Hill \| Haringey \| TQ282878 (51°34′26″N 0°09′00″W / 51.574°N 0.150°W) \| 136 metres (446 ft) \| \| 10 \| Shooter's Hill \| Greenwich \| TQ438765 (51°28′08″N 0°04′16″E / 51.469°N 0.071°E) \| 132 metres (433 ft) \| \| 11 \| Pinner Hill \| Harrow / Hillingdon \| TQ107916 (51°36′43″N 0°24′04″W / 51.612°N 0.401°W) \| 126 metres (413 ft) \| \| 12 \| London part of Woodcock Hill, north of Scratchwood \| Barnet \| TQ201953 (51°38′35″N 0°15′50″W / 51.643°N 0.264°W) \| 125 metres (410 ft) \| \| 13 \| Harrow on the Hill (occasionally "Harrow Hill") \| Harrow \| TQ153874 (51°34′23″N 0°20′10″W / 51.573°N 0.336°W) \| 124 metres (408 ft) \| \| 14 \| Bournwell Hill \| Barnet / Enfield \| TQ256976 (51°39′47″N 0°11′02″W / 51.663°N 0.184°W) \| 115 metres (377 ft) \| \| 15 \| Sydenham Hill (Crystal Palace) \| Lewisham / Southwark \| TQ340721 (51°25′55″N 0°04′19″W / 51.432°N 0.072°W) \| 112 metres (367 ft) \| \| 16 \| Westow Hill (Crystal Palace) \| Bromley / Croydon / Lambeth \| TQ337707 (51°25′08″N 0°04′37″W / 51.419°N 0.077°W) \| 110 metres (361 ft) \| \| 17 \| Forest Hill \| Lewisham \| TQ350735 (51°26′46″N 0°03′47″W / 51.446°N 0.063°W) \| 106 metres (348 ft) \| \| 18 \| Orange Tree Hill, Havering-atte-Bower \| Havering \| TQ512930 (51°36′54″N 0°11′02″E / 51.615°N 0.184°E) \| 105 metres (344 ft) \| \| 19 \| Muswell Hill \| Haringey \| TQ283896 (51°35′24″N 0°08′53″W / 51.590°N 0.148°W) \| 105 metres (344 ft) \| \| 20 \| Woodcock Hill, Harefield \| Hillingdon \| TQ067915 (51°36′43″N 0°27′32″W / 51.612°N 0.459°W) \| 103 metres (338 ft) \| \| 21 \| Ferny Hill (Enfield Chase) \| Enfield \| TQ280979 (51°39′54″N 0°08′56″W / 51.665°N 0.149°W) \| 102 metres (334 ft) \| ‡ this summit in Hampstead Heath is the highest point in Inner London and was the highest point of the former County of London. ## Settlements Grouped by London Borough, South Street, a hamlet in Bromley, is the highest at 220 metres (722 ft) above sea level. It is at the edge of the Surrey Hills AONB which covers the Surrey part of the North Downs and Greensand Ridge. The six next highest are all near-neighbours: Horns Green (216 metres (709 ft)), Berry's Green and Biggin Hill (both reaching 190 metres (623 ft)), Aperfield and Single Street (both 180 metres (591 ft)), and Luxted at 177 metres (581 ft). Outside Bromley the highest settlements are Sanderstead and Selsdon (reaching 170 metres (558 ft) and five metres below that, respectively) in Croydon. Arkley in Barnet is built up to 147 metres (482 ft). Lower neighbours are Monken Hadley and Chipping Barnet, both 131 metres (430 ft), and Barnet Gate 129 metres (423 ft). The Vale of Health is a micro-locality in Hampstead Heath in Camden at (130 metres (427 ft). Harrow on the Hill in Harrow (124 metres (407 ft)) and Shooters Hill in Greenwich (120 metres (394 ft)) also have high positions. Some have peaks or crests (in the table above) in their definitively built-up area (e.g. Sanderstead, Harrow on the Hill and Shooters Hill). Other settlements with a high central or near-centre elevation (over 100 metres (328 ft)) include Upper Sydenham, Upper Norwood, Chislehurst, Highgate, Muswell Hill, Hampstead, Harefield, Northwood, Mill Hill, Whetstone, Stanmore, Carshalton, Coombe, New Addington and Purley.	enwiki/15553368	enwiki	15,553,368	List of highest points in London	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_points_in_London	2025-07-12T01:49:09Z	en	Q6622438	112,163	{{short description\|None}} {{EngvarB\|date=June 2017}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2017}} {{Location map+\|Greater London \|caption = The 21 distinct points of land over 100 metres in height in the county of [[Greater London]]. \|float = right \|width = 350 \|places = {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=1\|position=right\|background=\|lat=51.300\|long=0.059}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=2\|position=right\|background=\|lat=51.3399\|long=-0.0726}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=3\|position=below\|background=\|lat=51.627\|long=-0.318}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=4\|position=left\|background=\|lat=51.327\|long=-0.163}}{{location map~\|Greater London\|label=5\|position=top\|background=\|lat=51.6464\|long=-0.2388}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=6\|position=right\|background=\|lat=51.6330\|long=-0.24081}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=7\|position=left\|background=\|lat=51.6308\|long=-0.3363}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=8\|position=left\|background=\|lat=51.5654\|long=-0.1770}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=9\|position=right\|background=\|lat=51.5745\|long= -0.1510}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=10\|position=left\|background=\|lat=51.4696\|long=0.0697}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=11\|position=right\|background=\|lat=51.612\|long= -0.401}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=12\|position=top\|background=\|lat=51.643\|long= -0.264}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=13\|position=right\|background=\|lat=51.573\|long= -0.336}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=14\|position=top\|background=\|lat=51.6636\|long=-0.1847}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=15\|position=right\|background=\|lat=51.4325\|long=-0.0730}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=16\|position=left\|background=\|lat=51.4200\|long=-0.0778}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=17\|position=left\|background=\|lat=51.4469\|long=-0.0633}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=18\|position=left\|background=\|lat=51.6159\|long= 0.1832}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=19\|position=right\|background=\|lat=51.5906\|long= -0.1470}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=20\|position=left\|background=\|lat=51.612\|long=-0.459}} {{location map~\|Greater London\|label=21\|position=right\|background=\|lat=51.665\|long=-0.149}} }} This is a list of the highest natural points within the {{convert\|1569\|km2\|abbr=on}} area of [[Greater London\|Greater London, England]]. The list includes all 21 peaks at least 100 metres high. One is an isolated hill, at [[Harrow on the Hill]] – the other 20 summits are clustered on six ridges ([[escarpments]]) in London, four of which extend beyond London and are named: [[Blackheath, London\|Blackheath Ridge]], one of the [[North Weald\|North Weald Ridges]], the [[North Downs]] ridge and the [[Grim's Ditch (Harrow)\|Grim's Ditch]] ridge. The highest point of land, the {{convert\|245\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}} [[Betsom's Hill#Westerham Heights\|Westerham Heights]], was also higher than any man-made structure in London until 2012, when the {{convert\|309\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}} tall [[Shard London Bridge]] was completed. A further claimant to being the highest point in London is the top of [[Crystal Palace transmitting station]]. This {{convert\|219\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}} tall structure stands upon a rise that is itself {{convert\|109\|m\|ft\|0}} high, a combined height of {{convert\|328\|m\|ft\|0\|}}. {{clear}} ==List== {\| class="wikitable sortable" ! Rank \|\| Name and location\|\| London borough \|\| OS grid reference \|\| Height<ref name=height>The Mountains of England and Wales – [http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/LondonBoroughs.php London Borough Tops]</ref> \|- \| 1 \|\| [[Westerham Heights]] \|\| Bromley \|\| TQ436564 ({{coord\|51.288\|0.060\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ436564)}}) \|\| {{convert\|245\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 2 \|\| [[Sanderstead\|Sanderstead Plantation]] \|\| Croydon \|\| TQ343618 ({{coord\|51.339\|-0.072\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ343618)}}) \|\| {{convert\|175\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 3 \|\| [[Stanmore\|Stanmore Hill]] \|\| Harrow \|\| TQ164934 ({{coord\|51.627\|-0.318\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ164934)}}) \|\| {{convert\|499\|ft\|m\|0\| disp=output only\|abbr=off}} (499 ft)<ref name=height /> \|- \| 4 \|\| Big Wood peak, north of [[Parks and open spaces in Sutton\|Manor Hill]]/Corrigan Avenue Rec. Ground \|\| Sutton \|\| TQ282598 ({{coord\|51.322\|-0.160\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ282598)}}) \|\| {{convert\|150\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 5 \|\| [[Arkley]] \|\| Barnet \|\| TQ219956 ({{coord\|51.645\|-0.238\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ219956)}}) \|\| {{convert\|147\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 6 \|\| Highwood Hill/[[Moat Mount Open Space\|Moat Mount]], [[Totteridge Fields]]\|\| Barnet \|\| TQ218941 ({{coord\|51.632\|-0.240\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ218941)}}) \|\| {{convert\|145\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 7 \|\| [[Harrow Weald Common]] \|\| Harrow \|\| TQ149931 ({{coord\|51.624\|-0.340\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ149931)}}) \|\| {{convert\|475\|ft\|m\|0\|disp=output only\|abbr=off}} (475 ft)<ref name="phys">{{cite web \|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22094 \|title=The Physique of Middlesex \|year=1969 \|work=A History of the country of Middlesex \|publisher=British History Online \|accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref> \|- \| 8 \|\| [[Hampstead Heath]]: west of [[Spaniards Road]] ‡ \|\| Camden \|\| TQ264869 ({{coord\|51.567\|-0.177\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ264869)}}) \|\| {{convert\|137\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 9 \|\| [[Highgate]]: [[The Gatehouse, Highgate\|Gatehouse]], North Road to Hillcrest, off the top of North Hill\|\| Haringey \|\| TQ282878 ({{coord\|51.574\|-0.150\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ282878)}}) \|\| {{convert\|136\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.upstairsatthegatehouse.com/history\|title=History \| Upstairs at the Gatehouse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/maps/lpj5/London/\|title = London topographic map, elevation, relief}}</ref> \|- \| 10 \|\| [[Shooter's Hill]] \|\| Greenwich \|\| TQ438765 ({{coord\|51.469\|0.071\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ438765)}}) \|\| {{convert\|132\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 11 \|\| [[Pinner Hill]] \|\| Harrow / Hillingdon \|\| TQ107916 ({{coord\|51.612\|-0.401\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ107916)}}) \|\| {{convert\|413\|ft\|m\|disp=output only\|abbr=off}} (413 ft) <ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/8824138589 \| title=Node: Potter Street Hill (8824138589) }}</ref> \|- \| 12 \|\| London part of Woodcock Hill, north of [[Scratchwood]] \|\| Barnet \|\| TQ201953 ({{coord\|51.643\|-0.264\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ201953)}}) \|\| {{convert\|410\|ft\|m\|0\|disp=output only\|abbr=off}} (410 ft) {{Citation needed\|date=April 2010}} \|- \| 13 \|\| [[Harrow on the Hill]] (occasionally "Harrow Hill") \|\| Harrow \|\| TQ153874 ({{coord\|51.573\|-0.336\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ153874)}}) \|\| {{convert\|408\|ft\|m\|0\|disp=output only\|abbr=off}} (408 ft)<ref name="phys"/> \|- \| 14 \|\| [[Bournwell Hill]] \|\| Barnet / Enfield \|\| TQ256976 ({{coord\|51.663\|-0.184\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ256976)}}) \|\| {{convert\|115\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 15 \|\| [[Sydenham Hill]] ([[Crystal Palace, London\|Crystal Palace]]) \|\| Lewisham / Southwark \|\| TQ340721 ({{coord\|51.432\|-0.072\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ340721)}}) \|\| {{convert\|112\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 16 \|\| [[Westow Hill]] (Crystal Palace) \|\| Bromley / Croydon / Lambeth \|\| TQ337707 ({{coord\|51.419\|-0.077\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ337707)}}) \|\| {{convert\|110\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 17 \|\| [[Forest Hill, London\|Forest Hill]] \|\| Lewisham \|\| TQ350735 ({{coord\|51.446\|-0.063\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ350735)}}) \|\| {{convert\|106\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/search.php\|title=Mountain Search}}</ref> \|- \| 18 \|\| Orange Tree Hill, [[Havering-atte-Bower]] \|\| Havering \|\| TQ512930 ({{coord\|51.615\|0.184\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ512930)}}) \|\| {{convert\|105\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref name=height /> \|- \| 19 \|\| [[Muswell Hill]] \|\| Haringey \|\| TQ283896 ({{coord\|51.590\|-0.148\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ283896)}}) \|\| {{convert\|105\|m\|ft\|0}}<ref>1:10,560 Sheet TQ28NE, Ordnance Survey, 1968: [[Spot height]] 340 ft, top of [[Fortis Green]]</ref><ref>''Explorer Sheet 173 London North'', Ordnance Survey: {{convert\|105\|m\|ft\|0}} contour around {{Gbmapping\|TQ286896}} ({{coord\|51.590\|-0.143\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ286896)}}) but no [[spot height]]</ref> \|- \| 20 \|\| [[Harefield\|Woodcock Hill, Harefield]] \|\| Hillingdon \|\| TQ067915 ({{coord\|51.612\|-0.459\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ067915)}}) \|\| {{convert\|338\|ft\|m\|0\|disp=output only\|abbr=off}} (338 ft) {{Citation needed\|date=April 2010}}<ref>{{Cite web\|title=OS Maps: online mapping and walking, running and cycling routes\|url=https://osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/51.61223,-0.46043,17/pin\|access-date=2021-08-31\|website=osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk}} 100m contour but no spot height</ref> \|- \| 21 \|\| [[Enfield Chase\|Ferny Hill (Enfield Chase)]] \|\| Enfield \|\| TQ280979 ({{coord\|51.665\|-0.149\|source:enwiki-osgb36(TQ280979)}}) \|\| {{convert\|334\|ft\|m\|0\|disp=output only\|abbr=off}} (334 ft) {{Citation needed\|date=April 2010}}<ref>{{Cite web\|title=OS Maps: online mapping and walking, running and cycling routes\|url=https://osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/51.66531,-0.15063,17/pin\|access-date=2021-08-31\|website=osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk}} 100m contour but no spot height</ref> \|} ‡ this summit in Hampstead Heath is the highest point in [[Inner London]] and was the highest point of the former [[County of London]]. ==Settlements== [[File:Blackheath.jpg\|thumb\|[[Blackheath, London\|Blackheath]] is a minor ridge after a short dip reaching a peak at Shooter's Hill in the east; here the towers of central Lewisham and Croydon beyond to the south-west (right). The backdrop is the long crest of the [[North Downs]] in the far south of Bromley and adjoining [[Surrey]]]] Grouped by London Borough, [[South Street, Bromley\|South Street]], a hamlet in [[London Borough of Bromley\|Bromley]], is the highest at {{convert\|220\|m\|ft\|0}} above sea level. It is at the edge of the [[Surrey Hills AONB]] which covers the [[Surrey]] part of the [[North Downs]] and [[Greensand Ridge]]. The six next highest are all near-neighbours: [[Horns Green]] ({{convert\|216\|m\|ft\|0}}), [[Berry's Green]] and [[Biggin Hill]] (both reaching {{convert\|190\|m\|ft\|0}}), [[Aperfield]] and [[Single Street]] (both {{convert\|180\|m\|ft\|0}}), and [[Luxted]] at {{convert\|177\|m\|ft\|0}}. Outside Bromley the highest settlements are [[Sanderstead]] and [[Selsdon]] (reaching {{convert\|170\|m\|ft\|0}} and five metres below that, respectively) in [[London Borough of Croydon\|Croydon]]. [[Arkley]] in [[London Borough of Barnet\|Barnet]] is built up to {{convert\|147\|m\|ft\|0}}. Lower neighbours are [[Monken Hadley]] and [[Chipping Barnet]], both {{convert\|131\|m\|ft\|0}}, and [[Barnet Gate]] {{convert\|129\|m\|ft\|0}}. The [[Vale of Health]] is a micro-locality in [[Hampstead Heath]] in [[London Borough of Camden\|Camden]] at ({{convert\|130\|m\|ft\|0}}. [[Harrow on the Hill]] in [[London Borough of Harrow\|Harrow]] ({{convert\|124\|m\|ft\|0}}) and [[Shooters Hill]] in [[Royal Borough of Greenwich\|Greenwich]] ({{convert\|120\|m\|ft\|0}}) also have high positions. Some have peaks or crests (in the table above) in their definitively built-up area (e.g. Sanderstead, Harrow on the Hill and Shooters Hill). Other settlements with a high central or near-centre elevation (over {{convert\|100\|m\|ft\|0}}) include [[Upper Sydenham]], [[Upper Norwood]], [[Chislehurst]], [[Highgate]], [[Muswell Hill]], [[Hampstead]], [[Harefield]], [[Northwood, London\|Northwood]], [[Mill Hill]], [[Whetstone, London\|Whetstone]], [[Stanmore]], [[Carshalton]], [[Coombe, Croydon\|Coombe]], [[New Addington]] and [[Purley, London\|Purley]]. {{clear}} ==See also== [[List of highest points in the United Kingdom]] [[List of tallest buildings and structures in London]] ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} [[Category:Hills of London\| ]] [[Category:Geography of London]] [[Category:Lists of highest points in the United Kingdom\|London]] [[Category:London-related lists\|Prom]]	1,300,053,782	[]	false
# Point Chevalier \| (Waitematā Harbour) \| (Waitematā Harbour) \| Western Springs \| \| (Waitematā Harbour) \| Point Chevalier \| Western Springs \| \| Waterview \| Mount Albert \| Morningside \| Point Chevalier (/ˌʃɛvəˈlɪər/, colloquially known as Point Chev and originally named Point Bunbury after Thomas Bunbury), is a residential suburb and peninsula in the city of Auckland in the north of New Zealand; located five kilometres to the west of the city centre on the southern shore of the Waitematā Harbour. Similar to adjacent suburbs, Point Chevalier is known for its California style bungalows. The suburb stretches from the town centre shopping area of the same name on Great North Road near the SH16 motorway, to the tip of the peninsula in the north. Its postcode is 1022. ## Geography The suburb is situated to the north of State Highway 16 and the campus of Unitec Institute of Technology and to the west of the suburb of Western Springs. It is largely sited on a triangular peninsula which extends north into Waitematā Harbour for 1800 metres. The soil is mostly clay without the overlay of volcanic material which covers much of the Auckland isthmus; this means the vegetation of the area is less lush than some of the other suburbs of Auckland. Visible from Coyle Park is Meola Reef, situated to the east of the Point Chevalier peninsula and bordering the suburb of Westmere. Meola Reef is an outcrop of black basalt rock which extends some distance north into Waitematā Harbour; the end of a lava flow emanating from Three Kings volcano several kilometres south of this area. Formerly a landfill site, Coyle Park has now been rehabilitated as a park and nature reserve. Other parks in the suburb include Walker Park and Eric Armshaw Reserve. Coyle Park is located at the northern tip of the peninsula. ## History ### Early history and European settlement Before the European settlement of the Auckland isthmus in the 1840s, small Maori settlements existed in the area which later became Point Chevalier, including one at Meola Reef and a fishing settlement at Rangi-mata-rau (later Point Chevalier Beach). The latter was a staging point for shark fishing off Kauri Point on the inner Waitematā Harbour. The Arch Hill Highway District administered the area from 1871 until the Point Chevalier Road District was formed from part of the highway district on 16 July 1874. The district was dissolved in 1921 when the area was amalgamated into the City of Auckland. As the city of Auckland grew, Point Chevalier gained strategic importance as it lay on what was then the main land route out of Auckland, the Great North Road. Because of this, a military encampment was located here during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s. The name 'Point Chevalier' comes from Captain George Robert Chevalier (1825 - 1871), a musketry instructor serving in the 65th Regiment, stationed at this camp. The Point Chevalier area had a largely rural character up until the period between the two World Wars. ### As summer destination Coyle Park and Point Chevalier Beach were popular destinations for family outings during the interwar period, particularly in summer. Tramlines ran down Point Chevalier Road to Coyle Park, near the beach; during summer, special trams were laid on during summer to transport people from Grey Lynn, while buses brought others from Mount Albert and West Auckland suburbs. Following the Second World War, the combination of increased car ownership and the Auckland Harbour Bridge (1959) resulted in a complete reversal of this activity. The once crowded beach was deserted, and the various businesses that had prospered on the summer trade closed down or relocated. Whilst the tramlines were removed during the 1950s, the broadness of Point Chevalier Road - otherwise atypical for a fairly small suburb - and the paved-over roundabout terminus near Coyle Park both remain as evidence of their presence. Due to sand loss and degradation over the 20th century, Point Chevalier Beach was resanded in 2008 with 16,000 cubic metres of sand from Pakiri Beach pumped onto the foreshore, creating a more usable beach area. The resanding has attracted larger numbers of summer visitors in the years since, making the northern part of Point Chevalier busy (and sometimes congested with vehicles) on fine weekends and holidays and at festival times. ### Demographic changes Up until the 1980s Point Chevalier's population was largely blue-collar or elderly, the latter particularly due to the Selwyn Village retirement community (one of the largest in New Zealand). Over the 1980s and 1990s the suburb became home to increasing numbers of young families and middle-class professionals. However, 2013 census data suggested that Point Chevalier experienced a strong decrease in its young adult population (ages 20–34) after 2001; analysts have ascribed this to the increasing cost of housing in the central-western suburbs of Auckland. ## Demographics Point Chevalier covers 2.75 km2 (1.06 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 9,030 as of June 2024, with a population density of 3,284 people per km2. \| Year \| Pop. \| ±% p.a. \| \| ------- \| ----- \| ------- \| \| 2006 \| 7,632 \| — \| \| 2013 \| 8,166 \| +0.97% \| \| 2018 \| 8,457 \| +0.70% \| \| 2023 \| 8,535 \| +0.18% \| \| Source: \| \| \| Point Chevalier had a population of 8,535 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 78 people (0.9%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 369 people (4.5%) since the 2013 census. There were 3,927 males, 4,554 females and 51 people of other genders in 3,174 dwellings. 5.7% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 41.3 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 1,590 people (18.6%) aged under 15 years, 1,452 (17.0%) aged 15 to 29, 3,936 (46.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,560 (18.3%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 80.8% European (Pākehā); 10.5% Māori; 8.7% Pasifika; 11.4% Asian; 2.5% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.4% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.3%, Māori language by 2.8%, Samoan by 1.9%, and other languages by 14.4%. No language could be spoken by 2.1% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.5%. The percentage of people born overseas was 24.3, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 28.5% Christian, 1.3% Hindu, 1.4% Islam, 0.4% Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% Buddhist, 0.5% New Age, 0.4% Jewish, and 1.1% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 60.4%, and 5.4% of people did not answer the census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 3,042 (43.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 2,808 (40.4%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 1,104 (15.9%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $52,300, compared with $41,500 nationally. 1,845 people (26.6%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,564 (51.3%) people were employed full-time, 975 (14.0%) were part-time, and 180 (2.6%) were unemployed. \| Name \| Area (km2) \| Population \| Density (per km2) \| Dwellings \| Median age \| Median income \| \| --------------------- \| ---------- \| ---------- \| ----------------- \| --------- \| ---------- \| ------------- \| \| Point Chevalier North \| 0.72 \| 2,403 \| 3,338 \| 864 \| 42.7 years \| $62,800 \| \| Point Chevalier East \| 0.98 \| 3,162 \| 3,227 \| 1,134 \| 36.6 years \| $56,300 \| \| Point Chevalier West \| 1.05 \| 2,970 \| 2,829 \| 1,179 \| 47.1 years \| $41,100 \| \| New Zealand \| \| \| \| \| 38.1 years \| $41,500 \| ## Architecture and landmarks The Liverpool Estate is a piece of land bordered at one end by Great North and Point Chevalier Roads. Besides housing, it now contains a supermarket, assorted shops and the Point Chevalier Community Library. The estate was created in 1913 by a group known as the Liverpool Estate Syndicate and was marketed as a "last opportunity" to acquire main road frontage close to the city. It was only a fifteen-minute walk to the Arch Hill terminus and a significant selling point was that a motorbus passed by. The Point Chevalier Motor Bus Company ran from 1915-1920 and was owned by prominent locals, including a member of the Dignan family. Following the First World War with the rising price of oil, it went into voluntary liquidation. Estate land was also connected to sewerage and drainage, gas and water were available on the boundary and a school was nearby. Another factor was that it was not far from the "beautiful Point Chevalier beach." Several of the streets in the Liverpool Estate were named after New Zealand birds – Moa, Huia and Kiwi Roads and Tui Street - and according to the book Rangi-Mata-Rau: Pt Chevalier Centennial 1861-1961, it was a bird-loving (although unnamed) member of the Dignan family who got the honour of naming them. The houses of the area are predominantly 1920s California-style bungalows and 1930s and 1940s Art Deco houses, which gives the suburb an interesting interwar atmosphere. Rising property values have spurred gentrification and subdivision in recent years, particularly north of Meola Road and in locations near to the water. Towards the northern end of the peninsula there are many houses from the postwar period, and a number of larger architect-designed homes have recently appeared close to Point Chevalier Beach. There is a certain amount of light industry located in the area, especially close to Great North Road. Up until the mid-2000s car yards were a common land use along this road. There is a retirement community, Selwyn Village, on the western side, overlooking the Waitematā Harbour. This community is run by an Anglican church trust and includes self-contained houses and apartments, bed-sits, a hospital, and a chapel. The main shopping area at the intersection of Point Chevalier Road and Great North Road was developed during the interwar period; the most notable of the buildings here are: - The former cinema (1920s designed by Sinclair O'Connor)[19] later known as the 'Ambassador' theatre, and currently the Ambassador Bar. The bar is owned by sculptor Peter Roche, who works on his artworks in the building.[20][21] - ASB Bank: Great North Road. This small neo-classical building is one of the many buildings commissioned by the Auckland Savings Bank from the architect Daniel B. Patterson. Similar buildings appear in Auckland suburban centres and in provincial towns throughout the Auckland Province. As of late 2016, the branch is now closed - The current Point Chevalier Public Library located at the junction of Point Chevalier Road and Great North Road was opened in 1989. - The former Point Chevalier Fire Station located on the corner of Point Chevalier Road and Tui Street. This 1920s classical style building is now occupied by a hostel. - Carrington Hospital is a former lunatic asylum that was Auckland's main psychiatric hospital for over a century. It has a category 1 heritage registration and has had two wings demolished to make way for a road.[22] - "The Old Homestead", a 19th-century wooden farmhouse, was located until 2013 at the corner of Alberta Street and Point Chevalier Road. It was removed for storage and renovation at Kumeu by its owners, the Homestead Community Church.[23] The church has built a new replica building on the same site.[citation needed] ## Sport and recreation ### Tennis The local tennis club Point Chevalier Tennis Club supports social and inter-club tennis. The club welcomes casual players and new members. Juniors, seniors, families etc, with coaching and regular events. ### Association football Point Chevalier is home to Western Springs AFC who compete in the NRFL Premier Division ### Rugby league Walker Park is the home ground of the Point Chevalier Pirates club. ### Sailing Home to Point Chevalier Sailing Club Inc (established in 1919) is one of the oldest sailing dinghy clubs in NZL and still very active with junior sailing programmes as well as racing. ### Croquet and Bowls The Hallyburton Johnstone Sports Complex in Dignan Street is home to the Point Chevalier Croquet and Bowling clubs. ## Education The main primary school in the suburb is Pt Chevalier Primary School, situated on Te Ra Road with a roll of 557 students. Primary aged children also attend St Francis Catholic School in Montrose St, which has a roll of 222. Both schools cater for year 1–6 students. The first school in the area was Gladstone School in Mount Albert, which opened as Point Chevalier School on 24 October 1887. The suburb is served by Pasadena Intermediate School (Years 7–8) in Moray Place, which has a roll of 399. The school opened in 1942 to accommodate what was previously called Forms 1–2. All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of March 2025. Pt Chevalier is served by a large co-ed State secondary school, Western Springs College located in the nearby suburb of Western Springs. Many students also attend Auckland Girls' Grammar School or Mount Albert Grammar School (co-ed). Nearby Catholic state-integrated schools are St Paul's College (boys) or Saint Mary's College (girls).	enwiki/1217655	enwiki	1,217,655	Point Chevalier	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Chevalier	2025-07-17T09:52:24Z	en	Q7207981	152,833	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2015}} {{Use New Zealand English\|date=August 2015}} {{Infobox New Zealand suburb \| name = Point Chevalier \| image = Old Former Cinema In Pt Chevalier.jpg \| caption1 = Point Chev town centre along [[Great North Road, Auckland\|Great North Road]], the old picture theatre is shown in the middle \| city1 = [[Auckland]] \| ward = [[Albert-Eden-Puketāpapa ward]] \| council = [[Auckland Council]] \| board = [[Albert-Eden Local Board]] \| established = 1920s (Approx.) \| coordinates = {{Coord\|36\|51\|50\|S\|174\|42\|19\|E\|type:landmark_region:NZ\|display=inline,title}} \| area = 275 \| arearef = <ref name="Area"/> \| population = {{Decimals\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Point Chevalier West\|y}}\|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Point Chevalier East\|y}}\|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Point Chevalier North\|y}}\|R}}\|0}} \| popdate = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|\|\|y}} \| popref = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|\|\|\|y}} \| trainstations = \| ferryterminals = \| airports = \| hospitals = \| map = {{infobox mapframe\|zoom=13}} \| caption2 = }} {{Adjacent place \| centre = Point Chevalier \| north = ([[Waitematā Harbour]]) \| northeast = [[Western Springs (Auckland suburb)\|Western Springs]] \| east = [[Western Springs (Auckland suburb)\|Western Springs]] \| southeast = [[Morningside, Auckland\|Morningside]] \| south = [[Mount Albert, New Zealand\|Mount Albert]] \| southwest = [[Waterview, New Zealand\|Waterview]] \| west = ([[Waitematā Harbour]]) \| northwest = ([[Waitematā Harbour]]) }} '''Point Chevalier''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|ʃ\|ɛ\|v\|ə\|ˈ\|l\|ɪər}}, colloquially known as '''Point Chev''' and originally named '''Point Bunbury''' after [[Thomas Bunbury (British Army officer, born 1791)\|Thomas Bunbury]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.pointchev.com/history\|title=History\|publisher=The Point Chevalier Hub\|access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>), is a residential [[suburb]] and [[peninsula]] in the city of [[Auckland]] in the north of New Zealand; located five kilometres to the west of the [[Auckland CBD\|city centre]] on the southern shore of the [[Waitematā Harbour]]. Similar to adjacent suburbs, Point Chevalier is known for its California style bungalows. The suburb stretches from the town centre shopping area of the same name on Great North Road near the SH16 motorway, to the tip of the peninsula in the north.<ref name="SH16LUKES-AEE">{{cite book \|title=Waterview Connection - Assessment of Environmental Effects: Part C \|date=August 2010 \|publisher=New Zealand Transport Agency \|pages=8.17–8.19}}</ref> Its postcode is 1022. ==Geography== [[File:Point Chevalier Aerial (landscape).jpg\|thumb\|Aerial view of Point Chevalier, looking north. [[Meola Reef]] visible top right, construction of [[Waterview Connection]] at bottom left]] The suburb is situated to the north of [[State Highway 16 (New Zealand)\|State Highway 16]] and the campus of [[Unitec Institute of Technology]] and to the west of the suburb of [[Western Springs (Auckland suburb)\|Western Springs]]. It is largely sited on a triangular peninsula which extends north into Waitematā Harbour for 1800 metres. The soil is mostly clay without the overlay of volcanic material which covers much of the [[Auckland isthmus]]; this means the vegetation of the area is less lush than some of the other suburbs of Auckland. Visible from Coyle Park is [[Meola Reef]], situated to the east of the Point Chevalier peninsula and bordering the suburb of [[Westmere, New Zealand\|Westmere]]. Meola Reef is an outcrop of black basalt rock which extends some distance north into [[Waitematā Harbour]]; the end of a lava flow emanating from [[Te Tātua a Riukiuta\|Three Kings]] volcano several kilometres south of this area. Formerly a landfill site, Coyle Park has now been rehabilitated as a park and nature reserve. Other parks in the suburb include Walker Park and Eric Armshaw Reserve. Coyle Park is located at the northern tip of the peninsula. == History == ===Early history and European settlement=== Before the European settlement of the Auckland isthmus in the 1840s, small Maori settlements existed in the area which later became Point Chevalier, including one at Meola Reef and a fishing settlement at Rangi-mata-rau (later Point Chevalier Beach). The latter was a staging point for shark fishing off Kauri Point on the inner Waitematā Harbour.{{citation needed\|date=May 2025}} The [[Arch Hill Highway District]] administered the area from 1871 until the Point Chevalier Road District was formed from part of the highway district on 16 July 1874. The district was dissolved in 1921 when the area was amalgamated into the [[City of Auckland]].<ref>{{cite book \| last=Bloomfield \| first=Gerald Taylor \| title=The Evolution of Local Government Areas in Metropolitan Auckland, 1840-1971 \| publisher=Auckland University Press \| publication-place=Auckland \| date=1973 \| isbn=0-19-647714-X \|page=124,127}}</ref> As the city of Auckland grew, Point Chevalier gained strategic importance as it lay on what was then the main land route out of Auckland, the [[Great North Road, Auckland\|Great North Road]]. Because of this, a military encampment was located here during the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s. The name 'Point Chevalier' comes from Captain George Robert Chevalier (1825 - 1871), a musketry instructor serving in the 65th Regiment, stationed at this camp.{{citation needed\|date=May 2025}} The Point Chevalier area had a largely rural character up until the period between the two World Wars.{{citation needed\|date=May 2025}} ===As summer destination=== Coyle Park and Point Chevalier Beach were popular destinations for family outings during the interwar period, particularly in summer. Tramlines ran down Point Chevalier Road to Coyle Park, near the beach; during summer, special trams were laid on during summer to transport people from Grey Lynn, while buses brought others from [[Mount Albert, New Zealand\|Mount Albert]] and [[West Auckland, New Zealand\|West Auckland]] suburbs. Following the Second World War, the combination of increased car ownership and the [[Auckland Harbour Bridge]] (1959) resulted in a complete reversal of this activity. The once crowded beach was deserted, and the various businesses that had prospered on the summer trade closed down or relocated. Whilst the tramlines were removed during the 1950s, the broadness of Point Chevalier Road - otherwise atypical for a fairly small suburb - and the paved-over roundabout terminus near Coyle Park both remain as evidence of their presence.{{citation needed\|date=May 2025}} Due to sand loss and degradation over the 20th century, Point Chevalier Beach was resanded in 2008 with 16,000 cubic metres of sand from Pakiri Beach pumped onto the foreshore, creating a more usable beach area.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10551753 \|title=Resanding Auckland's beaches \|first=Bernard \|last=Orsman \|date=14 January 2009 \|publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref> The resanding has attracted larger numbers of summer visitors in the years since, making the northern part of Point Chevalier busy (and sometimes congested with vehicles) on fine weekends and holidays and at festival times.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/auckland-city-harbour-news/9147486/Car-parking-madness-irks-Pt-Chev-residents \|title=Car parking 'madness' irks Pt Chev residents \|first=Emma \|last=Whittaker \|date=11 September 2013 \|newspaper=Auckland City Harbour News}}</ref> ===Demographic changes=== Up until the 1980s Point Chevalier's population was largely blue-collar or elderly, the latter particularly due to the Selwyn Village retirement community (one of the largest in New Zealand).<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10872729 \|title=Property Report: So you want to live in... Pt Chevalier \|first=Graham \|last=Hepburn \|date=5 March 2012 \|publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref> Over the 1980s and 1990s the suburb became home to increasing numbers of young families and middle-class professionals. However, 2013 census data suggested that Point Chevalier experienced a strong decrease in its young adult population (ages 20–34) after 2001; analysts have ascribed this to the increasing cost of housing in the central-western suburbs of Auckland.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/data-blog/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503710&objectid=11342279 \|title=Data blog: Mapping the young(ish) adults \|date=14 October 2014 \|publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref> ==Demographics== Point Chevalier covers {{Convert\|2.75\|km2\|\|abbr=on}}<ref name="Area">{{Cite web\|title=Stats NZ Geographic Data Service\|url=https://datafinder.stats.govt.nz/data/\|at=Statistical Area 3 2023 (generalised)\|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref> and had an estimated population of {{Decimals\|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Point Chevalier West\|y}}\|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Point Chevalier East\|y}}\|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Point Chevalier North\|y}}\|R}}\|0}} as of {{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|\|\|y\|y\|\|,}} with a population density of {{Decimals\|({{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Point Chevalier West\|y}}\|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Point Chevalier East\|y}}\|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2\|Point Chevalier North\|y}}\|R}})/2.75\|0}} people per km<sup>2</sup>. {{Historical populations\|2006\|7,632\|2013\|8,166\|2018\|8,457\|2023\|8,535\|percentages=pagr\|align=left\|source=<ref name="Census 2018">{{NZ census 2018\|Point Chevalier West (129200) and Point Chevalier East (129900)}}</ref><ref name="Census 2023"/>}} Point Chevalier had a population of 8,535 in the [[2023 New Zealand census]], an increase of 78 people (0.9%) since the [[2018 New Zealand census\|2018 census]], and an increase of 369 people (4.5%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census\|2013 census]]. There were 3,927 males, 4,554 females and 51 people of [[non-binary gender\|other genders]] in 3,174 dwellings.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?fs[0]=2023%20Census%2C0%7CTotals%20by%20topic%23CAT_TOTALS_BY_TOPIC%23&pg=0&fc=Variable%20codes&bp=true&snb=9&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_005&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=doTotal%2Bdo1.51220%2B129901%2B129902%2B129201.2023&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_DWD_003\|publisher=Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer\|access-date=3 October 2024\|title=Totals by topic for dwellings, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses}}</ref> 5.7% of people identified as [[LGBTQ\|LGBTIQ+]]. The median age was 41.3 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 1,590 people (18.6%) aged under 15 years, 1,452 (17.0%) aged 15 to 29, 3,936 (46.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,560 (18.3%) aged 65 or older.<ref name="Census 2023"/> People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 80.8% [[European New Zealanders\|European]] ([[Pākehā]]); 10.5% [[Māori people\|Māori]]; 8.7% [[Pasifika New Zealanders\|Pasifika]]; 11.4% [[Asian New Zealanders\|Asian]]; 2.5% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.4% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.3%, Māori language by 2.8%, Samoan by 1.9%, and other languages by 14.4%. No language could be spoken by 2.1% (e.g. too young to talk). [[New Zealand Sign Language]] was known by 0.5%. The percentage of people born overseas was 24.3, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 28.5% [[Christianity in New Zealand\|Christian]], 1.3% [[Hinduism in New Zealand\|Hindu]], 1.4% [[Islam in New Zealand\|Islam]], 0.4% [[Māori religious beliefs]], 0.9% [[Buddhism in New Zealand\|Buddhist]], 0.5% [[New Age]], 0.4% [[Judaism in New Zealand\|Jewish]], and 1.1% other religions. People who answered that they had [[Irreligion in New Zealand\|no religion]] were 60.4%, and 5.4% of people did not answer the census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 3,042 (43.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 2,808 (40.4%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 1,104 (15.9%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $52,300, compared with $41,500 nationally. 1,845 people (26.6%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,564 (51.3%) people were employed full-time, 975 (14.0%) were part-time, and 180 (2.6%) were unemployed.<ref name="Census 2023">{{Cite web\|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?fs[0]=2023%20Census%2C0%7CTotals%20by%20topic%23CAT_TOTALS_BY_TOPIC%23&pg=0&fc=Variable%20codes&bp=true&snb=9&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_008&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=hq011%2Bhq010%2Bhq009%2Bhq008%2Bhq007%2Bhq006%2Bhq005%2Bhq004%2Bhq003%2Bhq002%2Bhq001%2Bhq000%2Bws1%2Bsp99%2Bra80%2Bra08%2Bra07%2Bra06%2Bra05%2Bra01%2Bra04%2Bra03%2Bra02%2Bra00%2Brb1%2Bls66%2Bls03%2Bls02%2Bls05%2Bls04%2Bls01%2Beg6%2Beg5%2Beg4%2Beg3%2Beg2%2Beg1%2BbiTotal%2Bbi0%2Bbi1%2BasTotalLG%2Bas4%2Bas3%2Bas2%2Bas1%2Bws4%2Bws3%2Bws2%2Bge3%2Bge2%2Bge1%2Brc%2BasMed%2BegTotal%2BlsTotal%2BgeTotal%2BrbTotal%2BraTotal%2BhqTotal%2BibTotal%2Bibmed%2BwsTotal.51220.2013%2B2018%2B2023&to[TIME]=false&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_IND_003&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001\|publisher=Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer\|access-date=3 October 2024\|title=Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses\|at=Point Chevalier (51220)}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" \|+Individual statistical areas \|- !Name !! Area<br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) !! Population !! Density<br/>(per km<sup>2</sup>) \|\| Dwellings !! Median age !! Median<br/>income \|- \| Point Chevalier North \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|0.72 \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|2,403 \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|3,338 \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|864 \|\| 42.7 years \|\| $62,800<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?fs[0]=2023%20Census%2C0%7CTotals%20by%20topic%23CAT_TOTALS_BY_TOPIC%23&pg=0&fc=Variable%20codes&bp=true&snb=9&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_008&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=hq011%2Bhq010%2Bhq009%2Bhq008%2Bhq007%2Bhq006%2Bhq005%2Bhq004%2Bhq003%2Bhq002%2Bhq001%2Bhq000%2Bws1%2Bsp99%2Bra80%2Bra08%2Bra07%2Bra06%2Bra05%2Bra01%2Bra04%2Bra03%2Bra02%2Bra00%2Brb1%2Bls66%2Bls03%2Bls02%2Bls05%2Bls04%2Bls01%2Beg6%2Beg5%2Beg4%2Beg3%2Beg2%2Beg1%2BbiTotal%2Bbi0%2Bbi1%2BasTotalLG%2Bas4%2Bas3%2Bas2%2Bas1%2Bws4%2Bws3%2Bws2%2Bge3%2Bge2%2Bge1%2Brc%2BasMed%2BegTotal%2BlsTotal%2BgeTotal%2BrbTotal%2BraTotal%2BhqTotal%2BibTotal%2Bibmed%2BwsTotal.129901.2013%2B2018%2B2023&to[TIME]=false&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_IND_003&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001\|publisher=Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer\|access-date=3 October 2024\|title=Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses\|at=Point Chevalier North}}</ref> \|- \| Point Chevalier East \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|0.98 \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|3,162 \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|3,227 \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|1,134 \|\| 36.6 years \|\| $56,300<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?fs[0]=2023%20Census%2C0%7CTotals%20by%20topic%23CAT_TOTALS_BY_TOPIC%23&pg=0&fc=Variable%20codes&bp=true&snb=9&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_008&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=hq011%2Bhq010%2Bhq009%2Bhq008%2Bhq007%2Bhq006%2Bhq005%2Bhq004%2Bhq003%2Bhq002%2Bhq001%2Bhq000%2Bws1%2Bsp99%2Bra80%2Bra08%2Bra07%2Bra06%2Bra05%2Bra01%2Bra04%2Bra03%2Bra02%2Bra00%2Brb1%2Bls66%2Bls03%2Bls02%2Bls05%2Bls04%2Bls01%2Beg6%2Beg5%2Beg4%2Beg3%2Beg2%2Beg1%2BbiTotal%2Bbi0%2Bbi1%2BasTotalLG%2Bas4%2Bas3%2Bas2%2Bas1%2Bws4%2Bws3%2Bws2%2Bge3%2Bge2%2Bge1%2Brc%2BasMed%2BegTotal%2BlsTotal%2BgeTotal%2BrbTotal%2BraTotal%2BhqTotal%2BibTotal%2Bibmed%2BwsTotal.129902.2013%2B2018%2B2023&to[TIME]=false&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_IND_003&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001\|publisher=Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer\|access-date=3 October 2024\|title=Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses\|at=Point Chevalier East}}</ref> \|- \| Point Chevalier West \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|1.05 \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|2,970 \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|2,829 \|\| style="text-align:right;"\|1,179 \|\| 47.1 years \|\| $41,100<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?fs[0]=2023%20Census%2C0%7CTotals%20by%20topic%23CAT_TOTALS_BY_TOPIC%23&pg=0&fc=Variable%20codes&bp=true&snb=9&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_008&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=hq011%2Bhq010%2Bhq009%2Bhq008%2Bhq007%2Bhq006%2Bhq005%2Bhq004%2Bhq003%2Bhq002%2Bhq001%2Bhq000%2Bws1%2Bsp99%2Bra80%2Bra08%2Bra07%2Bra06%2Bra05%2Bra01%2Bra04%2Bra03%2Bra02%2Bra00%2Brb1%2Bls66%2Bls03%2Bls02%2Bls05%2Bls04%2Bls01%2Beg6%2Beg5%2Beg4%2Beg3%2Beg2%2Beg1%2BbiTotal%2Bbi0%2Bbi1%2BasTotalLG%2Bas4%2Bas3%2Bas2%2Bas1%2Bws4%2Bws3%2Bws2%2Bge3%2Bge2%2Bge1%2Brc%2BasMed%2BegTotal%2BlsTotal%2BgeTotal%2BrbTotal%2BraTotal%2BhqTotal%2BibTotal%2Bibmed%2BwsTotal.129201.2013%2B2018%2B2023&to[TIME]=false&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_IND_003&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001\|publisher=Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer\|access-date=3 October 2024\|title=Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses\|at=Point Chevalier West}}</ref> \|- ! New Zealand !! !! !! !! !! 38.1 years !! style="text-align:left;"\| $41,500 \|} ==Architecture and landmarks== The Liverpool Estate is a piece of land bordered at one end by Great North and Point Chevalier Roads. Besides housing, it now contains a supermarket, assorted shops and the Point Chevalier Community Library. The estate was created in 1913 by a group known as the Liverpool Estate Syndicate and was marketed as a "last opportunity" to acquire main road frontage close to the city. It was only a fifteen-minute walk to the Arch Hill terminus and a significant selling point was that a motorbus passed by. The Point Chevalier Motor Bus Company ran from 1915-1920 and was owned by prominent locals, including a member of the Dignan family. Following the First World War with the rising price of oil, it went into voluntary liquidation. Estate land was also connected to sewerage and drainage, gas and water were available on the boundary and a school was nearby. Another factor was that it was not far from the "beautiful Point Chevalier beach."<ref>[http://heritageetal.blogspot.co.nz/2014/10/point-chevaliers-liverpool-estate.html Heritage et AL: Point Chevalier's Liverpool Estate]</ref> Several of the streets in the Liverpool Estate were named after New Zealand birds – Moa, Huia and Kiwi Roads and Tui Street - and according to the book Rangi-Mata-Rau: Pt Chevalier Centennial 1861-1961,<ref>[http://www.elgar.govt.nz/record=b1578315~S2 Auckland Libraries: Rangi-mata-rau: the story of Pt Chevalier, 1861-1961]</ref> it was a bird-loving (although unnamed) member of the Dignan family who got the honour of naming them. The houses of the area are predominantly 1920s [[California bungalow\|California-style]] bungalows and 1930s and 1940s [[Art Deco]] houses, which gives the suburb an interesting interwar atmosphere. Rising property values have spurred gentrification and subdivision in recent years, particularly north of Meola Road and in locations near to the water. Towards the northern end of the peninsula there are many houses from the postwar period, and a number of larger architect-designed homes have recently appeared close to Point Chevalier Beach. There is a certain amount of light industry located in the area, especially close to [[Great North Road, Auckland\|Great North Road]]. Up until the mid-2000s car yards were a common land use along this road. There is a retirement community, [[Selwyn Village]], on the western side, overlooking the Waitematā Harbour. This community is run by an Anglican church trust and includes self-contained houses and apartments, bed-sits, a hospital, and a chapel.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.selwynfoundation.org.nz/villages/residential-care/selwyn-village/ \|title=About Selwyn Village \|accessdate=2020-03-08 \|publisher=The Selwyn Foundation}}</ref> The main shopping area at the intersection of Point Chevalier Road and Great North Road was developed during the interwar period; the most notable of the buildings here are: * The former cinema (1920s designed by Sinclair O'Connor)<ref>[http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/Council/services/heritage/pc217gnr.asp Ambassador Theatre, Auckland City Council web page] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016022647/http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/services/heritage/pc217gnr.asp \|date=16 October 2008 }}</ref> later known as the 'Ambassador' theatre, and currently the Ambassador Bar. The bar is owned by sculptor [[Peter Roche (sculptor)\|Peter Roche]], who works on his artworks in the building.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://m.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10711702 \|title=My Auckland: Pt Chevalier \|last=Herald \|first=New Zealand \|website=m.nzherald.co.nz \|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/auckland-city-harbour-news/7954102/Peter-Roches-cinematic-new-show \|title=Peter Roche's cinematic new show \|last=Street \|first=Danielle \|date=2012-11-16 \|newspaper=[[Stuff (website)\|Stuff]] \|language=English \|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref> ASB Bank: Great North Road. This small neo-classical building is one of the many buildings commissioned by the Auckland Savings Bank from the architect Daniel B. Patterson. Similar buildings appear in Auckland suburban centres and in provincial towns throughout the Auckland Province. As of late 2016, the branch is now closed The current Point Chevalier Public Library located at the junction of Point Chevalier Road and Great North Road was opened in 1989. The former Point Chevalier Fire Station located on the corner of Point Chevalier Road and Tui Street. This 1920s classical style building is now occupied by a hostel. [[Carrington Hospital]] is a former lunatic asylum that was Auckland's main psychiatric hospital for over a century. It has a category 1 heritage registration and has had two wings demolished to make way for a road.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Smith \|first1=Sam \|title=What is going on with this derelict former psychiatric hospital? \|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/nz-news/350182131/what-going-derelict-former-psychiatric-hospital \|work=[[Stuff (website)\|Stuff]] \|date=18 February 2024}}</ref> "The Old Homestead", a 19th-century wooden farmhouse, was located until 2013 at the corner of Alberta Street and Point Chevalier Road. It was removed for storage and renovation at Kumeu by its owners, the Homestead Community Church.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11159669 \|accessdate=5 June 2017 \|title=Homestead moving off site - for now \|date=20 November 2013 \|publisher=[[The New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref> The church has built a new replica building on the same site.{{citation needed\|date=June 2017}} ==Sport and recreation== === Tennis=== The local tennis club Point Chevalier Tennis Club supports social and inter-club tennis. The club welcomes casual players and new members. Juniors, seniors, families etc, with coaching and regular events. ===Association football=== Point Chevalier is home to [[Western Springs AFC]] who compete in the NRFL Premier Division ===Rugby league=== Walker Park is the home ground of the [[Point Chevalier Pirates]] club. ===Sailing=== Home to Point Chevalier Sailing Club Inc (established in 1919) is one of the oldest sailing dinghy clubs in NZL and still very active with junior sailing programmes as well as racing.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.sailptchev.org.nz \|title=Pt Chevalier Sailing Club \|accessdate=2012-02-02}}</ref> ===Croquet and Bowls=== The Hallyburton Johnstone Sports Complex in Dignan Street is home to the Point Chevalier Croquet and Bowling clubs. ==Education== The main primary school in the suburb is Pt Chevalier Primary School, situated on Te Ra Road with a roll of {{NZ school roll data\|1440\|y}} students.<ref>{{TKI\|1440\|Pt Chevalier Primary School}}</ref> Primary aged children also attend St Francis Catholic School in Montrose St, which has a roll of {{NZ school roll data\|1488\|y}}.<ref>{{TKI\|1488\|St Francis Catholic School}}</ref> Both schools cater for year 1–6 students. The first school in the area was Gladstone School in [[Mount Albert, New Zealand\|Mount Albert]], which opened as Point Chevalier School on 24 October 1887.<ref name="ThenandNow">{{cite Q\|Q117189974\|page=43}}</ref> The suburb is served by Pasadena Intermediate School (Years 7–8) in Moray Place, which has a roll of {{NZ school roll data\|1437\|y}}.<ref>{{TKI\|1437\|Pasadena Intermediate School}}</ref> The school opened in 1942 to accommodate what was previously called Forms 1–2.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19420323.2.44?&query=Pasadena \|title=New Zealand Herald \|date=23 Mar 1942 \|website=natlib.govt.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19421003.2.13?&query=Pasadena \|title=New Zealand Herald \|date=3 Oct 1942 \|website=natlib.govt.nz}}</ref> All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of {{NZ school roll data\|\|\|y\|y\|\|.}} Pt Chevalier is served by a large co-ed State secondary school, [[Western Springs College]] located in the nearby suburb of Western Springs. Many students also attend [[Auckland Girls' Grammar School]] or [[Mount Albert Grammar School]] (co-ed). Nearby Catholic [[state-integrated school]]s are [[St Paul's College, Auckland\|St Paul's College]] (boys) or [[St Mary's College, Auckland\|Saint Mary's College]] (girls). ==References== {{Reflist}} Pictures from the Past, Auckland & Northland, Terence Hodgson & A.M.Ringer. Whitcoulls, 2002. ==External links == [http://www.pointchev.com The Point Chevalier Hub] (a private, nonprofit website about Point Chevalier) [http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=SEE_ALSO&QF0=Subjects&QI0==%22Point+Chevalier%22&XC=/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucklandcity.govt.nz%2Fdbtw-wpd%2Fheritageimages%2Findex.htm&TN=heritageimages&SN=AUTO21207&SE=219&RN=0&MR=20&TR=0&TX=1000&ES=0&CS=1&XP=&RF=HIOReport&EF=&DF=HIORecord&RL=0&EL=0&DL=0&NP=2&ID=&MF=WPEngMsg.ini&MQ=&TI=0&DT=&ST=0&IR=955&NR=1&NB=0&SV=0&SS=1&BG=&FG=&QS=index&OEX=ISO-8859-1&OEH=ISO-8859-1 Photographs of Point Chevalier] held in [[Auckland Libraries\|Auckland Libraries']] heritage collections. {{Albert-Eden Local Board Area}} [[Category:Suburbs of Auckland]] [[Category:Peninsulas of the Auckland Region]] [[Category:Populated places around the Waitematā Harbour]] [[Category:Albert-Eden Local Board Area]] [[Category:Beaches of Auckland]]	1,300,959,766	[{"title": "Point Chevalier", "data": {"Country": "New Zealand", "City": "Auckland", "Local authority": "Auckland Council", "Electoral ward": "Albert-Eden-Puket\u0101papa ward", "Local board": "Albert-Eden Local Board", "Established": "1920s (Approx.)"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Land": "275 ha (680 acres)"}}, {"title": "Population (June 2024)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "9,030"}}]	false
# Jonathon Porritt Sir Jonathon Espie Porritt, 2nd Baronet, CBE (born 6 July 1950) is a British environmentalist and writer. He is known for his advocacy of the Green Party of England and Wales. Porritt frequently contributes to magazines, newspapers and books, and appears on radio and television. ## Early life Jonathon Porritt was born in London, the son of Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt, 11th Governor-General of New Zealand and his second wife, Kathleen Peck. Lord Porritt, who served as a senior officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II, was also the bronze medalist in the 1924 Summer Olympics "Chariots of Fire" 100 metres race. As well as receiving a life peerage, Lord Porritt had previously been awarded a baronetcy in 1963. Jonathon Porritt therefore became the 2nd Baronet on Lord Porritt's death on 1 January 1994. Porritt was educated at Wellesley House School, Broadstairs, Kent; Eton College; and Magdalen College, University of Oxford, where he earned a first class degree in modern languages. Porritt started training as a barrister, but switched to teaching English at St Clement Danes Grammar School (later Burlington Danes School) in Shepherd's Bush, West London, in 1974. He taught there from 1974 to 1984, serving as Head of English from 1980 to 1984. In 1985 he married Sarah Staniforth CBE, daughter of Malcolm Arthur Staniforth. ## Environmental and political involvement ### The Green Party In the 1970s and early 1980s, Porritt was a prominent member of the Ecology Party (now the Green Party of England and Wales). Porritt served as chair of The Ecology Party from 1979 to 1980, and from 1982 to 1984. He presided over changes that made the party much more prominent in elections, himself standing as a parliamentary candidate in general elections in 1979 and 1983. In 1979 he achieved 2.8% of the vote in St Marylebone, and in 1983 he achieved 2.1% in Kensington, receiving attention from national media. Under his stewardship, membership grew from a few hundred to around 3,000. In 1984, Porritt published his first book, Seeing Green: Politics of Ecology Explained. It was written while he was policy director of the Ecology Party. As of 1999, it was still described as "the best general guide to the politics of ecology by an 'insider'". Reviewed nearly 30 years after its publication, it stands up as "prophetic in many respects", although somewhat off in the timing of its predictions, perhaps in part because Porritt did not anticipate the rise of indebtedness. Writing before the rise of the internet, Porritt even predicted the development of an "information-rich, knowledge-poor" age. The Greens achieved 15% of the European Parliamentary vote in 1989, but were able to win only 1.2% of the vote in the 1992 general election, in which environmental issues were largely ignored.: 10 During this time Porritt became a strong public advocate of change in the Green Party. Along with Sara Parkin, he advocated for a more professional organisation with identifiable leaders, a change that was eventually approved. In 1992 Porritt backed the election of Cynog Dafis who was elected to Parliament as the joint Plaid Cymru-Green MP for Ceredigion. However, in 1994, the regional council of the Green Party suspended Porritt for supporting Dafis, and demanded that Dafis stop identifying himself as Green. Between 1996 and 2009, Porritt largely withdrew from active party politics, concentrating instead on non-partisan and activist roles independent of the Green Party. In March 2009, Porritt spoke at the launch of the South West Green Party European Election campaign in Bristol, stating that he had always remained a member of the Green Party and that it was the correct time to reaffirm his support. He noted that many of the policies in the Ecology Party's manifesto of 1979 were now accepted by mainstream political parties, and emphasized the importance of active support. "Every single one of the issues that the Green Party has been campaigning on for the last 35 years is getting worse and worse, which means that people should no longer put off the day when they accept that the future is either Green or not at all." Porritt, 2009 Prior to the 2015 general election, he was one of several public figures who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. ### Friends of the Earth In 1984 Porritt gave up teaching to become Director of Friends of the Earth in Britain, a post he held until 1990. Although criticized initially as inexperienced, in the long term he has been seen as an important factor in the group's success in the late 1980s.: 155 He edited the Friends of the Earth Handbook (1987) and encouraged Friends of the Earth to promote practical solutions in its local environmental campaigns, as well as thinking more globally and internationally.: 155 During his time as director, the membership of the organization expanded from 12,700 to 226,300. Looking back in 2012, Porritt stated that becoming director of Friends of the Earth "was probably the best decision of my life.": ix However, his affection for the organization has not stopped him from harshly criticizing it, as he did in 2015, when the group's top ten priority issues list did not include nuclear power. ### Beyond Agenda 21 Porritt attended United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, eventually writing an introduction for The way forward : beyond Agenda 21 (1997). From 1993 to 1996 he chaired Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future, then known as United Nations Environment and Development UK (UNED UK). The organization encourages international stakeholders to engage in decision-making for sustainable development. ### Forum for the Future With Sara Parkin and Paul Ekins, Porritt founded Forum for the Future in 1996, a sustainable development charity. The nonprofit offers advice on sustainability planning to multinational companies including Kellogg's and Unilever. After founding Forum of the Future, Porritt largely withdrew from party politics to concentrate on non-partisan political work. ### Sustainable Development Commission In 2000 Porritt was appointed the inaugural Chair of the incoming Labour government's Sustainable Development Commission (SDC), set up by prime minister Tony Blair. He was reappointed twice for three-year terms, the last of which began 26 July 2006. From 2000 to 2009, Porritt chaired the SDC. He was, however, critical of the Labour government for its environmental record and its pro-nuclear stance, and has campaigned against nuclear power. While at SDC, Porritt encouraged the work of economist Tim Jackson, whose SDC report Prosperity Without Growth was later published as a book under the same title. Since retiring from the SDC in September 2009, Porritt has publicly supported the report's analysis of economic growth as it relates to environmental and human well-being, and the potential for a sustainable economy. The Sustainable Development Commission closed on 31 March 2011. ### Population Matters Porritt is a patron of the population concern charity Population Matters, formerly known as the Optimum Population Trust. Porritt has stated that population growth is a serious threat to the global environment and that family planning, including both birth control and abortion, is a part of the answer to global warming. He recommends that people should have no more than two children. Porritt has asserted that "promotion of reproductive health is one of the most progressive forms of intervention" that could be used to reduce carbon emissions. Porritt's views are based in part on a 2009 report by Thomas Wire at the London School of Economics, commissioned by Optimum Population Trust. It compared the cost-effectiveness of access to family planning with other interventions such as low-carbon technologies, and concluded that access to family planning, by decreasing population and the subsequent human carbon footprint, could have a substantial impact on global warming. Similar views are supported by other researchers and international organizations. Porritt's remarks on the subject in 2009 caused outrage among anti-abortionists and some religious leaders. Porritt was also criticized for praising China for its one-child family policy, which has reduced birth rates but is described as coercive, cruel and causing "immeasurable suffering". Although the Green Party, Population Matters and other organizations assert that they only support voluntary use of family planning, calls for population control raise fears that it will be coercively used in ways that infringe human rights. Porritt remained definite about his position. "I am unapologetic about asking people to connect up their own responsibility for their total environmental footprint and how they decide to procreate and how many children they think are appropriate... I think we will work our way towards a position that says that having more than two children is irresponsible." Porritt, 2009 Environmental commentator George Monbiot, who also uses carbon emissions for ecological footprinting, has criticized Porritt's emphasis on family planning. He asserts that radical family planning will have little impact unless people limit their consumption. "People might populate less as they become richer, but they do not consume less; rather they consume more. That is, as the habits of the super-rich show, there are no limits to human extravagance.": 34 The carbon footprint of people in poorer countries has been shown to be much lower than that in wealthy countries. Increasing availability to contraceptive usage in poor countries, although it may have decrease population growth in those countries, may therefore do little to limit carbon impact.: 34 Porritt argues that this does not lessen the responsibility of wealthy countries to address population, asserting that population affects both the rich and poor worlds, and that "Every country needs a population strategy, including the US and the UK." Porritt is also an advisor to Project Drawdown, which "maps, measures, models, and describes the 100 most substantive solutions to global warming". Among the top ten solutions, according to Project Drawdown, are the education of women and the availability of family planning services. ### Other activities Porritt served as chairman of Sustainability South-West, the South-West Round Table for Sustainable Development in England, from 1999 to 2001, and later as president. Porritt served as a trustee of the World Wildlife Fund (UK) from 1991 to 2005. Porritt is on the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and actively supports the efforts of experts promoting renewable energy and sustainable development such as Walt Patterson. Porritt is an endorser of the Forests Now Declaration, presented at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meeting, held in Bali in December 2007. The Declaration calls for new market based carbon policies and reforms to prioritize the protection of tropical forests. Porritt has strongly criticized proposals by the UK government to sell off Britain's remaining 635,000 acres of public woodlands, and helped to form the organization Our Forests in 2012 to protect and expand public and private woodlands throughout England. Porritt acts as advisor to many bodies on environmental matters, as well as to individuals including Prince Charles. His best-selling book Capitalism: As if the World Matters was originally published in 2005, and revised and republished by Earthscan in September 2007. In it he argues that capitalism must be controlled and redirected to create a sustainable world. In line with this view, Porritt has worked to encourage businesses to move towards sustainability. As of 2004, Porritt became a Trustee of the Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy. In 2005 he became a Non-Executive Director of Wessex Water, and in 2008 he became a non-executive director for the Willmott Dixon Group. Porritt also serves on the Sustainable Retail Advisory Board for Marks & Spencer, advising the company on its long-term sustainability strategy. Porritt is a convenor of the cross-party political movement More United. Porritt's book The World We Made (2013) is a futurist account of how the world will have changed by 2050, noted for both its comprehensiveness and optimism. ## Honours and awards In 2000, Jonathon Porritt was named a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE). Porritt became an honorary Doctor of Laws of the University of Sussex in 2000. Porritt received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2001. In July 2008, he became an honorary graduate of the University of Exeter. In 2009 he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Science from Loughborough University. On 9 February 2012 he became Chancellor of Keele University. ## Arms \| \| NotesThe arms of The Hon. Jonathon Porritt were originally granted to his father. They consist of: CrestOn a wreath Or and Gules, a demi Heraldic Antelope Gules armed Azure collared Or, holding a Torch of the last enflamed proper between two Fern Fronds Vert EscutcheonOr, a serpent in bend vert between two lions' heads erased gules, on a chief of the last two swords points upwards in saltire of the first, between as many roses argent both surmounted by another gules barbed and seeded proper MottoSapienter et fortiter ferre \| ## Bibliography ### Books - Porritt, Jonathon (1984), Seeing Green: Politics of Ecology Explained (Seeing green ed.), Oxford, UK: B. Blackwell, ISBN 978-0631138921 - Jonathon Porritt; David Winner (1988), The coming of the Greens, London: Fontana, ISBN 978-0006372448, OL 17962277M - Jonathon Porritt (1990), Green alternatives in a troubled world, Salford: University of Salford, OL 19496395M - Porritt, Jonathon (1990), Where on Earth Are We Going?, London: BBC Books, ISBN 978-0563208471, OCLC 24750762, OL 21710100M - Porritt, Jonathon, Captain Eco and the Fate of the Earth, Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd, ISBN 978-0863187032 - Jonathon Porritt (1995), Liberty and Sustainability: Where One Person's Freedom is Another's Nuisance, John Stuart Mill Institute, ISBN 9781871952087, OCLC 45855524, OL 12076254M - Jonathon Porritt (1 January 2000), Playing Safe: Science and the Environment, Thames & Hudson, Inc., ISBN 9780500280737 - Porritt, Jonathon (2005), Capitalism as if the world matters, Sterling, VA: Earthscan, ISBN 978-1844071920, OL 3405876M - Porritt, Jonathon (2013), The World We Made, Phaidon, ISBN 9780714863610 - Porritt, Jonathon (2020), Hope in Hell, Simon & Schuster UK, ISBN 9781471193279 ### Articles - Jonathon Porritt (1997), Competing against the environment, London: Lloyds TSB Group, OL 18079793M - Hilton, Isabel and Jonathon Porritt. "Sustainable development's 'taboo territory.'" chinadialogue. 2007-05-30. - Perrement, Matt. "Interview with Jonathon Porritt: Sustainable development needs China." chinadialogue. 2006-09-19. - Porritt, Jonathon. "China could lead the fight for a cooler climate." chinadialogue. 2007-11-13. - Porritt, Jonathon. "China: the most important story in the world." chinadialogue. 2006-09-18.	enwiki/2464734	enwiki	2,464,734	Jonathon Porritt	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathon_Porritt	2025-07-17T19:56:45Z	en	Q1237764	326,525	{{Short description\|British environmentalist (born 1950)}} {{EngvarB\|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}} {{Infobox person \| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] \| name = Sir Jonathon Porritt \| honorific_suffix = [[Baronet\|Bt]] [[CBE]] \| image = Jonathon Porritt 2008.jpg \| caption = Porritt receiving an honorary degree from the University of Exeter in 2008 \| birth_date = {{birth-date and age\|6 July 1950}} \| birth_place = [[London]], UK \| death_date = \| death_place = \| nationality = \| occupation = [[Environmentalism]] \| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]] \| awards = [[Order of the British Empire\|CBE]] (2000) \| website = http://www.jonathonporritt.com/ }} '''Sir Jonathon Espie Porritt, 2nd Baronet''',<ref name=Baronetage>{{cite web\|title=Official Roll of the Baronetage (as at 31st July 2018)\|url=https://www.baronetage.org/official-roll-of-the-baronets/\|website=The Standing Council of the Baronetage\|access-date=15 August 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630140057/http://www.baronetage.org/official-roll-of-the-baronets/\|archive-date=30 June 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Order of the British Empire\|CBE]] (born 6 July 1950)<ref name="Sleeman">{{cite book\|last1=Sleeman\|first1=Elizabeth\|title=The international who's who 2004\|date=2003\|publisher=Europa\|location=London\|isbn=9781857432176\|pages=1345–1346\|edition=67th\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA1345\|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> is a British environmentalist and writer.<ref name="Buller"/> He is known for his advocacy of the [[Green Party of England and Wales]].<ref name="Bawden">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/leading-environmentalist-sir-jonathan-porritt-hits-out-at-colleagues-unrealistic-aims-9707119.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/leading-environmentalist-sir-jonathan-porritt-hits-out-at-colleagues-unrealistic-aims-9707119.html \|archive-date=14 June 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live \|first=Tom \|last=Bawden \|title=Leading environmentalist Sir Jonathan Porritt hits out at colleagues' unrealistic aims\|date=2 September 2014\|work=The Independent\|access-date=2017-03-22\|language=en-GB}}</ref> Porritt frequently contributes to magazines, newspapers and books, and appears on radio and television. ==Early life== Jonathon Porritt was born in London, the son of [[Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt]], 11th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] and his second wife, Kathleen Peck.<ref name="Gerrard">{{cite journal\|last1=Gerrard\|first1=David F.\|title=Obituary The Lord Porritt GCMG GCVO CBE Bt\|journal=Br J Sports Med\|date=1994\|volume=28\|issue=2\|pages=77–78\|doi=10.1136/bjsm.28.2.77\|pmc=1332035}}</ref> Lord Porritt, who served as a senior officer in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] during World War II,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette \|issue=34830 \|date=12 April 1940 \|page=2229 \|supp=y}}</ref> was also the bronze medalist in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] "[[Chariots of Fire]]" 100 metres race.<ref name="Gerrard"/> As well as receiving a [[life peerage]],<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Saints and sinner Arthur Espie Porritt\|journal= The Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England\|pages=274–275\|doi=10.1308/147363513X13690603817265\|volume=95\|issue=8\|year=2013 \| last1 = Beasley \| first1 = Wyn\|doi-access=}}</ref> Lord Porritt had previously been awarded a [[baronet]]cy in 1963.<ref name="Gerrard"/> Jonathon Porritt therefore became the 2nd Baronet on Lord Porritt's death on 1 January 1994.<ref name="Gerrard"/> Porritt was educated at [[Wellesley House School]], [[Broadstairs]], [[Kent]];<ref>{{cite web\|title=School Introduction - Wellesley House School\|url=http://www.christine-lee.co.uk/site/education/independent_schools/wellesley_house_school/\|website=Wellesley House School\|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> [[Eton College]];<ref name="Vallely">{{cite news\|last1=Vallely\|first1=Paul\|title=Jonathon Porritt: A subtle transition from green to shades of grey\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/jonathon-porritt-a-subtle-transition-from-green-to-shades-of-grey-175269.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/jonathon-porritt-a-subtle-transition-from-green-to-shades-of-grey-175269.html \|archive-date=14 June 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live\|access-date=21 June 2017\|work=The Independent\|date=30 August 2002}}</ref> and [[Magdalen College, Oxford\|Magdalen College]], [[University of Oxford]], where he earned a first class degree in modern languages.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news\|title=Rude awakening\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/nov/09/greenpolitics.interviews\|access-date=21 June 2017\|work=The Guardian\|date=8 November 2005}}</ref> Porritt started training as a barrister,<ref>{{cite news \|title=A green man in a grey world \|first=Nicci \|last=Gerrard \|url= https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2000/aug/13/features.review27 \|newspaper=The Guardian \|date=13 August 2000 \|access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> but switched to teaching English at [[St Clement Danes Grammar School]] (later [[Burlington Danes School]]) in [[Shepherd's Bush]], West London, in 1974.<ref name="Hartley">{{cite book\|last1=Hartley\|first1=Cathy\|last2=Jones\|first2=Gareth Wyn\|last3=Neale\|first3=Alison\|title=Environment Encyclopedia and Directory 2010 \|date=2010 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781857433777 \|page=595}}</ref> He taught there from 1974 to 1984, serving as Head of English from 1980 to 1984.<ref name="Sleeman"/> In 1985 he married Sarah Staniforth CBE, daughter of Malcolm Arthur Staniforth.<ref>{{Cite web \| url= https://www.hlf.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/sarah-staniforth-cbe \| title=Sarah Staniforth CBE \| the National Lottery Heritage Fund}}</ref> ==Environmental and political involvement== {{external media \| width = 210px \| float = right \| headerimage= [[File:Jonathon Porritt 2009b.jpg\|210px]] \| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrDxNBHoqd8 Jonathon Porritt: video interview], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2012 \| video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39bPjnFBt-o "Sustainability for All"], Jonathon Porritt at TEDxExeter, 2013 \|video3= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYzMHYbVeUU Jonathon Porritt on population], [[Population Matters]], 2013 }} === The Green Party === In the 1970s and early 1980s, Porritt was a prominent member of the [[Ecology Party]] (now the [[Green Party of England and Wales]]). Porritt served as chair of The Ecology Party from 1979 to 1980, and from 1982 to 1984. He presided over changes that made the party much more prominent in elections, himself standing as a parliamentary candidate in general elections in 1979 and 1983.<ref name="Sleeman"/><ref name="Driver">{{cite book\|last1=Driver\|first1=Stephen\|title=Understanding British party politics\|date=2011\|publisher=Polity Press\|location=Cambridge\|isbn=9780745640785\|pages=163–165\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Qq6RJr6_QC&pg=PA163}}</ref> In 1979 he achieved 2.8% of the vote in [[St Marylebone (UK Parliament constituency)\|St Marylebone]], and in 1983 he achieved 2.1% in [[Kensington (UK Parliament constituency)\|Kensington]], receiving attention from national media.<ref name="Schreurs">{{cite book\|last1=Schreurs\|first1=Miranda Alice\|last2=Papadakis\|first2=Elim\|title=Historical dictionary of the green movements\|date=2007\|publisher=Scarecrow Press\|location=Lanham, Md.\|isbn=9780810856141\|page=116\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QGyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116}}</ref> Under his stewardship, membership grew from a few hundred to around 3,000.<ref name="Lean">{{cite news\|last1=Lean\|first1=Geoffrey\|title=Jonathon Porritt, the greenest of bluebloods\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/geoffrey-lean/5902368/Jonathon-Porrit-the-greenest-of-bluebloods.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919233908/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/geoffrey-lean/5902368/Jonathon-Porrit-the-greenest-of-bluebloods.html\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=19 September 2017\|access-date=22 June 2017\|work=The Telegraph\|date=24 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="Buller">{{cite news\|last1=Buller\|first1=Alicia\|title=Exclusive interview: Jonathon Porritt\|url=http://www.wearesalt.org/exclusive-interview-uk-environmentalist-jonathon-porritt/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926145347/http://www.wearesalt.org/exclusive-interview-uk-environmentalist-jonathon-porritt/\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=26 September 2015\|access-date=22 June 2017\|work=Salt\|date=18 August 2015}}</ref> In 1984, Porritt published his first book, ''Seeing Green: Politics of Ecology Explained''.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Porritt\|first1=Jonathon\|title=Seeing green : the politics of ecology explained\|url=https://archive.org/details/seeinggreenpolit00porr\|url-access=registration\|date=1984\|publisher=B. Blackwell\|location=Oxford, UK\|isbn=9780631143314}}</ref> It was written while he was policy director of the Ecology Party. As of 1999, it was still described as "the best general guide to the politics of ecology by an 'insider'".<ref name="Eatwell">{{cite book\|last1=Eatwell\|first1=Roger\|last2=Wright\|first2=Anthony\|title=Contemporary political ideologies\|date=1 March 1999\|publisher=A&C Black\|location=London\|isbn=978-0826451736\|page=253\|edition=2nd\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MQwlPj-kiYC&pg=PA253\|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> Reviewed nearly 30 years after its publication, it stands up as "prophetic in many respects",<ref name="ReviewSeeming"/> although somewhat off in the timing of its predictions, perhaps in part because Porritt did not anticipate the rise of indebtedness. Writing before the rise of the internet, Porritt even predicted the development of an "information-rich, knowledge-poor" age.<ref name="ReviewSeeming">{{cite news\|title=Review of Jonathon Porritt's Seeing Green (1984)\|url=https://sustainabilityincrisis.wordpress.com/2011/11/23/review-of-jonathon-porritts-seeing-green-1984/\|access-date=22 June 2017\|work=Sustainability in Crisis\|date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The Greens achieved 15% of the European Parliamentary vote in 1989, but were able to win only 1.2% of the vote in the 1992 general election, in which environmental issues were largely ignored.<ref name="Rawcliffe">{{cite book\|last1=Rawcliffe\|first1=Peter\|title=Environmental pressure groups in transition\|date=1998\|publisher=Manchester University Press\|location=Manchester\|isbn=9780719052125}}</ref>{{rp\|10}} During this time Porritt became a strong public advocate of change in the Green Party. Along with [[Sara Parkin]], he advocated for a more professional organisation with identifiable leaders, a change that was eventually approved.<ref name="Driver"/><ref name=FT>{{cite news\|title=Porritt urges streamlining of leadership system\|work=Financial Times\|date=23 September 1989}}</ref><ref name="Barberis">{{cite book\|last1=Barberis\|first1=Peter\|last2=McHugh\|first2=John \|last3=Tyldesley\|first3=Mike\|title=Encyclopedia of British and Irish political organizations : parties, groups and movements of the 20th century\|date=2001\|publisher=Continuum\|location=New York\|isbn=9780826458148\|pages=26–27\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qps14mSlghcC&pg=PA27\|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> In 1992 Porritt backed the election of [[Cynog Dafis]] who was elected to Parliament as the joint [[Plaid Cymru]]-Green MP for [[Ceredigion]]. However, in 1994, the regional council of the Green Party suspended Porritt for supporting Dafis, and demanded that Dafis stop identifying himself as Green.<ref name="Morrissey">{{cite journal\|last1=Morrissey\|first1=John\|title=How Green Was My Party?\|journal=Synthesis/Regeneration\|date=1997\|volume=13\|issue=Spring\|url=http://www.greens.org/s-r/13/13-07.html\|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{cite news\|title=Porritt suspension splits Greens\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/porritt-suspension-splits-greens-1378464.html?amp\|access-date=22 June 2017\|work=The Independent\|date=24 August 1994}}</ref><ref name="Fowler">{{cite journal\|last1=Fowler\|first1=Carwyn\|last2=Jones\|first2=Rhys\|title=Can environmentalism and nationalism be reconciled? The Plaid Cymru/Green Party alliance, 1991–95\|journal=Regional & Federal Studies\|date=20 November 2006\|volume=16\|issue=3\|pages=315–331\|doi=10.1080/13597560600852524\|s2cid=146464844}}</ref><ref name="shades">{{cite news\|last1=Porritt\|first1=Jonathon\|title=We need more shades of green: Jonathon Porritt is in disgrace with his party, but unrepentant: they are failing to grasp the new politics\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/we-need-more-shades-of-green-jonathon-porritt-is-in-disgrace-with-his-party-but-unrepentant-they-are-1379329.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/we-need-more-shades-of-green-jonathon-porritt-is-in-disgrace-with-his-party-but-unrepentant-they-are-1379329.html \|archive-date=14 June 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live\|access-date=22 June 2017\|work=The Independent\|date=28 August 1994}}</ref><ref name="Barberis"/> Between 1996 and 2009, Porritt largely withdrew from active party politics, concentrating instead on non-partisan and activist roles independent of the Green Party.<ref name="Green2009"/> In March 2009, Porritt spoke at the launch of the South West Green Party European Election campaign in Bristol, stating that he had always remained a member of the Green Party and that it was the correct time to reaffirm his support. He noted that many of the policies in the Ecology Party's manifesto of 1979 were now accepted by mainstream political parties, and emphasized the importance of active support.<ref name="Green2009">{{cite news\|title=Green Party has been "right all along," says UK sustainable development chief\|url=https://www.greenparty.org.uk/news/2009-03-13-porritt.html\|access-date=22 June 2017\|work=Green Party\|date=16 March 2009}}</ref> {{blockquote\|"Every single one of the issues that the Green Party has been campaigning on for the last 35 years is getting worse and worse, which means that people should no longer put off the day when they accept that the future is either Green or not at all." Porritt, 2009<ref name="Green2009"/>}} Prior to the [[2015 United Kingdom general election\|2015 general election]], he was one of several public figures who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the [[Green Party of England and Wales\|Green Party]]'s [[Caroline Lucas]].<ref name="Elgot">{{cite news \| url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/24/celebrities-sign-statement-support-caroline-lucas-not-green-party \| title= Celebrities sign statement of support for Caroline Lucas – but not the Greens \| work=The Guardian \| location=London \| first=Jessica \| last=Elgot \| date=24 April 2015 \| access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref> ===Friends of the Earth=== In 1984 Porritt gave up teaching to become Director of [[Friends of the Earth (EWNI)\|Friends of the Earth]] in Britain, a post he held until 1990. Although criticized initially as inexperienced, in the long term he has been seen as an important factor in the group's success in the late 1980s.<ref name="Lamb"/>{{rp\|155}} He edited the ''Friends of the Earth Handbook'' (1987)<ref name="FOE">{{cite book\|last1=Porritt\|first1=Jonathon\|title=Friends of the Earth handbooks\|date=1987\|publisher=Macdonald Optima\|location=London\|isbn=9780356125602}}</ref> and encouraged Friends of the Earth to promote practical solutions in its local environmental campaigns, as well as thinking more globally and internationally.<ref name="Lamb"/>{{rp\|155}} During his time as director, the membership of the organization expanded from 12,700 to 226,300.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book\|last1=Kumar\|first1=Satish\|last2=Whitefield\|first2=Freddie\|title=Visionaries : the 20th century's 100 most important inspirational leaders\|date=2007\|publisher=Chelsea Gree Publishing\|location=White River Junction, Vt.\|isbn=978-1933392530\|pages=16–17\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdxxTahYR1sC&pg=PA17\|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> Looking back in 2012, Porritt stated that becoming director of Friends of the Earth "was probably the best decision of my life."<ref name="Lamb">{{cite book\|last1=Lamb\|first1=Robert\|title=Promising the earth\|date=2012\|publisher=Routledge\|location=New York\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-Ttl_eWeLkC&pg=PA140\|access-date=22 June 2017\|isbn=9781135104634}}</ref>{{rp\|ix}} However, his affection for the organization has not stopped him from harshly criticizing it, as he did in 2015, when the group's top ten priority issues list did not include [[nuclear power]].<ref name="Leftly">{{cite news\|last1=Leftly\|first1=Mark\|title=Friends of the Earth slammed as 'totally reprehensible' by group's former director\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/friends-of-the-earth-slammed-as-totally-reprehensible-by-groups-former-director-10272276.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/friends-of-the-earth-slammed-as-totally-reprehensible-by-groups-former-director-10272276.html \|archive-date=14 June 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live\|access-date=22 June 2017\|work=The Independent\|date=23 May 2015}}</ref> ===Beyond Agenda 21=== Porritt attended [[Earth Summit\|United Nations Conference on Environment and Development]] (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, eventually writing an introduction for ''The way forward : beyond Agenda 21'' (1997).<ref name="Dodds">{{cite book\|editor-last1=Dodds\|editor-first1=Felix\|title=The way forward : beyond Agenda 21\|date=1997\|publisher=Earthscan Publications\|location=London\|isbn=978-1853834370\|pages=xvi–xix\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jfwe09Q7y7EC&pg=PR16\|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> From 1993 to 1996 he chaired [[Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future]], then known as United Nations Environment and Development UK (UNED UK). The organization encourages international stakeholders to engage in decision-making for sustainable development.<ref>{{cite web\|title=About Us\|url=http://www.stakeholderforum.org/index.php/about-us\|website=Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future}}</ref> ===Forum for the Future=== With [[Sara Parkin]] and [[Paul Ekins]], Porritt founded [[Forum for the Future]] in 1996, a [[sustainable development]] charity. <ref name="Mahidhara">{{cite book\|last1=Mahidhara\|first1=Ramamohan\|title=The environmental and social challenges of private sector projects : IFC's experience\|date=2002\|publisher=International Finance Corporation\|location=Washington, DC\|isbn=978-0821350553\|page=75\|edition=1st\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bDKv6naaH8C&pg=PA75\|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> The nonprofit offers advice on sustainability planning to multinational companies including Kellogg's and Unilever.<ref name="Rinde"/> After founding Forum of the Future, Porritt largely withdrew from party politics to concentrate on non-partisan political work.<ref name="Parliament">{{cite web\|title=Jonathon Porritt CBE (£2,000 - £5,000)\|url=http://www.parliamentspeakers.com/Speaker/Jonathon+Porritt+CBE\|website=Parliament Speakers\|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> ===Sustainable Development Commission=== In 2000 Porritt was appointed the inaugural Chair of the incoming Labour government's [[Sustainable Development Commission]] (SDC), set up by prime minister [[Tony Blair]]. He was reappointed twice for three-year terms, the last of which began 26 July 2006. From 2000 to 2009, Porritt chaired the SDC.<ref name="SDC">{{cite web\|title=Re-appointment of Jonathon Porritt as Chair to the Sustainable Development Commission\|url=http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/presslist.php/58/re-appointment-of-jonathon-porritt-as-chair-to-the-sustainable-development-commission\|website=Sustainable Development Commission\|access-date=18 July 2006\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090128223916/http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/presslist.php/58/re-appointment-of-jonathon-porritt-as-chair-to-the-sustainable-development-commission\|archive-date=28 January 2009\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was, however, critical of the [[Labour Party (UK)\|Labour]] government for its environmental record and its pro-nuclear stance, and has campaigned [[Anti-nuclear\|against nuclear power]].<ref name="Vidal2012">{{cite web \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2012/apr/10/war-nuclear-environmentalists-vicious \|title=Vicious words mark the war between pro and anti-nuclear environmentalists \|last=Vidal \|first=John \|date=10 April 2012 \|work=The Guardian }}</ref> While at SDC, Porritt encouraged the work of economist [[Tim Jackson (economist)\|Tim Jackson]], whose SDC report ''[[Prosperity Without Growth]]'' was later published as a book under the same title.<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book\|last1=Jackson\|first1=Tim\|title=Prosperity without growth : economics for a finite planet\|date=2009\|publisher=Earthscan\|location=London\|isbn=978-1-84977-000-2\|page=vii\|edition=Repr.\|url=http://www.ipu.org/splz-e/unga13/prosperity.pdf\|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Since retiring from the SDC in September 2009, Porritt has publicly supported the report's analysis of economic growth as it relates to environmental and human well-being, and the potential for a sustainable economy.<ref name="Prosperity">{{cite web\|last1=Porritt\|first1=Jonathon\|title=Prosperity Without Growth?\|url=http://www.jonathonporritt.com/blog/prosperity-without-growth\|website=Jonathon Porritt, environmentalist and writer\|date=31 March 2009}}</ref> The Sustainable Development Commission closed on 31 March 2011.<ref name="SDC"/> ===Population Matters=== Porritt is a patron of the [[overpopulation\|population]] concern charity [[Population Matters]], formerly known as the Optimum Population Trust.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Population Matters Patrons \|url=https://www.populationmatters.org/about/people-and-story/patrons/ \|website=Population Matters \|access-date=22 June 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525063641/https://www.populationmatters.org/about/people-and-story/patrons/ \|archive-date=25 May 2018 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Porritt has stated that population growth is a serious threat to the global environment and that family planning, including both birth control and abortion,<ref name="Limit">{{cite news\|title=2 children should be limit, says PM's aide\|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/daily-express/20090202/281646776029237\|access-date=30 June 2017\|work=Daily Express\|date=2 February 2009}}</ref> is a part of the answer to global warming. He recommends that people should have no more than two children. <ref name="Bingham">{{cite news\|last1=Bingham\|first1=John\|title=Government green guru Sir Jonathon Porritt calls for two-child limit\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/4424856/Government-green-guru-Sir-Jonathon-Porritt-calls-for-two-child-limit.html\|access-date=30 June 2017\|work=The Telegraph\|date=2 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Porritt">{{cite news\|last1=Porritt\|first1=Jonathon\|title=Jonathon Porritt : Over-population: the global crisis that dare not speak its name\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/jonathon-porritt-over-population-the-global-crisis-that-dare-not-speak-its-name-2376464.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/jonathon-porritt-over-population-the-global-crisis-that-dare-not-speak-its-name-2376464.html \|archive-date=14 June 2022 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live\|access-date=30 June 2017\|work=The Independent\|date=26 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Monaghan">{{cite book\|last1=Monaghan\|first1=Philip\|title=Sustainability in austerity : how local government can deliver during times of crisis\|date=2011\|publisher=Greenleaf Pub.\|location=Sheffield\|isbn=9781906093570\|pages=33–35\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCRPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33\|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Porritt has asserted that "promotion of reproductive health is one of the most progressive forms of intervention" that could be used to reduce carbon emissions.<ref name="Vidal2009"/> Porritt's views are based in part on a 2009 report by Thomas Wire at the [[London School of Economics]], commissioned by Optimum Population Trust. It compared the cost-effectiveness of access to family planning with other interventions such as low-carbon technologies, and concluded that access to family planning, by decreasing population and the subsequent human [[carbon footprint]], could have a substantial impact on global warming.<ref name="Wire">{{cite book\|last1=Wire\|first1=Thomas\|title=Fewer emitters, lower emissions, less cost reducing future carbon emissions by investing in family planning: A cost/benefit analysis\|date=2009\|publisher=London School of Economics / Optimum Population Trust\|url=https://www.populationmatters.org/documents/reducing_emissions.pdf}}</ref> Similar views are supported by other researchers and international organizations.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Population - Climate Connection: Why Family Planning is a Win - Win for Women and the Plane\|url=https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/docs/pubs/Pop-Climate%20Policy%20Brief_nov27.pdf\|website=Global Leaders Council for Reproductive Health\|publisher=2011\|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="O'Neill">{{cite journal\|last1=O'Neill\|first1=Brian C.\|last2=Dalton\|first2=Michael\|last3=Fuchs\|first3=Regina\|last4=Jiang\|first4=Leiwen\|last5=Pachauri\|first5=Shonali\|last6=Zigova\|first6=Katarina\|title=Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions\|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|date=12 October 2010\|volume=107\|issue=41\|pages=17521–17526\|doi=10.1073/pnas.1004581107\|pmid=20937861\|pmc=2955139\|bibcode=2010PNAS..10717521O\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bixby">{{cite web\|title=BY SLOWING POPULATION GROWTH , FAMILY PLANNING CAN HELP ADDRESS FOOD INSECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE February 3, 2015\|url=https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/population_and_sustainability/pdfs/UCSF_Population_Climate_Food_Feb_3_2015.pdf\|website=[[Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health]]\|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Porritt's remarks on the subject in 2009 caused outrage among anti-abortionists and some religious leaders.<ref name="Limit"/> Porritt was also criticized for praising China for its [[One-child policy\|one-child family policy]],<ref name="Vidal2009">{{cite news\|last1=Vidal\|first1=John\|title=Rich nations to offset emissions with birth control\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/dec/03/carbon-offset-projects-climate-change\|access-date=30 June 2017\|work=The Guardian\|date=3 December 2009}}</ref> which has reduced birth rates but is described as coercive, cruel and causing "immeasurable suffering".<ref name="O’Neill">{{cite news\|last1=O’Neill\|first1=Brendan\|title=Features China's parents have begun to rebel\|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2010/05/chinas-parents-have-begun-to-rebel/\|access-date=30 June 2017\|work=The Spectator\|date=19 May 2010}}</ref> Although the Green Party, Population Matters and other organizations assert that they only support voluntary use of family planning, calls for population control raise fears that it will be coercively used in ways that infringe human rights.<ref name="Dobson">{{cite book\|last1=Dobson\|first1=Andrew\|title=Green political thought\|date=2007\|publisher=Routledge\|location=London\|isbn=978-0415403528\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZeDIbpZQDMC&pg=PA82}}</ref> Porritt remained definite about his position. {{blockquote\|"I am unapologetic about asking people to connect up their own responsibility for their total environmental footprint and how they decide to procreate and how many children they think are appropriate... I think we will work our way towards a position that says that having more than two children is irresponsible." Porritt, 2009<ref name="Bingham"/>}} Environmental commentator [[George Monbiot]], who also uses carbon emissions for ecological footprinting, has criticized Porritt's emphasis on family planning. He asserts that radical family planning will have little impact unless people limit their consumption. "People might populate less as they become richer, but they do not consume less; rather they consume more. That is, as the habits of the super-rich show, there are no limits to human extravagance."<ref name="Monaghan"/>{{rp\|34}} The carbon footprint of people in poorer countries has been shown to be much lower than that in wealthy countries.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Carbon emissions per person, by country\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/datablog/2009/sep/02/carbon-emissions-per-person-capita\|website=DataBlog\|access-date=30 June 2017\|date=2009-09-02}}</ref> Increasing availability to contraceptive usage in poor countries, although it may have decrease population growth in those countries, may therefore do little to limit carbon impact.<ref name="Monaghan"/>{{rp\|34}} Porritt argues that this does not lessen the responsibility of wealthy countries to address population, asserting that population affects both the rich and poor worlds, and that "Every country needs a population strategy, including the US and the UK."<ref name="Porritt"/> Porritt is also an advisor to [[Drawdown (climate)\|Project Drawdown]],<ref name="Advisors">{{cite web\|title=Drawdown Advisors\|url=http://www.drawdown.org/advisors/jonathon-porritt\|website=Project Drawdown\|access-date=30 June 2017\|date=2017-02-17}}</ref> which "maps, measures, models, and describes the 100 most substantive solutions to global warming".<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Book\|url=http://www.drawdown.org/the-book\|website=Project Drawdown\|access-date=30 June 2017\|date=2017-02-17}}</ref> Among the top ten solutions, according to Project Drawdown, are the education of women and the availability of family planning services.<ref name="Drawdown">{{cite web\|title=Summary of Solutions by Overall Rank\|url=http://www.drawdown.org/solutions-summary-by-rank\|website=Project Drawdown\|access-date=30 June 2017\|date=2017-04-05}}</ref> ===Other activities=== Porritt served as chairman of Sustainability South-West, the South-West Round Table for Sustainable Development in England, from 1999 to 2001,<ref name="Henriques">{{cite book\|editor-last1=Henriques\|editor-first1=Adrian\|editor-last2=Richardson\|editor-first2=Julie\|title=The triple bottom line, does it all add up? : Assessing the sustainability of business and CSR\|date=2005\|publisher=Earthscan\|location=London\|isbn=9781844070152 \|page=x\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZbb2Y7YGvMC&pg=PR10\|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> and later as president.<ref name="SWRC">{{cite book\|last1=South West Regional Committee\|title=Transport in the South West : first report of session 2009-10.\|date=2010\|publisher=Stationery Office\|location=London\|isbn=978-0215544094\|pages=204–206\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJrx7PaoZGgC&pg=PA204\|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Porritt served as a trustee of the [[World Wildlife Fund]] (UK) from 1991 to 2005.<ref name="Chick">{{cite book\|last1=Chick\|first1=Anne\|last2=Micklethwaite\|first2=Paul\|title=Design for sustainable change : how design and designers can drive the sustainability agenda\|date=2011\|publisher=Ava Pub.\|location=Lausanne, Switzerland\|isbn=9782940411306\|page=97\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Fg3DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97\|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Porritt is on the advisory board of ''[[BBC Wildlife]]'' magazine<ref name="Parliament"/> and actively supports the efforts of experts promoting renewable energy and sustainable development such as [[Walt Patterson]].<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Keeping The Lights On: Towards Sustainable Electricity\|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/books/archive/view/63385\|journal=Chatham House\|access-date=1 July 2007\|date=2007\|last1=Patterson\|first1=Walt}}</ref> Porritt is an endorser of the [[Forests Now Declaration]], presented at the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) meeting, held in Bali in December 2007. The Declaration calls for new market based carbon policies and reforms to prioritize the protection of tropical forests.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Featured Endorsers\|url=http://www.forestsnow.org/endorsers.php\|website=Forests Now (Archived)\|access-date=30 June 2017\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20081021133046/http://www.forestsnow.org/endorsers.php\|archive-date=21 October 2008\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=The Forests NOW Declaration\|url=http://globalcanopy.org/projects/forests-now-declaration\|access-date=30 June 2017\|work=Global Canopy Programme}}</ref> Porritt has strongly criticized proposals by the UK government to sell off Britain's remaining 635,000 acres of public woodlands,<ref name="Forests">{{cite news\|last1=Vidal\|first1=John\|title=For sale: all of our forests. Not some of them, nor most of them – the whole lot\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2010/dec/22/tory-privatisation-all-state-forests\|access-date=30 June 2017\|work=The Guardian\|date=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Porritt\|first1=Jonathon\|title=Protecting the Public Forest Estate: Now!\|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/jonathon-porritt/protecting-public-forest-estate-now\|website=Open Democracy UK\|date=16 February 2011}}</ref> and helped to form the organization Our Forests in 2012 to protect and expand public and private woodlands throughout England.<ref name="Carrington">{{cite news\|last1=Carrington\|first1=Damian\|title=Secret forest sell-off 'shopping lists' drawn up by conservation groups\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/11/secret-forest-sell-off-list\|access-date=30 June 2017\|work=The Guardian\|date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Our Forests Vision for England's Woods and Forests\|url=http://saveourwoods.co.uk/our-forests/our-forests-vision-for-englands-woods-and-forests/\|website=Our Forests\|date=11 January 2012\|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Porritt acts as advisor to many bodies on environmental matters, as well as to individuals including [[Charles, Prince of Wales\|Prince Charles]].<ref name="Pierce">{{cite news\|last1=Pierce\|first1=Andrew\|title=Prince Charles's inner circle\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/3448985/Prince-Charless-inner-circle.html\|access-date=1 July 2017\|work=The Telegraph\|date=12 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="Charles">{{cite news\|last1=Lean\|first1=Geoffrey\|title=Prince Charles at 65: Evergreen Prince has changed the world\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10436117/Prince-Charles-at-65-Evergreen-Prince-has-changed-the-world.html\|access-date=1 July 2017\|work=The Telegraph\|date=8 November 2013}}</ref> His best-selling book ''Capitalism: As if the World Matters'' was originally published in 2005, and revised and republished by [[Earthscan]] in September 2007. In it he argues that capitalism must be controlled and redirected to create a sustainable world.<ref name="Castro">{{cite journal\|last1=Castro\|first1=C. J.\|title=Book Review: Jonathon Porritt. Capitalism As If the World Matters. London: Earthscan, 2005\|journal=Organization & Environment\|date=1 June 2007\|volume=20\|issue=2\|pages=266–268\|doi=10.1177/1086026607302163\|s2cid=143542924}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Book review: Capitalism as if the World Matters – Jonathon Porritt (2007)\|url=http://blueandgreentomorrow.com/features/book-review-capitalism-as-if-the-world-matters-jonathon-porritt-2007/\|access-date=1 July 2017\|work=Blue & Green Tomorrow\|date=20 December 2013}}</ref> In line with this view, Porritt has worked to encourage businesses to move towards sustainability.<ref name="SDC"/><ref name="Neutral"/> As of 2004, Porritt became a Trustee of the [[Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy in 2012\|url=http://www.jonathonporritt.com/blog/ashden-awards-sustainable-energy-2012\|website=Jonathon Porritt\|date=24 May 2012}}</ref> In 2005 he became a Non-Executive Director of [[Wessex Water]],<ref name="SDC"/> and in 2008 he became a non-executive director for the [[Willmott Dixon\|Willmott Dixon Group]].<ref>{{cite news\|title=Sustainability campaigner Jonathon Porritt takes role at Willmott Dixon\|url=https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/home/sustainability-campaigner-jonathon-porritt-takes-role-at-willmott-dixon/1942780.article\|access-date=1 July 2017\|work=Construction News\|date=5 December 2008}}</ref> Porritt also serves on the Sustainable Retail Advisory Board for [[Marks & Spencer]], advising the company on its long-term sustainability strategy.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Sustainable Retail Advisory Board\|url=http://planareport2013.marksandspencer.com/governance/sustainable-retail-advisory-board/\|website=Marks & Spencer\|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Neutral">{{cite news\|title=M&S unveils carbon-neutral target\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6261939.stm\|access-date=1 July 2017\|work=BBC News\|date=15 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=M&S LAUNCHES PLAN A 2025 – AN AMBITIOUS, CUSTOMER FOCUSED SUSTAINABILITY PLAN\|url=https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/media/press-releases/2017/plan-a-2025\|website=Marks & Spencer\|date=1 June 2017}}</ref> Porritt is a convenor of the [[Nonpartisanism\|cross-party]] political movement [[More United]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=The team\|url=http://www.moreunited.uk/team\|access-date=3 May 2017\|archive-date=2 April 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402043143/https://www.moreunited.uk/team\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Boyle">{{cite news\|last1=Boyle\|first1=David\|title=Cross-party cooperation on the left? It's not as mad as it sounds\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/17/cross-party-cooperation-left-liberal-democrat-conferences\|access-date=1 July 2017\|work=The Guardian\|date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Porritt's book ''The World We Made'' (2013) is a futurist account of how the world will have changed by 2050, noted for both its comprehensiveness and optimism.<ref name="Rinde">{{cite journal\|last1=Rinde\|first1=Meir\|title=Imagining a Postcarbon Future\|journal=Distillations\|date=2016\|volume=2\|issue=3\|pages=24–33\|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/imagining-a-postcarbon-future\|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref> ==Honours and awards== In 2000, Jonathon Porritt was named a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE).<ref name="Aldrich">{{cite book\|editor-last1=Aldrich\|editor-first1=Tim\|title=About time : speed, society, people and the environment\|date=2005\|publisher=Greenleaf Publ.\|location=Sheffield\|isbn=9781874719915\|page=159\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gE_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159\|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> Porritt became an honorary Doctor of Laws of the [[University of Sussex]] in 2000.<ref name="Sussex">{{cite web\|title=Graduation, Summer 2000\|url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressrelease/media/media104.html\|website=University of Sussex\|date=6 July 2000}}</ref> Porritt received an Honorary Doctorate from [[Heriot-Watt University]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Heriot-Watt University Honorary Graduates\|url=https://www.hw.ac.uk/services/docs/honorary-graduates-1966-present.pdf\|website=Heriot-Watt University\|access-date=22 June 2017\|archive-date=21 October 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021204205/https://www.hw.ac.uk/services/docs/honorary-graduates-1966-present.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In July 2008, he became an honorary graduate of the [[University of Exeter]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Monday 14 July 2008 afternoon ceremony (Cornwall) Jonathon PorrittJonathon Porritt (LLD)\|url=http://www.exeter.ac.uk/honorarygraduates/2008/ceremony9.shtml\|website=The University of Exeter\|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> In 2009 he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Science from [[Loughborough University]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Honorary Graduates and University Medallists {{!}} Graduation {{!}} Loughborough University \|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/students/graduation/honorary-graduates/ \|access-date=2024-02-07 \|website=www.lboro.ac.uk}}</ref> On 9 February 2012 he became [[Chancellor (education)\|Chancellor]] of [[Keele University]].<ref name="Keele">{{cite web\|title=Keele University Announces New Chancellor\|url=https://www.keele.ac.uk/pressreleases/2011/chancellor2011.php\|website=Keele University\|date=10 November 2011}}</ref> ==Arms== {{Infobox COA wide \|image = Arthur Porritt Arms.svg \|bannerimage = \|badgeimage = \|notes = The arms of The Hon. Jonathon Porritt were originally granted to his father. They consist of: \|adopted = \|crest = On a wreath Or and Gules, a demi Heraldic Antelope Gules armed Azure collared Or, holding a Torch of the last enflamed proper between two Fern Fronds Vert \|torse = \|helm = \|escutcheon = Or, a serpent in bend vert between two lions' heads erased gules, on a chief of the last two swords points upwards in saltire of the first, between as many roses argent both surmounted by another gules barbed and seeded proper \|compartment = \|motto = Sapienter et fortiter ferre \|orders = \|other_elements = \|banner = \|badge = \|symbolism = \|previous_versions = }} ==Bibliography== ===Books=== * {{Citation \|publisher = B. Blackwell \|isbn = 978-0631138921 \|location = Oxford, UK \|title = Seeing Green: Politics of Ecology Explained \|url = https://archive.org/details/seeinggreenpolit00porr \|last = Porritt \|first = Jonathon \|edition = Seeing green \|date = 1984 }} * {{Citation \|publisher = Fontana \|isbn = 978-0006372448 \|location = London \|title = The coming of the Greens \|date = 1988 \|author1 = Jonathon Porritt \|author2 = David Winner \|ol = 17962277M }} * {{Citation \|publisher = University of Salford \|location = Salford \|author = Jonathon Porritt \|title = Green alternatives in a troubled world \|date = 1990 \|ol = 19496395M }} * {{Citation \|publisher = BBC Books \|isbn = 978-0563208471 \|location = London \|title = Where on Earth Are We Going? \|last=Porritt \|first=Jonathon \|date = 1990 \|oclc = 24750762 \|ol = 21710100M }} * {{Citation \|publisher = Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd \|isbn = 978-0863187032 \|title = Captain Eco and the Fate of the Earth \|last=Porritt \|first=Jonathon}} * {{Citation \|publisher = John Stuart Mill Institute \|isbn = 9781871952087 \|title = Liberty and Sustainability: Where One Person's Freedom is Another's Nuisance \|author = Jonathon Porritt \|date = 1995 \|oclc = 45855524\|ol = 12076254M }} * {{Citation \|publisher = Thames & Hudson, Inc. \|isbn = 9780500280737 \|title = Playing Safe: Science and the Environment \|url = https://archive.org/details/playingsafe00jona \|author = Jonathon Porritt \|date = 1 January 2000 }} * {{Citation \|publisher = Earthscan \|isbn = 978-1844071920 \|location = Sterling, VA \|title = Capitalism as if the world matters \|last=Porritt \|first=Jonathon \|date = 2005 \|ol = 3405876M }} * {{Citation \|publisher = Phaidon\|title=The World We Made \|year=2013\|isbn=9780714863610\|last=Porritt \|first=Jonathon }} * {{Citation \|publisher = Simon & Schuster UK\|title=Hope in Hell \|year=2020\|isbn=9781471193279\|last=Porritt \|first=Jonathon }} ===Articles=== * {{Citation \|publisher = Lloyds TSB Group \|location = London \|author = Jonathon Porritt \|title = Competing against the environment \|date = 1997 \|ol = 18079793M }} [[Isabel Hilton\|Hilton, Isabel]] and Jonathon Porritt. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080504000006/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/summary/1052-Sustainable-development-s-taboo-territory- Sustainable development's 'taboo territory.'"] [[chinadialogue]]. 2007-05-30. Perrement, Matt. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010005205/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/summary/386-Sustainable-development-needs-China "Interview with Jonathon Porritt: Sustainable development needs China."] [[chinadialogue]]. 2006-09-19. Porritt, Jonathon. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080424055311/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/summary/1471-China-could-lead-the-fight-for-a-cooler-climate- "China could lead the fight for a cooler climate."] [[chinadialogue]]. 2007-11-13. Porritt, Jonathon. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010005700/http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/summary/384-China-The-most-important-story-in-the-world "China: the most important story in the world."] [[chinadialogue]]. 2006-09-18. ==See also== * [[Forum for the Future]] * [[Green Party of England and Wales]] * [[Sustainable Development Commission]] * [[Sustrans]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|Jonathon Porritt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070308033242/http://www.allbiographies.com/biography-JonathonEspiePorritt-37783.html Biography] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515053957/http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/porritt.html Sustainable Development Commission] – profile of Jonathon Porritt. [http://www.jonathonporritt.com Blog] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYzMHYbVeUU Jonathon Porritt on population], 22 April 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209171244/http://uc.princeton.edu/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2448&Itemid=1 Audio recording of 25 October 2007 talk at the RSA] on ''Capitalism as if the world matters'' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3623021.stm Profile: Jonathon Porritt] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090202012022/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/families/article5627634.ece Women.timesonline.co.uk] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524115704/http://www.gleeds.tv/index.cfm?video=679 Jonathon Porritt RIBA Zero Carbon debate 2009](video) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110412060503/http://www.ies-uk.org.uk/resources/eventresources/burntwood2010/burntwood2010.php The Burntwood Lecture 2010: The Growth Fetish and the Death of Environmentalism] (video) [http://thegreatdebate.org.uk/PBAVid.html Economic Growth: Bane or Boon?] Video of debate between Daniel Ben-Ami and Jonathon Porritt held at Northumbria University, October 2010 *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIJntX1TvY4 Ecology Party Political Broadcast from the 1983 General Election featuring Jonathon Porritt] Green History archive video {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{succession box\|title=Chair of the [[Ecology Party (UK)\|Ecology Party]]\|years=1979 – 1980\|before=[[Jonathan Tyler]]\|after=Gundula Dorey}} {{s-bef\|before=Gundula Dorey}} {{s-ttl \|title = Co-Chair of the [[Ecology Party (UK)\|Ecology Party]] \|years = 1982 – 1984 \|with = [[Jean Lambert]] \|with2 = Alec Pontin (1982 – 1983) \|with3 = [[Paul Ekins]] (1983 – 1984) }} {{s-aft \|after = [[Paul Ekins]] \|after2 = [[Jean Lambert]] }} {{s-reg\|uk-bt}} {{s-bef\|before=[[Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt\|Arthur Porritt]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=[[Porritt baronets\|Baronet]]<br />'''(of Hampstead)'''\|years=1994–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-aca}} {{s-bef \| before = [[David Weatherall\|Professor Sir David Weatherall]] }} {{s-ttl \| title = [[Chancellor of Keele University]] \| years = 2012–2022 }} {{s-aft\|after=[[James Timpson]]}} {{s-end}} {{Keele University}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Porritt, Jonathon}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]] [[Category:British anti–nuclear power activists]] [[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Chancellors of Keele University]] [[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:English environmentalists]] [[Category:Green Party of England and Wales politicians]] [[Category:People educated at Eton College]] [[Category:People from Cheltenham]] [[Category:British sustainability advocates]] [[Category:Wales Green Party politicians]] [[Category:Sons of life peers]] [[Category:English people of New Zealand descent]]	1,301,041,956	[{"title": "The HonourableSir Jonathon PorrittBt CBE", "data": {"Born": "6 July 1950 (age 75) \u00b7 London, UK", "Alma mater": "University of Oxford", "Occupation": "Environmentalism", "Awards": "CBE (2000)", "Website": "http://www.jonathonporritt.com"}}]	false
# Peerla Peerla is a 1998 studio album by Italian rock band Elio e le Storie Tese, consisting of previously unreleased tracks, like the various opening themes for Italian television program Mai dire Gol, and studio outtakes. It was re-released in a digital version in 2000, with the additional track "Tenia". In Milanese dialect, pirla is a mild insult meaning 'idiot', while perla is the Italian for 'pearl', which features on the album sleeve; the double entendre focuses on the English pronunciation of ⟨ee⟩ as opposed to the Italian ⟨e⟩. ## Songs - "Introducing prof. Magneto" is a short dialogue starring Elio and guest "vocalist" Luca Mangoni, referencing X-Men villain Magneto but actually about magnets.[1] - "La donna nuda" (English: "The naked woman") is a parody/rewrite of "I Want a New Drug" by Huey Lewis and the News, with a new lyric about a naked woman who seduces passengers on a bus. The parodic remake, which, like all other covers by the band, was only performed live because Lewis never authorized it (and, indeed, the band never asked for any authorization), includes several references to "Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker Jr., already present in Lewis's original.[1] - "La cinica lotteria dei rigori" (English "The cynical lottery of penalty shootouts") – a typical expression of Italian sport journalists[3][4][5] – was the closing credits theme for the 1995–1996 season of Mai dire Gol. It is about the elimination of Italy national football team from the final game in the 1994 FIFA World Cup after the penalty shootouts. The first part of the song features a football-themed parody of "Il testamento del Capitano" (English: "The captain's testament"), a traditional Alpini choral chant from World War I, quoting the three footballers who missed their penalties as fallen heroes and comparing the team's football field defeat to an utter defeat in war.[1] The second part, completely different, is a 1930s pastiche sung by the band in close harmony in the style of The Andrews Sisters, but still with parodied lyrics from "Il testamento del Capitano" and other Alpini songs, and it ends with the title line, shouted out by guest "vocalist" Luca Mangoni. - "Help me" is a live cover of a song by Dik Dik about an astronaut named McKenzie, who gets lost while travelling to Jupiter and fails to communicate with Earth, except for some faint cries of "Help me" followed by long silences.[1] The otherwise serious, dramatic song is turned into comedy when the astronaut, played by Mangoni, responds with profanities to the sung chorus. In the last four lines, McKenzie's ship explodes and his wife tells his young son not to miss him, as he was not his real father, since she is a whore. These last lines are sung on a similar melody to Stefano Rosso's 1977 song "Una storia disonesta".[1] - "Nessuno allo stadio" (English: "Nobody at the stadium"), was the opening theme from 1994 Mai dire Mondiali – a special edition of Mai dire Gol dedicated to the 1994 World Cup – and it was originally released on a single. It is about the World Cup itself and the Americans' complete lack of interest in it. The lyrics mention Lorena Bobbitt's husband as someone who, for obvious reasons, cannot have even the least bit of interest in soccer, and Wilfred Agbonavbare, the goalkeeper from the Nigerian national team, as someone who may actually become famous as a result of the small amount of relevance given to the event. The song includes a musical and lyrical quote from Renato Carosone's 1956 USA-mocking satirical song "Tu Vuò Fà L'Americano" and two lines sampled from Aleandro Baldi's 1994 song "Passerà", who won the 1994 Sanremo Music Festival. Keyboard player Sergio Conforti (a.k.a. Rocco Tanica), who inserted the sample, named it as his favorite element in the song, and slightly manipulated it in order to obtain a similar effect to Annie Lennox's delayed voice singing "watch me walking / walking out the door-door-door-door-door..." toward the end of "Would I Lie to You?" by Eurythmics.[6] - "In te" (English: "Within you") focuses on abortion. It is a live recording of a cover of Nek's same-titled debut single from the same year. The song itself is absolutely identical in music, lyrics and arrangement to the original version. The comedic element is in the actual performance: the singer is Mangoni, who deliberately sings a full tone higher than the original version in order to sound even more strained than Nek.[7] - "Urna" is a live recording of the same-titled song from İtalyan, rum casusu çikti in a softer arrangement promoted by bassist Nicola Fasani (a.k.a. Faso). He had repeatedly vented his discontent with Elio's heavy metal arrangement on the previously released studio version.[1] - "Balla coi barlafüs" (English: "Dance with the morons"), the opening theme from the 1996–1997 season of Mai dire Gol, is a cover of Richard O'Brien's "Time Warp" from The Rocky Horror Show, with completely rewritten, satirical lyrics about Umberto Bossi and his failed attempt, in early 1996, to rally up a human chain from Polesine to Monviso in order to symbolically block the course of the river Po.[1] The video is faithful to the corresponding scene in the 1975 film adaption of O'Brien's musical, here starring Elio as Riff Raff, Marina Massironi as Magenta and Giacomo Poretti of Aldo, Giovanni e Giacomo as the Criminologist/Narrator; the video also featured Daniele Luttazzi and Sabrina Ferilli as Brad and Janet and the rest of the cast from Mai dire Gol in various roles from the film.[8] - "Agnello medley" is identical to the same-titled track on The Los Sri Lanka Parakramabahu Brothers Featuring Elio e le Storie Tese. It is a medley of four Christmas songs (in order: "White Christmas", "Silent Night", "Tu scendi dalle stelle" and "Jingle Bells"), sung by Elio over an improvised and almost completely off-beat drum solo by drummer Christian Meyer, without any other instrumentation. Upon its original release, the medley was deemed "horrific" by fans.[9] - "Il concetto di banana", the opening theme from the 1995–1996 season of Mai dire Gol, is the original recording of "Lo stato A, lo stato B" from İtalyan, rum casusu çikti. It is a sarcastic comparison of good footballers ("champions") and bad ones ("bananas"), stating that the latter ones are bound to cause their teams' demise. The original opening theme ended with a sample of "St. Tropez twist" by Peppino di Capri, which was omitted from the CD version for copyright reasons.[1] - "Christmas with the Yours" is the same-titled song on the band's 1995 charity single.[10] - "Giocatore mondiale" (English: "World Cup footballer") is identical to the same-named song on The Los Sri Lanka Parakramabahu Brothers Featuring Elio e le Storie Tese.[1] It is a satirical song about Italians' passion for football that cause them to forget all of the nation's problems (workplace accidents, homicides, architectural barriers, etc.). Three lines in the song are performed by wheelchair-bound singer-songwriter Pierangelo Bertoli as a parody of his own involvement in a public service announcement about architectural barriers. The song includes the first four bars of "La Cucaracha" (played by Tanica as soon as the lyrics mention Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, here satirically referred to as "Luca di Montezuma"). The recording dates from 1989 and it was originally produced as the opening theme for Gialappa's Band's very first comedy show, on radio, titled Quasi Gol!.[9] - "Sabbiature" [literally "sandblasting", but here intended as insabbiature - "cover-ups"] is the first of two protest songs by the band on Peerla. "Sabbiature" is an incomplete live recording made during the band's set at the 1991 edition of Concerto del Primo Maggio [First of May Concert], a one-day music event organized by Italy's leading trade union CGIL. In its early editions, the Concert was a legitimate music festival event featuring short sets by very prominent Italian and international rock acts (Iron Maiden performed in its very first edition, in 1990); over the following years, it gradually turned into a showcase for exclusively Italian independent and politically committed acts, most of which had little or no relevance in Italy's musical panorama and were gaining short bursts of fame by, indeed, participating in the event. (This trend was later mocked by Elio e le Storie Tese in their 2013 song "Complesso del Primo Maggio", from L'album biango). In 1991, not-yet-star Elio and his band appeared in the event and ended their set with "Sabbiature", a completely improvised performance over an extremely simple two-chord backing track, essentially consisting of Elio delivering a very long list of wrongdoings and misgivings by politicians and other prominent figures at the time, most of which were either considered unimportant or totally overlooked by governmental bodies.[1] RAI, the official broadcaster of the event, tried to censor the band by physically unplugging their onstage amplification and interrupting the performance with a cut to an outro by journalist Vincenzo Mollica, whose voice is featured on Peerla as cut-up samples. According to fans' recollections, Elio went on with an emergency microphone and no instrumentation for about one minute longer than the recording on Peerla, before leaving the stage as the audience was starting to boo him.[1] - "Ameri" and the following track, "Sunset Boulevard", are taken from the band's 1994 single "Nessuno allo stadio", released for that year's edition (set in the U.S.A.) of FIFA World Cup and named after track 5 on Peerla, also the main track on the single. "Ameri" is a parody/free rewrite of Toto Cutugno's 1990 song "Gli amori", which earned him the fourth of six second-place classifications in Sanremo Music Festival. Elio's parody lyrics target popular sport journalist and broadcaster Enrico Ameri, as well as Claudia Mori and Dori Ghezzi, claiming that the latter's profitable music career with Wess was cut short by Italy's racist attitude toward her black musical partner.[11] - "Sunset Boulevard" is a song about a retiring footballer who is repeatedly invited to "hang [his] boots", but he refuses to comply. Backing vocalist Daniela Rando and "Christmas with the Yours" star Graziano Romani are featured throughout, singing in the choruses and each getting one solo line. The song quotes one line from Riccardo Cocciante's 1980 hit "Cervo a primavera" and one from "Vedrai, vedrai" (1967) by Luigi Tenco.[12] - "Gli occhiali dell'amore" (English: "The glasses of love"), a live recording from 1990, is a parody of Mina's style (originally intended for her to sing),[13] about an insecure boy who would need a pair of glasses to "see" his love for a girl he is fond of, later expanding the concept into a discussion about actual glasses.[1] - "Puliletti blues" (English: "Bed cleaner's blues") is an improvised 12-bar blues, recorded by Elio shortly before "Tapparella" (from Eat the Phikis). The lyrics are about a "poor man's" version of a blues song and about the structure of such a song, with Elio underlining that the song uses four chords instead of the traditional three.[14] - "Ti amo campionato", performed by the band live-in-the-studio during an episode of Mai dire Gol (in 1998), is very similar to "Sabbiature" in that both songs consist of improvised lyrics over an obsessively repeated, simplified backing track. Here, Elio focuses on wrongdoings (mostly corruption and referees' mistakes) in Italy's soccer championship, and the backing track is strongly reminiscent of Robert Miles's 1995 hit "Children".[1] - "Tenia" (English: "Taenia"), only included in the reprint of the album in 2000, is a live parody/rewrite of Michael Sembello's 1983 hit "Maniac", about the titular worm, the diseases caused by it and various way to get rid of it.[15][1] ## Track listing 1. "Introducing prof. Magneto" – 0:26 2. "La donna nuda (I Want a New Drug)" – 3:40 3. "La cinica lotteria dei rigori" – 1:21 4. "Help Me" – 3:56 5. "Nessuno allo stadio" – 3:39 6. "In te" – 5:44 7. "Urna" – 3:46 8. "Balla coi barlafüs (Time Warp)" – 2:25 9. "Agnello Medley" – 2:48 10. "Il concetto di banana" – 1:20 11. "Christmas with the Yours" – 5:54 12. "Giocatore mondiale" – 5:11 13. "Sabbiature" – 5:40 14. "Ameri (Gli amori)" – 4:19 15. "Sunset Boulevard" – 3:50 16. "Gli occhiali dell'amore" – 2:39 17. "Puliletti Blues" – 5:05 18. "Ti amo campionato" – 6:44 19. "Tenia (Maniac)" – 3:45[a] ## Personnel - Stefano Belisari as Elio – lead vocals, flute, occasional bass - Sergio Conforti as Rocco Tanica – keyboards - Davide Civaschi as Cesareo – guitars - Nicola Fasani as Faso – bass - Paolo Panigada as Feiez – sax, guitar, keyboards, bass, backing vocals - Christian Meyer – drums Guest musicians - Mangoni – vocals on track 6, backing vocals on tracks 2 and 4 - Curt Cress – drums on tracks 12 and 17 - Pierangelo Bertoli – vocals on track 12 - Giacomo Poretti – vocals on track 8 - Marina Massironi – vocals on track 8 - The Los Parakramabahu Brothers – vocals on track 9 - Naco – percussion on track 9 - Graziano Romani – lead vocals on track 11, additional lead and backing vocals on track 15 - Daniela Rando – additional lead and backing vocals on track 15 - Sandro De Bellis – African percussion on track 15 ## Footnotes 1. ↑ Included only in the 2000 re-released version.[1]	enwiki/15658038	enwiki	15,658,038	Peerla	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerla	2025-08-05T20:07:53Z	en	Q3898754	98,711	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox album \| name = Peerla \| type = Album \| artist = [[Elio e le Storie Tese]] \| cover = Peerla_cover.jpg \| alt = \| released = 1998 \| recorded = December 1997 – March 1998 \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = [[Rock music\|Rock]], [[comedy rock]] \| length = 68:37 \| label = Aspirine<br>[[Sony BMG]] \| producer = Otar Bolivecic \| prev_title = [[Del meglio del nostro meglio Vol. 1]] \| prev_year = 1997 \| next_title = [[Craccracriccrecr]] \| next_year = 1999 }} '''''Peerla''''' is a 1998 studio album by Italian rock band [[Elio e le Storie Tese]], consisting of previously unreleased tracks, like the various opening themes for Italian television program {{lang\|it\|[[Mai dire Gol]]\|i=no}}, and studio outtakes.<ref name=marok/> It was re-released in a digital version in 2000, with the additional track "Tenia".<ref name=marok>{{cite web\|title=''Peerla''\|url=http://marok.org/Elio/Discog/peerla.htm\|website=Marok\|accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref> In [[Milanese dialect]], {{lang\|lmo\|pirla}} is a mild insult meaning 'idiot', while {{lang\|it\|perla}} is the Italian for 'pearl', which features on the album sleeve; the double entendre focuses on the English pronunciation of {{angbr\|ee}} as opposed to the Italian {{angbr\|e}}.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Elio e le Storie Tese - ''Peerla'' \|url=https://www.debaser.it/recensionidb/ID_7804/Elio_e_le_Storie_Tese_Peerla.htm \|access-date=20 August 2020 \|website=Debaser \|language=it}}</ref> ==Songs== * "Introducing prof. Magneto" is a short dialogue starring Elio and guest "vocalist" Luca Mangoni, referencing [[X-Men]] villain [[Magneto (Marvel Comics)\|Magneto]] but actually about [[magnet]]s.<ref name=marok /> "La donna nuda" (English: "The naked woman") is a parody/rewrite of "[[I Want a New Drug]]" by [[Huey Lewis and the News]], with a new lyric about a naked woman who seduces passengers on a [[bus]]. The parodic remake, which, like all other [[Cover version\|covers]] by the band, was only performed live because Lewis never authorized it (and, indeed, the band never asked for any authorization), includes several references to "[[Ghostbusters (song)\|Ghostbusters]]" by [[Ray Parker Jr.]], already present in Lewis's original.<ref name=marok/> "La cinica lotteria dei rigori" (English "The cynical lottery of penalty shootouts") – a typical expression of Italian sport journalists<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Radogna \|first=Fiorenzo \|date=24 December 2016 \|title=Quelli che sbagliano il rigore. Dybala non è solo: 10 campioni e il dischetto per nemico \|url=http://www.corriere.it/sport/cards/quelli-che-sbagliano-rigore-dybala-non-solo-10-campioni-dischetto-nemico/i-fuoriclasse-macchie-rigori_principale.shtml \|access-date=20 August 2020 \|website=Corriere della Sera \|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=July 2018 \|title=Le squadre che hanno fatto i Mondiali. 2018 Russia: la squadra di casa che non ti aspetti \|url=http://www.lundici.it/2018/07/le-squadre-che-hanno-fatto-i-mondiali-2018-russia-la-squadra-di-casa-che-non-ti-aspetti/ \|access-date=20 August 2020 \|website=L'Undici \|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Battisti \|first=Carlo \|date=5 July 2016 \|title=La lotteria dei rigori non è una lotteria. \|url=https://carlobattisti.com/2016/07/05/la-lotteria-dei-rigori-non-e-una-lotteria/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316011124/https://carlobattisti.com/2016/07/05/la-lotteria-dei-rigori-non-e-una-lotteria/ \|archive-date=16 March 2017 \|access-date=20 August 2020 \|website=CarloBattisti.it \|language=it-IT}}</ref> – was the closing credits theme for the 1995–1996 season of ''[[Mai dire Gol]]''. It is about the elimination of [[Italy national football team]] from the final game in the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]] after the [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)\|penalty shootouts]]. The first part of the song features a football-themed parody of "[[Alpini songs\|Il testamento del Capitano]]" (English: "The captain's testament"), a traditional [[Alpini]] choral chant from [[World War I]], quoting the three footballers who missed their penalties as fallen heroes and comparing the team's football field defeat to an utter defeat in war.<ref name=marok/> The second part, completely different, is a 1930s pastiche sung by the band in [[Close and open harmony\|close harmony]] in the style of [[The Andrews Sisters]], but still with parodied lyrics from "Il testamento del Capitano" and other Alpini songs, and it ends with the title line, shouted out by guest "vocalist" Luca Mangoni. "Help me" is a live cover of a song by [[Dik Dik]] about an [[astronaut]] named McKenzie, who gets lost while travelling to [[Jupiter]] and fails to communicate with Earth, except for some faint cries of "Help me" followed by long silences.<ref name=marok/> The otherwise serious, dramatic song is turned into comedy when the astronaut, played by Mangoni, responds with profanities to the sung chorus. In the last four lines, McKenzie's ship explodes and his wife tells his young son not to miss him, as he was not his real father, since she is a [[Prostitution\|whore]]. These last lines are sung on a similar melody to [[Stefano Rosso]]'s 1977 song "Una storia disonesta".<ref name=marok/> "Nessuno allo stadio" (English: "Nobody at the stadium"), was the opening theme from 1994 ''Mai dire Mondiali'' – a special edition of ''Mai dire Gol'' dedicated to the 1994 World Cup – and it was originally released on a single. It is about the World Cup itself and the [[Americans]]' complete lack of interest in it. The lyrics mention [[John and Lorena Bobbitt\|Lorena Bobbitt's husband]] as someone who, for obvious reasons, cannot have even the least bit of interest in soccer, and [[Wilfred Agbonavbare]], the goalkeeper from the Nigerian national team, as someone who may actually become famous as a result of the small amount of relevance given to the event. The song includes a musical and lyrical quote from [[Renato Carosone]]'s 1956 USA-mocking satirical song "[[Tu Vuò Fà L'Americano]]" and two lines sampled from [[Aleandro Baldi]]'s 1994 song "Passerà", who won the [[Sanremo Music Festival 1994\|1994 Sanremo Music Festival]]. Keyboard player Sergio Conforti (a.k.a. Rocco Tanica), who inserted the sample, named it as his favorite element in the song, and slightly manipulated it in order to obtain a similar effect to [[Annie Lennox]]'s [[Delay (audio effect)\|delayed]] voice singing "watch me walking / walking out the door-door-door-door-door..." toward the end of "[[Would I Lie to You? (Eurythmics song)\|Would I Lie to You?]]" by [[Eurythmics]].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=\|title=Nessuno allo stadio\|url=http://marok.org/Elio/Discog/ness2.htm\|access-date=20 August 2020\|website=Marok\|language=it}}</ref> "In te" (English: "Within you") focuses on [[abortion]]. It is a live recording of a cover of [[Nek]]'s same-titled debut single from the same year. The song itself is absolutely identical in music, lyrics and arrangement to the original version. The comedic element is in the actual performance: the singer is Mangoni, who deliberately sings a full tone higher than the original version in order to sound even more strained than Nek.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Aborto/In te \|url=http://marok.org/Elio/Discog/aborto.htm \|access-date=21 August 2020 \|website=Marok \|language=it}}</ref> "Urna" is a live recording of the same-titled song from ''[[İtalyan, rum casusu çikti]]'' in a softer arrangement promoted by bassist Nicola Fasani (a.k.a. Faso). He had repeatedly vented his discontent with Elio's [[Heavy metal music\|heavy metal]] arrangement on the previously released studio version.<ref name=marok/> "Balla coi barlafüs" (English: "Dance with the morons"), the opening theme from the 1996–1997 season of ''Mai dire Gol'', is a [[Cover version\|cover]] of [[Richard O'Brien]]'s "[[Time Warp (song)\|Time Warp]]" from ''[[The Rocky Horror Show]]'', with completely rewritten, satirical lyrics about [[Umberto Bossi]] and his failed attempt, in early 1996, to rally up a [[Human chain (politics)\|human chain]] from [[Polesine]] to [[Monviso]] in order to symbolically block the course of the [[Po (river)\|river Po]].<ref name=marok/> The [[Music video\|video]] is faithful to the corresponding scene in the [[The Rocky Horror Picture Show\|1975 film adaption]] of O'Brien's musical, here starring Elio as Riff Raff, [[Marina Massironi]] as Magenta and [[Giacomo Poretti]] of [[Aldo, Giovanni e Giacomo]] as the Criminologist/Narrator; the video also featured [[Daniele Luttazzi]] and [[Sabrina Ferilli]] as Brad and Janet and the rest of the cast from ''Mai dire Gol'' in various roles from the film.<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HF6T4siw6w8 \|title=Mai dire gol - Balla coi Barlafus \|date=25 July 2018 \|type=Television production \|language=it}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links\|date=February 2022}}</ref> "Agnello medley" is identical to the same-titled track on ''[[The Los Sri Lanka Parakramabahu Brothers Featuring Elio e le Storie Tese]]''. It is a [[Medley (music)\|medley]] of four [[Christmas music\|Christmas songs]] (in order: "[[White Christmas (song)\|White Christmas]]", "[[Silent Night]]", "[[Tu scendi dalle stelle]]" and "[[Jingle Bells]]"), sung by Elio over an improvised and almost completely off-beat [[drum solo]] by drummer Christian Meyer, without any other instrumentation. Upon its original release, the medley was deemed "horrific" by fans.<ref name="marok2">{{Cite web \|title=The Los Sri Lanka Parakramabahu Brothers Featuring Elio e le Storie Tese \|url=http://marok.org/Elio/Discog/thelos.htm \|access-date=23 November 2019 \|website=Marok \|language=it}}</ref> "Il concetto di banana", the opening theme from the 1995–1996 season of ''Mai dire Gol'', is the original recording of "Lo stato A, lo stato B" from ''İtalyan, rum casusu çikti''. It is a sarcastic comparison of good footballers ("champions") and bad ones ("bananas"), stating that the latter ones are bound to cause their teams' demise. The original opening theme ended with a sample of "St. Tropez twist" by [[Peppino di Capri]], which was omitted from the CD version for copyright reasons.<ref name=marok/> "Christmas with the Yours" is the same-titled song on the band's 1995 charity single.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Christmas with the Yours \|url=http://marok.org/Elio/Discog/xmas.htm \|access-date=21 August 2020 \|website=Marok \|language=it}}</ref> "Giocatore mondiale" (English: "World Cup footballer") is identical to the same-named song on ''The Los Sri Lanka Parakramabahu Brothers Featuring Elio e le Storie Tese''.<ref name="marok" /> It is a satirical song about Italians' passion for football that cause them to forget all of the nation's problems (workplace accidents, homicides, architectural barriers, etc.). Three lines in the song are performed by [[wheelchair]]-bound singer-songwriter [[Pierangelo Bertoli]] as a parody of his own involvement in a [[public service announcement]] about architectural barriers. The song includes the first four bars of "[[La Cucaracha]]" (played by Tanica as soon as the lyrics mention [[Luca Cordero di Montezemolo]], here satirically referred to as "Luca di [[Moctezuma II\|Montezuma]]"). The recording dates from 1989 and it was originally produced as the opening theme for Gialappa's Band's very first comedy show, on radio, titled ''Quasi Gol!''.<ref name="marok2" /> "Sabbiature" [literally "sandblasting", but here intended as ''insabbiature'' - "cover-ups"] is the first of two [[protest song]]s by the band on ''Peerla''. "Sabbiature" is an incomplete live recording made during the band's set at the 1991 edition of ''Concerto del Primo Maggio'' [''First of May Concert''], a one-day music event organized by Italy's leading [[trade union]] [[Italian General Confederation of Labour\|CGIL]]. In its early editions, the Concert was a legitimate [[music festival]] event featuring short sets by very prominent Italian and international [[Rock music\|rock]] acts ([[Iron Maiden]] performed in its very first edition, in 1990); over the following years, it gradually turned into a showcase for exclusively Italian [[Independent music\|independent]] and politically committed acts, most of which had little or no relevance in Italy's musical panorama and were gaining short bursts of fame by, indeed, participating in the event. (This trend was later mocked by Elio e le Storie Tese in their 2013 song "Complesso del Primo Maggio", from ''[[L'album biango]]''). In 1991, not-yet-star Elio and his band appeared in the event and ended their set with "Sabbiature", a completely improvised performance over an extremely simple two-chord backing track, essentially consisting of Elio delivering a very long list of wrongdoings and misgivings by politicians and other prominent figures at the time, most of which were either considered unimportant or totally overlooked by governmental bodies.<ref name=marok/> [[RAI]], the official broadcaster of the event, tried to censor the band by physically unplugging their onstage amplification and interrupting the performance with a cut to an outro by journalist Vincenzo Mollica, whose voice is featured on ''Peerla'' as cut-up samples. According to fans' recollections, Elio went on with an emergency microphone and no instrumentation for about one minute longer than the recording on ''Peerla'', before leaving the stage as the audience was starting to [[Booing\|boo]] him.<ref name=marok/> "Ameri" and the following track, "Sunset Boulevard", are taken from the band's 1994 single "Nessuno allo stadio", released for that year's edition (set in the U.S.A.) of FIFA World Cup and named after track 5 on ''Peerla'', also the main track on the single. "Ameri" is a parody/free rewrite of [[Toto Cutugno]]'s 1990 song "[[Gli amori]]", which earned him the fourth of six second-place classifications in Sanremo Music Festival. Elio's parody lyrics target popular sport journalist and broadcaster Enrico Ameri, as well as [[Claudia Mori]] and [[Dori Ghezzi]], claiming that the latter's profitable music career with [[Wess]] was cut short by Italy's [[Racism\|racist]] attitude toward her black musical partner.<ref>[https://elioelestorietese.it/canzoni/ameri-gli-amori/ Song lyrics on the band's official website]</ref> "Sunset Boulevard" is a song about a retiring footballer who is repeatedly invited to "hang [his] boots", but he refuses to comply. [[Backing vocalist]] Daniela Rando and "Christmas with the Yours" star Graziano Romani are featured throughout, singing in the choruses and each getting one solo line. The song quotes one line from [[Riccardo Cocciante]]'s 1980 hit "[[Cervo a primavera]]" and one from "Vedrai, vedrai" (1967) by [[Luigi Tenco]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Nessuno allo stadio \|url=http://marok.org/Elio/Discog/ness2.htm \|access-date=21 August 2020 \|website=Marok \|language=it}}</ref> "Gli occhiali dell'amore" (English: "The glasses of love"), a live recording from 1990, is a parody of [[Mina (Italian singer)\|Mina]]'s style (originally intended for her to sing),<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Not Unpreviously Unreleased 'Nt \|url=https://www.marok.org/Elio/Discog/not.htm#Occhiali \|access-date=21 August 2020 \|website=Marok \|language=it}}</ref> about an insecure boy who would need a pair of glasses to "see" his love for a girl he is fond of, later expanding the concept into a discussion about actual glasses.<ref name=marok/> "Puliletti blues" (English: "Bed cleaner's blues") is an improvised [[12-bar blues]], recorded by Elio shortly before "Tapparella" (from ''[[Eat the Phikis]]''). The lyrics are about a "poor man's" version of a blues song and about the structure of such a song, with Elio underlining that the song uses four chords instead of the traditional three.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=\|first=\|date=\|title=Puliletti Blues\|url=https://elioelestorietese.it/canzoni/puliletti-blues/\|access-date=21 August 2020\|website=ElioeleStorieTese.it\|language=it}}</ref> "Ti amo campionato", performed by the band live-in-the-studio during an episode of ''Mai dire Gol'' (in 1998), is very similar to "Sabbiature" in that both songs consist of improvised lyrics over an obsessively repeated, simplified backing track. Here, Elio focuses on wrongdoings (mostly corruption and referees' mistakes) in Italy's soccer championship, and the backing track is strongly reminiscent of [[Robert Miles]]'s 1995 hit "[[Children (composition)\|Children]]".<ref name=marok/> "Tenia" (English: "Taenia"), only included in the reprint of the album in 2000, is a live parody/rewrite of [[Michael Sembello]]'s 1983 hit "[[Maniac (Michael Sembello song)\|Maniac]]", about [[Taenia (flatworm)\|the titular worm]], the diseases caused by it and various way to get rid of it.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Tenia (Maniac)\|url=https://elioelestorietese.it/canzoni/tenia-maniac/\|access-date=21 August 2020\|website=ElioeleStorieTese.it\|language=it}}</ref><ref name=marok/> == Track listing == # "Introducing prof. Magneto" – 0:26 # "La donna nuda (I Want a New Drug)" – 3:40 # "La cinica lotteria dei rigori" – 1:21 # "Help Me" – 3:56 # "Nessuno allo stadio" – 3:39 # "In te" – 5:44 # "Urna" – 3:46 # "Balla coi barlafüs (Time Warp)" – 2:25 # "Agnello Medley" – 2:48 # "Il concetto di banana" – 1:20 # "Christmas with the Yours" – 5:54 # "Giocatore mondiale" – 5:11 # "Sabbiature" – 5:40 # "Ameri (Gli amori)" – 4:19 # "Sunset Boulevard" – 3:50 # "Gli occhiali dell'amore" – 2:39 # "Puliletti Blues" – 5:05 # "Ti amo campionato" – 6:44 # "Tenia (Maniac)" – 3:45{{efn\|Included only in the 2000 re-released version.<ref name=marok/>\|name=\|group=}} ==Personnel== * [[Elio (Italian singer)\|Stefano Belisari as Elio]] – lead vocals, flute, occasional bass * Sergio Conforti as Rocco Tanica – keyboards * [[Cesareo\|Davide Civaschi as Cesareo]] – guitars * Nicola Fasani as Faso – bass * Paolo Panigada as Feiez – sax, guitar, keyboards, bass, backing vocals * Christian Meyer – drums '''Guest musicians''' * Mangoni – vocals on track 6, backing vocals on tracks 2 and 4 * [[Curt Cress]] – drums on tracks 12 and 17 * [[Pierangelo Bertoli]] – vocals on track 12 * [[Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo\|Giacomo Poretti]] – vocals on track 8 * Marina Massironi – vocals on track 8 * The Los Parakramabahu Brothers – vocals on track 9 * Naco – percussion on track 9 * Graziano Romani – lead vocals on track 11, additional lead and backing vocals on track 15 * Daniela Rando – additional lead and backing vocals on track 15 * Sandro De Bellis – African percussion on track 15 ==Footnotes== {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Discogs release\|1916291\|type=album}} {{AllMusic \| class= album \| id= mw0001948355 \| label= ''Peerla'' \| accessdate= 22 August 2015}} {{Elio e le Storie Tese}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1998 albums]] [[Category:Elio e le Storie Tese albums]]	1,304,394,612	[{"title": "Studio album by Elio e le Storie Tese", "data": {"Released": "1998", "Recorded": "December 1997 \u2013 March 1998", "Genre": "Rock, comedy rock", "Length": "68:37", "Label": "Aspirine \u00b7 Sony BMG", "Producer": "Otar Bolivecic"}}, {"title": "Elio e le Storie Tese chronology", "data": {"Del meglio del nostro meglio Vol. 1 \u00b7 (1997)": "Peerla \u00b7 (1998) \u00b7 Craccracriccrecr \u00b7 (1999)"}}, {"title": "Elio e le Storie Tese", "data": {"Studio albums": "Elio samaga hukapan kariyana turu (1989) \u0130talyan, rum casusu \u00e7ikti (1992) Esco dal mio corpo e ho molta paura: Gli inediti 1979\u20131986 (1993) Eat the Phikis (1996) Peerla (1998) Craccracriccrecr (1999) Cicciput (2003) Studentessi (2008) L'album biango (2013) Figgatta de Blanc (2016)", "Live albums": "Made in Japan (Live at Parco Capello) (2001) Il meglio di Ho fatto due etti e mezzo, lascio? (2004) Il meglio di Grazie per la splendida serata (2005)", "Compilations": "Del meglio del nostro meglio Vol. 1 (1997) Gattini (2009)", "Singles": "\" Born to Be Abramo \" (1990) \" The Los Sri Lanka Parakramabahu Brothers Featuring Elio e le Storie Tese \" (1990) \" Christmas with the Yours \" (1995) \" La terra dei cachi \" (1996) \" Shpalman\u00ae \" (2003) \" La canzone mononota \" (2013)", "Soundtracks": "Tutti gli uomini del deficiente (1999)"}}]	false
# Ford Taurus SHO The Ford Taurus SHO (Super High Output) is the high-performance variant of the Ford Taurus. Originally intended as a limited-production model, the SHO was produced for the first three generations of the model line, from the 1989 to the 1999 model years. After an 11-year hiatus, the name was revived for 2010, and continued in use until the 2019 discontinuation of the Taurus model line. In contrast with standard versions of the Taurus, the Taurus SHO did not have a Mercury Sable counterpart; however, the 2010–2019 SHO served as the basis for the Ford Police Interceptor Sedan (replacing the long-running Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor). The final version is the only Taurus ever offered with the twin-turbocharged EcoBoost V6 engine. The first three generations of the SHO were assembled at Atlanta Assembly (Hapeville, Georgia); the fourth generation was assembled at Chicago Assembly (Chicago, Illinois). ## Background In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply a compact 60° DOHC V6 engine based upon the existing Vulcan engine for transverse application. There has been some confusion about the original intended use of the engine. It was thought this engine was first intended to power a mid-engine sports car, that project (known internally as GN34) was canceled. Patents have been found and pictures of prototype SHO powerplants installed in the Taurus show that the original intent was for the larger FWD setup and the GN34 would have come later. There were a few GN34 prototypes produced, most with standard Vulcan engines and a few other factory swaps, a SHO Ranger being one. ## First generation (1989–1991) The SHO differed from the normal Taurus on the exterior by having a Mercury Sable hood, different bumpers, side cladding, and fog lamps. The interior also differed, with sports seats and an 8000 rpm tachometer. The SHO had a 220 hp (160 kW) Yamaha-built V-6 engine that redlined at 7,000 RPM and became the only Taurus to feature a manual transmission since the 4-cylinder MT-5 was discontinued in that year. The transmission was designed and manufactured by Mazda and had the following gear ratios with a final drive ratio of 3.74: \| Gear \| Ratio \| mph per 1,000 rpm \| Max Speed (mph) @ 7000 rpm \| \| ---- \| ----- \| ----------------- \| -------------------------- \| \| 1st \| 3.21 \| 6.2 \| 44 \| \| 2nd \| 2.09 \| 9.5 \| 67 \| \| 3rd \| 1.38 \| 14.5 \| 101 \| \| 4th \| 1.02 \| 19.6 \| 137 \| \| 5th \| 0.74 \| 26.8 \| 143 @ 5350 \| The first generation Taurus SHO can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 6.6 seconds with a quarter mile time of 15.0-15.2 seconds. Car and Driver reported a top speed of 143 mph (230 km/h) in their December 1989 issue. A special edition of the SHO called the Plus package became available in late 1990. It came as part of option package #212A and contained different styling cues from the standard SHO, including a plastic 'Power Bulge' hood, chrome window trim, a plastic spoiler without the 3rd brake light, body colored stripe in the lower cladding, black mirrors, black B and C pillars, rod shifter upgrade, and a body color TAURUS badge. There were also some SHOs that came with only part of the package options known in the community as a 'partial plus', but these were really only regular SHOs that received the other options because Ford needed to use up what they had with the body change coming in 1992. White painted Pluses had the option of white painted "slicer" wheels. 1991 was the only year that a "Mocha Frost" color option was offered. Also that year, "Deep Jewel Green Clearcoat Metallic" was available, but only with the Plus option. ## Second generation (1992–1995) The SHO was redesigned for 1992, although it continued with the same Yamaha-built V-6 engine and 5-speed manual transmission. The second generation SHO utilized the Mercury Sable's front fenders, hood, and headlights with a different bumper, fog lamps, and no middle lightbar. The SHO also got unique seats, side cladding, dual exhaust, as well as a unique rear bumper. 1992 models can be visually identified by not containing a rear trunklid spoiler, having downturned exhaust tips, and only a driver's side airbag (later models have both driver's and passenger airbags). For the 1993 model year, the rear brakes on the SHO were converted to solid discs, replacing the vented discs of almost identical dimensions that were used in the 1989–1992 model years. The lack of an automatic transmission hampered sales, a situation that Ford rectified for model year 1993. A 3.2 L version of the Ford SHO V6 engine was introduced for the automatic-equipped SHO, which still had 220 hp (164 kW), but now boasted 215 lb⋅ft (292 N⋅m), a 15 lb⋅ft (20 N⋅m) increase over the 3.0 L version. It was later discovered by enthusiasts that Ford had put less aggressive intake camshafts in the 3.2L motor to maintain the same horsepower rating as the 3.0L, while still having more torque. The 1993 to 1995 automatics use the AX4S (previously named AXOD-E) transmission with these ratios: \| Gear \| Ratio \| \| ------- \| ----- \| \| 1st \| 2.771 \| \| 2nd \| 1.543 \| \| 3rd \| 1.000 \| \| 4th \| 0.694 \| \| Reverse \| 2.263 \| For MY 1993, Ford did a minor redesign of the SHO interior, updating the center console. Other changes for 1993 included a trunklid spoiler, with integrated center high mount stop lamp, and "Italian" or directional Slicer wheels. With the addition of Italian slicers the SHO now had right and left specific wheels. The 94-95 model years featured very subtle changes. They no longer came with chrome trim around the windows, the door handles were now painted body color, and black was no longer offered as an interior or exterior color. By request of Car and Driver magazine, a SHO station wagon was created by the Car and Driver staff with the help of Ford engineers. They started with a production Taurus wagon, and from there installed SHO bodywork, including its unique front end. They then replaced the stock engine and drivetrain with SHO drivetrain. Inside, the interior was replicated of that of a high spec SHO sedan, including its sport seats, steering wheel, and included most of the SHO's equipment. The staff then tested it, and took it on a cross country trip. The Car and Driver staff as well as Ford admitted that the SHO wagon was created "just for fun", and was never meant to be a serious production vehicle, though a second example was built, and used for brake testing. Rear tire clearance was a primary hindrance for a production version, with Ford unable to justify the modification of the rear body shell. This generation of SHO has become prominent in American pop culture due to comedian Conan O'Brien using a green 1992 model that he personally owns in a number of comedy sketches. He would later facetiously claim to be the main influence behind Ford's decision to revive the model in a 2009 sketch when he "reviewed" the 2010 SHO with a Ford employee. ## Third generation (1996–1999) For 1996, the SHO was redesigned, following the Ford Taurus (third generation) design. Unlike its predecessors, this SHO was more refined and used less radical bodywork. It differed from the normal Taurus with different seats, Alloy wheels, bumpers, V8 drivetrain, as well as a wind deflector being placed on the driver's side windshield wiper, to keep it on the windshield at high speeds. This SHO model sold in lower numbers than the previous SHO generations, with sales peaking at 9,000 units in 1997. As a result, Ford cut the SHO when redesigning the Taurus for its fourth generation. It was also the only Ford Taurus generation with a V8 Engine. ### Engine A 235 hp (175 kW) aluminum 3.4 L V8 engine with heads from Yamaha and block from Cosworth was specified for the SHO model, but it was given the same four speed transmission as the LX: the manual gearbox option was no longer offered on the SHO. Separation of the camshaft from its sprocket has been implicated in a growing number of engine failures, at around 50,000 miles (80,000 km). This problem can be rectified by having the camshafts welded. The number of engines with failure has been documented at about 1,200 out of about 20,000 engines. Other undocumented cases very likely exist. There was no SHO for the 2000 model year, some believed that the then President of Ford Motor Company Jac Nasser influenced the designers not to design a SHO model for he was focusing on the Premier Automotive Group that consisted of Lincoln, Jaguar, Volvo, Aston-Martin and Land Rover built under that umbrella and the SHO would detract sales to that division of Ford Motor Company. ### Transmission The 1996 and later models got the AX4N transmission, which has the same gearsets (and thus the same gear ratios) as the AX4S used in the 1993 to 1995 SHO, but had improved torque capacity and shift quality, such as 3-2 downshifts. ### SARC system As of 1996, The SHO V8 came with a Semi-Active Ride Controller, (SARC) which modified the hardness and stiffness of driving at different speeds. When energized (Lower speeds) it is full soft, when no power (fast speeds and hard braking), full hard. This included modified suspensions strut and Adaptable Assisted Steering. Each corner of the car can be in either mode and acts independently. This eliminates dive on heavy braking and drastically reduces squat on acceleration. The shock solenoids on all 4 struts and the solenoid on the ZF rack and pinion steering changes their behaviour (hard or soft) based on (independent) suspension sensors and ABS sensor based speed detection. The 1996 and 1997 models had sensors on all 4 wheels. The 1998 models only had sensors on the 2 front wheels. The SARC suspension option was deleted on the 1999 models using the same struts of the 1996-2007 (non-SHO) Taurus, but keeping the adjustable power steering option. ## Fourth generation (2010–2019) A month after the introduction of the sixth generation Taurus, Ford unveiled the return of the SHO at the 2009 Chicago Auto Show. After skipping two Ford Taurus generations, the resurrected sport sedan went on sale in the summer of 2009 as a 2010 model. In a first for the SHO nameplate, permanent torque vectoring all-wheel drive was standard. The power-plant was a 3.5L direct-injected Twin-turbo EcoBoost V6, which utilized a pair of Garrett GT1549L turbochargers and produced 365 hp (272 kW) at 5500 rpm and 350 lb⋅ft (475 N⋅m) of torque at 1500-5250 rpm. This engine was mated to Ford's 6F55 six-speed SelectShift automatic transmission with a paddle or console activated manual mode. The fourth generation SHO came with Ford's new SR1 suspension setup with MacPherson front struts and a multi-link design in the rear. This included SHO-specific shock absorbers, springs, stabilizer bars and strut mount bushings. An optional Performance Package offered better brake pads, recalibrated steering, a "Sport Mode" for the stability control, additional cooling capacity by way of an engine oil cooler, transmission cooler, and PTU cooler; a shorter 3.16 to 1 final drive ratio, summer tires, spare tire delete, mobility kit (tire inflator with sealant), and an Alcantara wrapped steering wheel. Adaptive cruise control was not available with the Performance Package. Notably, many of the features found on the Performance Package (including the power-train) were shared with the EcoBoost version of the 2013-2019 Ford Police Interceptor Sedan. A 2012 SHO was featured in the film Men in Black 3 as the MIB's official car. Visually, the differences from the regular Taurus were subtle. The 2010-2012 models were even more subtle, sporting a 3-bar chrome wide-toothed grill, SHO C-Pillar logo and 5-spoked wheels. The 2013-2019 model employed a black grille with small honeycomb-shaped/mesh-like look, 19" or optional 20" "flower" design wheels with other 20" designs in later years, and SHO fender badges. They all had a SHO-specific decklid spoiler, dual polished stainless steel exhaust tips, new parking lamp bezels, and a SHO EcoBoost rear logo. While the 4th generation SHO remained largely unchanged after 2013, 2017 brought a few light updates to the SHO. Ford SYNC 3, which featured both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto was made standard on all SHO's. A revised Sony audio system featuring ClearPhase and Live Acoustics technology was introduced as standard equipment as well. Additionally, two new 20 inch wheel choices were made available. The final update to the SHO was the deletion of the power rear sunshade for the 2019 model year. The 4th generation Taurus SHO ended production along with the rest of the Taurus line on March 1, 2019. \| Gear \| Ratio \| \| ------- \| --------------- \| \| 1st \| 4.484 \| \| 2nd \| 2.872 \| \| 3rd \| 1.842 \| \| 4th \| 1.414 \| \| 5th \| 1.000 \| \| 6th \| 0.742 \| \| Reverse \| 2.88 \| \| Final \| 2.77, 3.16 (PP) \| ### Awards The 2010 Taurus SHO was named Car of the Year by Esquire magazine.	enwiki/2472327	enwiki	2,472,327	Ford Taurus SHO	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Taurus_SHO	2025-08-17T01:14:15Z	en	Q3747980	159,819	{{Infobox automobile \| name = Ford Taurus SHO \| image = 2010 Ford Taurus SHO -- 09-07-2009.jpg \| manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company\|Ford]] \| model_years = 1989–1999<br>2010–2019 \| related = [[Ford Taurus]] \| class = [[Mid-size]] (1988–1999)<br>[[Full-size]] (2010–2019) \| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout\|Front-engine, FWD]] (1989–1999)<br>[[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout\|Front-engine, AWD]] (2010–2019) \| designer = [[Jack Telnack]] }} The '''Ford Taurus SHO''' ('''Super High Output''')<ref name = "G1">{{cite web \| publisher=Official SHO Shop \| url=http://www.shoshop.com/SHO/Ford_Taurus_SHO_Birth.asp \| title = Birth of the Ford Taurus SHO }}</ref> is the high-performance variant of the [[Ford Taurus]]. Originally intended as a limited-production model, the SHO was produced for the first three generations of the model line, from the 1989 to the 1999 model years.<ref name="numbers">{{cite web\|title=Taurus/Sable Encyclopedia (SHO numbers)\|url=http://www.taurusclub.com/encyclopedia/Other/SHOcount.html\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411114028/http://www.taurusclub.com/encyclopedia/Other/SHOcount.html\|archive-date=2008-04-11\|access-date=2008-04-04\|publisher=Taurus Car Club of America}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Ford Taurus SHO \| Birth of the Ford Taurus SHO\|url=http://www.shoshop.com/SHO/Ford_Taurus_SHO_Birth.asp\|access-date=2011-01-31\|publisher=Shoshop.com}}</ref> After an 11-year hiatus, the name was revived for 2010,<ref name="ABLOG_Paukert">{{cite news\|last1=Paukert\|first1=Chris\|date=11 Feb 2009\|title=Chicago 2009: SHO Starter - Ford Taurus SHO kicks off Chicago\|publisher=AutoBlog\|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/11/chicago-2009-sho-starter-ford-taurus-sho-kicks-off-chicago/}}</ref> and continued in use until the 2019 discontinuation of the Taurus model line. In contrast with standard versions of the Taurus, the Taurus SHO did not have a [[Mercury Sable]] counterpart; however, the 2010–2019 SHO served as the basis for the Ford Police Interceptor Sedan (replacing the long-running [[Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor]]). The final version is the only Taurus ever offered with the twin-turbocharged EcoBoost V6 engine. The first three generations of the SHO were assembled at [[Atlanta Assembly]] ([[Hapeville, Georgia]]); the fourth generation was assembled at [[Chicago Assembly]] ([[Chicago\|Chicago, Illinois]]). == Background == {{Main\|Ford SHO V6 engine#Origin}} In 1984, executives of the [[Yamaha Motor Corporation]] signed a contract with the [[Ford Motor Company]] to develop, produce, and supply a compact 60° [[DOHC]] V6 engine based upon the existing Vulcan engine for [[transverse engine\|transverse]] application.<ref name="SHONTELL">{{cite web\|title=SHO n Tell\|url=http://www.fordmuscle.com/archives/2005/08/SHOnTell/\|access-date=2008-04-04\|publisher=Jon Mikelonis and Matt Wilder\|archive-date=2011-04-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426023801/http://www.fordmuscle.com/archives/2005/08/SHOnTell/\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite video\|url=http://www.retrojunk.com/details_commercial/4176/\|title=1989 Ford Taurus SHO commercial\|date=2007-07-19\|people=Ford Motor Company\|publisher=Ford Motor Company}}</ref> There has been some confusion about the original intended use of the engine. It was thought this engine was first intended to power a mid-engine sports car, that project (known internally as GN34) was canceled. Patents have been found and pictures of prototype SHO powerplants installed in the Taurus show that the original intent was for the larger FWD setup and the GN34 would have come later.<ref name="Mctaggert_BangShift">{{cite news\|last1=McTaggart\|first1=Bryan\|date=25 Nov 2014\|title=A Stalled Experiment: The Ford GN34 Program\|publisher=BangShift.com\|url=http://bangshift.com/general-news/car-features/stalled-experiment-ford-gn34-program/}}</ref> There were a few GN34 prototypes produced, most with standard Vulcan engines and a few other factory swaps, a SHO [[Ford Ranger\|Ranger]] being one. ==First generation (1989–1991)== {{Infobox automobile \| name = First generation \| image = 1st Ford Taurus SHO -- 10-03-2009.jpg \| model_years = 1989–1991 \| assembly = [[Hapeville, Georgia]] ([[Atlanta Assembly]]) \| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)\|sedan]] \| platform = [[Ford DN5 platform]] \| engine = 3.0 L ''[[Ford SHO V6 engine#3.0 L\|SHO]]'' [[V6 engine\|V6]] \| transmission = 5-speed ''[[Ford MTX transmission#MTX-IV\|MTX-IV]]'' [[manual transmission\|manual]] \| wheelbase = {{convert\|106.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| length = {{convert\|188.4\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| width = {{convert\|70.8\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| height = {{convert\|54.1\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| weight = {{convert\|3285\|lb\|kg\|\|abbr=on}} \| related = [[Ford Taurus (first generation)\|Ford Taurus]]<br>[[Mercury Sable#First generation (1986.E2.80.931991)\|Mercury Sable]] }} The SHO differed from the normal Taurus on the exterior by having a Mercury Sable hood, different bumpers, side cladding, and fog lamps. The interior also differed, with sports seats and an 8000 rpm [[tachometer]]. The SHO had a {{convert\|220\|hp\|kW\|abbr=on}} [[Yamaha Motor Company\|Yamaha]]-built [[Ford SHO V6 engine\|V-6 engine]] that redlined at 7,000 RPM and became the only Taurus to feature a [[manual transmission]] since the [[Ford HSC engine\|4-cylinder]] MT-5 was discontinued in that year.<ref name = "G1" /> The [[Ford MTX transmission\|transmission]] was designed and manufactured by [[Mazda]] and had the following gear ratios with a final drive ratio of 3.74: {\| class="wikitable" border="1" \|+ Taurus SHO Manual Transmission Gear Ratios ! Gear !! Ratio !! mph per 1,000 rpm !! Max Speed (mph) @ 7000 rpm \|- ! 1st \| 3.21 \|\| 6.2 \|\| 44 \|- ! 2nd \| 2.09 \|\| 9.5 \|\| 67 \|- ! 3rd \| 1.38 \|\| 14.5 \|\| 101 \|- ! 4th \| 1.02 \|\| 19.6 \|\| 137 \|- ! 5th \| 0.74 \|\| 26.8 \|\| 143 @ 5350 \|} The first generation Taurus SHO can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 6.6 seconds<ref name="Ford Media">{{cite web\|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=29856\|title=Super High-Output Heritage: New Taurus SHO Revives Performance Model From 1989-1999\|work=Media.Ford.com\|date=February 11, 2009\|access-date=2009-04-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319033721/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=29856\|archive-date=2009-03-19\|url-status=dead}}</ref> with a quarter mile time of 15.0-15.2 seconds. ''Car and Driver'' reported a top speed of {{Convert\|143\|mi/h\|km/h\|abbr=on}} in their December 1989 issue. A special edition of the SHO called the Plus package became available in late 1990. It came as part of option package #212A and contained different styling cues from the standard SHO, including a plastic 'Power Bulge' hood, chrome window trim, a plastic spoiler without the 3rd brake light, body colored stripe in the lower cladding, black mirrors, black B and C pillars, rod shifter upgrade, and a body color TAURUS badge. There were also some SHOs that came with only part of the package options known in the community as a 'partial plus', but these were really only regular SHOs that received the other options because Ford needed to use up what they had with the body change coming in 1992.{{fact\|date=June 2021}} White painted Pluses had the option of white painted "slicer" wheels.<ref name=AutosCA_Burry>{{cite news\|last1=Burry\|first1=Jeff\|title=Modern Classics: Ford Taurus SHO, 1989 – 1999\|url=http://www.autos.ca/modern-classics/modern-classics-ford-taurus-sho-1989-1999/\|agency=Autos.CA\|publisher=Trader Corporation\|date=10 Jul 2008}}</ref> 1991 was the only year that a "Mocha Frost" color option was offered. Also that year, "Deep Jewel Green Clearcoat Metallic" was available, but only with the Plus option.<ref name="SHO Club">{{cite web\|url=http://shoclub.com/SHO%20History/shoplus.html\|title=The SHO PLUS Option\|publisher=SHO Club\|access-date=2009-03-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060247/http://shoclub.com/SHO%20History/shoplus.html\|archive-date=2011-07-16\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Second generation (1992–1995)== {{Infobox automobile \| name = Second generation \| image = Ford Taurus SHO (second-gen) (cropped).jpg \| model_years = 1992–1995 \| assembly = [[Hapeville, Georgia]] ([[Atlanta Assembly]]) \| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)\|sedan]] \| platform = [[Ford DN5 platform]] \| engine = 3.0 L ''[[Ford SHO V6 engine#3.0 L\|SHO]]'' [[V6 engine\|V6]]<br />3.2 L ''[[Ford SHO V6 engine#3.2_L\|SHO]]'' [[V6 engine\|V6]] \| transmission = 4-speed ''[[Ford AX4S transmission\|AX4S]]'' [[automatic transmission\|automatic]]<br />5-speed ''[[Ford MTX transmission#MTX-IV\|MTX-IV]]'' [[manual transmission\|manual]] \| wheelbase = {{convert\|106.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| length = Sedan:{{convert\|192.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| width = {{convert\|71.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| height = Sedan: {{convert\|54.1\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}}–{{convert\|55.4\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| weight = MTX: {{convert\|3309\|lb\|kg\|}} - {{convert\|3395\|lb\|kg\|\|abbr=on}}<br />ATX: {{convert\|3450\|lb\|kg\|}} - {{convert\|3505\|lb\|kg\|\|abbr=on}} \| related = [[Ford Taurus (second generation)\|Ford Taurus]]<br>[[Mercury Sable]] }} [[File:1995 Ford Taurus SHO, rear 5.3.22.jpg\|left\|thumb\|1995 Ford Taurus SHO]] The SHO was redesigned for 1992, although it continued with the same [[Ford SHO V6 engine\|Yamaha-built V-6 engine]] and 5-speed [[manual transmission]]. The second generation SHO utilized the [[Mercury Sable]]'s front fenders, hood, and headlights with a different bumper, fog lamps, and no middle lightbar.<ref name="TCCA">{{cite web\|url=http://www.taurusclub.com/encyclopedia/G2/index.html \|title=Generation 2 Spotters Guide \|publisher=Taurus Car Club of America \|date=2006-12-18 \|access-date=2007-02-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119023629/http://www.taurusclub.com/encyclopedia/G2/index.html \|archive-date=2006-11-19 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The SHO also got unique seats, side cladding, dual exhaust, as well as a unique rear bumper. 1992 models can be visually identified by not containing a rear trunklid spoiler, having downturned exhaust tips, and only a driver's side airbag (later models have both driver's and passenger airbags). For the 1993 model year, the rear brakes on the SHO were converted to solid discs, replacing the vented discs of almost identical dimensions that were used in the 1989–1992 model years. The lack of an automatic transmission hampered sales,{{cn\|date=January 2025}} a situation that Ford rectified for model year 1993. A 3.2 L version of the [[Ford SHO V6 engine]] was introduced for the automatic-equipped SHO, which still had {{Convert\|220\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr=on}}, but now boasted {{Convert\|215\|lbft\|Nm\|abbr=on}}, a {{Convert\|15\|lbft\|Nm\|abbr=on}} increase over the 3.0 L version.<ref name="Consumerguide">{{cite web \|url=http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/1990-to-1995-ford-taurus.htm \|title=1990–1995 Ford Taurus Review \|publisher=Consumer Guide \|access-date=2007-02-13 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328192510/http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/1990-to-1995-ford-taurus.htm \|archive-date=2007-03-28 }}</ref> It was later discovered by enthusiasts that Ford had put less aggressive intake camshafts in the 3.2L motor to maintain the same horsepower rating as the 3.0L, while still having more torque. The 1993 to 1995 automatics use the AX4S (previously named [[Ford AXOD transmission\|AXOD-E]]) transmission with these ratios: {\| class="wikitable" border="1" \|- ! Gear !! Ratio \|- ! 1st \| 2.771 \|- ! 2nd \| 1.543 \|- ! 3rd \| 1.000 \|- ! 4th \| 0.694 \|- ! Reverse \| 2.263 \|} For MY 1993, Ford did a minor redesign of the SHO interior, updating the center console. Other changes for 1993 included a trunklid spoiler, with integrated center high mount stop lamp, and "Italian" or directional Slicer wheels. With the addition of Italian slicers the SHO now had right and left specific wheels.<ref name="TCCA" /> The 94-95 model years featured very subtle changes. They no longer came with chrome trim around the windows, the door handles were now painted body color, and black was no longer offered as an interior or exterior color. By request of ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine, a SHO station wagon was created by the Car and Driver staff with the help of Ford engineers.<ref name = "CAD">{{cite journal\| last =Phillips\| first =John\| title =The Billy Wagon. Strong as hog's breath, our one-of-a-kind family hauler amazed little leaguers. Sorry, you can't have one.\| journal =[[Car and Driver]]\| issue =April 1993\| pages =36–41}}</ref> They started with a production Taurus wagon, and from there installed SHO bodywork, including its unique front end. They then replaced the stock engine and drivetrain with SHO drivetrain. Inside, the interior was replicated of that of a high spec SHO sedan, including its sport seats, steering wheel, and included most of the SHO's equipment.<ref name = "CAD" /> The staff then tested it, and took it on a cross country trip. The Car and Driver staff as well as Ford admitted that the SHO wagon was created "just for fun", and was never meant to be a serious production vehicle, though a second example was built, and used for brake testing.<ref name = "CAD" /> Rear tire clearance was a primary hindrance for a production version, with Ford unable to justify the modification of the rear body shell.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2002-07-21\|title=Is there an SHO Station Wagon?\|url=http://www.shotimes.com/php-bin/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0&sid=13\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307001905/http://www.shotimes.com/php-bin/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0&sid=13\|archive-date=2005-03-07\|website=SHOtimes}}</ref> This generation of SHO has become prominent in American pop culture due to comedian [[Conan O'Brien]] using a green 1992 model that he personally owns in a number of comedy sketches. He would later facetiously claim to be the main influence behind Ford's decision to revive the model in a 2009 sketch when he "reviewed" the 2010 SHO with a Ford employee. {{-}} ==Third generation (1996–1999)== {{Infobox automobile \| name = Third generation \| image = 1996-1999 Ford Taurus SHO front.jpg \| model_years = 1996–1999 \| assembly = [[Hapeville, Georgia]] ([[Atlanta Assembly]]) \| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)\|sedan]] \| platform = Ford DN101 platform<ref>{{Cite web\| title = 1996 Ford Taurus - Motor Trend Magazine\| work = Motor Trend\| access-date = 2019-12-18\| date = 1995-02-02\| url = https://www.motortrend.com/news/1996-ford-taurus/}}</ref> \| engine = [[Ford SHO V8 engine#3.4 L\|3.4 L ''SHO'']] [[V8 engine\|V8]] \| transmission = 4-speed ''[[Ford AX4N transmission\|AX4N]]'' [[automatic transmission\|automatic]] \| wheelbase = {{convert\|108.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| length = {{convert\|197.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| width = {{convert\|73.0\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| height = {{convert\|55.1\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| weight = {{convert\|3329\|lb\|kg\|\|abbr=on}} \| related = [[Ford Windstar]]<br>[[Ford Taurus (third generation)\|Ford Taurus]]<br>[[Mercury Sable]] }} [[File:1996-1999 Ford Taurus SHO rear.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Ford Taurus SHO rear]] For 1996, the SHO was redesigned, following the [[Ford Taurus (third generation)]] design. Unlike its predecessors, this SHO was more refined and used less radical bodywork. It differed from the normal Taurus with different seats, Alloy [[wheel]]s, [[Bumper (automobile)\|bumper]]s, V8 drivetrain, as well as a wind deflector being placed on the driver's side [[windshield wiper]], to keep it on the [[windshield]] at high speeds. This SHO model sold in lower numbers than the previous SHO generations, with sales peaking at 9,000 units in 1997.<ref name="numbers" /> As a result, Ford cut the SHO when redesigning the Taurus for its fourth generation. It was also the only Ford Taurus generation with a [[Ford SHO V8 engine\|V8 Engine]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.v8sho.com/SHO/specifications.html \|title = Specifications, History, and Other Stuff}}</ref> ===Engine=== {{Main\|Ford SHO V8 engine}} [[File:V8 32 valve.JPG\|left\|thumb\|Ford Taurus SHO 3.4 L V8 ]] A 235 hp (175 kW) aluminum [[Ford SHO V8 engine\|3.4 L V8 engine]] with heads from [[Yamaha Motor Company\|Yamaha]] and block from [[Cosworth]] was specified for the SHO model, but it was given the same four speed transmission as the LX: the manual gearbox option was no longer offered on the SHO.<ref name="bestselling">{{cite web \|last=DiPetro \|first=John \|date=2003-04-18 \|publisher=Edmunds \|url=http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=46007 \|title=Inside Line: Ford Taurus/Mercury Sable \|access-date=2006-05-29 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615011127/http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId%3D46007 \|archive-date=2006-06-15 }}</ref> Separation of the [[camshaft]] from its sprocket has been implicated in a growing number of engine failures, at around 50,000 miles (80,000 km).<ref name="v8" /> This problem can be rectified by having the camshafts welded.<ref name="v8">{{cite web\|url=http://www.v8sho.com/SHO/WhatWeKnow.htm\|title=What We Know, What Ford Does Not Want You to Know, & Who Is To Blame\|publisher=V6SHO.com\|access-date=January 26, 2006}}</ref> The number of engines with failure has been documented at about 1,200 out of about 20,000 engines.<ref name="failure">{{cite web\|url=http://v8sho.com/SHO/CamFailureLinks.htm\|title=Cam Failure Links\|publisher=V6SHO.com\|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> Other undocumented cases very likely exist. There was no SHO for the 2000 model year, some believed that the then President of Ford Motor Company Jac Nasser influenced the designers not to design a SHO model for he was focusing on the [[Premier Automotive Group]] that consisted of Lincoln, Jaguar, Volvo, Aston-Martin and Land Rover built under that umbrella and the SHO would detract sales to that division of Ford Motor Company. ===Transmission=== The 1996 and later models got the AX4N transmission, which has the same gearsets (and thus the same gear ratios) as the AX4S used in the 1993 to 1995 SHO, but had improved torque capacity and shift quality, such as 3-2 downshifts. ===SARC system=== As of 1996, The SHO V8 came with a Semi-Active Ride Controller, (SARC) which modified the hardness and stiffness of driving at different speeds. When energized (Lower speeds) it is full soft, when no power (fast speeds and hard braking), full hard. This included modified suspensions strut and Adaptable Assisted Steering. Each corner of the car can be in either mode and acts independently. This eliminates dive on heavy braking and drastically reduces squat on acceleration. The shock solenoids on all 4 struts and the solenoid on the ZF rack and pinion steering changes their behaviour (hard or soft) based on (independent) suspension sensors and ABS sensor based speed detection. The 1996 and 1997 models had sensors on all 4 wheels. The 1998 models only had sensors on the 2 front wheels. The SARC suspension option was deleted on the 1999 models using the same struts of the 1996-2007 (non-SHO) Taurus, but keeping the adjustable power steering option.<ref>{{Cite web\| title = Active Suspension Theories\| access-date = 2019-12-18\| url = https://www.v8sho.com/SHO/sarctheory.html}}</ref> {{-}} == Fourth generation (2010–2019)== {{Infobox automobile \| name = Fourth generation \| image = 2010 Ford Taurus SHO -- 03-13-2010.jpg \| production = June 15, 2009<ref name='ARI'>{{cite web \|url=http://www2.arifleet.com/news/buildout.pdf \|title=2009 Order Cutoff - 2010 Startup \|date=June 29, 2009 \|publisher=ARI \|access-date=2009-07-06 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816105529/http://www2.arifleet.com/news/buildout.pdf \|archive-date=August 16, 2009 }}</ref>–March 1, 2019<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://fordauthority.com/2019/03/say-goodbye-to-the-ford-taurus/ \|title=Say Goodbye To The Ford Taurus \|last=Rexinger \|first=Austin \|work=Ford Authority \|publisher=Motrolix LLC \|date=March 4, 2019 \|access-date=March 10, 2019}}</ref> \| assembly = [[Chicago, Illinois]] ([[Chicago Assembly]]) \| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)\|sedan]] \| platform = [[Ford D3 platform]] \| engine = 3.5 L [[Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L\|Ecoboost V6]] [[Twin-turbo]] \| transmission = 6-speed [[GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission\|6F55]]-[[automatic transmission\|automatic]] \| wheelbase = {{convert\|112.9\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| length = {{convert\|202.9\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| width = {{convert\|76.2\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| height = {{convert\|60.7\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr=on}} \| weight = {{convert\|4388\|lb\|kg\|\|abbr=on}} \| related = [[Ford Taurus (sixth generation)\|Ford Taurus]]<br />[[Ford Police Interceptor Sedan]] }} A month after the introduction of the sixth generation Taurus, Ford unveiled the return of the SHO at the 2009 [[Chicago Auto Show]].<ref name=ABLOG_Paukert/> [[File:11 SHO (14530687775) (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|left\|Rear view]] After skipping two Ford Taurus generations, the resurrected sport sedan went on sale in the summer of 2009 as a 2010 model. In a first for the SHO nameplate, permanent torque vectoring [[all-wheel drive]] was standard. The power-plant was a 3.5L [[Gasoline direct injection\|direct-injected]] [[Twin-turbo]] ''[[Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L\|EcoBoost]]'' [[V6 engine\|V6]], which utilized a pair of Garrett GT1549L turbochargers and produced {{convert\|365\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr=on}} at 5500 rpm and {{convert\|350\|lbft\|Nm\|0\|abbr=on}} of [[torque]] at 1500-5250 rpm.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=2029&item_id=5668&press_section_id=2878 \|title=Ford Media \|access-date=2011-01-31 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913013717/http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=2029&item_id=5668&press_section_id=2878 \|archive-date=2011-09-13 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://fordauthority.com/fmc/ford-motor-company-engines/ford-ecoboost-family/ford-3-5l-ecoboost-engine/\|title=Ford 3.5L EcoBoost Engine Info, Power, Specs, Wiki\|accessdate=28 March 2023}}</ref> This engine was mated to Ford's 6F55 <ref>{{cite web \|url=http://media.ford.com/images/10031/EcoBoost_6F55.pdf \|title=Ford Media EcoBoost 6F55 \|access-date=2011-01-31 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812174507/http://media.ford.com/images/10031/EcoBoost_6F55.pdf \|archive-date=2011-08-12 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> six-speed SelectShift [[automatic transmission]] with a paddle or console activated manual mode. The fourth generation SHO came with Ford's new SR1 suspension setup with MacPherson front struts and a multi-link design in the rear. This included SHO-specific shock absorbers, springs, stabilizer bars and strut mount bushings. An optional Performance Package offered better brake pads, recalibrated steering, a "Sport Mode" for the stability control, additional cooling capacity by way of an engine oil cooler, transmission cooler, and PTU cooler; a shorter 3.16 to 1 final drive ratio, summer tires, spare tire delete, mobility kit (tire inflator with sealant), and an Alcantara wrapped steering wheel. Adaptive cruise control was not available with the Performance Package. Notably, many of the features found on the Performance Package (including the power-train) were shared with the EcoBoost version of the 2013-2019 [[Ford Police Interceptor Sedan]]. A 2012 SHO was featured in the film ''[[Men in Black 3]]'' as the MIB's official car.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2012/05/men-in-black-3-stars-ford-taurus-sho.html \|title=''Men in Black 3'' Stars Ford Taurus SHO \|author=Elmer, Stephen \|publisher=AutoGuide.com \|date=2012-05-23 \|access-date=2012-05-24}}</ref> Visually, the differences from the regular Taurus were subtle. The 2010-2012 models were even more subtle, sporting a 3-bar chrome wide-toothed grill, SHO C-Pillar logo and 5-spoked wheels. The 2013-2019 model employed a black grille with small honeycomb-shaped/mesh-like look, 19" or optional 20" "flower" design wheels with other 20" designs in later years, and SHO fender badges. They all had a SHO-specific decklid spoiler, dual polished stainless steel exhaust tips, new parking lamp bezels, and a SHO EcoBoost rear logo.<ref name="jalopnik2010">{{cite web\|author=Ben Wojdyla\|date=2009-02-11\|title=2010 Ford Taurus SHO: The Sleeper Awakens!\|url=http://jalopnik.com/5147709/2010-ford-taurus-sho-the-sleeper-awakens\|access-date=2009-02-11\|publisher=[[Jalopnik]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/02/20/2010-ford-taurus-sho-announced/ \|title=2010 Ford Taurus SHO Announced \|work=Automoblog.net \|date=February 20, 2009}}</ref> While the 4th generation SHO remained largely unchanged after 2013, 2017 brought a few light updates to the SHO. Ford SYNC 3, which featured both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto was made standard on all SHO's. A revised Sony audio system featuring ClearPhase and Live Acoustics technology was introduced as standard equipment as well. Additionally, two new 20 inch wheel choices were made available.<ref>[https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/products/past-models/taurus/2017-taurus.html Past Models. 2017 Taurus] Ford Media</ref> The final update to the SHO was the deletion of the power rear sunshade for the 2019 model year. The 4th generation Taurus SHO ended production along with the rest of the Taurus line on March 1, 2019. {\| class="wikitable" border="1" \|- ! Gear !! Ratio \|- ! 1st \| 4.484 \|- ! 2nd \| 2.872 \|- ! 3rd \| 1.842 \|- ! 4th \| 1.414 \|- ! 5th \| 1.000 \|- ! 6th \| 0.742 \|- ! Reverse \| 2.88 \|- ! Final \| 2.77, 3.16 (PP) \|} ===Awards=== The 2010 Taurus SHO was named Car of the Year by Esquire magazine.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/2010-ford-taurus-sho-named-i-esquire-i-car-of-the-year/ \|title=2010 Ford Taurus SHO named Esquire Car of the Year \|date=June 10, 2009 \|work=Autoblog}}</ref> {{-}} ==See also== {{portal\|Cars}} [[Ford Taurus]] [[Sleeper (car)]] ==References== {{Reflist\|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|Ford Taurus}} [http://www.ford.com Official Ford Motor Company website] [http://www.fordvehicles.com Ford Vehicles website] [http://www.shoclub.com National SHO Club] [http://www.ecoboostownerforums.com EcoBoost Owners Forum] - Owners Forum [http://www.taurusclub.com Taurus Car Club of America][http://www.shoforum.com SHO Forum] [http://www.shosource.com SHO Source] {{Ford Taurus}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ford Taurus Sho}} [[Category:Ford Taurus\|SHO]] [[Category:1980s cars]] [[Category:1990s cars]] [[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Mid-size cars]] [[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States]] [[Category:Sports sedans]] [[Category:Cars introduced in 1988]] [[Category:2010s cars]] [[Category:2000s cars]] [[Category:Cars discontinued in 2019]]	1,306,296,638	[{"title": "Overview", "data": {"Manufacturer": "Ford", "Model years": "1989\u20131999 \u00b7 2010\u20132019", "Designer": "Jack Telnack"}}, {"title": "Body and chassis", "data": {"Class": "Mid-size (1988\u20131999) \u00b7 Full-size (2010\u20132019)", "Layout": "Front-engine, FWD (1989\u20131999) \u00b7 Front-engine, AWD (2010\u20132019)", "Related": "Ford Taurus"}}, {"title": "Overview", "data": {"Model years": "1989\u20131991", "Assembly": "Hapeville, Georgia (Atlanta Assembly)"}}, {"title": "Body and chassis", "data": {"Body style": "4-door sedan", "Platform": "Ford DN5 platform", "Related": "Ford Taurus \u00b7 Mercury Sable"}}, {"title": "Powertrain", "data": {"Engine": "3.0 L SHO V6", "Transmission": "5-speed MTX-IV manual"}}, {"title": "Dimensions", "data": {"Wheelbase": "106.0 in (2,692 mm)", "Length": "188.4 in (4,785 mm)", "Width": "70.8 in (1,798 mm)", "Height": "54.1 in (1,374 mm)", "Curb weight": "3,285 lb (1,490 kg)"}}, {"title": "Overview", "data": {"Model years": "1992\u20131995", "Assembly": "Hapeville, Georgia (Atlanta Assembly)"}}, {"title": "Body and chassis", "data": {"Body style": "4-door sedan", "Platform": "Ford DN5 platform", "Related": "Ford Taurus \u00b7 Mercury Sable"}}, {"title": "Powertrain", "data": {"Engine": "3.0 L SHO V6 \u00b7 3.2 L SHO V6", "Transmission": "4-speed AX4S automatic \u00b7 5-speed MTX-IV manual"}}, {"title": "Dimensions", "data": {"Wheelbase": "106.0 in (2,692 mm)", "Length": "Sedan:192.0 in (4,877 mm)", "Width": "71.2 in (1,808 mm)", "Height": "Sedan: 54.1 in (1,374 mm)\u201355.4 in (1,407 mm)", "Curb weight": "MTX: 3,309 pounds (1,501 kg) - 3,395 lb (1,540 kg) \u00b7 ATX: 3,450 pounds (1,560 kg) - 3,505 lb (1,590 kg)"}}, {"title": "Overview", "data": {"Model years": "1996\u20131999", "Assembly": "Hapeville, Georgia (Atlanta Assembly)"}}, {"title": "Body and chassis", "data": {"Body style": "4-door sedan", "Platform": "Ford DN101 platform", "Related": "Ford Windstar \u00b7 Ford Taurus \u00b7 Mercury Sable"}}, {"title": "Powertrain", "data": {"Engine": "3.4 L SHO V8", "Transmission": "4-speed AX4N automatic"}}, {"title": "Dimensions", "data": {"Wheelbase": "108.5 in (2,756 mm)", "Length": "197.5 in (5,016 mm)", "Width": "73.0 in (1,854 mm)", "Height": "55.1 in (1,400 mm)", "Curb weight": "3,329 lb (1,510 kg)"}}, {"title": "Overview", "data": {"Production": "June 15, 2009\u2013March 1, 2019", "Assembly": "Chicago, Illinois (Chicago Assembly)"}}, {"title": "Body and chassis", "data": {"Body style": "4-door sedan", "Platform": "Ford D3 platform", "Related": "Ford Taurus \u00b7 Ford Police Interceptor Sedan"}}, {"title": "Powertrain", "data": {"Engine": "3.5 L Ecoboost V6 Twin-turbo", "Transmission": "6-speed 6F55-automatic"}}, {"title": "Dimensions", "data": {"Wheelbase": "112.9 in (2,868 mm)", "Length": "202.9 in (5,154 mm)", "Width": "76.2 in (1,935 mm)", "Height": "60.7 in (1,542 mm)", "Curb weight": "4,388 lb (1,990 kg)"}}]	false
# Newquay Lifeboat Station Newquay Lifeboat Station is the base for Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) search and rescue operations at Newquay, Cornwall, in the United Kingdom. It operates two lifeboats, Atlantic 85 Uncle Johnny (B-936) and D-class (IB1) Enid Mary (D-773). ## History A 'new kaye' was authorised in 1439 to provide a safe harbour during bad weather on the north coast of Cornwall. The harbour was improved in 1836, resulting in the two main piers that encircle it today. During the 1850s, three silver medals were awarded to people rescuing people from shipwrecks near Newquay. A lifeboat house was built on Fore Street in 1860, the lifeboat being taken down the street to the beach when it was needed. A slipway was built at Towan Head in 1895 with an inclination of 1 in 2.5 (40%), one of the steepest slipways in the country. A lifeboat station was also built on Towan Head in 1899 which enabled the lifeboat to be launched directly into the water. It was suggested in 1897 that Newquay should be provided with a steam-powered lifeboat, however it was decided that Padstow was the only Cornish lifeboat station that was suitable. The station was closed in 1934, by which time motor lifeboats at other stations could provide better coverage than the "pulling and sailing" lifeboat at Newquay powered by oars or sails. The station was reopened in 1940 to house a motor lifeboat during World War II, but closed permanently in 1945, after which the building was used by the local council. The RNLI started to station inshore lifeboats (ILBs) around Cornwall from 1964. These could provide quicker rescues for the increasing number of leisure craft that were being used. A new lifeboat station opened on the harbour side at Newquay in June 1965. This housed a D-class ILB. In 1994 a larger station was built on the same site with space for a second ILB, a larger Atlantic 75-class which could reach casualties further from Newquay. ## Awards Members of the lifeboat crew were awarded RNLI silver and bronze medals for a meritorious rescue of the SS Osten which ran aground in a storm on 17 December 1917. Members of Newquay's ILB crews have been recognised for their bravery several times. One received their "Thanks inscribed on vellum" in 1973. Other crew members were given the same in 1997, 2000 and 2010. Several crew members have also received a framed letter of thanks from the RNLI's chairman. ## Lifeboats - James Stevens No. 5 (1899–1917) - B-821 Gladys Mildred (from 2007 to 2023) ### At Towan Head ON is the Official Number used in RNLI records from 1884. \| At Newquay \| ON \| Name \| Built \| Class \| Comments \| \| ---------- \| --- \| ------------------------ \| ----- \| ------------ \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| \| 1860–1865 \| \| Joshua \| 1860 \| Peake \| [ 6 ] \| \| 1865–1873 \| \| Joshua \| 1865 \| Self-Righter \| [ 6 ] \| \| 1873–1892 \| 210 \| Pendock Neale \| 1865 \| Self-Righter \| Originally built in 1865 for Kingsdown Lifeboat Station and named Sabrina which was changed to James and Elizabeth before becoming Pendock Neale. \| \| 1892–1899 \| 331 \| Willie Rogers \| 1892 \| Self-Righter \| Operated at Hope Cove in south Devon from 1900 until 1903. \| \| 1899–1917 \| 426 \| James Stevens No. 5 \| 1899 \| Self-Righter \| Wrecked when launched for a service on 17 December 1917. The remains were found submerged near the Towan Head slipway in 2004. \| \| 1917–1920 \| 453 \| John William Dudley \| 1900 \| Self-Righter \| Served at Rye Harbour, Sussex, until 1916. After its time at Newquay it worked at North Berwick in Scotland until 1923. Sold in 1926 and used s a yacht. \| \| 1920–1934 \| 509 \| Admiral Sir George Black \| 1903 \| Self-Righter \| Had been stationed at The Lizard on the south coast of Cornwall until 1918. Sold in 1936 and used as a yacht. \| \| 1940–1945 \| 794 \| Richard Silver Oliver \| 1937 \| Liverpool \| A motor lifeboat initially stationed at Cullercoats. After service at Newquay it moved up the coast to Ilfracombe and then to Criccieth in Wales where it remained until 1961. \| ### Inshore lifeboats Op. No. is the Operational Number shown on the boat. \| At Newquay \| Op. No. \| Name \| Class \| Type \| New \| Comments \| \| ---------- \| ------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ----- \| ----------- \| ---- \| --------------------------------------------- \| \| 1965–1967 \| D-55 \| (no name) \| D \| RFD PB16 \| 1965 \| [ 14 ] \| \| 1967–1968 \| D-110 \| (no name) \| D \| RFD PB16 \| 1967 \| [ 14 ] \| \| 1969–1979 \| D-171 \| (no name) \| D \| RFD PB16 \| 1969 \| [ 14 ] \| \| 1979–1980 \| D-192 \| (no name) \| D \| RFD PB16 \| 1971 \| Stationed at Abersoch from 1971. \| \| 1980–1984 \| D-278 \| (no name) \| D \| Zodiac III \| 1980 \| [ 15 ] \| \| 1984–1994 \| C-511 \| (no name) \| C \| Zodiac IV \| 1984 \| Initially carried number D-511. \| \| 1994–1996 \| D-406 \| Phyl Clare \| D \| EA16 \| 1990 \| First deployed in the relief fleet from 1990. \| \| 1995 \| B-539 \| Lions International District 105 SE \| B \| Atlantic 21 \| 1978 \| First stationed at Brighton in 1978. \| \| 1995–2007 \| B-715 \| Phyllis \| B \| Atlantic 75 \| 1995 \| [ 19 ] \| \| 1996–2005 \| D-497 \| Lord Daresbury \| D \| EA16 \| 1996 \| [ 17 ] \| \| 2005–2014 \| D-636 \| Valerie Wilson \| D \| IB1 \| 2005 \| [ 20 ] \| \| 2007 \| B-717 \| Daisy Aitken \| B \| Atlantic 75 \| 1995 \| Stationed at Lough Swilly from 1995. \| \| 2007–2023 \| B-821 \| Gladys Mildred \| B \| Atlantic 85 \| 2007 \| [ 21 ] \| \| 2023– \| B-936 \| Uncle Johnny \| B \| Atlantic 85 \| 2023 \| [ 21 ] \| \| 2014– \| D-773 \| Enid Mary \| D \| IB1 \| 2014 \| [ 20 ] \|	enwiki/75861814	enwiki	75,861,814	Newquay Lifeboat Station	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newquay_Lifeboat_Station	2025-04-07T16:09:53Z	en	Q108283797	114,834	{{about\|the lifeboat station in Cornwall\|the lifeboat station in Wales\|New Quay Lifeboat Station}} {{Infobox building \| name = Newquay Lifeboat Station \| image = Newquay lifeboat house 2009.jpg \| image_size = 300px \| image_caption = \| map_type = Cornwall \| pushpin_relief = 1 \| map_image = \| map_caption = Newquay on the north coast of Cornwall \| location = [[Newquay]] \| address = Newquay Harbour, South Quay Hill, Newquay, TR7 1HR \| location_country = United Kingdom \| coordinates = {{coord\|50\|24\|59\|N\|05\|05\|14\|W\|region:GB\|display=inline,title}} \| building_type = Lifeboat station \| opened_date = {{start date and age\|1994}} \| owner = [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution\|RNLI]] \| website = {{URL\|https://rnli.org/find-my-nearest/lifeboat-stations/newquay-lifeboat-station}} \| embedded = {{Infobox designation list\|embed=yes \| designation1 = Grade II \| designation1_feature = Old lifeboat house and slipway {{nowrap\|(Towan Head)}} \| designation1_date = 11 May 1988 \| designation1_number = {{listed building England\|1312227}}}} }} '''Newquay Lifeboat Station''' is the base for [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] (RNLI) search and rescue operations at [[Newquay]], [[Cornwall]], in the United Kingdom. It operates two [[Lifeboat (rescue)\|lifeboats]], {{lbb\|Atlantic 85}} ''Uncle Johnny'' (B-936) and {{lbc\|D\|IB1}} ''Enid Mary'' (D-773). ==History== A 'new kaye' was authorised in 1439 to provide a safe harbour during bad weather on the north coast of Cornwall. The harbour was improved in 1836, resulting in the two main piers that encircle it today.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Cornish Harbours \|last=Roddis \|first=Roland \|publisher=Christopher Johnson \|page=126 \|date=1951}}</ref> During the 1850s, three silver medals were awarded to people rescuing people from shipwrecks near Newquay.<ref name=history>{{cite web \|title=Newquay station history \|website=RNLI \|url=https://rnli.org/find-my-nearest/lifeboat-stations/newquay-lifeboat-station/station-history-newquay \|access-date=13 January 2024 \|archive-date=1 February 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201180338/https://rnli.org/find-my-nearest/lifeboat-stations/newquay-lifeboat-station/station-history-newquay \|url-status=live }}</ref> A lifeboat house was built on Fore Street in 1860, the lifeboat being taken down the street to the beach when it was needed.<ref name=heritage>{{cite book \|title=Cornwall's Lifeboat Heritage \|last=Leach \|first=Nicholas \|publisher=Twelveheads Press \|page=46 \|edition=2nd \|date=2006}}</ref> [[File:The old lifeboat house by Spy Cove - geograph.org.uk - 170388.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Former boat house at Towan Head]] A [[slipway]] was built at Towan Head in 1895<ref name=history/> with an inclination of 1 in 2.5 (40%), one of the steepest slipways in the country.<ref name=heritage/> A lifeboat station was also built on Towan Head in 1899 which enabled the lifeboat to be launched directly into the water.<ref name=heritage/> It was suggested in 1897 that Newquay should be provided with a steam-powered lifeboat, however it was decided that {{Lbs\|Padstow}} was the only Cornish lifeboat station that was suitable.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Leach \|first1=Nicholas \|title=Padstow Lifeboats \|date=2012 \|publisher=The History Press \|isbn=978-0-7524-6540-1 \|pages=32–33}}</ref> The station was closed in 1934, by which time motor lifeboats at other stations could provide better coverage than the "pulling and sailing" lifeboat at Newquay powered by [[oar]]s or [[sail]]s. The station was reopened in 1940 to house a motor lifeboat during [[World War II]], but closed permanently in 1945, after which the building was used by the local council.<ref name=heritage/> The RNLI started to station inshore lifeboats (ILBs) around Cornwall from 1964. These could provide quicker rescues for the increasing number of leisure craft that were being used.{{sfn\|Leach\|2006\|pp=28-30}} A new lifeboat station opened on the harbour side at Newquay in June 1965. This housed a {{lbc\|D}} ILB. In 1994 a larger station was built on the same site with space for a second ILB, a larger {{lbc\|Atlantic 75}} which could reach casualties further from Newquay.<ref name=heritage/> ==Awards== Members of the lifeboat crew were awarded [[Awards of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution#Medal of the RNLI\|RNLI silver and bronze medals]] for a meritorious rescue of the {{Abbr\|SS\|steam ship}} ''Osten'' which ran aground in a storm on 17 December 1917.<ref name=history/> Members of Newquay's ILB crews have been recognised for their bravery several times. One received their "Thanks inscribed on [[vellum]]" in 1973. Other crew members were given the same in 1997, 2000 and 2010. Several crew members have also received a framed letter of thanks from the RNLI's chairman.<ref name=history/> ==Lifeboats== <gallery> File:Launch of the Newquay Lifeboat cropped.jpg\|''James Stevens No. 5'' (1899–1917) File:Newquay lifeboat B831.jpg\|B-821 ''Gladys Mildred'' (from 2007 to 2023) </gallery> ===At Towan Head=== ON is the Official Number used in RNLI records from 1884. {\|class="wikitable sortable" ! {{nowrap\|At Newquay}} ! ON ! Name ! Built ! Class !class=unsortable\| Comments \|- \| 1860–1865 \| \| ''Joshua'' \| 1860 \| {{lbb\|Peake}} \| <ref name="LBES 2021">{{cite book \|last1=Leonard \|first1=Richie \|last2=Denton \|first2=Tony \|title=Lifeboat Enthusiasts Handbook 2021 \|date=2021 \|publisher=Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society \|pages=2–18}}</ref> \|- \| 1865–1873 \| \| ''Joshua'' \| 1865 \| [[Peake-class lifeboat\|Self-Righter]] \| <ref name="LBES 2021"/> \|- \| 1873–1892 \| 210 \| ''Pendock Neale'' \| 1865 \| {{nowrap\|Self-Righter}} \| Originally built in 1865 for [[Kingsdown Lifeboat Station]] and named ''Sabrina'' which was changed to ''James and Elizabeth'' before becoming ''Pendock Neale''.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Leonard \|first1=Richie \|last2=Denton \|first2=Tony \|title=Lifeboat Enthusiasts Handbook 2024\|date=2024 \|publisher=Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society \|pages=10–11}}</ref> \|- \| 1892–1899 \| 331 \| ''Willie Rogers'' \| 1892 \| Self-Righter \| Operated at {{Lbs\|Hope Cove}} in south Devon from 1900 until 1903.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=14–15}} \|- \| 1899–1917 \| 426 \| {{nowrap\|''[[James Stevens lifeboats\|James Stevens No. 5]]''}} \| 1899 \| Self-Righter \| Wrecked when launched for a service on 17 December 1917.<ref name=history/> The remains were found submerged near the Towan Head slipway in 2004.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=18–19}} \|- \| 1917–1920 \| 453 \| ''John William Dudley'' \| 1900 \| Self-Righter \|Served at {{Lbs\|Rye Harbour}}, Sussex, until 1916. After its time at Newquay it worked at {{Lbs\|North Berwick}} in Scotland until 1923. Sold in 1926 and used s a yacht.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=20–21}} \|- \| 1920–1934 \| 509 \| ''{{nowrap\|Admiral Sir George Black}}'' \| 1903 \| Self-Righter \| Had been stationed at {{Lbs\|The Lizard}} on the south coast of Cornwall until 1918. Sold in 1936 and used as a yacht.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=22–23}} \|- \| 1940–1945 \| 794 \| ''Richard Silver Oliver'' \| 1937 \| {{Lbb\|Liverpool}} \| A motor lifeboat initially stationed at {{Lbs\|Cullercoats}}.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Station remembers the loss of RNLB Richard Silver Oliver \|url=https://rnli.org/news-and-media/2021/april/18/station-remembers-the-loss-of-rnlb-richard-silver-oliver \|publisher=RNLI \|access-date=24 January 2024 \|archive-date=16 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216164207/https://rnli.org/news-and-media/2021/april/18/station-remembers-the-loss-of-rnlb-richard-silver-oliver \|url-status=live }}</ref> After service at Newquay it moved up the coast to {{Lbs\|Ilfracombe}} and then to {{Lbs\|Criccieth}} in Wales where it remained until 1961.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=34–35}} \|- \|} ===Inshore lifeboats=== Op. No. is the Operational Number shown on the boat. {\|class="wikitable sortable" ! {{nowrap\|At Newquay}} ! {{nowrap\|Op. No.}} ! Name ! Class ! Type ! New !class=unsortable\| Comments \|- \| 1965–1967 \|sortkey="D-055"\| D-55 \| (no name) \| D \| {{nowrap\|[[D-class lifeboat (RFD PB16)\|RFD PB16]]}} \| 1965 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=73–75}} \|- \| 1967–1968 \| D-110 \| (no name) \| D \| RFD PB16 \| 1967 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=73–75}} \|- \| 1969–1979 \| D-171 \| (no name) \| D \| RFD PB16 \| 1969 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=73–75}} \|- \| 1979–1980 \| D-192 \| (no name) \| D \| RFD PB16 \| 1971 \| Stationed at {{lbs\|Abersoch}} from 1971.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=73–75}} \|- \| 1980–1984 \| D-278 \| (no name) \| D \| [[D-class lifeboat (Zodiac III)\|Zodiac III]] \| 1980 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|p=77}} \|- \| 1984–1994 \| C-511 \| (no name) \| {{lbb\|C}} \| Zodiac IV \| 1984 \| Initially carried number {{nowrap\|D-511}}.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|p=88}} \|- \| 1994–1996 \| D-406 \| ''Phyl Clare'' \| D \| [[D-class lifeboat (EA16)\|EA16]] \| 1990 \| First deployed in the relief fleet from 1990.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=79–80}} \|- \| 1995 \| B-539 \| ''Lions International {{nowrap\|District 105 SE}}'' \| B \| {{lbb\|Atlantic 21}} \| 1978 \| First stationed at {{lbs\|Brighton}} in 1978.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|p=66}} \|- \| 1995–2007 \| B-715 \| ''Phyllis'' \| B \| {{lbb\|Atlantic 75}} \| 1995 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|p=68}} \|- \| 1996–2005 \| D-497 \| ''Lord Daresbury'' \| D \| EA16 \| 1996 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=79–80}} \|- \| 2005–2014 \| {{nowrap\|D-636}} \| ''Valerie Wilson'' \| D \| [[D-class lifeboat (IB1)\|IB1]] \| 2005 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=83–85}} \|- \| 2007 \| B-717 \| ''Daisy Aitken'' \| B \| Atlantic 75 \| 1995 \| Stationed at {{lbs\|Lough Swilly}} from 1995.{{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|p=68}} \|- \| 2007–2023 \| B-821 \| ''Gladys Mildred'' \| B \| {{lbb\|Atlantic 85}} \| 2007 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=70–71}} \|- \| 2023– \| B-936 \| ''Uncle Johnny'' \| B \| {{lbb\|Atlantic 85}} \| 2023 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=70–71}} \|- \| 2014– \| D-773 \| ''Enid Mary'' \| D \| IB1 \| 2014 \| {{sfn\|Leonard\|Denton\|2024\|pp=83–85}} \|- \|} ==See also== {{Portal\|Cornwall}} * [[List of RNLI stations]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|Newquay Lifeboat Station}} * [https://rnli.org/find-my-nearest/lifeboat-stations/newquay-lifeboat-station RNLI station information] Newquay Old Cornwall Society * [https://archive.today/20140901162214/http://newquay.oldcornwall.org.uk/museum/vmu2v3.asp?m=5&c=5&id=2002.178 Photograph of ''James Stevens No. 5'' under sail] (archived) ** [https://archive.today/20140901162144/http://newquay.oldcornwall.org.uk/museum/vmu2v3.asp?m=5&c=5&id=2002.470 Photograph of ''James Stevens No. 5'' in Fore St] (archived) * [https://archive.today/20140901162137/http://www.nicholascharleswilliams.co.uk/LifeboatcrewNicholasCharlesWilliams.htm Nicholas Charles Williams - 1909 photograph of Newquay lifeboat crew and station] (archived) {{Lifeboat stations in Cornwall}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Cornwall]] [[Category:Lifeboat stations in Cornwall]] [[Category:Grade II listed lifeboat stations in England]] [[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Cornwall]] [[Category:Newquay]]	1,284,438,462	[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Type": "Lifeboat station", "Location": "Newquay", "Address": "Newquay Harbour, South Quay Hill, Newquay, TR7 1HR", "Country": "United Kingdom", "Coordinates": "50\u00b024\u203259\u2033N 05\u00b005\u203214\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff50.41639\u00b0N 5.08722\u00b0W", "Opened": "1994", "Owner": "RNLI"}}, {"title": "Website", "data": {"Website": "rnli.org/find-my-nearest/lifeboat-stations/newquay-lifeboat-station"}}, {"title": "Listed Building \u2013 Grade II", "data": {"Feature": "Old lifeboat house and slipway (Towan Head)", "Designated": "11 May 1988", "Reference no.": "1312227"}}]	false
# 1985 UCLA Bruins men's soccer team The 1985 UCLA Bruins men's soccer team represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1985 NCAA Division I men's soccer season. The Bruins won their first ever NCAA championship this year, defeating American, 1–0 after 8 overtime periods. Andy Burke scored the match-winning goal for UCLA in the 167th minute, which to date, is the longest-ever NCAA soccer game. ## Review The 1985 team is best known as being the first UCLA soccer team to win the NCAA title, winning 1–0 over American University at the now-demolished Kingdome, in Seattle on December 14, 1985. The season saw the Bruins only lose one match the entire season, a 2–1 decision against the Fresno State Bulldogs in Northridge, California on September 25. During the 1985 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament, the Bruins only conceded one goal, in the semifinals at Evansville on a penalty kick by Chris Machold. The win against Evansville, sent the Bruins to their first NCAA championship match since 1973, ending a 12-year drought in terms of appearances. The championship match, clocking in at 166 minutes and five seconds, is, by far, the longest NCAA Division I Men's Championship Game match in history. The match involved a record-breaking eight overtimes (this was prior to the penalty kick shoot-out rule that was subsequently implemented). At the time, overtime consisted of five-minute sudden death overtime periods. This caused broken run-of-play. In the 167th minute, Andy Burke, who had hardly played much of the season, came on to the pitch to score the match-winning goal against American, locking UCLA with their first ever NCAA championship. Burke made himself open to receive a through pass from Krumpe and scored on a far-post shot from 13 yards out. The goal was his first ever as a Bruin. Schmid said on the game: "Andy hadn't played much that year. Before the game, his dad had read an article in the Wall Street Journal that talked about how the last guy, the most unexpected person, is the one who makes the biggest contribution sometimes. He had relayed that message to Andy the day before, and the next day Andy went out and made the biggest contribution. Anytime you win a championship, it obviously takes a special place. This one ranks right up there with all of the other championships. The first one is always a little special, though, because it's the first one. As a player, I played in three Final Fours but never won it, so it was especially satisfying to win it the first time as a coach." ## Schedule \| Date Time, TV \| Rank# \| Opponent# \| Result \| Record \| Site City, State \| \| Regular season \| Regular season \| Regular season \| Regular season \| Regular season \| Regular season \| \| --------------- \| -------------- \| ---------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| -------------- \| --------------------------------------------- \| \| September 2* \| \| Westmont \| W 3–1 \| 1–0–0 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| September 6* \| \| vs. Connecticut IU Tournament \| T 1–1 2OT \| 1–0–1 \| Bill Armstrong Stadium Bloomington, IN \| \| September 7* \| \| at Indiana IU Tournament \| W 1–0 \| 2–0–1 \| Bill Armstrong Stadium Bloomington, IN \| \| September 14* \| \| vs. Tampa FIU Tournament \| W 4–2 \| 3–0–1 \| FIU Soccer Stadium Miami, FL \| \| September 15* \| \| at FIU FIU Tournament \| T 1–1 2OT \| 3–0–2 \| FIU Soccer Stadium Miami, FL \| \| September 20* \| \| at San Francisco \| W 3–2 \| 4–0–2 \| Negoesco Stadium San Francisco, CA \| \| September 25* \| \| vs. Fresno State CSU Northridge Showcase \| L 1–2 \| 4–1–2 \| Matador Field Northridge, CA \| \| September 29* \| \| San Jose State \| W 5–0 \| 5–1–2 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| October 5* \| \| California UCLA Classic \| W 3–2 \| 6–1–2 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| October 6* \| \| Stanford UCLA Classic \| W 3–1 \| 7–1–2 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| October 9* \| \| UC Santa Barbara UCSB rivalry \| W 1–0 \| 8–1–2 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| October 14* \| \| at UNLV \| T 2–2 2OT \| 8–1–3 \| Johann Field Las Vegas, NV \| \| October 16* \| \| at U.S. International \| T 1–1 2OT \| 8–1–4 \| U.S. International Soccer Field San Diego, CA \| \| October 18* \| \| at Loyola Marymount \| W 5–0 \| 9–1–4 \| Sullivan Field Los Angeles, CA \| \| October 23* \| \| San Diego \| W 1–0 \| 10–1–4 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| October 25* \| \| at San Diego State \| W 2–1 \| 11–1–4 \| Hardy Field San Diego, CA \| \| October 30* \| \| at UC Irvine \| W 4–1 \| 12–1–4 \| Crawford Field Irvine, CA \| \| November 3* \| \| Cal State Los Angeles \| W 3–0 \| 13–1–4 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| November 6* \| \| Cal State Fullerton \| W 1–0 \| 14–1–4 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| November 10* \| \| Santa Clara \| W 1–0 \| 15–1–4 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| NCAA Tournament \| \| \| \| \| \| \| November 17* \| \| California First Round \| W 3–1 \| 16–1–4 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| November 24* \| \| UNLV Second Round \| W 1–0 OT \| 17–1–4 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| December 1* \| \| SMU Quarterfinals \| W 2–0 \| 18–1–4 \| Drake Stadium Los Angeles, CA \| \| December 8* \| \| at Evansville Semifinals \| W 3–1 \| 19–1–4 \| Arad McCutchan Stadium Evansville, IN \| \| December 14* \| \| vs. American National Championship \| W 1–0 8OT \| 20–1–4 \| Kingdome (5,986) Seattle, WA \|	enwiki/56019359	enwiki	56,019,359	1985 UCLA Bruins men's soccer team	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_soccer_team	2025-04-04T23:49:07Z	en	Q48844457	105,521	{{short description\|American college soccer season}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox college sports team season \| year = 1985 \| team = UCLA Bruins \| sport = soccer \| logo = \| logo_size = \| logo_alt = \| image = UCLA_Bruins_logo.svg \| image_size = 150 \| image_alt = \| conference = Independent \| short_conf = \| record = 20–1–4 \| conf_record = \| head_coach = [[Sigi Schmid]] \| hc_year = 6th \| asst_coach1 = \| ac1_year = \| asst_coach2 = \| ac2_year = \| asst_coach3 = \| ac3_year = \| stadium = \| conf_champ = \| tourney = [[1985 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament\|NCAA Tournament]] \| tourney_result = W 1–0 (8OT) vs. [[American Eagles men's soccer\|American]] \| champion = [[1985 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament\|National Champions]] }} The '''1985 UCLA Bruins men's soccer team''' represented the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] during the 1985 NCAA Division I men's soccer season. The Bruins won their first ever NCAA championship this year, defeating American, 1–0 after 8 overtime periods.<ref>{{cite web \|title= GREATEST MOMENTS {{!}} American nearly tripped UCLA for 1985 men's soccer title \|url= http://americansportsnet.com/patriot-league/american-eagles/greatest-moments-american-nearly-tripped-ucla-for-1985-mens-soccer-title \|website= [[American Sports Network]] \|accessdate= December 10, 2017}}</ref> Andy Burke scored the match-winning goal for UCLA in the 167th minute, which to date, is the longest-ever NCAA soccer game.<ref name="la times report">{{cite web\|last1=Edes\|first1=Gordon\|title=UCLA Wins Longest NCAA Soccer Final in 8th Overtime, 1–0\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-15-sp-622-story.html\|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]\|date=December 15, 1985}}</ref><ref name="nyt report">{{cite web\|last1=Polis\|first1=John\|title=Longest Game to U.C.L.A.\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/16/sports/longest-game-to-ucla.html\|website=[[The New York Times]]\|accessdate=December 10, 2017\|date=December 16, 1985}}</ref> == Review == [[File:Sigi_Schmid.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Sigi Schmid coached the Bruins to their first NCAA championship.]] The 1985 team is best known as being the first UCLA soccer team to win the NCAA title, winning 1–0 over American University at the now-demolished [[Kingdome]], in [[Seattle]] on December 14, 1985. The season saw the Bruins only lose one match the entire season, a 2–1 decision against the [[Fresno State Bulldogs men's soccer\|Fresno State Bulldogs]] in Northridge, California on September 25. During the [[1985 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament]], the Bruins only conceded one goal, in the semifinals at [[Evansville Purple Aces men's soccer\|Evansville]] on a penalty kick by [[Chris Machold]].<ref name="nyt semifinal report">{{cite web\|title=U.C.L.A. Reaches Soccer Final\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/09/sports/ucla-reaches-soccer-final.html\|website=[[The New York Times]]\|accessdate=December 10, 2017\|date=December 9, 1985}}</ref> The win against Evansville, sent the Bruins to their first NCAA championship match since 1973, ending a 12-year drought in terms of appearances. The championship match, clocking in at 166 minutes and five seconds, is, by far, the longest NCAA Division I Men's Championship Game match in history. The match involved a record-breaking eight overtimes (this was prior to the penalty kick shoot-out rule that was subsequently implemented).<ref name="au reflection">{{cite web\|last1=Papadis\|first1=Nick\|title=A Look Back At The 1985 Men's Soccer Season\|url=http://www.aueagles.com/sports/m-soccer/2015-16/releases/20150930MS\|website=[[American Eagles]]\|accessdate=December 10, 2017\|date=September 30, 2015\|archive-date=December 11, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211160933/http://www.aueagles.com/sports/m-soccer/2015-16/releases/20150930MS\|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time, overtime consisted of five-minute sudden death overtime periods. This caused broken run-of-play. In the 167th minute, Andy Burke, who had hardly played much of the season, came on to the pitch to score the match-winning goal against American, locking UCLA with their first ever NCAA championship. Burke made himself open to receive a through pass from Krumpe and scored on a far-post shot from 13 yards out. The goal was his first ever as a Bruin. Schmid said on the game: "Andy hadn't played much that year. Before the game, his dad had read an article in the Wall Street Journal that talked about how the last guy, the most unexpected person, is the one who makes the biggest contribution sometimes. He had relayed that message to Andy the day before, and the next day Andy went out and made the biggest contribution. Anytime you win a championship, it obviously takes a special place. This one ranks right up there with all of the other championships. The first one is always a little special, though, because it's the first one. As a player, I played in three Final Fours but never won it, so it was especially satisfying to win it the first time as a coach." == Schedule == {{CSOC schedule start}} \|- !colspan=6 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle\|UCLA Bruins\|color=white}}"\| Regular season \|- {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = September 2 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[Westmont College\|Westmont]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| score = 3–1 \| record = 1–0–0 \| site_stadium = [[Drake Stadium (UCLA)\|Drake Stadium]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = [[Los Angeles\|Los Angeles, CA]] }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = September 6 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = yes \| opponent = [[Connecticut Huskies men's soccer\|Connecticut]] \| gamename = IU Tournament \| w/l/t = t \| overtime = 2OT \| score = 1–1 \| record = 1–0–1 \| site_stadium = [[Bill Armstrong Stadium]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = [[Bloomington, Indiana\|Bloomington, IN]] }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = September 7 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = yes \| neutral = \| opponent = [[Indiana Hoosiers men's soccer\|Indiana]] \| gamename = IU Tournament \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 1–0 \| record = 2–0–1 \| site_stadium = Bill Armstrong Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Bloomington, IN }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = September 14 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = yes \| opponent = [[Tampa Spartans men's soccer\|Tampa]] \| gamename = FIU Tournament \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 4–2 \| record = 3–0–1 \| site_stadium = [[FIU Soccer Stadium]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = [[Miami\|Miami, FL]] }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = September 15 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = yes \| neutral = \| opponent = [[FIU Panthers men's soccer\|FIU]] \| gamename = FIU Tournament \| w/l/t = t \| overtime = 2OT \| score = 1–1 \| record = 3–0–2 \| site_stadium = FIU Soccer Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Miami, FL }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = September 20 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = yes \| neutral = \| opponent = [[San Francisco Dons men's soccer\|San Francisco]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 3–2 \| record = 4–0–2 \| site_stadium = [[Negoesco Stadium]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = [[San Francisco\|San Francisco, CA]] }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = September 25 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = yes \| opponent = [[Fresno State Bulldogs men's soccer\|Fresno State]] \| gamename = CSU Northridge Showcase \| w/l/t = l \| overtime = \| score = 1–2 \| record = 4–1–2 \| site_stadium = [[Matador Field]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = [[Northridge, Los Angeles\|Northridge, CA]] }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = September 29 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[San Jose State Spartans men's soccer\|San Jose State]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 5–0 \| record = 5–1–2 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = October 5 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[California Golden Bears men's soccer\|California]] \| gamename = UCLA Classic \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 3–2 \| record = 6–1–2 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = October 6 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[Stanford Cardinal men's soccer\|Stanford]] \| gamename = UCLA Classic \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 3–1 \| record = 7–1–2 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = October 9 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer\|UC Santa Barbara]] \| gamename = [[UCLA–UC Santa Barbara men's soccer rivalry\|UCSB rivalry]] \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 1–0 \| record = 8–1–2 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = October 14 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = yes \| neutral = \| opponent = [[UNLV Rebels men's soccer\|UNLV]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = t \| overtime = 2OT \| score = 2–2 \| record = 8–1–3 \| site_stadium = [[Peter Johann Soccer Field\|Johann Field]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = [[Las Vegas\|Las Vegas, NV]] }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = October 16 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = yes \| neutral = \| opponent = [[Alliant International University\|U.S. International]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = t \| overtime = 2OT \| score = 1–1 \| record = 8–1–4 \| site_stadium = [[Alliant University Soccer Field\|U.S. International Soccer Field]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = [[San Diego\|San Diego, CA]] }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = October 18 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = yes \| neutral = \| opponent = [[Loyola Marymount Lions men's soccer\|Loyola Marymount]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 5–0 \| record = 9–1–4 \| site_stadium = [[Sullivan Field (Loyola Marymount University)\|Sullivan Field]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = October 23 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[San Diego Toreros men's soccer\|San Diego]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 1–0 \| record = 10–1–4 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = October 25 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = yes \| neutral = \| opponent = [[San Diego State Aztecs men's soccer\|San Diego State]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 2–1 \| record = 11–1–4 \| site_stadium = [[Hardy Field]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = San Diego, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = October 30 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = yes \| neutral = \| opponent = [[UC Irvine Anteaters men's soccer\|UC Irvine]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 4–1 \| record = 12–1–4 \| site_stadium = [[Crawford Field]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = [[Irvine, California\|Irvine, CA]] }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = November 3 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[Cal State Los Angeles Golden Eagles men's soccer\|Cal State Los Angeles]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 3–0 \| record = 13–1–4 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = November 6 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[Cal State Fullerton Titans men's soccer\|Cal State Fullerton]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 1–0 \| record = 14–1–4 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = November 10 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[Santa Clara Broncos men's soccer\|Santa Clara]] \| gamename = \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 1–0 \| record = 15–1–4 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} \|- !colspan=6 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle\|UCLA Bruins\|color=white}}"\| [[1985 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship\|<span style="color:#ffffff;">NCAA Tournament</span>]] \|- {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = November 17 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = California \| gamename = First Round \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 3–1 \| record = 16–1–4 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = November 24 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = UNLV \| gamename = Second Round \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = OT \| score = 1–0 \| record = 17–1–4 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = December 1 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = \| opponent = [[SMU Mustangs men's soccer\|SMU]] \| gamename = Quarterfinals \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 2–0 \| record = 18–1–4 \| site_stadium = Drake Stadium \| attend = \| site_cityst = Los Angeles, CA }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = December 8 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = yes \| neutral = \| opponent = [[Evansville Purple Aces men's soccer\|Evansville]] \| gamename = Semifinals \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = \| score = 3–1 \| record = 19–1–4 \| site_stadium = [[Arad McCutchan Stadium]] \| attend = \| site_cityst = [[Evansville, Indiana\|Evansville, IN]] }} {{CSOC schedule entry \| date = December 14 \| time = \| nonconf = yes \| seed = \| rank = \| away = \| neutral = yes \| opponent = [[American Eagles men's soccer\|American]] \| gamename = National Championship \| w/l/t = w \| overtime = 8OT \| score = 1–0 \| record = 20–1–4 \| site_stadium = [[Kingdome]] \| attend = 5,986 \| site_cityst = [[Seattle\|Seattle, WA]] }} \|- \|} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.uclabruins.com/index.aspx?path=msoc UCLA Men's Soccer] {{UCLA Bruins men's soccer navbox}} {{NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Champion navbox}} [[Category:1985 NCAA Division I men's soccer independents season\|Ucla Bruins]] [[Category:UCLA Bruins men's soccer seasons]] [[Category:1985 in sports in California\|Ucla Bruins, Soccer]] [[Category:American men's college soccer teams 1985 season\|Ucla Bruins]] [[Category:1985 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament participants\|Ucla Bruins]] [[Category:NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament–winning seasons]]	1,283,999,123	[{"title": "NCAA Tournament, W 1\u20130 (8OT) vs. American", "data": {"Conference": "Independent", "Record": "20\u20131\u20134", "Head coach": "- Sigi Schmid (6th season)"}}]	false
# Joachim Eickmayer Joachim Eickmayer (born 11 January 1993) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ligue 2 club Red Star. ## Career Eickmayer played 10 matches in Ligue 1 for Sochaux, making his full debut on 10 August 2013 against Évian Thonon Gaillard. On 21 June 2021, he signed with Bourg-en-Bresse. ## Career statistics As of match played 29 June 2024 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| Coupe de France \| Coupe de France \| Coupe de la Ligue \| Coupe de la Ligue \| Other \| Other \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| --------------- \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ------ \| ------ \| --------------- \| --------------- \| ----------------- \| ----------------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Sochaux II \| 2012–13 \| CFA \| 25 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 25 \| 0 \| \| Sochaux II \| 2013–14 \| CFA \| 15 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 15 \| 0 \| \| Sochaux II \| Total \| Total \| 40 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 40 \| 0 \| \| Sochaux \| 2013–14 \| Ligue 1 \| 10 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 12 \| 0 \| \| Arras \| 2014–15 \| CFA \| 6 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 7 \| 1 \| \| Amiens II \| 2014–15 \| CFA 2 \| 4 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 4 \| 0 \| \| Amiens II \| 2015–16 \| CFA 2 \| 9 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 9 \| 1 \| \| Amiens II \| 2016–17 \| CFA 2 \| 11 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 11 \| 0 \| \| Amiens II \| Total \| Total \| 24 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 24 \| 1 \| \| Amiens \| 2014–15 \| National \| 6 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 6 \| 1 \| \| Amiens \| 2015–16 \| National \| 19 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 19 \| 0 \| \| Amiens \| 2016–17 \| Ligue 2 \| 6 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 7 \| 1 \| \| Amiens \| Total \| Total \| 31 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 32 \| 2 \| \| Les Herbiers \| 2017–18 \| National \| 30 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 8 \| 1 \| — \| — \| 38 \| 3 \| \| Chambly \| 2018–19 \| National \| 31 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 31 \| 0 \| \| Chambly \| 2019–20 \| Ligue 2 \| 17 \| 1 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 19 \| 2 \| \| Chambly \| 2020–21 \| Ligue 2 \| 26 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 26 \| 1 \| \| Chambly \| Total \| Total \| 74 \| 2 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 76 \| 3 \| \| Bourg-en-Bresse \| 2021–22 \| National \| 30 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 31 \| 2 \| \| Bourg-en-Bresse \| 2022–23 \| National \| 32 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 32 \| 1 \| \| Bourg-en-Bresse \| Total \| Total \| 62 \| 3 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 63 \| 3 \| \| Red Star \| 2023–24 \| National \| 30 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 31 \| 1 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 307 \| 12 \| 5 \| 1 \| 11 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 323 \| 14 \| ## Honours Les Herbiers - Coupe de France runner-up: 2017–18[4] Red Star - Championnat National: 2023–24[5]	enwiki/40214755	enwiki	40,214,755	Joachim Eickmayer	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Eickmayer	2025-05-13T12:28:20Z	en	Q14760019	65,048	{{Short description\|French footballer (born 1993)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox football biography \|name = Joachim Eickmayer \|image = Lens - Chambly (03-12-2019) 59.jpg \|caption = Eickmayer in 2019 \|full_name = \|birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1993\|1\|11\|df=y}} \|birth_place = [[Bully-les-Mines]], France \|height = 1.78 m \|position = [[Midfielder]] \|currentclub = [[Red Star F.C.\|Red Star]] \|clubnumber = 8 \|youthyears1 = {{0\|000}}–2013 \|youthclubs1 = [[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard\|Sochaux]] \| years1 = 2012–2014 \| clubs1 = [[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard\|Sochaux B]] \| caps1 = 40 \| goals1 = 0 \| years2 = 2013–2014 \| clubs2 = [[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard\|Sochaux]] \| caps2 = 10 \| goals2 = 0 \| years3 = 2014–2015 \| clubs3 = [[Arras FA\|Arras]] \| caps3 = 6 \| goals3 = 1 \| years4 = 2015–2017 \| clubs4 = [[Amiens SC\|Amiens B]] \| caps4 = 24 \| goals4 = 1 \| years5 = 2015–2017 \| clubs5 = [[Amiens SC\|Amiens]] \| caps5 = 31 \| goals5 = 2 \| years6 = 2017–2018 \| clubs6 = [[Les Herbiers VF\|Les Herbiers]] \| caps6 = 30 \| goals6 = 2 \| years7 = 2018–2021 \| clubs7 = [[FC Chambly\|Chambly]] \| caps7 = 74 \| goals7 = 2 \| years8 = 2021–2023 \| clubs8 = [[Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01\|Bourg-en-Bresse]] \| caps8 = 62 \| goals8 = 6 \| years9 = 2023– \| clubs9 = [[Red Star F.C.\|Red Star]] \| caps9 = 54 \| goals9 = 3 \|club-update = 13 May 2025 }} '''Joachim Eickmayer''' (born 11 January 1993) is a French professional [[association football\|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for {{French football updater\|Red Star}} club [[Red Star F.C.\|Red Star]].<ref>{{WorldFootball.net\|joachim-eickmayer}}</ref> ==Career== Eickmayer played 10 matches in [[Ligue 1]] for [[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard\|Sochaux]], making his full debut on 10 August 2013 against [[Evian Thonon Gaillard F.C.\|Évian Thonon Gaillard]]. On 21 June 2021, he signed with [[Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01\|Bourg-en-Bresse]].<ref>{{cite web\|publisher=[[Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01\|Bourg-en-Bresse]]\|url=https://www.fbbp01.fr/site/actualites/equipe-pro/joachim-eickmayer-rejoint-le-fbbp01-3884.html\|title=JOACHIM EICKMAYER REJOINT LE FBBP01\|date=21 June 2021\|accessdate=7 December 2021\|language=fr}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{updated\|match played 29 June 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway\|joachim-eickmayer/264213\|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|[[Coupe de France]] !colspan="2"\|[[Coupe de la Ligue]] !colspan="2"\|Other !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!width="40"\|Apps!!width="40"\|Goals!!width="40"\|Apps!!width="40"\|Goals!!width="40"\|Apps!!width="40"\|Goals!!width="40"\|Apps!!width="40"\|Goals!!width="40"\|Apps!!width="40"\|Goals \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard\|Sochaux II]] \|[[2012–13 Championnat de France Amateur\|2012–13]] \|rowspan="2"\|[[Championnat National 2\|CFA]] \|25\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|25\|\|0 \|- \|[[2013–14 Championnat de France Amateur\|2013–14]] \|15\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|15\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !40!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!40!!0 \|- \|[[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard\|Sochaux]] \|[[2013–14 Ligue 1\|2013–14]] \|[[Ligue 1]] \|10\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|12\|\|0 \|- \|[[Arras FA\|Arras]] \|[[2014–15 Championnat de France Amateur\|2014–15]] \|CFA \|6\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|7\|\|1 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[Amiens SC\|Amiens II]] \|[[2014–15 Championnat de France Amateur 2\|2014–15]] \|rowspan="3"\|[[Championnat National 3\|CFA 2]] \|4\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|4\|\|0 \|- \|[[2015–16 Championnat de France Amateur 2\|2015–16]] \|9\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|9\|\|1 \|- \|[[2016–17 Championnat de France Amateur 2\|2016–17]] \|11\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|11\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !24!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!24!!1 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[Amiens SC\|Amiens]] \|[[2014–15 Championnat National\|2014–15]] \|rowspan="2"\|[[Championnat National\|National]] \|6\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|6\|\|1 \|- \|[[2015–16 Championnat National\|2015–16]] \|19\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|19\|\|0 \|- \|[[2016–17 Ligue 2\|2016–17]] \|[[Ligue 2]] \|6\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|7\|\|1 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !31!!2!!0!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!32!!2 \|- \|[[Les Herbiers VF\|Les Herbiers]] \|[[2017–18 Championnat National\|2017–18]] \|National \|30\|\|2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|8\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|38\|\|3 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[FC Chambly\|Chambly]] \|[[2018–19 Championnat National\|2018–19]] \|National \|31\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|31\|\|0 \|- \|[[2019–20 Ligue 2\|2019–20]] \|Ligue 2 \|17\|\|1\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|19\|\|2 \|- \|[[2020–21 Ligue 2\|2020–21]] \|Ligue 2 \|26\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|26\|\|1 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !74!!2!!2!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!76!!3 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01\|Bourg-en-Bresse]] \|[[2021–22 Championnat National\|2021–22]] \|National \|30\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|31\|\|2 \|- \|[[2022–23 Championnat National\|2022–23]] \|National \|32\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|32\|\|1 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !62!!3!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!63!!3 \|- \|[[Red Star F.C.\|Red Star]] \|[[2023–24 Championnat National\|2023–24]] \|National \|30\|\|1\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|31\|\|1 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career total !307!!12!!5!!1!!11!!1!!0!!0!!323!!14 \|} == Honours == '''Les Herbiers''' * [[Coupe de France]] runner-up: [[2017–18 Coupe de France\|2017–18]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=PSG 2-0 Les Herbiers (May 8, 2018) Final Score \|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/510108/paris-saint-germain-les-herbiers \|access-date=2024-12-16 \|website=ESPN \|language=en}}</ref> '''Red Star''' * [[Championnat National]]: [[2023–24 Championnat National\|2023–24]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Le Red Star sacré champion de National \|url=https://www.footmercato.net/a3515563148680896695-le-red-star-sacre-champion-de-national \|access-date=26 April 2024 \|date=26 April 2024 \|website={{Interlanguage link\|Foot Mercato\|lt=Foot Mercato\|fr\|Foot Mercato}} \|language=fr \|first1=Victor \|last1=Garlan}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{Soccerway\|264213}} * [http://www.foot-national.com/20373-joueur-football-Eickmayer-Joackim.html Joachim Eickmayer] at foot-national.com * {{LFP\|eickmayer-joachim}} {{Red Star F.C. squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eickmayer, Joachim}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Bully-les-Mines]] [[Category:Footballers from Pas-de-Calais]] [[Category:French men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] [[Category:Ligue 2 players]] [[Category:Championnat National players]] [[Category:Championnat National 2 players]] [[Category:Championnat National 3 players]] [[Category:FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players]] [[Category:Arras FA players]] [[Category:Amiens SC players]] [[Category:Les Herbiers VF players]] [[Category:FC Chambly Oise players]] [[Category:Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01 players]] [[Category:Red Star FC players]] [[Category:21st-century French sportsmen]] {{France-footy-midfielder-1990s-stub}}	1,290,215,281	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Date of birth": "11 January 1993", "Place of birth": "Bully-les-Mines, France", "Height": "1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)", "Position(s)": "Midfielder"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Red Star", "Number": "8"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"000\u20132013": "Sochaux"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2012\u20132014": "Sochaux B \u00b7 40 \u00b7 (0)", "2013\u20132014": "Sochaux \u00b7 10 \u00b7 (0)", "2014\u20132015": "Arras \u00b7 6 \u00b7 (1)", "2015\u20132017": ["Amiens B \u00b7 24 \u00b7 (1)", "Amiens \u00b7 31 \u00b7 (2)"], "2017\u20132018": "Les Herbiers \u00b7 30 \u00b7 (2)", "2018\u20132021": "Chambly \u00b7 74 \u00b7 (2)", "2021\u20132023": "Bourg-en-Bresse \u00b7 62 \u00b7 (6)", "2023\u2013": "Red Star \u00b7 54 \u00b7 (3)"}}]	false
# Quebec-Centre (federal electoral district) Quebec-Centre (French: Québec-Centre) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917. It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of Palace Ward, St. Louis Ward, St. John's Ward and the parts of Montcalm Ward and the Banlieue not included in Quebec West or Quebec East ridings. It was abolished in 1914 when it was redistributed into Quebec East and Quebec South ridings. ## Members of Parliament This riding elected the following members of Parliament: \| Parliament \| Years \| Member \| Member \| Party \| \| -------------------------------------------------- \| --------- \| --------------- \| ---------------------- \| ------------ \| \| Quebec-Centre \| \| \| \| \| \| 1st \| 1867–1872 \| \| Georges-Honoré Simard \| Conservative \| \| 2nd \| 1872–1874 \| \| Joseph-Édouard Cauchon \| Independent \| \| 3rd \| 1874–1875 \| \| Joseph-Édouard Cauchon \| Liberal \| \| 3rd \| 1875–1877 \| \| Joseph-Édouard Cauchon \| Liberal \| \| 3rd \| 1877–1878 \| \| Jacques Malouin \| Independent \| \| 4th \| 1878–1882 \| \| Jacques Malouin \| Independent \| \| 5th \| 1882–1887 \| \| Joseph-Guillaume Bossé \| Conservative \| \| 6th \| 1887–1891 \| \| François Langelier \| Liberal \| \| 7th \| 1891–1896 \| \| François Langelier \| Liberal \| \| 8th \| 1896–1898 \| \| François Langelier \| Liberal \| \| 8th \| 1898–1900 \| Albert Malouin \| \| Liberal \| \| 9th \| 1900–1904 \| Albert Malouin \| \| Liberal \| \| 10th \| 1904–1905 \| Albert Malouin \| \| Liberal \| \| 10th \| 1905–1908 \| Arthur Lachance \| \| Liberal \| \| 11th \| 1908–1911 \| Arthur Lachance \| \| Liberal \| \| 12th \| 1911–1917 \| Arthur Lachance \| \| Liberal \| \| Riding dissolved into Quebec East and Quebec South \| \| \| \| \| ## Election results \| \| Conservative \| Georges-Honoré Simard \| 1,291 \| \| \| Unknown \| P. Garneau \| 5 \| \| \| Unknown \| Mr. Blanchet \| 2 \| \| Eligible voters \| Eligible voters \| Eligible voters \| 2,542 \| \| Source: Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1871 \| \| \| \| \| \| Independent \| Joseph-Édouard Cauchon \| 964 \| \| \| Conservative \| James Gibb Ross \| 694 \| \| Source: Canadian Elections Database \| \| \| \| \| \| Liberal \| Joseph-Édouard Cauchon \| acclaimed \| By-election: On Mr. Cauchon being appointed President of the Privy Council, 7 December 1875 \| By-election on 27 December 1875 \| \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| \| \| Liberal \| Joseph-Édouard Cauchon \| acclaimed \| By-election: On Mr. Cauchon being appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, 1877 \| By-election on 3 November 1877 \| \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| \| \| Independent \| Jacques Malouin \| acclaimed \| \| \| Independent \| Jacques Malouin \| 1,001 \| \| \| Conservative \| James Gibb Ross \| 782 \| \| \| Conservative \| Joseph-Guillaume Bossé \| 966 \| \| \| Independent \| Jacques Malouin \| 855 \| \| \| Liberal \| François Langelier \| 1,331 \| \| \| Conservative \| L. F. Burroughs \| 626 \| \| \| Liberal \| François Langelier \| 1,080 \| \| \| Conservative \| Victor Chateauvert \| 1,002 \| \| \| Liberal \| François Langelier \| 1,469 \| \| \| Conservative \| A. R. Angers \| 1,150 \| By-election: On Mr. Langelier being appointed judge, 14 January 1898 \| By-election on 24 January 1898 \| \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| \| \| Liberal \| Albert Malouin \| acclaimed \| \| \| Liberal \| Albert Malouin \| 1,670 \| \| \| Conservative \| Victor Chateauvert \| 1,155 \| \| \| Liberal \| Albert Malouin \| 1,809 \| \| \| Liberal \| Wm. Alex. Verge \| 1,012 \| By-election: On Mr. Malouin being appointed Puisne Judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, Arthabasca District, 7 January 1905 \| By-election on 19 January 1905 \| \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| \| \| Liberal \| Arthur Lachance \| acclaimed \| \| \| Liberal \| Arthur Lachance \| 2,049 \| \| \| Conservative \| Hubert Cimon \| 1,135 \| \| \| Liberal \| Arthur Lachance \| 2,122 \| \| \| Conservative \| Jules Hone Jr. \| 1,529 \|	enwiki/1787148	enwiki	1,787,148	Quebec-Centre (federal electoral district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec-Centre_(federal_electoral_district)	2025-06-03T11:09:27Z	en	Q3414806	139,001	{{Short description\|Former federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada}} {{for\|the defunct provincial electoral district\|Québec-Centre (provincial electoral district)}} {{Use Canadian English\|date=December 2024}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2024}} {{Infobox Canada electoral district \| name = Quebec-Centre \| province = Quebec \| image = \| caption = \| fed-status = defunct \| fed-district-number = \| fed-created = [[British North America Act, 1867\|1867]] \| fed-abolished = 1914 \| fed-election-first = 1867 \| fed-election-last = 1911 \| fed-rep = \| fed-rep-party = \| demo-pop-ref = \| demo-area-ref = \| demo-electors-ref = \| demo-census-date = \| demo-pop = \| demo-electors = \| demo-electors-date = \| demo-area = \| demo-cd = \| demo-csd = }} '''Quebec-Centre''' ({{langx\|fr\|'''Québec-Centre'''}}) was a federal [[electoral district (Canada)\|electoral district]] in [[Quebec]], Canada, that was represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] from 1867 to 1917. It was created by the [[British North America Act, 1867\|''British North America Act'', 1867]]. It consisted of Palace Ward, St. Louis Ward, St. John's Ward and the parts of Montcalm Ward and the Banlieue not included in [[Quebec West]] or [[Quebec East]] ridings. It was abolished in 1914 when it was redistributed into Quebec East and [[Quebec South]] [[Riding (division)\|ridings]]. ==Members of Parliament== This riding elected the following [[Member of Parliament\|members of Parliament]]: {{CanMP}} {{CanMP nodata\|Quebec-Centre}} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1867 \| ToYr = 1872 \| Assembly# = 1 \| CanParty = Conservative (historical) \| PartyTerms# = 1 \| RepName = Georges-Honoré Simard \| RepTerms# = 1 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1872 \| ToYr = 1874 \| Assembly# = 2 \| CanParty = Independent \| PartyTerms# = 1 \| RepName = Joseph-Édouard Cauchon \| RepTerms# = 3 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1874 \| ToYr = 1875 \| Assembly# = 3 \| CanParty = Liberal \| PartyTerms# = 2 \| #ByElections = 2 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1875 \| ToYr = 1877 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1877 \| ToYr = 1878 \| CanParty = Independent \| PartyTerms# = 2 \| RepName = Jacques Malouin \| RepTerms# = 2 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1878 \| ToYr = 1882 \| Assembly# = 4 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1882 \| ToYr = 1887 \| Assembly# = 5 \| CanParty = Conservative (historical) \| PartyTerms# = 1 \| RepName = Joseph-Guillaume Bossé \| RepTerms# = 1 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1887 \| ToYr = 1891 \| Assembly# = 6 \| CanParty = Liberal \| PartyTerms# = 9 \| RepName = François Langelier \| RepTerms# = 3 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1891 \| ToYr = 1896 \| Assembly# = 7 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1896 \| ToYr = 1898 \| Assembly# = 8 \| #ByElections = 1 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1898 \| ToYr = 1900 \| RepName = Albert Malouin \| RepTerms# = 3 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1900 \| ToYr = 1904 \| Assembly# = 9 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1904 \| ToYr = 1905 \| Assembly# = 10 \| #ByElections = 1 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1905 \| ToYr = 1908 \| RepName = Arthur Lachance \| RepTerms# = 3 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1908 \| ToYr = 1911 \| Assembly# = 11 }} {{CanMP row \| FromYr = 1911 \| ToYr = 1917 \| Assembly# = 12 }} {{CanMP nodata\|''Riding dissolved into'' [[Quebec East]] and [[Quebec South]]}} {{CanMP end}} ==Election results== {{1867 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} {{1872 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} {{1874 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} By-election: On Mr. Cauchon being appointed President of the Privy Council, 7 December 1875 {{CanElec1-by\|27 December 1875}} {{CANelec\|CA\|Liberal\|[[Joseph-Édouard Cauchon]] \|acclaimed}} {{end}} By-election: On Mr. Cauchon being appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, 1877 {{CanElec1-by\|3 November 1877}} {{CANelec\|CA\|Independent\|[[Jacques Malouin]] \|acclaimed}} {{end}} {{1878 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} {{1882 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} {{1887 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} {{1891 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} {{1896 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} By-election: On Mr. Langelier being appointed judge, 14 January 1898 {{CanElec1-by\|24 January 1898}} {{CANelec\|CA\|Liberal\|[[Albert Malouin]] \|acclaimed}} {{end}} {{1900 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} {{1904 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} By-election: On Mr. Malouin being appointed Puisne Judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, Arthabasca District, 7 January 1905 {{CanElec1-by\|19 January 1905}} {{CANelec\|CA\|Liberal\|[[Arthur Lachance]] \|acclaimed}} {{end}} {{1908 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} {{1911 Canadian federal election/Quebec-Centre}} == See also == * [[List of Canadian electoral districts]] * [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=580 Riding history from the] [[Library of Parliament]] {{Ridings in Quebec}} {{Authority control}} {{coord missing\|Quebec}} [[Category:Former federal electoral districts of Quebec]]	1,293,735,261	[{"title": "Defunct federal electoral district", "data": {"Legislature": "House of Commons", "District created": "1867", "District abolished": "1914", "First contested": "1867", "Last contested": "1911"}}]	false
# Greeley, Iowa Greeley is a city in Delaware County, Iowa, United States. The population was 217 at the time of the 2020 census. ## History Greeley was platted in 1855 and was named after Horace Greeley. The town of Greeley experienced growth in the 1870s when the Davenport and St. Paul Railroad was built through the settlement. Home of the Tug of War team Powertrain. This team was started around 1970s and has since traveled the world to compete against other international teams. This team has represented USA for years. Recently competing in the Tug of War World Cup in Switzerland. ## Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.37 square miles (0.96 km2), all land. ## Demographics \| Year \| Pop. \| ±% \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 1900 \| 488 \| — \| \| 1910 \| 383 \| −21.5% \| \| 1920 \| 410 \| +7.0% \| \| 1930 \| 343 \| −16.3% \| \| 1940 \| 403 \| +17.5% \| \| 1950 \| 360 \| −10.7% \| \| 1960 \| 369 \| +2.5% \| \| 1970 \| 323 \| −12.5% \| \| 1980 \| 313 \| −3.1% \| \| 1990 \| 284 \| −9.3% \| \| 2000 \| 276 \| −2.8% \| \| 2010 \| 256 \| −7.2% \| \| 2020 \| 217 \| −15.2% \| \| Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2020. and Iowa Data Center Source: U.S. Decennial Census \| \| \| ### 2020 census As of the census of 2020, there were 217 people, 97 households, and 73 families residing in the city. The population density was 578.7 inhabitants per square mile (223.4/km2). There were 102 housing units at an average density of 272.0 per square mile (105.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.2% White, 0.0% Black or African American, 0.0% Native American, 0.0% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 0.9% of the population. Of the 97 households, 27.8% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 6.2% were cohabitating couples, 22.7% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 16.5% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 24.7% of all households were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 40.9 years. 21.7% of the residents were under the age of 20; 8.3% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 and 44; 26.7% were from 45 and 64; and 17.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.2% male and 48.8% female. ### 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 256 people, 101 households, and 71 families residing in the city. The population density was 691.9 inhabitants per square mile (267.1/km2). There were 108 housing units at an average density of 291.9 per square mile (112.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White. There were 101 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.7% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age in the city was 40 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 29.3% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44.5% male and 55.5% female. ### 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 276 people, 112 households, and 84 families residing in the city. The population density was 729.7 inhabitants per square mile (281.7/km2). There were 118 housing units at an average density of 312.0 per square mile (120.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population. There were 112 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.86. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $19,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,508. About 9.1% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 4.8% of those 65 or over. ## Education The West Delaware County Community School District operates local area public schools. ## Windfarm Located primarily to the west of Greeley, a 41 Megawatt (MW) windfarm was constructed in 2011. The Elk windfarm is owned by RPM Access and consists of 17 Nordex 2.5 MW turbines mounted on 100 meters (330 feet) tall towers. Central Iowa Power Cooperative is purchasing the power generated by the project under a 20-year power purchase agreement and is distributing the power to its member Cooperatives.	enwiki/112984	enwiki	112,984	Greeley, Iowa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeley,_Iowa	2025-06-15T03:02:48Z	en	Q745412	90,271	{{Use American English\|date=June 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox settlement \|official_name = Greeley, Iowa \|settlement_type = [[City]] \|image_skyline = \|image_caption = \|image_map = Delaware_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Greeley_Highlighted.svg \|mapsize = 250x200px \|map_caption = Location of Greeley, Iowa <!-- Location --> \|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states\|Country]] \|subdivision_name = [[United States]] \|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state\|State]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[Iowa]] \|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Iowa\|County]] \|subdivision_name2 = [[Delaware County, Iowa\|Delaware]] <!-- Government --> \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = \|leader_title = \|leader_name = \|established_title = Incorporated \|established_date = July 8, 1892<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://sos.iowa.gov/business/pdf/IncCities.pdf\|accessdate=2024-11-05\|title=List of Incorporated Cities\|publisher=Iowa Secretary of State Paul D. Pate\|date=2022-11-02}}</ref> <!-- Area --> \|unit_pref = Imperial \|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web\|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt\|publisher=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate=March 16, 2022}}</ref> \|area_total_km2 = 0.97 \|area_land_km2 = 0.97 \|area_water_km2 = 0.00 \|area_total_sq_mi = 0.38 \|area_land_sq_mi = 0.38 \|area_water_sq_mi = 0.00 <!-- Population --> \|population_as_of = [[2020 United States census\|2020]] \|population_footnotes = \|population_total = 217 \|population_density_km2 = 223.43 \|population_density_sq_mi = 578.67 <!-- General information --> \|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone\|Central (CST)]] \|utc_offset = -6 \|timezone_DST = CDT \|utc_offset_DST = -5 \|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/> \|elevation_ft = 1148 \|coordinates = {{coord\|42\|35\|6\|N\|91\|20\|30\|W\|region:US_type:city\|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes and others --> \|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] \|postal_code = 52050 \|area_code = [[Area code 563\|563]] \|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard\|FIPS code]] \|blank_info = 19-32610 \|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System\|GNIS]] feature ID \|blank1_info = 2394971<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS\|2394971}}</ref> \|website = \|footnotes = }} '''Greeley''' is a city in [[Delaware County, Iowa\|Delaware County]], [[Iowa]], United States. The population was 217 at the time of the [[2020 United States census\|2020 census]].<ref name=cen2020>{{cite web \|title=2020 Census State Redistricting Data \|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/ \|website=census.gov \|publisher=United states Census Bureau \|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> ==History== Greeley was [[plat]]ted in 1855 and was named after [[Horace Greeley]]. The town of Greeley experienced growth in the 1870s when the [[Davenport and St. Paul Railroad]] was built through the settlement. Home of the Tug of War team Powertrain. This team was started around 1970s and has since traveled the world to compete against other international teams. This team has represented USA for years. Recently competing in the Tug of War World Cup in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite book \| url=https://archive.org/details/historyofdelawar01west \| title=The History of Delaware County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c \| publisher=Western Historical Company \| year=1878 \| pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofdelawar01west/page/531 531]}}</ref> ==Geography== According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert\|0.37\|sqmi\|sqkm\|2}}, all land.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web \|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 \|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt \|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate=2012-05-11 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt \|archivedate=2012-01-25 }}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Historical populations \|title= Historical populations \|type= USA \|align= left \|1900\|488 \|1910\|383 \|1920\|410 \|1930\|343 \|1940\|403 \|1950\|360 \|1960\|369 \|1970\|323 \|1980\|313 \|1990\|284 \|2000\|276 \|2010\|256 \|2020\|217 \|source={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html\|title=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher=Census.gov\|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name=cen2020/>}}\|footnote=Source:{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov\|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]\|title=U.S. Census website\|access-date=2020-03-28}} and [http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf Iowa Data Center] }} [[File:GreeleyIowaPopPlot.png\|thumb\|left\|alt=The population of Greeley, Iowa from US census data\|The population of Greeley, Iowa from US census data]] ===2020 census=== As of the [[United States census\|census]] of 2020,<ref>{{cite web \|title=2020 Census \|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade/2020/2020-census-main.html \|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> there were 217 people, 97 households, and 73 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 578.7 inhabitants per square mile (223.4/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 102 housing units at an average density of 272.0 per square mile (105.0/km<sup>2</sup>). The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census\|racial]] makeup of the city was 98.2% [[White Americans\|White]], 0.0% [[African Americans\|Black or African American]], 0.0% [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native American]], 0.0% [[Asian Americans\|Asian]], 0.0% [[Pacific Islander Americans\|Pacific Islander]], 0.5% from other races and 1.4% from two or more races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans\|Hispanic or Latino]] persons of any race comprised 0.9% of the population. Of the 97 households, 27.8% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were [[Marriage\|married couples]] living together, 6.2% were cohabitating couples, 22.7% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 16.5% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 24.7% of all households were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 40.9 years. 21.7% of the residents were under the age of 20; 8.3% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 and 44; 26.7% were from 45 and 64; and 17.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.2% male and 48.8% female. ===2010 census=== As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web\|title=U.S. Census website\|url=https://www.census.gov\|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate=2012-05-11}}</ref> of 2010, there were 256 people, 101 households, and 71 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert\|691.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 108 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|291.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% [[White (U.S. Census)\|White]]. There were 101 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were [[Marriage\|married couples]] living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.7% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age in the city was 40 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 29.3% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44.5% male and 55.5% female. ===2000 census=== As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov \|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate=2008-01-31 \|title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 276 people, 112 households, and 84 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|729.7\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp=us\|adj=off}}. There were 118 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|312.0\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp=us\|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% [[White (U.S. Census)\|White]]. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)\|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)\|Latino]] of any race were 0.36% of the population. There were 112 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were [[Marriage\|married couples]] living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.86. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $19,500 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $15,508. About 9.1% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 15.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 4.8% of those 65 or over. ==Education== The [[West Delaware County Community School District]] operates local area public schools.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_WEST%20DELAWARE%20COUNTY_0.pdf\|title=WEST DELAWARE COUNTY\|publisher=Iowa Department of Education\|access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref> ==Windfarm== Located primarily to the west of Greeley, a 41 Megawatt (MW) windfarm was constructed in 2011. The Elk windfarm is owned by RPM Access and consists of 17 Nordex 2.5 MW turbines mounted on {{convert\|100\|m\|ft\|abbr=off\|sp=us}} tall towers. Central Iowa Power Cooperative is purchasing the power generated by the project under a 20-year [[power purchase agreement]] and is distributing the power to its member Cooperatives.<ref name="RPM Access">{{cite web\|title=RPM Access - Company Profile\|url=http://rpmaccess.com/rpma_wind.html\|work=RPM Access Website\|accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons}}<!-- for current and future use if material is uploaded --> {{Portal\|Iowa}} *[http://www.city-data.com/city/Greeley-Iowa.html City-Data] Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Greeley {{Delaware County, Iowa}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Cities in Iowa]] [[Category:Cities in Delaware County, Iowa]] [[Category:1855 establishments in Iowa]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1855]]	1,295,659,554	[{"title": "Greeley, Iowa", "data": {"Country": "United States", "State": "Iowa", "County": "Delaware", "Incorporated": "July 8, 1892"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "0.38 sq mi (0.97 km2)", "\u2022 Land": "0.38 sq mi (0.97 km2)", "\u2022 Water": "0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)", "Elevation": "1,148 ft (350 m)"}}, {"title": "Population (2020)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "217", "\u2022 Density": "578.67/sq mi (223.43/km2)", "Time zone": "UTC-6 (Central (CST))", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC-5 (CDT)", "ZIP code": "52050", "Area code": "563", "FIPS code": "19-32610", "GNIS feature ID": "2394971"}}]	false
# Energy in Armenia Energy in Armenia is mostly from natural gas. Armenia has no proven reserves of oil or natural gas and currently imports most of its gas from Russia. The Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline has the capacity to equal imports from Russia. Despite a lack of fossil fuel, there are significant domestic resources to generate electricity in Armenia. The Armenian electrical energy sector has had a surplus capacity ever since emerging from a severe post-Soviet crisis in the mid-1990s, thanks to the reopening of the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, which was built in 1979 and supplies over 40% of the country's electricity. Armenia has plans to build a new nuclear power plant in order to replace the aging and dangerous Metsamor, possibly a small modular reactor. The country also has eleven hydroelectric power plants and has plans to build a geothermal power plant in Syunik. Most of the rest of Armenia's electricity is generated by the natural gas-fired thermal power plants in Yerevan (completed in 2010) and Hrazdan. Upon gaining independence, Armenia signed the European Energy Charter in December 1991, the charter is now known as the Energy Charter Treaty which promotes integration of global energy markets. Armenia is also a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest. Since 2011, Armenia holds observer member status in the EU's Energy Community. ## History and geopolitics Before the USSR collapsed, oil imports made up about half of Armenia's primary energy supply of 8000 ktoe (compare to 3100 ktoe in 2016). Back then, oil made its way to Armenia via a direct rail link from Armenia-Georgia-Russia, but since the Abkhazia-Georgia border is closed fuel is transported across the Black Sea to Georgia from where it makes its way to Armenia via rail cars. Further restriction to Armenian oil imports represents economic blockade maintained by Azerbaijan to the East, and Turkey to the West. The blockade began shortly after the outbreak of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and was upheld ever since, despite a cease fire agreement in 1994. ## Rankings Armenia was ranked 43rd among 125 countries at Energy Trilemma Index in 2018. The index ranks countries on their ability to provide sustainable energy through 3 dimensions: Energy security, Energy equity (accessibility and affordability), Environmental sustainability. ## Primary energy supply Total primary energy supply in Armenia in 2016 amounted to 3025 ktoe (1000 tonnes of oil equivalent). This roughly matches or surpasses production of previous years. TPES included Production (963 ktoe), Imports (2235 ktoe), Exports (-122 ktoe), International Marine Bunkers (0 ktoe), International Aviation Bunkers (-45 ktoe), Stock Changes (-5 ktoe). Armenia's Total Final Consumption is 2120 (ktoe), Losses -180 (ktoe), Industry 320 (ktoe), Transport 622 (ktoe) and Residential 786 (ktoe). ## Natural reserves Armenia has no proven oil or gas reserves. Earlier explorations failed to deliver satisfactory results in the past . In 2018 new permits for oil and gas exploration were issued to Tashir Group affiliated companies. ## Oil According to Statistical Committee of Armenia no oil was imported in 2016, but rather its refinement products. ### Proposed Iranian pipeline Armenian and Iranian authorities have for years been discussing an oil pipeline (distinct from the existing Iran-Armenia natural gas pipeline) that will pump Iranian oil products to Armenia. As of early 2011, no concrete dates have been set for the construction. Armenian Energy Minister Armen Movsisian has said that the construction will take two years and cost Armenia about $100 million. Earlier Iran's oil minister said that the 365-kilometer pipeline could go on stream by 2014. Iran plans to export 1.5 million liters of gasoline and diesel fuel a day to Armenia through the pipeline; Armenia's annual demand for refined oil products stands at around 400,000 metric tons. ## Natural gas Natural gas represents a large portion of total energy consumption in Armenia, accounting for 50% and is the primary means of winter heating in the country. Gazprom Armenia (owned by the Russian gas giant Gazprom) owns the natural gas pipeline network within Armenia and holds a monopoly over the import and distribution of natural gas to consumers and businesses. Armenia's thermal power stations (which supply approximately 24% of its electricity) run on natural gas, making Armenia (at the present time) dependent on imported Russian gas. ### Russian-Georgian pipeline The Russian gas export monopoly Gazprom supplies Armenia with gas through a pipeline that runs through Georgia. In 2007, Gazprom provided Armenia with just under 2 billion cubic meters of natural gas. As a transit fee, Armenia pays Georgia approximately 10% of the gas that was destined to reach Armenia. Russian natural gas supplies to Georgia and Armenia are provided by two main pipelines: the North Caucasus-Transcaucasus pipeline (1,200 mm diameter) and the Mozdok-Tbilisi pipeline (700 mm diameter). In 2008, Armenia imported 2.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas from Russia. ### Iranian pipeline A new gas pipeline, the Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline, was completed in October, 2008. It is owned and operated by Gazprom Armenia and links Armenia to neighboring Iran, which has the world's second largest natural gas reserve after Russia. It has a capacity to pump 2.3-2.5 billion cubic meters of Iranian gas per year. The Armenian Ministry of Energy said in 2008 that it "does not yet have a need" for Iranian gas. Analysts said that Armenia's reluctance to import Iranian gas was a result of pressure from Russia which maintains a monopoly over Armenia's natural gas market. Gazprom wholly owns a crucial 24-mile section of the pipeline which Armenia surrendered in exchange for natural gas supplies from Russia at prices well below the European average until 2009. According to an analyst, Armenia "effectively bargained away its future prospects for energy sources in return for cheaper prices now." While Armenia could diversify its gas supply, with control of the Iran-Armenia gas pipeline, Gazprom now controls the competitors' supply. In 2009 Armenia was importing 1-1.5 million cubic meters of Iranian natural gas, paying for this by electricity exports. Armenia receives about 370 million cubic meters of gas a year from Iran, which is converted into electricity and is sent back to Iran. Gas from Turkmenistan might be supplied via Iran. ### Pricing According to the agreements reached in 2017 by Karapetyan government gas import price stands at $150 for one thousand cubic meters throughout year 2018. Gazprom Armenia sells it to Armenian households at almost $300. ## Electricity Since 1996 three main energy sources for electricity generation in Armenia were natural gas, nuclear power and hydropower. Despite a lack of fossil fuel, Armenia has significant domestic electricity generation resources. In 2006, non-thermal domestic electricity generation accounted for 76% of total generation: 43% nuclear and 33% hydroelectric. In comparison, in 2002, these numbers were 56%, 32%, and 26%. In 2006, Armenia's power plants generated a total of 5,940.9 million KWh of electricity of which 5,566.7 million KWh were delivered (374.2 million KWh – or 6.3% – was consumed by the producing plants). Thus, in 2006, Armenia's power plants on average generated 678.2 MW of power, while the country's electricity consumption rate on average was 635.5 MW. Armenia has a total of 11 power stations and 17 220 kV substations. A map of Armenia's National Electricity Transmission Grid can be found at the website of the Global Energy Network Institute here . ### Nuclear power Nuclear power provides 38% of the electricity in Armenia through one operating nuclear reactor, Unit 2 of Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, which is a WWER-440 reactor with extra seismic reinforcement. It was created in 1976 and is the only nuclear power plant in the South Caucasus. However, after the Spitak earthquake in 1988, the nuclear power plant's operation was forced to stop, becoming one of the causes of the Armenian energy crisis of 1990's. The second unit of the NPP was restarted in October 1995, putting an end to the 'dark and cold years'. While Armenia is the sole owner of the plant, the Russian company United Energy Systems (UES) manages the Metsamor NPP. Nuclear fuel must be flown in from Russia. A modernization of NPP is scheduled for 2018, which will enhance the safety and increase installed capacity by 40-50 MW. Armenia also explores the possibilities of small modular reactor that would give flexibility and the opportunity to build a new nuclear power plant in a short time. Earlier it was reported that Armenia is looking for a new reactor with 1060 MW capacity in 2026. Armenia's Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant has an installed capacity of 815 MW, though only one unit of 407.5 MW is currently in operation. Because Turkey, despite its WTO obligation, blockades Armenian borders, nuclear fuel is flown in from Russia. Used fuel is sent back to Russia. Armenia signed a cooperation agreement with the European Organization for Nuclear Research in March 1994. Since 2018, Armenia has also had a cooperation agreement with the European Atomic Energy Community. Metsamor nuclear power plant provides more than 40 percent of power in Armenia; however, it is aging and will need to be replaced soon. It has received much financing for modernizing its systems and safety features. Russia has extended a loan of $270 million and a $30 million grant for extending the lifetime of Metsamor NPP in 2015, which will be coming to an end in 2016. The funds are to be provided for 15 years with a 5-year grace period and an interest rate of annually 3%. Plans for building a new nuclear power plant have been discussed. In July 2014, the energy minister of Russian Federation announced that Russia is willing to provide US$4.5 billion out of US$5 billion needed for construction of a new nuclear power plant. In 2014, the construction of a new power plant was approved by the Armenian government, which was to be started in 2018. ### Fossil gas power During 2010–2017 thermal power plants (running on imported natural gas from Russia and Iran) provided about one-third of Armenia's electricity. Thermal power plants (running on natural gas) in Armenia have an established capacity of 1,756 MW. The following table lists thermal power plants which together account for 24% of Armenia's domestic electricity generation. \| Plant \| Year built \| Operational capacity (MW) \| 2019 electricity generation (GWh) \| Ownership \| \| --------------------------- \| --------------- \| ----------------------------- \| --------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant \| 1966–1974; 2012 \| units 1-4: 1,110; unit 5: 480 \| 467 (units 1-4); 378 (unit 5) \| units 1-4: Hrazdan Power Company, owned by the family of Samvel Karapetyan; unit 5: Gazprom Armenia \| \| Yerevan Thermal Power Plant \| 1963–1967 \| 550 \| 1087 \| \| In April 2010, a new natural gas-fired thermal power plant was inaugurated in Yerevan, making it the first major energy facility built in the country since independence. The plant will reportedly allow Armenia to considerably cut back on use of natural gas for electricity production, because officials say it will also be twice as efficient as the plant's decommissioned unit and four other Soviet-era facilities of its kind functioning in the central Armenian town of Hrazdan. With a capacity of 242 megawatts, its gas-powered turbine will be able to generate approximately one-quarter of Armenia's current (as of 2010) electricity output. The state-of-the-art plant was built in Yerevan in place of an obsolete facility with a $247 million loan provided by the Japanese government through the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). The long-term loan was disbursed to the Armenian government on concessional terms in 2007. Armenia's energy sector will expand further after the ongoing construction of the Hrazdan thermal plant's new and even more powerful Fifth Unit. Russia's Gazprom monopoly acquired the incomplete facility in 2006 as part of a complex agreement with the Armenian government that raised its controlling stake in the Armenian gas distribution network to a commanding 80 percent. The Russian giant pledged to spend more than $200 million on finishing its protracted construction by 2011. The new Yerevan and Hrazdan TPP facilities will pave the way for large-scale Armenian imports of natural gas from neighboring Iran through a pipeline constructed in late 2008. Armenia began receiving modest amounts of Iranian gas in May 2009. With Russian gas essentially meeting its domestic needs, it is expected that the bulk of that gas will be converted into electricity and exported to the Islamic Republic. ### Hydro Hydro power plants provide 70 percent of Armenia's renewable energy. Major HPP capacities are installed within Sevan-Hrazdan Cascade and Vorotan Cascade. The hydropower potential of Armenia is reported to be 21.8 billion kWh. As of 1 January 2018, electricity was generated by 184 small HPPs, with total installed capacity of 353 MW. In 2017 the generation of the electricity from small HPPs was around 862 million kWh, which is about 11% of the total generated electricity in Armenia (7762 million kWh). As of 1 January 2018, and according to the provided licenses, 36 additional SHPPs are under construction, with about total projected 69 MW capacity and 250 million kW*h electricity annual supply. ### Solar Solar energy is widely available in Armenia due to its geographical position and is considered a developing industry. In 2022 less than 2% of Armenia’s electricity was generated by solar power. The use of solar energy in Armenia is gradually increasing. In 2019, the European Union announced plans to assist Armenia towards developing its solar power capacity. The initiative has supported the construction of a power plant with 4,000 solar panels located in Gladzor. Solar power potential in Armenia is 8 GW according to the Eurasian Development Bank. The reason for this is that average solar radiation in Armenia is almost 1700 kWh/m2 annually. One of the well-known utilization examples is the American University of Armenia (AUA) which uses it not only for electricity generation, but also for water heating. The government of Armenia is promoting utilization of solar energy. In 2018 the amount of solar power produced in Armenia increased by nearly 50 per cent. Government figures show that Armenia's solar power average is 60 per cent better than the European average.	enwiki/19982813	enwiki	19,982,813	Energy in Armenia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia	2025-07-03T21:05:43Z	en	Q4531914	289,457	{{Short description\|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> [[File:Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia.JPG\|thumb\|Armenia's Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources in [[Yerevan]]'s [[Republic Square (Yerevan)\|Republic Square]]]] '''Energy in Armenia''' is mostly from [[natural gas]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Armenia energy profile – Analysis \|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/armenia-energy-profile \|access-date=2023-01-12 \|website=IEA \|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Armenia]] has no proven reserves of oil or [[natural gas]] and currently imports most of its gas from [[Russia]]. The [[Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline]] has the capacity to equal imports from Russia.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran and Armenia agree to double gas trade {{!}} Eurasianet \|url=https://eurasianet.org/iran-and-armenia-agree-to-double-gas-trade \|access-date=2023-01-12 \|website=eurasianet.org \|language=en}}</ref> Despite a lack of fossil fuel, there are significant domestic resources to generate [[Electricity sector in Armenia\|electricity in Armenia]]. The Armenian electrical energy sector has had a surplus capacity ever since emerging from a severe post-Soviet crisis in the mid-1990s, thanks to the reopening of the [[Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant]], which was built in 1979 and supplies over 40% of the country's electricity.<ref name="ArmLib-Dec-21-2010">[http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/2255270.html "New Armenian Power Plant Set For Launch"], Armenia Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), December 21, 2010.</ref> Armenia has plans to build a new [[nuclear power plant]] in order to replace the aging and dangerous<ref>{{Cite web \|last=D'Agostino \|first=Susan \|date=2021-03-05 \|title=Armenia's nuclear power plant is dangerous. Time to close it. \|url=https://thebulletin.org/2021/03/armenias-nuclear-power-plant-is-dangerous-time-to-close-it/ \|access-date=2023-09-16 \|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \|language=en-US}}</ref> Metsamor, possibly a [[small modular reactor]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=amartikian \|date=2023-06-05 \|title=Construction of a new nuclear power plant: who will be Armenia's energy partner? \|url=https://jam-news.net/construction-of-a-new-nuclear-plant-in-armenia/ \|access-date=2023-09-16 \|website=English Jamnews \|language=en-US}}</ref> The country also has eleven hydroelectric power plants and has plans to build a geothermal power plant in [[Syunik Region\|Syunik]]. Most of the rest of Armenia's electricity is generated by the natural gas-fired thermal power plants in [[Yerevan Thermal Power Plant\|Yerevan]] (completed in 2010) and [[Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant\|Hrazdan]]. Upon gaining independence, Armenia signed the European Energy Charter in December 1991, the charter is now known as the [[Energy Charter Treaty]] which promotes integration of global energy markets.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Energy Charter Treaty Members\|url=https://energycharter.org/who-we-are/members-observers/countries/armenia/}}</ref> Armenia is also a partner country of the [[European Union\|EU]] [[INOGATE]] energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing [[energy security]], [[wikt:convergence\|convergence]] of member state [[energy market]]s on the basis of [[Internal energy market\|EU internal energy market]] principles, supporting [[sustainable energy]] development, and attracting [[investment]] for energy projects of common and regional interest.<ref>[http://www.inogate.org/ INOGATE website]</ref> Since 2011, Armenia holds observer member status in the EU's [[Energy Community]]. == History and geopolitics == Before the USSR collapsed, oil imports made up about half of Armenia's primary energy supply of 8000 ktoe (compare to 3100 ktoe in 2016).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/ARMENIA5.pdf\|title=Total primary energy supply in Armenia (1990–2015)\|access-date=2018-02-23\|archive-date=2017-12-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203012948/http://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/ARMENIA5.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|url=http://armstat.am/file/doc/99506908.pdf\|title=Energy balance of the Republic of Armenia, 2016}}</ref> Back then, oil made its way to Armenia via a direct rail link from Armenia-Georgia-Russia, but since the [[Abkhaz–Georgian conflict\|Abkhazia-Georgia border]] is closed fuel is transported across the Black Sea to Georgia from where it makes its way to Armenia via rail cars. Further restriction to Armenian oil imports represents economic blockade maintained by [[Azerbaijan]] to the East, and [[Turkey]] to the West. The blockade began shortly after the outbreak of the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]] and was upheld ever since, despite a cease fire agreement in 1994.<ref name="DOE-Cauc-Energy">[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Caucasus/LocalIssues.html Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government – Caucasus Region], [[Energy Information Administration]] of the [[U.S. Department of Energy]]</ref> == Rankings == Armenia was ranked 43rd among 125 countries at Energy Trilemma Index in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://trilemma.worldenergy.org/\|title=WEC Energy Trilemma Index Tool\|website=trilemma.worldenergy.org\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-03}}</ref> The index ranks countries on their ability to provide sustainable energy through 3 dimensions: Energy security, Energy equity (accessibility and affordability), Environmental sustainability. == Primary energy supply == Total primary energy supply in Armenia in 2016 amounted to 3025 ktoe (1000 tonnes of oil equivalent).<ref name=":1" /> This roughly matches or surpasses production of previous years.<ref name=":0" /> TPES included Production (963 ktoe), Imports (2235 ktoe), Exports (-122 ktoe), International Marine Bunkers (0 ktoe), International Aviation Bunkers (-45 ktoe), Stock Changes (-5 ktoe). Armenia's Total Final Consumption is 2120 (ktoe), Losses -180 (ktoe), Industry 320 (ktoe), Transport 622 (ktoe) and Residential 786 (ktoe). == Natural reserves == [[Armenia]] has no proven oil or gas reserves. Earlier explorations failed to deliver satisfactory results in the past . In 2018 new permits for oil and gas exploration were issued to Tashir Group affiliated companies.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.ecolur.org/en/news/mining/positive-opinion-to-tashir-capital-company-will-search-for-oil-and-gas-in-shirak-lori-and-tavush/9914/\|title=Positive Opinion to 'Tashir Capital': Company Will Search for Oil and Gas in Shirak, Lori, and Tavush \|website=www.ecolur.org\|language=en\|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.ecolur.org/en/news/mining/tashir-capital-intends-to-search-for-oil-and-gas-in-yerevan/9882/\|title='Tashir Capital' Intends to Search for Oil and Gas in Yerevan \|website=www.ecolur.org\|language=en\|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/85400/billionaire-samvel-karapetyan-exploring-for-oil-and-gas-around-yerevan.html\|title=Billionaire Samvel Karapetyan Exploring for Oil and Gas Around Yerevan – Hetq – News, Articles, Investigations\|access-date=2018-02-23\|language=en}}</ref> == Oil == According to [[Statistical Committee of Armenia]] no oil was imported in 2016, but rather its refinement products.<ref name=":1" /> === Proposed Iranian pipeline === Armenian and Iranian authorities have for years been discussing an oil pipeline (distinct from the existing Iran-Armenia natural gas pipeline) that will pump Iranian oil products to Armenia. As of early 2011, no concrete dates have been set for the construction.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-2011">[http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/2310373.html "No Firm Date Set For Work On Another Armenian-Iranian Pipeline"], Armenia Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), February 15, 2011.</ref> Armenian Energy Minister Armen Movsisian has said that the construction will take two years and cost Armenia about $100 million.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-2011" /> Earlier Iran's oil minister said that the 365-kilometer pipeline could go on stream by 2014.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-2011" /> Iran plans to export 1.5 million liters of gasoline and diesel fuel a day to Armenia through the pipeline; Armenia's annual demand for refined oil products stands at around 400,000 metric tons.<ref name="ArmLib-Feb-15-2011" /> == Natural gas == [[File:Headquarters of ArmRosGazprom.JPG\|thumb\|Headquarters of [[Gazprom Armenia]] in [[Yerevan]]'s [[Kanakerr]] district]] Natural gas represents a large portion of total energy consumption in Armenia, accounting for 50% and is the primary means of winter heating in the country. [[Gazprom Armenia]] (owned by the Russian gas giant [[Gazprom]]) owns the natural gas pipeline network within Armenia and holds a monopoly over the import and distribution of natural gas to consumers and businesses. Armenia's [[thermal power station]]s (which supply approximately 24% of its electricity) run on natural gas, making Armenia (at the present time) dependent on imported Russian gas.<ref name="ArmLib-Jul-28-2008">[http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/07/9fe18bdd-bd7e-4231-9253-1716e191f7c4.asp "Armenian Power Utility Rules Out Price Rise"], Armenian Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), July 28, 2008.</ref>{{Obsolete source\|date=January 2024}} === Russian-Georgian pipeline === The Russian gas export monopoly [[Gazprom]] supplies Armenia with gas through a pipeline that runs through Georgia.<ref name="EurasiaNet-Apr24-08">[https://eurasianet.org/armenia-gas-price-hike-poses-challenge-for-government "Armenia: Gas Price Hike Poses Challenge for Government"], EurasiaNet, April 24, 2008.</ref> In 2007, Gazprom provided Armenia with just under 2 billion cubic meters of natural gas. As a transit fee, Armenia pays [[Georgia (country)\|Georgia]] approximately 10% of the gas that was destined to reach Armenia.<ref>[http://rfe.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/383827cb-b4db-4f24-a5fe-a9dbef3f6f72.html "Georgia/Russia: Both Sides Move Closer On Gas Issues"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://archive.today/20070624165909/http://rfe.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/383827cb-b4db-4f24-a5fe-a9dbef3f6f72.html \|date=2007-06-24 }}, Armenian Liberty ([[RFE/RL]]), December 21, 2005.</ref> Russian natural gas supplies to Georgia and Armenia are provided by two main pipelines: the North Caucasus-Transcaucasus pipeline (1,200 mm diameter) and the [[Mozdok, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania\|Mozdok]]-[[Tbilisi]] pipeline (700 mm diameter).<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/365698/russian_gas_supplies_to_georgia_armenia_cut_over_pipeline_blasts/index.html ''Russian Gas Supplies to Georgia, Armenia Cut Over Pipeline Blasts – Ministry''], RIA Novosti, January 22, 2006.</ref> In 2008, Armenia imported 2.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas from Russia.<ref name=gasrus>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/28443/ Armenia to import gas from Iran] {{Webarchive\|url=https://archive.today/20130419033928/http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/28443/ \|date=2013-04-19 }}, [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (December 22, 2009)</ref> === Iranian pipeline === A new gas pipeline, the [[Iran-Armenia Natural Gas Pipeline]], was completed in October, 2008. It is owned and operated by [[Gazprom Armenia]] and links Armenia to neighboring [[Iran]], which has the world's second largest natural gas reserve after Russia.<ref name="NYTimes-April-7-2006">[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/07/business/worldbusiness/07gas.html ''Resolving a Supply Dispute, Armenia to Buy Russian Gas''], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 7, 2006.</ref> It has a capacity to pump 2.3-2.5 billion cubic meters of Iranian gas per year. The [[Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources\|Armenian Ministry of Energy]] said in 2008 that it "does not yet have a need" for Iranian gas.<ref name="EurasiaNet-Oct-17-2008">[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav101708.shtml ''Armenia: New Projects A Stab At Independence From Moscow?''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005185046/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav101708.shtml \|date=2012-10-05 }}, EurasiaNet.org, October 17, 2008.</ref> Analysts said that Armenia's reluctance to import Iranian gas was a result of pressure from Russia which maintains a monopoly over Armenia's natural gas market.<ref name="EurasiaNet-Oct-17-2008" /> Gazprom wholly owns a crucial 24-mile section of the pipeline which Armenia surrendered in exchange for natural gas supplies from Russia at prices well below the European average until 2009. According to an analyst, Armenia "effectively bargained away its future prospects for energy sources in return for cheaper prices now." While Armenia could diversify its gas supply, with control of the Iran-Armenia gas pipeline, Gazprom now controls the competitors' supply.<ref name="NYTimes-April-7-2006" /> In 2009 Armenia was importing 1-1.5 million cubic meters of Iranian natural gas, paying for this by electricity exports.<ref name="gasrus" /> Armenia receives about 370 million cubic meters of gas a year from Iran, which is converted into electricity and is sent back to Iran.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://arka.am/en/news/economy/armenian_government_is_looking_into_chances_to_have_gas_price_reduced/\|title=Armenian government is looking into chances to have gas price reduced\|website=arka.am\|date=10 October 2018 \|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> [[Gas in Turkmenistan\|Gas from Turkmenistan]] might be supplied via Iran.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Iran Willing to Swap Gas from Turkmenistan to Armenia – Asbarez.com \|url=https://asbarez.com/iran-willing-to-swap-gas-from-turkmenistan-to-armenia/ \|access-date=2023-01-12 \|language=en-US}}</ref> === Pricing === <timeline> ImageSize = width:500 height:240 PlotArea = width:400 height:150 left:50 bottom:40 AlignBars = late DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:0 till:250 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:0 BarData= bar:1 text:"2005" bar:2 text:"2008" bar:3 text:"2009" bar:4 text:"2010" bar:5 text:"2018" Colors = id:lightgrey value:gray(0.7) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.1) TextData = pos:(10,220) textcolor:black fontsize:S text:USD/1,000 cubic meters pos:(290,25) textcolor:black fontsize:S text:Year pos:(180,220) textcolor:black fontsize:M text:Price of natural gas supplied by Gazprom to Armenia PlotData= width:30 bar:1 color:lightgrey from:0 till:56 bar:2 color:lightgrey from:0 till:110 bar:3 color:lightgrey from:0 till:156 bar:4 color:lightgrey from:0 till:200 bar:5 color:lightgrey from:0 till:150 </timeline> According to the agreements reached in 2017 by [[Karapetyan government]] gas import price stands at $150 for one thousand cubic meters throughout year 2018.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://news.am/eng/news/475227.html\|title=New Armenia energy minister comments on gas price\|website=news.am\|language=en\|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> Gazprom Armenia sells it to Armenian households at almost $300.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://arka.am/en/news/business/pashinyan_creates_task_force_to_look_into_natural_gas_price/\|title=Pashinyan creates task force to look into natural gas price\|website=arka.am\|date=24 September 2018 \|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> == Electricity == [[File:Armenia electricity production.svg\|thumb\|Armenia electricity production by source\|400px]] {{Main\|Electricity sector in Armenia}}Since 1996 three main energy sources for electricity generation in Armenia were natural gas, nuclear power and hydropower.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/ARMENIA2.pdf\|title=Electricity generation by fuel in Armenia (1990–2015)}}</ref> Despite a lack of fossil fuel, Armenia has significant domestic electricity generation resources. In 2006, non-thermal domestic electricity generation accounted for 76% of total generation: 43% nuclear and 33% hydroelectric. In comparison, in 2002, these numbers were 56%, 32%, and 26%. In 2006, Armenia's power plants generated a total of 5,940.9 million KWh of electricity of which 5,566.7 million KWh were delivered (374.2 million KWh – or 6.3% – was consumed by the producing plants).<ref name="PSRC-Q42006-Energy-Main-Indicators">[http://www.psrc.am/download.php?fid=6533 ''2006Q4 Electric Power: Main Indicators''] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531152903/http://www.psrc.am/download.php?fid=6533 \|date=2011-05-31 }}, Public Services Regulatory Commission of The Republic of Armenia, 2007.</ref> Thus, in 2006, Armenia's power plants ''on average'' generated 678.2 MW of power, while the country's electricity consumption rate ''on average'' was 635.5 MW. Armenia has a total of 11 power stations and 17 220 kV substations. A map of Armenia's National Electricity Transmission Grid can be found at the website of the Global Energy Network Institute here [http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/armenia/index.shtml]. === Nuclear power === {{excerpt\|Electricity_sector_in_Armenia#Nuclear power}} === Fossil gas power === {{excerpt\|Electricity_sector_in_Armenia#Fossil gas power}} === Hydro === {{Excerpt\|Hydroelectricity in Armenia}} === Solar === {{Excerpt\|Solar power in Armenia}} == Renewable energy == {{Excerpt\|Renewable energy in Armenia}} == See also == {{Portal\|Energy}} * [[Economy of Armenia]] * [[Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources]] == Notes == {{reflist\|2}} == External links == {{Commons category}} * [https://energyagency.am Armenian Energy Agency] * [https://anra.am Armenian Nuclear Regulatory Authority] * [http://minenergy.am/ Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Armenia] * [http://www.psrc.am/en/ Public Services Regulatory Commission of The Republic of Armenia] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012204547/http://www.psrc.am/en/ \|date=2019-10-12 }} (statistics on electricity generation & consumption, natural gas consumption, and thermal energy generation) {{Armenia topics\|state=collapsed}} {{Asia topic\|Energy in}} {{Energy in Europe}} {{Europe topic\|Energy policy of}} {{Nuclear power by country}} {{Europe topic\|Renewable energy in}} [[Category:Energy in Armenia\| ]] [[Category:Economy of Armenia]]	1,298,656,410	[]	false
# Han Sang-jin Han Sang-jin (Korean: 한상진; born January 17, 1978) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for starring in television dramas such as Behind the White Tower (2007), Yi San (2007), My Too Perfect Sons (2009), Marry Me, Please (2010), and The King's Doctor (2012). ## Filmography ### Television series \| Year \| Title \| Role \| \| ---- \| ------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------ \| \| 1999 \| KAIST \| Seo Dong-sik \| \| 1999 \| Who Are You \| Kim Ki-bae \| \| 2001 \| Wonderful Days \| Park Tae-beom \| \| 2001 \| I Still Love You \| Secretary Jang \| \| 2004 \| What Happened in Bali \| \| \| 2004 \| Proposal \| Seung-wook \| \| 2005 \| Golden Apple \| \| \| 2005 \| Only You \| \| \| 2005 \| Marrying a Millionaire \| Assistant director Na Sang-soo \| \| 2007 \| Behind the White Tower \| Park Geon-ha \| \| 2007 \| Lee San, Wind of the Palace \| Hong Guk-yeong \| \| 2009 \| My Too Perfect Sons \| Song Sun-poong \| \| 2009 \| Temptation of an Angel \| Shin Hyun-woo \| \| 2010 \| Marry Me, Please \| Han Kyung-hoon \| \| 2011 \| Deep Rooted Tree \| Shim Jong-soo \| \| 2012 \| The King's Doctor \| King Hyeonjong \| \| 2013 \| The Secret of Birth \| Choi Ki-tae \| \| 2013 \| Drama Festival "More and More" \| Jae-moon \| \| 2014 \| Big Man \| Do Sang-ho \| \| 2014 \| Birth of a Beauty \| Han Min-hyeok \| \| 2015 \| Hyde Jekyll, Me \| Ryu Seung-yeon \| \| 2015 \| Six Flying Dragons \| Monk Jukryong \| \| 2017 \| Circle \| Park Dong-gun \| \| 2018 \| Mysterious Personal Shopper \| Jang Myung Hwan \| \| 2018 \| My Contracted Husband, Mr. Oh \| Bang Yong-nim \| \| 2019 \| Haechi \| Wi Byung-joo \| \| 2019 \| Welcome 2 Life \| Kang Yoon-gi \| \| 2020 \| KBS Drama Special - To My Perpetrator \| Mathematics Teacher \| \| 2021 \| Lovers of the Red Sky \| Ha Seong-jin (Cameo) \| \| 2021 \| The All-Round Wife \| Kang Nam-goo \| \| 2022 \| The Forbidden Marriage \| Ahn Ji-hyung (Cameo) \| \| 2024 \| The Judge from Hell \| Joo Hyung-seok \| ### Film \| Year \| Title \| Role \| \| ---- \| ------------------------------------------ \| --------------------------------------- \| \| 2005 \| All for Love \| Youngest detective \| \| 2007 \| Bank Attack \| Stuntman/Bum \| \| 2010 \| Foxy Festival \| Delivery man (cameo) \| \| 2011 \| Mama \| Boss of Seung-chul's rival gang (cameo) \| \| 2012 \| Code Name: Jackal \| Team leader Shin \| \| 2014 \| Twinkle-Twinkle Pitter-Patter (short film) \| \| ### Television show \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| Ref. \| \| ---- \| ---------------- \| ----------- \| -------- \| ------------- \| \| 2010 \| Hot Brothers \| Cast member \| \| [ 16 ] [ 17 ] \| \| 2014 \| The King of Food \| Cast member \| \| \| \| 2023 \| Party Resolution \| Host \| Season 2 \| [ 18 ] \| ## Theater \| Year \| Title \| Role \| \| ---- \| --------- \| ---- \| \| 2002 \| King Lear \| \| \| 2003 \| Othello \| \| ## Awards and nominations \| Year \| Award \| Category \| Nominated work \| Result \| \| ---- \| ------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------ \| --------- \| \| 2007 \| MBC Drama Awards \| Best New Actor \| Behind the White Tower, Yi San \| Won \| \| 2008 \| 44th Baeksang Arts Awards \| Best New Actor (TV) \| Yi San \| Nominated \| \| 2009 \| KBS Drama Awards \| Best Supporting Actor \| My Too Perfect Sons \| Nominated \| \| 2010 \| KBS Drama Awards \| Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama \| Marry Me, Please \| Nominated \| \| 2012 \| MBC Drama Awards \| Excellence Award, Actor in a Special Project Drama \| The King's Doctor \| Nominated \| \| 2014 \| SBS Drama Awards \| Special Award, Actor in a Drama Special \| Birth of a Beauty \| Nominated \| \| 2018 \| 26th Korea Culture and Entertainment Awards \| Excellence Award, Actor in a Drama \| Mysterious Personal Shopper \| Won \| \| 2018 \| KBS Drama Awards \| Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama \| Mysterious Personal Shopper \| Nominated \| \| 2021 \| KBS Drama Awards \| Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama \| The All-Round Wife \| Nominated \| \| 2022 \| 8th APAN Star Awards \| Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama \| The All-Round Wife \| Won \|	enwiki/44285182	enwiki	44,285,182	Han Sang-jin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Sang-jin	2025-07-03T21:26:35Z	en	Q3703166	136,446	{{Short description\|South Korean actor (born 1978)}} {{other people\|\|Han Sang-jin (sociologist)}} {{family name hatnote\|Han\|\|lang=Korean}} {{Infobox person \| name = Han Sang-jin \| image = 190805 한상진.jpg <!-- just the filename, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing [[brackets]] --> \| alt = \| caption = Han Sang-jin in August 2019 \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1978\|1\|17}} \| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea \| education = {{hlist\|[[Seoul Institute of the Arts]]\|[[Seokyeong University]]}} \| years_active = 1997–present \| occupation = Actor \| agent = JFLEX<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=468&aid=0000860234\|author=Hwang Hye-jeong\|script-title=ko:한상진, 제이플랙스와 전속계약[공식]\|trans-title=Sangjin Han, exclusive contract with Jplex [Official]\|publisher=[[Sports Seoul]]\|via=[[Naver]]\|date=June 28, 2022\|access-date=June 28, 2022\|language=ko\|archive-date=June 28, 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628045011/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=468&aid=0000860234\|url-status=live}}</ref> \| children = \| spouse = {{marriage\|[[Park Jung-eun]]\|2004}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Married Women Basketball Players Miss Family Life\|url=https://www.donga.com/en/List/article/all/20070412/252629/1\|website=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]]\|date=12 April 2007\|access-date=2014-11-04\|archive-date=2014-11-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104233846/http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2007041214718\|url-status=live}}</ref> \| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto\|child=yes \| hangul = %한상진 \| hanja = 韓尚進 }}}} '''Han Sang-jin''' ({{Korean\|hangul=한상진}}; born January 17, 1978) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for starring in [[Korean drama\|television dramas]] such as ''[[Behind the White Tower]]'' (2007), ''[[Yi San (TV series)\|Yi San]]'' (2007), ''[[My Too Perfect Sons]]'' (2009), ''Marry Me, Please'' (2010), and ''[[The King's Doctor]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web\|title=Which stars have risen through ''Yi San''?\|url=http://www.hancinema.net/which-stars-have-risen-through-yi-san--14202.html\|website=[[Hancinema]]\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=19 June 2008\|archive-date=2022-05-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105438/https://www.hancinema.net/which-stars-have-risen-through-yi-san--14202.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Choi\|first1=Eun-jin\|title=Bookdb.co.kr\|script-title=ko:한상진, '심종수'가 백성을 위했듯 '대중'을 위한 연기할 것\|url=http://bookdb.co.kr/bdb/Interview.do?_method=InterviewDetail&sc.mreviewNo=33843\|website=[[DC Inside]]\|language=ko\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=1 January 2012\|archive-date=2014-11-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105044321/http://bookdb.co.kr/bdb/Interview.do?_method=InterviewDetail&sc.mreviewNo=33843\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Lee\|first1=Eon-hyeok\|script-title=ko:한상진의 항변 "선풍이 어리바리하다고? 냉철한 사회부기자!"(인터뷰①)\|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?news_uid=331535\|website=Newsen\|language=Korean\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=5 June 2009\|archive-date=2022-05-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105443/https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?news_uid=331535\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Park\|first1=Jeong-hyeon\|script-title=ko:'뜨형' 한상진, 기름기 쏙 뺀 굴욕의 20분... 아바타의 전말(인터뷰①)\|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201006211457401001\|website=Newsen\|language=Korean\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=22 June 2010\|archive-date=2022-05-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105524/https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201006211457401001\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Park\|first1=Jeong-hyeon\|script-title=ko:'뜨형' 한상진 "내가 A급은 아니지만..." 예능에 임하는 자세(인터뷰②)\|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201006211603021001\|website=Newsen\|language=Korean\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=22 June 2010\|archive-date=2022-05-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105442/https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201006211603021001\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Park\|first1=Jeong-hyeon\|script-title=ko:'뜨형' 예능바보 한상진 "모터에 코드 빼라는 핀잔 들어도" (인터뷰③)\|url=https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201006211902211001\|website=Newsen\|language=Korean\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=22 June 2010\|archive-date=2022-05-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105437/https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201006211902211001\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Television series=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- !Year ! Title ! Role \|- \| rowspan=2\| 1999 \|\| ''KAIST'' \|\| Seo Dong-sik \|- \| ''Who Are You'' \|\| Kim Ki-bae \|- \| rowspan=2\| 2001 \|\| ''Wonderful Days'' \|\| Park Tae-beom \|- \| ''I Still Love You'' \|\| Secretary Jang \|- \| rowspan=2\| 2004 \|\| ''[[Something Happened in Bali\|What Happened in Bali]]'' \|\| \|- \| ''Proposal'' \|\| Seung-wook \|- \| rowspan=3\| 2005 \|\| ''[[Golden Apple (TV series)\|Golden Apple]]'' \|\| \|- \| ''[[Only You (2005 TV series)\|Only You]]'' \|\| \|- \| ''[[Marrying a Millionaire]]'' \|\| Assistant director Na Sang-soo \|- \| rowspan=2\| 2007 \|\| ''[[Behind the White Tower]]'' \|\| Park Geon-ha \|- \| ''[[Lee San, Wind of the Palace]]'' \|\| Hong Guk-yeong \|- \| rowspan=2\| 2009 \|\| ''[[My Too Perfect Sons]]'' \|\| Song Sun-poong \|- \| ''[[Temptation of an Angel]]''<ref>{{cite web\|last=Oh\|first=Jean\|title=Quartet of dramas revamps fall line-up\|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20091012000047\|website=[[The Korea Herald]]\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=12 October 2009\|archive-date=2022-12-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206154229/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20091012000047\|url-status=dead}}</ref> \|\| Shin Hyun-woo \|- \| 2010 \|\| ''Marry Me, Please'' <!--aka All About Marriage--> \|\| Han Kyung-hoon \|- \| 2011 \|\| ''[[Deep Rooted Tree]]'' \|\| Shim Jong-soo \|- \| 2012 \|\| ''[[The King's Doctor]]'' \|\| [[Hyeonjong of Joseon\|King Hyeonjong]] \|- \| rowspan=2\| 2013 \|\| ''[[The Secret of Birth]]'' \|\| Choi Ki-tae \|- \| ''Drama Festival'' "More and More" <!--aka Crow's Eye View--> \|\| Jae-moon \|- \| rowspan=2\| 2014 \|\| ''[[Big Man (TV series)\|Big Man]]'' \|\| Do Sang-ho \|- \| ''[[Birth of a Beauty]]'' \|\| Han Min-hyeok \|- \| rowspan=2\| 2015 \|\| ''[[Hyde Jekyll, Me]]'' \|\| Ryu Seung-yeon \|- \| ''[[Six Flying Dragons]]'' \|\| Monk Jukryong \|- \|2017 \|[[Circle (TV series)\|''Circle'']] \|Park Dong-gun \|- \|rowspan=2\|2018 \|''[[Mysterious Personal Shopper]]'' \|Jang Myung Hwan \|- \|''[[My Contracted Husband, Mr. Oh]]'' \|Bang Yong-nim \|- \|rowspan=2\|2019 \|''[[Haechi (TV series)\|Haechi]]''<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=468&aid=0000457846\|title='해치' 정일우·권율부터 고아라까지, 대본 리딩 공개…명품 라인업이 만났다\|date=December 18, 2018\|website=[[Sports Chosun]]\|language=ko\|access-date=December 18, 2018\|archive-date=April 4, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404214139/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=468&aid=0000457846\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|Wi Byung-joo \|- \|''[[Welcome 2 Life]]'' \|Kang Yoon-gi \|- \| 2020 \|\| ''[[KBS Drama Special]] - To My Perpetrator'' \|\| Mathematics Teacher \|- \|rowspan=2\| 2021 \| ''[[Lovers of the Red Sky]]'' \| Ha Seong-jin (Cameo) <ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010674136 \|author=Jeon Jae-kyung \|script-title=ko:한상진, SBS 새 드라마 '홍천기' 특별 출연 \|trans-title=Han Sang-jin, special appearance in SBS new drama 'Hongcheongi' \|work=[[Newsis]] \|publisher=[[Naver]] \|date=August 20, 2021 \|access-date=August 20, 2021 \|language=ko \|archive-date=October 19, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019194947/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010674136 \|url-status=live }}</ref> \|- \| ''[[The All-Round Wife]]'' \| Kang Nam-goo <ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000460336\|author=Bae Hyo-joo\|script-title=ko:한상진 '국가대표 와이프'서 한다감과 부부 호흡‥대학교수 역[공식]\|trans-title=Han Sang-jin's 'National Representative's Wife' as Handa Gam and Married Couple… as University Professor [Official]\|work=Newsen\|publisher=[[Naver]]\|date=June 28, 2021\|access-date=June 28, 2021\|language=ko\|archive-date=April 4, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404204733/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000460336\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- \|2022 \|''[[The Forbidden Marriage]]'' \|Ahn Ji-hyung (Cameo)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&aid=0000669009\|author=Park Soo-in\|script-title=ko:한상진 '금혼령' 특별출연, 세자빈 김민주 아버지 된다\|trans-title=Han Sang-jin makes a special appearance in 'The Forbidden Marriage', Crown Princess Kim Min-joo becomes the father\|publisher=Newsen\|via=[[Naver]]\|date=December 22, 2022\|access-date=December 22, 2022\|language=ko\|archive-date=December 22, 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222014929/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&aid=0000669009\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- \| 2024 \| ''[[The Judge from Hell]]'' \| Joo Hyung-seok<ref>{{Cite web\|script-title=ko:한상진, '지옥에서 온 판사' 합류...박신혜·김재영과 호흡\|trans-title=Han Sang-jin joins 'The Judge from Hell'...Working with Park Shin-hye and Kim Jae-young\|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/article/421/0007680401\|via=[[Naver]]\|publisher=News1\|language=ko\|last=Kim\|first=Min-ji\|date=July 23, 2024\|access-date=August 21, 2024\|archive-date=September 10, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910175553/https://m.entertain.naver.com/article/421/0007680401\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|} ===Film=== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:600px" \|- ! width=10\|Year ! Title ! Role \|- \| 2005 \|\| ''[[All for Love (2005 film)\|All for Love]]'' \|\| Youngest detective \|- \| 2007 \|\| ''Bank Attack'' \|\| Stuntman/Bum \|- \| 2010 \|\| ''[[Foxy Festival]]'' \|\| Delivery man ([[cameo appearance\|cameo]]) \|- \| 2011 \|\| ''Mama'' \|\| Boss of Seung-chul's rival gang ([[cameo appearance\|cameo]]) \|- \| 2012 \|\| ''[[Code Name: Jackal]]''<ref>{{cite web\|title=JYJ's Kim Jae Joong and Song Ji Hyo Lighten Up for ''The Jackal is Coming''\|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/20527/photo-jyjs-kim-jae-joong-and-song-ji-hyo-lighten-up-for-the-jackal-is-coming\|website=enewsWorld\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=10 November 2012\|archive-date=2014-11-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104234447/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/20527/photo-jyjs-kim-jae-joong-and-song-ji-hyo-lighten-up-for-the-jackal-is-coming\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|\| Team leader Shin \|- \| 2014 \|\| ''Twinkle-Twinkle Pitter-Patter'' ([[short film]]) \|\| \|} ===Television show=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| {{abbr\|Ref.\|Reference(s)}} \|- \| 2010 \|\| ''[[Sunday Night (South Korean TV series)#Hot Brothers\|Hot Brothers]]'' \|\|rowspan=2\| Cast member \| \|<ref>{{cite web\|title=Park Hwi-soon "guarantees high ratings" for ''Hot Brothers''\|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010052516363883609\|website=10Asia\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=25 May 2010\|archive-date=2014-11-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105030110/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010052516363883609\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Review: Variety show ''Hot Brothers'' – 2nd episode (MBC TV, 5:20 PM)\|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010052518141250595\|website=10Asia\|access-date=2014-11-04\|date=25 May 2010\|archive-date=2014-11-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105032730/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010052518141250595\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- \| 2014 \|\| ''The King of Food'' \|\| \| \|- \| 2023 \| ''Party Resolution'' \| Host \| Season 2 \|<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=117&aid=0003709968\|last=Lee\|first=Seung-gil\|script-title=ko:한상진, '당결안2' MC 합류…박은혜·정혁과 '위기의 부부' 구한다\|trans-title=Han Sang-jin joins the MC of 'Party Resolution 2'... Park Eun-hye and Jung-hyeok to save a 'couple in crisis\|publisher=[[MyDaily]]\|via=[[Naver]]\|date=March 22, 2023\|access-date=March 22, 2023\|language=ko\|archive-date=March 22, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322103026/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=117&aid=0003709968\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|} ==Theater== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:600px" \|- ! width=10\|Year ! Title ! Role \|- \| 2002 \|\| ''[[King Lear]]'' \|\| \|- \| 2003 \|\| ''[[Othello]]'' \|\| \|} ==Awards and nominations== {{more citations needed section\|date=December 2024}} {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Nominated work ! Result \|- \| 2007 \|\| [[2007 MBC Drama Awards\|MBC Drama Awards]] \|\| Best New Actor \|\| ''[[Behind the White Tower]]'', ''[[Yi San (TV series)\|Yi San]]'' \|\| {{won}} \|- \| 2008 \|\| [[44th Paeksang Arts Awards\|44th]] [[Baeksang Arts Awards]] \|\| Best New Actor (TV) \|\| ''[[Yi San (TV series)\|Yi San]]'' \|\| {{nom}} \|- \| 2009 \|\| rowspan="2" \| [[2009 KBS Drama Awards\|KBS Drama Awards]] \|\| Best Supporting Actor \|\| ''[[My Too Perfect Sons]]'' \|\| {{nom}} \|- \| 2010 \|\| Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama \|\| ''Marry Me, Please'' \|\| {{nom}} \|- \| 2012 \|\| [[2012 MBC Drama Awards\|MBC Drama Awards]] \|\| Excellence Award, Actor in a Special Project Drama \|\| ''[[The King's Doctor]]'' \|\| {{nom}} \|- \| 2014 \|\| [[2014 SBS Drama Awards\|SBS Drama Awards]] \|\| Special Award, Actor in a Drama Special \|\| ''[[Birth of a Beauty]]'' \|\| {{nom}} \|- \|rowspan=2\|2018 \|26th Korea Culture and Entertainment Awards<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nbnnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=204978\|script-title=ko:2018년 제 26회 "대한민국 문화연예대상" 성황리 개최\|date=November 29, 2018\|website=NB News\|language=ko\|access-date=December 10, 2018\|archive-date=December 11, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211095613/http://www.nbnnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=204978\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|Excellence Award, Actor in a Drama \| rowspan=2\| ''[[Mysterious Personal Shopper]]'' \|{{won}} \|- \|[[2018 KBS Drama Awards\|KBS Drama Awards]] \|Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama \|{{nom}} \|- \| 2021 \| [[2021 KBS Drama Awards\|KBS Drama Awards]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0003566326\|author=Jung Ji-hyun\|script-title=ko:류진·소이현·한다감, 일일드라마 부문 우수상 수상 [2021 KBS 연기대상]\|trans-title=Ryujin, Soihyun, and Handa Gam won the Excellence Award in Daily Drama [2021 KBS Drama Awards]\|publisher=[[MyDaily]]\|via=[[Naver]]\|date=December 31, 2021\|access-date=January 1, 2022\|language=ko\|archive-date=April 16, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171913/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0003566326\|url-status=live}}</ref> \| Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama \|rowspan="2" \| ''[[The All-Round Wife]]'' \| {{nom}} \|- \| 2022 \| [[8th APAN Star Awards]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0003651331\|last=Myung\|first=Hee-sook\|script-title=ko:송중기, '빈센조'로 이견없는 대상…'옷소매' 3관왕 저력 [에이판스타어워즈](종합)\|trans-title=Song Joong-ki, 'Vincenzo' as the undisputed winner... 'Clothes Sleeve' 3-Win Power [Apan Star Awards] (Comprehensive)\|publisher=[[MyDaily]]\|via=[[Naver]]\|date=September 29, 2022\|access-date=September 29, 2022\|language=ko\|archive-date=October 4, 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004021526/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0003651331\|url-status=live}}</ref> \| Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama \| {{won}} \|- \|} ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} ==External links== * [http://blossomenter.com/actors/han_sangjin/ Han Sang-jin] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104225351/http://blossomenter.com/actors/han_sangjin/ \|date=2014-11-04 }} at Blossom Entertainment * {{HanCinema person}} * {{kmdb person\|00018201\|Han Sang-jin}} {{APAN Star Awards for Excellence in Acting, Actor}} {{MBC Drama Awards for Best New Actor}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Han, Sang-jin}} [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:South Korean male television actors]] [[Category:South Korean male film actors]] [[Category:South Korean male stage actors]] [[Category:Male actors from Seoul]] [[Category:Seoul Institute of the Arts alumni]] [[Category:Seokyeong University alumni]] [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]] {{SouthKorea-actor-stub}}	1,298,659,085	[{"title": "Han Sang-jin", "data": {"Born": "January 17, 1978 \u00b7 Seoul, South Korea", "Education": "Seoul Institute of the Arts Seokyeong University", "Occupation": "Actor", "Years active": "1997\u2013present", "Agent": "JFLEX", "Spouse": "Park Jung-eun \u200b(m. 2004)\u200b"}}, {"title": "Korean name", "data": {"Hangul": "\ud55c\uc0c1\uc9c4", "Hanja": "\u97d3\u5c1a\u9032", "RR": "Han Sangjin", "MR": "Han Sangjin"}}]	false
# Khasavyurt Khasavyurt is a city in Dagestan, Russia. Population: 155,144 (2021 Census); 131,187 (2010 Census); 121,817 (2002 Census); 70,514 (1989 Soviet census). ## History It was founded in 1846 and granted town status in 1931. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Khasavyurtovsky Okrug of the Terek Oblast. In 1996, the agreement was signed in Khasavyurt between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria following the First Chechen War, known as Khasavyurt Accord. On August 19, 2012, six police officers were killed and eight people injured at two gun and bomb attacks in the city. The town has thousands of Salafis. In December 2016, the Russian authorities reported the existence of the Khasavyurt Group, allegedly linked to the Islamic State and a flareup of incidents and skirmishes between the police and local militants in and around the city. ## Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Khasavyurt serves as the administrative center of Khasavyurtovsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Khasavyurt—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Khasavyurt is incorporated as Khasavyurt Urban Okrug. ### Local government The Assembly of Deputies consists of 25 deputies elected by residents for a period of 5 years. The current 6th convocation was elected in the 2018 Russian elections. The elections were held according to a proportional system in a single district. Only five parties were registered: United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, A Just Russia, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, and the Labor Party of Russia. 4 parties entered the Assembly of Deputies: United Russia - 17 seats (63.68%), CPRF - 4 seats (17.95%), Labor Party of Russia - 2 (7.61%), and A Just Russia - 2 (7.58%). The LDPR list received 1.72% of the votes and received no mandates. Zagit-Salim Dadayev (United Russia) was re-elected as chairman of the 6th convocation. The 5th convocation was elected on 8 September 2013. From among the deputies, the current head, Saygidpasha Umakhanov, was re-elected to the post of head of the municipality. In June 2015, a new charter for the urban district of the city of Khasavyurt was adopted. In September 2015, Umakhanov resigned as the head of the city and, on the same day, was elected chairman of the city assembly of deputies, and the duties of the head of the city were entrusted to the head of the Khasavyurt administration, Arslan Arslanov. ## Demographics Ethnic groups (2021 census): - Avars (47.9%) - Kumyks (23.6%) - Chechens (22.9%) - Dargins (1.8%) - Laks (1.5%) - Lezgins (0.9%) - Russians (0.8%) ## Geography ### Climate Khasavyurt has a humid continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. (Köppen climate classification: Dfa). \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| Climate data for Khasavyurt \| \| Month \| Jan \| Feb \| Mar \| Apr \| May \| Jun \| Jul \| Aug \| Sep \| Oct \| Nov \| Dec \| Year \| \| --------------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| \| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) \| 1.4 (34.5) \| 2.7 (36.9) \| 7.7 (45.9) \| 16.0 (60.8) \| 22.5 (72.5) \| 27.0 (80.6) \| 29.7 (85.5) \| 28.9 (84.0) \| 23.6 (74.5) \| 16.5 (61.7) \| 9.3 (48.7) \| 4.0 (39.2) \| 15.8 (60.4) \| \| Daily mean °C (°F) \| −1.8 (28.8) \| −0.7 (30.7) \| 3.8 (38.8) \| 10.9 (51.6) \| 17.3 (63.1) \| 21.8 (71.2) \| 24.6 (76.3) \| 23.8 (74.8) \| 18.6 (65.5) \| 12.1 (53.8) \| 5.9 (42.6) \| 1.1 (34.0) \| 11.5 (52.6) \| \| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) \| −5.0 (23.0) \| −4.1 (24.6) \| 0.0 (32.0) \| 5.9 (42.6) \| 12.2 (54.0) \| 16.6 (61.9) \| 19.5 (67.1) \| 18.8 (65.8) \| 13.7 (56.7) \| 7.8 (46.0) \| 2.6 (36.7) \| −1.8 (28.8) \| 7.2 (44.9) \| \| Average precipitation mm (inches) \| 20 (0.8) \| 23 (0.9) \| 22 (0.9) \| 32 (1.3) \| 51 (2.0) \| 60 (2.4) \| 43 (1.7) \| 35 (1.4) \| 40 (1.6) \| 36 (1.4) \| 30 (1.2) \| 22 (0.9) \| 414 (16.5) \| \| Source: Climate-Data.org \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Religion The overwhelming majority of the city's residents are Sunni Muslim. There were 4 churches in the city. Only one has survived to this day – the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Sign. It is the largest Orthodox church in the North Caucasus. The city also had one domed synagogue. There are about 19 large mosques in Khasavyurt. ## Economy The main local industries are food processing, brick making and garment making. ## Notable people - Imam Alimsultanov, Chechen bard - Arsen Akayev, former professional football player, coach - Adam Batirov, Russian-Bahraini Olympic freestyle wrestler - Mavlet Batirov, Olympic freestyle wrestler - Artur Beterbiyev, boxer - Nassourdine Imavov, MMA fighter representing France - Viktoriya Isakova, actress - Amaldan Kukullu (1935–2000), Soviet/Russian poet, storyteller, folklorist - Zabit Magomedsharipov, MMA fighter - Ramazan Sahin, Olympic freestyle wrestler - Adam Saitiev, Olympic freestyle wrestler - Buvaisar Saitiev, Olympic freestyle wrestler - Zaur Uguev, Olympic freestyle wrestler - Murad Umakhanov, Olympic freestyle wrestler - Elmadi Zhabrailov (born 1965), freestyle wrestler - Musa Murtazaliev, freestyle wrestler representing Armenia - Dzhamal Otarsultanov, Olympic freestyle wrestler	enwiki/3899542	enwiki	3,899,542	Khasavyurt	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasavyurt	2025-07-13T12:37:46Z	en	Q147756	165,756	{{Short description\|City in Dagestan, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=May 2011}} {{Infobox Russian city \|en_name=Khasavyurt \|ru_name=Хасавюрт \|image_skyline= {{multiple images\|border=infobox\|perrow=1/2/2/2/2\|total_width=270px \| image1 = Хасавюрт.jpg \| caption1 = View over Khasavyurt \| image2 = Церковь Святого Знамения Божьей Матери г. Хасавюрт.JPG \| caption2 = [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Sign (Khasavyurt)\|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Sign]] \| image3 = Khasavyurt, Dagestan Republic, Russia - panoramio (4).jpg \| caption3 = Entrance Sign }} \|image_caption= \|coordinates = {{coord\|43\|15\|N\|46\|35\|E\|display=inline,title}} \|map_label_position=right \|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Khasavyurt (2017).png \|coa_caption= \|image_flag=Flag of Khasavyurt.png \|flag_caption= \|anthem= \|anthem_ref= \|holiday= \|holiday_ref= \|federal_subject=[[Republic of Dagestan]] \|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref294" /> \|adm_data_as_of=April 2006 \|adm_city_jur=[[City of federal subject significance\|City]] of Khasavyurt \|adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref294" /> \|adm_ctr_of1=[[Khasavyurtovsky District]] \|adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="Ref294" /> \|adm_ctr_of2=City of Khasavyurt \|adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="Ref294" /> \|inhabloc_cat=City \|inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref294" /> \|inhabloc_type= \|inhabloc_type_ref= \|mun_data_as_of=November 2006 \|urban_okrug_jur=Khasavyurt Urban Okrug \|urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref416" /> \|mun_admctr_of1=Khasavyurt Urban Okrug \|mun_admctr_of1_ref=<ref name="Ref416" /> \|mun_admctr_of2=Khasavyurtovsky Municipal District \|mun_admctr_of2_ref= \|leader_title=Head \|leader_title_ref=<ref name="Leader">Official website of Khasavyurt. [http://xacavurt.ru/content/view/26/154/ S. D. Ukhmanov, Head of Khasavyurt] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910122203/http://xacavurt.ru/content/view/26/154/ \|date=September 10, 2009 }} {{in lang\|ru}}</ref> \|leader_name=S. D. Ukhmanov \|leader_name_ref=<ref name="Leader" /> \|representative_body= \|representative_body_ref= \|area_of_what= \|area_as_of= \|area_km2= \|area_km2_ref= \|pop_2010census=131187 \|pop_2010census_rank=126th \|pop_2010census_ref=<ref>{{ru-pop-ref\|2010Census}}</ref> \|pop_density= \|pop_density_as_of= \|pop_density_ref= \|pop_latest= \|pop_latest_date= \|pop_latest_ref= \|established_date=1846 \|established_title= \|established_date_ref= \|current_cat_date=1931 \|current_cat_date_ref= \|prev_name1= \|prev_name1_date= \|prev_name1_ref= \|postal_codes=368000—368009 \|postal_codes_ref= \|dialing_codes=87231 \|dialing_codes_ref= \|website=http://xacavurt.ru/ \|website_ref= \|date=May 2010 }} '''Khasavyurt'''{{efn\|{{langx\|av\|Хасавюрт}}; {{langx\|agx\|Хасавюрт}}; {{langx\|az\|Xasavyurt\|italic=no}}; {{langx\|ce\|Хаси-Эвла\|Khasi-Ēvla}}; {{langx\|dar\|Хасавюрт}}; {{langx\|kum\|Хасав-юрт\|Xasaw-yurt}}; {{langx\|lbe\|Хасавюрт}}; {{langx\|lez\|Хасавюрт}}; {{langx\|nog\|Хасавюрт\|Xasawyurt}}; {{langx\|rut\|Хасавюрт}}; {{langx\|tab\|Хасавюрт}}; {{langx\|ttt\|Хасавюрт}}; {{langx\|tkr\|Хасавюрт}}}} is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia\|city]] in [[Dagestan]], [[Russia]]. Population: {{ru-census\|p2010=131,187\|p2002=121,817\|p1989=70,514\|p2021=155144}} ==History== It was founded in 1846 and granted town status in 1931.{{citation needed\|date=May 2010}} During the [[Russian Empire]], the settlement was the administrative capital of the [[Khasavyurtovsky Okrug]] of the [[Terek Oblast]]. In 1996, the agreement was signed in Khasavyurt between the [[Russian Federation]] and the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] following the [[First Chechen War]], known as [[Khasavyurt Accord]]. On August 19, 2012, six police officers were killed and eight people injured at two gun and bomb attacks in the city.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Euronews\|title=Ramadan in Russia marred by killings\|url=http://www.euronews.com/2012/08/19/ramadan-in-russia-marred-by-killings/\|access-date=August 20, 2012\|archive-date=January 23, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123110343/http://www.euronews.com/2012/08/19/ramadan-in-russia-marred-by-killings\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The town has thousands of [[Salafis]].<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21698111-police-shut-dagestans-salafi-mosques-believers-head-fight-islamic Russia’s crackdown on Salafis may be breeding extremism]</ref> In December 2016, the Russian authorities reported the existence of the Khasavyurt Group, allegedly linked to the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Caucasus Province\|Islamic State]] and a flareup of incidents and skirmishes between the police and local militants in and around the city.<ref>{{cite news\|title=The 'Khasavyurt Group': A New Watershed of Islamic State Activity in Dagestan - Jamestown\|url=https://jamestown.org/program/khasavyurt-group-new-watershed-islamic-state-activity-dagestan/\|access-date=21 February 2017\|work=Terrorism Monitor Volume: 15 Issue: 3\|agency=Jamestown Foundation\|date=13 February 2017}}</ref> ==Administrative and municipal status== Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions\|framework of administrative divisions]], Khasavyurt serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Khasavyurtovsky District]], even though it is not a part of it.<ref name="Ref294">Law #16</ref> As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the '''[[City of federal subject significance\|City]] of Khasavyurt'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of the Republic of Dagestan\|districts]].<ref name="Ref294" /> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions\|municipal division]], the City of Khasavyurt is incorporated as '''Khasavyurt Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="Ref416">Law #6</ref> ===Local government=== The '''Assembly of Deputies''' consists of 25 deputies elected by residents for a period of 5 years. The current 6th convocation was elected in the [[2018 Russian elections]]. The elections were held according to a proportional system in a single district. Only five parties were registered: [[United Russia]], the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]], [[A Just Russia]], the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]], and the Labor Party of Russia.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://riadagestan.ru/news/g_khasavyurt/v_khasavyurte_prokhodyat_vybory_deputatov_gorodskogo_sobraniya/ \|title=В Хасавюрте проходят выборы депутатов городского Собрания \|trans-title=Elections of deputies to the City Assembly are held in Khasavyurt \|lang=ru \|date=2018-09-09 \|access-date=2022-09-02 \|archive-date=2022-09-02 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902175308/https://riadagestan.ru/news/g_khasavyurt/v_khasavyurte_prokhodyat_vybory_deputatov_gorodskogo_sobraniya/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> 4 parties entered the Assembly of Deputies: United Russia - 17 seats (63.68%), CPRF - 4 seats (17.95%), Labor Party of Russia - 2 (7.61%), and A Just Russia - 2 (7.58%).<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/izbirkom?action=show&vrn=4054039141584&region=5&prver=0&pronetvd=null \|title=Выборы депутатов Собрания депутатов городского округа «город Хасавюрт» шестого созыва \|trans-title=Elections of deputies of the Assembly of Deputies of the urban district "city of Khasavyurt" of the sixth convocation \|lang=ru \|publisher=[[Central Election Commission (Russia)\|Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019020709/http://www.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/izbirkom?action=show&vrn=4054039141584&region=5&prver=0&pronetvd=null \|archive-date=2021-10-19}}</ref> The LDPR list received 1.72% of the votes and received no mandates. Zagit-Salim Dadayev (United Russia) was re-elected as chairman of the 6th convocation. The 5th convocation was elected on 8 September 2013. From among the deputies, the current head, [[Saygidpasha Umakhanov]], was re-elected to the post of head of the municipality. In June 2015, a new charter for the urban district of the city of Khasavyurt was adopted.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://regnum.ru/news/1706658.html \|title=Мэром дагестанского Хасавюрта на пятый срок переизбран Сайгидпаша Умаханов \|trans-title=Saygidpasha Umakhanov was re-elected mayor of Dagestan Khasavyurt for a fifth term \|lang=ru \|date=2013-09-12 \|publisher=[[REGNUM News Agency]] \|access-date=2022-09-02 \|archive-date=2022-09-02 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902175306/https://regnum.ru/news/1706658.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2015, Umakhanov resigned as the head of the city and, on the same day, was elected chairman of the city assembly of deputies, and the duties of the head of the city were entrusted to the head of the Khasavyurt administration, Arslan Arslanov. ==Demographics== Ethnic groups (2021 census):<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://05.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/5.2.%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99%20%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%92%20%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF%20%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98%20%D0%94%D0%90%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%20%D0%9F%D0%9E%20%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%9C%20%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%93%D0%90%D0%9C%20%D0%98%20%D0%9C%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%9C%20%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%99%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9C.xlsx \|title=Национальный состав населения \|publisher=Rosstat\|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> [[Avar people (Caucasus)\|Avars]] (47.9%) [[Kumyks]] (23.6%) [[Chechen people\|Chechens]] (22.9%) [[Dargwa people\|Dargins]] (1.8%) [[Lak people (Dagestan)\|Laks]] (1.5%) [[Lezgian people\|Lezgins]] (0.9%) [[Russians]] (0.8%) ==Geography== ===Climate=== Khasavyurt has a [[humid continental climate]] with hot summers and cold winters. ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dfa''). {{Weather box \|width = auto \|location=Khasavyurt \|metric first=yes \|single line=yes \|Jan high C= 1.4 \|Feb high C= 2.7 \|Mar high C= 7.7 \|Apr high C = 16.0 \|May high C = 22.5 \|Jun high C = 27.0 \|Jul high C = 29.7 \|Aug high C = 28.9 \|Sep high C = 23.6 \|Oct high C = 16.5 \|Nov high C = 9.3 \|Dec high C = 4.0 \| Jan mean C =-1.8 \| Feb mean C =-0.7 \| Mar mean C =3.8 \| Apr mean C =10.9 \| May mean C =17.3 \| Jun mean C =21.8 \| Jul mean C =24.6 \| Aug mean C =23.8 \| Sep mean C =18.6 \| Oct mean C =12.1 \| Nov mean C =5.9 \| Dec mean C =1.1 \|Jan low C = -5.0 \|Feb low C = -4.1 \|Mar low C = 0.0 \|Apr low C = 5.9 \|May low C = 12.2 \|Jun low C = 16.6 \|Jul low C = 19.5 \|Aug low C = 18.8 \|Sep low C = 13.7 \|Oct low C = 7.8 \|Nov low C = 2.6 \|Dec low C = -1.8 \|precipitation colour = green \|Jan precipitation mm = 20 \|Feb precipitation mm = 23 \|Mar precipitation mm = 22 \|Apr precipitation mm = 32 \|May precipitation mm = 51 \|Jun precipitation mm = 60 \|Jul precipitation mm = 43 \|Aug precipitation mm = 35 \|Sep precipitation mm = 40 \|Oct precipitation mm = 36 \|Nov precipitation mm = 30 \|Dec precipitation mm = 22 \|source 1 = Climate-Data.org <ref>{{cite web \| url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/1854/ \| title = Climate: Khasavyurt \| access-date =2016-02-27}}</ref> }}{{Historical populations\|1897\|5000\|1926\|6888\|1939\|23000\|1959\|34194\|1970\|54255\|1979\|65114\|1989\|70514\|2002\|121817\|2010\|131187\|2021\|155144\|type=\|footnote=Source: Census data}} ==Religion== The overwhelming majority of the city's residents are [[Sunni Muslim]]. There were 4 churches in the city. Only one has survived to this day – the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Sign (Khasavyurt) \|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Sign]]. It is the largest Orthodox church in the North Caucasus.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.mi-dag.ru/print/6298/ \|title=Orthodox pearl of Khasavyurt \|access-date=June 27, 2024 \|archive-date=May 15, 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515104839/http://www.mi-dag.ru/print/6298 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>[http://globalstat.ru/company/3296013 Globalstat – RO CHURCH “THE SIGN OF THE MOTHER OF GOD” IN KHASAVIURT]</ref> The city also had one [[dome]]d [[synagogue]].<ref name="Kukulieva">Kukulieva - Shamilova Sitara. {{Cite web\|url= https://stmegi.com/gorskie_evrei/posts/48524/gorskie-evrei-v-dagestanskom-gorode-khasavyurte/\|title=Mountain Jews in the Dagestani city of Khasavyurt\|access-date=2017-07-09\|website=STMEGI Media}}</ref> There are about 19 large mosques in Khasavyurt. == Economy == The main local industries are food processing, brick making and garment making. ==Notable people== [[Imam Alimsultanov]], Chechen bard [[Arsen Akayev]], former professional football player, coach [[Adam Batirov]], Russian-Bahraini Olympic freestyle wrestler [[Mavlet Batirov]], Olympic freestyle wrestler [[Artur Beterbiyev]], boxer [[Nassourdine Imavov]], MMA fighter representing France [[Viktoriya Isakova]], actress [[Amaldan Kukullu]] (1935–2000), Soviet/Russian poet, storyteller, folklorist [[Zabit Magomedsharipov]], MMA fighter [[Ramazan Sahin]], Olympic freestyle wrestler [[Adam Saitiev]], Olympic freestyle wrestler [[Buvaisar Saitiev]], Olympic freestyle wrestler [[Zaur Uguev]], Olympic freestyle wrestler [[Murad Umakhanov]], Olympic freestyle wrestler [[Elmadi Zhabrailov]] (born 1965), freestyle wrestler [[Musa Murtazaliev]], freestyle wrestler representing Armenia [[Dzhamal Otarsultanov]], Olympic freestyle wrestler * ==See also== [[Khasavyurt Accord]], a 1996 peace agreement ending the [[First Chechen War]] {{Wikivoyage}} [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Sign (Khasavyurt)\|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Sign]] [[History of the Jews in Khasavyurt]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} ===Sources=== {{RussiaAdmMunRef\|da\|adm\|law}} {{RussiaAdmMunRef\|da\|mun\|list}} ==External links== {{Commons category inline}} [https://xacavurt.ru/ Official website of Khasavyurt] {{in lang\|ru}} *[https://hasavyurt.jsprav.ru/ Khasavyurt Business Directory] {{in lang\|ru}} {{Republic of Dagestan}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cities and towns in Dagestan]] [[Category:Terek Oblast]] [[Category:Khasavyurt]]	1,300,288,934	[{"title": "Khasavyurt \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442", "data": {"Country": "Russia", "Federal subject": "Dagestan", "Founded": "1846", "City status since": "1931"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Head": "S. D. Ukhmanov", "Elevation": "130 m (430 ft)"}}, {"title": "Population (2010 Census)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "131,187", "\u2022 Rank": "126th in 2010"}}, {"title": "Administrative status", "data": {"\u2022 Subordinated to": "City of Khasavyurt", "\u2022 Capital of": "Khasavyurtovsky District, City of Khasavyurt"}}, {"title": "Municipal status", "data": {"\u2022 Urban okrug": "Khasavyurt Urban Okrug", "\u2022 Capital of": "Khasavyurt Urban Okrug, Khasavyurtovsky Municipal District", "Time zone": "UTC+3 (MSK )", "Postal code(s)": "368000\u2014368009", "Dialing code(s)": "+7 87231", "OKTMO ID": "82735000001", "Website": "xacavurt.ru"}}, {"title": "Historical population", "data": {"Year": "Pop. \u00b7 \u00b1%", "1897": "5,000 \u00b7 \u2014", "1926": "6,888 \u00b7 +37.8%", "1939": "23,000 \u00b7 +233.9%", "1959": "34,194 \u00b7 +48.7%", "1970": "54,255 \u00b7 +58.7%", "1979": "65,114 \u00b7 +20.0%", "1989": "70,514 \u00b7 +8.3%", "2002": "121,817 \u00b7 +72.8%", "2010": "131,187 \u00b7 +7.7%", "2021": "155,144 \u00b7 +18.3%"}}]	false
# History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles Los Angeles (and Southern California in general) is home to a large Iranian-American community. Los Angeles is also notable for its very large Iranian Jewish communities in Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, Encino, and Calabasas. The Iranian population in Los Angeles is diverse with many ethnic subgroups like Iranians of Jewish descent, Iranian Azerbaijanis, Iranian Armenians, and Iranian Assyrians. With population estimates of 700,000, Southern California boasts the largest concentration of Iranians in the world, outside of Iran. The Iranian diaspora in Los Angeles includes those who fled the 1979 Islamic revolution, the increased immigration after the 2009 Green Movement, people who immigrated to the United States by winning Diversity Visa Program and those who were born in the U.S. Southern California is also distinct from Northern California with its larger presence of Armenian Iranians and Iranian Jews and Iranian Muslim. Tehrangeles is the other famous name among Iranian people in Iran and even in the Los Angeles because of the Iranian population in Los Angeles area. ## History Iranian immigrants began arriving in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. As the 1979 Iranian Revolution unfolded, large numbers of Iranians fled Iran. Many of them settled in Los Angeles. Many Iranian immigrants, including Muslims, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews, originated from the upper classes. Los Angeles was ideal for Iranians because it reminded them of home. The "landscape, the car culture, [and] the mountains" was similar to what was found in 1970s Iran, says Dr. Reza Aslan. In November 1979, Iranians stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and seized hostages who were held for 444 days. A person quoted in Translating LA stated that Iranians in Los Angeles had "a wish to be invisible, which may have stemmed from the anti-Iranian feeling during the U.S. hostage episode." Over the years, the Iranian community expanded across Southern California, with large numbers settling in Beverly Hills, the San Fernando Valley, Irvine and greater Orange County, as well as the Inland Empire. In 1988 up to 3,000 Iranian Armenians were scheduled to arrive in the Los Angeles area. ## Demographics Iranians in Los Angeles include irreligious Iranians, Iranian Muslims, Iranian Jews, Iranian Armenians, Iranian Assyrians, and Iranian Baháʼí. As of the 1990 US census there were 76,000 Iranians in the Los Angeles region, 29% of the overall Iranian population of the United States. In 1980, of the 37,700 ethnic Armenians in Los Angeles who were born outside of the United States, 7,700 came from Iran, outnumbering all other migrations of Armenians from any other nation. As of 1980 about 70% of ethnic Armenian immigrants from the former Soviet Union, Iran, and Lebanon had arrived between 1975 and 1980. ### Iranian Armenians The 15-year-long Lebanese Civil War that started in 1975 and the Iranian revolution of 1979 greatly contributed to the influx of Middle Eastern Armenians to the US. The Armenian communities in these Middle Eastern countries were well established and integrated, but not assimilated, into local populations. Armenians in Lebanon and Iran are represented in the parliaments as ethnic minorities. Many lived in luxury in their former countries, and more easily handled multilingualism, while retaining aspects of traditional Armenian culture. Regarding Iranian-Americans of Armenian origin, the 1980 US census put the number of Armenians living in Los Angeles at 52,400, of which 71.9% were foreign born: 14.7% in Iran, 14.3% in the USSR, 11.5% in Lebanon, 9.7% in Turkey, 11.7% in other Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Iraq, Israel, etc.), and the rest in other parts of the world. In 1988 up to 3,000 Iranian Armenians were scheduled to arrive in the Los Angeles area. Compared to other Iranian groups, Iranian Armenians in Los Angeles had a higher likelihood of economic ties with one another. Most customers and employees of Iranian Armenians who had self-employment were not Armenian and not Iranian, while most business partners of self-employed Iranian Armenians were fellow Iranian Armenians. Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr concluded that the Iranian Armenian ethnicity had a "special strength". As of 1980, 80% of Iranian Armenians have fellow Armenian Iranians at their social gatherings and as spouses and close friends. Iranian Armenian parents have proportionately higher numbers of Armenian friends compared to their children. ### Iranian Jews As of 2008 the Los Angeles area had the largest Persian Jewish population in the U.S., at 50,000. In particular, Persian Jews make up a sizeable proportion of the population of Beverly Hills, California. Jimmy Delshad, who became the Mayor of Beverly Hills, stated that around 1959 there were around 10 or 12 Persian families in the Los Angeles area. In the 1970s members of the Mahboubi family settled in Beverly Hills and began buying real estate on Rodeo Drive. The Beverly Hills Unified School District, the established Jewish community, security, and the reputation for wealth attracted Iranian Jews to Beverly Hills, and a commercial area of the city became known as "Tehrangeles" due to Iranian ownership of businesses in the Golden Triangle. After the 1979 Iranian Revolution about 30,000 Iranian Jews settled in Beverly Hills and the surrounding area. Iranian Jews who lost funds in Iran were able to quickly adapt due to their high level of education, overseas funds, and experience in the business sector. In 1988 1,300 Iranian Jews settled in Los Angeles. In 1990 John L. Mitchell of the Los Angeles Times wrote that these Iranian Jews "function as part of a larger Iranian community" but that they also "in many respects[...]form a community of their own" as they "still manage to live their lives nearly surrounded by the culture of their homeland--going to Iranian nightclubs, worshiping at Iranian synagogues, shopping for clothing and jewelry at Iranian businesses." There had been initial tensions with Ashkenazi Jews in the synagogues due to cultural misunderstandings and differences in worship patterns, partly because some Iranian Jews did not understand that they needed to assist in fundraising efforts and pay dues. The tensions subsided by 2009. The Iranian American Jewish Federation (IAJF) of Los Angeles is a prominent non-profit organization that has been serving the Iranian Jewish community of Greater Los Angeles for the last forty-one years. IAJF is a leading organization in their efforts to fight local and global Antisemitism, protect Iranian Jews domestically and abroad, promote a unified community, participating in social and public affairs, provide financial and psychosocial assistance to those in need through philanthropic activities, and more. ## Geography Beverly Hills and the Los Angeles communities of Bel-Air and Brentwood were the destinations of many Iranian immigrants, who were the first immigrant groups to settle in these communities. In addition to those places Iranians also live in Santa Monica, West Los Angeles, and Westwood. As of 2007 there were about 8,000 Iranians in Beverly Hills, making up about 20% of the city's population, and as of 1990 the majority of Iranians in Beverly Hills were Jewish. By that year many Iranian restaurants and businesses were established in a portion of Westwood Boulevard south of Wilshire Boulevard. In 1990 Ivan Light, a sociologist for the University of California, Los Angeles, stated that the Westwood Boulevard area was the only "central location" for Iranians in Los Angeles and that they were otherwise dispersed throughout the area. Many Iranians in the Beverly Hills area built large houses that contrast with the original single story bungalows; many Persians stated that the size of Friday Shabbat dinners contributes to their desire to build larger houses. Persian architect Hamid Omrani built around 200 of them. Non-Iranians in the Los Angeles area criticized the houses, calling them "Persian palaces," and in 2004 the city council of Beverly Hills addressed the criticisms by establishing a council to examine the designs of new houses; this council could cancel the plans of any new house that is too different from houses around it. In 2017, the Freedom Sculpture was inaugurated on Santa Monica Boulevard near Westwood, described as an Iranian-American led public art project dedicated to the values of freedom, diversity, and inclusiveness. As of 1990 Irvine and the Palos Verdes area had the largest concentrations of Iranian Muslims, and Glendale had a concentration of Iranian Armenians. ## Economy Iranian Jews and Iranian Muslims included professional workers such as bankers, doctors, and lawyers. As of 1990 Iranian Jews had a tendency of being involved in apparel manufacturing, jewelry manufacturing, and other jobs in the trade sector, while many Iranian Muslims were involved in the construction and real estate development sectors. As of 1990 the Southern California region had 1,600 Iranian professionals and businesses listed in the Iranian Yellow Pages. As of 1996, the self-employment rate of Iranian managers and professionals in Los Angeles was over 50%. As of 1980, 32% of U.S.-born Armenian and Iranian-born Armenian men 16 and older worked as executives and professionals, and about 33% of the same group worked as craftsmen and operators. The 1980 self-employment rate of all ethnic Armenians in total was 18% and the percentage of self-employed Iranian Armenians was close to that number. Compared to other Iranian groups, Iranian Armenians had a higher likelihood of economic ties with one another. Most customers and employees of Iranian Armenians who had self-employment were not Armenian and not Iranian, while most business partners of self-employed Iranian Armenians were fellow Iranian Armenians. Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr concluded that the Iranian Armenian ethnicity had a "special strength". ## Politics Halleh Ghorashi, author of Ways to Survive, Battles to Win: Iranian Women Exiles in the Netherlands and United States, wrote in 2003 that "The majority of Iranians living in Los Angeles have an extremely nationalistic approach toward Iran." In 2007 ballots for elections in Beverly Hills began to be printed in Persian. That year, Jimmy Delshad, a Persian Jew, became the mayor of Beverly Hills; he was the city's first mayor of Iranian descent and also the country's highest-ranking political office holder of Persian origins. Sepi Shyne, the Iranian-born American attorney, civil rights advocate, and member of the West Hollywood City Council has been serving as West Hollywood's mayor since 2023. Shyne is the first LGBTQ+ Iranian-American to be elected to office as well as the first woman of color elected to the West Hollywood City Council. ## Culture and recreation Due to the wealth of many Iranian immigrants into Los Angeles, the stereotype that the public had of Iranians was of people who shop on Rodeo Drive and drive expensive automobiles. As of 1990 many Iranians do their shopping and eat out later than non-Iranians, so many businesses in the Los Angeles area extended their hours to accommodate Iranian customers. Culture shock affected many Iranian families shortly after they arrived in the United States,: 4 partly because Iranian men who were accustomed to being the breadwinners and authorities in their households found their power diminished.: 3 Initially many Iranian families practiced arranged marriages but by 1990 the practice was declining.: 4 As of 2009 many older Iranian women in the Los Angeles area still practice doreh, where they have large gatherings where they enjoy entertainment, talk, and eat. Kevin West of W Magazine stated that the increase in working hours of Iranian women in the region could threaten this custom. As of 1980, 80% of Iranian Armenians have fellow Armenian Iranians at their social gatherings and as spouses and close friends. Circa that year, Iranian Armenian parents had proportionately higher numbers of Armenian friends compared to their children. The Noor Iranian Film Festival is held in the area. Diasporic Iranians in Los Angeles have significantly contributed to production of Iranian pop music that circulates globally, including in Iran itself, as detailed in the book Tehrangeles Dreaming: Intimacy and Imagination in Southern California's Iranian Pop Music. ## Media There is an extensive Iranian media network based in Los Angeles. Dozens of Persian-language satellite channels are produced in the Los Angeles area, with many of them beamed back to Iran. Ghorashi wrote that "The major work of the Iranian media network and media in Los Angeles is concentrated on home, past and nostalgia, and strongly nationalistic ideas." The show Shahs of Sunset by the Bravo Channel chronicles Iranians in Los Angeles. It began airing in 2012 and as of 2018 has seven seasons. Soon after the show premiered, some Persians in Los Angeles circulated petitions asking for the show's cancellation. ## Education As of 1990 Iranian Jews and Muslims were in general educated. As of 1980, fewer of one out of ten Armenian-born Armenians and Iranian Armenians had low levels of education; these Armenian ethnic groups had the highest modal education category of the Armenian ethnic groups, with men achieving university degrees and women not having university degrees. Claudia Der-Martirosian, Georges Sabagh, and Mehdi Bozorgmehr, authors of "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," wrote that "Although women, generally, had a lower educational achievement than did men, internal differences among subgroups were comparable to those of the Armenian men." By 1990 about 20% of the students of the Beverly Hills Unified School District were Iranian, prompting the district to hire a counselor for Iranians and to write announcements in Persian. The Iranian Education Foundation donated money to the district. ## In culture Shirin in Love depicts a woman of Iranian origins living in Los Angeles. ## Notable people - Ray Aghayan, costume designer and Emmy award winner - Shohreh Aghdashloo, Academy Award-nominated film/television actress[35] - Max Amini, comedian - Tala Ashe, actress - Reza Aslan, writer and professor at University of California, Riverside - Touraj Daryaee, an Iranologist and Professor of Iranian history at University of California, Irvine - Jimmy Delshad, Mayor of Beverly Hills, California - Maz Jobrani, comedian - Arash Markazi, writer at ESPN and adjunct professor at University of Southern California - Roozbeh Farahanipour - Paul Merage, co-founder of Chef America Inc., manufacturer of Hot Pockets - Mahbod Moghadam, co-founder of Rapgenius and CEO of Everipedia - Encino[36] - Firouz Naderi, NASA director of Mars project - Bijan Pakzad, fashion and perfume designer - Nasim Pedrad, Comedian, former cast member of Saturday Night Live - Cyrus Shahabi, computer scientist and director of the Integrated Media Systems Center at the University of Southern California. - Roozbeh Farahanipour ceo of West Los Angeles chamber of commerce, Founding member of Westwood Neighborhood council, Board member BizFed, successfully businessman in Westwood and one of main Islamic republic of Iran opposition activist. - Bob Yousefian, former mayor of Glendale ### Bibliography - Bozorgmehr, Mehdi; Der-Martirosian, Claudia & Sabagh, Georges (December 1996). "Chapter 12: Middle Easterners, A New Kind of Immigrant". In Waldinger, Roger & Bozorgmehr, Mehdi (eds.). Ethnic Los Angeles. New York City: Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 345–378. ISBN 0-87154-902-6. - Bozorgmehr, Mehdi; Der-Martirosian, Claudia & Sabagh, Georges (2004) [1993]. "Chapter 11: Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles". In Light, Ivan Hubert & Bhachu, Parminder (eds.). Immigration and Entrepreneurship: Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 255. ISBN 0-7658-0589-8. - Bakalian, Anny (1993). Armenian Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-025-2.	enwiki/42378271	enwiki	42,378,271	History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles	2025-07-17T23:37:25Z	en	Q16897364	189,839	{{short description\|none}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=May 2022}} {{Ethnic Los Angeles sidebar}} [[Los Angeles]] (and [[Southern California]] in general) is home to a large [[Iranian-American]] community. Los Angeles is also notable for its very large [[Iranian Jewish]] communities in [[Beverly Hills]], Santa Monica, Encino, and [[Calabasas, California\|Calabasas]]. The Iranian population in Los Angeles is diverse with many ethnic subgroups like Iranians of [[Jewish]] descent, [[Iranian Azerbaijanis]], [[Iranian Armenians]], and [[Iranian Assyrians]]. With population estimates of 700,000, [[Southern California]] boasts the largest concentration of [[Iranian peoples\|Iranians]] in the world, outside of [[Iran]].<ref name="Amirani">{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19751370 \|title=Tehrangeles: How Iranians made part of LA their own \|last=Amirani \|first=Shoku \|date=29 September 2012 \|work=BBC News \|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-census-middle-east-north-africa-race/ \|title=Are Arabs and Iranians white? Census says yes, but many disagree \|last1=Parvini \|first1=Sarah \|last2=Simani \|first2=Ellis \|date=March 28, 2019 \|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|language=en \|access-date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> The Iranian diaspora in Los Angeles includes those who fled the [[1979 Islamic revolution]], the increased immigration after the [[Iranian Green Movement\|2009 Green Movement]], people who immigrated to the United States by winning [[Diversity Visa Program]] and those who were born in the U.S.<ref name="LAT 2020-02-29">{{Cite news \|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-29/iranian-voter-diversity-california-primary \|title=Ethnic communities don't have a 'unified voice.' It's a challenge for 2020 candidates \|last=Parvini \|first=Sarah \|date=2020-02-29 \|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|language=en-US \|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> Southern California is also distinct from Northern California with its larger presence of Armenian Iranians and [[Iranian Jews]] and Iranian Muslim. [[Tehrangeles]] is the other famous name among Iranian people in Iran and even in the Los Angeles because of the Iranian population in Los Angeles area. ==History== Iranian immigrants began arriving in the [[United States]] in the 1960s and 1970s. As the [[1979 Iranian Revolution]] unfolded, large numbers of Iranians fled Iran. Many of them settled in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-dec-10-la-fg-iran-exiles10-2009dec10-story.html \|title=Exiles keep Iran in touch \|first=Borzou \|last=Daragahi \|date=December 10, 2009 \|newspaper=Los Angeles Times \|access-date=April 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|title=Tehrangeles dreaming : intimacy and imagination in Southern California's Iranian pop music \|last=Hemmasi \|first=Farzaneh \|date=2020 \|publisher=Duke University Press \|isbn=978-1-4780-1200-9 \|location=Durham \|oclc=1135939158}}</ref> Many Iranian immigrants, including Muslims, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews, originated from the upper classes.<ref name=Mitchellp1/><ref name="Papazian">{{cite journal \|url=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/america.html \|last=Papazian \|first=Dennis \|title=Armenians in America \|journal=Journal of Eastern Christian Studies \|volume=52 \|pages=311–347 \|year=2000 \|issue=3–4 \|doi=10.2143/JECS.52.3.565605 \|publisher=University of Michigan-Dearborn \|access-date=25 November 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100818234631/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/america.html \|archive-date=18 August 2010\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Los Angeles was ideal for Iranians because it reminded them of home. The "landscape, the car culture, [and] the mountains" was similar to what was found in 1970s Iran, says Dr. [[Reza Aslan]].<ref name="Amirani"/> In November 1979, [[Iran hostage crisis\|Iranians stormed the U.S. Embassy]] in Tehran and seized hostages who were held for 444 days.<ref>{{Cite news \|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-iranian-revolution-anniversary-20190224-story.html \|title=They can't go back to Iran. So L.A. Persians built 'Tehrangeles' and made it their own \|last=Etehad \|first=Melissa \|date=2019-02-24 \|newspaper=Los Angeles Times \|language=en-US \|access-date=2021-03-24}}</ref> A person quoted in ''Translating LA'' stated that Iranians in Los Angeles had "a wish to be invisible, which may have stemmed from the anti-Iranian feeling during the U.S. hostage episode."<ref>{{cite book \|last=Theroux \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Theroux \|date=1994 \|title=Translating LA \|location=New York City \|publisher=[[W. W. Norton]] \|page=49}} Quoted in Bozorgmehr, Der-Martirosian & Sabagh (1996), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zwwXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA346 346] & [https://books.google.com/books?id=zwwXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 375].</ref> Over the years, the Iranian community expanded across Southern California, with large numbers settling in [[Beverly Hills]], the [[San Fernando Valley]], [[Irvine, California\|Irvine]] and greater [[Orange County, California\|Orange County]], as well as the [[Inland Empire]].<ref name="LA Times">{{cite news \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-09-me-sukhee9-story.html \|title=Irvine embraces diversity at the polls \|last=Barboza \|first=Tony \|date=9 November 2008 \|newspaper=Los Angeles Times \|access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> In 1988 up to 3,000 [[Iranian Armenians]] were scheduled to arrive in the Los Angeles area.<ref name=AraxSchraderinflp2>{{cite news \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-08-mn-602-story.html \|title=County Braces for Sudden Influx of Soviet Armenians \|last1=Arax \|first1=Mark \|last2=Schrader \|first2=Esther \|date=March 8, 1988 \|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=July 2, 2014}}</ref> ==Demographics== Iranians in Los Angeles include [[Irreligion in Iran\|irreligious Iranians]],<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1229 \|title=Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia, Volume 1 \|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] \|date=2013 \|page=1229 \|isbn=978-1-45227-626-7 \|quote=Nearly as many Iranian Americans identity as irreligious as Muslim,[...]}}</ref> Iranian Muslims, [[Iranian Jews]], [[Iranian Armenians]],{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|1996\|p=348}} [[Iranian Assyrians]], and Iranian [[Baháʼí Faith\|Baháʼí]].{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=255}} As of the [[1990 US census]] there were 76,000 Iranians in the Los Angeles region, 29% of the overall Iranian population of the United States.{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|1996\|p=352}} In 1980, of the 37,700 ethnic Armenians in Los Angeles who were born outside of the United States, 7,700 came from Iran,{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=248}} outnumbering all other migrations of Armenians from any other nation. As of 1980 about 70% of ethnic Armenian immigrants from the former Soviet Union, Iran, and Lebanon had arrived between 1975 and 1980.{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=250}} ===Iranian Armenians=== {{see also\|History of the Armenian Americans in Los Angeles}} The 15-year-long [[Lebanese Civil War]] that started in 1975 and the [[Iranian revolution of 1979]] greatly contributed to the influx of Middle Eastern Armenians to the US.{{sfnp\|Bakalian\|1993\|p=11}} The Armenian communities in these Middle Eastern countries were well established and integrated, but not assimilated, into local populations. Armenians in Lebanon and Iran are represented in the parliaments as ethnic minorities. Many lived in luxury in their former countries, and more easily handled multilingualism, while retaining aspects of traditional Armenian culture.<ref name="Papazian"/> Regarding Iranian-Americans of [[Iranian Armenians\|Armenian]] origin, the [[1980 US census]] put the number of Armenians living in Los Angeles at 52,400, of which 71.9% were foreign born: 14.7% in Iran, 14.3% in the [[USSR]], 11.5% in [[Lebanon]], 9.7% in [[Turkey]], 11.7% in other [[Middle East\|Middle Eastern countries]] (Egypt, [[Iraq]], [[Israel]], etc.), and the rest in other parts of the world.{{sfnp\|Bakalian\|1993\|p=16}} In 1988 up to 3,000 [[Iranian Armenians]] were scheduled to arrive in the Los Angeles area.<ref name=AraxSchraderinflp2/> Compared to other Iranian groups, [[Iranian Armenians]] in Los Angeles had a higher likelihood of economic ties with one another. Most customers and employees of Iranian Armenians who had self-employment were not Armenian and not Iranian, while most business partners of self-employed Iranian Armenians were fellow Iranian Armenians. Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr concluded that the Iranian Armenian ethnicity had a "special strength".{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=255}} As of 1980, 80% of Iranian Armenians have fellow Armenian Iranians at their social gatherings and as spouses and close friends. Iranian Armenian parents have proportionately higher numbers of Armenian friends compared to their children.{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=253}} ===Iranian Jews=== {{see also\|History of the Jews in Los Angeles}} As of 2008 the Los Angeles area had the largest Persian Jewish population in the U.S., at 50,000.<ref name=HFA>{{cite news \|last1=Hennessy-Fiske \|first1=Molly \|first2=Tami \|last2=Abdollah \|title=Community torn by tragedy \|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|date= September 15, 2008 \|page=1 \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-sep-15-me-persian15-story.html \|access-date= March 11, 2015}}</ref> In particular, Persian Jews make up a sizeable proportion of the population of [[Beverly Hills, California]].<ref name=Mitchellp1>{{cite news \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-13-me-543-story.html \|title=Iranian Jews Find a Beverly Hills Refuge : Immigrants: Khomeini's revolution drove 40,000 of them into exile. At least 30,000 may live in or near the city that symbolizes wealth \|last=Mitchell \|first=John L. \|date=February 13, 1990 \|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=July 18, 2021 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707035446/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-02-13/local/me-543_1_beverly-hills \|archive-date=2012-07-07 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=HFA/><ref>{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/11/10/031110fa_fact?currentPage=2 \|title=Letter from Los Angeles: Persia On the Pacific \|first=Tara \|last=Bahrampour \|date=2003-11-02 \|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] \|access-date=2011-05-29}}</ref><ref name=Geisp1>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/31/AR2007033100969.html \|title=Iran Native Becomes Mayor of Beverly Hills \|first=Sonya \|last=Geis \|date=April 1, 2007 \|newspaper=The Washington Post \|access-date=March 11, 2015}}</ref> [[Jimmy Delshad]], who became the Mayor of Beverly Hills, stated that around 1959 there were around 10 or 12 Persian families in the Los Angeles area. In the 1970s members of the Mahboubi family settled in Beverly Hills and began buying real estate on [[Rodeo Drive]]. The [[Beverly Hills Unified School District]], the established Jewish community, security, and the reputation for wealth attracted Iranian Jews to Beverly Hills, and a commercial area of the city became known as "[[Tehrangeles]]" due to Iranian ownership of businesses in the Golden Triangle.<ref name=WestKevin>{{cite magazine \|url=http://www.wmagazine.com/2009/07/persian_beverly_hills \|title=The Persian Conquest \|first=Kevin \|last=West \|date=July 2009 \|magazine=[[W (magazine)\|W]] \|access-date=March 11, 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721185219/http://www.wmagazine.com/2009/07/persian_beverly_hills \|archive-date=2013-07-21}}</ref> After the 1979 Iranian Revolution about 30,000 Iranian Jews settled in [[Beverly Hills]] and the surrounding area.<ref name=Mitchellp1/> Iranian Jews who lost funds in Iran were able to quickly adapt due to their high level of education, overseas funds, and experience in the business sector.<ref name=WestKevin/> In 1988 1,300 Iranian Jews settled in Los Angeles.<ref name=Mitchellp1/> In 1990 John L. Mitchell of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote that these Iranian Jews "function as part of a larger Iranian community" but that they also "in many respects[...]form a community of their own" as they "still manage to live their lives nearly surrounded by the culture of their homeland--going to Iranian nightclubs, worshiping at Iranian synagogues, shopping for clothing and jewelry at Iranian businesses."<ref name=Mitchellp1/> There had been initial tensions with [[Ashkenazi]] Jews in the synagogues due to cultural misunderstandings and differences in worship patterns, partly because some Iranian Jews did not understand that they needed to assist in fundraising efforts and pay dues. The tensions subsided by 2009.<ref name=WestKevin/> The Iranian American Jewish Federation (IAJF) of Los Angeles is a prominent non-profit organization that has been serving the Iranian Jewish community of Greater Los Angeles for the last forty-one years. IAJF is a leading organization in their efforts to fight local and global Antisemitism, protect Iranian Jews domestically and abroad, promote a unified community, participating in social and public affairs, provide financial and psychosocial assistance to those in need through philanthropic activities, and more.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://iajf.org/ \|title=Iranian American Jewish Federation - Los Angeles}}</ref> ==Geography== [[Beverly Hills]] and the Los Angeles communities of [[Bel-Air, Los Angeles\|Bel-Air]] and [[Brentwood, Los Angeles\|Brentwood]] were the destinations of many Iranian immigrants, who were the first immigrant groups to settle in these communities.{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|1996\|p=347}} In addition to those places Iranians also live in [[Santa Monica]], [[West Los Angeles]], and [[Westwood, Los Angeles\|Westwood]].<ref name=HFA/> As of 2007 there were about 8,000 Iranians in Beverly Hills,<ref name=Geisp1/> making up about 20% of the city's population,<ref name=WestKevin/> and as of 1990 the majority of Iranians in [[Beverly Hills]] were Jewish. By that year many Iranian restaurants and businesses were established in a portion of [[Westwood Boulevard]] south of [[Wilshire Boulevard]].<ref name=Mitchellp1/> In 1990 Ivan Light, a sociologist for the [[University of California, Los Angeles]], stated that the Westwood Boulevard area was the only "central location" for Iranians in Los Angeles and that they were otherwise dispersed throughout the area.<ref name=Mitchellp1/> Many Iranians in the Beverly Hills area built large houses that contrast with the original single story [[bungalows]];<ref name=Geisp1/> many Persians stated that the size of Friday [[Shabbat]] dinners contributes to their desire to build larger houses. Persian architect Hamid Omrani built around 200 of them.<ref name=WestKevin/> Non-Iranians in the Los Angeles area criticized the houses, calling them "Persian palaces,"<ref name=Geisp1/> and in 2004 the city council of Beverly Hills addressed the criticisms by establishing a council to examine the designs of new houses; this council could cancel the plans of any new house that is too different from houses around it.<ref name=WestKevin/> In 2017, the [[Freedom Sculpture]] was inaugurated on Santa Monica Boulevard near Westwood, described as an Iranian-American led public art project dedicated to the values of freedom, diversity, and inclusiveness.<ref name="auto">{{cite news \|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-freedom-sculpture-20170704-story.html \|title='Los Angeles embodies diversity.' The city's new sculpture celebrating freedom is unveiled \|first=Matt \|last=Hamilton \|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|date=2017-07-04 \|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> As of 1990 [[Irvine, California\|Irvine]] and the [[Palos Verdes]] area had the largest concentrations of Iranian Muslims, and [[Glendale, California\|Glendale]] had a concentration of [[Iranian Armenians]].<ref name=Mitchellp1/> ==Economy== Iranian Jews and Iranian Muslims included professional workers such as bankers, doctors, and lawyers. As of 1990 Iranian Jews had a tendency of being involved in apparel manufacturing, jewelry manufacturing, and other jobs in the trade sector, while many Iranian Muslims were involved in the construction and real estate development sectors.<ref name=Mitchellp1/> As of 1990 the Southern California region had 1,600 Iranian professionals and businesses listed in the Iranian Yellow Pages.<ref name=Mitchellp1/> As of 1996, the self-employment rate of Iranian managers and professionals in Los Angeles was over 50%.{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|1996\|p=353}} As of 1980, 32% of U.S.-born Armenian and Iranian-born Armenian men 16 and older worked as executives and professionals, and about 33% of the same group worked as craftsmen and operators.{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=253}} The 1980 self-employment rate of all ethnic Armenians in total was 18% and the percentage of self-employed Iranian Armenians was close to that number.{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=253}} Compared to other Iranian groups, Iranian Armenians had a higher likelihood of economic ties with one another. Most customers and employees of Iranian Armenians who had self-employment were not Armenian and not Iranian, while most business partners of self-employed Iranian Armenians were fellow Iranian Armenians. Der-Martirosian, Sabagh, and Bozorgmehr concluded that the Iranian Armenian ethnicity had a "special strength".{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=255}} ==Politics== [[Halleh Ghorashi]], author of ''Ways to Survive, Battles to Win: Iranian Women Exiles in the Netherlands and United States'', wrote in 2003 that "The majority of Iranians living in Los Angeles have an extremely nationalistic approach toward Iran."<ref name=Ghoraship196>{{cite book \|url=https://archive.org/details/waystosurvivebat0000ghor/page/196 \|last=Ghorashi \|first=Halleh \|author-link=Halleh Ghorashi \|date=2003 \|title=Ways to Survive, Battles to Win: Iranian Women Exiles in the Netherlands and United States \|location=Hauppauge, New York \|publisher=[[Nova Publishers]] \|page=196 \|isbn=1-59033-282-2}}</ref> In 2007 ballots for elections in Beverly Hills began to be printed in Persian. That year, [[Jimmy Delshad]], a Persian Jew, became the mayor of [[Beverly Hills]]; he was the city's first mayor of Iranian descent and also the country's highest-ranking political office holder of Persian origins.<ref name=Geisp1/> [[Sepi Shyne]], the Iranian-born American attorney, civil rights advocate, and member of the West Hollywood City Council has been serving as West Hollywood's mayor since 2023. Shyne is the first LGBTQ+ Iranian-American to be elected to office as well as the first woman of color elected to the West Hollywood City Council.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/sepi-shynes-west-hollywood-revolution/\|title=Sepi Shyne's West Hollywood Revolution\|author=Kenwalker, Ben\|date=February 20, 2023\|magazine=[[Los Angeles (magazine)\|Los Angeles magazine]]}}</ref> ==Culture and recreation== Due to the wealth of many Iranian immigrants into Los Angeles, the stereotype that the public had of Iranians was of people who shop on [[Rodeo Drive]] and drive expensive automobiles.{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|1996\|p=347}} As of 1990 many Iranians do their shopping and eat out later than non-Iranians, so many businesses in the Los Angeles area extended their hours to accommodate Iranian customers.<ref name=Mitchellp1/> [[Culture shock]] affected many Iranian families shortly after they arrived in the United States,{{r\|Mitchellp1\|p=4}} partly because Iranian men who were accustomed to being the breadwinners and authorities in their households found their power diminished.{{r\|Mitchellp1\|p=3}} Initially many Iranian families practiced arranged marriages but by 1990 the practice was declining.{{r\|Mitchellp1\|p=4}} As of 2009 many older Iranian women in the Los Angeles area still practice ''doreh'', where they have large gatherings where they enjoy entertainment, talk, and eat. Kevin West of ''[[W Magazine]]'' stated that the increase in working hours of Iranian women in the region could threaten this custom.<ref name=WestKevin/> As of 1980, 80% of Iranian Armenians have fellow Armenian Iranians at their social gatherings and as spouses and close friends. Circa that year, Iranian Armenian parents had proportionately higher numbers of Armenian friends compared to their children.{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=253}} The [[Noor Iranian Film Festival]] is held in the area. Diasporic Iranians in Los Angeles have significantly contributed to production of Iranian pop music that circulates globally, including in Iran itself, as detailed in the book ''Tehrangeles Dreaming: Intimacy and Imagination in Southern California's Iranian Pop Music''.<ref name=":0" /> ==Media== There is an extensive Iranian media network based in Los Angeles. Dozens of [[Persian language\|Persian]]-language [[satellite]] channels are produced in the Los Angeles area, with many of them beamed back to [[Iran]].<ref name="NPR Tehrangeles">{{cite news \|last=Montagne \|first=Renee \|title=Living in Tehrangeles: L.A.'s Iranian Community \|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5459468 \|access-date=18 April 2014 \|work=[[NPR]] \|date=8 June 2006}}</ref> Ghorashi wrote that "The major work of the Iranian media network and media in Los Angeles is concentrated on home, past and nostalgia, and strongly nationalistic ideas."<ref name=Ghoraship196/> The show ''[[Shahs of Sunset]]'' by the [[Bravo (U.S. TV channel)\|Bravo Channel]] chronicles Iranians in Los Angeles. It began airing in 2012 and as of 2018 has seven seasons. Soon after the show premiered, some Persians in Los Angeles circulated petitions asking for the show's cancellation.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-racy-usarmenia-reality-tv-show-faces-criticism-boycott-20140601-story.html \|title=Racy USArmenia reality-TV show faces criticism, boycott \|first=Brittany \|last=Levine \|date=June 1, 2014 \|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|access-date=July 2, 2014}}</ref> ==Education== As of 1990 Iranian Jews and Muslims were in general educated.<ref name=Mitchellp1/> As of 1980, fewer of one out of ten Armenian-born Armenians and [[Iranian Armenians]] had low levels of education; these Armenian ethnic groups had the highest [[Mode (statistics)\|modal]] education category of the Armenian ethnic groups, with men achieving university degrees and women not having university degrees. Claudia Der-Martirosian, Georges Sabagh, and Mehdi Bozorgmehr, authors of "Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles," wrote that "Although women, generally, had a lower educational achievement than did men, internal differences among subgroups were comparable to those of the Armenian men."{{sfnp\|Bozorgmehr\|Der-Martirosian\|Sabagh\|2004\|p=251}} By 1990 about 20% of the students of the [[Beverly Hills Unified School District]] were Iranian, prompting the district to hire a counselor for Iranians and to write announcements in Persian. The Iranian Education Foundation donated money to the district.<ref name=Mitchellp1/> ==In culture== ''[[Shirin in Love]]'' depicts a woman of Iranian origins living in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/shirin-love-film-review-688325 \|title=Shirin in Love: Film Review \|date=March 13, 2014 \|first=Frank \|last=Scheck \|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> ==Notable people== [[Ray Aghayan]], costume designer and [[Emmy awards\|Emmy award]] winner [[Shohreh Aghdashloo]], [[Academy Award]]-nominated film/television actress<ref name="SFGate">{{cite news \|last=Stanley \|first=John \|date=26 November 2006 \|title='Nativity' Revisited \|url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Nativity-Revisited-2484880.php \|access-date=18 April 2014 \|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Max Amini]], comedian [[Tala Ashe]], actress [[Reza Aslan]], writer and professor at [[University of California, Riverside]] [[Touraj Daryaee]], an [[Iranologist]] and Professor of Iranian history at [[University of California, Irvine]] [[Jimmy Delshad]], Mayor of [[Beverly Hills, California]] [[Maz Jobrani]], comedian [[Arash Markazi]], writer at [[ESPN]] and adjunct professor at [[University of Southern California]] [[Roozbeh Farahanipour]] [[Paul Merage]], co-founder of [[Chef America Inc.]], manufacturer of [[Hot Pockets]] [[Mahbod Moghadam]], co-founder of [[Rapgenius]] and CEO of [[Everipedia]] - [[Encino, Los Angeles\|Encino]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.yaleherald.com/news-and-features/covers/the-genius-out-in-the-cold/ \|title=The Genius out in the cold \|date=2017-02-06 \|work=[[The Yale Herald]] \|access-date=2018-09-01 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206141953/http://www.yaleherald.com/news-and-features/covers/the-genius-out-in-the-cold/ \|archive-date=2017-02-06}}</ref> [[Firouz Naderi]], [[NASA]] director of [[Mars]] project [[Bijan Pakzad]], fashion and perfume designer [[Nasim Pedrad]], Comedian, former cast member of [[Saturday Night Live]] [[Cyrus Shahabi]], computer scientist and director of the [[Integrated Media Systems Center]] at the [[University of Southern California]]. * [[Roozbeh Farahanipour]] ceo of West Los Angeles chamber of commerce, Founding member of Westwood Neighborhood council, Board member BizFed, successfully businessman in Westwood and one of main Islamic republic of Iran opposition activist. [[Bob Yousefian]], former mayor of [[Glendale, California\|Glendale]] ==See also== {{portal\|Iran\|Los Angeles}} [[Bibliography of California history]] * [[Bibliography of Los Angeles]] * [[Outline of the history of Los Angeles]] * [[Tehrangeles]] * ''[[Shahs of Sunset]]'', reality television series ==References== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{cite book \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwwXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 \|editor1-last=Waldinger \|editor1-first=Roger \|editor2-last=Bozorgmehr \|editor2-first=Mehdi \|first1=Mehdi \|last1=Bozorgmehr \|first2=Claudia \|last2=Der-Martirosian \|first3=Georges \|last3=Sabagh \|name-list-style=amp \|date=December 1996 \|title=Ethnic Los Angeles \|chapter=Chapter 12: Middle Easterners, A New Kind of Immigrant \|location=New York City \|publisher=[[Russell Sage Foundation]] \|pages=345–378 \|isbn=0-87154-902-6}} {{cite book \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COI-JFyMXL0C&pg=PA255 \|editor1-last=Light \|editor1-first=Ivan Hubert \|editor2-last=Bhachu \|editor2-first=Parminder \|first1=Mehdi \|last1=Bozorgmehr \|first2=Claudia \|last2=Der-Martirosian \|first3=Georges \|last3=Sabagh \|name-list-style=amp \|date=2004 \|orig-date=1993 \|title=Immigration and Entrepreneurship: Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks \|chapter=Chapter 11: Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles \|location=New Brunswick, NJ \|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] \|page=255 \|isbn=0-7658-0589-8}} {{cite book \|last=Bakalian \|first=Anny \|title=Armenian Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian \|year=1993 \|publisher=Transaction Publishers \|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey \|isbn=1-56000-025-2}} ==Further reading== Der-Martirosian, Claudia. ''Iranian immigrants in Los Angeles: the role of networks and economic integration''. LFB Scholarly Pub., 2008. {{ISBN\|1593322402}}, 9781593322403. * Kelley, Ron (editor), Jonathan Friedlander (coeditor), Anita Colby (associate editor), and Ron Kelley (photography). ''Irangeles: Iranians in Los Angeles''. [[University of California Press]], 1993. {{ISBN\|0520080084}}, 9780520080089. * Naficy, Hamid. ''The Making of Exile Cultures: Iranian Television in Los Angeles''. [[University of Minnesota Press]], 1993. {{ISBN\|0816620873}}, 9780816620876. * Soomekh, Sabah. ''From the Shahs to Los Angeles: Three Generations of Iranian Jewish Women between Religion and Culture''. [[SUNY Press]], November 1, 2012. {{ISBN\|1438443838}}, 9781438443836. ==External links== * [http://www.parstimes.com/SC.html Iranian Americans in Southern California] * [http://www.iajf.org Iranian American Jewish Federation - Los Angeles] * [http://losangeles.choone.com Iranian-Americans Community Classifieds Website in Persian Language] {{Ethnic groups in Los Angeles}} [[Category:History of Los Angeles]] [[Category:Iranian-American culture by city\|Los Angeles]] [[Category:Iranian-American culture in Los Angeles\| ]]	1,301,073,804	[]	false
# Melle van Gemerden Melle van Gemerden (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmɛlə vɑŋ ˈɣeːmərdə(n)]; born 9 May 1979) is a former professional tennis player from the Netherlands. He peaked his career as ATP singles world ranking as nr. 100 by June, 2006, maintaining it for a month. ## Career Van Gemerden made one time appearances in all Grand Slams and was also briefly a Davis Cup representative member of the Netherlands team. He marked the beginning of his career in 1997, with the Dutch Junior Champion under 18, indoor and outdoor titles. In 1998–1999 he comprised the Jong Oranje - a prized contract presented by the KNLTB to Netherlands' most proficient junior players. During a Mauritius Challenger tournament, late in December 2004, he was tested positive for a metabolite of cannabis or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Whilst the ATP tribunal accepted Van Gemerden had committed a doping offense under the rules of the Tennis Anti-Doping Program with Exceptional Circumstances; the use of cannabis, in that case, was determined to not be for performance enhancing reasons. It was ruled he forfeit US$2,950 in prize money and all ranking points won at the Mauritius Challenger. Although he was eligible to return to competition immediately, Van Gemerden voluntarily sat out. Coming after, in July 2005, he defeated Kristof Vliegen, triumphing the Scheveningen Challenger. Van Gemerden played for the Netherlands Davis Cup team from 2004 to 2006. He took on Slovakia in the 2005 World Group quarter-finals and appeared both in the doubles, with Paul Haarhuis, and in the singles against Michal Mertiňák. He lost both of those matches and was also unable to register a win in the two other Davis Cup matches of his career, singles rubbers against Russians Nikolay Davydenko and Dmitry Tursunov in 2006. The Dutch tennis player begin his appearance at Grand Slams starting with the 2005 Australian Open, where he was drawn up against 31st seed Juan Carlos Ferrero, who won the match in four sets. The same year, he was a quarter-finalist in the 2005 Dutch Open, beating world number 46 Christophe Rochus en route. The following year, in 2006, he played in both the French Open and Wimbledon Championships. In France he lost in the opening round to Juan Mónaco but he made the second round of Wimbledon, beating Josh Goodall, before being eliminated from the tournament by Mardy Fish. Van Gemerden made it to US OPEN by 2008, being defeated by Jean-Yves Aubone at the first round. Van Gemerden carried as a hitting partner, from 2008 to 2010 to Ana Ivanovic and Fernando Verdasco, coached at different times by Sven Groeneveld; and Sorana Cîrstea, coached by Rodrigo Nascimento. Then, turned into professional tennis coach to Thiemo de Bakker,from 2014 until 2015; and Christian Lerby, for 5 months, in 2018. ## ATP Challenger and ITF Futures Finals ### Singles: 9 (4–5) \| Legend (singles) \| \| --------------------------- \| \| ATP Challenger Tour (1–2) \| \| ITF World Tennis Tour (3–3) \| \| Finals by surface \| \| ----------------- \| \| Hard (0–0) \| \| Clay (4–5) \| \| Grass (0–0) \| \| Carpet (0–0) \| \| Result \| W–L \| Date \| Tournament \| Tier \| Surface \| Opponent \| Score \| \| ------ \| --- \| -------- \| ----------------------------- \| ---------- \| ------- \| ----------------- \| ------------- \| \| Win \| 1–0 \| Jun 2000 \| Germany F6, Villingen \| Futures \| Clay \| Nikolay Davydenko \| 6–1, 7–6(7–5) \| \| Win \| 2–0 \| Jun 2000 \| Germany F7, Trier \| Futures \| Clay \| Nikolay Davydenko \| 4–6, 6–4, 6–3 \| \| Loss \| 2–1 \| May 2004 \| Germany F5, Esslingen \| Futures \| Clay \| Tobias Summerer \| 5–7, 6–7(5–7) \| \| Loss \| 2–2 \| May 2004 \| Hungary F2, Hódmezővásárhely \| Futures \| Clay \| Kornél Bardóczky \| 5–7, 3–6 \| \| Win \| 3–2 \| Jul 2004 \| Netherlands F2, Heerhugowaard \| Futures \| Clay \| Fred Hemmes Jr. \| 6–3, 6-3 \| \| Loss \| 3–3 \| Sep 2004 \| Tehran, Iran \| Challenger \| Clay \| Mariano Puerta \| 3–6, 4–6 \| \| Win \| 4–3 \| Jul 2005 \| Scheveningen, Netherlands \| Challenger \| Clay \| Kristof Vliegen \| 6–4, 6-3 \| \| Loss \| 4–4 \| Aug 2005 \| Manerbio, Italy \| Challenger \| Clay \| Oliver Marach \| 3–6, 2–6 \| \| Loss \| 4–5 \| Jun 2008 \| Netherlands F2, Alkmaar \| Futures \| Clay \| Thiemo de Bakker \| 6–4, 1–6, 2–6 \| ### Doubles: 17 (6–11) \| Legend (singles) \| \| --------------------------- \| \| ATP Challenger Tour (3–4) \| \| ITF World Tennis Tour (3–7) \| \| Finals by surface \| \| ----------------- \| \| Hard (0–5) \| \| Clay (6–6) \| \| Grass (0–0) \| \| Carpet (0–0) \| \| Result \| W–L \| Date \| Tournament \| Tier \| Surface \| Partner \| Opponents \| Score \| \| ------ \| ---- \| -------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ---------- \| ------- \| ---------------------- \| ------------------------------------------- \| ------------------- \| \| Loss \| 0–1 \| Oct 1998 \| France F10, Saint-Dizier \| Futures \| Hard \| Gordon Bergraaf \| Pavel Kudrnáč Radim Žitko \| 4–6, 4–6 \| \| Win \| 1–1 \| May 1999 \| Germany F4, Villingen \| Futures \| Clay \| Martijn Belgraver \| Patrick Sommer Rene Nicklisch \| 7–5, 6–2 \| \| Loss \| 1–2 \| May 2000 \| Germany F2, Esslingen \| Futures \| Clay \| Johan Settergren \| Ali Hamadeh Jicham Zaatini \| 4–6, 1–6 \| \| Loss \| 1–3 \| Jun 2000 \| Germany F6, Villingen \| Futures \| Clay \| Johan Settergren \| Kris Goossens Ionuț Moldovan \| 6–7(6–8), 3–6 \| \| Loss \| 1–4 \| Oct 2000 \| France F23, La Roche-sur-Yon \| Futures \| Hard \| Johan Settergren \| Martin Hromec Wim Neefs \| 3–6, 6–1, 6–7(8–10) \| \| Win \| 2–4 \| Jun 2001 \| Germany F4, Villingen \| Futures \| Clay \| Johan Settergren \| Frank Moser Bernard Parun \| 6–4, 6–4 \| \| Loss \| 2–5 \| Mar 2002 \| New Zealand F1, Blenheim \| Futures \| Hard \| Fredrik Lovén \| Ashley Ford David Mcnamara \| 1–6, 7–5, 4–6 \| \| Loss \| 2–6 \| Sep 2002 \| Netherlands F2, Alphen aan den Rijn \| Futures \| Clay \| Melvyn op der Heijde \| O. Hernandez-Perez Gustavo Marcaccio \| 2–6, 3–6 \| \| Win \| 3–6 \| Oct 2003 \| Greece F3, Athens \| Futures \| Clay \| Christian Grunes \| Theodoros Angelinos Konstantinos Economidis \| 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–1) \| \| Loss \| 3–7 \| May 2004 \| Hungary F2, Hódmezővásárhely \| Futures \| Clay \| Zsolt Tatár \| Kornél Bardóczky Gabriel Moraru \| 5–7, 7–6(7–3), 3–6 \| \| Win \| 4–7 \| Jul 2004 \| Hilversum, Netherlands \| Challenger \| Clay \| Fred Hemmes Jr. \| Attila Sávolt Gabriel Trifu \| 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–3) \| \| Win \| 5–7 \| Aug 2004 \| Samarkand, Uzbekistan \| Challenger \| Clay \| Jean-François Bachelot \| Sebastian Fitz Florin Mergea \| 6–2, 3–6, 6–1 \| \| Loss \| 5–8 \| Aug 2004 \| Bukhara, Uzbekistan \| Challenger \| Hard \| Paul Logtens \| Michal Mertiňák Pavel Šnobel \| 4–6, 2–6 \| \| Loss \| 5–9 \| Oct 2004 \| Bolton, United Kingdom \| Challenger \| Hard \| Peter Wessels \| Jeff Coetzee Jim Thomas \| 5–7, 3–6 \| \| Win \| 6–9 \| Aug 2005 \| Manerbio, Italy \| Challenger \| Clay \| Peter Wessels \| Oliver Marach Daniel Köllerer \| 6–3, 6–4 \| \| Loss \| 6–10 \| Jun 2008 \| Alessandria, Italy \| Challenger \| Clay \| Matwé Middelkoop \| Flavio Cipolla Simone Vagnozzi \| 6–3, 1–6, [4–10] \| \| Loss \| 6–11 \| Jul 2008 \| Scheveningen, Netherlands \| Challenger \| Clay \| Matwé Middelkoop \| Rameez Junaid Philipp Marx \| 7–5, 2–6, [6–10] \|	enwiki/35032132	enwiki	35,032,132	Melle van Gemerden	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melle_van_Gemerden	2025-07-17T14:44:41Z	en	Q768965	116,684	{{short description\|Dutch tennis player}} {{family name hatnote\|van Gemerden\|Gemerden\|lang=Dutch}} {{Infobox tennis biography \| name = Melle van Gemerden \| image = Melle Van Gemerden3.jpeg \| caption = \| country = {{flagicon\|NED}} Netherlands \| residence = [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|df=yes\|1979\|5\|9}} \| birth_place = Amsterdam, Netherlands \| height = {{height\|m=1.83}} \| turnedpro = \| retired = 2014 \| plays = Right-handed \| careerprizemoney = $214,727 \| singlesrecord = 4–9 \| singlestitles = 0 \| highestsinglesranking = No. 100 (12 June 2006) \| AustralianOpenresult = 1R ([[2005 Australian Open – Men's singles\|2005]]) \| FrenchOpenresult = 1R ([[2006 French Open – Men's singles\|2006]]) \| Wimbledonresult = 2R ([[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles\|2006]]) \| USOpenresult = Q1 ([[2008 US Open – Men's singles qualifying\|2008]]) \| doublesrecord = 0–4 \| doublestitles = 0 \| highestdoublesranking = No. 178 (4 April 2005) \| updated = 5 June 2021 }} '''Melle van Gemerden''' ({{IPA\|nl\|ˈmɛlə vɑŋ ˈɣeːmərdə(n)}}; born 9 May 1979) is a former professional [[tennis]] player from the Netherlands.<ref>[http://itftennis.com/ProCircuit/players/player/profile.aspx?PlayerID=10021770 ITF Tennis Profile]</ref> He peaked his career as [[Association of Tennis Professionals\|ATP]] singles world ranking as nr. 100 by June, 2006, maintaining it for a month.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Melle Van Gemerden {{!}} Overview \|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/melle-van-gemerden/v267/overview \|access-date=2016-02-24 \|website=ATP World Tour \|language=en}}</ref> ==Career== Van Gemerden made one time appearances in all [[Grand Slam (tennis)\|Grand Slam]]s and was also briefly a [[Davis Cup]] representative member of the Netherlands team.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Davis Cup player profile \|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10021770 \|access-date=2016-02-24 \|website=www.daviscup.com}}</ref> He marked the beginning of his career in 1997, with the Dutch Junior Champion under 18,<ref>{{Cite web\|url = http://www.knltb.nl/siteassets/1.-knltb.nl/downloads/tennissers/kampioenschappen/njk/winnaars-njk.pdf\|title = KNLTB winner titles\|date = \|access-date = \|website = \|publisher = \|last = \|first = }}</ref> indoor and outdoor titles. In 1998–1999 he comprised the Jong Oranje <ref>{{Cite web\|title = KNLTB.nl\|url = http://www.knltb.nl/\|website = www.knltb.nl\|access-date = 2016-02-24}}</ref>- a prized contract presented by the [[Royal Dutch Lawn Tennis Association\|KNLTB]] to Netherlands' most proficient junior players. During a [[Mauritius]] [[ATP Challenger Series\|Challenger]] tournament, late in December 2004, he was tested positive for a metabolite of [[Cannabis (drug)\|cannabis]] or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Whilst the [[Association of Tennis Professionals\|ATP]] tribunal accepted Van Gemerden had committed a doping offense<ref>{{Cite web\|url = http://www.itftennis.com/antidoping/home.aspx\|title = ITF TENNIS ANTIDOPING\|date = \|access-date = \|website = \|publisher = \|last = \|first = }}</ref> under the rules of the Tennis Anti-Doping Program with Exceptional Circumstances; the use of cannabis, in that case, was determined to not be for performance enhancing reasons. It was ruled he forfeit US$2,950 in prize money and all ranking points won at the [[Mauritius]] [[ATP Challenger Series\|Challenger]]. Although he was eligible to return to competition immediately, Van Gemerden voluntarily sat out.<ref>[http://www.itftennis.com/news/137841.aspx ITF Anti-Doping - Decision in the case of Melle Van Gemerden]</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/sport/laatbloeier-van-gemerden-heeft-haast~a686559/\|title=Laatbloeier Van Gemerden heeft haast\|date=21 July 2005\|work=[[De Volkskrant]]\|accessdate=8 December 2015}}</ref> Coming after, in July 2005, he defeated [[Kristof Vliegen]], triumphing the Scheveningen Challenger. Van Gemerden played for the [[Netherlands Davis Cup team\|Netherlands Davis Cup]] team from 2004 to 2006. He took on [[Slovakia Davis Cup team\|Slovakia]] in the 2005 World Group quarter-finals and appeared both in the doubles, with [[Paul Haarhuis]], and in the singles against [[Michal Mertiňák]]. He lost both of those matches and was also unable to register a win in the two other Davis Cup matches of his career, singles rubbers against Russians [[Nikolay Davydenko]] and [[Dmitry Tursunov]] in 2006.<ref>[http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10021770 Davis Cup Profile]</ref> The Dutch tennis player begin his appearance at [[Grand Slam (tennis)\|Grand Slam]]s starting with the [[2005 Australian Open]], where he was drawn up against 31st seed [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], who won the match in four sets. The same year, he was a quarter-finalist in the [[2005 Dutch Open (tennis)\|2005 Dutch Open]], beating world number 46 [[Christophe Rochus]] en route. The following year, in 2006, he played in both the [[2006 French Open\|French Open]] and [[2006 Wimbledon Championships\|Wimbledon Championships]].<ref name="ATP">[http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/melle-van-gemerden/v267/overview ATP World Tour]</ref> In France he lost in the opening round to [[Juan Mónaco]] but he made the second round of Wimbledon, beating [[Josh Goodall]],<ref>{{Cite news\|title = Britons handed tough draw at SW19\|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/5108078.stm\|newspaper = BBC\|date = 2006-06-23\|access-date = 2016-02-24}}</ref> before being eliminated from the tournament by [[Mardy Fish]].<ref name="ATP" /> Van Gemerden made it to [[US Open (tennis)\|US OPEN]] by 2008, being defeated by [[Jean-Yves Aubone]] at the first round.<ref>{{Cite web\|url =http://www.atpworldtour.com/te/players/fedex-head-2-head/melle-van-gemerden-vs-jean-yves-aubone/V267/A759\|title =US OPEN 2008\|url-status =dead\|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205034/http://www.atpworldtour.com/te/players/fedex-head-2-head/melle-van-gemerden-vs-jean-yves-aubone/V267/A759\|archivedate =2016-03-03}}</ref> Van Gemerden carried as a hitting partner, from 2008 to 2010 to [[Ana Ivanovic]] and [[Fernando Verdasco]], coached at different times by [https://www.atptour.com/en/players/coaches/groeneveld-sven Sven Groeneveld]''';''' and [[Sorana Cîrstea]], coached by [https://www.terra.com.br/esportes/tenis/brasileiro-e-o-novo-tecnico-de-musa-romena-do-tenis,41aa4b4baefba310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html Rodrigo Nascimento]. Then, turned into professional tennis coach to [[Thiemo de Bakker]],from 2014 until 2015; and [https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/christian-lerby/800426949/ned/jt/s/ Christian Lerby], for 5 months, in 2018. ==ATP Challenger and ITF Futures Finals== ===Singles: 9 (4–5)=== {\| \|-valign=top \| {\|class=wikitable style=font-size:97% !Legend (singles) \|-bgcolor=e5d1cb \|-bgcolor=moccasin \|ATP Challenger Tour (1–2) \|-bgcolor=cffcff \|ITF World Tennis Tour (3–3) \|} \| {\|class=wikitable style=font-size:97% !Finals by surface \|- \|Hard (0–0) \|- \|Clay (4–5) \|- \|Grass (0–0) \|- \|Carpet (0–0) \|} \|} {\|class="sortable wikitable" !Result !class="unsortable"\|W–L !{{ns}}Date{{ns}} !Tournament !Tier !Surface !Opponent !class="unsortable"\|Score \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>1–0</small> \|{{dts\|Jun 2000}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Germany F6, [[Villingen-Schwenningen\|Villingen]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Nikolay Davydenko]] \|6–1, 7–6<sup>(7–5)</sup> \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>2–0</small> \|{{dts\|Jun 2000}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Germany F7, [[Trier]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Nikolay Davydenko]] \| 4–6, 6–4, 6–3 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>2–1</small> \|{{dts\|May 2004}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Germany F5, [[Esslingen am Neckar\|Esslingen]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|GER}} [[Tobias Summerer]] \|5–7, 6–7<sup>(5–7)</sup> \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>2–2</small> \|{{dts\|May 2004}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Hungary F2, [[Hódmezővásárhely]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|HUN}} [[Kornél Bardóczky]] \|5–7, 3–6 \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>3–2</small> \|{{dts\|Jul 2004}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Netherlands F2, [[Heerhugowaard]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|NED}} [[Fred Hemmes Jr.]] \|6–3, 6-3 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>3–3</small> \|{{dts\|Sep 2004}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[Tehran]], Iran \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|ARG}} [[Mariano Puerta]] \|3–6, 4–6 \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>4–3</small> \|{{dts\|Jul 2005}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[The Hague Open\|Scheveningen]], Netherlands \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|BEL}} [[Kristof Vliegen]] \|6–4, 6-3 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>4–4</small> \|{{dts\|Aug 2005}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[Internazionali di Tennis di Manerbio – Trofeo Dimmidisì\|Manerbio]], Italy \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Oliver Marach]] \|3–6, 2–6 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>4–5</small> \|{{dts\|Jun 2008}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Netherlands F2, [[Alkmaar]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|NED}} [[Thiemo de Bakker]] \| 6–4, 1–6, 2–6 \|} ===Doubles: 17 (6–11)=== {\| \|-valign=top \| {\|class=wikitable style=font-size:97% !Legend (singles) \|-bgcolor=e5d1cb \|-bgcolor=moccasin \|ATP Challenger Tour (3–4) \|-bgcolor=cffcff \|ITF World Tennis Tour (3–7) \|} \| {\|class=wikitable style=font-size:97% !Finals by surface \|- \|Hard (0–5) \|- \|Clay (6–6) \|- \|Grass (0–0) \|- \|Carpet (0–0) \|} \|} {\|class="sortable wikitable" !Result !class="unsortable"\|W–L !{{ns}}Date{{ns}} !Tournament !Tier !Surface !Partner !Opponents !class="unsortable"\|Score \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>0–1</small> \|{{dts\|Oct 1998}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|France F10, [[Saint-Dizier]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Hard \|{{flagicon\|NED}} Gordon Bergraaf \|{{flagicon\|CZE}} [[Pavel Kudrnáč]] <br> {{flagicon\|CZE}} [[Radim Žitko]] \|4–6, 4–6 \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>1–1</small> \|{{dts\|May 1999}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Germany F4, [[Villingen-Schwenningen\|Villingen]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|NED}} Martijn Belgraver \|{{flagicon\|GER}} [[Patrick Sommer]] <br> {{flagicon\|GER}} [[Rene Nicklisch]] \|7–5, 6–2 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>1–2</small> \|{{dts\|May 2000}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Germany F2, [[Esslingen am Neckar\|Esslingen]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|SWE}} [[Johan Settergren]] \|{{flagicon\|LBN}} [[Ali Hamadeh]] <br> {{flagicon\|LBN}} [[Jicham Zaatini]] \|4–6, 1–6 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>1–3</small> \|{{dts\|Jun 2000}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Germany F6, [[Villingen-Schwenningen\|Villingen]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|SWE}} [[Johan Settergren]] \|{{flagicon\|BEL}} [[Kris Goossens]] <br> {{flagicon\|ROU}} [[Ionuț Moldovan]] \|6–7<sup>(6–8)</sup>, 3–6 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>1–4</small> \|{{dts\|Oct 2000}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|France F23, [[La Roche-sur-Yon]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Hard \|{{flagicon\|SWE}} [[Johan Settergren]] \|{{flagicon\|SVK}} [[Martin Hromec]] <br> {{flagicon\|BEL}} [[Wim Neefs]] \|3–6, 6–1, 6–7<sup>(8–10)</sup> \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>2–4</small> \|{{dts\|Jun 2001}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Germany F4, [[Villingen-Schwenningen\|Villingen]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|SWE}} [[Johan Settergren]] \|{{flagicon\|GER}} [[Frank Moser (tennis)\|Frank Moser]] <br> {{flagicon\|GER}} Bernard Parun \|6–4, 6–4 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>2–5</small> \|{{dts\|Mar 2002}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|New Zealand F1, [[Blenheim, New Zealand\|Blenheim]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Hard \|{{flagicon\|SWE}} [[Fredrik Lovén]] \|{{flagicon\|AUS}} Ashley Ford <br> {{flagicon\|AUS}} David Mcnamara \|1–6, 7–5, 4–6 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>2–6</small> \|{{dts\|Sep 2002}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Netherlands F2, [[Alphen aan den Rijn]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|NED}} [[Melvyn op der Heijde]] \|{{flagicon\|ESP}} O. Hernandez-Perez <br> {{flagicon\|ARG}} [[Gustavo Marcaccio]] \|2–6, 3–6 \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>3–6</small> \|{{dts\|Oct 2003}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Greece F3, [[Athens]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|GER}} Christian Grunes \|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Theodoros Angelinos]] <br> {{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Konstantinos Economidis]] \|4–6, 6–3, 7–6<sup>(7–1)</sup> \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>3–7</small> \|{{dts\|May 2004}} \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Hungary F2, [[Hódmezővásárhely]] \|bgcolor=cffcff\|Futures \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|HUN}} [[Zsolt Tatár]] \|{{flagicon\|HUN}} [[Kornél Bardóczky]] <br> {{flagicon\|ROU}} [[Gabriel Moraru]] \|5–7, 7–6<sup>(7–3)</sup>, 3–6 \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>4–7</small> \|{{dts\|Jul 2004}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[Hilversum]], Netherlands \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|NED}} [[Fred Hemmes Jr.]] \|{{flagicon\|HUN}} [[Attila Sávolt]] <br> {{flagicon\|ROU}} [[Gabriel Trifu]] \|7–6<sup>(7–3)</sup>, 7–6<sup>(7–3)</sup> \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>5–7</small> \|{{dts\|Aug 2004}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[Samarkand Challenger\|Samarkand]], Uzbekistan \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Jean-François Bachelot]] \|{{flagicon\|GER}} [[Sebastian Fitz]] <br> {{flagicon\|ROU}} [[Florin Mergea]] \|6–2, 3–6, 6–1 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>5–8</small> \|{{dts\|Aug 2004}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[Bukhara Challenger\|Bukhara]], Uzbekistan \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Hard \|{{flagicon\|NED}} [[Paul Logtens]] \|{{flagicon\|SVK}} [[Michal Mertiňák]] <br> {{flagicon\|CZE}} [[Pavel Šnobel]] \|4–6, 2–6 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>5–9</small> \|{{dts\|Oct 2004}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[Bolton]], United Kingdom \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Hard \|{{flagicon\|NED}} [[Peter Wessels]] \|{{flagicon\|RSA}} [[Jeff Coetzee]] <br> {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Jim Thomas (tennis)\|Jim Thomas]] \|5–7, 3–6 \|- \|bgcolor=98fb98\|Win \|<small>6–9</small> \|{{dts\|Aug 2005}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[Antonio Savoldi–Marco Cò – Trofeo Dimmidisì\|Manerbio]], Italy \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|NED}} [[Peter Wessels]] \|{{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Oliver Marach]] <br> {{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Daniel Köllerer]] \|6–3, 6–4 \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>6–10</small> \|{{dts\|Jun 2008}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[Alessandria Challenger\|Alessandria]], Italy \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|NED}} [[Matwé Middelkoop]] \|{{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Flavio Cipolla]] <br> {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Simone Vagnozzi]] \|6–3, 1–6, [4–10] \|- \|bgcolor=ffa07a\|Loss \|<small>6–11</small> \|{{dts\|Jul 2008}} \|bgcolor=moccasin\|[[The Hague Open\|Scheveningen]], Netherlands \|bgcolor=moccasin\|Challenger \|Clay \|{{flagicon\|NED}} [[Matwé Middelkoop]] \|{{flagicon\|AUS}} [[Rameez Junaid]] <br> {{flagicon\|GER}} [[Philipp Marx]] \|7–5, 2–6, [6–10] \|} ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} ==External links== * {{ATP\|<!-- melle-van-gemerden/ -->v267}} * {{ITF\|melle-van-gemerden/800197197/ned}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gemerden, Melle}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Dutch male tennis players]] [[Category:Doping cases in tennis]] [[Category:Dutch sportspeople in doping cases]] [[Category:Tennis players from Amsterdam]]	1,300,992,968	[{"title": "Melle van Gemerden", "data": {"Country (sports)": "Netherlands", "Residence": "Amsterdam, Netherlands", "Born": "9 May 1979 \u00b7 Amsterdam, Netherlands", "Height": "1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)", "Retired": "2014", "Plays": "Right-handed", "Prize money": "$214,727"}}, {"title": "Singles", "data": {"Career record": "4\u20139", "Career titles": "0", "Highest ranking": "No. 100 (12 June 2006)"}}, {"title": "Grand Slam singles results", "data": {"Australian Open": "1R (2005)", "French Open": "1R (2006)", "Wimbledon": "2R (2006)", "US Open": "Q1 (2008)"}}, {"title": "Doubles", "data": {"Career record": "0\u20134", "Career titles": "0", "Highest ranking": "No. 178 (4 April 2005)"}}]	false
# Neri Colmenares Neri Javier Colmenares (Tagalog pronunciation: [haˈvjeɾ kɔlmɛˈnarɛs], born December 4, 1959) is a Filipino legislator, human rights lawyer and activist. He was an associate of the Asian Law Centre at Melbourne Law School when he was completing his Ph.D. in law on "The Writ of Amparo and the International Criminal Court." He also lectured at the University of Melbourne on International Human Rights Law and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Colmenares was the party-list representative for Bayan Muna in the Philippine House of Representatives from 2009 to 2016, and was the senior deputy leader of the minority bloc. He was an aspirant in the 2016, 2019, and 2022 Philippine Senate elections, where he was part of the 1Sambayan Senate slate, but was defeated in all three runs. On December 4, 2024, Colmenares and 74 others filed the second impeachment complaint against Vice President Sara Duterte, citing betrayal of public trust for her office's alleged misuse of confidential funds. ## Early life Born on December 4, 1959 in Bacolod, Negros Occidental, Colmenares joined the struggle against the late former President Ferdinand Marcos' leadership in 1976. He was active in the College Editors Guild of the Philippines (CEGP) and the Student Christian Movement of the Philippines (SCMP), and became the Visayas regional chair of the Student Catholic Action (SCA). Soon after becoming a national council member of SCA, he was arrested. Following the end of his detention, Colmenares moved to Manila where he was involved in different religious organizations. Actress Angel Locsin (Angelica Locsin Colmenares in real life) is Colmenares' aunt, although he is 25 years older than her. Reports indicate that Locsin's father and Colmenares’ father are related, but no further details were provided about the matter. In 1983 he shifted to Cagayan Valley to become a youth organizer there. After five months of organizing work in Cagayan Valley, he was arrested by military agents and charged with 'rebellion.' In total, Colmenares was jailed and was tortured in captivity for four years. Atty. William F. Claver stood as his legal counsel. Colmenares was one of the youngest political prisoners at the time. ### As chess player Neri Colmenares learned to play chess at age 7. He was Palarong Pambansa champion in the Visayas and placed second in the Palarong Pambansa in 1976. While in detention during martial law, he would play chess blindfolded against jail guards. In 2015, Colmenares was the director of the National Chess Federation of the Philippines (NCFP) and chair its of its grassroots and development committee. He has been the vice president of the NCFP as of 2022. ## Law and political career Colmenares is a human rights lawyer and is the president of the National Union of Peoples’ Lawyers (NUPL), a national association of human rights lawyers in the Philippines. He finished his Bachelor of Arts in Economics at San Beda College and completed his law degree at the University of the Philippines (UP) College of Law. He lectures in Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) seminars and in various universities on the Writ of Amparo, Habeas Data, The International Criminal Court and International Humanitarian Law, Oral Advocacy, Constitutional Amendment and the Chacha Cases, Judicial and Congressional Jurisprudence on Impeachment, The Party List Law: Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Commission on Elections (Comelec), The Constitutionality of the Anti-Terrorism Law (Human Security Act), Whistleblowers and the Freedom of Information Law and other current legal and constitutional issues. He acted as counsel of the seven impeachment complaints in the House of Representatives of the Philippines and was one of the prosecutors in the impeachment trial of Merceditas Navarro Gutierrez in the Philippine Senate, prosecuting mainly the fertilizer scam case and the euro generals case. He was one of the prosecutors in the impeachment trial of Chief Justice Renato Corona, who was convicted by the Senate for Betrayal of Public Trust. He is involved in constitutional legal issues, having acted as counsel and argued before the Supreme Court in oral arguments on the constitutionality of Executive Order 464, the petition against the Emergency Rule Proclamation 1017, the calibrated preemptive response (CPR) policy, the cha cha initiative to amend the Constitution, the petition to disqualify major political parties in the party list system, on the constitutionality of the Visiting Forces Agreement (the Subic Rape Case) and the oral arguments on the petition he filed against the First Party Rule which resulted in Supreme Court decision filling up of all the party list seats in Congress. On September 23, 2021, Colmenares announced that he will be running for senator in 2022. He filed his candidacy on October 7. However, he lost the election for the third straight time. ### On power rate hikes Colmenares petitioned the Supreme Court to stop Meralco's record-high power rate hike after the 2013 Malampaya shutdown. At the 2014 congressional committee hearings on the electricity rate hike, Colmenares refuted arguments by Manila Electric Company (Meralco) legal counsel who stated that Meralco did not raise prices intentionally. He again questioned Meralco's plans to raise electricity rates in 2019 and accused power companies of passing on to consumers the cost of shortages they themselves caused. ### On Marcos' hero's burial and human rights case Colmenares argued before the Supreme Court to stop the heroes burial for the late former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos in 2016. He also argued before the District Court in Hawaii on the Marcos human rights case. ### On joint marine exploration and irrigation loan deals with China In a petition filed before the Supreme Court in 2008, Colmenares questioned the legality of the Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking (JMSU) that the Arroyo administration signed with China and Vietnam. In 2014, Colmenares filed a motion for immediate resolution before the Supreme Court, citing the original petition's importance in light of the Philippines' territorial and maritime dispute with China. Colmenares filed another motion for immediate resolution on the petition in 2018. The motion read, "Any joint exploration with any foreign country or entity that allows almost absolute control over the benefits of the exploration to such foreign country or entity is detrimental to the Filipino people and therefore must not be allowed." Colmenares questioned the Philippines' Chico River irrigation loan agreement with China in 2019. He joined fellow lawmakers in petitioning the Supreme Court in stopping the Chinese-funded project. ### On TRAIN law and fuel taxes Colmenares and fellow lawmakers noted how the fuel excise tax and the broader value added tax hit the poor and low-income earners. He protested the Tax Reform of Inclusion and Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law and the fuel excise tax and blamed these for the increasing prices of consumer goods. He also called for the removal of the value added tax on power, water, and fuel. Colmenares served as counsel for lawmakers who in January 2018 filed for the suspension of the TRAIN Law. He also noted how the TRAIN Law was passed in Congress without a quorum. ### As counsel to drug war victims Colmenares serves as legal counsel to Philippine drug war victims and their families. In 2021, Colmenares was a panelist at a legal forum organized by the University of the Philippines College of Law on the International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines. He was also a resource speaker at the 2024 House of Representatives Quad Committee hearings that investigated the possible links between the drug war, extrajudicial killings in the Philippines, and Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators. ### In Congress Colmenares was the party-list representative for Bayan Muna in the Philippine House of Representatives from 2009 to 2016. He served as the Senior Deputy Minority Leader in the 16th Congress. #### Legislation Colmenares authored several laws such as the (i) the law requiring warnings through text during typhoons and disasters (RA 10639); (ii) the law creating Special Election Precincts for persons with disabilities and senior citizens (RA 10633); (iii) the law allowing media to vote before election day (RA 10380); and human rights laws including the (iv) Reparation Law for human rights victims during Martial Law (10368); (v) the Anti-Torture Law (RA 9745); (vi) the Anti-Enforced Disappearance Law (RA 10353). He also authored the recently passed law on the practice of Nutrition and Dietetics (RA 10862). His party Bayan Muna voted NO against the TRAIN law and he has been campaigning for the suspension of the TRAIN law pending the repeal of its excise tax imposition. He authored the Social Security System (SSS) Pension Increase bill, which was later implemented under Pres. Rodrigo Duterte who ordered a P1,000 per month increase in SSS pension in two tranches. Colmenares and Bayan Muna worked to have the second P1,000 increase in 2018. He authored the bills and resolutions on making annulment of marriage accessible to the poor, increasing SSS pension to P7,000, investigating high prices of gasoline in the provinces, and blind-friendly Philippine peso bills. #### Committee assignments During the 15th Congress, he was a member of the Joint Congressional Oversight Committee on Automated Elections and Vice-Chairman of the House Suffrage Committee and member of the Foreign Affairs, Defense, Natural Resources, Trade and Industry, Constitutional Amendment, Local Government, Human Rights, and Revision of Laws Committees. He was a member of the Committee on Rules. ### As organizer Colmenares presently holds the following positions: - Co-chairperson, Makabayang Koalisyon ng Mamamayan - Chairperson, Bayan Muna Partylist - Bureau Member, International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL) - Vice-President, Confederation of Lawyers in Asia-Pacific (COLAP) - Convenor, Samahan at Ugnayan ng mga Konsyumer para sa Ikauunlad ng Bayan (SUKI) Consumers Group ### Scholarly and editorial work Colmenares' papers include a primer on the Writ of Habeas Data, the Comparative Analysis of the Writ of Amparo, Impeachment as a Constitutional Accountability Mechanism, the Party List system Law, and the International Criminal Court and other articles for the Philippine Law Journal. He was associate editor of the World Bulletin of the UP Law Center on the issue of international crimes. ## Electoral history \| Year \| Office \| Party \| Party \| Votes received \| Votes received \| Votes received \| Votes received \| Result \| \| Year \| Office \| Party \| Party \| Total \| % \| P. \| Swing \| Result \| \| ---- \| --------------------------- \| --------- \| ---------- \| -------------- \| -------------- \| -------------- \| -------------- \| ------ \| \| 2007 \| Representative (Party-list) \| \| Bayan Muna \| 979,189 \| 6.11% \| 2nd \| — \| Won \| \| 2010 \| Representative (Party-list) \| 750,100 \| Bayan Muna \| 2.49% \| 9th \| -3.62 \| Won \| \| \| 2013 \| Representative (Party-list) \| 954,724 \| Bayan Muna \| 3.45% \| 3rd \| +0.96 \| Won \| \| \| 2025 \| Representative (Party-list) \| 162,894 \| Bayan Muna \| 0.39% \| 77th \| -3.06 \| Lost \| \| \| 2016 \| Senator of the Philippines \| \| Makabayan \| 6,484,985 \| 14.42% \| 20th \| — \| Lost \| \| 2019 \| Senator of the Philippines \| 4,683,942 \| Makabayan \| 9.90% \| 24th \| -4.52 \| Lost \| \| \| 2022 \| Senator of the Philippines \| 6,098,782 \| Makabayan \| 10.98% \| 24th \| +1.08 \| Lost \| \| ## Major legal work Colmenares has lectured extensively on various legal topics in Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) seminars and at universities on impeachment jurisprudence, constitutional law, party-list system, appellate advocacy, writs of amparo and habeas data, international human rights law, and legal perspectives on the peace process. He has served as a resource speaker in national and international forums, including those organized by the Supreme Court of the Philippines and legal organizations abroad. He played key roles in high-profile legal cases and political trials, notably serving as a prosecutor in the impeachment of Chief Justice Renato Corona and the impeachment of Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez. Additionally, he has argued significant cases before the Supreme Court, including those questioning the constitutionality of key government actions, such as the Visiting Forces Agreement, party-list representation rules, and emergency powers under President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Colmenares has also held prominent leadership positions in legal advocacy groups, including serving as president and secretary general of the National Union of Peoples' Lawyers (NUPL). He has been a consistent advocate for human rights, social justice, and legal reforms through both his legal work and public engagements. Colmenares began his career at the National Amnesty Commission, serving as a private secretary from November 1996 to January 1997, and again from January to September 1997. He then became the commission's legal officer from October 1997 to May 1998, and then became its attorney from January to September 1998 and again from May to September 1999. In September 1999, he became the General Counsel for the partylist Bayan Muna, a position he held until 2009. From March 2004 to March 2006, Colmenares also served as a consultant to the office of Representative Satur Ocampo. ## Awards In 2020, Colmenares was given the International Bar Association (IBA) Award for his "Outstanding Contribution to Human Rights".	enwiki/28085374	enwiki	28,085,374	Neri Colmenares	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neri_Colmenares	2025-08-06T07:23:23Z	en	Q6996155	177,367	{{Short description\|Filipino human rights lawyer and activist}} {{Use Philippine English\|date=April 2023}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2020}} {{Multiple issues\| {{BLP sources\|date=May 2011}} {{more footnotes needed\|date=May 2011}} }} {{Philippine name\|Javier\|Colmenares}} {{Infobox officeholder \| honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable]] \| name = Neri Colmenares \| honorific-suffix = \| image = Neri Colmenares 2016.jpg \| imagesize = \| smallimage = \| caption = Colmenares speaking at the protests against the [[burial of Ferdinand Marcos]] in 2016 \| order = \| office = Member of the<br>[[Philippine House of Representatives]]<br>for [[Bayan Muna]] party-list \| term_start = April 2009 \| term_end = June 30, 2016 \| alongside = [[Teodoro Casiño]] and [[Carlos Isagani Zarate]] \| office1 = Senior Deputy Minority Leader of the <br>[[Philippine House of Representatives]] \| term_start1 = July 22, 2013 \| term_end1 = June 30, 2016 \| office2 = Chairman of <br>[[Bayan Muna]] party-list \| term_start2 = 2016 \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1959\|12\|4}} \| birth_place = [[Bacolod]], [[Negros Occidental]], Philippines \| death_date = \| death_place = \| restingplace = \| restingplacecoordinates = \| birthname = \| nationality = Filipino \| party = [[Bayan Muna]] \| otherparty = [[Makabayan]] (2009–present) \| spouse = \| partner = Shalimar Vitan \| relations = [[Angel Locsin]] (aunt) \| children = 1 \| residence = \| alma_mater = [[San Beda University\|San Beda College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts\|BA]])<br>[[University of the Philippines Diliman]] ([[Bachelor of Laws\|LL.B.]]) \| profession = Lawyer (Human rights, Constitutional and electoral law)\| }} '''Neri Javier Colmenares''' ({{IPA\|tl\|haˈvjeɾ kɔlmɛˈnarɛs}}, born December 4, 1959) is a Filipino [[legislator]], [[human rights]] [[lawyer]] and activist. He was an associate of the Asian Law Centre at [[Melbourne Law School]] when he was completing his Ph.D. in law on "The Writ of Amparo and the International Criminal Court." He also lectured at the [[University of Melbourne]] on International Human Rights Law and the Rome Statute of the [[International Criminal Court]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.arkibongbayan.org/2007-10Oct17-nuplamparo/nuplamparo.htm \|title=The Writ of Amparo and its Implications on Impunity: A Forum to discuss the Scope of the Rule and other relevant issues \|access-date=July 19, 2010 \|archive-date=May 7, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507031145/http://www.arkibongbayan.org/2007-10Oct17-nuplamparo/nuplamparo.htm \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Colmenares was the party-list representative for Bayan Muna in the Philippine House of Representatives from 2009 to 2016, and was the senior deputy leader of the minority bloc. He was an aspirant in the [[2016 Philippine Senate election\|2016]], [[2019 Philippine Senate election\|2019]],<ref>{{Cite web \|title=COLMENARES, Neri {{!}} Eleksyon 2019 \|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2019/candidate/21/nericolmenares/ \|access-date=March 28, 2022 \|website=GMA News Online \|language=en}}</ref> and [[2022 Philippine Senate election]]s, where he was part of the [[1sambayan\|1Sambayan]] Senate slate, but was defeated in all three runs.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=January 28, 2022 \|title=Neri Colmenares joins 1Sambayan Senate slate \|work=CNN \|url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/1/28/Neri-Colmenares-1Sambayan-Makabayan-Leni-Kiko.html \|access-date=March 28, 2022 \|archive-date=March 28, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328092053/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/1/28/Neri-Colmenares-1Sambayan-Makabayan-Leni-Kiko.html \|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 4, 2024, Colmenares and 74 others filed the second [[impeachment]] complaint against Vice President [[Sara Duterte]], citing betrayal of public trust for her office's alleged misuse of confidential funds.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Lalu\|first=Gabriel Pabico\|title=VP Sara Duterte faces 2nd impeachment rap\|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2012345/vp-sara-duterte-faces-2nd-impeachment-rap\|access-date=December 4, 2024\|work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]\|publisher=INQUIRER.net\|date=December 4, 2024\|location=[[Manila]], Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|last=De Leon\|first=Dwight\|title=Sara Duterte slapped with second impeachment complaint\|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/progressive-groups-file-second-impeachment-complaint-vice-president-sara-duterte-december-2024/\|access-date=December 4, 2024\|work=[[Rappler]]\|publisher=Rappler Inc.\|date=December 4, 2024\|location=[[Manila]], Philippines}}</ref> ==Early life== Born on December 4, 1959 in [[Bacolod]], [[Negros Occidental]],<ref>{{Cite web \|title=59. BAYAN MUNA \|url=https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/COC_Partylist162/59.%20BAYAN%20MUNA.pdf \|access-date=October 30, 2024 \|website=Commission on Elections}}</ref> Colmenares joined the struggle against the late former [[President of the Philippines\|President]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]]' leadership in 1976. He was active in the College Editors Guild of the Philippines (CEGP) and the [[Student Christian Movement of the Philippines]] (SCMP), and became the Visayas regional chair of the [[Student Catholic Action]] (SCA). Soon after becoming a national council member of SCA, he was arrested. Following the end of his detention, Colmenares moved to [[Manila]] where he was involved in different religious organizations. Actress [[Angel Locsin]] (Angelica Locsin Colmenares in real life) is Colmenares' aunt, although he is 25 years older than her. Reports indicate that Locsin's father and Colmenares’ father are related, but no further details were provided about the matter.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/10/12/15/colmenares-has-angel-during-coc-filing\|title=Colmenares has an Angel during COC filing\|date=October 12, 2015\|website=ABS-CBN News\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> In 1983 he shifted to [[Cagayan Valley]] to become a youth organizer there. After five months of organizing work in Cagayan Valley, he was arrested by military agents and charged with 'rebellion.' In total, Colmenares was jailed and was tortured in captivity for four years. Atty. William F. Claver stood as his legal counsel. Colmenares was one of the youngest political prisoners at the time.<ref name="bu">[http://www.bulatlat.com/main/2009/09/07/bayan-muna-rep-neri-colmenares/ Bayan Muna Rep. Neri Colmenares]</ref><ref name="bup1">[http://www.bulatlat.com/main/2007/01/27/neri-colmenares-on-torture-a-human-rights-code-and-movie-acting/ Neri Colmenares On Torture, a Human Rights Code and Movie Acting]</ref><ref name="bup2">'[http://www.bulatlat.com/main/2007/01/27/neri-colmenares-on-torture-a-human-rights-code-and-movie-acting/2/ Neri Colmenares On Torture, a Human Rights Code and Movie Acting], part 2</ref> === As chess player === Neri Colmenares learned to play chess at age 7. He was Palarong Pambansa champion in the Visayas<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|date=2019-02-22 \|title=Colmenares mad skills in chess helped him get through martial law torture, detention: He played blindfold vs his guards! \|url=https://politiko.com.ph/2019/02/22/colmenares-mad-skills-in-chess-helped-him-get-through-martial-law-torture-detention-he-played-blindfold-vs-his-guards/politiko-lokal/ \|access-date=2025-07-28 \|website=Politiko \|language=en-US}}</ref> and placed second in the Palarong Pambansa in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-10-05 \|title=Chess is life! Colmenares can play chess blindfolded \|url=https://politiko.com.ph/2021/10/05/chess-is-life-colmenares-can-play-chess-blindfolded/snitch-network/ \|access-date=2025-07-28 \|website=Politiko \|language=en-US}}</ref> While in detention during martial law, he would play chess blindfolded against jail guards.<ref name=":3" /> In 2015, Colmenares was the director of the [[National Chess Federation of the Philippines]] (NCFP) and chair its of its grassroots and development committee.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web \|date=2015-09-01 \|title=Colmenares: Lawmaker by day, chess player in his spare time \|url=https://politiko.com.ph/2015/09/01/neri-colmenares-lawmaker-by-day-a-chess-player-in-his-spare-time/politiko-lokal/ \|access-date=2025-07-28 \|website=Politiko \|language=en-US}}</ref> He has been the vice president of the NCFP as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Neri Colmenares {{!}} Eleksyon 2022 \|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/eleksyon2022/candidates/nericolmenares/ \|access-date=2025-07-28 \|website=GMA News \|language=en}}</ref> ==Law and political career== Colmenares is a human rights lawyer and is the president of the National Union of Peoples’ Lawyers (NUPL), a national association of human rights lawyers in the Philippines. He finished his Bachelor of Arts in Economics at [[San Beda College]] and completed his law degree at the [[University of the Philippines College of Law\|University of the Philippines (UP) College of Law]]. He lectures in Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) seminars and in various universities on the Writ of Amparo, Habeas Data, [[The International Criminal Court]] and [[International Humanitarian Law]], Oral Advocacy, Constitutional Amendment and the Chacha Cases, Judicial and Congressional Jurisprudence on Impeachment, The Party List Law: Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Commission on Elections (Comelec), The Constitutionality of the Anti-Terrorism Law (Human Security Act), Whistleblowers and the Freedom of Information Law and other current legal and constitutional issues. He acted as counsel of the seven impeachment complaints in the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines]] and was one of the prosecutors in the impeachment trial of Merceditas Navarro Gutierrez in the [[Senate of the Philippines\|Philippine Senate]], prosecuting mainly the fertilizer scam case and the [[Euro Generals scandal\|euro generals case]].<ref name="ree">{{Cite web \|url=http://focusweb.org/philippines/content/view/428/52/ \|title=Party-list Winners: Whose Interests are Represented? \|access-date=July 19, 2010 \|archive-date=September 3, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903011741/http://focusweb.org/philippines/content/view/428/52/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref> He was one of the prosecutors in the impeachment trial of Chief Justice [[Renato Corona]], who was convicted by the Senate for Betrayal of Public Trust. He is involved in constitutional legal issues, having acted as counsel and argued before the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines\|Supreme Court]] in oral arguments on the constitutionality of Executive Order 464, the petition against the Emergency Rule Proclamation 1017, the calibrated preemptive response (CPR) policy, the [[charter Change\|cha cha]] initiative to amend the Constitution, the petition to disqualify major political parties in the party list system, on the constitutionality of the [[Visiting Forces Agreement]] (the Subic Rape Case) and the oral arguments on the petition he filed against the First Party Rule which resulted in Supreme Court decision filling up of all the party list seats in Congress. On September 23, 2021, Colmenares announced that he will be running for senator in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=September 23, 2021 \|title=Neri Colmenares declares 2022 senatorial bid \|work=CNN \|url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/9/23/Neri-Colmenares-2022-senator-election.html \|access-date=March 28, 2022 \|archive-date=October 6, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006094541/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/9/23/Neri-Colmenares-2022-senator-election.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> He filed his candidacy on October 7.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sarao \|first=Zacarian \|date=October 7, 2021 \|title=Colmenares files COC for Senate seat \|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1498297/colmenares-files-coc-for-senate-seat \|access-date=March 28, 2022 \|website=Inquirer \|language=en}}</ref> However, he lost the election for the third straight time. === On power rate hikes === Colmenares petitioned the Supreme Court to stop Meralco's record-high power rate hike after the 2013 [[Malampaya gas field\|Malampaya]] shutdown.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/bansa/2014/03/18/1302116/tro-ng-sc-sinuway-contempt-vs-meralco\|title=TRO ng SC sinuway... Contempt vs Meralco {{!}} Pilipino Star Ngayon\|last1=Bermudo\|first1=Ludy\|last2=Layson\|first2=Mer\|date=March 18, 2014\|website=Philstar\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/08/19/makabayan-bloc-urges-sc-to-act-on-2013-petition-vs-meralco-rate-hike\|title=Makabayan bloc urges SC to act on 2013 petition vs Meralco rate hike\|last=Navallo\|first=Mike\|date=February 8, 2019\|website=ABS-CBN News\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/347139/money/companies/colmenares-erc-may-be-criminally-liable-for-allowing-meralco-rate-hike/\|title=Colmenares: ERC may be criminally liable for allowing Meralco rate hike\|last=Arcangel\|first=Xianne\|date=February 5, 2014\|website=GMA News Online\|language=en-US\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> At the 2014 congressional committee hearings on the electricity rate hike, Colmenares refuted arguments by [[Meralco\|Manila Electric Company]] (Meralco) legal counsel who stated that Meralco did not raise prices intentionally.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.rappler.com//nation/48632-meralco-inflate-power-charges\|title=Meralco: We did not mean to inflate power charges\|last=Fonbuena\|first=Carmela\|date=January 22, 2014\|website=Rappler\|language=en\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> He again questioned Meralco's plans to raise electricity rates in 2019 and accused power companies of passing on to consumers the cost of shortages they themselves caused.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/04/28/colmenares-questions-why-consumers-should-pay-higher-power-rates\|title=Colmenares questions why consumers should pay higher power rates\|last=Quismorio\|first=Ellson\|date=April 28, 2019\|website=Manila Bulletin News\|language=en-US\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> === On Marcos' hero's burial and human rights case === Colmenares argued before the Supreme Court to stop the heroes burial for the late former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/08/31/sc-supreme-court-oral-arguments-marcos-heros-burial-libingan-ng-mga-bayani.html\|title=SC hears arguments on Marcos' hero's burial\|last=Almario\|first=Anjo\|date=August 31, 2016\|website=CNN\|language=en\|access-date=May 4, 2019\|archive-date=June 19, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619194315/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/08/31/sc-supreme-court-oral-arguments-marcos-heros-burial-libingan-ng-mga-bayani.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also argued before the District Court in Hawaii on the Marcos human rights case. === On joint marine exploration and irrigation loan deals with China === In a petition filed before the Supreme Court in 2008, Colmenares questioned the legality of the Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking (JMSU) that the Arroyo administration signed with China and Vietnam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/105335/group-seek-sc-ruling-on-legality-of-joint-exploration-deal-inked-by-arroyo-admin-china\|title=Group seek SC ruling on legality of joint exploration deal inked by Arroyo admin, China\|last=Torres-Tupas\|first=Tetch\|date=May 29, 2014\|website=Inquirer\|language=en\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.rappler.com//nation/217228-supreme-court-urged-decide-on-petition-against-joint-marine-seismic-undertaking\|title=SC urged: Rule now on 2008 petition vs exploration deal with China\|website=Rappler\|date=November 21, 2018 \|language=en\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> In 2014, Colmenares filed a motion for immediate resolution before the Supreme Court, citing the original petition's importance in light of the Philippines' territorial and maritime dispute with China.<ref name=":0" /> Colmenares filed another motion for immediate resolution on the petition in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/23/18/sc-asked-to-rule-on-petition-seeking-to-nullify-2005-joint-exploration-deal\|title=SC asked to rule on petition seeking to nullify 2005 joint exploration deal\|last=Navallo\|first=Mike\|date=November 23, 2018\|website=ABS-CBN News\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> The motion read, "Any joint exploration with any foreign country or entity that allows almost absolute control over the benefits of the exploration to such foreign country or entity is detrimental to the Filipino people and therefore must not be allowed."<ref name=":1" /> Colmenares questioned the Philippines' [[Chico River (Philippines)\|Chico River]] irrigation loan agreement with China in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/02/28/chico-river-pump-irrigation-project-china-philippines-colmenares.html\|title=Colmenares exposes 'onerous,' 'one-sided' loan agreement between PH, China\|date=March 1, 2019\|website=CNN\|language=en\|access-date=May 4, 2019\|archive-date=March 4, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304005952/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/02/28/chico-river-pump-irrigation-project-china-philippines-colmenares.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> He joined fellow lawmakers in petitioning the Supreme Court in stopping the Chinese-funded project.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1103055/colmenares-groups-ask-sc-to-stop-chinese-funded-chico-river-project\|title=Colmenares, groups ask SC to stop Chinese-funded Chico River project\|last=Lalu\|first=Gabriel Pabico\|date=April 4, 2019\|website=Inquirer\|language=en\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> === On TRAIN law and fuel taxes === Colmenares and fellow lawmakers noted how the fuel excise tax and the broader value added tax hit the poor and low-income earners.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/07/25/1836589/lawmakers-press-supreme-court-stop-train-law\|title=Lawmakers press Supreme Court to stop TRAIN law\|last=Punay\|first=Edu\|date=July 25, 2018\|website=Philstar\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> He protested the [[Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law\|Tax Reform of Inclusion and Acceleration and Inclusion]] (TRAIN) Law and the fuel excise tax and blamed these for the increasing prices of consumer goods.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.rappler.com//nation/224289-senate-bets-hit-train-law-fuel-excise-tax\|title=Senatorial bets hit TRAIN law, fuel excise tax\|date=February 25, 2019\|website=Rappler\|language=en\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://verafiles.org/articles/colmenares-clearer-stand-issues-independent-candidate\|title=Colmenares: clearer stand on issues as independent candidate\|last=Bacungan\|first=VJ\|date=April 25, 2019\|website=Vera Files\|language=en\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> He also called for the removal of the value added tax on power, water, and fuel.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/25/1896648/senate-bets-want-junk-train-law-fuel-taxes-cool-inflation\|title=Senate bets want to junk TRAIN law, fuel taxes to cool inflation\|date=February 25, 2019\|website=Philstar\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> Colmenares served as counsel for lawmakers who in January 2018 filed for the suspension of the TRAIN Law.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/16/18/makabayan-bloc-urges-sc-to-act-on-petition-vs-train-law\|title=Makabayan bloc urges SC to act on petition vs. TRAIN law\|last=Navallo\|first=Mike\|date=November 16, 2018\|website=ABS-CBN News\|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> He also noted how the TRAIN Law was passed in Congress without a quorum.<ref name=":2" /> === As counsel to drug war victims === Colmenares serves as legal counsel to [[Philippine drug war]] victims and their families.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=See \|first=Aie Balagtas \|date=2024-03-28 \|title='We want the trial to start': What happens now to ICC's probe into Duterte's drug war? \|url=https://pcij.org/2024/03/28/ejk-victims-kin-await-duterte-icc-trial/ \|access-date=2025-07-28 \|website=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism \|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2021, Colmenares was a panelist at a legal forum organized by the University of the Philippines College of Law on the [[International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Legal Forum: The International Criminal Court’s Investigation, Responses by Philippine Lawyers \|url=https://law.upd.edu.ph/IILS/pages/legal-forum-the-international-criminal-courts-investigation-responses-by-philippine-lawyers/ \|access-date=2025-07-28 \|website=UP College of Law \|language=en-US}}</ref> He was also a resource speaker at the 2024 House of Representatives Quad Committee hearings that investigated the possible links between the drug war, [[Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines\|extrajudicial killings in the Philippines]], and [[Philippine Offshore Gaming Operator\|Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Flores \|first=Dominique Nicole \|title=Families of EJK victims seek justice from ICC trial amid challenges in filing local cases \|url=https://qa.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/13/2392220/families-ejk-victims-seek-justice-icc-trial-amid-challenges-filing-local-cases \|access-date=2025-07-28 \|website=Philippine Star}}</ref> === In Congress === Colmenares was the party-list representative for Bayan Muna in the Philippine House of Representatives from 2009 to 2016.<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|date=2022-02-18 \|title=Vera Files Fact Check: No, Neri Colmenares is not in Robredo’s senatorial lineup \|url=https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-no-neri-colmenares-not-robredos-senato \|access-date=2025-07-28 \|website=Vera Files \|language=en-US}}</ref> He served as the Senior Deputy Minority Leader in the 16th Congress.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Legislation ==== Colmenares authored several laws such as the (i) the law requiring warnings through text during typhoons and disasters (RA 10639); (ii) the law creating Special Election Precincts for persons with disabilities and senior citizens (RA 10633); (iii) the law allowing media to vote before election day (RA 10380); and human rights laws including the (iv) Reparation Law for human rights victims during Martial Law (10368); (v) the Anti-Torture Law (RA 9745); (vi) the Anti-Enforced Disappearance Law (RA 10353). He also authored the recently passed law on the practice of Nutrition and Dietetics (RA 10862). His party [[Bayan Muna]] voted NO against the TRAIN law and he has been campaigning for the suspension of the TRAIN law pending the repeal of its excise tax imposition. He authored the [[Social Security System (Philippines)\|Social Security System]] (SSS) Pension Increase bill, which was later implemented under Pres. Rodrigo Duterte who ordered a P1,000 per month increase in SSS pension in two tranches. Colmenares and Bayan Muna worked to have the second P1,000 increase in 2018. He authored the bills and resolutions on making annulment of marriage accessible to the poor, increasing SSS pension to P7,000, investigating high prices of gasoline in the provinces, and blind-friendly Philippine peso bills.<ref name="alc">{{Cite web \|url=http://alc.law.unimelb.edu.au/go/people-at-the-alc/associates/index.cfm \|title=ALC Associates \|access-date=April 25, 2011 \|archive-date=April 30, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430083243/http://alc.law.unimelb.edu.au/go/people-at-the-alc/associates/index.cfm \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Committee assignments ==== During the 15th Congress, he was a member of the Joint Congressional Oversight Committee on Automated Elections and Vice-Chairman of the House Suffrage Committee and member of the Foreign Affairs, Defense, Natural Resources, Trade and Industry, Constitutional Amendment, Local Government, Human Rights, and Revision of Laws Committees. He was a member of the Committee on Rules. [[File:12-10-20 International Human Rights Day Protest Manila 8 Neri Colmenares.jpg\|thumb\|Neri Colmenares, speaking at the International Human Rights Day protest in Manila, December 10, 2020.]] === As organizer === [[File:Neri Colmenares, Anti-Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 Mobilization, December 2021.jpg\|thumb\|Colmenares, speaking at a mobilization against the [[Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020]], December, 2021]] Colmenares presently holds the following positions: * Co-chairperson, Makabayang Koalisyon ng Mamamayan * Chairperson, Bayan Muna Partylist * Bureau Member, International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL) * Vice-President, Confederation of Lawyers in Asia-Pacific (COLAP) * Convenor, Samahan at Ugnayan ng mga Konsyumer para sa Ikauunlad ng Bayan (SUKI) Consumers Group === Scholarly and editorial work === Colmenares' papers include a primer on the Writ of Habeas Data, the Comparative Analysis of the Writ of Amparo, Impeachment as a Constitutional Accountability Mechanism, the Party List system Law, and the International Criminal Court and other articles for the ''[[Philippine Law Journal]].'' He was associate editor of the ''World Bulletin'' of the UP Law Center on the issue of international crimes. == Electoral history == {\| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" \|+ Electoral history of Neri Colmenares ! rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0;" \|Year ! rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0;" \|Office ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0;" \|Party ! colspan="4" style="background:#eaecf0;" \|Votes received ! rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0;" \|Result \|- ! style="background:#eaecf0;" \|Total ! style="background:#eaecf0;" \| % ! style="background:#eaecf0;" \|{{abbr\|2=Position\|P}}. ! style="background:#eaecf0;" \|[[Swing (politics)\|Swing]] \|- ![[2007 Philippine House of Representatives elections\|2007]] \| rowspan="4"\|[[House of Representatives of the Philippines\|Representative]] ([[Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines\|Party-list]]) \| rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color\|Bayan Muna}};" \| \| rowspan="4"\|[[Bayan Muna]] \|979,189 \|6.11% \|2nd \| {{n/a}} \| {{Won}} \|- ![[2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections\|2010]] \|750,100 \|2.49% \|9th \| -3.62 \| {{Won}} \|- ![[2013 Philippine House of Representatives elections\|2013]] \|954,724 \|3.45% \|3rd \| +0.96 \| {{Won}} \|- ![[2025 Philippine House of Representatives elections\|2025]] \|162,894 \|0.39% \|77th \| -3.06 \| {{Lost}} \|- ![[2016 Philippine Senate election\|2016]] \| rowspan="3"\|[[Senator of the Philippines]] \| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color\|Makabayan}};" \| \| rowspan="3"\|[[Makabayan]] \|6,484,985 \|14.42% \|20th \| {{n/a}} \| {{Lost}} \|- ![[2019 Philippine Senate election\|2019]] \|4,683,942 \|9.90% \|24th \| -4.52 \| {{Lost}} \|- ![[2022 Philippine Senate election\|2022]] \|6,098,782 \|10.98% \|24th \| +1.08 \| {{Lost}} \|} ==Major legal work== {{BLP sources section\|date=January 2020}} Colmenares has lectured extensively on various legal topics in Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) seminars and at universities on impeachment jurisprudence, constitutional law, party-list system, appellate advocacy, writs of amparo and habeas data, international human rights law, and legal perspectives on the peace process. He has served as a resource speaker in national and international forums, including those organized by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]] and legal organizations abroad. He played key roles in high-profile legal cases and political trials, notably serving as a prosecutor in the [[Impeachment of Renato Corona\|impeachment]] of Chief Justice [[Renato Corona]] and the [[Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez\|impeachment]] of Ombudsman [[Merceditas Gutierrez]]. Additionally, he has argued significant cases before the Supreme Court, including those questioning the constitutionality of key government actions, such as the Visiting Forces Agreement, party-list representation rules, and emergency powers under President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]. Colmenares has also held prominent leadership positions in legal advocacy groups, including serving as president and secretary general of the National Union of Peoples' Lawyers (NUPL). He has been a consistent advocate for human rights, social justice, and legal reforms through both his legal work and public engagements.<ref name="alc"/> Colmenares began his career at the National Amnesty Commission, serving as a private secretary from November 1996 to January 1997, and again from January to September 1997. He then became the commission's legal officer from October 1997 to May 1998, and then became its attorney from January to September 1998 and again from May to September 1999. In September 1999, he became the General Counsel for the partylist [[Bayan Muna]], a position he held until 2009. From March 2004 to March 2006, Colmenares also served as a consultant to the office of Representative [[Satur Ocampo]]. == Awards == In 2020, Colmenares was given the International Bar Association (IBA) Award for his "Outstanding Contribution to Human Rights".<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Philippines: human rights lawyer Neri Javier Colmenares wins the 2020 IBA Human Rights Award \|url=https://www.ibanet.org/article/338044D9-EDF8-4414-903A-8984D89DF1EF \|access-date=2023-11-22 \|website=IBA \|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Bagong Alyansang Makabayan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Colmenares, Neri}} [[Category:Filipino activists]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Filipino people of Spanish descent]] [[Category:Filipino Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Anti-revisionists]] [[Category:Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines for Bayan Muna]] [[Category:People from Bacolod]] [[Category:Politicians from Negros Occidental]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Melbourne]] [[Category:San Beda University alumni]] [[Category:University of the Philippines Diliman alumni]] [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Marcos martial law victims]] [[Category:21st-century Filipino lawyers]] [[Category:Makabayan politicians]]	1,304,475,322	[{"title": "Member of the \u00b7 Philippine House of Representatives \u00b7 for Bayan Muna party-list", "data": {"Member of the \u00b7 Philippine House of Representatives \u00b7 for Bayan Muna party-list": "In office \u00b7 April 2009 \u2013 June 30, 2016Serving with Teodoro Casi\u00f1o and Carlos Isagani Zarate"}}, {"title": "Senior Deputy Minority Leader of the \u00b7 Philippine House of Representatives", "data": {"Senior Deputy Minority Leader of the \u00b7 Philippine House of Representatives": "In office \u00b7 July 22, 2013 \u2013 June 30, 2016"}}, {"title": "Chairman of \u00b7 Bayan Muna party-list", "data": {"Chairman of \u00b7 Bayan Muna party-list": ["Incumbent", "Assumed office \u00b7 2016"]}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "December 4, 1959 \u00b7 Bacolod, Negros Occidental, Philippines", "Political party": "Bayan Muna", "Other political \u00b7 affiliations": "Makabayan (2009\u2013present)", "Domestic partner": "Shalimar Vitan", "Relations": "Angel Locsin (aunt)", "Children": "1", "Alma mater": "San Beda College (BA) \u00b7 University of the Philippines Diliman (LL.B.)", "Profession": "Lawyer (Human rights, Constitutional and electoral law)"}}]	false
# Ralph and Terry Kovel Ralph Mallory Kovel (20 August 1920 – 28 August 2008) was an American author of 97 books and guides to antiques, co-authored with his wife, Terry Kovel (b. 1928). They wrote a nationally syndicated collectibles column that began in 1955, which is still in production as of 2022. ## Ralph Kovel Ralph Kovel (/koʊˈvɛlˈ/) was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1920. His family moved to Paducah, Kentucky, then Cleveland, Ohio, in the 1930s. He graduated from Cleveland Heights High School, then attended Ohio State University. He joined the United States Coast Guard during World War II. In 1950 he married Terry Horvitz. Their children are Lee Kovel and Kim Kovel. He started his writing career with Terry in 1953 (see section Ralph and Terry Kovel). In the 1950s, he was in the export-import business and imported a variety of things, including the Lambretta motor scooter, the new bikini bathing suits European women were wearing, and specialty food products. He didn't like the constant travel, so he started his own business as a food broker, representing packaged foods and other products to grocery-store chains, and fast-food restaurants. He represented many of the new frozen food lines, like Stouffers, specialty items like Sweet and Low packets, and even live, bare-root fruit trees. Ralph sold McDonald's fresh potatoes in 1956 by the carload when hamburgers were 15 cents and the chain said they would never use frozen French fries. He bought a small salad dressing company in Cleveland named Sar-a-Lee and soon was selling custom-made dressings to major fast-food chains for their newly popular salad bars. In 1987 his company was purchased Sara Lee Corporation. and he became a senior vice president in the foods division. In 1970 Ralph started U.S. Brands, Inc., a fulfillment company that did packaging and handling for the Kovels books and newsletters as well as for many other businesses. He became part owner of an innovative aquaculture shrimp farm in the Bahamas in 1996. Ralph continued working until the week before his final illness. He died in August 2008. Ralph was a salesman, an innovator, and an entrepreneur. He patented a dripless aluminum teabag called the teastir, and made an instant silver polish. When his children chewed the paper straws in their milkshakes, he developed the first plastic straw for McDonald's by using the outer part of a plastic clothes line. He was a dedicated volunteer, working as a group leader and board member at a settlement house, a volunteer for public television, and a committee member for the Cleveland United Appeal. He even helped plan and cook fundraising spaghetti dinners. Ralph continued working until the week before his final illness. Kovel resided in Shaker Heights, Ohio and died in Cleveland of complications from a broken hip CLUBS - Oakwood Country Club, Cleveland, Ohio - Union League Club, Chicago, Illinois Board memberships - Board of Trustees - Cleveland Pops Orchestra. - Board of Trustees – WVIZ/PBS and 90.3 WCPN Ideastream - Board of Trustees - Western Reserve Historical Society, 1994 - 2008 - Board Member - Society of Collectors ## Terry Kovel Terry was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1928. She earned a bachelor's degree from Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. In 1950 she married Ralph Kovel. Their children are Lee Kovel and Kim Kovel. Terry started her writing career with her husband, Ralph, in 1953 (see section Ralph and Terry Kovel). Terry was a reading specialist and mathematics teacher at Hawken School, Lyndhurst, Ohio, from 1961 to 1971. She took specialized courses, including "How to Teach New Math," at the University of Illinois, and studied American antiques at the Winterthur Museum Summer Institute. Terry Kovel has been a volunteer since she was a teenager. She was a group leader for girls at East End Neighborhood House in the 1950s, an appraiser and advisor for many non-profit antique-related projects, and an auctioneer, appraiser, and go-getter at public television fundraisers. She has also been active in many civic gardening projects, both digging and helping with fundraisers. She has served on the Ohio Historic Preservation Committee and has been a board member of the Cleveland Chapter of the Council of Jewish Women, the Catholic DePaul Infant and Maternity Home, and Hiram College. She is now on the boards of WVIZ/PBS and 90.3 WCPN Ideastream and the Shaker Historical Society and is an honorary trustee of Hiram College, and Chairperson of Cleveland's Euclid Beach Park Carousel Society. ## Books and Other Published Writing The first Kovel book was written in 1952–53. Ralph and Terry were living in an apartment with their young son, Lee (and with a breakfront full of their collection of English 18th-century porcelains). Their daughter, Kim, was born the day the first copy of Ralph and Terry's first book, Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain arrived by mail. That book, now titled Kovels' Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1650–1850, is still in print. In 1986 they updated their information about marks with a new book, Kovels New Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1850 to the Present. In 1953 the Kovels started writing a question and answer column for The Cleveland Press. It was syndicated in 1955 with Register and Tribune Syndicate and was soon running in 100 newspapers. When the Cleveland Press closed in 1982 the Cleveland Plain Dealer began to run the Kovels' column. "Kovels: Antiques and Collecting" is now (2021) the longest-running U.S. syndicated column written by the original bylined author. Today it is distributed by King Features Syndicate to over 120 newspapers nationwide and online. In October 2010, Ralph and Terry Kovel were inducted into the Cleveland Journalism Hall of Fame. In 1967 The Kovels wrote Kovels' Know Your Antiques, an easy-to-read book for collectors filled with marks, dates, and helpful information. The next year they decided that an up-to-date book listing prices for antiques was needed. They used the newest technology, keypunch cards and that modern invention, the computer. The cards were punched, corrected, sorted by hand (there was no sorting machine), and printed on the white side of green bar paper used for accounting. The system used the only available typeface and no pictures. The white pages were reproduced to create the book, so the time to complete the book was speeded up by six months. It is said to be the first "bookstore" book done on a computer. The Complete Antiques Price List has been published every year for over sixty years with changes and improvements. The title is now Kovels' Antiques and Collectibles Price Guide. It has color photographs, paragraphs of information, marks, a computer-generated index, a listing of record prices for the past year, tips on care, and 40,000 prices for pieces sold in the previous 12 months. Over four million copies of the book have been sold since the first edition. Other books followed (see list below) and the Kovels 100th book was published in September 2011. - Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain (1953) - Directory of American Silver, Pewter and Silver Plate (1958) - American Country Furniture 1780-1875 (1965) - Kovels' Know Your Antiques (1967, 1973, 1981, 1990) - Kovels' Collectors' Guide to American Art Pottery (1974) - Kovels' Collectors' Guide to Limited Editions (1974) - Kovels' Price Guide for Collector Plates, Figurines, Paperweights and Other Limited Edition Items (1978) - Kovels' Organizer for Collectors (1978, 1983) - Kovels' Illustrated Price Guide to Royal Doulton (1980, 1984) - Kovels' Know Your Collectibles (1981, 1992) - Kovels' Book of Antique Labels (1982) - Kovels' Collectors' Source Book (1983) - Kovels' New Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1850-Present (1985) - Kovels' Advertising Collectibles Price List (1986, 2005) - Kovels' Guide to Selling Your Antiques & Collectibles (1987, 1990) - Kovels' American Silver Marks, 1650 to the Present (1989) - Kovels' Antiques & Collectibles Fix-It Source Book (1990) - Kovels' American Art Pottery (1993) - Kovels' Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1650 to 1850 (1995) - Kovels' Guide to Selling, Buying, and Fixing Your Antiques and Collectibles (1995) - Kovels' Quick Tips: 799 Helpful Hints on How to Care for Your Collectibles (1995) - The Label Made Me Buy It (1998) - Kovels' Yellow Pages: A Resource Guide for Collectors (1999, 2003) - Kovels' Bid, Buy, and Sell Online (2001) - Kovels' American Antiques, 1750-1900 (2004) - Kovels' Depression Glass & Dinnerware Price List, 8th edition (2004) - Kovels' Bottles Price List, 13th edition (2006) - Kovels' American Collectibles, 1900-2000 (2007) - Kovels' Antiques & Collectibles Price Guide, 1st (1969) to 54th ed. (2022) ## Other Published Works: Newsletter The newsletter, “Kovels on Antiques and Collectibles,” was introduced in 1974. It is a 12-page subscription-only newsletter that had over 200,000 subscribers by the early 1990s. “Kovels On Antiques & Collectibles” newsletter now on its 48th year, and it's also available in print and as a PDF for Kovels.com members. The newsletter has kept up with the times both in technology and content. Photos went from black and white to color in 1996, but there are still reports of sales and auctions, lists of current prices, tips on care, news "hotlines," reports of fakes, and many comments on events and market trends by the Kovels. ## Other Writings 1979–2000, "Ask the Experts," a monthly column in House Beautiful magazine 1995–2003, "Antiques and Collectibles" section for the Encyclopædia Britannica Yearbook 2000–2002, "The Kovels on Collecting,” a monthly column about antiques in Forbes magazine 1992–present, Many Buying Guides and Special Reports that include hard-to-find identification clues for collectors. Subjects have included jewelry, pottery, Handbags, woodblock prints, and more. - Kovels’ Buyers’ Guide to 20th-Century Costume Jewelry Part 1 & 2 - Kovels’ Buyers Guide to Modern Ceramics - Kovels’ Flea Market Strategies: How to Shop, Buy, and Bargain the 21st-Century Way - Kovels’ A Diary: How to Sell, Settle, and Profit from a Collector's Estate - Kovels’ Collectors Guide to Handbags - Kovels’ Identification Guide to Contemporary American Pottery. 1960s to Present. The Kovels have also written articles for many magazines, including Forbes, Boardroom Reports, House Beautiful, Family Circle, Woman's Day, Redbook, Town and Country, Giftware News, and various antiques-oriented publications. ## Television Ralph and Terry Kovel started appearing on television in 1969, when their shows were made on film with one camera and no editing. The first series of 10 half-hour shows with no commercial breaks was produced by WVIZ, the Cleveland public television station. Twenty-six shows were made by 1972 and distributed nationally. Since 1969, the Kovels emceed an annual televised auction to benefit WVIZ. Other TV series include: - 1981: Kovels on Collecting, a nationally syndicated commercial TV "filler" of 75-second spots - 1987: Kovels on Collecting, 13 half-hour shows on public television, awarded a local Emmy - 1989-1992: Collector's Journal with Ralph and Terry Kovel, 26 shows shown on the Discovery Channel - 2000-2004: Flea Market Finds with the Kovels, weekly half-hour shows on Home & Garden Television Network (HGTV), awarded a Telly Guest appearance as antiques and collectibles experts on many national talk shows, news shows, and cable programs ## Lectures Ralph and Terry Kovel have lectured to audiences in museums, historical societies, department stores, home and garden shows, antique shows, colleges, and charitable fundraisers. ## Website The Kovels have had an online presence since 1996. Kovels.com was created in 1998. It currently lists over a million actual prices for antiques and collectibles from the United States, Canada, and Europe, individually reviewed by experts. The website also offers news, identification information, readers’ questions with expert answers, a database of factory marks, pictures, and community features like forums, calendar of events, business directory with antique-related services and more. It also includes a weekly eNewsletter ("Kovels Komments"), and other free information, as well as the subscription print newsletter, a paid membership subscription to the website and other buying guides and publications from the Kovels. It now has hundreds of thousands of unique visitors each month. - The Kovels have had an online presence since 1996. ## Odd Facts about the Kovels The Kovels over the years acquired an 18,000-volume library about antiques. They also have an 1890s "general store" collection in their basement. Ralph and Terry met on a double-blind date. He was the other girl's date. The Kovels' Antiques & Collectibles Price Guide was mentioned in newspaper reports as a research book used by a real thief in a murder and antiques theft case that made national news. It was also used by a thief in an Elmore Leonard murder mystery, Gold Coast, and in at least five other murder mysteries. A shopping trip with the Kovels was offered as a prize by the Publishers Clearing House Sweepstakes. Roy Lichtenstein, the famous artist, hung Ralph and Terry's drapes in the 1950s, before he became famous. Ralph and Terry never bought any of his modern paintings. They have met and were interviewed by many collector-celebrities, including Oprah Winfrey, Martha Stewart Merv Griffin, and Pat Robertson. Ralph was a first-name-basis friend to many food celebrities, including Ray Kroc, founder of the McDonald's chain, Colonel Sanders of KFC, and Dave Thomas of Wendy's. The Kovel newspaper column helped to find a missing inkwell needed for the United States Supreme Court in 1994.25 Viktor Schreckengost, who made the famous Jazz bowl, an art deco masterpiece, was a local friend who lived nearby. The Kovels have collected everything from American art pottery to Holt Howard ceramics to printed textiles to furniture and enamels. Most unusual collection, produce stickers like the colorful ones on bananas that say "4011," the UPC code for standard yellow bananas. ## Other Ralph and Terry Kovel have been senior members of the American Society of Appraisers and have served as expert witnesses in court cases. They have taught adult education classes at Case Western Reserve University and John Carroll University.	enwiki/24378450	enwiki	24,378,450	Ralph and Terry Kovel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_and_Terry_Kovel	2025-08-15T01:28:27Z	en	Q7288308	50,513	{{short description\|American authors and antiquarians}} [[File:Ralph Terry Kovel Library.jpg\|thumb\|Ralph and Terry Kovel]] '''Ralph Mallory Kovel''' (20 August 1920 – 28 August 2008) was an American [[author]] of 97 books and guides to [[antique]]s, co-authored with his wife, '''Terry Kovel''' (b. 1928). They wrote a nationally syndicated collectibles column that began in 1955, which is still in production as of 2022. ==Ralph Kovel== Ralph Kovel ({{IPAc-en\|k\|oʊ\|ˈ\|v\|ɛ\|l\|'}}) was born in [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], in 1920. His family moved to Paducah, Kentucky, then Cleveland, Ohio, in the 1930s. He graduated from Cleveland Heights High School, then attended Ohio State University. He joined the [[United States Coast Guard]] during [[World War II]]. In 1950 he married Terry Horvitz. Their children are Lee Kovel and Kim Kovel. He started his writing career with Terry in 1953 (see section Ralph and Terry Kovel). In the 1950s, he was in the export-import business and imported a variety of things, including the Lambretta motor scooter, the new bikini bathing suits European women were wearing, and specialty food products. He didn't like the constant travel, so he started his own business as a food broker, representing packaged foods and other products to grocery-store chains, and fast-food restaurants. He represented many of the new frozen food lines, like Stouffers, specialty items like Sweet and Low packets, and even live, bare-root fruit trees. Ralph sold McDonald's fresh potatoes in 1956 by the carload when hamburgers were 15 cents and the chain said they would never use frozen French fries. He bought a small salad dressing company in Cleveland named Sar-a-Lee and soon was selling custom-made dressings to major fast-food chains for their newly popular salad bars. In 1987 his company was purchased [[Sara Lee Corporation]]. and he became a senior vice president in the foods division. In 1970 Ralph started U.S. Brands, Inc., a fulfillment company that did packaging and handling for the Kovels books and newsletters as well as for many other businesses. He became part owner of an innovative aquaculture shrimp farm in the [[Bahamas]] in 1996. Ralph continued working until the week before his final illness. He died in August 2008. Ralph was a salesman, an innovator, and an entrepreneur. He patented a dripless aluminum teabag called the teastir,<ref>U.S. Patent No. 2,805,162. Filed Oct. 25, 1954. Issued September 1957.</ref> and made an instant silver polish. When his children chewed the paper straws in their milkshakes, he developed the first plastic straw for McDonald's by using the outer part of a plastic clothes line. He was a dedicated volunteer, working as a group leader and board member at a settlement house, a volunteer for public television, and a committee member for the Cleveland United Appeal. He even helped plan and cook fundraising spaghetti dinners. Ralph continued working until the week before his final illness. Kovel resided in [[Shaker Heights, Ohio]] and died in Cleveland of complications from a broken hip<ref name="nytobit">Fox, Margalit (September 6, 2008). [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/business/07kovel.html Ralph Kovel, Antiques Writer, Dies at 88.] ''[[New York Times]]''</ref> CLUBS Oakwood Country Club, Cleveland, Ohio Union League Club, Chicago, Illinois Board memberships Board of Trustees - Cleveland Pops Orchestra. Board of Trustees – WVIZ/PBS and 90.3 WCPN Ideastream Board of Trustees - Western Reserve Historical Society, 1994 - 2008 Board Member - Society of Collectors ==Terry Kovel== [[File:Terry kovel.jpg\|thumb\|Terry Kovel]] Terry was born in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], in 1928. She earned a bachelor's degree from [[Wellesley College]], Wellesley, Mass. In 1950 she married [[Ralph Kovel]]. Their children are Lee Kovel and Kim Kovel. Terry started her writing career with her husband, Ralph, in 1953 (see section Ralph and Terry Kovel).<ref>"Ralph and Terry Kovel—America's Antique Experts." Travelhost. September 18, 1983: N-5</ref> Terry was a reading specialist and mathematics teacher at Hawken School, Lyndhurst, Ohio, from 1961 to 1971. She took specialized courses, including "How to Teach New Math," at the [[University of Illinois]], and studied American antiques at the [[Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library\|Winterthur Museum]] Summer Institute. Terry Kovel has been a volunteer since she was a teenager. She was a group leader for girls at East End Neighborhood House in the 1950s, an appraiser and advisor for many non-profit antique-related projects, and an auctioneer, appraiser, and go-getter at public television fundraisers. She has also been active in many civic gardening projects, both digging and helping with fundraisers. She has served on the Ohio Historic Preservation Committee and has been a board member of the Cleveland Chapter of the Council of Jewish Women, the Catholic DePaul Infant and Maternity Home, and [[Hiram College]]. She is now on the boards of WVIZ/PBS and 90.3 WCPN Ideastream and the [http://www.shakerhistory.org Shaker Historical Society] and is an honorary trustee of [[Hiram College]], and Chairperson of Cleveland's Euclid Beach Park Carousel Society. ==Books and Other Published Writing== The first Kovel book was written in 1952–53. Ralph and Terry were living in an apartment with their young son, Lee (and with a breakfront full of their collection of English 18th-century porcelains). Their daughter, Kim, was born the day the first copy of Ralph and Terry's first book, ''Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain'' arrived by mail. That book, now titled ''Kovels' Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1650–1850'', is still in print. In 1986 they updated their information about marks with a new book, ''Kovels New Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1850 to the Present''.<ref name="ReferenceA">Kiefer, Geraldine. "The Ma and Pa Kettle of Antiques," ''The Robb Report'', Volume IX, Number 2, February, 1985: 74-78.</ref> In 1953 the Kovels started writing a question and answer column for ''The Cleveland Press''.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It was syndicated in 1955 with Register and Tribune Syndicate and was soon running in 100 newspapers. When the ''Cleveland Press'' closed in 1982 the ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'' began to run the Kovels' column. "Kovels: Antiques and Collecting" is now (2021) the longest-running U.S. syndicated column written by the original bylined author. Today it is distributed by [[King Features]] Syndicate to over 120 newspapers nationwide and online. In October 2010, Ralph and Terry Kovel were inducted into the Cleveland Journalism Hall of Fame.<ref>"PD reporters Margaret Bernstein, Joanna Connors to get Press Club honors," ''The Cleveland Plain Dealer'', August 29, 2010.</ref> In 1967 The Kovels wrote ''Kovels' Know Your Antiques'', an easy-to-read book for collectors filled with marks, dates, and helpful information. The next year they decided that an up-to-date book listing prices for antiques was needed. They used the newest technology, keypunch cards and that modern invention, the computer. The cards were punched, corrected, sorted by hand (there was no sorting machine), and printed on the white side of green bar paper used for accounting. The system used the only available typeface and no pictures. The white pages were reproduced to create the book, so the time to complete the book was speeded up by six months. It is said to be the first "bookstore" book done on a computer. ''The Complete Antiques Price List'' has been published every year for over sixty years with changes and improvements. The title is now ''Kovels' Antiques and Collectibles Price Guide''. It has color photographs, paragraphs of information, marks, a computer-generated index, a listing of record prices for the past year, tips on care, and 40,000 prices for pieces sold in the previous 12 months. Over four million copies of the book have been sold since the first edition. Other books followed (see list below) and the Kovels 100th book was published in September 2011. <blockquote> ''Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain (1953)'' ''Directory of American Silver, Pewter and Silver Plate (1958)'' ''American Country Furniture 1780-1875 (1965)'' ''Kovels' Know Your Antiques (1967, 1973, 1981, 1990)'' ''Kovels' Collectors' Guide to American Art Pottery (1974)'' ''Kovels' Collectors' Guide to Limited Editions (1974)'' ''Kovels' Price Guide for Collector Plates, Figurines, Paperweights and Other Limited Edition Items (1978)'' ''Kovels' Organizer for Collectors (1978, 1983)'' ''Kovels' Illustrated Price Guide to Royal Doulton (1980, 1984)'' ''Kovels' Know Your Collectibles (1981, 1992)'' ''Kovels' Book of Antique Labels (1982)'' ''Kovels' Collectors' Source Book (1983)'' ''Kovels' New Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1850-Present (1985)'' ''Kovels' Advertising Collectibles Price List (1986, 2005)'' ''Kovels' Guide to Selling Your Antiques & Collectibles (1987, 1990)'' ''Kovels' American Silver Marks, 1650 to the Present (1989)'' ''Kovels' Antiques & Collectibles Fix-It Source Book (1990)'' ''Kovels' American Art Pottery (1993)'' ''Kovels' Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1650 to 1850 (1995)'' ''Kovels' Guide to Selling, Buying, and Fixing Your Antiques and Collectibles (1995)'' ''Kovels' Quick Tips: 799 Helpful Hints on How to Care for Your Collectibles (1995)'' ''The Label Made Me Buy It (1998)'' ''Kovels' Yellow Pages: A Resource Guide for Collectors (1999, 2003)'' ''Kovels' Bid, Buy, and Sell Online (2001)'' ''Kovels' American Antiques, 1750-1900 (2004)'' ''Kovels' Depression Glass & Dinnerware Price List, 8th edition (2004)'' ''Kovels' Bottles Price List, 13th edition (2006)'' ''Kovels' American Collectibles, 1900-2000 (2007)'' ''Kovels' Antiques & Collectibles Price Guide, 1st (1969) to 54th ed. (2022)'' </blockquote> ==Other Published Works: Newsletter== The newsletter, “Kovels on Antiques and Collectibles,” was introduced in 1974. It is a 12-page subscription-only newsletter that had over 200,000 subscribers by the early 1990s.<ref name="ReferenceB">Thompson, Lynne. "Hodgepodge Heaven," Cleveland Magazine, Prime, November, 1994: 117-119.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Wright, Ann. "Kovels' advice grows more valued over time," The Virginia Pilot, Home & Garden, June 21, 1998: G1-G2.</ref> “Kovels On Antiques & Collectibles” newsletter now on its 48th year, and it's also available in print and as a PDF for Kovels.com members. The newsletter has kept up with the times both in technology and content. Photos went from black and white to color in 1996, but there are still reports of sales and auctions, lists of current prices, tips on care, news "hotlines," reports of fakes, and many comments on events and market trends by the Kovels. ==Other Writings== 1979–2000, "Ask the Experts," a monthly column in House Beautiful magazine<ref name="ReferenceC"/> 1995–2003, "Antiques and Collectibles" section for the Encyclopædia Britannica Yearbook 2000–2002, "The Kovels on Collecting,” a monthly column about antiques in Forbes magazine 1992–present, Many Buying Guides and Special Reports that include hard-to-find identification clues for collectors. Subjects have included jewelry, pottery, Handbags, woodblock prints, and more. Kovels’ Buyers’ Guide to 20th-Century Costume Jewelry Part 1 & 2 * Kovels’ Buyers Guide to Modern Ceramics * Kovels’ Flea Market Strategies: How to Shop, Buy, and Bargain the 21st-Century Way * Kovels’ A Diary: How to Sell, Settle, and Profit from a Collector's Estate * Kovels’ Collectors Guide to Handbags * Kovels’ Identification Guide to Contemporary American Pottery. 1960s to Present. The Kovels have also written articles for many magazines, including Forbes, Boardroom Reports, House Beautiful, Family Circle, Woman's Day, Redbook, Town and Country, Giftware News, and various antiques-oriented publications. ==Television== Ralph and Terry Kovel started appearing on television in 1969, when their shows were made on film with one camera and no editing. The first series of 10 half-hour shows with no commercial breaks was produced by [[WVIZ]], the Cleveland public television station. Twenty-six shows were made by 1972 and distributed nationally.<ref>Eyman 76.</ref> Since 1969, the Kovels emceed an annual televised auction to benefit WVIZ. Other TV series include: ''1981: Kovels on Collecting, a nationally syndicated commercial TV "filler" of 75-second spots'' ''1987: Kovels on Collecting, 13 half-hour shows on public television, awarded a local [[Emmy]]'' ''1989-1992: Collector's Journal with Ralph and Terry Kovel, 26 shows shown on the [[Discovery Channel]]'' ''2000-2004: Flea Market Finds with the Kovels, weekly half-hour shows on Home & Garden Television Network ([[HGTV]]), awarded a Telly Guest appearance as antiques and collectibles experts on many national talk shows, news shows, and cable programs'' ==Lectures== Ralph and [[Terry Kovel]] have lectured to audiences in museums, historical societies, department stores, home and garden shows, antique shows, colleges, and charitable fundraisers. ==Website== The Kovels have had an online presence since 1996. Kovels.com was created in 1998. It currently lists over a million actual prices for antiques and collectibles from the United States, Canada, and Europe, individually reviewed by experts. The website also offers news, identification information, readers’ questions with expert answers, a database of factory marks, pictures, and community features like forums, calendar of events, business directory with antique-related services and more. It also includes a weekly eNewsletter ("Kovels Komments"), and other free information, as well as the subscription print newsletter, a paid membership subscription to the website and other buying guides and publications from the Kovels. It now has hundreds of thousands of unique visitors each month. * [http://www.Kovels.com The Kovels have had an online presence since 1996.] ==Odd Facts about the Kovels== The Kovels over the years acquired an 18,000-volume library about antiques.<ref>Washington, Julie E. "Full House," The Cleveland Plain Dealer, The Inside & Out Section, November 17, 2011.</ref> They also have an 1890s "general store" collection in their basement.<ref>Muller, Charles R. "Made in Ohio," Ohio Magazine, April 1982: 18-20</ref> Ralph and Terry met on a double-blind date. He was the other girl's date. The Kovels' Antiques & Collectibles Price Guide was mentioned in newspaper reports as a research book used by a real thief in a murder and antiques theft case that made national news. It was also used by a thief in an Elmore Leonard murder mystery, Gold Coast,<ref>Leonard, Elmore. Gold Coast, Bantam Books, New York, 1980: p. 62</ref> and in at least five other murder mysteries.<ref>Botha, Ted. Mongo: Adventures In Trash, Bloomsbury USA, New York, 2005: 64</ref><ref>Holtzer, Susan. Something To Kill For, St. Martin's Paperbacks, New York, 1995: 181</ref><ref>Morgan, Deborah. The Majolica Murders, [[Berkley Books]], New York, 2006: 73</ref><ref>Morgan, Deborah. The Marriage Casket, Berkley Books, New York, 2003: 180</ref><ref>Morgan, Deborah. The Weedless Widow, Berkley Books, New York, 2002</ref> A shopping trip with the Kovels was offered as a prize by the Publishers Clearing House Sweepstakes. Roy Lichtenstein, the famous artist, hung Ralph and Terry's drapes in the 1950s, before he became famous. Ralph and Terry never bought any of his modern paintings.<ref>Hupp, Susanne. "The Kovels: Sleuths of the collectible," The Orlando Sentinel, February 8, 1986: G-25, G-30.</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.kovels.com/news-news-news/roy-lichtenstein-hung-the-drapes.html \| title=Did You Say Roy Lichtenstein Hung Your Drapes? \| date=25 May 2021 }}</ref> They have met and were interviewed by many collector-celebrities, including Oprah Winfrey,<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Martha Stewart<ref>Hirshey, Gerri. "Together, They Collect Memories," The Plain Dealer, Parade The Sunday Newspaper Magazine, May 11, 2003: 4-5.</ref> Merv Griffin, and Pat Robertson.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Ralph was a first-name-basis friend to many food celebrities, including Ray Kroc, founder of the McDonald's chain, Colonel Sanders of KFC, and Dave Thomas of Wendy's. The Kovel newspaper column helped to find a missing inkwell needed for the United States Supreme Court in 1994.25 Viktor Schreckengost, who made the famous Jazz bowl, an art deco masterpiece, was a local friend who lived nearby. The Kovels have collected everything from American art pottery to Holt Howard ceramics to printed textiles to furniture and enamels. Most unusual collection, produce stickers like the colorful ones on bananas that say "4011," the UPC code for standard yellow bananas.<ref>Shrieves, Linda. "The royalty of antiques row," The Orlando Sentinel, Living," October 30, 2001: E1, E3.</ref> ==Other== Ralph and Terry Kovel have been senior members of the [[American Society of Appraisers]] and have served as expert witnesses in court cases. They have taught adult education classes at [[Case Western Reserve University]] and [[John Carroll University]].<ref>Who's Who in America, 66th ed., Marquis Who's Who Publications, New Jersey 2011.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== [http://www.kovels.com kovels.com official website] {{IMDb name\|1394087}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kovel, Ralph And Terry}} [[Category:American columnists]] [[Category:American antiques experts]] [[Category:Writers from Cleveland]] [[Category:Accidental deaths in Ohio]] [[Category:Writers from Shaker Heights, Ohio]] [[Category:Married couples]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]	1,305,947,543	[]	false
# Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom After Adolf Hitler came into power in 1933 and enacted policies that would culminate in the Holocaust, Jews began to escape German-occupied Europe and the United Kingdom was one of the destinations. Some came on transit visas, which meant that they stayed in Britain temporarily, while waiting to be accepted by another country. Others entered the country by having obtained employment or a guarantor, or via Kindertransport. There were about 70,000 Jewish refugees who were accepted into Britain by the start of World War II on 1 September 1939, and an additional 10,000 people who made it to Britain during the war. ## Background Hitler came into power in Germany in 1933, when there were about 523,000 German Jews, or less than 1% of the country's population. Subject to threats and persecution, Jews began to emigrate from that point until the start of World War II in 1939. During this time, more than 117,000 Jews left Austria and more than 300,000 left Germany. Most of these Jews, many young, were trained in a field or college educated. Key decision-making factors about whether Jews would emigrate were whether they owned businesses, which were subject to Nazi-sponsored boycotts; if they were among the civil servants who had lost their jobs; and the degree to which they were politically active. Initially, Germany encouraged Jews to leave, then they restricted the amount of money they could take from German banks and imposed high emigration taxes. The German government forbade emigration after October 1941. The German Jews who remained, about 163,000 in Germany and less than 57,000 from annexed Austria, were mostly elderly, and were murdered in ghettos or taken to Nazi concentration camps, where most of them also died. Although Jews could easily leave Germany initially, it was difficult to find countries in which they could live, particularly after accepting the initial wave of immigrants in Europe, Britain, and the United States. ## Immigration policy Britain established the Aliens Act 1905 as a means of immigration control; it restricted the immigration of the poor, and Jews from eastern Europe. There was a steady decrease in alien admissions, partly because Jews chose other countries, like the United States: in addition, the law had the effect of deterring would-be immigrants. The Aliens Restriction Act 1914 allowed for deportation and had stricter immigration provisions. Even more stringent, Great Britain's immigration laws of 1919 did not address or differentiate treatment based upon the circumstances of people who wished to immigrate to Britain. This meant that thousands of refugees fleeing Europe after Hitler assumed power were accepted under its tradition as a safe haven, but only temporarily. For instance, thousands of men came to Britain with transit visas, and stayed there while seeking acceptance from other countries. If it was clear that the person seeking entry was a visitor, they were generally limited to a one-month stay. About 1937, as the rate of people looking to immigrate to Britain increased, the British government made stricter standards for those whom they would admit. One was that the refugees had to have £50 (equivalent to $4,075 in 2023) deposited in an overseas bank, but in Germany it was against the law to have foreign currency. This requirement could be waived, depending on the individual's training or education. Otto Schiff, the director of the newly formed Jewish Refugee Committee, and Leonard Montefiore and Neville Laski, chairmen of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, met with officials of the British government in April 1933 to develop a plan that would allow for the country to take in refugees. The Jewish community said that they would provide assistance to Jewish refugees and thus provided housing, education and job training, and money to thousands of people by the end of 1939, thereby eliminating any financial burden from the government to support the newcomers. The government limited the number of immigrants in 1938 and 1939. For instance, after Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany (Anschluss, 12 March 1938), the British government restricted the number of Austrian Jews who could enter Britain through strictly controlled visas. The world seemed to be divided into two parts – those places where the Jews could not live, and those where they could not enter. Realising a plan was needed to manage the large number of emigrants from Nazi Europe, 32 countries met in France at the Évian Conference (July 1938), but almost all of them would not loosen their immigration restrictions to take in more refugees. Britain eased its policy for refugees after 9 November 1938, the German Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass), although the numbers were limited. On that night, Jewish establishments in Germany and Austria were vandalised during protests, resulting in broken windows, damaged businesses, burned synagogues, many Jews were arrested and placed in concentration camps, and at least 31 Jews were murdered. By September 1939, 70,000 (another reference states "more than 80,000") Jewish refugees were accepted in Britain. Most of the people settled in North West London. There were more than 500,000 case files, though, of Jews who were not admitted according to British Jewish associations. Louise London, author of Whitehall And The Jews, 1933–1948, stated that "The (British immigration) process ... was designed to keep out large numbers of European Jews – perhaps 10 times as many as it let in." When World War II was declared (1 September 1939), Britain no longer allowed immigration from Nazi-controlled countries. There were also no plans to manage the refugee crisis as the result of the Bermuda Conference of the Allies in April 1943, by which time it was known that the Nazi regime intended to exterminate all of the Jews in Europe (the plan known as the Final Solution). There were 10,000 Jewish refugees who "managed to find their way into Britain" throughout the war (1939–1945). Britain did not allow Jews to immigrate to Palestine, which was under British control at that time. Even so, there were some Jews who illegally immigrated (Aliyah Bet) to Palestine. ## Means of immigration ### Guarantees The Government created a scheme whereby a Guarantor bought a Guarantee for £50 to ensure the person for whom the guarantee was given would not become a financial burden for the British Government. This was a practice of the Jewish community to help Jews escape and Quakers saved an estimated 6,000 Jews with guarantees. ### Self-supporting A guarantor was not needed if an individual was self-supporting, either because they were wealthy or because they had made arrangements for employment. There were certain categories of employment where there existed a known shortage of workers such as nursing, domestic help and butlers. ### Kindertransport Following Kristallnacht in November 1938, Jewish and Quaker community leaders met with the British government to explore ways in which children could be saved from the actions of the Nazi regime. The British government allowed for the immigration without visas of Jewish children, but without their parents, through the Children's Transport program called Kindertransport. Between December 1938 and the start of World War II on Sept 1, 1939 when the program was forced to end, nearly 10,000 Kindertransport children had been rescued. and had arrived in England. Because it was not safe for Jews to travel to Germany, six volunteers from the Friends Service Council traveled to Berlin. The gathering of the children, paperwork, and travel plans were coordinated between Quakers in Vienna and Berlin and Jewish organizations. Their care and travel was also coordinated in Britain by the group Movement for the Care of Children. Then, the children were placed in boarding schools, including Quaker schools, often due to scholarships offered by the schools; in foster homes; or in hostels. ### Kitchener Camp Organised by the precursor of World Jewish Relief, around 4,000 mainly Austrian and German adult Jewish men received an arranged passage and were accepted for accommodation in the Kitchener Camp in Kent during 1939, on condition they would not be granted UK citizenship or work, and must emigrate to the US, Australia and elsewhere. At the start of the war, 887 volunteered for the Pioneer Corps. After the Dunkirk evacuation in May 1940, public opinion turned against German-speaking refugees, who some suspected of being spies or saboteurs. Those not serving in the war effort were interned or deported to Australia and Canada and the camp was closed. ## Assimilation It was difficult for Jewish refugees to find work, regardless of their education, except as domestic workers. This also meant that Jewish refugees who were physicians often could not find practice in medicine, even though there was a shortage of health care providers. Some of the concern was economic. During a period of high unemployment, many were concerned about losing job opportunities due to the influx of refugees. Many trades unions, such as the shoe and bootmakers, "cited the unemployment of their own members as the reason they opposed a loosening of immigration controls". Yet other unions, such as the National Union of Agricultural Workers, with similar numbers of unemployed union members, argued for an increase in the number of work permits. Legislation was enacted in the 1930s which mandated that no more than 5% of the total students in any particular school were Jewish, limiting the rate at which Jewish children could be admitted to state schools. The press, which was generally not supportive of refugees, incorrectly reported that there were more Jews in Britain than had been in Germany in the summer of 1938. Kushner and Katharine Knox state in their book Refugees In An Age Of Genocide, "Of all the groups in the 20th century, refugees from Nazism are now widely and popularly perceived as 'genuine', but at the time German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews were treated with ambivalence and outright hostility as well as sympathy." ## Resources Bloomsbury House in London was a resource for the immigrants. Located there were Jewish organizations, like the Central British Fund for German Jewry and the Jewish Refugees Committee, and other organizations that supported Jewish refugees, who not only needed housing, schools for children, and other means of logistical support, but were also coping with the emotional and psychological issues of being a refugee. In the late 1930s, there were about 20,000 Quakers and it is believed that nearly every one of them contributed in some way to easing the plight of the Jewish refugees. The Society of Friends offered assistance across Britain by supporting children at Quaker schools and boarding schools, by running agricultural training programs that included room and board, by assisting with job search efforts, and by running free or subsidised hostels. Besides making donations, members fostered children, served on their local refugee committees, and helped at local hostels. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1947 jointly to American and British Quakers for their role in assisting Jewish refugees during the Holocaust. ## Mitigating the threat of German espionage With the beginning of the war, the British government preferred to avoid internment (but see section below), and needed to weigh the risk of the danger posed by foreigners that wished to harm the empire. The Secretary of State for the Home Department, Sir John Anderson, developed plans for dealing with the threat, informed by the processes used during World War I. About 2,000 German refugees returned to Germany after the British issued a general request for the foreigners to return to their native country. There were repercussions for people who had lied to get passports or who had entered the country illegally. In accordance with the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939, the government initiated policies to control immigrants from hostile countries, including mandatory weekly check-ins with the police, requiring permits to travel more than five miles from their homes, and orders to give up maps, cameras, firearms, and bicycles. At first, these restrictions applied to males between 16 and 60, but were later extended to women, people over 60, and some children. It was common for refugees to be fined or imprisoned over these policies. ## Internment Italians, Germans and Austrians, including Jewish refugees, were called "enemy aliens" and interned after mid-1940, when Northern and Western European countries were captured by Germany. There was fear that anyone with a German accent could be a spy. Jewish refugees were put into internment camps with other German and Austrian people, including those who were Nazi sympathizers. People were put into groups (A, B, C) by tribunals depending upon how dangerous that they might be (Class A was for the most dangerous and Class C was the least dangerous) and thus determined how long that they might be held and where they were located. The tribunals were initially most concerned about men, but by June 1940 they had become stricter about the guidelines for who would avoid internment. Some Jews, about 8,000 people, were deported to Australia (such as on the HMT Dunera) and Canada. Of those, not all of them made it to their destination, as they were killed while aboard ships, like the SS Arandora Star, that were struck by German torpedoes. There were about 30,000 Jewish refugees held in Britain in internment camps on the Isle of Man and in locations throughout England and Scotland. Later in the war, when there was no longer a threat of invasion, internees were released. Some of the people deported to Canada and Australia were allowed to return to Britain. ## War service Several "Aliens Companies" were established in the Royal Pioneer Corps for refugees. There were also male and female refugees that served in other branches of the military, including German-speaking commando units. Serving in the military was especially dangerous because, in case of being taken captive, there was a high probability of being executed as a traitor by the Germans. Still, the number of German-born Jews joining the British forces was exceptionally high; by the end of the war, one in seven Jewish refugees (10,000 people) from Germany had volunteered to serve the British forces. Their knowledge of the German language and customs proved particularly useful. Refugees served with distinction and some died during the war. There were also civilian positions, such as positions in civil defence and in munitions factories, that were performed by refugees. This was a difficult times for families that were separated due to the war and internment. In June 1941, the Association of Jewish Refugees was founded to provide such support. ## After the war ### Accepted refugees Many refugees served in the administration of the British occupation army in Germany and Austria after the war. With the war over, few of the refugees settled into British life, particularly in North West London; had families; became nationalized; and took British names. Venues for meeting with other refugees included the Association of Jewish Refugees (AJR) club, Cosmo Restaurant, the Dorice, and Club 1943. Organizations like the Leo Baeck Institute, Freud Museum, and Wiener Library were founded and became part of British culture. Many people established successful careers in publishing, medicine, science, psychoanalysis, and other occupations. Notable scientists include Max Perutz, Rudolf Peierls, Francis Simon, Ernst Boris Chain, and Hans Adolf Krebs. Intellectuals include art historians Nikolaus Pevsner and Ernst Gombrich, sociologists Norbert Elias and Karl Mannheim, and philosophers Karl Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Former refugees influenced the music scene, with the emergence of the Amadeus Quartet and Edinburgh Festival. Noted individuals of the arts include singer Richard Tauber, actor Anton Walbrook, and painter Lucian Freud. Writers who made their mark include Elias Canetti and Arthur Koestler. In the 1950s, West Germany began to make restitution payments to the refugees. ### Displaced persons There was little legal immigration to Palestine, but between 1945 and 1948 there were thousands of displaced Jewish people who attempted to enter illegally. Those who were caught were interned in detention camps in Cyprus. Concerned about provoking anti-semitism, there was a decision by the cabinet not to allow Jewish Holocaust survivors to immigrate, but there was a large number of other refugees immediately following the end of the war. British Mandate authorities gave up control of the Palestine region after Jews rebelled against policies that continued to prevent immigration by refugees or Holocaust survivors. In 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The State of Israel was created in May 1948 and many Jews then in immigrated into the new country.	enwiki/17288544	enwiki	17,288,544	Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_refugees_from_German-occupied_Europe_in_the_United_Kingdom	2025-08-19T13:21:24Z	en	Q6190200	178,892	{{Short description\|Aspect of World War II}} {{use dmy dates\|date=July 2020}} {{Use British English\|date=July 2020}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S69279, London, Ankunft jüdische Flüchtlinge.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.35\|The children of Polish Jews from the region between Germany and Poland on their arrival in London on the ''Warsaw'', February 1939.]] After [[Adolf Hitler]] came into power in 1933 and enacted policies that would culminate in [[the Holocaust]], Jews began to escape [[German-occupied Europe]] and the [[United Kingdom]] was one of the destinations. Some came on [[transit visa]]s, which meant that they stayed in Britain temporarily, while waiting to be accepted by another country. Others entered the country by having obtained employment or a guarantor, or via [[Kindertransport]]. There were about 70,000 Jewish refugees who were accepted into Britain by the start of [[World War II]] on 1 September 1939, and an additional 10,000 people who made it to Britain during the war. ==Background== {{See also\|Timeline of the Holocaust\| Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe}} Hitler came into power in Germany in 1933,<ref name="Atkins p. 60" /> when there were about 523,000 German Jews, or less than 1% of the country's population.<ref name="HE GJR" /> Subject to threats and persecution, Jews began to emigrate from that point until the start of World War II in 1939. During this time, more than 117,000 Jews left Austria and more than 300,000 left Germany. Most of these Jews, many young, were trained in a field or college educated. <ref name="Atkins p. 60">{{cite journal\|url=http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol4/iss1/5 \|title='You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II \| author=Elizabeth A. Atkins \|year=2005 \|journal=Gettysburg Historical Journal\|volume=4\|number=5 \|accessdate=April 8, 2017\|via=The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College\|page=60}}</ref><ref name="HE GJR" />{{efn\|Many of the people who went to neighboring European countries were captured by the Nazis after May 1940, when they invaded western Europe.<ref name="HE GJR" />}} Key decision-making factors about whether Jews would emigrate were whether they owned businesses, which were subject to Nazi-sponsored boycotts; if they were among the civil servants who had lost their jobs; and the degree to which they were politically active.<ref name="HE GJR" /> Initially, Germany encouraged Jews to leave, then they restricted the amount of money they could take from German banks and imposed high emigration taxes. The German government forbade emigration after October 1941. The German Jews who remained, about 163,000 in Germany and less than 57,000 from annexed Austria, were mostly elderly, and were murdered in ghettos or taken to [[Nazi concentration camps]], where most of them also died.<ref name="HE GJR">{{cite web\|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005468\|title=German Jewish Refugees\|website=Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\|location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Although Jews could easily leave Germany initially, it was difficult to find countries in which they could live, particularly after accepting the initial wave of immigrants in Europe, Britain, and the United States.<ref name="HE GJR" /> ==Immigration policy== {{Main\| United Kingdom immigration law}} Britain established the [[Aliens Act 1905]] as a means of immigration control; it restricted the immigration of the poor, and Jews from eastern Europe. There was a steady decrease in alien admissions, partly because Jews chose other countries, like the United States: in addition, the law had the effect of deterring would-be immigrants. The [[History of British nationality law#British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914\|Aliens Restriction Act 1914]] allowed for deportation and had stricter immigration provisions.<ref name="London pp. 16-17">{{cite book\|author=Louise London\|title=Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uF45zYcPt68C&pg=PA16\|date=27 February 2003\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-53449-9\|pages=16–17\|quote=The story proper opens in 1933, when hundreds of refugees from Nazi Germany, most of them Jews, arrived in the United Kingdom. Our starting point is a little earlier. This is because Whitehall policy on the new influx of aliens was made in the context of immigration restrictions dating from 1905. It is in that year that we begin, with a brief history of immigration law, policy and practice ... The year 1905 saw Britain take the next step in creating its modern system of immigration control. Prior to this time, immigration itself was not subject to legal controls ... The Aliens Act 1905 was designed to stem the influx of Jews from eastern Europe ... The new controls were highly selective ... [After discussion of the programmes in Russia in 1906:] In subsequent years the figures were much lower. Overall, the period from 1906 to 1914 saw a decline in alien admissions, partly because the new law had a deterrent effect. But by now most Jews emigrating from the continent preferred other destinations, particularly the USA. The mass entry of aliens ceased at the start of the First World War. The Aliens Restriction Act 1914 introduced sweeping powers to restrict alien immigration and to provide for deportation. After the war the Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919 extended the 1914 provisions into peace-time and added severe new restrictions.}}</ref> Even more stringent,<ref name="London pp. 16-17" /> [[UK Immigration Service\|Great Britain's immigration laws of 1919]] did not address or differentiate treatment based upon the circumstances of people who wished to immigrate to Britain. This meant that thousands of refugees fleeing Europe after Hitler assumed power were accepted under its tradition as a safe haven, but only temporarily.<ref name="YV GB" /> For instance, thousands of men came to Britain with [[transit visa]]s, and stayed there while seeking acceptance from other countries.<ref name="Atkins p. 60" /><ref name="AJR CB p. 8" /> If it was clear that the person seeking entry was a visitor, they were generally limited to a one-month stay.<ref name="London pp. 26–28" /> About 1937, as the rate of people looking to immigrate to Britain increased, the British government made stricter standards for those whom they would admit. One was that the refugees had to have £50 ({{inflation\|UK\|50\|1937\|fmt=eq}}) deposited in an overseas bank, but in Germany it was against the law to have foreign currency. This requirement could be waived, depending on the individual's training or education.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol4/iss1/5 \|title='You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II \| first=Elizabeth A. \|last=Atkins \|year=2005 \|journal=Gettysburg Historical Journal\|volume=4\|number=5 \|accessdate=April 8, 2017\|via=The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College\|pages=60–61}}</ref> [[Otto Schiff (humanitarian)\|Otto Schiff]], the director of the newly formed Jewish Refugee Committee, and [[Leonard G. Montefiore\|Leonard Montefiore]] and [[Neville Laski]], chairmen of the [[Board of Deputies of British Jews]], met with officials of the British government in April 1933 to develop a plan that would allow for the country to take in refugees. The Jewish community said that they would provide assistance to Jewish refugees and thus provided housing, education and job training, and money to thousands of people by the end of 1939, thereby eliminating any financial burden from the government to support the newcomers.<ref name="YV GB">{{cite web\|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206312.pdf \|title=Great Britain\|work=Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem}}</ref><ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="London pp. 26–28" />{{efn\|\|name="Guarantee"}} The government limited the number of immigrants in 1938 and 1939.<ref name="USHMM Refugees" /> For instance, after Austria was annexed to [[Nazi Germany]] (''[[Anschluss]]'', 12 March 1938), the British government restricted the number of Austrian Jews who could enter Britain through strictly controlled visas.<ref name="Guardian" /> {{quote box\|align=right\|width=33%\|The world seemed to be divided into two parts – those places where the Jews could not live, and those where they could not enter.\|—[[Chaim Weizmann]] on the [[Évian Conference]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.startribune.com/counterpoint-yes-1940s-britain-did-take-in-refugees/360631281/\|author=Ellen J. Kennedy\|author-link=Ellen J. Kennedy\|title=Counterpoint: Yes, 1940s Britain did take in refugees\|location=Minnesota\|newspaper=Star Tribune\|date=December 4, 2015}}</ref>}} Realising a plan was needed to manage the large number of emigrants from Nazi Europe, 32 countries met in France at the [[Évian Conference]] (July 1938), but almost all of them would not loosen their immigration restrictions to take in more refugees.<ref name="BBC Save children">{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zymfvcw \|title=How did one Englishman save 669 children from the Holocaust? \|website=BBC \|accessdate=3 July 2017}}</ref> Britain eased its policy for refugees after 9 November 1938, the German ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (the Night of Broken Glass), although the numbers were limited.<ref name="USHMM Refugees" /><ref name="YV GB" /><ref name="BBC Save children" /> On that night, Jewish establishments in Germany and Austria were vandalised during protests, resulting in broken windows, damaged businesses, burned synagogues, many Jews were arrested and placed in concentration camps, and at least 31 Jews were murdered.<ref name="BBC Save children" /> By September 1939, 70,000<ref name="AJR CB p. 8">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ajr.org.uk/documents/cb_continental_britons_full.pdf\|title=Continental Britons: Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe\|website=The Association of Jewish Refugees\|year=2002\|page=8\|access-date=2017-07-02\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203729/http://www.ajr.org.uk/documents/cb_continental_britons_full.pdf\|archive-date=2012-04-14\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Guardian" />{{efn\|Atkins states that there were "approximately 70,000 unnaturalized Germans and Austrians were living within the borders of Great Britain" by September 1939 (start of the war).<ref name="Atkins p. 61">{{cite journal\|url=http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol4/iss1/5 \|title='You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II \| author=Elizabeth A. Atkins \|year=2005 \|journal=Gettysburg Historical Journal\|volume=4\|number=5 \|accessdate=April 8, 2017\|via=The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College\|pages=61–63}}</ref>}} (another reference states "more than 80,000") Jewish refugees were accepted in Britain.<ref name="YV GB" /> Most of the people settled in [[North London\|North West London]].<ref name="AJR CB p. 8" /> There were more than 500,000 case files, though, of Jews who were not admitted according to British Jewish associations. [[Louise London]], author of ''[[Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust\|Whitehall And The Jews, 1933–1948]]'', stated that "The (British immigration) process ... was designed to keep out large numbers of European Jews – perhaps 10 times as many as it let in."<ref name="Guardian" /> When [[World War II]] was declared (1 September 1939), Britain no longer allowed immigration from [[Nazi Germany\|Nazi-controlled countries]].<ref name="YV GB" /> There were also no plans to manage the refugee crisis as the result of the [[Bermuda Conference]] of the [[Allies of World War II\|Allies]] in April 1943,<ref name="USHMM Refugees" /> by which time it was known that the Nazi regime intended to exterminate all of the Jews in Europe (the plan known as the [[Final Solution]]).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://yad-vashem.org.il/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206001.pdf\|title=Bermuda Conference\|website=The International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem\|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> There were 10,000 Jewish refugees who "managed to find their way into Britain" throughout the war (1939–1945).<ref name="YV GB" /> Britain [[Mandatory Palestine#The Holocaust and immigration quotas\|did not allow Jews to immigrate to Palestine]], which was under [[Mandatory Palestine\|British control]] at that time. Even so, there were some Jews who illegally immigrated ([[Aliyah Bet]]) to Palestine.<ref name="USHMM Refugees">{{cite web\|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005139\|title=Refugees\|website=Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\|location=Washington, D.C.\|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> == Means of immigration == === Guarantees === The Government created a scheme whereby a Guarantor bought a Guarantee for £50 to ensure the person for whom the guarantee was given would not become a financial burden for the British Government.<ref name="AJR Quakers">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ajr.org.uk/index.cfm/section.journal/issue.Jun11/article=8202\|title=British Quakers and the rescue of Jewish refugees\|website=AJR\|date=June 2011\|author=Rose Holmes\|accessdate=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="London p. 26">{{cite book\|author=Louise London\|title=Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uF45zYcPt68C&pg=PA26\|date=27 February 2003\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-53449-9\|page=26}}</ref> This was a practice of the Jewish community to help Jews escape<ref name="London p. 26" /> and Quakers saved an estimated 6,000 Jews with guarantees.<ref name="Darton">{{cite book\|author=Lawrence Darton\|title=An Account of the Work of the Friends Committee for Refugees and Aliens: First Known as the Germany Emergency Committee of the Society of Friends, 1933-1950\|year=1954\|publisher=Friends Committee for Refugees and Aliens}}{{page needed\|date=July 2017}}</ref><ref>Carter, R. (2006), ''A Testimony'', Friends House, London</ref>{{better source needed\|reason=appears to be an unpublished, anecdotal account\|date=July 2017}}{{efn\|When Jewish leaders med with the Cabinet Committee on Aliens Restrictions of the Home Office in meetings beginning 6 April 1933, part of their offer to allow for more refugees to enter the country was a broader, open-ended guarantee that "all expense, whether temporary or permanent accommodation or maintenance, will be borne by the Jewish community without ultimate charge to the state." The Jewish community leaders thought that this would be a short-term arrangement for each person as they sought other countries to immigrate to.<ref name="London pp. 26–28">{{cite book\|author=Louise London\|title=Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uF45zYcPt68C\|date=27 February 2003\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-53449-9\|pages=26–28\|quote=Refugees from Germany, most of them Jews, started to arrive at British ports at the end of January 1933… (statistics: 400 German visitors, <10 denied, another 150 in 3 days)… These figures were unsettling from the Home Office, not only because of the dramatic increase, but also because of the financial implications. British policy towards refugees revolved around the issue of finance. On 6 April 1933, the home secretary, Sir John Gilmour, raised refugee matters in the Cabinet for the first time; he emphasised the problem of refugees who were completely destitute, or might soon be so… The Home Office wished to give a speedy response to an initiative from Jewish leaders which appeared to remove the risks entailed in admitting destitute Jews. There were also asking whether controls could be relaxed to ease the entry of refugees… The Cabinet Committee on Aliens Restrictions met for the first time on 6 April. (Discussion that many people presented themselves as visitors:) Now, when the immigration officer granted leave to land to a newly arrived passenger from the continent who seemed to be a refugee, he would routinely attach a short time condition - usually one month - plus a condition forbidding employment. (After discussion about the rate at which Jews might want to immigrate to Britain:) The Jewish proposals were set out in a document signed by Neville Laski KC, president of the London Committee of Deputies of British Jews, better known as Board of Deputies, Lionel L. Cohen KC, Committee, Leonard G. Montefiore, president of the Anglo-Jewish Association, and Otto Schiff. The most important element in seven short paragraphs was the guarantee that no refugee would become a burden on public funds: 'all expense, whether temporary or permanent accommodation or maintenance, will be borne by the Jewish community without ultimate charge to the state.' The guarantee was open-ended. No limit was set on the numbers to whom it would apply, but it was not designed to lead to long-lasting commitments. Jewish leaders intended the refugee's stay to be temporary… (expecting) ultimate transmigration of the refugees to countries other than England.}}</ref> After the ''Anschluss'', the Jewish Refugee Committee and other relief agencies sought out personal guarantors for refugees.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Louise London\|title=Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uF45zYcPt68C\|date=27 February 2003\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-53449-9\|page=112}}</ref>\|name="Guarantee"}} === Self-supporting === A guarantor was not needed if an individual was self-supporting, either because they were wealthy or because they had made arrangements for employment. There were certain categories of employment where there existed a known shortage of workers such as nursing, domestic help and butlers.{{citation needed\|date=July 2017}} === Kindertransport === {{main\|Kindertransport}} [[File:Kindertransport-Meisler.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|''[[Kindertransport – The Arrival]]'' sculpture in central London marks the ''[[Kindertransport]]'' when the UK took in nearly 10,000 Jewish children prior to WWII. Of Jewish heritage, [[Nicholas Winton]] was a notable member of the operation.<ref name="BBC Save children" />]] Following ''Kristallnacht'' in November 1938, Jewish and Quaker community leaders met with the British government to explore ways in which children could be saved from the actions of the Nazi regime.<ref name="AJR Quakers" /> The British government allowed for the immigration without visas of Jewish children, but without their parents, through the Children's Transport program called Kindertransport.<ref name="AJR CB p. 8" /><ref name="USHMM Refugees" /> Between December 1938 and the start of World War II on Sept 1, 1939 when the program was forced to end, nearly 10,000 Kindertransport children had been rescued. and had arrived in England.<ref name="HE Jewish Aid" /> Because it was not safe for Jews to travel to Germany, six volunteers from the [[Quaker Peace and Social Witness\|Friends Service Council]] traveled to Berlin. The gathering of the children, paperwork, and travel plans were coordinated between Quakers in Vienna and Berlin and Jewish organizations.<ref name="AJR Quakers" /> Their care and travel was also coordinated in Britain by the group Movement for the Care of Children.<ref name="HE Jewish Aid">{{cite web\|url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005519\|title=Jewish Aid and Rescue\|website=Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\|location=Washington, DC\|accessdate=3 July 2017}}</ref> Then, the children were placed in boarding schools, including Quaker schools, often due to scholarships offered by the schools; in foster homes; or in hostels.<ref name="AJR Quakers" /> === Kitchener Camp === {{main\|Kitchener Camp}} Organised by the precursor of [[World Jewish Relief]], around 4,000 mainly Austrian and German adult Jewish men received an arranged passage and were accepted for accommodation in the Kitchener Camp in Kent during 1939, on condition they would not be granted UK citizenship or work, and must emigrate to the US, Australia and elsewhere. At the start of the war, 887 volunteered for the [[Royal Pioneer Corps\|Pioneer Corps]]. After the Dunkirk evacuation in May 1940, public opinion turned against German-speaking refugees, who some suspected of being spies or saboteurs. Those not serving in the war effort were interned or deported to Australia and Canada and the camp was closed.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/24/kitchener-camp-sandwich-kent-german-jews-haven\|title=The forgotten haven: Kent camp that saved 4,000 German Jews\|last=Sherwood\|first=Harriet\|date=24 August 2019\|accessdate=24 August 2019\|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ==Assimilation== It was difficult for Jewish refugees to find work, regardless of their education, except as [[domestic worker]]s.<ref name="YV GB" /> This also meant that Jewish refugees who were physicians often could not find practice in medicine, even though there was a shortage of health care providers.<ref name="Atkins p. 63">{{cite journal\|url=http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol4/iss1/5 \|title='You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II \| author=Elizabeth A. Atkins \|year=2005 \|journal=Gettysburg Historical Journal\|volume=4\|number=5 \|accessdate=April 8, 2017\|via=The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College\|pages=63–66}}</ref> Some of the concern was economic. During a period of high unemployment, many were concerned about losing job opportunities due to the influx of refugees. Many trades unions, such as the shoe and bootmakers, "cited the unemployment of their own members as the reason they opposed a loosening of immigration controls". Yet other unions, such as the [[National Union of Agricultural Workers]], with similar numbers of unemployed union members, argued for an increase in the number of work permits.<ref name="Guardian" /> Legislation was enacted in the 1930s which mandated that no more than 5% of the total students in any particular school were Jewish, limiting the rate at which Jewish children could be admitted to state schools. The [[Media of the United Kingdom\|press]], which was generally not supportive of refugees, incorrectly reported that there were more Jews in Britain than had been in Germany in the summer of 1938.<ref name="Guardian" /> Kushner and Katharine Knox state in their book ''Refugees In An Age Of Genocide'', "Of all the groups in the 20th century, refugees from Nazism are now widely and popularly perceived as 'genuine', but at the time German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews were treated with ambivalence and outright hostility as well as sympathy."<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/08/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices\|title=Immigration and asylum: We've been here before\|author=Anne Karpf\|date=7 June 2002\|newspaper=The Guardian\|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> ==Resources== Bloomsbury House in London was a resource for the immigrants. Located there were Jewish organizations, like the Central British Fund for German Jewry and the Jewish Refugees Committee, and other organizations that supported Jewish refugees, who not only needed housing, schools for children, and other means of logistical support, but were also coping with the emotional and psychological issues of being a refugee.<ref name="AJR CB p. 8" /> In the late 1930s, there were about 20,000 Quakers and it is believed that nearly every one of them contributed in some way to easing the plight of the Jewish refugees. The Society of Friends offered assistance across Britain by supporting children at Quaker schools and boarding schools, by running agricultural training programs that included room and board, by assisting with job search efforts, and by running free or subsidised hostels. Besides making donations, members fostered children, served on their local refugee committees, and helped at local hostels. The [[Nobel Peace Prize]] was awarded in 1947 jointly to American and British Quakers for their role in assisting Jewish refugees during the Holocaust.<ref name="AJR Quakers" />{{efn\|For instance, Peter Kurer, whose work resulted in the establishment of an archive of the Society of Friends role during the Holocaust at [[Yad Vashem]], said that the Quakers helped save the lives of his family, which included his 91 year-old great-grandmother, eight other members of his family, and himself, a child refugee. He believes, through his research, that Quakers saved about 27,000 Jews.<ref name="AJR Quakers" />}} ==Mitigating the threat of German espionage== [[File:Jewish refugees at Croydon airport 1939.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Jewish refugees from Czechoslovakia being marched away by British police at [[Croydon Airport]] in March 1939.]] With the beginning of the war, the British government preferred to avoid internment (but see section below), and needed to weigh the risk of the danger posed by foreigners that wished to harm the empire. The Secretary of State for the Home Department, [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley\|Sir John Anderson]], developed plans for dealing with the threat, informed by the processes used during [[World War I]].<ref name="Atkins p. 61" /> About 2,000 German refugees returned to Germany after the British issued a general request for the foreigners to return to their native country. There were repercussions for people who had lied to get passports or who had entered the country illegally.<ref name="Atkins p. 61" /> In accordance with the [[Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939]], the government initiated policies to control immigrants from hostile countries, including mandatory weekly check-ins with the police, requiring permits to travel more than five miles from their homes, and orders to give up maps, cameras, firearms, and bicycles. At first, these restrictions applied to males between 16 and 60, but were later extended to women, people over 60, and some children.<ref name="Atkins p. 61" /> It was common for refugees to be fined or imprisoned over these policies.<ref name="Atkins p. 63" /> ==Internment== [[File:The Home Front in Britain during the Second World War HU36121.jpg\|thumb\|Women classed as enemy aliens being escorted by police and officials to board trains at a London station, at the start of their journey for internment on the [[Isle of Man]] early in the Second World War.]] Italians, Germans and Austrians, including Jewish refugees, were called "enemy aliens" and interned after mid-1940, when Northern and Western European countries were captured by Germany.<ref name="YV GB" /><ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol4/iss1/5 \|title='You must all be Interned': Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II \| author=Elizabeth A. Atkins \|year=2005 \|journal=Gettysburg Historical Journal\|volume=4\|number=5 \|accessdate=April 8, 2017\|via=The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College\|page=59}}</ref> There was fear that anyone with a German accent could be a spy. Jewish refugees were put into internment camps with other German and Austrian people, including those who were Nazi sympathizers.<ref name="YV GB" /> People were put into groups (A, B, C) by [[tribunal]]s depending upon how dangerous that they might be (Class A was for the most dangerous and Class C was the least dangerous) and thus determined how long that they might be held and where they were located. The tribunals were initially most concerned about men, but by June 1940 they had become stricter about the guidelines for who would avoid internment.<ref name="Atkins p. 63" /> Some Jews, about 8,000 people, were deported to Australia (such as on the [[HMT Dunera\|HMT ''Dunera'']]) and Canada.<ref name="YV GB" /> Of those, not all of them made it to their destination, as they were killed while aboard ships, like the [[SS Arandora Star\|SS ''Arandora Star'']], that were struck by German torpedoes.<ref name="YV GB" /> There were about 30,000 Jewish refugees held in Britain<ref name="YV GB" /> in internment camps on the [[Isle of Man]] and in locations throughout England and Scotland.<ref name="Atkins p. 63" /> Later in the war, when there was no longer a threat of invasion, internees were released. Some of the people deported to Canada and Australia were allowed to return to Britain.<ref name="YV GB" /> ==War service== Several "Aliens Companies" were established in the [[Royal Pioneer Corps]] for refugees. There were also male and female refugees that served in other branches of the military, including German-speaking commando units.<ref name="AJR CB p. 12">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ajr.org.uk/documents/cb_continental_britons_full.pdf\|title=Continental Britons: Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe\|website=The Association of Jewish Refugees\|year=2002\|page=12\|access-date=2017-07-02\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203729/http://www.ajr.org.uk/documents/cb_continental_britons_full.pdf\|archive-date=2012-04-14\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Serving in the military was especially dangerous because, in case of being taken captive, there was a high probability of being executed as a traitor by the Germans. Still, the number of German-born Jews joining the British forces was exceptionally high; by the end of the war, one in seven Jewish refugees (10,000 people) from Germany had volunteered to serve the British forces. Their knowledge of the German language and customs proved particularly useful.<ref name="NG Churchill's GA">{{cite web\|url=http://www.natgeotv.com/ca/churchills-german-army\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618221701/http://natgeotv.com/ca/churchills-german-army\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=18 June 2015\|title=Churchill's German Army\|publisher= National Geographic Channel\|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite video\|url=http://www.natgeotv.com/ca/churchills-german-army/videos/churchills-german-army\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627064522/http://natgeotv.com/ca/churchills-german-army/videos/churchills-german-army\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=27 June 2015\|title=Churchill's German Army (video)\|publisher= National Geographic Channel\|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref> Refugees served with distinction and some died during the war.<ref name="AJR CB p. 12" /> There were also civilian positions, such as positions in civil defence and in munitions factories, that were performed by refugees. This was a difficult times for families that were separated due to the war and internment. In June 1941, the [[Association of Jewish Refugees]] was founded to provide such support.<ref name="AJR CB p. 12" /> ==After the war== ===Accepted refugees=== Many refugees served in the administration of the British occupation army in Germany and Austria after the war.<ref name="NG Churchill's GA" /> With the war over, few of the refugees settled into British life, particularly in North West London; had families; became nationalized; and took British names. Venues for meeting with other refugees included the Association of Jewish Refugees (AJR) club, Cosmo Restaurant, the Dorice, and Club 1943. Organizations like the [[Leo Baeck Institute]], [[Freud Museum]], and [[Wiener Library]] were founded and became part of British culture.<ref name="AJR CB pp. 16, 19" /> Many people established successful careers in publishing, medicine, science, psychoanalysis, and other occupations. Notable scientists include [[Max Perutz]], [[Rudolf Peierls]], [[Francis Simon]], [[Ernst Boris Chain]], and [[Hans Adolf Krebs]].<ref name="AJR CB pp. 16, 19" /> Intellectuals include art historians [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] and [[Ernst Gombrich]], sociologists [[Norbert Elias]] and [[Karl Mannheim]], and philosophers [[Karl Popper]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]].<ref name="AJR CB pp. 16, 19" /> Former refugees influenced the music scene, with the emergence of the [[Amadeus Quartet]] and [[Edinburgh Festival]]. Noted individuals of the arts include singer [[Richard Tauber]], actor [[Anton Walbrook]], and painter [[Lucian Freud]]. Writers who made their mark include [[Elias Canetti]] and [[Arthur Koestler]].<ref name="AJR CB pp. 16, 19" /> In the 1950s, West Germany began to make restitution payments to the refugees.<ref name="AJR CB pp. 16, 19">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ajr.org.uk/documents/cb_continental_britons_full.pdf\|title=Continental Britons: Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe\|website=The Association of Jewish Refugees\|year=2002\|pages=16, 19\|accessdate=1 July 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203729/http://www.ajr.org.uk/documents/cb_continental_britons_full.pdf\|archive-date=14 April 2012\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Displaced persons=== [[File:Jewish Immigrants Leave Haifa For Internment in Cyprus, August 1946 E32001.jpg\|thumb\|Jewish immigrants leave Haifa for internment in Cyprus, August 1946]] There was little legal immigration to Palestine, but between 1945 and 1948 there were thousands of displaced Jewish people who attempted to enter illegally. Those who were caught were interned in detention camps in Cyprus.<ref name="USHMM Refugees" /> Concerned about provoking anti-semitism, there was a decision by the cabinet not to allow Jewish Holocaust survivors to immigrate, but there was a large number of other refugees immediately following the end of the war.<ref name="Guardian" /> British Mandate authorities gave up control of the Palestine region after Jews rebelled against policies that continued to prevent immigration by refugees or Holocaust survivors.<ref name="YV GB" /> In 1947, the [[United Nations]] adopted a [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine\|Partition Plan]] for [[Mandatory Palestine]] recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an [[Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)\|internationalized Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 \|title=Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine \|date=29 November 1947 \|publisher=United Nations \|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> The State of Israel was created in May 1948 and many Jews then in immigrated into the new country.<ref name="USHMM Refugees" /> == See also == [[History of the Jews during World War II]] [[History of the Jews in England]] [[History of the Jews in Ireland]] [[History of the Jews in Northern Ireland]] [[History of the Jews in Scotland]] [[History of the Jews in Wales]] [[Committee for Jewish Refugees (Netherlands)]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{cite news \| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-16942741\|title=Nazi persecution saw Jews flee abroad as servants\|author= Mario Cacciottolo\|website=BBC News\|date=8 March 2012}} * {{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-36906504\|title=Isle of Man exhibition features history of WW2 internment camp\|website=BBC\|date=28 July 2016\|author= Ellan Vannin}} ==External links== *{{commons category-inline\|Emigration of Jews from Germany under Nazi duress}} [[Category:Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism\| ]] [[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom\| ]] [[Category:The Holocaust and the United Kingdom]]	1,306,748,841	[]	false
# Jean-Marc Brondolo Jean-Marc Brondolo is a French screenwriter and director. ## Theater \| Year \| Title \| Author \| \| ---- \| --------------------- \| ------------------ \| \| 1990 \| La Vie à Deux \| Jean-Marc Brondolo \| \| 1992 \| Feu la mère de Madame \| Georges Feydeau \| ## Filmography \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --------- \| --------------------------------- \| ------------------ \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| 1995 \| Ada sait pas dire non \| Assistant director \| Short directed by Luc Pagès \| \| 1996 \| Les frères Gravet \| Assistant director \| Directed by René Féret \| \| 1997 \| Rien que des grandes personnes \| Director & writer \| Short \| \| 1999 \| Tête à Tête \| Director & writer \| Short \| \| 2000 \| Faites comme si je n'étais pas là \| Assistant director \| Directed by Olivier Jahan \| \| 2002 \| De la tête aux pieds \| Assistant director \| Short directed by Pascal Lahmani \| \| 2002 \| Les oreilles sur le dos \| Assistant director \| TV movie directed by Xavier Durringer \| \| 2003 \| Après la pluie, le beau temps \| Assistant director \| Directed by Nathalie Schmidt \| \| 2004 \| Capone \| Director & writer \| TV movie Biarritz International Festival of Audiovisual Programming - Michel Mitrani Award Nominated - Annonay International Festival of First Films - Grand Jury Prize \| \| 2006 \| Aller simple \| Director & writer \| TV movie \| \| 2008 \| Scalp \| Director \| TV series (4 episodes) \| \| 2009 \| Reporters \| Director \| TV series (5 episodes) \| \| 2010-2012 \| Spiral \| Director \| TV series (12 episodes) \| \| 2010-2013 \| Un village français \| Director \| TV series (12 episodes) \| \| 2014 \| Spin \| Director \| TV series (6 episodes) \| \| 2016 \| Le choix de Cheyenne \| Director \| TV movie Luchon International Film Festival - Special Mention of the Jury for the Director \| \| 2018 \| Les impatientes \| Director \| TV mini-series \|	enwiki/56205972	enwiki	56,205,972	Jean-Marc Brondolo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Brondolo	2024-11-22T05:24:50Z	en	Q47035040	23,471	{{Short description\|French screenwriter}} {{no footnotes\|date=January 2018}} {{Infobox person \|name = Jean-Marc Brondolo \|image = \|caption = \|birth_name = \|birth_date = \|birth_place = \|nationality = [[France\|French]] \|occupation = Screenwriter, director \|years_active = 1990–present \|spouse = \|children = \|website = }} '''Jean-Marc Brondolo''' is a French screenwriter and director. ==Theater== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Author \|- \| 1990 \| ''La Vie à Deux'' \| Jean-Marc Brondolo \|- \| 1992 \| ''Feu la mère de Madame'' \| [[Georges Feydeau]] \|- \|} ==Filmography== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" \| Notes \|- \| 1995 \| ''Ada sait pas dire non'' \| rowspan=2\|Assistant director \| Short directed by Luc Pagès \|- \| 1996 \| ''Les frères Gravet'' \| Directed by [[René Féret]] \|- \| 1997 \| ''Rien que des grandes personnes'' \| rowspan=2\|Director & writer \| Short \|- \| 1999 \| ''Tête à Tête'' \| Short \|- \| 2000 \| ''Faites comme si je n'étais pas là'' \| rowspan=4\|Assistant director \| Directed by Olivier Jahan \|- \| rowspan=2\|2002 \| ''De la tête aux pieds'' \| Short directed by Pascal Lahmani \|- \| ''Les oreilles sur le dos'' \| TV movie directed by Xavier Durringer \|- \| 2003 \| ''Après la pluie, le beau temps'' \| Directed by Nathalie Schmidt \|- \| 2004 \| ''Capone'' \| rowspan=2\|Director & writer \| TV movie<br>[[Biarritz International Festival of Audiovisual Programming\|Biarritz International Festival of Audiovisual Programming - Michel Mitrani Award]]<br>Nominated - Annonay International Festival of First Films - Grand Jury Prize \|- \| 2006 \| ''Aller simple'' \| TV movie \|- \| 2008 \| ''Scalp'' \| rowspan=7\|Director \| TV series (4 episodes) \|- \| 2009 \| ''Reporters'' \| TV series (5 episodes) \|- \| 2010-2012 \| ''[[Spiral (TV series)\|Spiral]]'' \| TV series (12 episodes) \|- \| 2010-2013 \| ''[[Un village français]]'' \| TV series (12 episodes) \|- \| 2014 \| ''[[Spin (TV series)\|Spin]]'' \| TV series (6 episodes) \|- \| 2016 \| ''Le choix de Cheyenne'' \| TV movie<br>Luchon International Film Festival - Special Mention of the Jury for the Director \|- \| 2018 \| ''Les impatientes'' \| TV mini-series \|- \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{IMDb name\|0111407\|Jean-Marc Brondolo}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brondolo, Jean-Marc}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:French film directors]] [[Category:French male screenwriters]] [[Category:French screenwriters]] [[Category:French-language film directors]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:French television directors]] {{France-film-director-stub}}	1,258,889,686	[{"title": "Jean-Marc Brondolo", "data": {"Nationality": "French", "Occupation(s)": "Screenwriter, director", "Years active": "1990\u2013present"}}]	false
# List of sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven The German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) is among the most admired composers in the history of Western music, and has been the subject of many private and public sculptures, including busts, reliefs, statues and others. The first, a bust by Franz Klein, was commissioned by Johann Andreas Streicher and created in 1812, while the composer was still alive. After Beethoven's death in 1827, his hometown, Bonn, immediately began planning a monument for the following year, though a cholera outbreak delayed this. A design competition was eventually held, in which a submission by Ernst Julius Hähnel beat ones from Friedrich von Amerling, Gustav Blaeser and Friedrich Drake. In 1845, Hähnel's monument was erected, due to finances given by Robert Schumann, Charles Hallé, George Thomas Smart and especially Franz Liszt. While the monument's height and simplicity were criticized, the reliefs surrounding the base were met with public approval. The statue's representation of a figure standing on a decorated base with its legs slightly apart was popular at the time, and later inspired Theodore Baur's statue of c. 1895 in the Library of Congress. The Beethoven monuments that followed Hähnel's, while retaining a high pedestal, began to portray the composer in a less simplistic and increasingly heroic light. The most significant representative of this, and the most famous Beethoven monument from the second half of the 19th century, was Kaspar von Zumbusch's 1880 monument in Beethovenplatz, Vienna. The city had intended to erect a monument for Beethoven since his death, but serious action to do so began only in the 1870s, when a competition for a design was held and Zumbusch's winning design was created with financial support from Liszt and Brahms. In the early 20th century, the glorified portrayals of Beethoven reached their peak, with god-like representations such as Max Klinger's monument (1902), unveiled at the Vienna Secession (now in the Museum der bildenden Künste), and Fidus's unexecuted design for a 'Beethoven temple' (1903). The 20th century also saw a brief return to the simplistic style of the 19th century, such as Robert Weigl's statue at the Heiligenstädter Park in Vienna (1910) and Hugo Uher's statue in Karlsbad (1929). Also at this time, Antoine Bourdelle and Naoum Aronson, both students of Auguste Rodin, began creating busts of the composer; Bourdelle was especially prolific. As the century progressed, ideas on depicting Beethoven became largely ununified, and were often especially allegorical, such as Theodor von Gosen's monument in Alameda Central, Mexico City (1921). In 1926, Berlin hosted a monument competition in preparation for the composer's 100th anniversary the following year; the entire competition was controversial and was eventually canceled due to criticism from the press and the committee's inability to form a consensus. There had been submissions from famous sculptors including Ernst Barlach, Peter Breuer and Georg Kolbe, although Breuer and Kolbe eventually had their designs constructed in 1938 and 1948 respectively. After World War II, experimentation in portraying Beethoven increased even further, exemplified by Klaus Kammerichs's three-dimensional reproduction (1986) of Joseph Karl Stieler's painted portrait and Markus Lüpertz's controversial abstract portrayal (2014). There is a large collection of busts in the Beethoven House, a museum and cultural institution based in Bonn that studies Beethoven's life and legacy, including ones by an unknown artist based on a sculpture by Josef Danhauser (c. 1890); Fernando Cian (first quarter of the 20th century); Pierre Félix Masseau (1902); Aronson (1905); a mask supposedly by Wilhelm Hüsgen (1920–1927); Eduard Merz (1945/46); Lewon Konstantinowitsch Lasarew (1981); and Cantemir Riscutia (1998). ## Sculptures \| External image \| External image \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Anton Dietrich's Bust, on the Google Arts & Culture website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------ \| -------------- \| \| Dorcière's relief, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Schaller's bust, on the Royal Society of Musicians of Great Britain's website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Giuseppe Grandi's sculpture, on the Google Arts & Culture website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Bust by Bertheauld, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------ \| -------------- \| \| Relief on the Alte Oper, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller's bust, on the Tower Grove Park website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Johannes French's bust, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Thomas Crawford's statue, on the Digital Commonwealth Massachusetts Collections Online \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Sculpture by an unknown artist, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| -------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Kuschel's statue, on the Naruto, Tokushima website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Yuan Xikun's bust, on the Google Arts & Culture website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Burkhard Mohr's bust, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website \| \| ### Bourdelle's sculptures The French sculptor Antoine Bourdelle (1861–1929) greatly admired Beethoven, of whom he created at least 45 sculptures from 1893 to the end of his life. \| External image \| External image \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Antoine Bourdelle's study, on the Smithsonian Institution website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ---------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Antoine Bourdelle's mask, on the List Visual Arts Center website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| -------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Antoine Bourdelle's bust, on Google Arts & Culture \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Antoine Bourdelle's statue, on the Courtauld Institute of Art's website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Antoine Bourdelle's bust, on the Metropolitan Museum of Art's website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Antoine Bourdelle's statue, on a website dedicated to Beethoven \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------- \| \| Antoine Bourdelle's statue, on the Princeton University Art Museum website \| \| \| External image \| External image \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------ \| -------------- \| \| Antoine Bourdelle's bust, on the Ohara Museum of Art website \| \| ## Unexecuted sculptures \| Sketch \| Date \| Sculptor \| Ref(s) \| \| ------ \| ------------ \| ---------------------- \| -------------- \| \| \| c. 1840 \| Gustav Blaeser \| [ 8 ] \| \| \| 1840s \| Friedrich von Amerling \| [ 3 ] \| \| \| c. 1840–1845 \| Friedrich Drake \| [ 7 ] \| \| \| c. 1890 \| Emil Eugen Sachse \| [ 8 ] \| \| \| 1903 \| Fidus \| [ 13 ] \| \| \| 1926 \| Ernst Barlach \| [ 17 ] [ 113 ] \|	enwiki/40734642	enwiki	40,734,642	List of sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sculptures_of_Ludwig_van_Beethoven	2025-06-13T22:14:59Z	en	Q1834007	647,349	{{Short description\|none}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2020}} [[File:Beethoven bust statue by Hagen.jpg\|thumb\|Bust of Beethoven by [[Hugo Hagen]], 1892, [[Library of Congress]], Washington, D.C.]] The German composer [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] (1770–1827) is among the most admired composers in the history of Western music,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \|last1=Kerman \|first1=Joseph \|author-link1=Joseph Kerman \|last2=Tyson \|first2=Alan \|author-link2=Alan Tyson \|last3=Burnham \|first3=Scott G. \|year=2001 \|encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] \|title=Ludwig van Beethoven \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|location=Oxford, England \|access-date=17 March 2021 \|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026 \|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 \|url-access=subscription \|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040026 \|archive-date=2 March 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302112434/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040026 \|url-status=live}} {{Grove Music subscription}}</ref> and has been the subject of many private and public sculptures, including [[Bust (sculpture)\|bust]]s, [[relief]]s, [[statue]]s and others. The first, [[#Klein\|a bust]] by [[Franz Klein (sculptor)\|Franz Klein]], was commissioned by [[Johann Andreas Streicher]] and created in 1812, while the composer was still alive.<ref name="Klein">{{cite web \|title=Beginning and precursors \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id0.html \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011818/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id0.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> After [[Death of Ludwig van Beethoven\|Beethoven's death in 1827]], his hometown, [[Bonn]], immediately began planning a monument for the following year,<ref name="The first Beethoven monument">{{cite web \|title=The first Beethoven monument \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id1.html \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=8 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008183434/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id1.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> though a [[cholera]] outbreak delayed this.{{sfn\|Comini\|2008\|p=316}} A design competition was eventually held, in which a submission by [[Ernst Julius Hähnel]] beat ones from [[Friedrich von Amerling]], [[Gustav Blaeser]] and [[Friedrich Drake]]. In 1845, [[#Hähnel\|Hähnel's monument]] was erected, due to finances given by [[Robert Schumann]], [[Charles Hallé]], [[George Thomas Smart]] and especially [[Franz Liszt]].<ref name="The first Beethoven monument"/><ref name="The Beethoven monument on the Münsterplatz in Bonn">{{cite web \|title=The Beethoven monument on the Münsterplatz in Bonn \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id2.html \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=8 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008012348/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id2.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> While the monument's height and simplicity were criticized, the reliefs surrounding the base were met with public approval.<ref name="The Beethoven monument on the Münsterplatz in Bonn"/> The statue's representation of a figure standing on a decorated base with its legs slightly apart was popular at the time, and later inspired Theodore Baur's [[#Baur\|statue of {{circa\|1895}}]] in the [[Library of Congress]].<ref name="Further development of the Bonn type of monument">{{cite web \|title=Further development of the Bonn type of monument \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id3.html \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=8 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008092550/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id3.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> The Beethoven monuments that followed Hähnel's, while retaining a high pedestal,<ref name="The time of the great Beethoven monuments">{{cite web \|title=The time of the great Beethoven monuments \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id4.html \|access-date=2020-09-21 \|archive-date=2020-10-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006231616/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id4.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> began to portray the composer in a less simplistic and increasingly heroic light.<ref name="Beethoven becomes an Olympian figure">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven becomes an 'Olympian figure' \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id5.html \|access-date=2020-09-21 \|archive-date=2020-12-02 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000630/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id5.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> The most significant representative of this, and the most famous Beethoven monument from the second half of the 19th century, was [[Kaspar von Zumbusch]]'s [[#Zumbusch\|1880 monument]] in {{ill\|Beethovenplatz (Wien)\|de\|lt=Beethovenplatz}}, Vienna.<ref name="Caspar Zumbusch's Beethoven monument">{{cite web \|title=Caspar Zumbusch's Beethoven monument \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id6.html \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=8 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008140859/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id6.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> The city had intended to erect a monument for Beethoven since his death,<ref name="The first Beethoven monument"/> but serious action to do so began only in the 1870s, when a competition for a design was held and Zumbusch's winning design was created with financial support from Liszt and [[Johannes Brahms\|Brahms]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Caspar Zumbusch's Beethoven monument – II \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id7.html \|access-date=10 December 2020 \|archive-date=6 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006231614/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id7.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 20th century, the glorified portrayals of Beethoven reached their peak, with [[Apotheosis\|god-like]] representations such as [[Max Klinger]]'s [[#Klinger\|monument (1902)]], unveiled at the [[Vienna Secession#History\|Vienna Secession]]<ref>{{cite web \|title=From Apollo to Jupiter \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id8.html \|access-date=10 December 2020 \|archive-date=9 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009004320/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id8.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> (now in the [[Museum der bildenden Künste]]),<ref name="Klinger"/> and [[Fidus]]'s unexecuted design for a [[#Fidus\|'Beethoven temple' (1903)]].<ref name="Fidus">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven monuments of the Reform Movements in the early 20th century \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id10.html \|access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref> The 20th century also saw a brief return to the simplistic style of the 19th century, such as Robert Weigl's [[#Weigl\|statue]] at the {{ill\|Heiligenstädter Park\|de}} in Vienna (1910) and {{ill\|Hugo Uher\|cs\|lt=Hugo Uher's}} [[#Uher\|statue]] in [[Karlovy Vary\|Karlsbad]] (1929).<ref name="Searching for new forms">{{cite web \|title=Searching for new forms \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id11.html \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=8 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008141644/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id11.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> Also at this time, [[Antoine Bourdelle]] and [[Naoum Aronson]], both students of [[Auguste Rodin]], began creating busts of the composer; [[#Bourdelle's sculptures\|Bourdelle was especially prolific]].<ref name="Beethoven depictions influenced by Auguste Rodin">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven depictions influenced by Auguste Rodin \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id14.html \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=8 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008175855/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id14.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> As the century progressed, ideas on depicting Beethoven became largely ununified, and were often especially [[allegorical]], such as [[Theodor von Gosen]]'s [[#Gosen\|monument]] in [[Alameda Central]], Mexico City (1921).<ref name="Beethoven monuments between tradition and modernity">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven monuments between tradition and modernity \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id15.html \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=11 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011173137/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id15.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1926, Berlin hosted a monument competition in preparation for the composer's 100th anniversary the following year; the entire competition was controversial and was eventually canceled due to criticism from the press and the committee's inability to form a consensus.<ref name="A Beethoven monument in Berlin">{{cite web \|title=A Beethoven monument in Berlin \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id16.html#bild1 \|access-date=24 September 2020 \|archive-date=1 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001231003/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id16.html#bild1 \|url-status=live}}</ref> There had been submissions from famous sculptors including [[Ernst Barlach]], [[Peter Breuer]] and [[Georg Kolbe]], although Breuer and Kolbe eventually had their designs constructed in [[#Breuer\|1938]] and [[#Kolbe\|1948]] respectively.<ref name="A Beethoven monument in Berlin"/> After World War II, experimentation in portraying Beethoven increased even further, exemplified by {{ill\|Klaus Kammerichs\|de\|lt=Klaus Kammerichs's}} [[#Kammerichs\|three-dimensional reproduction (1986)]] of [[Joseph Karl Stieler]]'s painted portrait and [[Markus Lüpertz]]'s controversial [[#Lüpertz\|abstract portrayal (2014)]].<ref name="A time for experiments - I">{{cite web \|title=A time for experiments – I \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id18.html \|access-date=24 September 2020 \|archive-date=8 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008191016/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id18.html \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="classicfm">{{cite web \|title=Two-headed Beethoven statue causes controversy \|publisher=[[Classic FM (UK)\|Classic FM]] \|url=https://www.classicfm.com/composers/beethoven/news/homage-sculpture-markus-luperz/ \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921170833/https://www.classicfm.com/composers/beethoven/news/homage-sculpture-markus-luperz/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> There is a large collection of busts in the [[Beethoven House]], a museum and [[cultural institution]] based in Bonn that studies Beethoven's life and legacy, including ones by an unknown artist based on a sculpture by [[Josef Danhauser]] ({{circa\|1890}});<ref name="Danhauser">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Büste – Gipsabguß nach der Plastik von Josef Danhauser \|trans-title=Beethoven bust – plaster cast based on the sculpture by Josef Danhauser \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=German \|url=https://www.beethoven.de/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&t_idn=bi:i1521 \|access-date=1 December 2020 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011818/https://www.beethoven.de/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&t_idn=bi%3Ai1521 \|url-status=live}}</ref> Fernando Cian (first quarter of the 20th century);<ref name="Fernando Cian">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Büste – Bronzeguß von Fernando Cian \|trans-title=Beethoven bust – bronze casting by Fernando Cian \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=German \|url=https://beethoven-viur.appspot.com/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&t_idn=bi:i1074 \|access-date=1 December 2020 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011819/https://beethoven-viur.appspot.com/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&t_idn=bi%3Ai1074 \|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pierre Félix Masseau]] (1902);<ref name="Masseau">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven, Ludwig van \|publisher=[[Schubertiade]] \|url=https://www.schubertiademusic.com/items/details/5755-beethoven-ludwig-van--fixmasseau-pierre-f%C3%A9lix-bronze-marble-statue-bust \|access-date=27 September 2020 \|archive-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000637/https://www.schubertiademusic.com/items/details/5755-beethoven-ludwig-van--fixmasseau-pierre-f%C3%A9lix-bronze-marble-statue-bust \|url-status=live}}</ref> Aronson (1905);<ref name="Beethoven depictions influenced by Auguste Rodin"/> a mask supposedly by {{ill\|Wilhelm Hüsgen\|de}} (1920–1927);<ref name="Hüsgen">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Maske – Bronzeguß einer Maske von Wilhelm Hüsgen \|trans-title=Beethoven mask – bronze casting of a mask by Wilhelm Hüsgen \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=German \|url=https://www.beethoven.de/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&t_idn=bi:i22 \|access-date=1 December 2020 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011819/https://www.beethoven.de/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&t_idn=bi%3Ai22 \|url-status=live}}</ref> Eduard Merz (1945/46);<ref name="Merz">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Büste – Skulptur von Eduard Merz \|trans-title=Beethoven bust – sculpture by Eduard Merz \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=German \|url=https://www.beethoven.de/en/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&_dokid=bi:i74 \|access-date=1 December 2020 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011818/https://www.beethoven.de/en/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&_dokid=bi%3Ai74 \|url-status=live}}</ref> {{ill\|Lewon Konstantinowitsch Lasarew\|de}} (1981);<ref name="Lasarew">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Büste – Anonyme Fotografie nach einem Original-Bronzegruß von Levon Lazarev \|trans-title=Beethoven bust – anonymous photograph based on an original bronze salute by Levon Lazarev \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=German \|url=https://www.beethoven.de/en/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&_dokid=bi:i94 \|access-date=1 December 2020 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011821/https://www.beethoven.de/en/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&_dokid=bi%3Ai94 \|url-status=live}}</ref> and Cantemir Riscutia (1998).<ref name="Riscutia">{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Büste – Originalbronzeguß von Cantemir Riscutia \|trans-title=Beethoven bust – original bronze casting by Cantemir Riscutia \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=German \|url=https://www.beethoven.de/en/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&_dokid=bi:i1078 \|access-date=1 December 2020 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011819/https://www.beethoven.de/en/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&_dokid=bi%3Ai1078 \|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Sculptures== {{Dynamic list}} {\| class = "wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+Sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| Image ! scope="col" \| Type ! scope="col" \| Location ! scope="col" \| Date{{efn\|For public monuments the approximate date the work was unveiled is given if available; for other works the approximate time of creation is given.}} ! scope="col" \| Sculptor ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| {{Abbr\|Ref(s)\|Reference(s)}} \|- id = Klein ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven by Franz Klein 1812 Wien SAM.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Austria, Vienna"\| [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]]<br />Vienna, Austria {{flagicon\|Austria}} \| data-sort-value="1812"\| 1812 \| {{sort\|Klein\|[[Franz Klein (sculptor)\|Franz Klein]]}} \| <ref name="Klein"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/copy-of-the-bust-of-the-composer-ludwig-van-beethoven-1770-1827-anton-dietrich-1799-1872/CwEJvBns20OoPw?hl=en&ms=%7B%22x%22%3A0.5%2C%22y%22%3A0.5%2C%22z%22%3A8.406686129845921%2C%22size%22%3A%7B%22width%22%3A3.879535558780842%2C%22height%22%3A1.2375000000000003%7D%7D Anton Dietrich's Bust], on the [[Google Arts & Culture]] website }} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Milan, Italy"\| [[La Scala]]<br />Milan, Italy {{flagicon\|Italy}} \| data-sort-value="1825"\| First half of the 19th century \| {{sort\|Dietrich\|Anton Dietrich}}<!--Not the Anton Dietrich of 1833–1904--> \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Copy of the bust of the composer Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) \|publisher=[[Google Arts & Culture]] \|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/copy-of-the-bust-of-the-composer-ludwig-van-beethoven-1770-1827-anton-dietrich-1799-1872/CwEJvBns20OoPw?hl=en \|access-date=12 April 2021 \|archive-date=12 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412070151/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/copy-of-the-bust-of-the-composer-ludwig-van-beethoven-1770-1827-anton-dietrich-1799-1872/CwEJvBns20OoPw?hl=en \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- id = Hähnel ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven monument bonn muensterplatz 2008.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| [[Beethoven Monument\|Statue]] \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| {{ill\|Münsterplatz (Bonn)\|de\|lt=Münsterplatz}}<br />[[Bonn]], Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1845"\| 12 August 1845 \| {{sort\|Hähnel\|[[Ernst Julius Hähnel]]}} \| <ref name="The first Beethoven monument"/><ref name="The Beethoven monument on the Münsterplatz in Bonn"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven. Die Denkmäler \|trans-title=Beethoven. The monuments \|website=bonn.de \|publisher=City of Bonn \|language=German \|url=https://www.bonn.de/bonn-erleben/beethoven/beethoven-denkmaeler.php?lang=en \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000624/https://www.bonn.de/bonn-erleben/beethoven/beethoven-denkmaeler.php?lang=en \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Medallons façana del Liceu - 03 Ludwig van Beethoven.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| Relief \| data-sort-value="Spain, Barcelona"\| [[Liceu]]<br />Barcelona, Spain {{flagicon\|Spain}} \| data-sort-value="1847"\| March 1847 \| {{sortname\|Agapit\|Vallmitjana i Barbany}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Medallions and Bust on the Opera House \|website=w10.bcn.es \|publisher=[[City Council of Barcelona\|Ajuntament de Barcelona]] \|url=http://w10.bcn.es/APPS/gmocataleg_monum/FitxaMonumentAc.do?idioma=EN&codiMonumIntern=2141 \|access-date=18 March 2021 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011850/http://w10.bcn.es/APPS/gmocataleg_monum/FitxaMonumentAc.do?idioma=EN&codiMonumIntern=2141 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/extra/ch/TN_chge007_A2-10967.jpg Dorcière's relief], on the ''Statues – Hither & Thither'' website }} \| Relief \| data-sort-value="Switzerland, Geneva"\| [[Conservatoire de Musique de Genève]]<br />Geneva, Switzerland {{flagicon\|Switzerland}} \| data-sort-value="1856–58"\| 1856–58 \| {{sort\|Dorcière\|Louis Dorcière}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Statues et portraits à la Conservatoire Conservatoire de Musique \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=chge007 \|access-date=22 March 2021 \|archive-date=23 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423010948/https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=chge007 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethovenruhe.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Austria, Vienna"\| Beethovengang, [[Heiligenstadt, Vienna\|Heiligenstadt]]<br />Vienna, Austria {{flagicon\|Austria}} \| data-sort-value="1863"\| 15/23 June 1863 \| {{sort\|Fernkorn\|[[Anton Dominik Fernkorn]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethovendenkmal (19, Beethovengang) \|trans-title=Beethoven Monument (19, Beethoven Walk) \|website=geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at \|publisher=[[Vienna History Wiki]] \|language=German \|url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Beethovendenkmal_(19,_Beethovengang) \|access-date=1 December 2020 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011834/https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Beethovendenkmal_%2819,_Beethovengang%29 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Donaustauf, Walhalla, Büste Ludwig van Beethoven (von Arnold Hermann Lossow).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Donaustauf" \| [[Walhalla (memorial)\|Walhalla]]<br />Donaustauf, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| 1866 \| {{sortname\|Arnold Hermann\|Lossow\|nolink=yes}} after [[Anton Dietrich]] \| <ref>{{citation\|url=https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13690/1/Steger_Simone.pdf\|first=Simone\|last=Steiger\|date=2011\|title=Die Bildnisbüsten der Walhalla bei Donaustauf: Von der Konzeption durch Ludwig I. von Bayern zur Ausführung (1807–842)\|page=299\|language=de\|access-date=15 April 2021\|archive-date=1 November 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101224854/https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13690/1/Steger_Simone.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20210426060746/https://www.rsmgb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/beethovenbust-royalsocietymusicians.jpg Schaller's bust], on the [[Royal Society of Musicians of Great Britain]]'s website }} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="United Kingdom, London"\| [[Royal Philharmonic Society]]<br />London, United Kingdom {{flagicon\|UK}} \| data-sort-value="1871"\| 1871 \| {{sort\|Schaller\|[[Johann Nepomuk Schaller]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven Bust \|publisher=[[Royal Philharmonic Society]] \|url=https://royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/rps-since-1813/key-moments/beethoven-bust \|access-date=28 March 2021 \|archive-date=25 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425003911/https://royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/rps-since-1813/key-moments/beethoven-bust \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven 2020 : 250th anniversary of Beethoven's birth \|date=January 2020 \|publisher=[[Royal Society of Musicians of Great Britain]] \|url=https://www.rsmgb.org/2020/01/01/archive-item-of-the-month-january-2020/ \|access-date=28 March 2021 \|archive-date=25 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425003910/https://www.rsmgb.org/2020/01/01/archive-item-of-the-month-january-2020/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven at the Albert Memorial, London.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Relief \| data-sort-value="United Kingdom, London"\| [[Frieze of Parnassus]]<br />[[Albert Memorial]]<br />London, United Kingdom {{flagicon\|UK}} \| 1872 \| {{sortname\|Henry Hugh\|Armstead}} \| <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/frieze-of-parnassus-beethoven\|title=Statue: Frieze of Parnassus – Beethoven\|website=London Remembers\|access-date=8 May 2021\|archive-date=7 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507102841/https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/frieze-of-parnassus-beethoven/\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Jacques De Braekeleer, De componist Ludwig von Beethoven- Le compositeur Ludwig von Beethoven, KBS-FRB.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Belgium, Antwerp"\| [[Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp\|Royal Museum of Fine Arts]]<br />Antwerp, Belgium {{flagicon\|Belgium}} \| data-sort-value="1874"\| 1874 \| {{sort\|Braekeleer\|{{ill\|Jacques De Braekeleer\|lt=Jacques de Braekeleer\|nl}}}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=De componist Ludwig von Beethoven \|trans-title=The composer Ludwig van Beethoven \|website=vanherck.collectionkbf.be \|date=September 2016 \|publisher=[[King Baudouin Foundation]] \|language=Dutch \|url=https://vanherck.collectionkbf.be/nl/de-componist-ludwig-von-beethoven \|access-date=13 March 2021 \|archive-date=15 November 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115155610/http://vanherck.collectionkbf.be/nl/de-componist-ludwig-von-beethoven \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=De componist Ludwig von Beethoven \|trans-title=The composer Ludwig van Beethoven \|website=arthub.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be \|publisher=Flanders State of the Art \|language=Dutch \|url=https://arthub.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be/nl/catalog/kmska:IB00_113 \|access-date=13 March 2021 \|archive-date=19 November 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119113551/https://arthub.vlaamsekunstcollectie.be/nl/catalog/kmska:IB00_113 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Giuseppe grandi, beethoven, gesso, 1860-80 ca.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="Rome, Italy"\| [[Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Milan\|Galleria d'Arte Moderna]]<br />Milan, Italy {{flagicon\|Italy}} \| data-sort-value="1874"\| 1874 \| {{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Grandi}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven fanciullo \|publisher=[[Google Arts & Culture]] \|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/beethoven-fanciullo/aQHkKQvQ7LnvLA?hl=en \|access-date=12 April 2021 \|archive-date=12 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412070157/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/beethoven-fanciullo/aQHkKQvQ7LnvLA?hl=en \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/young-beethoven-giuseppe-grandi/CQHuFY1XFovmsQ?hl=en&avm=3 Giuseppe Grandi's sculpture], on the [[Google Arts & Culture]] website }} \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="Rome, Italy"\| [[Turin Civic Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art\|Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea]]<br />Turin, Italy {{flagicon\|Italy}} \| data-sort-value="1874"\| 1874 \| {{sortname\|Giuseppe\|Grandi}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Young Beethoven \|publisher=[[Google Arts & Culture]] \|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/young-beethoven-giuseppe-grandi/CQHuFY1XFovmsQ?hl=en \|access-date=12 April 2021 \|archive-date=12 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412070154/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/young-beethoven-giuseppe-grandi/CQHuFY1XFovmsQ?hl=en \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/extra/ch/TN_chge006_06-10943.jpg Bust by Bertheauld], on the ''Statues – Hither & Thither'' website }} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Switzerland, Geneva"\| [[Grand Théâtre de Genève]]<br />Geneva, Switzerland {{flagicon\|Switzerland}} \| data-sort-value="1879"\| 1879 \| {{sort\|Bertheauld\|Bertheauld?}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Statues et bustes au Grand Théâtre \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=chge006 \|access-date=22 March 2021 \|archive-date=23 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423003850/https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=chge006 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- id = Zumbusch ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven monument, Vienna (1).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Austria, Vienna"\| {{ill\|Beethovenplatz (Wien)\|de\|lt=Beethovenplatz}}<br />Vienna, Austria {{flagicon\|Austria}} \| data-sort-value="1880"\| 1 May 1880 \| {{sort\|Zumbusch\|[[Kaspar von Zumbusch]]}} \| <ref name="Caspar Zumbusch's Beethoven monument"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/extra/de/dehs224-70842.jpg Relief on the Alte Oper], on the ''Statues – Hither & Thither'' website }} \| Relief \| data-sort-value="Germany, Frankfurt"\| [[Alte Oper]]<br />Frankfurt, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1880"\| 1880 \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Unknown \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Skulpturen am Alten Oper \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=dehs224 \|access-date=22 March 2021 \|archive-date=23 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423003852/https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=dehs224 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Central Park NYC - Beethoven statue by Henry Baerer - IMG 5719.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| [[Ludwig van Beethoven (Baerer)\|Bust]] \| data-sort-value="US, New York"\| [[Central Park]]<br />New York, New York, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1884"\| 22 July 1884 \| {{sort\|Baerer\|[[Henry Baerer]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven Statue \|publisher=[[Central Park]] \|url=https://centralpark.org/beethoven/ \|access-date=24 September 2020 \|archive-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000625/https://centralpark.org/beethoven/ \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Ludwig Van Beethoven \|website=nycgovparks.org \|publisher=[[The City of New York]] \|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/central-park/monuments/1634 \|access-date=24 September 2020 \|archive-date=27 September 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927042338/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/central-park/monuments/1634 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Ludwig van Beethoven \|publisher=[[Central Park Conservancy]] \|url=https://www.centralparknyc.org/attractions/ludwig-van-beethoven \|access-date=24 September 2020 \|archive-date=6 August 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161021/https://www.centralparknyc.org/attractions/ludwig-van-beethoven \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://www.towergrovepark.org/other-statues/2igp6dnxa7xoz4i0z2rgfdkrtpoflv Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller's bust], on the [[Tower Grove Park]] website }} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="US, Missouri"\| [[Tower Grove Park]]<br />St. Louis, Missouri, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1884"\| 1884 \| {{sort\|Miller\|[[Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Statues & Busts \|publisher=[[Tower Grove Park]] \|url=https://www.towergrovepark.org/statues1 \|access-date=27 September 2020 \|archive-date=24 September 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924175156/https://www.towergrovepark.org/statues1 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://vanderkrogt.net/standbeelden/extra/nh/NH04ob-4221.jpg Johannes French's bust], on the ''Statues – Hither & Thither'' website }} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Netherlands, Amsterdam"\| [[Concertgebouw, Amsterdam\|Concertgebouw]]<br />Amsterdam, Netherlands {{flagicon\|Netherlands}} \| data-sort-value="1888"\| 1888 \| {{sort\|French\|Johannes French}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Busts Concert Hall \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://vanderkrogt.net/standbeelden/object.php?record=NH04ob \|access-date=23 March 2021 \|archive-date=25 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425234243/https://vanderkrogt.net/standbeelden/object.php?record=NH04ob \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Bonnbeethovenhaus1.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| [[Beethoven House]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1890"\| {{circa\|1890}} \| data-sort-value="ZZA"\| Unknown<br />(based on a sculpture by [[Josef Danhauser]]) \| <ref name="Danhauser"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven bust statue by Hagen.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="US, Washington D.C."\| [[Library of Congress]]<br />Washington, D.C., US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1892"\| 1892 \| {{sort\|Hagen\|[[Hugo Hagen]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Ludwig van Beethoven – studied from the death mask [i.e. life mask] \|website=loc.gov \|year=1892 \|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] \|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2001700485/ \|access-date=9 January 2021 \|archive-date=16 January 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116111625/https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2001700485/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Brooklyn Prospect Park Beethoven 02.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| [[Ludwig van Beethoven (Baerer)\|Bust]] \| data-sort-value="US, New York"\| [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)\|Prospect Park]]<br />New York, New York, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1894"\| 20 October 1894 \| {{sort\|Baerer\|[[Henry Baerer]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Ludwig Van Beethoven \|website=nycgovparks.org \|publisher=[[The City of New York]] \|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B073/monuments/1635 \|access-date=27 September 2020 \|archive-date=7 August 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807190822/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B073/monuments/1635 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Statue of Beethoven (courtyard of San Pietro a Maiella, Naples).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Italy, Naples"\| [[Naples]], Italy {{flagicon\|Italy}} \| data-sort-value="1895"\| 1895 \| {{sort\|Jerace\|[[Francesco Jerace]]}} \| <ref>{{cite journal \|year=1899 \|title=An Eminent Italian Sculptor: Francesco Jerace \|journal=The Art Journal \|publisher=Virtue and Company \|location=London, UK \|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oxzRSm8jdgMC&pg=PA108 108] \|url={{google books\|plainurl=y\|id=oxzRSm8jdgMC}}}}</ref> \|- id = Baur ! scope="row"\| [[File:Loc-beethoven-highsmith (cropped).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="US, Washington D.C."\| [[Library of Congress]]<br />Washington, D.C., US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1895"\| {{circa\|1895}} \| {{sort\|Baur\|Theodore Baur}} \| <ref name="Further development of the Bonn type of monument"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Ludwig van Beethoven Monument, Lincoln Park, Chicago, early 20th century (NBY 948).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="US, Illinois"\| ?{{efn\|The bust was stolen in 1970; only fragments remain.<ref name="ChicagoBust"/>}}<br />Last seen in [[Lincoln Park, Chicago\|Lincoln Park]]<br />Chicago, Illinois, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1897"\| 1897 \| {{sort\|Gelert\|[[Johannes Gelert]]}} \| <ref name="ChicagoBust">{{cite web \|title=Ludwig van Beethoven Monument, Lincoln Park, Chicago, early 20th century \|publisher=CARLI Digital Collections Home \|url=https://collections.carli.illinois.edu/digital/collection/nby_chicago/id/948 \|access-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011829/https://collections.carli.illinois.edu/digital/collection/nby_chicago/id/948 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Z(946)BeethovensteinHelental20111113.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Relief \| data-sort-value="Austria, Baden bei Wien"\| [[Helenental]]<br />[[Baden bei Wien]], Austria {{flagicon\|Austria}} \| data-sort-value="1899"\| 1899 \| {{sort\|Kassin\|{{ill\|Josef Valentin Kassin\|de}}}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Gedenkplatte – Fotografie einer 1900 enthüllten reliefierten Gedenkplatte von Joseph Kassin am Beethovenstein im Helenental in Baden \|trans-title=The Beethoven stele in Hlohovec – photograph of an anonymous monument \|website=katalog.beethoven.de \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=German \|url=https://katalog.beethoven.de/cgi-bin/biblio/bild_de.pl?t_idn=bi:i1249 \|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:3f463f437 Thomas Crawford's statue], on the Digital Commonwealth Massachusetts Collections Online }} \| Statue \| data-sort-value="US, Massachusetts"\| [[New England Conservatory of Music]]<br />Boston, Massachusetts, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1900"\| 1900 \| {{sort\|Crawford\|[[Thomas Crawford (sculptor)\|Thomas Crawford]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven Statue \|publisher=[[New England Conservatory of Music]] \|url=https://necmusic.edu/archives/beethoven-statue \|access-date=27 September 2020 \|archive-date=18 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018225733/https://necmusic.edu/archives/beethoven-statue \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethcian.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| Garden of the [[Beethoven House]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1901"\| First quarter of the 20th century \| {{sort\|Cian\|Fernando Cian}}{{efn\|The portrait bust is based on a sculpture by [[Fernando Cian]] and is presumed to have been executed by Cian himself.<ref name="Fernando Cian"/>}} \| <ref name="Fernando Cian"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethfix.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| Garden of the [[Beethoven House]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1902"\| 1902 \| {{sort\|Masseau\|[[Pierre Félix Masseau]]}} \| <ref name="Masseau"/> \|- id = Klinger ! scope="row"\| [[File:Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste, Max Klinger, Beethovenskulptur.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Germany, Leipzig"\| [[Museum der bildenden Künste]]<br />Leipzig, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1902"\| 1902 \| {{sort\|Klinger\|[[Max Klinger]]}} \| <ref name="Klinger">{{cite web \|title=Scala Archives – Images details \|publisher=Scala Archives \|url=http://www.scalarchives.com/web/dettaglio_immagine_adv.asp?numImmagini=64&posizione=2&prmset=on&SC_PROV=COLL&IdCollection=80333&SC_Lang=eng&Sort=6 \|access-date=23 March 2021 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011828/http://www.scalarchives.com/web/dettaglio_immagine_adv.asp?numImmagini=64&posizione=2&prmset=on&SC_PROV=COLL&IdCollection=80333&SC_Lang=eng&Sort=6 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Max Klinger (1857–1920) \|date=6 January 2015 \|publisher=Mahler Foundation \|url=https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/personen-2/klinger-max-1857-1920 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=24 September 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924110443/https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/personen-2/klinger-max-1857-1920 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Hickley \|first=Catherine \|date=3 March 2020 \|title=Topless Beethoven to take centre stage in Leipzig survey of Symbolist artist Max Klinger \|work=[[The Art Newspaper]] \|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/preview/topless-beethoven-to-take-centre-stage-in-survey-of-symbolist-artist-max-klinger \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=27 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027185536/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/preview/topless-beethoven-to-take-centre-stage-in-survey-of-symbolist-artist-max-klinger \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/extra/deth/deth101-30198.jpg Sculpture by an unknown artist], on the ''Statues – Hither & Thither'' website }} \| Relief (architectural) \| data-sort-value="Germany, Eisenach"\| {{ill\|Burschenschaftsdenkmal\|de}}<br />[[Eisenach]], Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1902"\| 1902 \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Unknown \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Burschenschaftsdenkmal \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=deth101 \|access-date=23 March 2021 \|archive-date=25 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425234256/https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=deth101 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Max Klinger, Beethoven, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="US, Massachusetts"\| [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston\|Museum of Fine Arts]]<br />Boston, Massachusetts, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1902b"\| After 1902 \| {{sort\|Klinger\|[[Max Klinger]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Figure of Beethoven \|website=collections.mfa.org \|publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] \|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/255560/figure-of-beethoven;jsessionid=7527C5D8C33C9415AF5A65EC964E77C1 \|access-date=6 December 2020 \|archive-date=18 May 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518155931/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/255560/figure-of-beethoven;jsessionid=7527C5D8C33C9415AF5A65EC964E77C1 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Großer Tiergarten - panoramio (1).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| [[Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial\|Other sculpture]] \| data-sort-value="Germany, Berlin"\| [[Tiergarten (park)\|Tiergarten]]<br />Berlin, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1904"\| 1904 \| {{sort\|Siemering\|[[Rudolf Siemering\|Rudolf]]}} and Wolfgang Siemering \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart-Denkmal \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?record=debe042 \|access-date=13 March 2021 \|archive-date=14 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414011853/https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?record=debe042 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Aronsons Beethoven-Büste.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| Garden of the [[Beethoven House]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1905"\| 1905 \| {{sort\|Aronson\|[[Naoum Aronson]]}} \| <ref name="Beethoven depictions influenced by Auguste Rodin"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Klinger Beethoven2.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="Germany, Leipzig"\| [[Museum der bildenden Künste]]<br />Leipzig, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1907"\| 1907 \| {{sort\|Klinger\|[[Max Klinger]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Scala Archives – Images details \|publisher=Scala Archives \|url=http://www.scalarchives.com/web/dettaglio_immagine_adv.asp?numImmagini=64&posizione=3&prmset=on&SC_PROV=COLL&IdCollection=80333&SC_Lang=eng&Sort=6 \|access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Aston Webb Building Entrance Statues University of Birmingham.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="United Kingdom, Birmingham"\| Aston Webb Building, [[University of Birmingham]]<br />Birmingham, United Kingdom {{flagicon\|United Kingdom}} \| data-sort-value="1907"\| 1907 \| {{sortname\|Henry Alfred\|Pegram}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title='Pantheon of the Immortals' \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=gbwm069 \|access-date=23 March 2021 \|archive-date=25 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425110938/https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=gbwm069 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- id = Weigl ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven garnethill.png\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Glasgow, Scotland"\| {{ill\|Garnethill\|uk}}<br />Garnethill, Glasgow, Scotland {{flagicon\|Scotland}} \| data-sort-value="1909"\| 1909 \| James Alexander Ewing \| <ref name="Police investigate after bust of Beethoven goes missing in Glasgow"/><ref>https://www.scotsman.com/news/crime/police-investigate-after-bust-of-beethoven-goes-missing-in-glasgow-1414133</ref><ref name="Beethoven statue that vanished mysteriously in Glasgow two years ago found by workmen"/><ref>Beethoven statue that vanished mysteriously in Glasgow two years ago found by workmen</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Wienbeethovenp2.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Austria, Vienna, Döbling"\| {{ill\|Heiligenstädter Park\|de}}<br />[[Döbling]], Vienna, Austria {{flagicon\|Austria}} \| data-sort-value="1910"\| 1910 \| {{sort\|Weigl\|Robert Weigl}} \| <ref name="Searching for new forms"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=Das Beethoven-Denkmal in Heiligenstadt, um 1910 – Fotografie der Plastik von Robert Weigl \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://www.beethoven.de/en/media/view/5391923544064000/Das+Beethoven-Denkmal+in+Heiligenstadt%2C+um+1910+-+Fotografie+der+Plastik+von+Robert+Weigl?fromArchive=5973500032450560 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=1 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001172900/https://www.beethoven.de/en/media/view/5391923544064000/Das+Beethoven-Denkmal+in+Heiligenstadt,+um+1910+-+Fotografie+der+Plastik+von+Robert+Weigl?fromArchive=5973500032450560 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven by Henry Baerer - Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA - DSC05243.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| [[Ludwig van Beethoven (Baerer)\|Bust]] \| data-sort-value="US, California"\| [[Golden Gate Park]]<br />San Francisco, California, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1915"\| 6 August 1915 \| {{sort\|Baerer\|[[Henry Baerer]]}} \| <ref>{{cite news \|last=Whiting \|first=Sam \|date=14 February 2015 \|title=Panama-Pacific International Expo: Tracking down the artifacts \|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] \|url-access=subscription \|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/Panama-Pacific-International-Expo-Tracking-down-6080580.php \|access-date=27 September 2020 \|archive-date=8 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092132/https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/Panama-Pacific-International-Expo-Tracking-down-6080580.php \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Argentina, Rosario"\| [[Parque de la Independencia]]<br />[[Rosario, Santa Fe\|Rosario]], Argentina {{flagicon\|Argentina}} \| data-sort-value="1917"\| 1917 \| {{sort\|Blotta\|[[Erminio Blotta]]}} \| <ref>{{cite news \|date=5 June 2011 \|title=Cuando el río se vincula con la ciudad \|trans-title=When the river meets the city \|work={{ill\|El Territorio\|es}} \|language=Spanish \|url=https://www.elterritorio.com.ar/noticias/2011/06/05/263497-cuando-el-rio-se-vincula-con-la-ciudad \|access-date=18 February 2021 \|archive-date=7 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407111708/https://www.elterritorio.com.ar/noticias/2011/06/05/263497-cuando-el-rio-se-vincula-con-la-ciudad \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethhüsgen.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Mask \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| Garden of the [[Beethoven House]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1920"\| 1920–1927 \| {{sort\|Hüsgen\|{{ill\|Wilhelm Hüsgen\|de\|lt=Wilhelm Hüsgen?}}}}{{efn\|{{ill\|Wilhelm Hüsgen\|de}} is the presumed creator of the mask.}} \| <ref name="Hüsgen"/> \|- id = Gosen ! scope="row"\| [[File:Monumento a Beethoven en la Alameda Central, Ciudad de México.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| [[Beethoven Monument (Mexico City)\|Statue]] \| data-sort-value="Mexico, Mexico City"\| [[Alameda Central]]<br />Mexico City, Mexico {{flagicon\|Mexico}} \| data-sort-value="1921"\| 1921 \| {{sort\|Gosen\|[[Theodor von Gosen]]}} \| <ref name="Beethoven monuments between tradition and modernity"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:GuentherZ 2010-07-10 0101 Wien03 Ungargasse5 Gedenktafel Ludwig van Beethoven.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Relief \| data-sort-value="Austria, Vienna, Ungargasse"\| Ungargasse 5<br />Vienna, Austria {{flagicon\|Austria}} \| data-sort-value="1924"\| 7 May 1924 \| {{sort\|Grath\|{{ill\|Anton Grath\|de}}}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Gedenktafel (3, Ungargasse 5) \|trans-title=Beethoven memorial plaque (3, Ungargasse 5) \|website=geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at \|publisher=[[Vienna History Wiki]] \|language=German \|url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Beethoven-Gedenktafel_(3,_Ungargasse_5) \|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Prague Praha 2014 Holmstad Beethoven Mala Strana prague.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Relief \| data-sort-value="Czech Republic, Prague"\| [[Malá Strana]]<br />Prague, Czech Republic {{flagicon\|Czech Republic}} \| data-sort-value="1927-03"\| March 1927 \| {{sort\|Španiel\|[[Otakar Španiel]]}} \| <ref>{{cite news \|date=12 January 2021 \|title=Bleibt gesund! \|trans-title=Stay Healthy! \|website=kozterkep.hu \|publisher=[[Radio Prague International]] \|language=German \|url=https://deutsch.radio.cz/bleibt-gesund-8705268 \|access-date=13 January 2021 \|archive-date=13 January 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113115354/https://deutsch.radio.cz/bleibt-gesund-8705268 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Bust of Beethoven, Sauerhof 02.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Austria, Baden bei Wien"\| {{ill\|Sauerhof\|de}}<br />[[Baden bei Wien]], Austria {{flagicon\|Austria}} \| data-sort-value="1927-05"\| 10 May 1927 \| {{sort\|Mauer\|{{ill\|Hans Mauer\|de}}}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Badener Zukerln: Aus der Arbeit des Stadarchivs \|trans-title=Badener Zukerln: From the work of the city archive \|publisher=Rollett Museum \|language=German \|url=https://rollettmuseum.at/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Nr.-43-Beethoven-vor-dem-Sauerhof-creator.pdf \|access-date=18 March 2021 \|archive-date=29 September 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929000145/https://rollettmuseum.at/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Nr.-43-Beethoven-vor-dem-Sauerhof-creator.pdf \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven-szobor, Martonvásár.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Hungary, Martonvásár"\| [[Martonvásár]], Hungary {{flagicon\|Hungary}} \| data-sort-value="1927"\| 1927 \| {{sort\|Pàsztor\|Jànos Pàsztor}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-szobor \|trans-title=Beethoven-statue \|website=kozterkep.hu \|publisher=Köztérkép Mozgalom \|language=Hungarian \|url=https://www.kozterkep.hu/4830/beethoven-szobor \|access-date=14 November 2020 \|archive-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000623/https://www.kozterkep.hu/4830/beethoven-szobor \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:BeethovenNbg.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Germany, Nuremberg"\| [[Nuremberg]], Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| 1927 \| {{sortname\|Konrad\|Roth\|nolink=yes}} \| <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?record=deby236\|title=Nürnberg – Ludwig van Beethoven\|website=Statues – Hither & Thither\|access-date=8 May 2021\|archive-date=10 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143801/https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?record=deby236\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- id = Uher ! scope="row"\| [[File:Karlovy Vary socha Beethovena listopad 2018 (2).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Czech Republic, Karlovy Vary"\| {{ill\|Pomník Ludwiga van Beethovena (Karlovy Vary)\|cs\|lt=Monument to Ludwig van Beethoven}}<br />[[Karlovy Vary]], Czech Republic {{flagicon\|Czech Republic}} \| data-sort-value="1929"\| 29 September 1929 \| {{sort\|Uher\|{{ill\|Hugo Uher\|cs}}}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Ludwig Van Beethoven's Monument \|website=karlovyvary.cz \|date=5 March 2013 \|publisher=Information centre Karlovy Vary \|url=https://www.karlovyvary.cz/en/ludwig-van-beethovens-monument \|access-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-date=9 August 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202631/https://www.karlovyvary.cz/en/ludwig-van-beethovens-monument \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:János Horvay - Beethoven - 1932 (1).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Hungary, Budapest"\| Budapest, Hungary {{flagicon\|Hungary}} \| data-sort-value="1932"\| 1932 \| {{sort\|Horvay\|[[János Horvay]]}} \| <ref>{{cite book \|last1=Pap \|first1=Miklós \|last2=Székely \|first2=László \|last3=Vitéz \|first3=András \|last4=Aradi \|first4=Nóra \|year=1964 \|title=Budapest; a guide to the capital of Hungary \|publisher=Corvina Press \|location=Budapest, Hungary \|page=160 \|quote=At present a statue of Beethoven by János Horvay (1932), and the statue of the "Tyrolese Sharpshooter" by Zsigmond Kisfaludi Strobl (1940), ornament the park \|oclc=80881}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven szobra a Városmajorban, 1933-35-ös éve \|website=gallery.hungaricana.hu \|publisher=Hungaricana \|language=Hungarian \|url=https://gallery.hungaricana.hu/en/BudapestGyujtemeny/1049443/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJDSU1LRSI6IFsiMTkzMC1hcyBcdTAwZTl2ZWsiXSwgIkRBVEFCQVNFIjogWyJQSE9UT1MiXSwgIlRFTEVQVUxFUyI6IFsiQnVkYXBlc3QiXX0sICJxdWVyeSI6ICJTWk89KFwiS1wiKSJ9&img=0 \|access-date=12 October 2020 \|archive-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000651/https://gallery.hungaricana.hu/en/BudapestGyujtemeny/1049443/?list=eyJmaWx0ZXJzIjogeyJDSU1LRSI6IFsiMTkzMC1hcyBcdTAwZTl2ZWsiXSwgIkRBVEFCQVNFIjogWyJQSE9UT1MiXSwgIlRFTEVQVUxFUyI6IFsiQnVkYXBlc3QiXX0sICJxdWVyeSI6ICJTWk89KFwiS1wiKSJ9&img=0 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Statue of Beethoven in Pershing Square in Downtown Los Angeles (DTLA) 17.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| [[Statue of Ludwig van Beethoven (Los Angeles)\|Statue]] \| data-sort-value="US, California"\| [[Pershing Square (Los Angeles)\|Pershing Square]]<br />Los Angeles, California, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1932"\| 14 October 1932{{efn\|Installed to honor [[William Andrews Clark Jr.]], founder of the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]]<ref name="LA"/>}} \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Unknown \| <ref name="LA">{{cite news \|last=Harrison \|first=Scott \|date=25 September 2018 \|title=From the Archives: 'Know Your City' No. 4 – Beethoven statue \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|url=https://www.latimes.com/visuals/photography/la-me-fw-archives-know-your-city-no-4-beethoven-statur-20180911-htmlstory.html \|access-date=27 September 2020 \|archive-date=9 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005731/https://www.latimes.com/visuals/photography/la-me-fw-archives-know-your-city-no-4-beethoven-statur-20180911-htmlstory.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Rostock Beethoven.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Relief \| data-sort-value="Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"\| [[Rostock]], Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1934"\| 1934 \| {{sort\|Wallat\|[[Paul Wallat]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Ludwig van Beethoven \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=demv137 \|access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> \|- id = Breuer ! scope="row"\| [[File:2013-09-02 Beethoven-Denkmal nördlich des Restaurants Rheinaue, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 20, Bonn-Hochkreuz IMG 0878.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| {{ill\|Beethoven Monument (Bonn Rheinaue)\|de\|lt=Statue}} \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| {{ill\|Alter Zoll (Bonn)\|de\|lt=Alter Zoll}}<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1938"\| 1938 \| {{sort\|Breuer\|[[Peter Breuer]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Peter Christian Breuer's Beethoven monument \|date=April 2002 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id17.html \|access-date=24 September 2020 \|archive-date=9 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009022057/https://internet.beethoven.de/en/exhibition/beethoven-monuments-of-the-19th-and-20th-century/id17.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="Argentina, Buenos Aires"\| {{ill\|Plaza Lavalle\|es}}<br />Buenos Aires, Argentina {{flagicon\|Argentina}} \| data-sort-value="1944"\| 15 November 1944 \| {{sort\|Fioravanti\|[[José Fioravanti]]}} \| <ref>{{cite book \|year=1991 \|title=Manual informativo de la ciudad de Buenos Aires \|trans-title=Information manual of the city of Buenos Aires \|publisher=Instituto Histórico de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires \|language=Spanish \|location=Buenos Aires, Argentina \|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8nPjAAAAMAAJ&q=beethoven 370] \|url={{google books\|plainurl=y\|id=8nPjAAAAMAAJ}}}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethovenmerz.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| Garden of the [[Beethoven House]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1945"\| 1945/46 \| {{sort\|Merz\|Eduard Merz}} \| <ref name="Merz"/> \|- id = Kolber ! scope="row"\| [[File:Taunusanlage-beethoven-denkmal-2011-ffm-030.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue(s) \| data-sort-value="Germany, Frankfurt"\| [[Frankfurt]], Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1948"\| 1948 \| {{sort\|Kolbe\|[[Georg Kolbe]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Dem Genius Beethoven \|publisher=Frankfurt Tourism \|url=https://www.frankfurt-tourismus.de/en/Media/Attractions/Dem-Genius-Beethoven \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=17 November 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117191739/http://www.frankfurt-tourismus.de/en/Media/Attractions/Dem-Genius-Beethoven \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:BEETBG.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| [[Redoute, Bad Godesberg]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1955"\| 1955 \| {{sort\|Rotter\|Franz Rotter}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Büste (von Rotter) \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=CO&record=denw457 \|access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven monument 02 by Matija Vuković, Baden.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="Austria, Baden bei Wien"\| Doblhoff Park<br />[[Baden bei Wien]], Austria {{flagicon\|Austria}} \| data-sort-value="1969"\| 1969 \| {{sort\|Vuković\|[[Matija Vuković]]}} \| <ref name="Interlude"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:17-09-07-Wikidaheim-Graz RR70534.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Austria, Graz" \| [[Graz Opera]]<br />[[Graz]], Austria {{flagicon\|Austria}} \| 1969 \| {{sortname\|Fred\|Pirker\|nolink=yes}} \| <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=atst026\|title=Graz – Ludwig van Beethoven\|website=Statues – Hither & Thither\|access-date=8 May 2021\|archive-date=8 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508084209/https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=atst026\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven portré a XII kerületi Beethoven utca 2.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| Relief \| data-sort-value="Hungary, Budapest"\| [[Hegyvidék\|Hegyvidék (District XII)]]<br />Budapest, Hungary {{flagicon\|Hungary}} \| data-sort-value="1970"\| 1970 \| {{sort\|Csontos\|László Csontos}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=XII. kerület \|trans-title=XII. district \|website=budapestgaleria.hu \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=Hungarian \|url=https://budapestgaleria.hu/_/kozteri-muvek-budapesten/12-kerulet/ \|access-date=18 February 2021 \|archive-date=14 August 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814020457/http://budapestgaleria.hu/_/kozteri-muvek-budapesten/12-kerulet/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Hlohovec Ludwig Van Beethoven.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="Slovakia, Hlohovec"\| [[Hlohovec]], Slovakia {{flagicon\|Slovakia}} \| data-sort-value="1970"\| {{circa\|1970}} \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Unknown \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Die Beethoven-Stele in Hlohovec – Fotografie eines anonymen Denkmals \|trans-title=The Beethoven stele in Hlohovec – photograph of an anonymous monument \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=German \|url=https://www.beethoven.de/s/catalogs?opac=bild_en.pl&t_idn=bi:i1150 \|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Ludwig van Beethoven posąg.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Poland, Bydgoszcz"\| [[Jan Kochanowski Park in Bydgoszcz\|Jan Kochanowski Park]]<br />[[Bydgoszcz]], Poland {{flagicon\|Poland}} \| data-sort-value="1970"\| 1970s \| {{sort\|Marciniak\|Witold Marciniak}} \| <ref name="Interlude">{{cite news \|last=Buja \|first=Maureen \|date=17 November 2020 \|title=Monumental Beethoven \|work=Interlude \|url=https://interlude.hk/monumental-beethoven/ \|access-date=18 February 2021 \|archive-date=1 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201151322/https://interlude.hk/monumental-beethoven/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethoven statue in Siolim, Goa (cropped).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| [[Siolim#Musicians\|Statue]] \| data-sort-value="India, Goa"\| [[Siolim]]<br />[[Goa]], India {{flagicon\|India}} \| data-sort-value="1976"\| 1 May 1976 \| {{sortname\|Cypriano\|Fernandes\|nolink=yes}} \| <ref>{{cite news \|last=Gupta \|first=Sujay \|date=24 September 2017 \|title=Longing and Belonging in the Lanes of Siolim \|work=[[O Heraldo]] \|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Business-With-Pleasure/LONGING-AND-BELONGING-IN-THE-LANES-OF-SIOLIM/120479 \|access-date=24 September 2020 \|archive-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000623/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Business-With-Pleasure/LONGING-AND-BELONGING-IN-THE-LANES-OF-SIOLIM/120479 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Estatua de Beethoven, Madrid.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Spain, Madrid"\| Parque de Berlín<br />Madrid, Spain {{flagicon\|Spain}} \| data-sort-value="1981"\| 1981 \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Unknown \| <ref>{{cite news \|date=24 September 1981 \|title=Bonn regala un busto de Beethoven para el madrileño parque de Berlín \|trans-title=Bonn gives away a Beethoven bust for Madrid's Berlin park \|work=[[El País]] \|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1981/09/25/madrid/370265062_850215.html \|access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:BEETHovenLAS.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| Garden of the [[Beethoven House]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1981"\| 1981 \| {{sort\|Lasarew\|{{ill\|Levon Lazarev\|de\|Lewon Konstantinowitsch Lasarew}}}} \| <ref name="Lasarew"/> \|- id = Kammerichs ! scope="row"\| [[File:BEETHON.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| [[Beethovenhalle]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1986"\| 1986 \| {{sort\|Kammerichs\|{{ill\|Klaus Kammerichs\|de}}}}<br />after [[Joseph Karl Stieler]] \| <ref name="A time for experiments - I"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://www.city.naruto.tokushima.jp/contents/daiku/images/treasure/beethoven.jpg Kuschel's statue], on the [[Naruto, Tokushima]] website }} \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Japan, Naruto"\| [[Naruto, Tokushima]], Japan {{flagicon\|Japan}} \| data-sort-value="1997"\| 1997 \| {{sort\|Kuschel\|{{ill\|Peter Kuschel\|de}}}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Treasures of "Naruto-Daiku" \|website=city.naruto.tokushima.jp \|publisher=Naruto City – Division for Cultural and Exchange Promotion \|url=https://www.city.naruto.tokushima.jp/contents/daiku/english/treasure.html \|access-date=14 November 2020 \|archive-date=16 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116013822/https://www.city.naruto.tokushima.jp/contents/daiku/english/treasure.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Beethovenhaus-innenhof-03.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| Garden of the [[Beethoven House]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1998"\| 1998 \| {{sort\|Riscutia\|Cantemir Riscutia}} \| <ref name="Riscutia"/> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:Estatua sedente de Beethoven.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue \| data-sort-value="Santander, Spain"\| Jesús de Monasterio Park<br />[[Santander, Spain\|Santander]], Spain {{flagicon\|Spain}} \| data-sort-value="1999"\| 1999 \| {{sort\|Ruiz Lloreda\|Ramón Ruiz Lloreda}} \| <ref>{{Cite web \|author=Tristeza \|date=7 October 2019 \|title=Monumento A Beethoven \|url=https://www.turismodeobservacion.com/foto/monumento-a-beethoven/45527/ \|access-date=2023-11-14 \|website=turismodeobservacion.com \|language=es}}</ref><!--See also: https://turismo.santander.es/sites/default/files/inline-files/parque-jesus-monasterio.pdf--> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/ludwig-van-beethoven-yuan-xikun/-QGVnoYyO7OLXA?hl=en&avm=3 Yuan Xikun's bust], on the [[Google Arts & Culture]] website }} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Beijing, China"\| Jintai Art Museum<br />Beijing, China {{flagicon\|China}} \| data-sort-value="2004"\| 2004 \| {{sort\|Yuan\|[[Yuan Xikun]]}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Ludwig Van Beethoven \|publisher=[[Google Arts & Culture]] \|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/ludwig-van-beethoven-yuan-xikun/-QGVnoYyO7OLXA?hl=en \|access-date=12 April 2021 \|archive-date=12 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412070151/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/ludwig-van-beethoven-yuan-xikun/-QGVnoYyO7OLXA?hl=en \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/Foto/denw/denw455.jpg Burkhard Mohr's bust], on the ''Statues – Hither & Thither'' website }} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| [[Bad Godesberg]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="2008"\| before 2008 \| \| {{sort\|Mohr\|{{ill\|Burkhard Mohr\|de}}}} \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Büste (von Mohr) \|website=Statues – Hither & Thither \|url=https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=denw455 \|access-date=23 March 2021 \|archive-date=26 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426000736/https://vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=ST&record=denw455 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- id = Lüpertz ! scope="row"\| [[File:20150925 Lüppertz-Beethoven.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| {{ill\|Alter Zoll (Bonn)\|de\|lt=Stadtgarten}}<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="2014-03"\| 30 March 2014 \| {{sort\|Lüpertz\|[[Markus Lüpertz]]}} \| <ref name="classicfm"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=Markus Lüpertz – Beethoven \|website=stiftungkunst.de \|publisher=Foundation for Art and Culture \|url=http://www.stiftungkunst.de/kultur/en/projekt/markus-luepertz-beethoven/ \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=24 October 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024004832/http://www.stiftungkunst.de/kultur/en/projekt/markus-luepertz-beethoven/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| [[File:180731 Martonvásár (15) Beethoven és a halhatatlan kedves Nagy János.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Statue(s) \| data-sort-value="Hungary, Martonvásár"\| [[Martonvásár]], Hungary {{flagicon\|Hungary}} \| data-sort-value="2014-12"\| 31 December 2014 \| {{sort\|János\|Nagy János}} \| <ref>{{cite news \|author=A Szerk \|date=1 January 2015 \|title=Beethoven és a halhatatlan kedves megható története \|work=Librarius \|language=Hungarian \|url=https://librarius.hu/2015/05/01/beethoven-es-a-halhatatlan-kedves-meghato-tortenete/ \|access-date=14 November 2020 \|archive-date=16 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116094133/https://librarius.hu/2015/05/01/beethoven-es-a-halhatatlan-kedves-meghato-tortenete/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|} ===Bourdelle's sculptures=== The French sculptor [[Antoine Bourdelle]] (1861–1929) greatly admired Beethoven, of whom he created at least 45 sculptures from 1893 to the end of his life.{{sfn\|Comini\|2008\|p=338}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Le Normand-Romain \|first=Antoinette \|year=2003 \|encyclopedia=[[Grove Art Online]] \|title=Bourdelle, Emile-Antoine \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|location=Oxford, UK \|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T010574 \|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 \|url-access=subscription \|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000010574 \|access-date=13 March 2021}} {{Grove Art subscription}}</ref>{{efn\|So as not to overwhelm the list with sculptures by Bourdelle, the sculptures have been put in a separate section and limited.}} {\| class = "wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+Sculptures by Antoine Bourdelle ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| Image ! scope="col" \| Type ! scope="col" \| Location ! scope="col" \| Date ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| {{Abbr\|Ref(s)\|Reference(s)}} \|- ! scope="row" \| {{external media \| float = \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?max=800&id=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/dynamic/collection_images/full/86.546.jpg Antoine Bourdelle's study], on the [[Smithsonian Institution]] website}} \| Bust<br />(a [[Study (art)\|study]]) \| data-sort-value="US, Washington D.C."\| [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]]<br />Washington, D.C., US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1889"\| 1889 \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven with Abundant Hair (Study for the "Third Sculpture of Beethoven") \| Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution \|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] \|website=collections.si.edu \|url=https://collections.si.edu/search/record/hmsg_86.546 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000625/https://collections.si.edu/search/record/hmsg_86.546 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Clevelandart 1960.82.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="United States, Ohio, Cleveland"\| [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]<br />[[Cleveland, Ohio]], US {{flagicon\|US}} \| 1891 \| <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1960.82\|title=Head of Beethoven\|publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art\|access-date=8 May 2021\|archive-date=4 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104071900/https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1960.82\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Musée Ingres-Bourdelle - Beethoven aux grands cheveux 1891 - Platre - Antoine Bourdelle.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="France, Montauban"\| [[Musée Ingres]]<br />Montauban, France {{flagicon\|France}} \| data-sort-value="1891"\| 1891 \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Head of Beethoven \| Cleveland Museum of Art \|publisher=[[Cleveland Museum of Art]] \|url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1960.82 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=4 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104071900/https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1960.82 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art – Collections Object: Beethoven with Long Hair \|publisher=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] \|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/76742.html?mulR=37757863%7C2 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000629/https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/76742.html?mulR=37757863%7C2 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| {{external media \| float = \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://app.cuseum.com/art/emile-antoine-bourdelle-tragic-mask-of-beethoven Antoine Bourdelle's mask], on the [[List Visual Arts Center]] website}} \| Mask \| data-sort-value="US, Massachusetts"\| [[List Visual Arts Center]]<br />Cambridge, Massachusetts, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1901a"\| 1901 \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Tragic Mask of Beethoven \|website=listart.mit.edu \|publisher=[[MIT List Visual Arts Center]] \|url=https://app.cuseum.com/art/emile-antoine-bourdelle-tragic-mask-of-beethoven \|access-date=3 August 2024 \|archive-date=20 March 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320013411/https://listart.mit.edu/public-art-map/tragic-mask-beethoven \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Musée Ingres-Bourdelle - Buste de Beethoven, après 1902 - Platre - Antoine Bourdelle MI 97.5.1.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="France, Montauban"\| [[Musée Ingres]]<br />Montauban, France {{flagicon\|France}} \| data-sort-value="1901b"\| 1901–1902 \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Émile-Antoine Bourdelle. Beethoven. 1901 \| MoMA \|publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] \|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/81808 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=17 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117131201/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/81808 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Buste de Beethoven \|website=pop.culture.gouv.fr \|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (France)\|Ministry of Culture]] \|language=French \|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/06070001131 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=21 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221153501/https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/06070001131 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:2009-09-20-bonn-beethovenhalle-innenansicht-grosses-foyer-beethovenbüste-bourdelle-01.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Bonn, Beethovenhalle"\| [[Beethovenhalle]]<br />Bonn, Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| 1902 \| <ref>{{cite journal\|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1450-9814/2019/1450-98141926091L.pdf\|title=Post-factual Music Historiography: Legends of Art–Religion\|journal=Musicology\|first=Helmut\|last=Loos\|author-link=Helmut Loos\|date=2019\|issue=26\|page=100\|access-date=8 May 2021\|archive-date=7 March 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307054456/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1450-9814/2019/1450-98141926091L.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row"\| {{external media \| float = \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/emile-antoine-bourdelle-beethoven-1902-emile-antoine-bourdelle/WgHC8qWlGsbiUg?hl=en&ms=%7B%22x%22%3A0.5%2C%22y%22%3A0.5%2C%22z%22%3A8.524211258539799%2C%22size%22%3A%7B%22width%22%3A4.049504047738024%2C%22height%22%3A1.2375131395072663%7D%7D Antoine Bourdelle's bust], on [[Google Arts & Culture]]}} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Germany, Bonn"\| [[Beethoven House]]<br />[[Bonn]], Germany {{flagicon\|Germany}} \| data-sort-value="1902"\| 1902 \|<ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven representations under the influence of Auguste Rodin \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|url=https://internet.beethoven.de/de/ausstellung/beethoven-denkmaeler-des-19-und-20-jahrhunderts/id12.html \|access-date=11 April 2021 \|archive-date=11 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411192443/https://internet.beethoven.de/de/ausstellung/beethoven-denkmaeler-des-19-und-20-jahrhunderts/id12.html \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Antoine Bourdelle-Beethoven (1).jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="France, Strasbourg"\| [[Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art]]<br />Strasbourg, France {{flagicon\|France}} \| data-sort-value="1903a"\| 1903 \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Buste de Ludwig van Beethoven \|trans-title=Bust of Ludwig van Beethoven \|website=pop.culture.gouv.fr \|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (France)\|Ministry of Culture]] \|language=French \|url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/00160000435 \|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Bourdelle, Beethoven, Musée d’Orsay.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="France, Paris"\| [[Musée d'Orsay]]<br />Paris, France {{flagicon\|France}} \| data-sort-value="1903b"\| 1903 \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Musée d'Orsay: Emile-Antoine Bourdelle Ludwig van Beethoven \|publisher=[[Musée d'Orsay]] \|url=https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/sculpture/commentaire_id/ludwig-van-beethoven-2224.html?S=1&tx_commentaire_pi1%5BpidLi%5D=842&tx_commentaire_pi1%5Bfrom%5D=729&cHash=6b02e7f662 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=3 August 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803091019/http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/sculpture/commentaire_id/ludwig-van-beethoven-2224.html?tx_commentaire_pi1%5BpidLi%5D=842&tx_commentaire_pi1%5Bfrom%5D=729&cHash=6b02e7f662&S=1 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| {{external media \| float = \| width = 200px \| image1 = [http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/full/de317cc1450a9c035ffb1287d5c7e46825938573.html?ixsid=YmiTMBlz56B Antoine Bourdelle's statue], on the [[Courtauld Institute of Art]]'s website}} \| Statue \| data-sort-value="France, Paris"\| [[Musée Bourdelle]]<br />Paris, France {{flagicon\|France}} \| data-sort-value="1904"\| 1904–1908 \| <ref>{{cite news \|last=Santacreu \|first=Élisabeth \|date=23 December 2020 \|title=Beethoven, jumeau choisi de Bourdelle \|trans-title=Beethoven, Bourdelle's chosen twin \|work={{ill\|Le Journal des arts\|fr}} \|language=French \|url=https://www.lejournaldesarts.fr/expositions/beethoven-jumeau-choisi-de-bourdelle-152359 \|access-date=18 March 2021 \|archive-date=21 January 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121191150/https://www.lejournaldesarts.fr/expositions/beethoven-jumeau-choisi-de-bourdelle-152359 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| {{external media \| float = \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/195515/397437/restricted Antoine Bourdelle's bust], on the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]'s website}} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="US, New York"\| [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]<br />New York, New York, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1926"\| {{circa\|1926}} [1902] \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Antoine-Emile Bourdelle \| Beethoven \| French \| The Met \|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] \|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/195515 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=16 July 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716200259/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/195515 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| {{external media \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20060112161540/http://www.lvbeethoven.com/Lieux/Ailleurs/Statue_GenreBourdelle_Uruguay_LieuInconnu.jpg Antoine Bourdelle's statue], on a website dedicated to Beethoven }} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Uruguay, Montevideo"\| [[Montevideo]], Uruguay {{flagicon\|Uruguay}} \| data-sort-value="1927d"\| 25 December 1927 \| <ref>{{cite book \|author=I Casaretto \|year=1948 \|title=Estatuaria urbana de Montevideo (capital de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay) \|trans-title=Urban statuary of Montevideo (capital of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay) \|publisher=Colombino \|location=Montevideo, Uruguay \|page=34 (by PDF page number) \|oclc=493905983 \|url=https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5747/1/Estatuaria.pdf \|access-date=19 March 2021 \|archive-date=27 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427173014/https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5747/1/Estatuaria.pdf \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Musée Ingres-Bourdelle - Beethoven - tête aux raisins (Chapiteau), 1924-25 - Bronze - Antoine Bourdelle MI 85.1.1.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Other sculpture \| data-sort-value="France, Montauban"\| [[Musée Ingres]]<br />Montauban, France {{flagicon\|France}} \| data-sort-value="1927"\| 1927–1928 \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Work: Beethoven, Head with Grapes – Emile-Antoine Bourdelle (Museums of Occitanie) \|website=musees-occitanie.fr \|publisher=[[Musée Ingres]] \|url=https://musees-occitanie.fr/musees/musee-ingres-bourdelle/collections/la-sculpture-du-xixe-siecle/emile-antoine-bourdelle/beethoven-tete-aux-raisins/ \|access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| {{external media \| float = \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://static.artmuseum.princeton.edu/mirador/?manifest=https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/24258&canvas=https://data.artmuseum.princeton.edu/iiif/objects/24258/canvas/24258-canvas-139851 Antoine Bourdelle's statue], on the [[Princeton University Art Museum]] website}} \| Statue \| data-sort-value="US, New Jersey"\| [[Princeton University Art Museum]]<br />Princeton, New Jersey, US {{flagicon\|United States}} \| data-sort-value="1929"\| 1929 \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=La Pathétique, 1929 \|website=artmuseum.princeton.edu \|publisher=[[Princeton University Art Museum]] \|url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/24258 \|access-date=21 September 2020 \|archive-date=2 December 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000630/https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/24258 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Beethoven par Bourdelle.JPG\|center\|200px]] \| Bust \| data-sort-value="France, Paris"\| [[Jardin du Luxembourg]]<br />Paris, France {{flagicon\|France}} \| data-sort-value="1978"\| 1978 [1902] \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Monument à Beethoven \|trans-title=Monument to Beethoven \|language=French \|website=anosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr \|publisher=[[Musée d'Orsay]] \|url=https://anosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr/index.php/Detail/objects/15069 \|access-date=23 March 2021 \|archive-date=25 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425030938/https://anosgrandshommes.musee-orsay.fr/index.php/Detail/objects/15069 \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- ! scope="row" \| {{external media \| float = \| width = 200px \| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20170608151149/http://www.ohara.or.jp/en/gallery/beethoven Antoine Bourdelle's bust], on the [[Ohara Museum of Art]] website}} \| Bust \| data-sort-value="Japan, Kurashiki"\| [[Ohara Museum of Art]]<br />Kurashiki, Japan {{flagicon\|Japan}} \| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"\| Undated \| <ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven \|publisher=[[Ohara Museum of Art]] \|url=http://www.ohara.or.jp/en/gallery/beethoven/ \|access-date=18 March 2021 \|archive-date=13 May 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513043351/https://www.ohara.or.jp/en/gallery/beethoven/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> \|} ==Unexecuted sculptures== {\| class = "wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+Unexecuted sculptures ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| Sketch ! scope="col" \| Date ! scope="col" \| Sculptor ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| {{Abbr\|Ref(s)\|Reference(s)}} \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Model for a Beethoven Monument by Gustav Blaeser.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="1840" \| {{circa\|1840}} \| {{sortname\|Gustav\|Blaeser\|Gustav Blaeser}} \| <ref name="Beethoven becomes an Olympian figure"/> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Draft for a Beethoven monument by Friedrich von Amerling.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="1841" \| 1840s \| {{sortname\|Friedrich von\|Amerling\|Friedrich von Amerling}} \| <ref name="The first Beethoven monument"/> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Draft for a Beethoven monument by Friedrich Drake.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="1842" \| {{circa\|1840–1845}} \| {{sortname\|Friedrich\|Drake\|Friedrich Drake}} \| <ref name="The time of the great Beethoven monuments"/> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Draft for a Beethoven monument by Emil Eugen Sachse.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="1890" \| {{circa\|1890}} \| {{sortname\|Emil Eugen\|Sachse\|Emil Eugen Sachse}} \| <ref name="Beethoven becomes an Olympian figure"/> \|- id = Fidus ! scope="row" \| [[File:Fidus - Entwurf für einen Beethoven-Tempel, 1903.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="1903" \| 1903 \| [[Fidus]] \| <ref name="Fidus"/> \|- ! scope="row" \| [[File:Draft for a Beethoven monument by Ernst Barlach.jpg\|center\|200px]] \| data-sort-value="1926" \| 1926 \| {{sortname\|Ernst\|Barlach\|Ernst Barlach}} \| <ref name="A Beethoven monument in Berlin"/><ref>{{cite web \|title=Beethoven-Plastik – Fotografie eines Modells von Ernst Barlach, 1926 \|trans-title=Beethoven sculpture – photograph of a model by Ernst Barlach, 1926 \|publisher=[[Beethoven House]] \|language=German \|url=https://www.beethoven.de/en/media/view/5084700540403712/scan/0 \|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> \|} ==See also== * {{annotated link\|Beethoven Frieze\|''Beethoven Frieze''}} * {{annotated link\|Beethoven (Mähler)}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ;General * {{cite book \|last=Comini \|first=Alessandra \|author-link=Alessandra Comini \|year=2008 \|title=The Changing Image of Beethoven: A Study in Mythmaking \|publisher=Sunstone Press \|location=Santa Fe, New Mexico \|isbn=978-0-86534-661-1 \|url={{google books\|plainurl=y\|id=hYBAFG01FOsC}}}} ;Specific {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/facing-beethoven-deutsches-historisches-museum/HQICuOPh6Ng9IQ?hl=en A slideshow of depictions of Beethoven] from the [[Deutsches Historisches Museum]] on [[Google Arts & Culture]] {{Ludwig van Beethoven}} {{featured list}} [[Category:Lists of sculptures\|Beethoven]] [[Category:Sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven\| ]]	1,295,459,112	[]	false
# Sean McDermott (footballer) Sean McDermott (born 30 May 1993) is a professisonal footballer playing as a goalkeeper for Molde. Born in Norway, he has represented the Republic of Ireland at youth level. He has previously played for Start and Dinamo București, among others. ## Personal life McDermott was born to a Norwegian mother and a Donegal-born father in Kristiansand where he also grew up. He lived in Donegal for six months when he was 9 and played in goal for his local Gaelic football club. ## Career ### Arsenal McDermott joined Arsenal's youth team in July 2009 after a successful ten-day trial with the club as a 15-year-old in May 2008. McDermott signed for Arsenal from Kristiansand minnows IK Våg in November 2008, but didn't officially complete his move to the club until after he turned 16 at the end of May 2009. McDermott has declared his international allegiance to the Republic of Ireland. He signed his first professional contract with the club in June 2010. McDermott joined Leeds United on a one-month loan. McDermott was released by Arsenal in the summer of 2012, before he signed with Norwegian club Sandnes Ulf on 15 August 2012. He made his debut in Tippeligaen in the match against Rosenborg on 19 October 2012, instead of the first-choice goalkeeper Aslak Falch. When Sandnes Ulf faced Rosenborg again, in the following season, McDermott was accused of fouling the Rosenborg-player Nicki Bille Nielsen in the penalty box, but the referee awarded a free-kick to McDermott. Bille Nielsen's taking off his shirt in frustration earned him a second yellow card in the game. The match ended with a 1–0 victory for Sandnes Ulf. Sandnes Ulf were relegated in 2014, but in the summer transfer window of 2015, McDermott returned to the first tier as he joined IK Start. ### Kristiansund Prior to the 2017-season he joined newly promoted Kristiansund. ### Molde On 30 May 2024, McDermott signed for Molde on a contract until the end of the Eliteserien season. ## Career statistics ### Club As of match played 1 December 2024 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| National Cup \| National Cup \| Continental \| Continental \| Other \| Other \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ---------------- \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Sandnes Ulf \| 2012 \| Tippeligaen \| 6 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 6 \| 0 \| \| Sandnes Ulf \| 2013 \| Tippeligaen \| 25 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 25 \| 0 \| \| Sandnes Ulf \| 2014 \| Tippeligaen \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Sandnes Ulf \| 2015 \| OBOS-ligaen \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Sandnes Ulf \| Total \| Total \| 31 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 31 \| 0 \| \| Start \| 2015 \| Tippeligaen \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Start \| 2016 \| Tippeligaen \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 2 \| 0 \| \| Start \| Total \| Total \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 2 \| 0 \| \| Ullensaker/Kisa \| 2016 \| OBOS-ligaen \| 11 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 11 \| 0 \| \| Ullensaker/Kisa \| Total \| Total \| 11 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 11 \| 0 \| \| Kristiansund \| 2017 \| Eliteserien \| 28 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 30 \| 0 \| \| Kristiansund \| 2018 \| Eliteserien \| 29 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 32 \| 2 \| \| Kristiansund \| Total \| Total \| 57 \| 0 \| 5 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 62 \| 0 \| \| Dinamo București \| 2018–19 \| Liga I \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 3 \| 0 \| \| Dinamo București \| Total \| Total \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 3 \| 0 \| \| Kristiansund \| 2019 \| Eliteserien \| 28 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 28 \| 0 \| \| Kristiansund \| 2020 \| Eliteserien \| 12 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 12 \| 0 \| \| Kristiansund \| 2021 \| Eliteserien \| 30 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 32 \| 0 \| \| Kristiansund \| 2022 \| Eliteserien \| 23 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 25 \| 0 \| \| Kristiansund \| 2023 \| OBOS-ligaen \| 11 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| - \| - \| 1 \| 0 \| 12 \| 0 \| \| Kristiansund \| Total \| Total \| 104 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| - \| - \| 1 \| 0 \| 109 \| 0 \| \| Molde \| 2024 \| Eliteserien \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 3 \| 0 \| \| Molde \| Total \| Total \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 3 \| 0 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 208 \| 0 \| 12 \| 0 \| - \| - \| 1 \| 0 \| 221 \| 0 \| 1. ↑ Appearances in the Eliteserien Playoffs	enwiki/37393266	enwiki	37,393,266	Sean McDermott (footballer)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_McDermott_(footballer)	2025-06-14T01:19:11Z	en	Q7441228	84,092	{{Short description\|Irish footballer (born 1993)}} {{other people\|\|Sean McDermott (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Sean McDermott \| image = Sean McDermott.JPG \| fullname = Sean McDermott \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1993\|5\|30\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Kristiansand]],<ref name="Arsenal" /> Norway \| height = \| currentclub = [[Molde FK\|Molde]] \| clubnumber = 34 \| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)\|Goalkeeper]] \| youthyears1 = \| youthclubs1 = [[IK Våg\|Våg]] \| youthyears2 = 2009–2012 \| youthclubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.\|Arsenal]] \| years1 = 2012 \| clubs1 = → [[Leeds United F.C.\|Leeds United]] (loan) \| caps1 = 0 \| goals1 = 0 \| years2 = 2012–2015 \| clubs2 = [[Sandnes Ulf]] \| caps2 = 31 \| goals2 = 0 \| years3 = 2015–2016 \| clubs3 = [[IK Start\|Start]] \| caps3 = 0 \| goals3 = 0 \| years4 = 2016 \| clubs4 = [[Ullensaker/Kisa IL\|Ull/Kisa]] \| caps4 = 11 \| goals4 = 0 \| years5 = 2017–2018 \| clubs5 = [[Kristiansund BK\|Kristiansund]] \| caps5 = 57 \| goals5 = 0 \| years6 = 2019 \| clubs6 = [[FC Dinamo București\|Dinamo București]] \| caps6 = 3 \| goals6 = 0 \| years7 = 2019–2023 \| clubs7 = [[Kristiansund BK\|Kristiansund]] \| caps7 = 104 \| goals7 = 0 \| years8 = 2024– \| clubs8 = [[Molde FK\|Molde]] \| caps8 = 2 \| goals8 = 0 \| nationalyears1 = 2010 \| nationalteam1 = [[Republic of Ireland national under-17 football team\|Republic of Ireland U17]] \| nationalcaps1 = 1 \| nationalgoals1 = 0 \| nationalyears2 = 2011–2012 \| nationalteam2 = [[Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team\|Republic of Ireland U19]] \| nationalcaps2 = 2 \| nationalgoals2 = 0 \| nationalyears3 = 2013–2014 \| nationalteam3 = [[Republic of Ireland national under-21 football team\|Republic of Ireland U21]] \| nationalcaps3 = 6 \| nationalgoals3 = 0 \| club-update = 4 December 2024 \| nationalteam-update = 28 February 2019 }} '''Sean McDermott''' (born 30 May 1993) is a professisonal [[Association football\|footballer]] playing as a goalkeeper for [[Molde FK\|Molde]]. Born in Norway, he has represented the Republic of Ireland at youth level. He has previously played for [[IK Start\|Start]] and [[FC Dinamo București\|Dinamo București]], among others. == Personal life == McDermott was born to a Norwegian mother and a Donegal-born father in [[Kristiansand]] where he also grew up.<ref name="Sandnes">{{cite news\|url=http://fotball.fvn.no/eliteserien/article246984.ece\|title=Tidligere Arsenal-keeper klar for Sandnes Ulf\|last=Jørgensen\|first=Pål\|date=15 August 2012\|publisher=Fædrelandsvennen\|language=Norwegian\|accessdate=20 October 2012\|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309222441/http://fotball.fvn.no/eliteserien/article246984.ece\|archivedate=9 March 2014}}</ref> He lived in Donegal for six months when he was 9 and played in goal for his local [[Gaelic football]] club. ==Career== ===Arsenal=== McDermott joined [[Arsenal F.C.\|Arsenal]]'s youth team in July 2009 after a successful ten-day trial with the club as a 15-year-old in May 2008. McDermott signed for Arsenal from [[Kristiansand]] minnows [[IK Våg]] in November 2008, but didn't officially complete his move to the club until after he turned 16 at the end of May 2009. McDermott has declared his international allegiance to the Republic of Ireland. He signed his first professional contract with the club in June 2010.<ref name="Arsenal">{{cite web \|url= http://www.arsenal.com/reserves-youth/players/sean-mcdermott \|title=47. Sean McDermott \| Reserve Players \| Reserves & Youth \| Arsenal.com \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423125455/http://www.arsenal.com/reserves-youth/players/sean-mcdermott \|archivedate=23 April 2011 \|year=2011 \|accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref> McDermott joined [[Leeds United F.C.\|Leeds United]] on a one-month loan.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/reserves-news/sean-mcdermott-joins-leeds-united-on-loan \|title=Sean McDermott joins Leeds United on loan \| Reserves News \| News \|publisher=Arsenal F.C. \|date=12 March 2012 \|accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref> McDermott was released by Arsenal in the summer of 2012,<ref>{{cite news\|title=Manuel Almunia among seven players to be released by Arsenal\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18169711\|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]\|date=22 May 2012\|accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref> before he signed with Norwegian club [[Sandnes Ulf]] on 15 August 2012.<ref name="Sandnes"/> He made his debut in [[Tippeligaen]] in the match against [[Rosenborg BK\|Rosenborg]] on 19 October 2012, instead of the first-choice goalkeeper [[Aslak Falch]].<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://sandnesposten.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=6427 \|language=Norwegian \|title=Nytt tap \|publisher=[[Sandnesposten]] \|first=Ole \|last=Aarre \|date=19 October 2012\|accessdate=20 October 2012}}</ref> When Sandnes Ulf faced Rosenborg again, in the following season, McDermott was accused of fouling the Rosenborg-player [[Nicki Bille Nielsen]] in the penalty box, but the referee awarded a free-kick to McDermott. Bille Nielsen's taking off his shirt in frustration earned him a second yellow card in the game. The match ended with a 1–0 victory for Sandnes Ulf.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Rosenborg striker Nicki Bille Nielsen explodes after being denied a penalty\|url=http://metro.co.uk/2013/04/29/rosenborg-striker-nicki-bille-nielsen-explodes-after-being-denied-a-penalty-3697105/\|publisher=Metro\|date=29 April 2013\|accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref> Sandnes Ulf were relegated in 2014, but in the summer transfer window of 2015, McDermott returned to the first tier as he joined [[IK Start]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.nrk.no/sorlandet/mcdermott-klar-for-start-1.12457340\|title=McDermott klar for Start\|agency=[[Norwegian News Agency]]\|date=15 July 2015\|language=Norwegian\|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> ===Kristiansund=== Prior to the 2017-season he joined newly promoted [[Kristiansund BK\|Kristiansund]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/100Sport/fotball/Sorlending-klar-for-eliteserieklubb-227390b.html\|title=Sørlending klar for eliteserieklubb\|date=13 December 2016\|agency=Aftenposten\|language=Norwegian\|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> ===Molde=== On 30 May 2024, McDermott signed for [[Molde FK\|Molde]] on a contract until the end of the [[2024 Eliteserien\|Eliteserien]] season.<ref>{{cite web \|title=SEAN MCDERMOTT KLAR FOR MOLDE \|url=https://www.moldefk.no/nyheter/sean-mcdermott-klar-for-molde \|website=moldefk.no \|publisher=Molde FK \|access-date=30 May 2024 \|language=Norwegian \|date=30 May 2024}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated\|match played 1 December 2024}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Sean McDermott\|url=http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=260626&tournamentId=1&seasonId=340&teamId=411&useFullUrl=false\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412203910/http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=260626&tournamentId=1&seasonId=340&teamId=411&useFullUrl=false\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=12 April 2018\|website=altomfotball.no\|publisher=TV 2\|accessdate=2 March 2019\|language=Norwegian}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|National Cup !colspan="2"\|Continental !colspan="2"\|Other !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|rowspan="5" \|[[Sandnes Ulf]] \|[[2012 Tippeligaen\|2012]] \|rowspan="3" \|[[Tippeligaen]] \|6\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|6\|\|0 \|- \|[[2013 Tippeligaen\|2013]] \|25\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|25\|\|0 \|- \|[[2014 Tippeligaen\|2014]] \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|[[2015 Norwegian First Division\|2015]] \|rowspan="1" \|[[Norwegian First Division\|OBOS-ligaen]] \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|0\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !31!!0!!0!!0!!-!!-!!-!!-!!31!!0 \|- \|rowspan="3" \|[[IK Start\|Start]] \|[[2015 Tippeligaen\|2015]] \|rowspan="2" \|[[Tippeligaen]] \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|[[2016 Tippeligaen\|2016]] \|0\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|2\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !0!!0!!2!!0!!-!!-!!-!!-!!2!!0 \|- \|rowspan="2" \|[[Ullensaker/Kisa IL\|Ullensaker/Kisa]] \|[[2016 Norwegian First Division\|2016]] \|rowspan="1" \|[[Norwegian First Division\|OBOS-ligaen]] \|11\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|11\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !11!!0!!0!!0!!-!!-!!-!!-!!11!!0 \|- \|rowspan="3" \|[[Kristiansund BK\|Kristiansund]] \|[[2017 Eliteserien\|2017]] \|rowspan="2" \|[[Eliteserien]] \|28\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|30\|\|0 \|- \|[[2018 Eliteserien\|2018]] \|29\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|32\|\|2 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !57!!0!!5!!0!!-!!-!!-!!-!!62!!0 \|- \|rowspan="2" \|[[FC Dinamo București\|Dinamo București]] \|[[2018–19 Liga I\|2018–19]] \|rowspan="1" \|[[Liga I]] \|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|3\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !3!!0!!0!!0!!-!!-!!-!!-!!3!!0 \|- \|rowspan="6" \|[[Kristiansund BK\|Kristiansund]] \|[[2019 Eliteserien\|2019]] \|rowspan="4" \|[[Eliteserien]] \|28\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|28\|\|0 \|- \|[[2020 Eliteserien\|2020]] \|12\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|12\|\|0 \|- \|[[2021 Eliteserien\|2021]] \|30\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|32\|\|0 \|- \|[[2022 Eliteserien\|2022]] \|23\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|25\|\|0 \|- \|[[2023 Norwegian First Division\|2023]] \|rowspan="1" \|[[Norwegian First Division\|OBOS-ligaen]] \|11\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|1{{efn\|Appearances in the Eliteserien Playoffs\|name=EPO}}\|\|0\|\|12\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !104!!0!!4!!0!!-!!-!!1!!0!!109!!0 \|- \|rowspan="2" \|[[Molde FK\|Molde]] \|[[2024 Eliteserien\|2024]] \|rowspan="1" \|[[Eliteserien]] \|2\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|colspan="2"\|-\|\|3\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !2!!0!!1!!0!!-!!-!!-!!-!!3!!0 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career total !208!!0!!12!!0!!-!!-!!1!!0!!221!!0 \|} {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{soccerway\|sean--mcdermott/191639}} {{Molde FK squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McDermott, Sean}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Association footballers from County Donegal]] [[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Romania]] [[Category:Gaelic footballers who switched code]] [[Category:Gaelic football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Irish expatriate sportspeople in Romania]] [[Category:Irish people of Norwegian descent]] [[Category:Republic of Ireland men's association footballers]] [[Category:Republic of Ireland expatriate men's association footballers]] [[Category:Republic of Ireland men's youth international footballers]] [[Category:Republic of Ireland men's under-21 international footballers]] [[Category:Footballers from Kristiansand]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Leeds United F.C. players]] [[Category:Sandnes Ulf players]] [[Category:Eliteserien players]] [[Category:Norwegian First Division players]] [[Category:IK Start players]] [[Category:Ullensaker/Kisa IL players]] [[Category:Kristiansund BK players]] [[Category:Liga I players]] [[Category:FC Dinamo București players]] [[Category:Molde FK players]] [[Category:21st-century Irish sportsmen]]	1,295,478,211	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Full name": "Sean McDermott", "Date of birth": "30 May 1993", "Place of birth": "Kristiansand, Norway", "Position(s)": "Goalkeeper"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Molde", "Number": "34"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"2009\u20132012": "Arsenal"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2012": "\u2192 Leeds United (loan) \u00b7 0 \u00b7 (0)", "2012\u20132015": "Sandnes Ulf \u00b7 31 \u00b7 (0)", "2015\u20132016": "Start \u00b7 0 \u00b7 (0)", "2016": "Ull/Kisa \u00b7 11 \u00b7 (0)", "2017\u20132018": "Kristiansund \u00b7 57 \u00b7 (0)", "2019": "Dinamo Bucure\u0219ti \u00b7 3 \u00b7 (0)", "2019\u20132023": "Kristiansund \u00b7 104 \u00b7 (0)", "2024\u2013": "Molde \u00b7 2 \u00b7 (0)"}}, {"title": "International career\u2021", "data": {"2010": "Republic of Ireland U17 \u00b7 1 \u00b7 (0)", "2011\u20132012": "Republic of Ireland U19 \u00b7 2 \u00b7 (0)", "2013\u20132014": "Republic of Ireland U21 \u00b7 6 \u00b7 (0)"}}]	false
# List of RuPaul's Drag Race UK contestants The British television series RuPaul's Drag Race UK premiered in 2019. ## List of contestants - Series 1 winner The Vivienne - Series 2 winner Lawrence Chaney - Series 3 winner Krystal Versace - Series 4 winner Danny Beard - Series 6 winner Kyran Thrax \| Series \| Contestant \| Age \| Hometown \| Outcome \| \| ------ \| ------------------ \| --- \| ------------------------------ \| ---------- \| \| 1 \| The Vivienne† \| 26 \| Liverpool, England \| Winner \| \| 1 \| Divina de Campo \| 35 \| Brighouse, England \| Runner-up \| \| 1 \| Baga Chipz \| 29 \| East London, England \| 3rd \| \| 1 \| Cheryl Hole \| 25 \| Chelmsford, England \| 4th \| \| 1 \| Blu Hydrangea \| 23 \| Belfast, Northern Ireland \| 5th \| \| 1 \| Crystal \| 34 \| East London, England \| 6th \| \| 1 \| Sum Ting Wong \| 30 \| Birmingham, England \| 7th \| \| 1 \| Vinegar Strokes \| 34 \| North London, England \| 8th \| \| 1 \| Scaredy Kat \| 19 \| Cricklade, England \| 9th \| \| 1 \| Gothy Kendoll \| 21 \| Leicester, England \| 10th \| \| 2 \| Lawrence Chaney \| 23 \| Glasgow, Scotland \| Winner \| \| 2 \| Bimini Bon-Boulash \| 26 \| Great Yarmouth, England \| Runners-up \| \| 2 \| Tayce \| 26 \| Newport, Wales \| Runners-up \| \| 2 \| Ellie Diamond \| 21 \| Dundee, Scotland \| 4th \| \| 2 \| A'Whora \| 23 \| Worksop, England \| 5th \| \| 2 \| Sister Sister \| 32 \| Liverpool, England \| 6th \| \| 2 \| Tia Kofi \| 30 \| South London, England \| 7th \| \| 2 \| Joe Black \| 30 \| Brighton, England \| 8th \| \| 2 \| Veronica Green \| 34 \| Rochdale, England \| 9th \| \| 2 \| Ginny Lemon \| 31 \| Worcester, England \| 10th \| \| 2 \| Asttina Mandella \| 27 \| East London, England \| 11th \| \| 2 \| Cherry Valentine† \| 26 \| Darlington, England \| 12th \| \| 3 \| Krystal Versace \| 19 \| Royal Tunbridge Wells, England \| Winner \| \| 3 \| Ella Vaday \| 32 \| Dagenham, England \| Runners-up \| \| 3 \| Kitty Scott-Claus \| 29 \| Birmingham, England \| Runners-up \| \| 3 \| Vanity Milan \| 29 \| South London, England \| 4th \| \| 3 \| Scarlett Harlett \| 26 \| East London, England \| 5th \| \| 3 \| Choriza May \| 30 \| Newcastle upon Tyne, England \| 6th \| \| 3 \| River Medway \| 22 \| Medway, England \| 6th \| \| 3 \| Charity Kase \| 24 \| Rufford, England \| 8th \| \| 3 \| Veronica Green \| 35 \| Rochdale, England \| 9th \| \| 3 \| Victoria Scone \| 27 \| Cardiff, Wales \| 10th \| \| 3 \| Elektra Fence \| 29 \| Burnley, England \| 11th \| \| 3 \| Anubis \| 19 \| Brighton, England \| 12th \| \| 4 \| Danny Beard \| 29 \| Liverpool, England \| Winner \| \| 4 \| Cheddar Gorgeous \| 38 \| Manchester, England \| Runner-up \| \| 4 \| Black Peppa \| 29 \| Birmingham, England \| 3rd \| \| 4 \| Jonbers Blonde \| 33 \| Belfast, Northern Ireland \| 3rd \| \| 4 \| Pixie Polite \| 29 \| Brighton, England \| 5th \| \| 4 \| Dakota Schiffer \| 22 \| Horsham, England \| 6th \| \| 4 \| Le Fil \| 36 \| Brighouse, England \| 7th \| \| 4 \| Baby \| 25 \| South London, England \| 8th \| \| 4 \| Sminty Drop \| 23 \| Clitheroe, England \| 9th \| \| 4 \| Copper Topp \| 38 \| Cheltenham, England \| 10th \| \| 4 \| Starlet \| 23 \| Surrey, England \| 11th \| \| 4 \| Just May \| 32 \| Essex, England \| 12th \| \| 5 \| Ginger Johnson \| 34 \| Lanchester, England \| Winner \| \| 5 \| Michael Marouli \| 39 \| Newcastle upon Tyne, England \| Runner-up \| \| 5 \| Tomara Thomas \| 25 \| Hartlepool, England \| 3rd \| \| 5 \| DeDeLicious \| 20 \| Royal Tunbridge Wells, England \| 4th \| \| 5 \| Kate Butch \| 26 \| Buxton, England \| 5th \| \| 5 \| Cara Melle \| 26 \| London, England \| 6th \| \| 5 \| Vicki Vivacious \| 36 \| Redruth, England \| 7th \| \| 5 \| Banksie \| 23 \| Manchester, England \| 8th \| \| 5 \| Miss Naomi Carter \| 23 \| Doncaster, England \| 9th \| \| 5 \| Alexis Saint-Pete \| 28 \| London, England \| 10th \| \| 6 \| Kyran Thrax \| 26 \| Lancashire, England \| Winner \| \| 6 \| La Voix \| 43 \| Stockton on Tees, England \| Runner-up \| \| 6 \| Marmalade \| 24 \| Cardiff, Wales \| 3rd \| \| 6 \| Rileasa Slaves \| 32 \| London, England \| 3rd \| \| 6 \| Lill \| 36 \| Manchester, England \| 5th \| \| 6 \| Charra Tea \| 23 \| Belfast, Northern Ireland \| 6th \| \| 6 \| Actavia \| 21 \| Bala, Wales \| 7th \| \| 6 \| Chanel O'Conor \| 25 \| Isle of Bute, Scotland \| 8th \| \| 6 \| Kiki Snatch \| 25 \| London, England \| 9th \| \| 6 \| Zahirah Zapanta \| 28 \| Nottingham, England \| 10th \| \| 6 \| Dita Garbo \| 48 \| Folkestone, England \| 11th \| \| 6 \| Saki Yew \| 33 \| Manchester, England \| 12th \| ## Deaths - September 18, 2022 – Cherry Valentine, series two contestant (born 1993)[1] - January 3, 2025 – The Vivienne, series one winner (born 1992)[2]	enwiki/63622311	enwiki	63,622,311	List of RuPaul's Drag Race UK contestants	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_UK_contestants	2025-07-02T20:05:42Z	en	Q131631953	75,168	{{Short description\|none}} The British television series ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race UK]]'' premiered in 2019. ==List of contestants== {{Gallery \|align = center \|mode = packed \|height = 160 \|width = 180 \|File:RuPaul with All Stars 7 Contestants at LA DragCon 2022 by dvsross (crop - The Vivienne).jpg\|{{center\|[[RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 1)\|Series 1]] winner<br>'''[[The Vivienne]]'''}} \|File: DragCon 2023 @ DVSROSS Photgraphy -17 (cropped).jpg\|{{center\|[[RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 2)\|Series 2]] winner<br>'''[[Lawrence Chaney]]'''}} \|File:DragCon 2023 @ DVSROSS Photgraphy -18 (cropped).jpg\|{{center\|[[RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 3)\|Series 3]] winner<br>'''[[Krystal Versace]]'''}} \|File:Eurovision Song Contest 2023 - Eurovision Village - Danny Beard - 52902352686 (cropped).jpg\|{{center\|[[RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 4)\|Series 4]] winner<br>'''[[Danny Beard]]'''}} \|File:Kyran Thrax in Northampton 20250214 221819.jpg\|{{center\|[[RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 6)\|Series 6]] winner<br>'''[[Kyran Thrax]]'''}} }} {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" \|+{{nowrap\|Contestants of ''RuPaul's Drag Race UK'' and their backgrounds}} ! Series ! Contestant ! Age ! Hometown ! Outcome \|- \| rowspan="10"\| [[RuPaul's Drag Race UK series 1\|1]] \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| {{sort\|Vivienne\|'''[[The Vivienne]]'''}}† \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| 26 \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| [[Liverpool]], England \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| {{sort\|01\|'''Winner'''}} \|- \| [[Divina de Campo]] \| 35 \| [[Brighouse]], England \| {{sort\|02\|Runner-up}} \|- \| [[Baga Chipz]] \| 29 \| [[East London]], England \| 3rd \|- \| [[Cheryl Hole]] \| 25 \| [[Chelmsford]], England \| 4th \|- \| [[Blu Hydrangea]] \| 23 \| [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland \| 5th \|- \| [[Crystal (drag queen)\|Crystal]] \| 34 \| East London, England \| 6th \|- \| [[Sum Ting Wong (drag queen)\|Sum Ting Wong]] \| 30 \| [[Birmingham]], England \| 7th \|- \| [[Vinegar Strokes]] \| 34 \| [[North London]], England \| 8th \|- \| [[Scaredy Kat]] \| 19 \| [[Cricklade]], England \| 9th \|- \| [[Gothy Kendoll]] \| 21 \| [[Leicester]], England \| 10th \|- \| rowspan="12"\| [[RuPaul's Drag Race UK series 2\|2]] \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| '''[[Lawrence Chaney]]''' \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| 23 \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| [[Glasgow]], Scotland \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| {{sort\|01\|'''Winner'''}} \|- \| nowrap\| [[Bimini Bon-Boulash]] \| 26 \| [[Great Yarmouth]], England \| rowspan="2"\| {{sort\|02\|Runners-up}} \|- \| [[Tayce]] \| 26 \| [[Newport, Wales]] \|- \| [[Ellie Diamond]] \| 21 \| [[Dundee]], Scotland \| 4th \|- \| [[A'Whora]] \| 23 \| [[Worksop]], England \| 5th \|- \| [[Sister Sister (drag queen)\|Sister Sister]] \| 32 \| Liverpool, England \| 6th \|- \| [[Tia Kofi]] \| 30 \| [[South London]], England \| 7th \|- bgcolor="#FFF7DD" \| [[Joe Black (drag queen)\|Joe Black]] \| 30 \| [[Brighton]], England \| 8th{{efn\|Joe Black originally placed twelfth before re-entering the competition.}} \|- \| [[Veronica Green]] \| 34 \| [[Rochdale]], England \| 9th{{efn\|name=medical\|The contestant was removed from the competition due to medical reasons.}} \|- \| [[Ginny Lemon]] \| 31 \| [[Worcester, England]] \| 10th{{efn\|name=quit\|The contestant quit the competition.}} \|- \| [[Asttina Mandella]] \| 27 \| East London, England \| 11th \|- \| [[Cherry Valentine]]† \| 26 \| [[Darlington]], England \| 12th \|- \| rowspan="12"\| [[RuPaul's Drag Race UK series 3\|3]] \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| '''[[Krystal Versace]]''' \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| 19 \| bgcolor="#D4AF37" nowrap\| [[Royal Tunbridge Wells]], England \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| {{sort\|01\|'''Winner'''}} \|- \| [[Ella Vaday]] \| 32 \| [[Dagenham]], England \| rowspan="2"\| {{sort\|02\|Runners-up}} \|- \| [[Kitty Scott-Claus]] \| 29 \| Birmingham, England \|- \| [[Vanity Milan]] \| 29 \| South London, England \| 4th \|- \| [[Scarlett Harlett]] \| 26 \| East London, England \| 5th \|- \| [[Choriza May]] \| 30 \| [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], England \| rowspan="2"\| 6th \|- \| [[River Medway (drag queen)\|River Medway]] \| 22 \| [[Medway]], England \|- \| [[Charity Kase (drag queen)\|Charity Kase]] \| 24 \| [[Rufford, Lancashire\|Rufford]], England \| 8th \|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" \| Veronica Green{{efn\|name=MedReturn\|The contestant returned to compete after withdrawing from a previous season for medical reasons.}} \| 35 \| Rochdale, England \| 9th \|- \| [[Victoria Scone]] \| 27 \| [[Cardiff]], Wales \| 10th{{efn\|name=medical}} \|- \| [[Elektra Fence]] \| 29 \| [[Burnley]], England \| 11th \|- \| [[Anubis Finch\|Anubis]] \| 19 \| Brighton, England \| 12th \|- \| rowspan="12"\| [[RuPaul's Drag Race UK series 4\|4]] \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| '''[[Danny Beard]]''' \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| 29 \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| Liverpool, England \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| {{sort\|01\|'''Winner'''}} \|- \| [[Cheddar Gorgeous]] \| 38 \| [[Manchester]], England \| {{sort\|02\|Runner-up}} \|- \| [[Black Peppa]] \| 29 \| Birmingham, England \| rowspan="2"\| 3rd \|- \| [[Jonbers Blonde]] \| 33 \| Belfast, Northern Ireland \|- \| [[Pixie Polite]] \| 29 \| Brighton, England \| 5th \|- \| [[Dakota Schiffer]] \| 22 \| [[Horsham]], England \| 6th \|- \| {{sort\|Fil\|[[Le Fil (drag queen)\|Le Fil]]}} \| 36 \| Brighouse, England \| 7th \|- \| [[Baby (drag queen)\|Baby]] \| 25 \| South London, England \| 8th{{efn\|name=quit}} \|- \| [[Sminty Drop]] \| 23 \| [[Clitheroe]], England \| 9th \|- \| [[Copper Topp]] \| 38 \| [[Cheltenham]], England \| 10th \|- \| [[Starlet (drag queen)\|Starlet]] \| 23 \| [[Surrey]], England \| 11th \|- \| [[Just May]] \| 32 \| [[Essex]], England \| 12th \|- \| rowspan="10"\| [[RuPaul's Drag Race UK series 5\|5]] \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| '''[[Ginger Johnson (drag queen)\|Ginger Johnson]]''' \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| 34 \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| [[Lanchester, County Durham\|Lanchester]], England \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| {{sort\|01\|'''Winner'''}} \|- \| [[Michael Marouli]] \| 39 \| Newcastle upon Tyne, England \| {{sort\|02\|Runner-up}} \|- \| [[Tomara Thomas]] \| 25 \| [[Hartlepool]], England \| 3rd \|- \| [[DeDeLicious]] \| 20 \| Royal Tunbridge Wells, England \| 4th \|- \| [[Kate Butch]] \| 26 \| [[Buxton]], England \| 5th \|- \| [[Cara Melle]] \| 26 \| London, England \| 6th \|- \| [[Vicki Vivacious]] \| 36 \| [[Redruth]], England \| 7th \|- \| [[Banksie]] \| 23 \| Manchester, England \| 8th \|- \| [[Miss Naomi Carter]] \| 23 \| [[Doncaster]], England \| 9th \|- \| [[Alexis Saint-Pete]] \| 28 \| London, England \| 10th \|- \| rowspan="12"\| [[RuPaul's Drag Race UK series 6\|6]] \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| '''[[Kyran Thrax]]''' \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| 26 \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| [[Lancashire]], England \| bgcolor="#D4AF37"\| {{sort\|01\|'''Winner'''}} \|- \| [[La Voix (drag queen)\|La Voix]] \| 43 \| [[Stockton on Tees]], England \| {{sort\|02\|Runner-up}} \|- \| [[Marmalade (drag queen)\|Marmalade]] \| 24 \| Cardiff, Wales \| rowspan="2"\| 3rd \|- \| [[Rileasa Slaves]] \| 32 \| London, England \|- \| [[Lill (drag queen)\|Lill]] \| 36 \| Manchester, England \| 5th \|- bgcolor="lightblue" \| [[Charra Tea]] \| 23 \| Belfast, Northern Ireland \| 6th{{efn\|name=Congeniality\|The contestant was voted Miss Congeniality or similar.}} \|- \| [[Actavia]] \| 21 \| [[Bala, Gwynedd\|Bala]], Wales \| 7th \|- \| [[Chanel O'Conor]] \| 25 \| [[Isle of Bute]], Scotland \| 8th \|- \| [[Kiki Snatch]] \| 25 \| London, England \| 9th \|- \| nowrap\| [[Zahirah Zapanta]] \| 28 \| [[Nottingham]], England \| 10th \|- \| [[Dita Garbo]] \| 48 \| [[Folkestone]], England \| 11th \|- \| [[Saki Yew]] \| 33 \| Manchester, England \| 12th{{efn\|name=medical}} \|- \|} == Deaths == * September 18, 2022 – [[Cherry Valentine]], series two contestant (born 1993)<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2022-09-23 \|title=Cherry Valentine: D rag Race UK star George Ward dies \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-63006004 \|access-date=2025-07-02 \|work=BBC News \|language=en-GB}}</ref> * January 3, 2025 – [[The Vivienne]], series one winner (born 1992)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=The Vivienne: Former RuPaul's Drag Race UK winner dies at 32 \|url=https://news.sky.com/story/former-rupauls-drag-race-uk-winner-the-vivienne-dies-at-32-13284313 \|access-date=2025-07-02 \|website=Sky News \|language=en}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}}{{RuPaul's Drag Race UK}} [[Category:Drag Race (franchise) lists\|RuPaul's Drag Race UK contestants]] [[Category:Lists of reality show participants\|RuPaul's Drag Race UK]] [[Category:RuPaul's Drag Race UK contestants\| ]]	1,298,483,513	[]	false
# Corey Allen Corey Allen (born Alan Cohen; June 29, 1934 – June 27, 2010) was an American film and television director, writer, producer, and actor. He began his career as an actor but eventually became a television director. He is best known for playing the character Buzz Gunderson in Nicholas Ray's Rebel Without a Cause (1955). He was the son of Carl Cohen. ## Early life Allen was born as Alan Cohen in Cleveland, Ohio, on June 29, 1934. He was the son of Carl and Frances Freudenreich Cohen; his father was an illegal bookie and gambling operator for the Mayfield Road Mob in Cleveland, and later became an important gambling executive at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. Cohen attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where he received his start in acting and was awarded a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1954. ## Career Allen was best known for his role as gang leader Buzz Gunderson in Nicholas Ray's 1955 film Rebel Without A Cause. James Dean starred as Jim Stark, a disaffected teenager who has moved to Los Angeles to start a new life, only to find more problems in his new home. After a show at the Griffith Observatory, Buzz challenges Jim to a knife fight, which Stark wins by subduing Buzz with his switchblade. During the filming of the knife fight both Allen and Dean, aficionados of method acting, used real knives and Dean was injured when Allen lunged at him with his knife. The gang challenges Jim to a chicken run, in which two stolen cars will be raced towards a cliff and the winner will be the last one to jump out. Before the two embark on their death race, Buzz and Jim stand at the edge of the cliff, looking down at the fall they might face if they remain in their cars to the end. Buzz, realizing Jim’s moxie in accepting the car challenge and actually besting him in the earlier knife confrontation, discloses Jim has earned his respect, that he “likes him.” It’s a poignant moment where social acceptance is within the grasp of perpetual misfit Jim Stark. Jim had passed an initiation where he would be accepted in with the “wheels.” Jim thus questions why then go ahead with this race. Buzz underwhelmingly responds, "You got to do something, don't you". Allen would later recall that his classic line was "the underlying question of each generation. Here we are: What do we do?". As the cars are heading to the cliff, Buzz attempts to jump out but is unable to escape when his leather jacket gets caught on the car door handle; he is killed in the crash on the beach below. He appeared in some minor film roles before Rebel and afterward was seen in The Chapman Report, Darby's Rangers, Juvenile Jungle, Party Girl, Sweet Bird of Youth, in addition to guest appearances on Bonanza, Dr. Kildare, Gunsmoke, Have Gun, Will Travel and Perry Mason. In 1960 Allen played murderer Rennie Foster in "The Case of the Red Riding Boots", and in 1962 he played murder victim Lester Menke in "The Case of the Borrowed Baby". He was actively involved in theatrical productions in the Los Angeles area, creating the touring company Freeway Circuit Inc. in 1959 and the Actors Theater in 1965. He was also involved in teaching theater at The Actors Workshop. Allen turned to directing starting in the 1960s, where he worked on such television programs as Dallas, Hawaii Five-O, Hill Street Blues, Ironside, Mannix, Murder, She Wrote, Police Woman, The Rockford Files, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: The Next Generation and The Streets of San Francisco. He won an Emmy Award, in 1984, for directing an episode of Hill Street Blues. In 1967, Corey and his business partner Gary Stromberg met with Charles Manson early in both of their careers, as new director and cult leader respectively. Manson was invited to help them write a film treatment called Black Jesus (later produced by an Italian company in 1968) and Manson's "family" was allowed to live briefly in Corey's small acting studio on Western Avenue in Los Angeles. After Corey's then-girlfriend expressed her concerns about Manson, he broke ties with him. ## Personal life Toward the end of his life, a fire burnt his home in the Hollywoods Hills above the Sunset Strip, and all of his belongings were lost. The only thing that the fire department recovered from the flames was his molten Emmy. ## Death Allen died from complications of Parkinson's disease at his home in Hollywood on June 27, 2010, two days before his 76th birthday. He is buried in grave 7-51-2 in the Sunset Slope section of Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. Allen was survived by his daughter Robin Duncan, four grandchildren and two great grandchildren. He was also survived by his brother Steve Cohen. ## Filmography ### As director - The Cosby Mysteries - Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - episode The Maquis: Part 2 - episode Paradise - episode The Circle - episode Captive Pursuit - Star Trek: The Next Generation - episode "Journey's End" - episode "The Game" - episode "Final Mission" - episode "Home Soil" - episode "Encounter at Farpoint" - The Search (1994) - Men Who Hate Women & the Women Who Love Them (1994) - Moment of Truth Stalking Back (1993) - FBI: The Untold Stories - Unsub - The New Lassie - Supercarrier - The Ann Jillian Story (1988) - J.J. Starbuck - CBS Summer Playhouse - episode Infiltrator (1987) - Destination America (1987) - The Last Fling (1987) - I-Man (1986) - Beverly Hills Cowgirl Blues (1985) - Brass (1985) - Code Name: Foxfire (1985) - Otherworld - Murder, She Wrote - episode "Deadly Lady" - pilot episode "The Murder of Sherlock Holmes" (1984) - Jessie - Hunter - The Paper Chase - episode "Billy Pierce" - Hill Street Blues - episode "Hair Apparent" - episode "Goodbye, Mr. Scripps" - episode "Jungle Madness" - Legmen - Scarecrow and Mrs. King - episode "Always Look a Gift Horse in the Mouth" - Whiz Kids - episode "Programmed for Murder" - episode "Fatal Error" - episode "Deadly Access" - Gavilan - Tucker's Witch - Matt Houston - The Powers of Matthew Star - Capitol - Simon & Simon - McClain's Law - Magnum, P.I. - The Return of Frank Cannon (1980) - Stone - The Man in the Santa Claus Suit (1979) - The Rockford Files - episode "No-Fault Affair" - episode "The Man Who Saw the Alligators" - episode "The Empty Frame" - Trapper John, M.D. - episode "The Shattered Image" - Stone (1979) - Avalanche (1978) - Police Woman - episode "The Young and the Fair" - episode "Do You Still Beat Your Wife?" - episode "The Lifeline Agency" - episode "Broken Angels" - Lou Grant - Thunder and Lightning (1977) - Yesterday's Child [fr] (1977) - Quincy, M.E. (1976) - Executive Suite - Bronk - Kate McShane - The Family Holvak - Cry Rape (1973) - Police Story (1973) - Barnaby Jones (1973) - The Streets of San Francisco - Ironside - episode "But When She Was Bad" - episode "Too Many Victims" - See the Man Run (1971) - Cannon - The Erotic Adventures of Pinocchio [pl] (1971) - The High Chaparral - episode "A Good Sound Profit" - Mannix - episode "Time Out of Mind" - episode "The Sound of Darkness" - The New People - Then Came Bronson - Lancer - episode "Child of Rock and Sunlight" - Hawaii Five-O - Sea Hunt (1961) Season 4, Episode 21: "Quicksand" ### As actor \| Title \| Year \| Role \| Notes \| \| ------------------------- \| ---- \| ---------------------------------- \| ------------------------------- \| \| The Mad Magician \| 1954 \| Gus the Stagehand \| Uncredited \| \| A Time Out of War \| 1954 \| Connor \| Short \| \| The Bridges at Toko-Ri \| 1954 \| Enlisted Man \| Uncredited \| \| The Night of the Hunter \| 1955 \| Young Man in Town \| Uncredited \| \| Rebel Without a Cause \| 1955 \| Buzz Gunderson \| \| \| Alfred Hitchcock Presents \| 1956 \| Gil Dalliford \| Season 2 Episode 10: "Jonathan" \| \| The Shadow on the Window \| 1957 \| Gil Ramsey \| \| \| The Big Caper \| 1957 \| Roy \| \| \| The Restless Gun \| 1958 \| George \| Episode "Friend in Need" \| \| Darby's Rangers \| 1958 \| Private Pittsburgh Tony Sutherland \| \| \| Juvenile Jungle \| 1958 \| Hal McQueen \| \| \| Party Girl \| 1958 \| Cookie La Motte \| \| \| Private Property \| 1960 \| Duke \| Top Card Lead Billing \| \| Key Witness \| 1960 \| Magician \| \| \| Sea Hunt \| 1961 \| Young \| Episode: "Quicksand" \| \| Sweet Bird of Youth \| 1962 \| Scotty \| \| \| The Chapman Report \| 1962 \| Wash Dillon \| \| \| Combat! \| 1964 \| Private Garrett \| Episode: A Rare Vintage \| \| Original: Do Not Project \| 1972 \| Psychiatrist \| \| \| The Works \| 2004 \| Mr. M \| \| \| Quarantined \| 2009 \| Mr. Eagle \| Voice, (final film role) \|	enwiki/6352405	enwiki	6,352,405	Corey Allen	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Allen	2025-07-12T02:28:14Z	en	Q1132617	103,474	{{Short description\|American director, writer and actor}} {{For\|those of a similar name\|Cory Allen (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=October 2013}} {{Infobox person \| name = Corey Allen \| image = Corey Allen in Medic (The Wild Intruder).jpg \| image_size = \| caption = Allen in an episode of ''[[Medic (TV series)\|Medic]]'' (1954) \| birth_name = Alan Cohen \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1934\|6\|29}} \| birth_place = [[Cleveland]], Ohio, U.S. \| death_date = {{death date and age\|mf=yes\|2010\|6\|27\|1934\|6\|29}} \| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S. \| resting_place = [[Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery]] \| alma_mater = [[UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television]] \| children = 1<ref name="latimes.com"/> \| father = [[Carl Cohen (businessman)\|Carl Cohen]] \| occupation = {{flatlist\| * Actor * director * producer * writer}} \| years_active = 1954–2009 \| spouse = \| partner = \| website = }} '''Corey Allen''' (born '''Alan Cohen'''; June 29, 1934 – June 27, 2010) was an American film and television director, writer, producer, and actor. He began his career as an actor but eventually became a television director. He is best known for playing the character Buzz Gunderson in [[Nicholas Ray]]'s ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' (1955). He was the son of [[Carl Cohen (businessman)\|Carl Cohen]]. ==Early life== Allen was born as Alan Cohen in [[Cleveland]], Ohio, on June 29, 1934. He was the son of [[Carl Cohen (businessman)\|Carl]] and Frances Freudenreich Cohen; his father was an illegal bookie and gambling operator for the [[Mayfield Road Mob]] in Cleveland,<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_YJULARirQC&pg=PT77 \|title=Rat Pack Confidential: Frank, Dean, Sammy, Peter, Joey and the Last Great Show Biz Party\|first=Shawn\|last=Levy\|year=1999\|publisher=Crown/Archetype\|isbn=0385500254\|page=77}}</ref> and later became an important gambling executive at the [[Sands Hotel and Casino]] in [[Las Vegas]], Nevada.<ref>Levy (1999), pp. 78-79.</ref><ref name=NYTObit/> Cohen attended the [[University of California, Los Angeles]], where he received his start in acting and was awarded a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] in 1954.<ref name=NYTObit>Nagourney, Eric. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/01/arts/01allen.html "Corey Allen, Actor and Director, Dies at 75"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 30, 2010. Accessed July 1, 2010.</ref> ==Career== Allen was best known for his role as gang leader Buzz Gunderson in [[Nicholas Ray]]'s 1955 film ''[[Rebel Without A Cause]]''. [[James Dean]] starred as Jim Stark, a disaffected teenager who has moved to Los Angeles to start a new life, only to find more problems in his new home. After a show at the [[Griffith Observatory]], Buzz challenges Jim to a [[knife fight]], which Stark wins by subduing Buzz with his [[switchblade]]. During the filming of the knife fight both Allen and Dean, aficionados of [[method acting]], used real knives and Dean was injured when Allen lunged at him with his knife.<ref name=NYTObit/> The gang challenges Jim to a [[chicken (game)\|chicken run]], in which two stolen cars will be raced towards a cliff and the winner will be the last one to jump out.<ref name=NYTObit/> Before the two embark on their death race, Buzz and Jim stand at the edge of the cliff, looking down at the fall they might face if they remain in their cars to the end. Buzz, realizing Jim’s moxie in accepting the car challenge and actually besting him in the earlier knife confrontation, discloses Jim has earned his respect, that he “likes him.” It’s a poignant moment where social acceptance is within the grasp of perpetual misfit Jim Stark. Jim had passed an initiation where he would be accepted in with the “wheels.” Jim thus questions why then go ahead with this race. Buzz underwhelmingly responds, "You got to do ''something'', don't you".<ref name="latimes.com">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-xpm-2010-jun-30-la-me-corey-allen-20100630-story.html\|title=Corey Allen dies at 75; actor played gang leader in 'Rebel Without a Cause'\|date=June 30, 2010\|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Allen would later recall that his classic line was "the underlying question of each generation. Here we are: What do we do?".<ref>Fujiwara, Chris. [https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/10/30/the_rebel/ "The Rebel: Fifty years ago, Nicholas Ray's 'Rebel Without a Cause' changed American culture. But did it call for rebellion, conformity, or both?"], ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', October 30, 2005. Accessed July 1, 2010.</ref> As the cars are heading to the cliff, Buzz attempts to jump out but is unable to escape when his leather jacket gets caught on the car door handle; he is killed in the crash on the beach below.<ref name=NYTObit/> He appeared in some minor film roles before ''Rebel'' and afterward was seen in ''[[The Chapman Report]]'', ''[[Darby's Rangers (1958 film)\|Darby's Rangers]]'', ''[[Juvenile Jungle]]'', ''[[Party Girl (1958 film)\|Party Girl]]'', ''[[Sweet Bird of Youth]]'', in addition to guest appearances on ''[[Bonanza]]'', ''[[Dr. Kildare (TV series)\|Dr. Kildare]]'', ''[[Gunsmoke]]'', ''[[Have Gun, Will Travel]]'' and ''[[Perry Mason (1957 TV series)\|Perry Mason]]''.<ref name=latimes.com/> In 1960 Allen played murderer Rennie Foster in "The Case of the Red Riding Boots", and in 1962 he played murder victim Lester Menke in "The Case of the Borrowed Baby". He was actively involved in theatrical productions in the Los Angeles area, creating the touring company Freeway Circuit Inc. in 1959 and the Actors Theater in 1965. He was also involved in teaching theater at [[The Actors Workshop]].<ref name=latimes.com/> Allen turned to directing starting in the 1960s, where he worked on such television programs as ''[[Dallas (TV series)\|Dallas]]'', ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)\|Hawaii Five-O]]'', ''[[Hill Street Blues]]'', ''[[Ironside (TV series)\|Ironside]]'', ''[[Mannix]]'', ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'', ''[[Police Woman (TV series)\|Police Woman]]'', ''[[The Rockford Files]]'', ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'', ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' and ''[[The Streets of San Francisco]]''.<ref name=NYTObit/> He won an [[Emmy Award]], in 1984, for directing an episode of ''Hill Street Blues''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.einsiders.com/hollywood-obituaries/rebel-without-a-cause-actor-corey-allen-dies-june-27-2010.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703160527/http://www.einsiders.com/hollywood-obituaries/rebel-without-a-cause-actor-corey-allen-dies-june-27-2010.html\|url-status=dead\|title=Corey Allen Obituary\|archive-date=July 3, 2010}}</ref> In 1967, Corey and his business partner Gary Stromberg met with [[Charles Manson]] early in both of their careers, as new director and cult leader respectively. Manson was invited to help them write a film treatment called ''Black Jesus'' (later produced by an Italian company in 1968) and Manson's "family" was allowed to live briefly in Corey's small acting studio on Western Avenue in Los Angeles. After Corey's then-girlfriend expressed her concerns about Manson, he broke ties with him.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-10-27 \|title=Are Any Rebel Without a Cause Cast Members Still Alive? \|url=https://movieweb.com/rebel-without-a-cause-living-cast-members/ \|access-date=2022-03-05 \|website=MovieWeb \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Personal life== Toward the end of his life, a fire burnt his home in the [[Hollywood Hills\|Hollywoods Hills]] above the [[Sunset Strip]], and all of his belongings were lost. The only thing that the fire department recovered from the flames was his molten Emmy.{{citation needed\|date=July 2025}} ==Death== Allen died from complications of [[Parkinson's disease]] at his home in Hollywood on June 27, 2010, two days before his 76th birthday.<ref name = latimes.com/><ref name=NYTObit/> He is buried in grave 7-51-2 in the Sunset Slope section of [[Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery]] in Los Angeles.<ref>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More than 14000 Famous Persons (entry 181) by Scott Wilson</ref> Allen was survived by his daughter Robin Duncan, four grandchildren and two great grandchildren. He was also survived by his brother Steve Cohen.{{citation needed\|date=July 2025}} ==Filmography== ===As director=== {{div col}} * ''[[The Cosby Mysteries]]'' * ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode [[The Maquis (DS9 episode)\|The Maquis: Part 2]] episode [[Paradise (DS9 episode)\|Paradise]] episode [[The Circle (DS9 episode)\|The Circle]] episode [[Captive Pursuit (DS9 episode)\|Captive Pursuit]] * ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[Journey's End (TNG episode)\|Journey's End]]" episode "[[The Game (Star Trek: The Next Generation)\|The Game]]" episode "[[Final Mission]]" episode "[[Home Soil]]" ** episode "[[Encounter at Farpoint]]" * ''[[The Search]]'' (1994) * ''[[Men Who Hate Women & the Women Who Love Them]]'' (1994) * ''[[Moment of Truth (film series)\|Moment of Truth]] Stalking Back'' (1993) * ''[[FBI: The Untold Stories]]'' * ''[[Unsub (TV series)\|Unsub]]'' * ''[[The New Lassie]]'' * ''[[Supercarrier (TV series)\|Supercarrier]]'' * ''[[The Ann Jillian Story]]'' (1988) * ''[[J.J. Starbuck]]'' * ''[[CBS Summer Playhouse]]'' ** episode ''[[Infiltrator (film)\|Infiltrator]]'' (1987) * ''Destination America'' (1987) * ''The Last Fling'' (1987) * ''[[I-Man]]'' (1986) * ''[[Beverly Hills Cowgirl Blues]]'' (1985) * ''[[Brass (1985 film)\|Brass]]'' (1985) * ''[[Code Name: Foxfire]]'' (1985) * ''[[Otherworld]]'' * ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' episode "Deadly Lady" pilot episode "[[The Murder of Sherlock Holmes]]" (1984) * ''[[Jessie (1984 TV series)\|Jessie]]'' * ''[[Hunter (1984 U.S. TV series)\|Hunter]]'' * ''[[The Paper Chase (TV series)\|The Paper Chase]]'' ** episode "Billy Pierce" * ''[[Hill Street Blues]]'' episode "Hair Apparent" episode "Goodbye, Mr. Scripps" ** episode "Jungle Madness" * ''[[Legmen]]'' * ''[[Scarecrow and Mrs. King]]'' ** episode "Always Look a Gift Horse in the Mouth" * ''[[Whiz Kids (TV series)\|Whiz Kids]]'' episode "Programmed for Murder" episode "Fatal Error" ** episode "Deadly Access" * ''[[Gavilan (TV series)\|Gavilan]]'' * ''[[Tucker's Witch]]'' * ''[[Matt Houston]]'' * ''[[The Powers of Matthew Star]]'' * ''[[Capitol (TV series)\|Capitol]]'' * ''[[Simon & Simon]]'' * ''[[McClain's Law]]'' * ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]'' * ''[[The Return of Frank Cannon]]'' (1980) * ''[[Stone (TV series)\|Stone]]'' * ''[[The Man in the Santa Claus Suit]]'' (1979) * ''[[The Rockford Files]]'' episode "No-Fault Affair" episode "The Man Who Saw the Alligators" ** episode "The Empty Frame" * ''[[Trapper John, M.D.]]'' ** episode "The Shattered Image" * ''[[Stone (TV series)\|Stone]]'' (1979) * ''[[Avalanche (1978 film)\|Avalanche]]'' (1978) * ''[[Police Woman (TV series)\|Police Woman]]'' episode "The Young and the Fair" episode "Do You Still Beat Your Wife?" episode "The Lifeline Agency" episode "Broken Angels" * ''[[Lou Grant (TV series)\|Lou Grant]]'' * ''[[Thunder and Lightning (1977 film)\|Thunder and Lightning]]'' (1977) * {{ill\|Yesterday's Child\|fr\|italic=yes}} (1977) * ''[[Quincy, M.E.]]'' (1976) * ''[[Executive Suite (TV series)\|Executive Suite]]'' * ''[[Bronk (TV series)\|Bronk]]'' * ''[[Kate McShane]]'' * ''[[The Family Holvak]]'' * ''[[Cry Rape]]'' (1973) * ''[[Police Story (1973 TV series)\|Police Story]]'' (1973) * ''[[Barnaby Jones]]'' (1973) * ''[[The Streets of San Francisco]]'' * ''[[Ironside (TV series)\|Ironside]]'' episode "But When She Was Bad" episode "Too Many Victims" * ''[[See the Man Run]]'' (1971) * ''[[Cannon (TV series)\|Cannon]]'' * {{ill\|The Erotic Adventures of Pinocchio\|pl\|Erotyczne przygody Pinokia\|italic=yes}} (1971) * ''[[The High Chaparral]]'' ** episode "A Good Sound Profit" * ''[[Mannix]]'' episode "Time Out of Mind" episode "The Sound of Darkness" * ''[[The New People]]'' * ''[[Then Came Bronson]]'' * ''[[Lancer (TV series)\|Lancer]]'' ** episode "Child of Rock and Sunlight" * ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)\|Hawaii Five-O]]'' * ''[[Sea Hunt]]'' (1961) Season 4, Episode 21: "Quicksand" {{div col end}} ===As actor=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Title ! Year ! Role ! Notes \|- \|''[[The Mad Magician]]'' \|\| 1954 \|\| Gus the Stagehand \|\| Uncredited \|- \|''[[A Time Out of War]]'' \|\| 1954 \|\| Connor \|\| Short \|- \|''[[The Bridges at Toko-Ri]]'' \|\| 1954 \|\| Enlisted Man \|\| Uncredited \|- \|''[[The Night of the Hunter (film)\|The Night of the Hunter]]'' \|\| 1955 \|\| Young Man in Town \|\| Uncredited \|- \|''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' \|\| 1955 \|\| Buzz Gunderson \|\| \|- \|''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]'' \|\| 1956 \|\| Gil Dalliford \|\| Season 2 Episode 10: "[[List of Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes\|Jonathan]]" \|- \|''[[The Shadow on the Window]]'' \|\| 1957 \|\| Gil Ramsey \|\| \|- \|''[[The Big Caper]]'' \|\| 1957 \|\| Roy \|\| \|- \|''[[The Restless Gun]]'' \|\| 1958 \|\| George \|\| Episode "Friend in Need" \|- \|''[[Darby's Rangers (film)\|Darby's Rangers]]'' \|\| 1958 \|\| Private Pittsburgh Tony Sutherland \|\| \|- \|''[[Juvenile Jungle (film)\|Juvenile Jungle]]'' \|\| 1958 \|\| Hal McQueen \|\| \|- \|''[[Party Girl (1958 film)\|Party Girl]]'' \|\| 1958 \|\| Cookie La Motte \|\| \|-u \|''[[Private Property (1960 film)\|Private Property]]'' \|\| 1960 \|\| Duke \|\| Top Card Lead Billing \|- \|''[[Key Witness (1960 film)\|Key Witness]]'' \|\| 1960 \|\| Magician \|\| \|- \|''[[Sea Hunt]]'' \|\| 1961 \|\| Young \|\| Episode: "Quicksand" \|- \|''[[Sweet Bird of Youth (film)\|Sweet Bird of Youth]]'' \|\| 1962 \|\| Scotty \|\| \|- \|''[[The Chapman Report]]'' \|\| 1962 \|\| Wash Dillon \|\| \|- \|''[[Combat!]]'' \|\| 1964 \|\| Private Garrett \|\| Episode: A Rare Vintage \|- \|''Original: Do Not Project'' \|\| 1972 \|\| Psychiatrist \|\| \|- \|''The Works'' \|\| 2004 \|\| Mr. M \|\| \|- \|''Quarantined'' \|\| 2009 \|\| Mr. Eagle \|\| Voice, (final film role) \|} ==References== {{Reflist\|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name\|0001904}} * {{Find a Grave\|54252497}} {{Memory Alpha}} {{EmmyAward DirectingDrama 1976-2000}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Corey}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2010 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male screenwriters]] [[Category:American male television actors]] [[Category:American male television writers]] [[Category:American television directors]] [[Category:American television writers]] [[Category:Burials at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery]] [[Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease in California]] [[Category:Film directors from Ohio]] [[Category:Film producers from Ohio]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Male actors from Cleveland]] [[Category:Screenwriters from Ohio]] [[Category:UCLA Film School alumni]]	1,300,058,478	[{"title": "Corey Allen", "data": {"Born": "Alan Cohen \u00b7 June 29, 1934 \u00b7 Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.", "Died": "June 27, 2010 (aged 75) \u00b7 Los Angeles, California, U.S.", "Resting place": "Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery", "Alma mater": "UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television", "Occupations": "Actor director producer writer", "Years active": "1954\u20132009", "Children": "1", "Father": "Carl Cohen"}}]	false
# Michael Wong (singer) Michael Wong Kong Leong (Chinese: 王光良; pinyin: Wáng Guāngliáng, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Vòng Kông-liòng; born 30 August 1970), also known as Guang Liang, is a Malaysian singer and songwriter. He has sung and written many love-themed ballads and love songs, many of which have high popularity. He is popularly known in the Mandopop scene as the "Prince of Love Songs" (情歌王子). Wong began his singing career in a duo with Victor Wong. The pair had attained notable success in Taiwan, but in a mutual agreement, the two split in 2000. Wong has released five solo albums since then, the third one being his breakthrough album, Fairy Tale. He has achieved a great success in Taiwan, mainland China, Hong Kong and Malaysia where he is based. Wong has also helped several other successful singers by composing songs for them, including the ballad "Courage" (勇氣), which was originally sung by Fish Leong. ## Biography Born in Ipoh, Malaysia to a Malaysian Chinese family of Hakka descent, he is the elder of two children. He has a younger sister. Wong, as a devoted Catholic, often sang in the church choir during his school days and was once a choir teacher at a church. Graduating from Sam Tet School in Ipoh, Wong often participated in musical performances in school and has been writing his own songs since secondary school. After he moved to Kuala Lumpur to pursue a course in computer engineering, his interest in the world of music and music composition began to grow. ### Duo with Victor Wong Entering from up to 30 singing competitions in town in a single year, where he managed to surface as the winner several times, were also the stepping stones to his successful singing career today. Finally noticed by Asia Pacific Music in the Pioneer karaoke contest, he started to learn Audio Engineering at Ocean Institute Of Audio Engineering during his contract with Asia Pacific Music as a recording artist. After his graduation, Michael produced his first album with two other college mates, Chan and Tan. With the joining of Victor Wong as a singer during that period, they submitted the album, with the theme song written by Michael, "掌心“ (The Palm) to Rock Records, which in turn, signed them up almost immediately. They then formed a duo group more commonly known in Malaysia as Michael & Victor or Guang Liang Pin Guan (光良品冠). In Taiwan and China, they were mostly known as Wu Yin Liang Pin (無印良品), a name given by their record label in Taiwan. ### The split The duo then arguably became the first Malaysians to attain much success in the music scene in Taiwan. Their albums managed to hit the top notch both locally and in Taiwan as their debut album went platinum in both Malaysia and Taiwan. After a few splendid and successful years together as a duo in the Chinese music scene, during which the pair secured countless awards for their success, Michael and Victor then decided it was time to part cordially and go their own ways in the music scene as solo singers in year 2000. ### Solo career Not long after the announcement, Wong worked hard to compose and write new songs for his new solo album, Michael's First Album (第一次個人創作專輯; Dì Yī Cì Gè Rén Chuàng Zuò Zhuān Jí), which performed above expectation. Although Wong's company promptly decided that he should produce his first solo album on his own, he did not agree straight away. This is because he was not confident that he was skilful enough to produce one whole album all by himself. However, after much contemplation, Wong finally accepted the challenge and was successful in breaking away from the Michael & Victor mould. Other than working on his own album, Wong also found time to co-produce other singers' albums like Rene Liu and Fish Leong. Wong released his second album, Ray of Light (光芒; Guāng Máng), in November 2002. It then became the number one album, in sales, in Taiwan. ### Fairy Tale After releasing two solo albums on his own, Wong's fans had to wait another two years before he finally launched his much-anticipated album, Fairy Tale (Tong Hua). The first single from this album, "Fairy Tale", Wong wrote and composed by himself. Wong, who is more of a composer and hardly wrote lyrics, asked about 30 lyricists for suggestions for this particular song. After finally adding a finishing touch to the song with lyrics he wrote himself, he then left it to be arranged and produced by the experienced Japanese producer Taichi Nakamura (producer). After rejecting the first few songs he short-listed himself for the album with his sense of perfection, Wong eventually re-selected some songs himself and finally rooted for his ten favourite songs to be cut into the album, of which six were co-written by himself. His two years of hard work finally paid off when this album immediately attained success; it is critically acclaimed to be Wong's best-selling album yet. "Fairy Tale" has proven to be his strongest single yet by shooting up to No. 1 immediately after it was released in January 2005, making it to the top of the download counter Baidu 500 for 15 weeks as Asia was swept by the "Fairy Tale Tornado". The single is arguably the most successful Chinese language song of the 21st century. As of 2025 it is still among the top in the karaoke charts. ### New contracts Michael Wong's contract with Rock Records ended on 31 December 2004, but he decided to continue to promote for the album Fairy Tale, released in January 2005. After the promotion period finished, Wong has made the biggest decision in his singing career by announcing his departure from his longtime recording company, Rock Records, in July 2005. After 10 years being contracted with Rock Records, Wong is now officially signed to Amusic. The reason of his departure from Rock Records was because Rock Records believed that since his music was so simple, it was not music. Thus, they ignored him. On TV, someone had claimed that Wong's music was not music due to its simplicity, causing the singer grief. Wong's unstable relationship with Rock Records has encouraged his decision to leave for Amusic. When pressed for comments, Wong firmly and merely stated that he thanked Rock Records for giving him his big break. ### Acting career His talents and works in the music world aside, Wong also happens to be a worthy actor. Acting alongside Taiwanese singer Richie Ren, fellow Malaysian singer, Ah Niu and famous Cantonese singer/actress, Sammi Cheng, Wong made his debut in the big screen in movie Summer Holiday in year 2000. Next to that, Wong also acted in several TV drama series in Taiwan, such as White Romance (starring alongside Karena Lam), Wintry Night 2 where he speaks his native dialect Hakka, and several more. Besides that, Wong also did a stunning act in Taiwanese director Su Chaopin's debut comedy movie, BTS. Besides movies and drama series, Wong also starred in a musical stage drama in Taiwan, Mr. Wing, in August 2005. ### Commitment He has released his new fourth album, entitled 《約定》(Yue Ding / Commitment), which sold 1.5 million copies in less than one month. This is a best collection of many of his past works. There would be a total of approximately 17 tracks on this album. Three self-penned new songs are featured in this new album, which are titled 《約定》("Commitment"), 《都是你》(Dou Shi Ni / "It's You") and 《擁抱我》(Yong Bao Wo / "Embrace Me"). The rest of the album will be filled with songs which he wrote for other singers like 《勇氣》[(Yong Qi / "Courage")-original singer: Fish Leong], 《我等你》[(Wo Deng Ni / "I'm Waiting For You")-original singer: Rene Liu] and 《戀》[(Lian / "Love")-original singer: Angelica Lee]. He also included the songs he wrote and sang when he was still part of the duo Michael and Victor. Owing to the overwhelming success of "Tong Hua", some critics have expressed their concerns that "Tong Hua" might only be Wong's one-hit-wonder. His critics were proven wrong as the sales of his fourth album, Yue Ding, exceeded expectations by selling more than a million copies worldwide in a month's time. Wong's fanbase has grown tremendously and has gained much popularity globally. His success as a singer and songwriter has earned him countless awards from Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and Malaysia. ### Further success Wong's participation in A Music records label in Hong Kong has gained him more recognition in Asia. He appeared as a guest at the concert of famous Cantonese singer Leon Lai in October 2005. On 6 June 2006, Wong made it into the Malaysia Book of Records as the Malaysian Chinese Male Composer with the highest number of awards and also for the Best Selling Chinese Album (Tong Hua). Wong has gathered 44 awards, 23 of them for his hit song "Tong Hua". Wong has also managed to make it to the nominees' list of the 17th Golden Melody Awards, Taiwan's equivalent of the Grammys. Wong was holding up against fellow Taiwan-based Malaysian singer Penny Tai and other musical talents like Hu Defu, Chen Xiaoxia, and Yu Yang in the Best Composer Category. Although the award went to fellow Malaysian singer Penny Tai, Wong expresses that he feels very grateful and lucky to be nominated in this prestigious award ceremony. ### Commitment: Fulfilled In the past, Wong always felt puzzled and uncertain whenever his fans urged him with the question, "When are you finally having a concert?" Due to circumstances in the past, Wong had never held his own solo concert before and always tried to soothe his fans by making promises to them that he will, one day, finally stage his own solo concert some time soon. And therefore, in year 2006, he finally got the chance to fulfill the commitment between him and his fans. With just half a year in the Hong Kong music scene, Wong, who gained more recognition in Hong Kong, was given a golden opportunity to stage his own solo concert. Not only that it was his first time, but it was also to be held in the famous Hong Kong Coliseum where almost every Chinese singer dreams to stage their own concert. Apparently, he is the first Malaysian singer to do so. Although he was worried about the turn up that night, Wong's anxiety was unfounded because his concert tickets were sold out after only being available for purchase for 5 days. Wong was deeply surprised and delighted and thanked his fans greatly for their utmost support to his music. Wong completed his much-anticipated first solo concert in the Hong Kong Coliseum on 29 March, and the success of the whole concert was undeniable. His concert was entitled "Michael's First Fairy Tale Concert 2006". Wong has managed to make his mark in everybody's heart with his love for music. After that, he would return to his homeland, Malaysia, in September, to stage a concert there as well. His second concert, titled "Michael's Commitment Concert Malaysia 2006", was held on 1 September in the Putra Indoor Stadium in Malaysia. After about a few weeks of selling tickets, all were sold out. Due to the overwhelming response, Wong and his company decided to stage his concert there for two nights. Wong was very delighted and grateful that his fans were so supportive and stated that he hoped these two concerts would allow him to introduce his country, Malaysia, to his fans from other countries, playing the role as Tourism Malaysia's envoy. His two shows in Malaysia guaranteed a fun-filled night where fans enjoyed Wong's soothing, self-written songs. Wong released a compilation called Michael 1996–2006 the greatest hits on 16 May 2007. On 9 November 2007, Wong released his 5th solo studio album, Never Apart. 31 July 2009 he released his First Digital Single which contained 2 Cantonese songs called: 店小二 (Dian Xiao Er) and 清水 (Qing Shui). 右手邊 (You Shou Bian) and 美好時光 (Mei Hao Shi Guang) were also included. In October 2010, Wong represented Malaysia and performed at the 7th Asia Song Festival, organised by Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange, at the Seoul Olympic Stadium. On Christmas Eve 2012, he and Teresa Carpio sang at The Joint in Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas as a Christmas special and sang a song that was not recorded in any of his albums. ### Tourism In 2019, Wong was appointed tourism ambassador for Perak by Tourism Malaysia. ## It's a Small World In 2008, he was asked to perform the Mandarin version of "It's a Small World" at the Grand Opening of It's a Small World in Hong Kong Disneyland but after strong demand from the crowd, sang "Tong Hua" instead. ## Discography ### Studio albums - Michael's First Album (第一次個人創作專輯) (2001) - Ray of Light (光芒) (2002) - Fairy Tale (童話) (2005) - Commitment (約定) (2006) - Never Apart (不會分離) (2007)[3] - So Naive (太天真) (2010) - Crazy Memories (回忆里的疯狂) (2013) - Nine Ways To Enjoy Loneliness (九种使用孤独的正确方式) (2017) ## Filmography ### Movies - The Threesome Experience: The Movie (三人行音樂電影; Sān Rén Xíng Yin Yuè Diàn Ying) – 1998 - Summer Holiday (夏日麼麼茶; Xià Rì Me Me Chá)- 2000 - BTS (愛情靈藥; Ài Qíng Líng Yào) – 2001 - Like A Slave (英勇戰士俏姑娘; Yīng Yǒng Shì Zhan Shì Qiào Gū Niáng) – 2005 - Purple Mirage(紫色梦幻;"Zǐ Sè Mèng Huàn") – 2006 - Where's the Dragon? (2015) ### Dramas - White Love (白色戀曲; Báisè Liàn Qu) – 2001 - A Change of Fate (時來運轉; Shí Lái Yùn Zhuan) – 2001 - Good Luck, Angel (王牌天使; Wáng Pái Tiān Shi) – 2003 - Love Storm (狂愛龍捲風; Kuáng Ài Lóng Juǎn Fēng) – 2003 - Wintry Night 2 (寒夜續曲; Hán Yè Xù Qu) – 2003 - Love.18 – 2008 Musical Stage Drama : - Mr. Wing ~ a romantic rhapsody (幸運兒; Xìng Yùn Ér) – 2005	enwiki/3416917	enwiki	3,416,917	Michael Wong (singer)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wong_(singer)	2025-07-11T13:41:25Z	en	Q713998	105,846	{{family name hatnote\|Wong}} {{other people\|\|Michael Wong (disambiguation)}} {{Multiple issues\| {{BLP sources\|date=May 2017}} {{Fan POV\|date=March 2020}} }} {{EngvarB\|date=March 2015}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2015}} {{Infobox person \| name = Michael Wong \| image = Michael Wong 0318 Japan Show 2.jpg \| alt = \| caption = Wong in 2018 \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|df=yes\|1970\|08\|30}} \| birth_place = [[Ipoh]], [[Perak]], Malaysia \| occupation = {{hlist\|Singer\|songwriter}} \| years_active = 1995–present \| website = {{URL\|http://michael.xymusic.com}} \| module = {{Infobox Chinese\|child=yes \| p = Wáng Guāngliáng }} \| module2 = {{Infobox musical artist\|embed=yes \| alias = Guang Liang (光良) \| background = solo_singer \| origin = [[Malaysia]] \| genre = [[Mandopop]] \| instrument = [[Piano]] \| label = [[Rock Records]] (1995–2005)<br />Seed Music (2005–2009)<br />[[Amusic]] ([[Hong Kong\|HK]]; 2006–2010)<br />XYmusic (2010–present) }} }} '''Michael Wong Kong Leong''' ({{lang-zh\|c=王光良\|p=Wáng Guāngliáng}}, [[Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]]: ''Vòng Kông-liòng''; born 30 August 1970), also known as '''Guang Liang''', is a Malaysian singer and songwriter. He has sung and written many love-themed [[ballads]] and [[love song]]s, many of which have high popularity. He is popularly known in the [[Mandopop]] scene as the "Prince of Love Songs" (情歌王子). Wong began his singing career in a duo with [[Victor Wong (singer)\|Victor Wong]]. The pair had attained notable success in [[Taiwan]], but in a mutual agreement, the two split in 2000. Wong has released five solo albums since then, the third one being his breakthrough album, ''[[Fairy Tale (Michael Wong album)\|Fairy Tale]]''.<ref name="rr">{{cite web \|url=http://www.rockrecords.co.jp/asia/michael/history.html \|title=Singer-songwriter Michael Wong enjoys huge popularity in China \|access-date=11 August 2007 \|year=2007 \|work=Rock Records official site \|language=ja}}</ref> He has achieved a great success in Taiwan, [[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Malaysia]] where he is based. Wong has also helped several other successful singers by composing songs for them, including the ballad "Courage" (勇氣), which was originally sung by [[Fish Leong]]. == Biography == Born in Ipoh, Malaysia to a [[Malaysian Chinese]] family of [[Hakka people\|Hakka]] descent, he is the elder of two children. He has a younger sister. Wong, as a devoted [[Catholic]], often sang in the church choir during his school days and was once a choir teacher at a church. Graduating from [[SMJK Sam Tet\|Sam Tet School]] in Ipoh, Wong often participated in musical performances in school and has been writing his own songs since secondary school. After he moved to [[Kuala Lumpur]] to pursue a course in computer engineering, his interest in the world of music and music composition began to grow.{{Citation needed\|date=October 2024}} === Duo with Victor Wong === Entering from up to 30 singing competitions in town in a single year, where he managed to surface as the winner several times, were also the stepping stones to his successful singing career today. Finally noticed by Asia Pacific Music in the [[Pioneer Corporation\|Pioneer]] karaoke contest, he started to learn Audio Engineering at Ocean Institute Of Audio Engineering during his contract with Asia Pacific Music as a recording artist. After his graduation, Michael produced his first album with two other college mates, Chan and Tan. With the joining of [[Victor Wong (singer)\|Victor Wong]] as a singer during that period, they submitted the album, with the theme song written by Michael, "掌心“ (The Palm) to Rock Records, which in turn, signed them up almost immediately. They then formed a duo group more commonly known in Malaysia as [[Michael & Victor]] or Guang Liang Pin Guan (光良品冠). In [[Taiwan]] and China, they were mostly known as Wu Yin Liang Pin (無印良品), a name given by their record label in Taiwan. === The split === The duo then arguably became the first Malaysians to attain much success in the music scene in Taiwan. Their albums managed to hit the top notch both locally and in Taiwan as their debut album went platinum in both Malaysia and Taiwan. After a few splendid and successful years together as a duo in the Chinese music scene, during which the pair secured countless awards for their success, Michael and Victor then decided it was time to part cordially and go their own ways in the music scene as solo singers in year 2000.<ref name="rr" /> === Solo career === Not long after the announcement, Wong worked hard to compose and write new songs for his new solo album, ''Michael's First Album'' (第一次個人創作專輯; ''Dì Yī Cì Gè Rén Chuàng Zuò Zhuān Jí''), which performed above expectation.<ref name="rr" /> Although Wong's company promptly decided that he should produce his first solo album on his own, he did not agree straight away. This is because he was not confident that he was skilful enough to produce one whole album all by himself. However, after much contemplation, Wong finally accepted the challenge and was successful in breaking away from the Michael & Victor mould. Other than working on his own album, Wong also found time to co-produce other singers' albums like [[Rene Liu]] and [[Fish Leong]]. Wong released his second album, ''Ray of Light'' (光芒; ''Guāng Máng''), in November 2002. It then became the number one album, in sales, in [[Taiwan]].<ref name="rr" /> === Fairy Tale === {{Main\|Fairy Tale (Michael Wong album)}} After releasing two solo albums on his own, Wong's fans had to wait another two years before he finally launched his much-anticipated album, ''Fairy Tale'' (''Tong Hua''). The first single from this album, "Fairy Tale", Wong wrote and composed by himself. Wong, who is more of a composer and hardly wrote lyrics, asked about 30 lyricists for suggestions for this particular song. After finally adding a finishing touch to the song with lyrics he wrote himself, he then left it to be arranged and produced by the experienced Japanese producer [[Taichi Nakamura (producer)]]. After rejecting the first few songs he short-listed himself for the album with his sense of perfection, Wong eventually re-selected some songs himself and finally rooted for his ten favourite songs to be cut into the album, of which six were co-written by himself. His two years of hard work finally paid off when this album immediately attained success; it is critically acclaimed to be Wong's best-selling album yet.<ref name="rr" /> "Fairy Tale" has proven to be his strongest single yet by shooting up to No. 1 immediately after it was released in January 2005, making it to the top of the download counter [[Baidu 500]] for 15 weeks as Asia was swept by the "Fairy Tale Tornado". The single is arguably the most successful Chinese language song of the 21st century. As of 2025 it is still among the top in the [[karaoke]] charts.<ref name="rr" /> === New contracts === Michael Wong's contract with Rock Records ended on 31 December 2004, but he decided to continue to promote for the album ''Fairy Tale'', released in January 2005. After the promotion period finished, Wong has made the biggest decision in his singing career by announcing his departure from his longtime recording company, [[Rock Records]], in July 2005. After 10 years being contracted with Rock Records, Wong is now officially signed to [[Amusic]]. The reason of his departure from Rock Records was because Rock Records believed that since his music was so simple, it was not music. Thus, they ignored him. On TV, someone had claimed that Wong's music was not music due to its simplicity, causing the singer grief. Wong's unstable relationship with Rock Records has encouraged his decision to leave for Amusic. When pressed for comments, Wong firmly and merely stated that he thanked Rock Records for giving him his big break. === Acting career === His talents and works in the music world aside, Wong also happens to be a worthy actor. Acting alongside Taiwanese singer [[Richie Ren]], fellow Malaysian singer, [[Ah Niu]] and famous Cantonese singer/actress, [[Sammi Cheng]], Wong made his debut in the big screen in movie ''Summer Holiday'' in year 2000. Next to that, Wong also acted in several TV drama series in Taiwan, such as ''White Romance'' (starring alongside [[Karena Lam]]), ''Wintry Night 2'' where he speaks his native dialect Hakka, and several more. Besides that, Wong also did a stunning act in Taiwanese director [[Su Chaopin]]'s debut comedy movie, ''BTS''. Besides movies and drama series, Wong also starred in a musical stage drama in Taiwan, ''Mr. Wing'', in August 2005. === Commitment === He has released his new fourth album, entitled 《約定》(Yue Ding / ''Commitment''), which sold 1.5 million copies in less than one month. This is a best collection of many of his past works. There would be a total of approximately 17 tracks on this album. Three self-penned new songs are featured in this new album, which are titled 《約定》("Commitment"), 《都是你》(Dou Shi Ni / "It's You") and 《擁抱我》(Yong Bao Wo / "Embrace Me"). The rest of the album will be filled with songs which he wrote for other singers like 《勇氣》[(Yong Qi / "Courage")-original singer: Fish Leong], 《我等你》[(Wo Deng Ni / "I'm Waiting For You")-original singer: Rene Liu] and 《戀》[(Lian / "Love")-original singer: Angelica Lee]. He also included the songs he wrote and sang when he was still part of the duo Michael and Victor. Owing to the overwhelming success of "Tong Hua", some critics have expressed their concerns that "Tong Hua" might only be Wong's one-hit-wonder. His critics were proven wrong as the sales of his fourth album, Yue Ding, exceeded expectations by selling more than a million copies worldwide in a month's time. Wong's fanbase has grown tremendously and has gained much popularity globally. His success as a singer and songwriter has earned him countless awards from Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and Malaysia. === Further success === Wong's participation in [[A Music]] records label in Hong Kong has gained him more recognition in Asia. He appeared as a guest at the concert of famous Cantonese singer [[Leon Lai]] in October 2005. On 6 June 2006, Wong made it into the Malaysia Book of Records as the Malaysian Chinese Male Composer with the highest number of awards and also for the Best Selling Chinese Album (''Tong Hua''). Wong has gathered 44 awards, 23 of them for his hit song "Tong Hua". Wong has also managed to make it to the nominees' list of the 17th Golden Melody Awards, Taiwan's equivalent of the Grammys. Wong was holding up against fellow Taiwan-based Malaysian singer Penny Tai and other musical talents like Hu Defu, Chen Xiaoxia, and Yu Yang in the Best Composer Category. Although the award went to fellow Malaysian singer Penny Tai, Wong expresses that he feels very grateful and lucky to be nominated in this prestigious award ceremony. === Commitment: Fulfilled === In the past, Wong always felt puzzled and uncertain whenever his fans urged him with the question, "When are you finally having a concert?" Due to circumstances in the past, Wong had never held his own solo concert before and always tried to soothe his fans by making promises to them that he will, one day, finally stage his own solo concert some time soon. And therefore, in year 2006, he finally got the chance to fulfill the commitment between him and his fans. With just half a year in the Hong Kong music scene, Wong, who gained more recognition in Hong Kong, was given a golden opportunity to stage his own solo concert. Not only that it was his first time, but it was also to be held in the famous Hong Kong Coliseum where almost every Chinese singer dreams to stage their own concert. Apparently, he is the first Malaysian singer to do so. Although he was worried about the turn up that night, Wong's anxiety was unfounded because his concert tickets were sold out after only being available for purchase for 5 days. Wong was deeply surprised and delighted and thanked his fans greatly for their utmost support to his music. Wong completed his much-anticipated first solo concert in the Hong Kong Coliseum on 29 March, and the success of the whole concert was undeniable. His concert was entitled "Michael's First Fairy Tale Concert 2006". Wong has managed to make his mark in everybody's heart with his love for music. After that, he would return to his homeland, Malaysia, in September, to stage a concert there as well. His second concert, titled "Michael's Commitment Concert Malaysia 2006", was held on 1 September in the Putra Indoor Stadium in Malaysia. After about a few weeks of selling tickets, all were sold out. Due to the overwhelming response, Wong and his company decided to stage his concert there for two nights. Wong was very delighted and grateful that his fans were so supportive and stated that he hoped these two concerts would allow him to introduce his country, Malaysia, to his fans from other countries, playing the role as Tourism Malaysia's envoy. His two shows in Malaysia guaranteed a fun-filled night where fans enjoyed Wong's soothing, self-written songs. Wong released a compilation called ''Michael 1996–2006 the greatest hits'' on 16 May 2007.<ref name="rr2">{{cite web \|url=http://www.rockrecords.co.jp/asia/michael/music.html \|title=New Album \|access-date=11 August 2007 \|year=2007 \|work=Rock Records \|language=ja}}</ref> On 9 November 2007, Wong released his 5th solo studio album, ''Never Apart''.<ref name="光良2007年全新专辑《不会分离》11月9日全亚洲同步发行!">{{cite news\| script-title=zh:光良2007年全新专辑《不会分离》11月9日全亚洲同步发行!\| url=http://www.michael4u.com/_cn/_infomation/show.php?id=113\| access-date=28 October 2007\| language=zh\| url-status=dead\| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030224327/http://www.michael4u.com/_cn/_infomation/show.php?id=113\| archive-date=30 October 2007\| df=dmy-all}}</ref> 31 July 2009 he released his ''First Digital Single'' which contained 2 Cantonese songs called: 店小二 (Dian Xiao Er) and 清水 (Qing Shui). 右手邊 (You Shou Bian) and 美好時光 (Mei Hao Shi Guang) were also included. In October 2010, Wong represented Malaysia and performed at the [[Asia Song Festival\|7th Asia Song Festival]], organised by ''Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange'', at the [[Seoul Olympic Stadium]].<ref>KOFICE [http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2010y.asp 7th Asia Song Festival] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612015209/http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2010y.asp \|date=12 June 2011 }} 23 October 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2011</ref> On Christmas Eve 2012, he and [[Teresa Carpio]] sang at [[The Joint (music venue)\|The Joint]] in [[Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas)\|Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas]] as a Christmas special and sang a song that was not recorded in any of his albums. === Tourism === In 2019, Wong was appointed tourism ambassador for [[Perak]] by [[Tourism Malaysia]].<ref name="MalayMail">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2019/09/20/malaysian-singer-micheal-wong-not-planning-concert-closer-to-home-will-rele/1792549\|title=Malaysian singer Michael Wong not planning concert closer to home, will release new album next year\|last=Looi\|first=Sylvia\|website=www.malaymail.com\|date=20 September 2019 \|language=en}}</ref> == It's a Small World == In 2008, he was asked to perform the Mandarin version of "It's a Small World" at the Grand Opening of [[It's a Small World]] in [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] but after strong demand from the crowd, sang "Tong Hua" instead. == Discography == {{main\|Michael Wong discography}} === Studio albums === * ''[[Michael's First Album]]'' (第一次個人創作專輯) (2001) * ''[[Ray of Light (Michael Wong album)\|Ray of Light]]'' (光芒) (2002) * ''[[Fairy Tale (Michael Wong album)\|Fairy Tale]]'' (童話) (2005) * ''[[Commitment (Michael Wong album)\|Commitment]]'' (約定) (2006) * ''[[Never Apart]]'' (不會分離) (2007)<ref name="光良2007年全新专辑《不会分离》11月9日全亚洲同步发行!" /> * ''So Naive '' (太天真) (2010) * ''Crazy Memories'' (回忆里的疯狂) (2013) * ''Nine Ways To Enjoy Loneliness'' (九种使用孤独的正确方式) (2017) == Filmography == === Movies === * The Threesome Experience: The Movie (三人行音樂電影; ''Sān Rén Xíng Yin Yuè Diàn Ying'') – 1998 * Summer Holiday (夏日麼麼茶; ''Xià Rì Me Me Chá'')- 2000 * BTS (愛情靈藥; ''Ài Qíng Líng Yào'') – 2001 * Like A Slave (英勇戰士俏姑娘; ''Yīng Yǒng Shì Zhan Shì Qiào Gū Niáng'') – 2005 * Purple Mirage(紫色梦幻;"Zǐ Sè Mèng Huàn") – 2006 * ''[[Where's the Dragon?]]'' (2015) === Dramas === * White Love (白色戀曲; ''Báisè Liàn Qu'') – 2001 * A Change of Fate (時來運轉; ''Shí Lái Yùn Zhuan'') – 2001 * Good Luck, Angel (王牌天使; ''Wáng Pái Tiān Shi'') – 2003 * Love Storm (狂愛龍捲風; ''Kuáng Ài Lóng Juǎn Fēng'') – 2003 * Wintry Night 2 (寒夜續曲; ''Hán Yè Xù Qu'') – 2003 * Love.18 – 2008 '''Musical Stage Drama :''' * Mr. Wing ~ a romantic rhapsody (幸運兒; ''Xìng Yùn Ér'') – 2005 == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [http://michael.xymusic.com Official site] * [http://www.rockrecords.co.jp/asia/michael/index.html Michael Wong] at Rock Records Japan * {{MusicBrainz artist\|id=1b89c374-e0f1-4aa1-9f08-d56cfdd644f6\|name=Michael Wong}} {{Authority control}} {{Hunan Television I Am a Singer Contestants}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wong, Michael}} [[Category:Malaysian people of Chinese descent]] [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cantopop singers]] [[Category:Malaysian male pop singers]] [[Category:Malaysian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Malaysian Mandopop singers]] [[Category:Malaysian people of Hakka descent]] [[Category:Malaysian male singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Malaysian singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Malaysian expatriates in Taiwan]] [[Category:Hakka musicians]] [[Category:People from Ipoh]]	1,299,969,642	[{"title": "Michael Wong", "data": {"Born": "30 August 1970 \u00b7 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia", "Occupations": "Singer songwriter", "Years active": "1995\u2013present", "Also known as": "Guang Liang (\u5149\u826f)", "Origin": "Malaysia", "Genres": "Mandopop", "Instrument": "Piano", "Labels": "Rock Records (1995\u20132005) \u00b7 Seed Music (2005\u20132009) \u00b7 Amusic (HK; 2006\u20132010) \u00b7 XYmusic (2010\u2013present)", "Website": "michael.xymusic.com"}}]	false
# Jacko Gill Jackson Gill (born 20 December 1994) is a New Zealand track and field athlete who competes in the shot put. Gill throws with his right hand, using the spin technique. In 2010, he won gold in the shot put at the World Junior Championships at the age of 15 years, 213 days, which made him the youngest ever male gold medalist at the World Junior Championships (surpassing Usain Bolt who was 15 years, 332 days old when he won the 200 metres in 2002). In 2012, he defended his title at the 2012 World Junior Championships. ## Career Gill first came to prominence in late 2009 when he set world age-14 bests with the 5 kg Shot (20.42m) and 6 kg Shot (17.41m). At the 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics, as a 15-year-old, Gill won the gold in the shot put (6 kg) with a distance of 20.76m, beating 18- and 19-year-olds and becoming the youngest-ever male junior champion. In 2010, prior to the World Junior Championships, Gill threw the 5 kg shot 22.53m at an event in Stockholm, Sweden, exceeding the best-known performances with that weight for 15- and 16-year-olds. He improved to 22.60m in finishing second at the inaugural Youth Olympic Games despite being unwell. On 11 December 2010, at the New Zealand National Secondary Schools Championships, Gill set a youth (under-18) world-best performance of 23.86m (5 kg). On 26 March 2011, at the New Zealand National Championships, Gill achieved 21.34m with the 6 kg shot, at the time ranking him 4th on the all-time IAAF junior list for shot put. On 23 April 2011, at 16 years of age, Gill threw 20.01m with the senior shot (7.26 kg). Gill's throw broke the 44-year-old New Zealand national record set by Les Mills in 1967. This performance surpassed the standard for the 2011 Athletics World Championships, however the rules for that competition exclude anyone of Jacko's age competing in any throwing events. An appeal to the IAAF for an exception to be made to this regulation to allow Gill to compete was rejected. The performance also surpassed the B standard for the 2012 Olympics however not only was it outside the qualifying period (which started on 1 May) it was also less than the qualification standard (20.30m) subsequently set by Athletics New Zealand. On 5 December 2011 he qualified for the 2012 Olympics by throwing 20.38m. On the same occasion he threw 22.31 with the 6 kg shot to become the second furthest junior (under-20) thrower ever with that weight. Gill has been reported as the youngest and one of the lightest athletes to throw over 20m. On 7 July 2011 at the 2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics in Lille Métropole, France, Gill won the gold medal by 4m with a World Youth Best Performance of 24.35m, which he subsequently improved later that year with a throw of 24.45m in Auckland on 12 December. On 20 July 2013 Gill broke the Oceania Junior Record with 22.32m at Brisbane, Australia. He surpassed this with 22.54m at the North Shore, Auckland on 4 August. On 18 August, also at the North Shore in Auckland, he threw 23.00 to break the World Junior Record. On 25 June 2014 in Rarotonga, Gill improved his personal best to 20.70m in winning the shot put title at the 2014 Oceania Area Championships in Athletics. ## Personal life Gill's father, Walter, is a former discus thrower and national shot-put champion, and his mother, Nerida, is a former discus thrower. He attended Takapuna Grammar School until 2010. Jacko was the subject of a "feature" interview for the IAAF's March 2013 monthly on-line newsletter, in which he said he had a keen interest in the shot from an early age: "Since about 10 years old I've decided to write all of my lifting programs and schedules for my training. I didn't really fit in well at gyms, so I decided to do all weights in our garage at home. I enjoy weight-lifting, power-lifting mainly, so will lift for around four hours a day, and throw only a couple of times per week. " He also said that his athletic "hero" is Ricky Bruch, a former Discus World record-holder from Sweden. ### Coaching Gill was coached by Didier Poppé during the years of his World Youth and World Junior Championships campaigns. In late 2012 he began training under the direction of former New Zealand shot champion Courtney Ireland and was later coached by Kirsten Hellier. ## Achievements \| Year \| Competition \| Venue \| Position \| Event \| Notes \| \| Representing New Zealand \| Representing New Zealand \| Representing New Zealand \| Representing New Zealand \| Representing New Zealand \| Representing New Zealand \| \| ------------------------ \| --------------------------- \| -------------------------- \| ------------------------ \| ------------------------ \| ------------------------ \| \| 2010 \| Oceania Youth Championships \| Sydney, Australia \| 1st \| Shot put (5 kg) \| 20.62 m \| \| 2010 \| Oceania Youth Championships \| Sydney, Australia \| 1st \| Discus throw (1.5 kg) \| 56.64 m \| \| 2010 \| World Junior Championships \| Moncton, Canada \| 1st \| Shot put (6 kg) \| 20.76 m \| \| 2010 \| Youth Olympic Games \| Singapore \| 2nd \| Shot put (5 kg) \| 22.60 m \| \| 2011 \| World Youth Championships \| Lille, France \| 1st \| Shot put (5 kg) \| 24.35 m \| \| 2012 \| World Junior Championships \| Barcelona, Spain \| 1st \| Shot put (6 kg) \| 22.20 m \| \| 2014 \| Oceania Championships \| Avarua, Cook Islands \| 1st \| Shot put \| 20.70 m \| \| 2014 \| Commonwealth Games \| Glasgow, United Kingdom \| 11th \| Shot put \| 18.05 m \| \| 2015 \| World Championships \| Beijing, China \| 8th \| Shot put \| 20.11 m \| \| 2016 \| World Indoor Championships \| Portland, United States \| 9th \| Shot put \| 19.93 m \| \| 2016 \| Olympic Games \| Rio de Janeiro, Brazil \| 9th \| Shot put \| 20.50 m \| \| 2017 \| World Championships \| London, United Kingdom \| 9th \| Shot put \| 20.82 m \| \| 2019 \| Oceania Championships \| Townsville, Australia \| 1st \| Shot put \| 20.75 m \| \| 2019 \| World Championships \| Doha, Qatar \| 7th \| Shot put \| 21.45 m \| \| 2021 \| Olympic Games \| Tokyo, Japan \| 9th \| Shot put \| 20.71 m \| \| 2022 \| World Championships \| Eugene, United States \| 7th \| Shot put \| 21.40 m \| \| 2022 \| Commonwealth Games \| Birmingham, United Kingdom \| 2nd \| Shot put \| 21.90 m \| \| 2023 \| World Championships \| Budapest, Hungary \| 6th \| Shot put \| 21.76 m \| \| 2024 \| World Indoor Championships \| Glasgow, United Kingdom \| 5th \| Shot put \| 21.69 m \| \| 2024 \| Olympic Games \| Paris, France \| 7th \| Shot put \| 21.15 m \|	enwiki/28113625	enwiki	28,113,625	Jacko Gill	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacko_Gill	2025-07-29T00:33:04Z	en	Q3124144	340,611	{{Short description\|New Zealand shot putter (born 1994)}} {{for\|the Guyanese cricketer\|Jackson Gill (cricketer)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2024}} {{ Infobox sportsperson \| name = Jacko Gill \| image = Jacko Gill London 2017 (cropped).jpg \| imagesize = <!-- Only for images narrower than 220 pixels. --> \| caption = Gill at the [[2017 World Championships in Athletics\|2017 World Championships]] \| fullname = Jackson Gill \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1994\|12\|20\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Auckland]], New Zealand \| death_date = \| death_place = \| height = {{convert\|1.90\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}} (2011) \| weight = {{convert\|118\|kg\|lb\|0\|abbr=on}} (2012) \| website = \| country = New Zealand \| sport = [[Sport of athletics\|Athletics]] \| event = [[Shot put]] \| coach = \| nationals = Shot put champion (2023) \| pb = '''5 kg: ''' 24.45 m (2011, [[List of world youth bests in athletics\|WYB]])<br>'''6 kg: ''' 23.00 m (2013, [[List of world junior records in athletics\|WJR]])<ref name=IAAFWJR/><br>'''7.26 kg''': 22.12 m (2023) \| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport \| Men's [[Sport of athletics\|athletics]]}} {{MedalCountry\| {{NZL}} }} {{MedalCompetition\|[[Commonwealth Games]]}} {{MedalSilver\|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games\|2022 Birmingham]]\|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's shot put\|Shot put]]}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[Oceania Area Championships in Athletics\|Oceania Area Championships]]}} {{MedalGold \|[[2014 Oceania Athletics Championships\|2014 Rarotonga]]\|[[2014 Oceania Athletics Championships\|Shot put]]}} {{MedalGold \|[[2019 Oceania Athletics Championships\|2019 Townsville]]\|[[2019 Oceania Athletics Championships\|Shot put]]}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics\|World Junior Championships]]}} {{MedalGold \|[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics\|2012 Barcelona]]\|[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\|Shot put]]}} {{MedalGold \|[[2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics\|2010 Moncton]]\|[[2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\|Shot put]]}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[Summer Youth Olympics]]}} {{MedalSilver \|[[2010 Summer Youth Olympics\|2010 Singapore]]\|[[Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' shot put\|Shot put]]}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[World Youth Championships in Athletics\|World Youth Championships]]}} {{MedalGold\|[[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics\|2011 Lille]]\|[[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\|Shot put]]}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[Oceania Youth Athletics Championships\|Oceania Youth Championships]]}} {{MedalGold \|[[2010 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships\|2010 Sydney]] \| Shot put}} {{MedalGold \|[[2010 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships\|2010 Sydney]] \| Discus throw}} \| show-medals = yes }} '''Jackson Gill''' (born 20 December 1994) is a New Zealand [[track and field]] athlete who competes in the [[shot put]]. Gill throws with his right hand, using the spin technique. In 2010, he [[2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\|won gold in the shot put]] at the [[2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics\|World Junior Championships]] at the age of {{age in years and days\|1994\|12\|20\|2010\|07\|21}}, which made him the youngest ever male gold medalist at the World Junior Championships (surpassing [[Usain Bolt]] who was {{age in years and days\|1986\|08\|21\|2002\|07\|19}} old when he won the 200 metres in [[2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics\|2002]]). In 2012, he [[2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\|defended his title]] at the [[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics\|2012 World Junior Championships]]. == Career == Gill first came to prominence in late 2009 when he set world age-14 bests with the 5 kg Shot (20.42m) and 6 kg Shot (17.41m).<ref name="IAAFMarch2013">{{cite web \|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/feature/in-final-year-as-a-junior-gill-already-has-hi \|title=In Final Year As A Junior, Gill Already Has Sights on Senior Success \|publisher=IAAF.org \|access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> At the 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics, as a 15-year-old, Gill won the gold in the shot put (6 kg) with a distance of 20.76m,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.iaaf.org/results/iaaf-world-junior-championships/2010/13th-iaaf-world-junior-championships-4146/men/shot-put-6kg/final/series#resultheader \|title=2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics: Men's shot put (final) \|publisher=IAAF \|access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> beating 18- and 19-year-olds and becoming the youngest-ever male junior champion.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Kiwi wins gold at world junior athletics championships \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/3944717/Kiwi-wins-world-youth-athletics-gold \|publisher=Stuff \|date=21 July 2010 \|access-date=21 July 2010}}</ref> In 2010, prior to the World Junior Championships, Gill threw the 5 kg shot 22.53m at an event in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], exceeding the best-known performances with that weight for 15- and 16-year-olds. He improved to 22.60m in finishing second at the inaugural [[Youth Olympic Games]] despite being unwell. On 11 December 2010, at the New Zealand National Secondary Schools Championships, Gill set a youth (under-18) world-best performance of 23.86m (5 kg).<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=y/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=SPY/detail.html IAAF Youth All-time Shot Put list]</ref> On 26 March 2011, at the New Zealand National Championships, Gill achieved 21.34m<ref name="ODT_153557">{{cite news \|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/sport/athletics/153557/athletics-gill-adds-shot-put-world-record-collection \|title=Athletics: Gill adds to shot put world record collection \|author=McMurran, Alistair \|date=28 March 2011 \|work=[[Otago Daily Times]] \|access-date=6 October 2011}}</ref> with the 6 kg shot, at the time ranking him 4th on the all-time IAAF junior list for shot put.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/throws/shot-put-6kg/outdoor/men/junior IAAF Junior All-time Shot Put list]</ref> On 23 April 2011, at 16 years of age, Gill threw 20.01m with the senior shot (7.26 kg). Gill's throw broke the 44-year-old [[New Zealand records in athletics\|New Zealand national record]] set by [[Les Mills]] in 1967.<ref name="nzherald.co. nz">{{cite news \|title=Athletics: Jacko's massive throw an absolute thriller \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10721230 \|work=The New Zealand Herald \|access-date=24 April 2011 \|date=24 April 2011}}</ref> This performance surpassed the standard for the [[2011 Athletics World Championships]], however the rules for that competition exclude anyone of Jacko's age competing in any throwing events. An appeal to the IAAF for an exception to be made to this regulation to allow Gill to compete was rejected.<ref name="Stuff">{{cite news \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/5254029/Jacko-Gill-smashes-world-youth-shot-put-record \|title=Jacko Gill sets sight on London Olympics medal \|author=Woodcock, Fred \|date=8 July 2011 \|work=[[Stuff (website)\|Stuff]] \|access-date=6 October 2011}}</ref> The performance also surpassed the B standard for the [[2012 Olympics]]<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/statistics/standards/05/97/61/20110415082248_httppostedfile_entrystandards_london2012_24135.pdf IAAF: QUALIFICATION SYSTEM – GAMES OF THE XXX OLYMPIAD] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707020747/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/statistics/standards/05/97/61/20110415082248_httppostedfile_entrystandards_london2012_24135.pdf \|date=7 July 2012 }}</ref> however not only was it outside the qualifying period (which started on 1 May) it was also less than the qualification standard (20.30m) subsequently set by Athletics New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.performance.athletics.org.nz/docs/teams/12_OG/2012%20OG%20Athletics%20Policy%20Final.pdf \|title=2012 Olympic Games – London: Selection Criteria \|access-date=7 August 2011 \|archive-date=19 November 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119201844/http://www.performance.athletics.org.nz/docs/teams/12_OG/2012%20OG%20Athletics%20Policy%20Final.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref> On 5 December 2011 he qualified for the 2012 Olympics by throwing 20.38m.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Athletics: Gill grabs Olympics qualifier \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10771110 \|work=The New Zealand Herald \|access-date=5 December 2011 \|date=5 December 2011}}</ref> On the same occasion he threw 22.31 with the 6 kg shot<ref>{{cite web \|title=Teen sets record, attains Olympic standard \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/6087664/Teen-sets-record-attains-Olympic-standard \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223043234/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/6087664/Teen-sets-record-attains-Olympic-standard \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=23 February 2013 \|work=stuff.co.nz \|access-date=5 December 2011}}</ref> to become the second furthest junior (under-20) thrower ever with that weight. Gill has been reported as the youngest and one of the lightest athletes<ref name="nzherald.co. nz" /> to throw over 20m. On 7 July 2011 at the [[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics]] in [[Urban Community of Lille Métropole\|Lille Métropole]], [[France]], Gill won the gold medal by 4m with a [[List of world youth bests in athletics\|World Youth Best Performance]] of 24.35m,<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/WYC11/news/kind=108/newsid=60610.html IAAF World Youth Championships: Boys Shot Put Final – Gill beyond 24m, three times!]</ref> which he subsequently improved later that year with a throw of 24.45m in Auckland on 12 December.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Athletics: NZ shot putter Jacko Gill breaks world record \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10774221 \|work=The New Zealand Herald \|access-date=25 December 2011 \|date=19 December 2011}}</ref> On 20 July 2013 Gill broke the Oceania Junior Record with 22.32m at Brisbane, Australia.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/throws/shot-put-6kg/outdoor/men/junior/2013 IAAF Outdoor Junior list 2013: Shot put]</ref> He surpassed this with 22.54m at the North Shore, Auckland on 4 August.<ref>[http://athletics.org.nz/Article.aspx?ID=9686 Athletics New Zealand: Cross Country Champs, Jacko Extends 6kg Shot Record & Weekly Roundup] {{webarchive\|url=https://archive.today/20130805231505/http://athletics.org.nz/Article.aspx?ID=9686 \|date=5 August 2013 }}</ref> On 18 August, also at the North Shore in Auckland, he threw 23.00 to break the World Junior Record.<ref name=IAAFWJR>[http://www.iaaf.org/news/iaaf-news/world-record-ratified6 IAAF: World Record Ratified]</ref><ref>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/9057426/Gill-breaks-world-junior-shot-put-record Stuff.co.nz Gill breaks world junior shot put record]</ref> On 25 June 2014 in [[Rarotonga]], Gill improved his personal best to 20.70m in winning the shot put title at the [[2014 Oceania Athletics Championships\|2014]] [[Oceania Area Championships in Athletics]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Gill produces a career-best throw in Rarotonga \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/commonwealth-games/10206336/Gill-produces-a-career-best-throw-in-Rarotonga \|work=stuff.co.nz \|access-date=27 June 2014 \|date=27 June 2014}}</ref><!-- On 29 August 2019 Gill qualified for the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] with a personal best of 21.13m. --> ==Personal life== Gill's father, Walter, is a former [[discus throw]]er and national shot-put champion, and his mother, Nerida, is a former discus thrower.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Jacko Gill: Circle this name \|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/3179522/Jacko-Gill-Circle-this-name \|publisher=Stuff.co.nz \|date=20 December 2009 \|access-date=21 July 2010}}</ref> He attended [[Takapuna Grammar School]] until 2010. Jacko was the subject of a "feature" interview for the [[International Association of Athletics Federations\|IAAF]]'s March 2013 monthly on-line newsletter, in which he said he had a keen interest in the shot from an early age: "Since about 10 years old I've decided to write all of my lifting programs and schedules for my training. I didn't really fit in well at gyms, so I decided to do all weights in our garage at home. I enjoy weight-lifting, power-lifting mainly, so will lift for around four hours a day, and throw only a couple of times per week. " He also said that his athletic "hero" is [[Ricky Bruch]], a former Discus World record-holder from Sweden.<ref name="IAAFMarch2013" /> === Coaching === Gill was coached by Didier Poppé during the years of his World Youth and World Junior Championships campaigns. In late 2012 he began training under the direction of former New Zealand shot champion [[Courtney Ireland]]<ref name="IAAFMarch2013" /> and was later coached by [[Kirsten Hellier]]. == Achievements == {\| {{AchievementTable\|Event=yes\|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%;}} \|- !bgcolor="#eeeeee" colspan="6"\|Representing {{NZL}} \|- \|rowspan=4\|2010 \|rowspan=2\|[[2010 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships\|Oceania Youth Championships]] \|rowspan=2\|[[Sydney]], [[Australia]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|Shot put (5 kg) \|20.62 m \|- \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|Discus throw (1.5 kg) \|56.64 m \|- \|[[2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics\|World Junior Championships]] \|[[Moncton, Canada]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|[[2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\|Shot put (6 kg)]] \|20.76 m \|- \|[[Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics\|Youth Olympic Games]] \|[[Singapore]] \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|[[Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' shot put\|Shot put (5 kg)]] \|22.60 m \|- \|2011 \|[[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics\|World Youth Championships]] \|[[Lille, France]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|Shot put (5 kg) \|24.35 m \|- \|2012 \|[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics\|World Junior Championships]] \|[[Barcelona, Spain]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\|Shot put (6 kg)]] \|22.20 m \|- \|rowspan=2\|2014 \|[[2014 Oceania Athletics Championships\|Oceania Championships]] \|[[Avarua]], Cook Islands \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|Shot put \|20.70 m \|- \|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games\|Commonwealth Games]] \|[[Glasgow, United Kingdom]] \|11th \|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's shot put\|Shot put]] \|18.05 m \|- \|2015 \|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics\|World Championships]] \|[[Beijing]], [[China]] \|8th \|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\|Shot put]] \|20.11 m \|- \|2016 \|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships\|World Indoor Championships]] \|[[Portland, Oregon\|Portland, United States]] \|9th \|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's shot put\|Shot put]] \|19.93 m \|- \|2016 \|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics\|Olympic Games]] \|[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] \|9th \|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put\|Shot put]] \|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put\|20.50 m]] \|- \|2017 \|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics\|World Championships]] \|[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] \|9th \|Shot put \|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put\|20.82 m]] \|- \|rowspan=2\|2019 \|[[2019 Oceania Athletics Championships\|Oceania Championships]] \|[[Townsville]], [[Australia]] \|bgcolor=gold\|1st \|Shot put \|20.75 m \|- \|[[2019 World Athletics Championships\|World Championships]] \|[[Doha, Qatar]] \|7th \|Shot put \|[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Men's shot put\|21.45 m]] \|- \|2021 \|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics\|Olympic Games]] \|[[Tokyo, Japan]] \|9th \|Shot put \|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put\|20.71 m]] \|- \|rowspan=2\|2022 \|[[2022 World Athletics Championships\|World Championships]] \|[[Eugene, Oregon\|Eugene, United States]] \|7th \|Shot put \|[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's shot put\|21.40 m]] \|- \|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games\|Commonwealth Games]] \|[[Birmingham, United Kingdom]] \|bgcolor=silver\|2nd \|Shot put \|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's shot put\|21.90 m]] \|- \|2023 \|[[2023 World Athletics Championships\|World Championships]] \|[[Budapest, Hungary]] \|6th \|Shot put \|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's shot put\|21.76 m]] \|- \|rowspan=2\|2024 \|[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships\|World Indoor Championships]] \|[[Glasgow, United Kingdom]] \|5th \|Shot put \|[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's shot put\|21.69 m]] \|- \|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics\|Olympic Games]] \|[[Paris, France]] \|7th \|Shot put \|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put\|21.15 m]] \|} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{World Athletics}} * {{NZOC}} * {{CGF}} * {{Olympics.com profile}} * {{Olympedia}} {{S-start}} {{S-ach\|aw}} {{S-bef \| before = [[Gareth Kean]]}} {{S-ttl \| title = [[Halberg Awards\|Halberg Awards – Emerging Talent Award]]\|years=2011}} {{S-aft \| after = [[Lydia Ko]]}} {{S-end}} {{2014 New Zealand Commonwealth Games team}} {{2016 New Zealand Olympic team}} {{2020 New Zealand Olympic team}} {{2022 New Zealand Commonwealth Games team}} {{2024 New Zealand Olympic team}} {{Footer Australia NC Shot Men}} {{Footer New Zealand NC shot put men}} {{Footer IAAF World Youth Champions Shot Put Men}} {{Footer World Junior Champions men's shot put}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Jacko}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:New Zealand male shot putters]] [[Category:Olympic athletes for New Zealand]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for New Zealand]] [[Category:21st-century New Zealand sportsmen]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Australian Athletics Championships winners]] [[Category:New Zealand Athletics Championships winners]] [[Category:People educated at Takapuna Grammar School]] [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in athletics]]	1,303,078,034	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Full name": "Jackson Gill", "Born": "20 December 1994 \u00b7 Auckland, New Zealand", "Height": "1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) (2011)", "Weight": "118 kg (260 lb) (2012)"}}, {"title": "Sport", "data": {"Country": "New Zealand", "Sport": "Athletics", "Event": "Shot put"}}, {"title": "Achievements and titles", "data": {"National finals": "Shot put champion (2023)", "Personal bests": "5 kg: 24.45 m (2011, WYB) \u00b7 6 kg: 23.00 m (2013, WJR) \u00b7 7.26 kg: 22.12 m (2023)"}}, {"title": "Commonwealth Games", "data": {"Silver medal \u2013 second place": "2022 Birmingham \u00b7 Shot put"}}, {"title": "Oceania Area Championships", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": ["2014 Rarotonga \u00b7 Shot put", "2019 Townsville \u00b7 Shot put"]}}, {"title": "World Junior Championships", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": ["2012 Barcelona \u00b7 Shot put", "2010 Moncton \u00b7 Shot put"]}}, {"title": "Summer Youth Olympics", "data": {"Silver medal \u2013 second place": "2010 Singapore \u00b7 Shot put"}}, {"title": "World Youth Championships", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": "2011 Lille \u00b7 Shot put"}}, {"title": "Oceania Youth Championships", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": ["2010 Sydney \u00b7 Shot put", "2010 Sydney \u00b7 Discus throw"]}}]	false
# Edo Edo (Japanese: 江戸, lit. 'bay-entrance" or "estuary'), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. Edo, formerly a jōkamachi (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the de facto capital of Japan from 1603 as the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. Edo grew to become one of the largest cities in the world under the Tokugawa. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the Meiji government renamed Edo to Tokyo (東京, "Eastern Capital") and relocated the Emperor from the historic capital of Kyoto to the city. The era of Tokugawa rule in Japan from 1603 to 1868 is known as the Edo period. ## History ### Before Tokugawa Before the 10th century, there is no mention of Edo in historical records, but for a few settlements in the area. That name for the area first appears in the Azuma Kagami chronicles, which have probably been used since the second half of the Heian period. Edo's development started in the late 11th century with a branch of the Kanmu-Taira clan (桓武平氏) called the Chichibu clan (秩父氏) coming from the banks of the then-Iruma River, present-day upstream of the Arakawa river. A descendant of the head of the Chichibu clan settled in the area and took the name Edo Shigetsugu (江戸重継), likely based on the name used for the place, and founded the Edo clan. Shigetsugu built a fortified residence, probably around the edge of the Musashino Terrace, that would become Edo castle. Shigetsugu's son, Edo Shigenaga (江戸重長), took the Taira's side against Minamoto no Yoritomo in 1180 but eventually surrendered to Minamoto and became a gokenin for the Kamakura shogunate. At the fall of the shogunate in the 14th century, the Edo clan took the side of the Southern Court, and its influence declined during the Muromachi period. In 1456, a vassal of the Ōgigayatsu branch of the Uesugi clan started to build a castle on the former fortified residence of the Edo clan and took the name Ōta Dōkan. Dōkan lived in the castle until his assassination in 1486. Under Dōkan, with good water connections to Kamakura, Odawara and other parts of Kanto and the country, Edo expanded as a jōkamachi, with the castle bordering a cove (now Hibiya Park) opening into Edo Bay, and the town developing along the Hirakawa River running into the cove, and on Edomaeto (江戸前島), the stretch of land on the eastern side of the cove (now roughly where Tokyo Station is). Some priests and scholars fleeing Kyoto after the Ōnin War came to Edo during that period. After the death of Dōkan, the castle became one of strongholds of the Uesugi clan, which fell to the Later Hōjō clan at the battle of Takanawahara in 1524, during the expansion of their rule over the Kantō area. When the Hōjō clan was finally defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590, the Kanto area was given to rule to Toyotomi's senior officer Tokugawa Ieyasu, who took his residence in Edo. ### Tokugawa shogunate Tokugawa Ieyasu emerged as the paramount warlord of the Sengoku period following his victory at the Battle of Sekigahara in October 1600. He formally founded the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603 and established his headquarters at Edo Castle. Edo became the center of political power and the de facto capital of Japan, although the historic capital of Kyoto remained the de jure capital as the seat of the emperor. Edo grew from a fishing village in Musashi Province in 1457 into the largest metropolis in the world, with an estimated population of 1 million by 1721. Edo was repeatedly devastated by fires, the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657 being the most disastrous, with an estimated 100,000 victims and a vast portion of the city completely burnt. The population of Edo was around 300,000, and the impact of the fire was tremendous. The fire destroyed the central keep of Edo Castle, which was never rebuilt, and it influenced the urban planning afterwards to make the city more resilient, with many empty areas to break spreading fires, and wider streets. Reconstruction efforts expanded the city east of the Sumida River, and some daimyō residences were relocated to give more space to the city, especially in the immediate vicinity of the shogun's residence, creating a large green space beside the castle, now the Fukiage gardens of the Imperial Palace. During the Edo period, there were about 100 major fires, mostly begun by accident and often quickly escalating and spreading through neighborhoods of wooden nagaya that were heated with charcoal fires. In 1868, the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown in the Meiji Restoration by supporters of Emperor Meiji and his Imperial Court in Kyoto, ending Edo's status as the de facto capital of Japan. However, the new Meiji government soon renamed Edo to Tōkyō (東京, "Eastern Capital") and the city became the formal capital of Japan when the emperor moved his residence to the city. ## Urbanism Very quickly after its inception, the shogunate undertook major works in Edo that drastically changed the topography of the area, notably under the Tenka-Bushin (天下普請) nationwide program of major civil works involving the now pacified daimyō workforce. The Hibiya cove facing the castle was soon filled after the arrival of Ieyasu, the Hirakawa river was diverted, and several protective moats and logistical canals were dug (including the Kanda river), to limit the risks of flooding. Landfill works on the bay began, with several areas reclaimed during the duration of the shogunate (notably the Tsukiji area). East of the city and of the Sumida River, a massive network of canals was dug. Fresh water was a major issue, as direct wells would provide brackish water because of the location of the city over an estuary. The few fresh water ponds of the city were put to use, and a network of canals and underground wooden pipes bringing freshwater from the western side of the city and the Tama River was built. Some of this infrastructure was used until the 20th century. ### General layout of the city The city was laid out as a castle town around Edo Castle, which was positioned at the tip of the Musashino terrace. The area in the immediate proximity of the castle consisted of samurai and daimyō residences, whose families lived in Edo as part of the sankin-kōtai system; the daimyō made journeys in alternating years to Edo and used the residences for their entourages. The location of each residence was carefully attributed depending on their position as tozama, shinpan or fudai. It was this extensive organization of the city for the samurai class which defined the character of Edo, particularly in contrast to the two major cities of Kyoto and Osaka, neither of which were ruled by a daimyō or had a significant samurai population. Kyoto's character was defined by the Imperial Court, the court nobles, its Buddhist temples and its history; Osaka was the country's commercial center, dominated by the chōnin or the merchant class. On the contrary, the samurai and daimyō residences occupied up to 70% of the area of Edo. On the east and northeast sides of the castle lived the Shomin (庶民; "regular people") including the chōnin in a much more densely populated area than the samurai class area, organized in a series of gated communities called machi (町, "town" or "village"). This area, Shitamachi (下町, "lower town" or "lower towns"), was the center of urban and merchant culture. Shomin also lived along the main roads leading in and out of the city. The Sumida River, then called the Great River (大川, Ōkawa), ran on the eastern side of the city. The shogunate's official rice-storage warehouses and other official buildings were located here. The Nihonbashi bridge (日本橋; lit. "bridge of Japan") marked the center of the city's commercial center and the starting point of the gokaidō (thus making it the de facto "center of the country"). Fishermen, craftsmen and other producers and retailers operated here. Shippers managed ships known as tarubune to and from Osaka and other cities, bringing goods into the city or transferring them from sea routes to river barges or land routes. The northeastern corner of the city was considered dangerous in the traditional onmyōdō cosmology and was protected from evil by a number of temples including Sensō-ji and Kan'ei-ji, one of the two tutelary Bodaiji temples of the Tokugawa. A path and a canal, a short distance north of Sensō-ji, extended west from the Sumida riverbank leading along the northern edge of the city to the Yoshiwara pleasure district. Previously located near Ningyōchō, the district was rebuilt in this more remote location after the great fire of Meireki. Danzaemon, the hereditary position head of eta, or outcasts, who performed "unclean" works in the city resided nearby. Temples and shrines occupied roughly 15% of the surface of the city, equivalent to the living areas of the townspeople, with however an average of one-tenth of its population. Temples and shrines were spread out over the city. Besides the large concentration in the northeast side to protect the city, the second Bodaiji of the Tokugawa, Zōjō-ji occupied a large area south of the castle. ### Housing #### Military caste The samurai and daimyōs residential estates varied dramatically in size depending on their status. Some daimyōs could have several of those residences in Edo. The upper residence (上屋敷, kami-yashiki), was the main residence while the lord was in Edo and was used for official duties. It was not necessarily the largest of his residences, but the most convenient to commute to the castle. The upper residence also acted as the representative embassy of the domain in Edo, connecting the shogunate and the clan. The shogunate did not exercise its investigative powers inside the precincts of the residential estate of the upper residence, which could also act as a refuge. The estate of the upper residence was attributed by the shogunate according to the status of the clan and its relation with the Shogun. The middle residence (中屋敷, naka-yashiki), a bit further from the castle, could house the heir of the lord, his servants from his fief when he was in Edo for the sankin-kotai alternate residency, or be a hiding residence if needed. The lower residence (下屋敷, shimo-yashiki), if there was any, was on the outskirts of town, more of a pleasure retreat with gardens. The lower residence could also be used as a retreat for the lord if a fire had devastated the city. Some of the powerful daimyōs residences occupied vast grounds of several dozens of hectares. Maintenance and operations of those residential estates could be extremely expensive. Samurai in service of a specific clan would normally live in the residence of their lord. The hatamoto samurais, in direct service of the Shogun, would have their own residences, usually located behind the castle on the Western side in the Banchō area. #### Shonin In a strict sense of the word, chōnin were only the townspeople who owned their residence, which was actually a minority. The shonin population mainly lived in semi-collective housings called nagaya (長屋; litt. "Long house"), multi-rooms wooden dwellings, organized in enclosed machi (町; "town" or "village"), with communal facilities, such as wells connected to the city's fresh water distribution system, garbage collection area and communal bathrooms. A typical machi was of rectangular shape and could have a population of several hundred. The machi had curfew for the night with closing and guarded gates called kidomon (木戸門) opening on the main street (表通り, omote-dori) in the machi. Two floor buildings and larger shops, reserved to the higher-ranking members of the society, were facing the main street. A machi would typically follow a grid pattern and smaller streets, Shinmichi (新道), were opening on the main street, also with (sometimes) two-floor buildings, shop on the first floor, living quarter on the second floor, for the more well-off residents. Very narrow streets accessible through small gates called roji (路地), would enter deeper inside the machi, where single floor nagayas, the uranagayas (裏長屋; litt. "backstreet long houses") were located. Rentals and smaller rooms for lower ranked shonin were located in those back housings. Edo was nicknamed the City of 808 towns (江戸八百八町, Edo happyaku yachō), depicting the large number and diversity of those communities, but the actual number was closer to 1,700 by the 18th century. ## Government and administration Edo's municipal government was under the responsibility of the rōjū, the senior officials who oversaw the entire bakufu – the government of the Tokugawa shogunate. The administrative definition of Edo was called Gofunai (御府内; litt. "where the government is"). The Kanjō-bugyō (finance commissioners) were responsible for the financial matters of the shogunate, whereas the Jisha-Bugyō handled matters related to shrines and temples. The Machi-bugyō (町奉行) were samurai (at the very beginning of the shogunate daimyōs, later hatamoto) officials appointed to keep the order in the city, with the word designating both the heading magistrate, the magistrature and its organization. They were in charge of Edo's day-to-day administration, combining the role of police, judge and fire brigade. There were two offices, the South Machi-Bugyō and the North Machi-Bugyō, which had the same geographical jurisdiction in spite of their name but rotated roles on a monthly basis. Despite their extensive responsibilities, the teams of the Machi-Bugyō were rather small, with 2 offices of 125 people each. The Machi-Bugyō did not have jurisdiction over the samurai residential areas, which remained under the shogunate direct rule. The geographical jurisdiction of the Machi-Bugyō did not exactly coincide with the Gofunai, creating some complexity on the handling on the matters of the city. The Machi-bugyō oversaw the numerous Machi where shonin lived through representatives called Machidoshiyori (町年寄). Each Machi had a Machi leader called Nanushi (名主), who reported to a Machidoshiyori (町年寄) who himself was in charge of several Machis.	enwiki/10191	enwiki	10,191	Edo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo	2025-08-01T08:10:23Z	en	Q215646	103,616	{{about\|historical Tokyo\|the city in Nigeria also known historically as Edo\|Benin City\|other uses}} {{Redirect-distinguish-for\|Yeddo\|Yedda\|the community in the United States\|Yeddo, Indiana}}{{More footnotes needed\|date=June 2023}}{{Infobox settlement \|official_name = Edo \|native_name = {{nobold\|江戸 (えど)}} \|native_name_lang = ja \|nickname = \|settlement_type = Former city \|motto = \|image_skyline = Edo P.jpg \|imagesize = 300px \|image_caption = [[Folding screen]] view of Edo in the 17th century, showing [[Edo Castle]] on the upper right corner \|image_flag = \|flag_size = \|image_seal = \|seal_size = \|image_shield = \|shield_size = \|image_map = Location TokyoJapan.jpg \|map_caption = Location of the former city of Edo \|pushpin_map = \|pushpin_map_caption = \|subdivision_type = Country \|subdivision_name = [[Tokugawa shogunate\|Japan]] \|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Japan\|Province]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[Musashi Province\|Musashi]] \|subdivision_type2 = \|subdivision_name2 = \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = \|leader_title = Type of leader \|leader_name = [[Feudal monarchy\|Feudal government]] \|leader_title1 = \|leader_name1 = \|established_title = [[Edo Castle]] built \|established_date = 1457 \|established_title2 = Capital of Japan <small>(''[[De facto]]'')</small> \|established_date2 = 1603 \|established_title3 = Renamed [[Tokyo]] \|established_date3 = 1868 \|unit_pref = \|area_footnotes = \|area_total_km2 = \|area_land_km2 = \|area_water_km2 = \|area_water_percent = \|population_as_of = 1721 \|population_footnotes = <ref name=Sansom/> \|population_note = \|population_total = 1000000 \|population_density_km2 = \|timezone = \|utc_offset = \|timezone_DST = \|utc_offset_DST = \|coordinates = {{coord\|35\|41\|02\|N\|139\|46\|28\|E\|region:JP\|display=inline,title}} \|elevation_footnotes = \|elevation_m = \|footnotes = }} '''Edo''' ({{langx\|ja\|{{linktext\|江戸}}\|\|bay-entrance" or "[[estuary]]}}), also [[Romanization of Japanese\|romanized]] as '''Jedo''', '''Yedo''' or '''Yeddo''', is the [[geographical renaming\|former name]] of [[Tokyo]].<ref>US Department of State. (1906). [https://archive.org/details/digestofinternat05mooriala/page/751 ''A digest of international law as embodied in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements'' (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Vol. 5, p. 759]; excerpt, "The Mikado, on assuming the exercise of power at Yedo, changed the name of the city to Tokio".</ref> Edo, formerly a {{lang\|ja-latn\|[[jōkamachi]]}} (castle town) centered on [[Edo Castle]] located in [[Musashi Province]], became the ''[[de facto]]'' [[capital of Japan]] from 1603 as the seat of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. Edo grew to become one of the [[List of largest cities\|largest cities in the world]] under the Tokugawa. After the [[Meiji Restoration]] in 1868, the [[Government of Meiji Japan\|Meiji government]] renamed Edo to ''Tokyo'' ({{lang\|ja\|{{linktext\|東}}{{linktext\|京}}}}, "Eastern Capital") and relocated the [[Emperor of Japan\|Emperor]] from the historic capital of [[Kyoto]] to the city. The era of Tokugawa rule in Japan from 1603 to 1868 is known as the [[Edo period]]. ==History== === Before Tokugawa === Before the 10th century, there is no mention of Edo in historical records, but for a few settlements in the area. That name for the area first appears in the [[Azuma Kagami]] chronicles, which have probably been used since the second half of the [[Heian period]]. Edo's development started in the late 11th century with a branch of the {{Nihongo\|2=桓武平氏\|Kanmu-[[Taira]] clan}} called the {{Nihongo\|Chichibu clan\|秩父氏}} coming from the banks of the then-[[Iruma River]], present-day upstream of the Arakawa river. A descendant of the head of the Chichibu clan settled in the area and took the name {{Nihongo\|Edo Shigetsugu\|江戸重継}}, likely based on the name used for the place, and founded the [[Edo clan]]. Shigetsugu built a fortified residence, probably around the edge of the [[Musashino Plateau\|Musashino Terrace]], that would become Edo castle. Shigetsugu's son, {{Nihongo\|[[Edo Shigenaga]]\|江戸重長}}, took the Taira's side against [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] in 1180 but eventually surrendered to Minamoto and became a [[gokenin]] for the [[Kamakura shogunate]]. At the fall of the shogunate in the 14th century, the Edo clan took the side of the [[Southern Court]], and its influence declined during the [[Muromachi period]]. In 1456, a vassal of the Ōgigayatsu branch of the [[Uesugi clan]] started to build a castle on the former fortified residence of the Edo clan and took the name [[Ōta Dōkan]]. Dōkan lived in the castle until his assassination in 1486. Under Dōkan, with good water connections to Kamakura, [[Odawara]] and other parts of [[Kantō region\|Kanto]] and the country, Edo expanded as a ''[[jōkamachi]]'', with the castle bordering a cove (now [[Hibiya Park]]) opening into [[Tokyo Bay\|Edo Bay]], and the town developing along the Hirakawa River running into the cove, and on {{Nihongo\|''Edomaeto''\|江戸前島}}, the stretch of land on the eastern side of the cove (now roughly where [[Tokyo Station]] is). Some priests and scholars fleeing Kyoto after the [[Ōnin War]] came to Edo during that period. After the death of Dōkan, the castle became one of strongholds of the Uesugi clan, which fell to the [[Later Hōjō clan]] at the [[Siege of Edo\|battle of Takanawahara]] in 1524, during the expansion of their rule over the Kantō area. When the Hōjō clan was finally defeated by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] in 1590, the Kanto area was given to rule to Toyotomi's senior officer [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], who took his residence in Edo. === Tokugawa shogunate === {{See also\|Edo period}} [[File:Famous-Places-of-Edo-1803-Kuwagata-Shoshin.jpg\|thumb\|Famous places of Edo in 1803]] [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] emerged as the paramount warlord of the [[Sengoku period]] following his victory at the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in October 1600. He formally founded the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603 and established his headquarters at [[Edo Castle]]. Edo became the center of political power and the ''de facto'' capital of Japan, although the historic capital of [[Kyoto]] remained the ''[[de jure]]'' capital as the seat of the emperor. Edo grew from a fishing village in [[Musashi Province]] in 1457 into the largest [[metropolis]] in the world, with an estimated population of 1 million by 1721.<ref name="Sansom">Sansom, George. ''A History of Japan: 1615–1867'', p. 114.</ref><ref>Gordon, Andrew. (2003). ''A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present'', p. 23.</ref> [[File:Meireki fire.JPG\|thumb\|left\|Scroll depicting the Great Fire of Meireki\|alt=Painted scroll of a great fire, with people trying to escape]] Edo was repeatedly devastated by fires, the [[Great Fire of Meireki]] in 1657 being the most disastrous, with an estimated 100,000 victims and a vast portion of the city completely burnt. The population of Edo was around 300,000,{{citation needed\|date=May 2024\|reason=Some sources say 400,000 or 500,000.}} and the impact of the fire was tremendous. The fire destroyed the central keep of Edo Castle, which was never rebuilt, and it influenced the urban planning afterwards to make the city more resilient, with many empty areas to break spreading fires, and wider streets. Reconstruction efforts expanded the city east of the Sumida River, and some ''[[daimyo\|daimyō]]'' residences were relocated to give more space to the city, especially in the immediate vicinity of the shogun's residence, creating a large green space beside the castle, now the Fukiage gardens of the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace\|Imperial Palace]]. During the Edo period, there were about 100 major fires, mostly begun by accident and often quickly escalating and spreading through neighborhoods of wooden ''[[Nagaya (architecture)\|nagaya]]'' that were heated with charcoal fires. [[File:Edo 1844-1848 Map.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Map of Edo in the 1840s\|alt=Small, sepia-colored map of Edo in the 1840s]] In 1868, the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown in the [[Meiji Restoration]] by supporters of [[Emperor Meiji]] and his [[Imperial Court in Kyoto]], ending Edo's status as the ''de facto'' capital of Japan. However, the new Meiji government soon renamed Edo to ''[[Tōkyō]]'' (東京, "Eastern Capital") and the city became the formal capital of Japan when the emperor moved his residence to the city. ==Urbanism== Very quickly after its inception, the shogunate undertook major works in Edo that drastically changed the topography of the area, notably under the {{Nihongo\|Tenka-Bushin\|天下普請}} nationwide program of major civil works involving the now pacified ''[[Daimyo\|daimyō]]'' workforce. The Hibiya cove facing the castle was soon filled after the arrival of Ieyasu, the Hirakawa river was diverted, and several protective moats and logistical canals were dug (including the [[Kanda River\|Kanda river]]), to limit the risks of flooding. [[Land reclamation\|Landfill works]] on the bay began, with several areas reclaimed during the duration of the shogunate (notably the Tsukiji area). East of the city and of the [[Sumida River]], a massive network of canals was dug. Fresh water was a major issue, as direct wells would provide brackish water because of the location of the city over an estuary. The few fresh water ponds of the city were put to use, and a network of canals and underground wooden pipes bringing freshwater from the western side of the city and the [[Tama River]] was built. Some of this infrastructure was used until the 20th century. === General layout of the city === The city was laid out as a castle town around Edo Castle, which was positioned at the tip of the [[Musashino Terrace\|Musashino terrace]]. The area in the immediate proximity of the castle consisted of samurai and ''daimyō'' residences, whose families lived in Edo as part of the ''[[sankin-kōtai]]'' system; the ''daimyō'' made journeys in alternating years to Edo and used the residences for their entourages. The location of each residence was carefully attributed depending on their position as [[Tozama daimyō\|''tozama'']], ''[[Shinpan (daimyo)\|shinpan]]'' or [[Fudai daimyō\|''fudai'']]. It was this extensive organization of the city for the samurai class which defined the character of Edo, particularly in contrast to the two major cities of Kyoto and [[Osaka]], neither of which were ruled by a ''daimyō'' or had a significant samurai population. Kyoto's character was defined by the Imperial Court, the [[kuge\|court nobles]], its Buddhist temples and its history; Osaka was the country's commercial center, dominated by the ''[[chōnin]]'' or the merchant class. On the contrary, the samurai and ''daimyō'' residences occupied up to 70% of the area of Edo. On the east and northeast sides of the castle lived the {{Nihongo\|''Shomin''\|庶民\|4="regular people"}} including the ''chōnin'' in a much more densely populated area than the samurai class area, organized in a series of gated communities called ''machi'' (町, "town" or "village"). This area, [[Yamanote and Shitamachi\|Shitamachi]] (下町, "lower town" or "lower towns"), was the center of urban and merchant culture. Shomin also lived along the main roads leading in and out of the city. The Sumida River, then called the Great River (大川, ''Ōkawa''), ran on the eastern side of the city. The shogunate's official rice-storage warehouses<ref>Taxes, and samurai stipends, were paid not in [[Money\|coin]], but in rice. See ''[[koku]]''.</ref> and other official buildings were located here. [[File:Hiroshige le pont Nihonbashi à l'aube.jpg\|thumb\|Nihonbashi in Edo, ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' print by [[Hiroshige]]\|alt=Illustration of people crossing the wooden Edo Bridge]] The {{Nihongo\|[[Nihonbashi]] bridge\|日本橋\|4=lit. "bridge of Japan"}} marked the center of the city's commercial center and the starting point of the [[Edo Five Routes\|gokaidō]] (thus making it the de facto "center of the country"). Fishermen, craftsmen and other producers and retailers operated here. Shippers managed ships known as ''tarubune'' to and from Osaka and other cities, bringing goods into the city or transferring them from sea routes to river barges or land routes. The northeastern corner of the city was considered dangerous in the traditional ''[[onmyōdō]]'' cosmology and was protected from evil by a number of temples including [[Sensō-ji]] and [[Kan'ei-ji]], one of the two tutelary [[Bodaiji]] temples of the Tokugawa. A path and a canal, a short distance north of Sensō-ji, extended west from the Sumida riverbank leading along the northern edge of the city to the [[Yoshiwara]] pleasure district. Previously located near Ningyōchō, the district was rebuilt in this more remote location after the great fire of Meireki. Danzaemon, the hereditary position head of ''[[burakumin\|eta]],'' or outcasts, who performed "unclean" works in the city resided nearby. Temples and shrines occupied roughly 15% of the surface of the city, equivalent to the living areas of the townspeople, with however an average of one-tenth of its population. Temples and shrines were spread out over the city. Besides the large concentration in the northeast side to protect the city, the second Bodaiji of the Tokugawa, [[Zōjō-ji]] occupied a large area south of the castle. === Housing === ==== Military caste ==== The samurai and ''daimyōs'' residential estates varied dramatically in size depending on their status. Some daimyōs could have several of those residences in Edo. The {{Nihongo\|upper residence\|上屋敷\|kami-yashiki}}, was the main residence while the lord was in Edo and was used for official duties. It was not necessarily the largest of his residences, but the most convenient to commute to the castle. The upper residence also acted as the representative embassy of the domain in Edo, connecting the shogunate and the clan. The shogunate did not exercise its investigative powers inside the precincts of the residential estate of the upper residence, which could also act as a refuge. The estate of the upper residence was attributed by the shogunate according to the status of the clan and its relation with the Shogun. The {{Nihongo\|middle residence\|中屋敷\|naka-yashiki}}, a bit further from the castle, could house the heir of the lord, his servants from his fief when he was in Edo for the [[Sankin-kōtai\|sankin-kotai]] alternate residency, or be a hiding residence if needed. The {{Nihongo\|lower residence\|下屋敷\|shimo-yashiki}}, if there was any, was on the outskirts of town, more of a pleasure retreat with gardens. The lower residence could also be used as a retreat for the lord if a fire had devastated the city. Some of the powerful ''daimyōs'' residences occupied vast grounds of several dozens of hectares. Maintenance and operations of those residential estates could be extremely expensive. Samurai in service of a specific clan would normally live in the residence of their lord. The {{Lang\|ja-latn\|[[hatamoto]]}} samurais, in direct service of the Shogun, would have their own residences, usually located behind the castle on the Western side in the [[Banchō]] area. ==== Shonin ==== [[File:Edo Fukagawa 3.JPG\|left\|thumb\|Typical <nowiki>''nagaya''</nowiki> housing district in backstreets]] In a strict sense of the word, ''chōnin'' were only the townspeople who owned their residence, which was actually a minority. The ''shonin'' population mainly lived in semi-collective housings called {{Nihongo\|''[[nagaya (architecture)\|nagaya]]''\|長屋\|4=litt. "Long house"}}, multi-rooms wooden dwellings, organized in enclosed {{Nihongo\|''machi''\|町\|4="town" or "village"}}, with communal facilities, such as wells connected to the city's fresh water distribution system, garbage collection area and communal bathrooms. A typical ''machi'' was of rectangular shape and could have a population of several hundred. [[File:Edo Hibachi.JPG\|thumb\|right\|''Chōnin''-room exhibit at the [[Fukagawa Edo Museum]]\|alt=Museum room with wood furniture and cooking utensils in center]] The ''machi'' had curfew for the night with closing and guarded gates called {{Nihongo\|''kidomon''\|木戸門\|4=}} opening on the {{Nihongo\|main street\|表通り\|''omote-dori''}} in the ''machi''. Two floor buildings and larger shops, reserved to the higher-ranking members of the society, were facing the main street. A ''machi'' would typically follow a grid pattern and smaller streets, {{Nihongo\|''Shinmichi''\|新道\|4=}}, were opening on the main street, also with (sometimes) two-floor buildings, shop on the first floor, living quarter on the second floor, for the more well-off residents. Very narrow streets accessible through small gates called {{Nihongo\|''roji''\|路地}}, would enter deeper inside the ''machi'', where single floor ''nagayas'', the {{Nihongo\|''uranagayas''\|裏長屋\|\|litt. "backstreet long houses"}} were located. Rentals and smaller rooms for lower ranked ''shonin'' were located in those back housings. Edo was nicknamed the {{Nihongo\|City of 808 towns\|江戸八百八町\|Edo happyaku yachō}}, depicting the large number and diversity of those communities, but the actual number was closer to 1,700 by the 18th century. {{wide image\|Edo Panorama old Tokyo color photochrom.jpg\|750px\|Edo, 1865 or 1866. [[Photochrom]] print. Five albumen prints joined to form a panorama. Photographer: [[Felice Beato]]}} ==Government and administration== Edo's municipal government was under the responsibility of the ''[[rōjū]]'', the senior officials who oversaw the entire ''bakufu'' – the government of the Tokugawa shogunate. The administrative definition of Edo was called {{Nihongo\|''Gofunai''\|御府内\|4=litt. "where the government is"}}. The ''[[Kanjō-bugyō]]'' (finance commissioners) were responsible for the financial matters of the shogunate,<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Deal \|first1=William E. \|title=Handbook to life in medieval and early modern Japan \|date=2007 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0195331264 \|location=New York}}</ref> whereas the ''[[Jisha-bugyō\|Jisha-Bugyō]]'' handled matters related to shrines and temples. The {{Nihongo\|''[[Machi-bugyō]]''\|町奉行}} were ''[[samurai]]'' (at the very beginning of the shogunate [[Daimyo\|daimyōs]], later [[hatamoto]]) officials appointed to keep the order in the city, with the word designating both the heading magistrate, the magistrature and its organization. They were in charge of Edo's day-to-day administration, combining the role of police, judge and fire brigade. There were two offices, the South Machi-Bugyō and the North Machi-Bugyō, which had the same geographical jurisdiction in spite of their name but rotated roles on a monthly basis. Despite their extensive responsibilities, the teams of the Machi-Bugyō were rather small, with 2 offices of 125 people each. The Machi-Bugyō did not have jurisdiction over the samurai residential areas, which remained under the shogunate direct rule. The geographical jurisdiction of the Machi-Bugyō did not exactly coincide with the Gofunai, creating some complexity on the handling on the matters of the city. The Machi-bugyō oversaw the numerous Machi where shonin lived through representatives called {{Nihongo\|''Machidoshiyori''\|町年寄}}. Each Machi had a Machi leader called {{Nihongo\|''[[Nanushi]]''\|名主}}, who reported to a {{Nihongo\|''Machidoshiyori''\|町年寄}} who himself was in charge of several Machis. ==See also== {{Portal\|Tokyo}} * [[Edo society]] * [[Fires in Edo]] * [[1703 Genroku earthquake]] * [[Edokko]] (native of Edo) * [[History of Tokyo]] * [[Iki (aesthetics)\|Iki]] (a Japanese aesthetic ideal) * [[Asakusa]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2014). ''100 Famous Views of Edo''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B00HR3RHUY * Gordon, Andrew. (2003). ''A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present.'' Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN\|0-19-511060-9}}/{{ISBN\|978-0-19-511060-9}} (cloth); {{ISBN\|0-19-511061-7}}/{{ISBN\|978-0-19-511061-6}}. * Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869.'' Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. * [[George Bailey Sansom\|Sansom, George]]. (1963). ''A History of Japan: 1615–1867''. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]]. {{ISBN\|0-8047-0527-5}}/{{ISBN\|978-0-8047-0527-1}}. * Akira Naito (Author), Kazuo Hozumi. ''Edo, the City that Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History''. Kodansha International, Tokyo (2003). {{ISBN\|4-7700-2757-5}} * Alternate spelling from [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica\|1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']] article. ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100206061835/http://www.ginacolliasuzuki.com/author/a-trip-to-old-edo.html A Trip to Old Edo] * {{in lang\|ja}} [https://www.kcf.or.jp/fukagawa/ Fukagawa Edo Museum] * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9931 Map of Bushū Toshima District, Edo] from 1682 {{Authority control}} [[Category:Edo\| ]] [[Category:Edo period]] [[Category:History of Tokyo by period]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 1450s]] [[Category:1457 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:1450s establishments in Japan]] [[Category:1868 disestablishments in Japan]]	1,303,654,190	[{"title": "Edo \u6c5f\u6238 (\u3048\u3069)", "data": {"Country": "Japan", "Province": "Musashi", "Edo Castle built": "1457", "Capital of Japan (De facto)": "1603", "Renamed Tokyo": "1868"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Type of leader": "Feudal government"}}, {"title": "Population (1721)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "1,000,000"}}]	false
# Microsoft Project Microsoft Project is a project management software product, developed and sold by Microsoft. It is designed to assist a project manager in developing a schedule, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing the budget, and analyzing workloads. Microsoft Project for the web was set to retire on August 1, 2025. It is now a part of Microsoft Planner. Microsoft Project was the company's third Microsoft Windows-based application. Within a few years after its launch, it became the dominant PC-based project management software. From 2015 to 2020 it was the most popular application for project management according to Project Management Zone. It is part of the Microsoft 365 family but has never been included in any of the suites of Microsoft Office or Microsoft 365. It is available currently as a cloud-based solution with three price levels (Plan 1, Plan 3, or Plan 5): or as a on-premises solution with three editions (Standard, Professional, and Server). Microsoft Project's proprietary file format is .mpp. Microsoft Project and Microsoft Project Server are the cornerstones of the Microsoft Office enterprise project management (EPM) product. ## History 'Project' was an MS-DOS software application originally written in C (and some assembly) language for the IBM PC. The idea originated with Ron Bredehoeft, a former IBM S/E and PC enthusiast in the early 1980s, as a prank to express the recipe and all preparation for a breakfast of eggs Benedict in project management terms. Bredehoeft formed his own company, Microsoft Application Services (MAS) Consulting while creating Project, and the company later entered an OEM agreement with Microsoft Corporation. Alan M. Boyd, Microsoft's Manager of Product Development, introduced the application as an internal tool to help manage the huge number of software projects that were in development at any time inside the company. Boyd wrote the specification and engaged a local Seattle company to develop the prototype. The first commercial version of Project was released for DOS in 1984. Microsoft bought all rights to the software in 1985 and released version 2. Version 3 for DOS was released in 1986. Version 4 for DOS was the final DOS version, released in 1986. The first Windows version was released in 1990, and was labelled version 1 for Windows. In 1991 a Macintosh version was released. Development continued until Microsoft Project 4.0 for Mac in 1993. Microsoft Project 4 for the Mac included both 68k and PowerMac versions, Visual Basic for Applications and integration with Microsoft office 4.2 for the Mac. In 1994, Microsoft stopped development of most of its Mac applications and did not offer a new version of Office until 1998, after the creation of the new Microsoft Macintosh Business Unit the year prior. The Mac Business Unit never released an updated version of Project, and the last version does not run natively on macOS. Microsoft Project 1.0 was the only version to support Windows 2.x (Windows 2.0 and Windows 2.1x). It came bundled with Windows 2.x runtime but was fully compatible with Windows 3.0, especially Standard and Enhanced modes. The setup program runs in DOS, like most Windows-based applications at the time. Microsoft Project 3.0 introduced macro support, toolbars, print preview, DDE and OLE support, spell checking, Resource Allocation view and Planning Wizards and was the last to support Windows 3.0. The setup program now runs in Windows, and it is based on Microsoft's own setup program, which was also used by e.g. Microsoft Visual Basic 2.0/3.0, Works 2.0, Access 1.x. Microsoft Project 4.0 was the first to use common Office menus, right-click context menus, Acme setup program and the last to support Windows 3.1x, Windows NT 3.1 and 3.5. It was the last 16-bit version. Additionally it was the first version to use VBA macro language and introduced screen tooltips, Cue Cards, GanttChartWizard, Calendar view, Assign Resources dialog, recurring tasks, workgroup abilities, Drawing toolbar, Microsoft Project Exchange file format support, OLE 2.0 and ability to create reports. This version allowed user to consolidate up to 80 projects. Microsoft Project 95 (4.1) was the first 32-bit version and it was designed for Windows 95, hence the name even though some components such as the welcome tour, help components etc. remained 16-bit. It introduced ODBC support, AutoCorrect, Answer Wizard, like all Office 95 applications. Updated version, called Microsoft Project 4.1a improved Windows NT support. Additionally it was the first version to be available on CD-ROM. Additionally it was the last version to open Project 3.0 files. Microsoft Project 98 was fully 32-bit, and the first to use Tahoma font in the menu bars, to contain Office Assistant, like all Office 97 applications, introduced view bar, AutoFilter, task splitting, Assignment Information dialog, resource availability dates, project status date, user-entered actual costs, new task types, multiple critical paths, in-sheet controls, ability to rename custom fields, Web publishing features, new database format, Task Usage, Tracking Gantt and Resource Usage views, Web features, Web toolbar, PERT analysis features, resource contouring, cost rate tables, effort-driven scheduling, cross-project linking, indicators, progress lines, ability to save project files in HTML format, ability to analyze time-scaled data in Excel, improved limits for the number of tasks, resources, outline levels etc., IntelliMouse and Microsoft Office Binder support, Microsoft Outlook timeline integration, selective data import and export, ability to save as Microsoft Excel pivot tables, Microsoft Project Map, Project menu and allowed user to consolidate 1,000 projects. It was the last version to run on Windows NT 3.51, the last to open Project 4.0/95 files and save in .mpx (Microsoft Project Exchange) file format, the last to use Acme setup program and the last to be available on floppy disks. Project 98 SR-1 was a major service release addressing several issues in Project 98. Microsoft Project 2000 was the first to use personalized menus, Microsoft Agent-based Office Assistant and to use Windows Installer-based setup interface, like all Office 2000 applications, and introduced Microsoft Project Central (later renamed Microsoft Project Server). PERT Chart was renamed Network Diagram and was greatly improved in this version. Notable new features include ability to create personal Gantt charts, ability to apply filters in Network Diagram view, AutoSave, task calendars, ability to create projects based on templates and to specify default save path and format, graphical indicators, material resources, deadline dates, OLE DB, grouping, outline codes, estimated durations, month duration, value lists and formulas custom fields, contoured resource availability, ability to clear baseline, variable row height, in-cell editing, fill handle, ability to set fiscal year in timescale, single document interface, accessibility features, COM add-ins, pluggable language user interface, roaming user and Terminal Services support, ability to set task and project priority up to 1,000 (previously 10) and HTML help. Project 2000 was also the last version to support Find Fast (available in Windows 9x and NT 4.0 only) and to run on Windows 95. Project 2000 SR-1 fixed several bugs. Microsoft Project 2002 was the first to contain task panes, safe mode, smart tags, import/setup tracking/new project/calendar/import and export mapping wizards, ability to import tasks from Outlook and to save multiple baselines along with additional baseline fields, Project Guide, EPM/portfolio features (Professional only), Excel task list template, rollup baseline data to summary tasks on a selective baseline save, ability to choose which baseline the earned value calculations are based on, calculation options, multiple project manager support (Project Server is required), Collaborate menu, "Type a question for help" in the top right corner, error reporting along with mandatory product activation, like Office XP and Windows XP and ability to open and save Microsoft Project Data Interchange (.mspdi) files. It was also the last version to run on Windows NT 4.0, 98 (SE) and ME. It was available in two editions for the first time, Standard and Professional. Office Assistant is installed but not enabled by default. Support for accounts with limited rights under Windows 2000/XP was improved. Find Fast was dropped in favor of Windows 2000/XP Indexing Service. Microsoft Project 2003 was the first to support Windows XP visual styles and to contain SharePoint support, XML importing/printing/Copy Picture to Office wizards, built-in Office Online help, ability to create WBS charts in Visio, add-in for comparing projects (available as a freely downloadable add-on for Project 2000 and 2002), resource availability graphs, ability to import resource information from Active Directory and Exchange address book, Windows XP-style icons, like all Office 2003 applications, and the last to contain Office Assistant (not installed by default) and to run on Windows 2000 (Service Pack 3 required). Microsoft Project 2007 was the last to contain the menu bar and toolbars. New features include top level budget planning, multiple level undo, ability to manage non-working time, background cell highlighting, cost/team resources, change highlighting, visual reports, desktop OLAP cube and Report menu. Office Assistant was removed entirely. Microsoft Project 2010 was the first to contain ribbon and Backstage view, like all Office 2010 applications, contextual guidance, ability to zoom in/out quickly, user-controlled scheduling, top down summary tasks, placeholder text in project fields, timeline view, ability to add columns dynamically, text wrap, expanded color palette and formatting, task inspector, schedule warnings, ability to save as PDF or XPS and to synchronize with SharePoint, enhanced copy/pase and the last to open Microsoft Project 98 and .mpx files and to run on Windows XP and Vista. Additionally it was the first 64-bit version. Volume licensing activation was introduced in this version. Microsoft Project 2013 was the first to contain Modern UI-based look, and introduced Microsoft account and OneDrive integration. New features include integrated communication (Skype for Business is required). Microsoft Project 2016 is the last to support Windows 7 and Windows 8(.1). New features include multiple timeline view, Tell Me, colorful/dark gray/white themes, resource engagements, resource manager views, resource capacity heat maps, ability to give feedback directly to Microsoft in the File tab. Microsoft Project 2019 runs only on Windows 10, and it contains features carried over from Office 365. New features include ability to link tasks using a drop-down menu, Task Summary Name field, timeline bar labels and task progress, accessibility improvements. Versions for Windows were released in 1990 (v1.0), 1992 (v3.0), 1993 (v4.0), 1995 (Project 95, v4.1a), Project 98 (v8.0), Project 98 SR-1 (1999), Project 2000 (v9.0), Project 2000 SR-1 (2001), Project 2002 (v10.0), Project 2003 (v11.0), Project 2007 (v12.0), Project 2010 (v14.0), Project 2013 (v15.0) and Project 2016 (v16.0). There was no Version 2 on the Windows platform; the original design spec was augmented with the addition of macro capabilities and the extra work required to support a macro language pushed the development schedule out to early 1992 (Version 3). ## Features The project creates budgets based on assignment work and resource rates. As resources are assigned to tasks and assignment work estimated, the program calculates the cost, equal to the work times the rate, which rolls up to the task level and then to any summary tasks and finally to the project level. Resource definitions (people, equipment and materials) can be shared between projects using a shared resource pool. Each resource can have its own calendar, which defines what days and shifts a resource is available. Resource rates are used to calculate resource assignment costs which are rolled up and summarized at the resource level. Each resource can be assigned to multiple tasks in multiple plans and each task can be assigned multiple resources, and the application schedules task work based on the resource availability as defined in the resource calendars. All resources can be defined in label without limit. Therefore, it cannot determine how many finished products can be produced with a given amount of raw materials. This makes Microsoft Project unsuitable for solving problems of available materials constrained production. Additional software is necessary to manage a complex facility that produces physical goods. The application creates critical path schedules, and critical chain and event chain methodology third-party add-ons also are available. Schedules can be resource leveled, and chains are visualized in a Gantt chart. Additionally, Microsoft Project can recognize different classes of users. These different classes of users can have differing access levels to projects, views, and other data. Custom objects such as calendars, views, tables, filters, and fields are stored in an enterprise global which is shared by all users. ### Editions As of 2021, Project is available in two editions, Standard and Professional; both editions are available either as 32 or 64-bit options. The Professional edition includes all the features of the Standard version, plus more features like team collaboration tools and the ability to connect to Microsoft Project Server. ### Project 2010 Microsoft Project 2010 includes the Fluent user interface known as the Ribbon. InteroperabilityMicrosoft Project's capabilities were extended with the introduction of Microsoft Office Project Server and Microsoft Project Web Access. Project Server stores Project data in a central SQL-based database, allowing multiple, independent projects to access a shared resource pool. Web Access allows authorized users to access a Project Server database across the Internet, and includes timesheets, graphical analysis of resource workloads, and administrative tools. User-controlled schedulingUser-controlled scheduling offers flexible choices for developing and managing projects. TimelineThe timeline view allows the user to build a basic Visio-style graphical overview of the project schedule. The view can be copied and pasted into PowerPoint, Word, or any other application. SharePoint 2010 list synchronizationSharePoint Foundation and Project Professional project task status updates may be synchronized for team members. Inactive taskshelps experiment with project plans and perform what-if analysis The Team Planner viewThe new Team Planner shows resources and work overtime, and helps spot problems and resolve issues. ### Project 2013 What's new in Project 2013 includes new Reports section, better integration with other Microsoft products, and appearance of user interface items: ReportsA Reports section is added to the ribbon for pre-installed reports. Project 2013 includes graphical reports so that you can create graphical reports and add clipart without having to export data to another program. For example, the Burndown reports show planned work, completed work, and remaining work as lines on a graph. Project 2013 adds pre-installed ability to compare projects, do dashboards, and export to Visual Reports. Trace task pathsThis feature allows you to highlight the link chain (or 'task path') for any task. When you click on a specific task, all of its predecessor tasks show up in one color and all of its successor tasks show up in another color. SharingProject 2013 improves the sharing and communication features of its predecessors in multiple ways without leaving Project. With Lync installed, hovering over a name allows you to start an IM session, a video chat, an email, or a phone call. You can copy and paste content to any of the Microsoft Office suites. You can sync content to SharePoint or a SkyDrive to share without going through Project and Project Online provides an online project management web app that has all of the functionality of Project 2013 and can be accessed from any web-enabled device. ### Project 2016 Project 2016 adds a new Reports section, backwards-compatibility with Project Server 2013, better integration with other Microsoft products, and improved appearance of user interface items: TimelineAllows user to customize views to have multiple timeline bars and custom date ranges in a single view. Resource AgreementsGives features for resource planning coordination between Project Manager and Resource Manager. Office 2016 style theme and helpUses the new Office query 'tell me what you want to do'. Backwards compatibility with Microsoft Project Server 2013The transition of enterprises from one version to the next may be eased by this product being able to interact with the earlier version of server.	enwiki/1126158	enwiki	1,126,158	Microsoft Project	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Project	2025-08-05T16:26:52Z	en	Q80336	123,270	{{Short description\|Project management software}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=October 2018}} {{Infobox software \| name = Microsoft Project \| logo = Microsoft Project (2019–present).svg \| screenshot = Microsoft Project screenshot.png \| caption = Microsoft Project 2021 screenshot, showing a blank project \| released = {{start date and age\|1984}} \| ver layout = stacked \|license=Proprietary \| latest release version = {{Latest stable software release/Microsoft Office}} \| developer = [[Microsoft]] \| platform = [[Microsoft Windows]] \| genre = [[Project management software]] \| website = {{URL\|www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/project/project-management-software}} }} {{Infobox \| bodystyle = width:314px \| title = Native file formats \| image = [[File:.mpp icon.svg\|x75px]] [[File:.mpt icon.svg\|x75px]] \| caption = Icons for <code>[[MPP (file format)\|.mpp]]</code> (left) and <code>.mpt</code> (right) files \| label1 = [[MPP (file format) \| MPP]] \| data1 = Project \| label2 = MPT \| data2 = Template \| label3 = MPD \| data3 = Database \| label4 = MPW \| data4 = Workspace \| label5 = MPX \| data5 = Project Exchange (Discontinued<ref>[http://support.microsoft.com/kb/270139 "PRJ: Description of the MPX Project File Exchange Format"]. Microsoft. Retrieved November 12, 2021.</ref>) \| label6 = MSPDI \| data6 = XML-based Project Data Interchange }} '''Microsoft Project''' is a [[project management software]] product, developed and sold by [[Microsoft]]. It is designed to assist a [[project manager]] in developing a [[schedule]], assigning [[Resource (project management)\|resources]] to tasks, tracking progress, managing the [[budget]], and analyzing workloads. Microsoft Project for the web was set to retire on August 1, 2025. It is now a part of [[Microsoft Planner]]. Microsoft Project was the company's third Microsoft Windows-based application. Within a few years after its launch, it became the dominant PC-based project management software.{{citation needed\|date=April 2023}} From 2015 to 2020 it was the most popular application for project management according to Project Management Zone.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://project-management.zone/ranking/planning \|title=Project Planning Tools – Popularity Ranking \|publisher=Project Management Zone \|access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref> It is part of the [[Microsoft 365]] family but has never been included in any of the suites of [[Microsoft Office]] or Microsoft 365. It is available currently as a cloud-based solution with three price levels (Plan 1, Plan 3, or Plan 5): or as a on-premises solution with three editions (Standard, Professional, and Server). Microsoft Project's [[Proprietary format\|proprietary file format]] is ''.mpp.'' Microsoft Project and [[Microsoft Project Server]] are the cornerstones of the [[Microsoft Office]] [[enterprise project management]] (EPM) product. == History == [[File:Screengrab - Microsoft Project 9.0.2000.0224 - (simple Gantt chart) .png\|thumb\|Microsoft Project 2000]] 'Project' was an MS-DOS software application originally written in [[C (programming language)\|C]] (and some [[Assembly language\|assembly]]) language for the IBM PC. The idea originated with Ron Bredehoeft, a former IBM S/E and PC enthusiast in the early 1980s, as a prank to express the recipe and all preparation for a breakfast of [[eggs Benedict]] in project management terms.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-08-12 \|title=Project Management with Microsoft Tools – BairesDev \|url=https://www.bairesdev.com/blog/project-management-with-microsoft-tools/ \|access-date=2023-04-29 \|website=BairesDev Blog: Insights on Software Development & Tech Talent \|language=en-US}}</ref> Bredehoeft formed his own company, Microsoft Application Services (MAS) Consulting while creating Project, and the company later entered an [[OEM]] agreement with Microsoft Corporation.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2023\|reason=So, I think (presumably his son), Vic, worked at this company, but his LinkedIn is the only source that such a company existed in this context. A bit of SYNTH though....}} Alan M. Boyd, Microsoft's Manager of Product Development, introduced the application as an internal tool to help manage the huge number of software projects that were in development at any time inside the company. Boyd wrote the specification and engaged a local Seattle company to develop the prototype. The first commercial version of Project was released for [[DOS]] in 1984. Microsoft bought all rights to the software in 1985 and released version 2. Version 3 for DOS was released in 1986. Version 4 for DOS was the final DOS version, released in 1986. The first [[Microsoft Windows\|Windows]] version was released in 1990, and was labelled version 1 for Windows. In 1991 a [[Macintosh]] version was released. Development continued until Microsoft Project 4.0 for Mac in 1993. Microsoft Project 4 for the Mac included both 68k and PowerMac versions, Visual Basic for Applications and integration with Microsoft office 4.2 for the Mac. In 1994, Microsoft stopped development of most of its Mac applications and did not offer a new version of Office until 1998, after the creation of the new Microsoft Macintosh Business Unit the year prior. The Mac Business Unit never released an updated version of Project, and the last version does not run natively on [[macOS]]. Microsoft Project 1.0 was the only version to support Windows 2.x ([[Windows 2.0]] and [[Windows 2.1x]]). It came bundled with Windows 2.x runtime but was fully compatible with Windows 3.0, especially Standard and Enhanced modes. The setup program runs in DOS, like most Windows-based applications at the time. Microsoft Project 3.0 introduced macro support, toolbars, print preview, DDE and OLE support, spell checking, Resource Allocation view and Planning Wizards and was the last to support [[Windows 3.0]]. The setup program now runs in Windows, and it is based on Microsoft's own setup program, which was also used by e.g. Microsoft Visual Basic 2.0/3.0, Works 2.0, Access 1.x. Microsoft Project 4.0 was the first to use common Office menus, right-click context menus, Acme setup program and the last to support [[Windows 3.1x]], [[Windows NT 3.1]] and [[Windows NT 3.5\|3.5]]. It was the last 16-bit version. Additionally it was the first version to use [[Visual Basic for Applications\|VBA]] macro language and introduced screen tooltips, Cue Cards, GanttChartWizard, Calendar view, Assign Resources dialog, recurring tasks, workgroup abilities, Drawing toolbar, [[MPX Microsoft Project Exchange File Format\|Microsoft Project Exchange]] file format support, OLE 2.0 and ability to create reports. This version allowed user to consolidate up to 80 projects. Microsoft Project 95 (4.1) was the first 32-bit version and it was designed for [[Windows 95]], hence the name even though some components such as the welcome tour, help components etc. remained 16-bit. It introduced ODBC support, AutoCorrect, Answer Wizard, like all [[Microsoft Office 95\|Office 95]] applications. Updated version, called Microsoft Project 4.1a improved Windows NT support. Additionally it was the first version to be available on CD-ROM. Additionally it was the last version to open Project 3.0 files. Microsoft Project 98 was fully 32-bit, and the first to use [[Tahoma (typeface)\|Tahoma]] font in the menu bars, to contain [[Office Assistant]], like all Office 97 applications, introduced view bar, AutoFilter, task splitting, Assignment Information dialog, resource availability dates, project status date, user-entered actual costs, new task types, multiple critical paths, in-sheet controls, ability to rename custom fields, Web publishing features, new database format, Task Usage, Tracking Gantt and Resource Usage views, [[World Wide Web\|Web]] features, Web toolbar, PERT analysis features, resource contouring, cost rate tables, effort-driven scheduling, cross-project linking, indicators, progress lines, ability to save project files in [[HTML]] format, ability to analyze time-scaled data in Excel, improved limits for the number of tasks, resources, outline levels etc., [[IntelliMouse]] and Microsoft Office Binder support, [[Microsoft Outlook]] timeline integration, selective data import and export, ability to save as [[Microsoft Excel]] [[pivot table]]s, Microsoft Project Map, Project menu and allowed user to consolidate 1,000 projects. It was the last version to run on [[Windows NT 3.51]], the last to open Project 4.0/95 files and save in .mpx (Microsoft Project Exchange) file format, the last to use Acme setup program and the last to be available on floppy disks. Project 98 SR-1 was a major service release addressing several issues in Project 98.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/185103/ \|title=PRJ98: List of Fixes in Microsoft Project 98 SR-1 \|work=News Center \|publisher=Microsoft \|date=September 18, 2011 \|access-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref> Microsoft Project 2000 was the first to use personalized menus, [[Microsoft Agent]]-based Office Assistant and to use [[Windows Installer]]-based setup interface, like all [[Microsoft Office 2000\|Office 2000]] applications, and introduced Microsoft Project Central (later renamed Microsoft Project Server). PERT Chart was renamed Network Diagram and was greatly improved in this version. Notable new features include ability to create personal Gantt charts, ability to apply filters in Network Diagram view, AutoSave, task calendars, ability to create projects based on templates and to specify default save path and format, graphical indicators, material resources, deadline dates, OLE DB, grouping, outline codes, estimated durations, month duration, value lists and formulas custom fields, contoured resource availability, ability to clear baseline, variable row height, in-cell editing, fill handle, ability to set fiscal year in timescale, [[single document interface]], accessibility features, [[Component Object Model\|COM]] add-ins, pluggable language user interface, roaming user and [[Terminal Services]] support, ability to set task and project priority up to 1,000 (previously 10) and HTML help. Project 2000 was also the last version to support Find Fast (available in [[Windows 9x]] and NT 4.0 only) and to run on [[Windows 95]]. Project 2000 SR-1 fixed several bugs. Microsoft Project 2002 was the first to contain task panes, safe mode, smart tags, import/setup tracking/new project/calendar/import and export mapping wizards, ability to import tasks from [[Microsoft Outlook\|Outlook]] and to save multiple baselines along with additional baseline fields, Project Guide, [[Enterprise project management\|EPM]]/portfolio features (Professional only), [[Microsoft Excel\|Excel]] task list template, rollup baseline data to summary tasks on a selective baseline save, ability to choose which baseline the earned value calculations are based on, calculation options, multiple project manager support (Project Server is required), Collaborate menu, "Type a question for help" in the top right corner, [[Windows Error Reporting\|error reporting]] along with mandatory [[product activation]], like [[Microsoft Office XP\|Office XP]] and [[Windows XP]] and ability to open and save Microsoft Project Data Interchange (.mspdi) files. It was also the last version to run on [[Windows NT 4.0]], [[Windows 98\|98 (SE)]] and [[Windows ME\|ME]]. It was available in two editions for the first time, ''Standard'' and ''Professional''. Office Assistant is installed but not enabled by default. Support for accounts with limited rights under Windows 2000/XP was improved. Find Fast was dropped in favor of Windows 2000/XP Indexing Service. Microsoft Project 2003 was the first to support [[Windows XP]] [[Windows XP themes\|visual styles]] and to contain [[SharePoint]] support, [[XML]] importing/printing/Copy Picture to Office wizards, built-in Office Online help, ability to create [[Work breakdown structure\|WBS]] charts in [[Microsoft Visio\|Visio]], add-in for comparing projects (available as a freely downloadable add-on for Project 2000 and 2002), resource availability graphs, ability to import resource information from [[Active Directory]] and [[Microsoft Exchange Server\|Exchange]] address book, Windows XP-style icons, like all [[Microsoft Office 2003\|Office 2003]] applications, and the last to contain [[Office Assistant]] (not installed by default) and to run on [[Windows 2000]] (Service Pack 3 required). Microsoft Project 2007 was the last to contain the menu bar and toolbars. New features include top level budget planning, multiple level undo, ability to manage non-working time, background cell highlighting, cost/team resources, change highlighting, visual reports, desktop [[OLAP]] cube and Report menu. Office Assistant was removed entirely. Microsoft Project 2010 was the first to contain ribbon and Backstage view, like all [[Microsoft Office 2010\|Office 2010]] applications, contextual guidance, ability to zoom in/out quickly, user-controlled scheduling, top down summary tasks, placeholder text in project fields, timeline view, ability to add columns dynamically, text wrap, expanded color palette and formatting, task inspector, schedule warnings, ability to save as [[PDF]] or [[Open XML Paper Specification\|XPS]] and to synchronize with SharePoint, enhanced copy/pase and the last to open Microsoft Project 98 and .mpx files and to run on Windows XP and [[Windows Vista\|Vista]]. Additionally it was the first 64-bit version. Volume licensing activation was introduced in this version. Microsoft Project 2013 was the first to contain [[Modern UI]]-based look, and introduced Microsoft account and [[OneDrive]] integration. New features include integrated communication (Skype for Business is required). Microsoft Project 2016 is the last to support [[Windows 7]] and [[Windows 8\|Windows 8(.1)]]. New features include multiple timeline view, Tell Me, colorful/dark gray/white themes, resource engagements, resource manager views, resource capacity heat maps, ability to give feedback directly to Microsoft in the File tab. Microsoft Project 2019 runs only on [[Windows 10]], and it contains features carried over from [[Office 365]]. New features include ability to link tasks using a drop-down menu, Task Summary Name field, timeline bar labels and task progress, accessibility improvements. Versions for Windows were released in 1990 (v1.0), 1992 (v3.0), 1993 (v4.0), 1995 (Project 95, v4.1a), Project 98 (v8.0), Project 98 SR-1 (1999), Project 2000 (v9.0), Project 2000 SR-1 (2001), Project 2002 (v10.0), Project 2003 (v11.0), Project 2007 (v12.0), Project 2010 (v14.0), Project 2013 (v15.0) and Project 2016 (v16.0).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.microsoft.com/uk/office/previous/project/default.mspx \|title=Previous Versions of Microsoft Project \|website=[[Microsoft]] \|access-date=May 6, 2006 \|url-status=bot: unknown \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112090443/http://www.microsoft.com/uk/office/previous/project/default.mspx \|archive-date=January 12, 2009 }}</ref> There was no Version 2 on the Windows platform; the original design spec was augmented with the addition of macro capabilities and the extra work required to support a macro language pushed the development schedule out to early 1992 (Version 3). == Features == [[File:proj2007.jpg\|thumb\|Microsoft Project 2007 showing a simple [[Gantt chart]]]] The project creates budgets based on assignment work and resource rates. As resources are assigned to tasks and assignment work estimated, the program calculates the cost, equal to the work times the rate, which rolls up to the task level and then to any summary tasks and finally to the project level. Resource definitions (people, equipment and materials) can be shared between projects using a shared resource pool. Each resource can have its own calendar, which defines what days and shifts a resource is available. Resource rates are used to calculate resource assignment costs which are rolled up and summarized at the resource level. Each resource can be assigned to multiple tasks in multiple plans and each task can be assigned multiple resources, and the application schedules task work based on the resource availability as defined in the resource calendars. All resources can be defined in label without limit. Therefore, it cannot determine how many finished products can be produced with a given amount of raw materials. This makes Microsoft Project unsuitable for solving problems of available materials constrained production. Additional software is necessary to manage a complex facility that produces physical goods. The application creates [[critical path method\|critical path]] schedules, and [[critical chain]] and [[event chain methodology]] third-party add-ons also are available. Schedules can be [[resource management\|resource leveled]], and chains are visualized in a [[Gantt chart]]. Additionally, Microsoft Project can recognize different classes of users. These different classes of users can have differing access levels to projects, views, and other data. Custom objects such as calendars, views, tables, filters, and fields are stored in an enterprise global which is shared by all users. === Editions === As of 2021, Project is available in two editions, Standard and Professional; both editions are available either as 32 or 64-bit options. The Professional edition includes all the features of the Standard version, plus more features like team collaboration tools and the ability to connect to [[Microsoft Project Server]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Version Comparison (Microsoft Project Professional 2010, Microsoft Project Standard 2010)\|url=http://download.microsoft.com/download/F/6/E/F6E62DAD-91FE-4B5C-839E-E50BDF6B90B2/version_comparison_desktop.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Choose Your Microsoft Project, Learn about & compare Project versions\|url=http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/project/project-management-and-ppm-software-comparisons-microsoft-project-FX103797367.aspx}}</ref> ===Project 2010=== Microsoft Project 2010 includes the [[Fluent (user interface)\|Fluent user interface]] known as the [[Ribbon (computing)\|Ribbon]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/exec/steve/2007/10-30OPConferenceBallmer.aspx \|title=Steve Ballmer: Microsoft Office Project Conference 2007 \|work=News Center \|publisher=Microsoft \|date=October 30, 2007 \|access-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref> ; Interoperability: Microsoft Project's capabilities were extended with the introduction of [[Microsoft Office Project Server]] and Microsoft Project Web Access. Project Server stores Project data in a central [[SQL]]-based database, allowing multiple, independent projects to access a shared resource pool. Web Access allows authorized users to access a Project Server database across the [[Internet]], and includes timesheets, graphical analysis of resource workloads, and administrative tools. ; User-controlled scheduling: User-controlled scheduling offers flexible choices for developing and managing projects.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.microsoft.com/project/en-us/ribbon_guide.aspx \|title=Microsoft Project 2010 Ribbon Guide \|work=Microsoft Project Training \|publisher=Microsoft \|access-date=January 20, 2013 \|format=[[Silverlight]] animation}}</ref> ;Timeline: The timeline view allows the user to build a basic Visio-style graphical overview of the project schedule. The view can be copied and pasted into PowerPoint, Word, or any other application. ;SharePoint 2010 list synchronization: [[SharePoint Foundation]] and Project Professional project task status updates may be synchronized for team members. ;Inactive tasks: helps experiment with project plans and perform what-if analysis ;The Team Planner view: The new Team Planner shows resources and work overtime, and helps spot problems and resolve issues. ===Project 2013=== What's new in Project 2013 includes new Reports section, better integration with other Microsoft products, and appearance of user interface items:<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/project-help/what-s-new-in-project-2013-HA102749523.aspx \| title = What's new in Project 2013 \| publisher = Microsoft \| access-date = October 10, 2013 }}</ref> ; Reports: A Reports section is added to the ribbon for pre-installed reports. Project 2013 includes graphical reports so that you can create graphical reports and add clipart without having to export data to another program. For example, the Burndown reports show planned work, completed work, and remaining work as lines on a graph. Project 2013 adds pre-installed ability to compare projects, do dashboards, and export to Visual Reports. ; Trace task paths: This feature allows you to highlight the link chain (or 'task path') for any task. When you click on a specific task, all of its predecessor tasks show up in one color and all of its successor tasks show up in another color. ; Sharing: Project 2013 improves the sharing and communication features of its predecessors in multiple ways without leaving Project. With Lync installed, hovering over a name allows you to start an IM session, a video chat, an email, or a phone call. You can copy and paste content to any of the Microsoft Office suites. You can sync content to SharePoint or a SkyDrive to share without going through Project and Project Online provides an online project management web app that has all of the functionality of Project 2013 and can be accessed from any web-enabled device. ===Project 2016=== Project 2016 adds a new Reports section, backwards-compatibility with Project Server 2013, better integration with other Microsoft products, and improved appearance of user interface items: ; Timeline: Allows user to customize views to have multiple timeline bars and custom date ranges in a single view.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.zdnet.com/article/whats-new-for-business-users-in-microsofts-office-16/ \| title = What's new for business users in Microsoft's Office '16'? \| publisher = ZDnet \| date = September 18, 2013 \| access-date = June 10, 2015}}</ref> ; Resource Agreements: Gives features for resource planning coordination between Project Manager and Resource Manager.<ref>{{cite web \|date=May 20, 2015 \|title=Was ist neu in Microsoft Project Server 2016 und Project Online – Ressourcenvereinbarungen \|trans-title=What is new in Microsoft Project Server 2016 and Project Online – Resource Agreements \|url=http://www.holert.com/aktuelles/news/2015/05/20/was-ist-neu-in-microsoft-project-server-2016-und-project-online---ressourcenvereinbarungen \|access-date=June 10, 2015 \|publisher=Holertcom \|language=de}}</ref> ; Office 2016 style theme and help: Uses the new Office query 'tell me what you want to do'.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://managementyogi.blogspot.com/2015/05/microsoft-project-2016-preview-what-is.html \| title = Microsoft Project 2016 Preview – What is New? \| publisher = ManagementYogi \| date = May 23, 2015\| access-date = June 10, 2015}}</ref> ; Backwards compatibility with [[Microsoft Project Server]] 2013: The transition of enterprises from one version to the next may be eased by this product being able to interact with the earlier version of server.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.manageprojectsonsharepoint.com/blog/2015/05/12/my-top-5-new-microsoft-project-2016-client-features-from-the-microsoft-ignite-conference/ \| title = My Top 5 new Microsoft Project 2016 Client Features from the Microsoft Ignite Conference \| publisher = BrightWork \| date = May 12, 2015 \| access-date = June 10, 2015 \| archive-date = May 5, 2016 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160505141137/http://www.manageprojectsonsharepoint.com/blog/2015/05/12/my-top-5-new-microsoft-project-2016-client-features-from-the-microsoft-ignite-conference/ \| url-status = dead }}</ref> == See also == [[Comparison of project management software]] [[Schedule (project management)]] == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Official website}} [https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/project-blog/bg-p/ProjectBlog Microsoft Project blog] [https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/project_programmability/ Project Programmability blog] on [[MSDN#Blogs\|MSDN Blogs]] [http://www.microsoft.com/download/details.aspx?id=22862 Project 2003: Project Guide and Custom Views] [http://www.microsoft.com/download/details.aspx?id=784 Microsoft Project 2010: Interactive menu to ribbon guide] [http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/project-help/the-project-map-your-road-map-to-project-management-HA010214377.aspx The Project Map: Your road map to project management] [https://blogs.office.com/2013/02/21/new-templates-for-project-2013/ Office.com Templates for Project 2013] [http://www.mpug.com/free-microsoft-project-templates/ MPUG Templates for Project] *[http://examples.oreilly.com/9780735626959-files/ Step by Step practice files] {{Microsoft Office}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Microsoft Office\|Project]] [[Category:Project management software]] [[Category:Critical Path Scheduling]] [[Category:1984 software]]	1,304,367,505	[{"title": "Microsoft Project", "data": {"Developer(s)": "Microsoft", "Initial release": "1984"}}, {"title": "Stable release(s)", "data": {"Microsoft 365 & Retail (Windows)": "2505 (Build 18827.20150) / 10 June 2025", "Microsoft 365 (Mac)": "16.98.0 (Build 25060824) / 10 June 2025", "Office 2024 (LTSC)": "2408 (Build 17932.20396) / 10 June 2025", "Office 2021 (LTSC)": "2108 (Build 14334.20090) / 10 June 2025", "Office 2019 (LTSC)": "1808 (Build 10417.20020) / 10 June 2025", "Platform": "Microsoft Windows", "Type": "Project management software", "License": "Proprietary", "Website": "www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/project/project-management-software"}}, {"title": "Native file formats", "data": {"MPP": "Project", "MPT": "Template", "MPD": "Database", "MPW": "Workspace", "MPX": "Project Exchange (Discontinued)", "MSPDI": "XML-based Project Data Interchange"}}]	false
# Grand Slam Mexico Grand Slam Mexico was a 2025 professional wrestling television special produced by the American company All Elite Wrestling (AEW) in partnership with the Mexican promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). It was the sixth Grand Slam and took place on June 18, 2025, at Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico. The event aired live as a special episode of Wednesday Night Dynamite, simulcast on TBS and Max in the United States and Fox Sports Mexico in Mexico, and it had a special runtime of 2.5 hours instead of Dynamite's normal two hours. This marked AEW's first televised event in the country and was the first time Grand Slam was held twice in one calendar year, following Grand Slam Australia in February. Six matches were held at the event. In the main event, The Beast Mortos, Death Riders (Jon Moxley and Wheeler Yuta), and The Young Bucks (Matthew Jackson and Nicholas Jackson) defeated The Opps (Samoa Joe, Powerhouse Hobbs, and Katsuyori Shibata), Swerve Strickland, and Will Ospreay in a 10-man tag team match. In other prominent matches, CMLL's Místico defeated AEW's MJF, Kazuchika Okada defeated Mark Briscoe, and AEW's Mercedes Moné defeated CMLL's Zeuxis to win the CMLL World Women's Championship. ## Production ### Background Grand Slam is a professional wrestling television special produced by the American promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW) since 2021. From its inception until 2024, the event was held annually in late September at the Arthur Ashe Stadium in the New York City borough of Queens. It also originally aired as a two-part special—from 2021 to 2023, it encompassed the broadcasts of Wednesday Night Dynamite and Friday Night Rampage, while in 2024, it aired as Dynamite and Saturday Night Collision. AEW then held Grand Slam Australia in February 2025, which was the company's first event in Australia and aired as a standalone special. On April 16, 2025, AEW scheduled a second Grand Slam event for the year to be held on June 18 at Arena México in Mexico City, marking the company's first televised event in Mexico. Grand Slam Mexico was held in partnership with the Mexican promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), the owners and primary operators of Arena México. It aired live as a special episode of Dynamite, simulcast on TBS and the streaming service Max in the United States, and Fox Sports Mexico in Mexico. Tickets went on sale on April 26 and sold out within 48 hours. Grand Slam Mexico had a special runtime of 2.5 hours instead of Dynamite's regular two hours. ### Storylines Grand Slam Mexico featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Storylines were produced on AEW's weekly television programs, Dynamite and Collision, as well as CMLL events. ## Results \| No. \| Results \| Stipulations \| Times \| \| ----------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| Adam Cole, Atlantis, Atlantis Jr., Bandido, Brody King, Daniel Garcia, and Templario defeated Dax Harwood, Don Callis Family (Hechicero, Josh Alexander, Konosuke Takeshita, Kyle Fletcher, and Lance Archer), and Volador Jr. (with Stokely) by pinfall \| 14-man tag team match \| 15:41 \| \| 2 \| Kazuchika Okada (with Don Callis) defeated Mark Briscoe by pinfall \| Singles match \| 13:04 \| \| 3 \| Místico defeated MJF (with Bobby Lashley, MVP, and Shelton Benjamin) by disqualification \| Singles match \| 16:48 \| \| 4 \| Hologram defeated Lio Rush, Máscara Dorada, and Ricochet by pinfall \| 4 Million Pesos Four-way match \| 15:28 \| \| 5 \| Mercedes Moné defeated Zeuxis (c) by pinfall \| Singles match for the CMLL World Women's Championship \| 9:31 \| \| 6 \| The Beast Mortos, Death Riders (Jon Moxley and Wheeler Yuta), and The Young Bucks (Matthew Jackson and Nicholas Jackson) (with Marina Shafir) defeated The Opps (Samoa Joe, Powerhouse Hobbs, and Katsuyori Shibata), Swerve Strickland, and Will Ospreay (with Prince Nana) by pinfall \| 10-man tag team match \| 15:43 \| \| \\| (c) \\| – the champion(s) heading into the match \\| \| \| \| \| \| (c) \| – the champion(s) heading into the match \| \| \|	enwiki/79727454	enwiki	79,727,454	Grand Slam Mexico	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_Mexico	2025-08-10T06:52:52Z	en	Q134303316	102,055	{{short description\|2025 All Elite Wrestling and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre television special}} {{use mdy dates\|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox professional wrestling event \|name = Grand Slam Mexico \|image = Grand Slam Mexico promotional poster.jpg \|caption = Promotional poster featuring [[Místico]], [[MJF]], [[Kazuchika Okada]], [[Will Ospreay]], [[Máscara Dorada]], and [[Hologram (wrestler)\|Hologram]] \|tagline = <!-- DO NOT PUT ANYTHING HERE WITHOUT A REFERENCE INCLUDED TO A WP:RS --> \|promotion = [[All Elite Wrestling]]<br>[[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre]] \|date = June 18, 2025 \|city = [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] \|venue = [[Arena México]] \|attendance = 14,000<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://members.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-newsletter/june-23-2025-observer-newsletter-aew-debuts-in-mexico-njpw-dominion-review/\|title=June 23, 2025 Observer Newsletter: AEW debuts in Mexico, NJPW Dominion review\|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]\|first=Dave\|last=Meltzer\|authorlink=Dave Meltzer\|date=June 23, 2025\|access-date=June 23, 2025\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> \|buyrate = <!-- DO NOT PUT ANYTHING HERE WITHOUT A REFERENCE INCLUDED TO A WP:RS --> \|event = [[AEW Grand Slam\|Grand Slam]] \|lastevent2 = [[Grand Slam Australia\|Australia]] \|nextevent2 = \|event2 = [[List of AEW Dynamite special episodes\|''AEW Dynamite'' special episodes]] \|lastevent3 = [[AEW Summer Blockbuster\|Summer Blockbuster]] \|nextevent3 = [[Dynamite 300]] }} '''Grand Slam Mexico''' was a 2025 [[professional wrestling]] [[television special]] produced by the American company [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW) in partnership with the Mexican promotion [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre]] (CMLL). It was the sixth [[AEW Grand Slam\|Grand Slam]] and took place on June 18, 2025, at [[Arena México]] in [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]. The event aired [[Live television\|live]] as a [[List of AEW Dynamite special episodes\|special episode]] of ''[[Wednesday Night Dynamite]]'', [[simulcast]] on [[TBS (American TV channel)\|TBS]] and [[Max (streaming service)\|Max]] in the United States and [[Fox Sports Mexico]] in Mexico, and it had a special runtime of 2.5 hours instead of ''Dynamite''{{'}}s normal two hours. This marked AEW's first televised event in the country and was the first time Grand Slam was held twice in one calendar year, following [[Grand Slam Australia]] in February. Six matches were held at the event. In the main event, [[The Beast Mortos]], [[Death Riders]] ([[Jon Moxley]] and [[Wheeler Yuta]]), and [[The Young Bucks]] ([[Matthew Jackson (wrestler)\|Matthew Jackson]] and [[Nicholas Jackson (wrestler)\|Nicholas Jackson]]) defeated [[The Opps]] ([[Samoa Joe]], [[Powerhouse Hobbs]], and [[Katsuyori Shibata]]), [[Swerve Strickland]], and [[Will Ospreay]] in a [[10-man tag team match]]. In other prominent matches, CMLL's [[Místico]] defeated AEW's [[MJF]], [[Kazuchika Okada]] defeated [[Mark Briscoe]], and AEW's [[Mercedes Moné]] defeated CMLL's [[Zeuxis (wrestler)\|Zeuxis]] to win the [[CMLL World Women's Championship]]. ==Production== ===Background=== {{See also\|Professional wrestling in Mexico}} [[File:ArenaMexicoDF.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Grand Slam Mexico took place at the historic [[Arena México]] in [[Mexico City, Mexico]], which is owned and operated by [[All Elite Wrestling]]'s Mexican partner promotion and co-producers of the event, [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre]].]] [[AEW Grand Slam\|Grand Slam]] is a [[professional wrestling]] [[television special]] produced by the American promotion [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW) since 2021. From its inception until 2024, the event was held annually in late September at the [[Arthur Ashe Stadium]] in the [[Boroughs of New York City\|New York City borough]] of [[Queens]]. It also originally aired as a two-part special—from 2021 to 2023, it encompassed the broadcasts of ''[[AEW Dynamite\|Wednesday Night Dynamite]]'' and ''[[AEW Rampage\|Friday Night Rampage]]'', while in 2024, it aired as ''Dynamite'' and ''[[AEW Collision\|Saturday Night Collision]]''.<ref>{{cite web \|author1=AEW Staff \|title=AEW Dynamite: Grand Slam Coming To NYC September 22nd \|url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-dynamite-grand-slam-coming-to-nyc-september-22nd \|website=[[All Elite Wrestling]] \|access-date=July 9, 2021 \|date=June 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last=Casey \|first=Connor \|title=AEW Announces AEW Dynamite Grand Slam for New York City \|url=https://comicbook.com/wwe/news/-aew-dynamite-grand-slam-announced-arthur-ashe-stadium-new-york-city-wwe/ \|website=[[ComicBook.com]] \|access-date=July 9, 2021 \|date=June 16, 2021}}</ref><ref name=elevationslam>{{cite news\|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-results/aew-dark-elevation-results-paul-wight-dark-order-thunder-rosa-354666\|title=AEW Dark Elevation Results: Paul Wight, Dark Order, Thunder Rosa\|first=Juan C.\|last=Reneeo\|publisher=[[Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online]]\|date=September 27, 2021\|access-date=September 28, 2021}}</ref> AEW then held [[Grand Slam Australia]] in February 2025, which was the company's first event in [[Australia]] and aired as a standalone special.<ref name="GSA-announced">{{cite web\|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/aew-grand-slam-australia-announced-february-15-2025\|title=AEW Grand Slam Australia Announced For February 15, 2025\|last=Lambert\|first=Jeremy\|work=Fightful\|date=August 25, 2024\|access-date=August 25, 2024}}</ref> On April 16, 2025, AEW scheduled a second Grand Slam event for the year to be held on June 18 at [[Arena México]] in [[Mexico City]], marking the company's first televised event in [[Mexico]]. Grand Slam Mexico was held in partnership with the Mexican promotion [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre]] (CMLL), the owners and primary operators of Arena México. It aired [[Live television\|live]] as a [[List of AEW Dynamite special episodes\|special episode]] of ''Dynamite'', [[simulcast]] on [[TBS (American TV channel)\|TBS]] and the [[streaming service]] [[Max (streaming service)\|Max]] in the United States, and [[Fox Sports Mexico]] in Mexico. Tickets went on sale on April 26 and sold out within 48 hours.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.si.com/fannation/wrestling/aew/aew-grand-slam-mexico-announced-for-historic-wrestling-venue\|title=AEW Grand Slam Mexico Announced For Historic Wrestling Venue\|date=April 16, 2025\|last=Alba\|first=Jon\|work=[[Sports Illustrated]]\|access-date=April 16, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=April 28, 2025 \|title=AEW Grand Slam: Mexico Officially Sells Out Arena México \|url=https://www.pwmania.com/aew-grand-slam-mexico-officially-sells-out-arena-mexico \|access-date=April 28, 2025 \|website=PWMania \|author=PWMania.com Staff \|language=en-US}}</ref> Grand Slam Mexico had a special runtime of 2.5 hours instead of ''Dynamite''{{'}}s regular two hours.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/06/12/aew-dynamite-preview-the-card-for-wednesdays-aew-grand-slam-mexico/\|title=AEW Dynamite preview: The card for Wednesday's AEW Grand Slam: Mexico\|date=June 12, 2025\|last=Powell\|first=Jason\|work=[[Pro Wrestling Dot Net]]\|access-date=June 12, 2025}}</ref> ===Storylines=== Grand Slam Mexico featured [[Professional wrestling match types\|professional wrestling matches]] that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and [[Narrative thread\|storylines]]. Storylines were produced on AEW's weekly television programs, ''Dynamite'' and ''Collision'', as well as CMLL events.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/pro-wrestling.htm\|title=How Pro Wrestling Works\|last=Graianowski\|first=Ed\|date=January 13, 2006\|access-date=February 8, 2019\|work=HowStuffWorks, Inc.\|publisher=[[Discovery Communications]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129050844/http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/pro-wrestling.htm\|archive-date=November 29, 2013\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Results== <!--Please do not add any matches you may have heard on the internet or during taping without a reliable source, such as the company's official website or other reliable websites; instead, use the scratch space on the talk page. --> {{Pro wrestling results table \|times = <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/06/18/aew-dynamite-results-6-18-barnetts-live-review-of-grand-slam-mexico-with-mjf-vs-mistico-zeuxis-vs-mercedes-mone-for-the-cmll-womens-championship-kazuchika-okada-vs-mark-briscoe-in-a-n/\|title=AEW Dynamite results (6/18): Barnett's live review of Grand Slam Mexico with MJF vs. Mistico, Zeuxis vs. Mercedes Mone for the CMLL Women's Championship, Kazuchika Okada vs. Mark Briscoe in a non-title match\|first=Jake\|last=Barnett\|work=[[Pro Wrestling Dot Net]]\|date=June 18, 2025\|access-date=June 18, 2025}}</ref> \|match1 = [[Adam Cole]], [[Atlantis (wrestler)\|Atlantis]], [[Atlantis Jr.]], [[Bandido (wrestler)\|Bandido]], [[Brody King]], [[Daniel Garcia (wrestler)\|Daniel Garcia]], and [[Templario]] defeated [[Dax Harwood]], [[Don Callis Family]] ([[Hechicero]], [[Josh Alexander]], [[Konosuke Takeshita]], [[Kyle Fletcher]], and [[Lance Archer]]), and [[Volador Jr.]] (with [[Stokely Hathaway\|Stokely]]) by [[pinfall]] \|stip1 = [[14-man tag team match]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/12-man-tag-team-match-joins-aew-grand-slam-mexico-lineup\|title=12-Man Tag Team Match Joins AEW Grand Slam Mexico Lineup\|work=Fightful\|first=Andrew\|last=Thompson\|date=June 12, 2025\|access-date=June 12, 2025}}</ref> \|time1 = 15:41 \|match2 = [[Kazuchika Okada]] (with [[Don Callis]]) defeated [[Mark Briscoe]] by [[pinfall]] \|stip2 = [[Singles match (professional wrestling)\|Singles match]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/kazuchika-okada-vs-mark-briscoe-added-to-aew-grand-slam-mexico/\|title=Kazuchika Okada vs. Mark Briscoe added to AEW Grand Slam Mexico\|work=[[Wrestling Observer]]\|first=Bryan\|last=Rose\|date=June 13, 2025\|access-date=June 13, 2025}}</ref> \|time2 = 13:04 \|match3 = [[Místico]] defeated [[MJF]] (with [[Bobby Lashley]], [[Montel Vontavious Porter\|MVP]], and [[Shelton Benjamin]]) by [[disqualification (professional wrestling)\|disqualification]] \|stip3 = [[Singles match (professional wrestling)\|Singles match]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/mjf-going-full-american-bout-against-mistico-aew-grand-slam-mexico-refers-mistico-sloppy-sin-cara\|title=MJF Going Full Patriot For Bout Against Mistico At AEW Grand Slam Mexico, Refers To Mistico As 'Sloppy Sin Cara'\|work=Fightful\|first=Jeremy\|last=Lambert\|date=June 11, 2025\|access-date=June 11, 2025}}</ref> \|time3 = 16:48 \|match4 = [[Hologram (wrestler)\|Hologram]] defeated [[Lio Rush]], [[Máscara Dorada]], and [[Ricochet (wrestler)\|Ricochet]] by [[pinfall]] \|stip4 = [[Four-way match\|4 Million Pesos Four-way match]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/four-million-pesos-four-way-aew-grand-slam-mexico/\|title='Four million pesos four-way' added to AEW Grand Slam Mexico\|work=[[Wrestling Observer]]\|first=Josh\|last=Nason\|date=June 13, 2025\|access-date=June 13, 2025}}</ref> \|time4 = 15:28 \|match5 = [[Mercedes Moné]] defeated [[Zeuxis (wrestler)\|Zeuxis]] (c) by [[pinfall]] \|stip5 = [[Singles match (professional wrestling)\|Singles match]] for the [[CMLL World Women's Championship]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/mercedes-mone-challenging-zeuxis-cmll-world-women-s-championship-aew-grand-slam-mexico\|title=Mercedes Moné Challenging Zeuxis For CMLL World Women's Championship At AEW Grand Slam Mexico\|work=Fightful\|first=Andrew\|last=Thompson\|date=June 11, 2025\|access-date=June 12, 2025}}</ref> \|time5 = 9:31 \|match6 = [[The Beast Mortos]], [[Death Riders]] ([[Jon Moxley]] and [[Wheeler Yuta]]), and [[The Young Bucks]] ([[Matthew Jackson (wrestler)\|Matthew Jackson]] and [[Nicholas Jackson (wrestler)\|Nicholas Jackson]]) (with [[Marina Shafir]]) defeated [[The Opps]] ([[Samoa Joe]], [[Powerhouse Hobbs]], and [[Katsuyori Shibata]]), [[Swerve Strickland]], and [[Will Ospreay]] (with [[Prince Nana]]) by [[pinfall]] \|stip6 = [[10-man tag team match]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/death-riders-young-bucks-vs-opps-will-ospreay-swerve-strickland-added-aew-grand-slam-mexico\|title=Death Riders & Young Bucks vs. The Opps, Will Ospreay & Swerve Strickland Added To AEW Grand Slam Mexico\|work=Fightful\|first=Andrew\|last=Thompson\|date=June 12, 2025\|access-date=June 12, 2025}}</ref> \|time6 = 15:43 }} ==See also== [[CMLL vs. AEW & ROH]] [[Fantastica Mania#2025\|Fantastica Mania]] [[Global Wars Mexico]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Official website\|https://www.allelitewrestling.com/\|All Elite Wrestling Official website}} *{{Official website\|https://cmll.com/\|Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Official Website}} (in Spanish) {{All Elite Wrestling events\|Grand Slam}} {{CMLLShows}} [[Category:AEW Grand Slam\|Mexico]] [[Category:2025 in professional wrestling]] [[Category:Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre shows]] [[Category:June 2025 in Mexico]] [[Category:Professional wrestling joint shows]] [[Category:Professional wrestling shows in Mexico]]	1,305,131,049	[{"title": "Grand Slam Mexico", "data": {"Promotion(s)": "All Elite Wrestling \u00b7 Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre", "Date": "June 18, 2025", "City": "Mexico City, Mexico", "Venue": "Arena M\u00e9xico", "Attendance": "14,000"}}, {"title": "Grand Slam chronology", "data": {"\u2190 Previous \u00b7 Australia": "Next \u2192 \u00b7 \u2014"}}, {"title": "AEW Dynamite special episodes chronology", "data": {"\u2190 Previous \u00b7 Summer Blockbuster": "Next \u2192 \u00b7 Dynamite 300"}}]	false
# Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior The sinking of Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Opération Satanique, was an act of French state terrorism. Described as a "covert operation" by the "action" branch of the French foreign intelligence agency, the Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE), the terrorist attack was carried out on 10 July 1985. During the operation, two operatives (both French citizens) sank the flagship of the Greenpeace fleet, Rainbow Warrior, at the Port of Auckland on her way to a protest against a planned French nuclear test in Moruroa. Fernando Pereira, a photographer, drowned on the sinking ship. The sinking was a cause of embarrassment to France and President François Mitterrand. They initially denied responsibility, but two French agents were captured by New Zealand Police and charged with arson, conspiracy to commit arson, willful damage and murder. It resulted in a scandal that led to the resignation of the French Defence Minister Charles Hernu, while the two agents pleaded guilty to manslaughter and were sentenced to ten years in New Zealand prison. Despite being sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, due to pressures from the French state they spent merely two years confined to the French Polynesian island of Hao before being freed by the French government. France was also forced to apologise and had to pay reparations to New Zealand, Pereira's family and Greenpeace. ## Background France began testing nuclear weapons in 1966 on Mururoa Atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia. In 1985, the South Pacific nations of Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu signed the Treaty of Rarotonga declaring the region a nuclear-free zone. Since being acquired by Greenpeace in 1977, Rainbow Warrior was active in supporting several anti-whaling, anti-seal hunting, anti-nuclear testing and anti-nuclear waste dumping campaigns during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Since early 1985, the ship was based in the southern Pacific Ocean, where its crew campaigned against nuclear testing. After relocating 300 Marshall Islanders from Rongelap Atoll, which had been polluted by radioactive fallout by past American nuclear tests, it travelled to New Zealand to lead a flotilla of yachts protesting French nuclear testing at the Mururoa Atoll. During previous nuclear tests at Mururoa, protest ships had been boarded by French commandos after sailing into the shipping exclusion zone around the atoll. For the 1985 tests, Greenpeace intended to monitor the impact of nuclear tests and place protesters on the island to monitor the blasts. French agents posing as interested supporters or tourists toured the ship while it was open to public viewing. DGSE agent Christine Cabon, who had previously worked on intelligence missions in the Middle East, posed as environmentalist "Frederique Bonlieu" to infiltrate the Greenpeace office in Auckland. While working for the Auckland office, Cabon secretly monitored communications from Rainbow Warrior, collected maps and investigated underwater equipment. ## Opération Satanique Three agents on board the yacht Ouvéa imported the limpet mines used for the bombing. Two more agents, Dominique Prieur and Alain Mafart, posing as the newlywed couple "Sophie and Alain Turenge", picked up the mines and delivered them to the bombing team, consisting of the divers Jean Camas ("Jacques Camurier") and Jean-Luc Kister ("Alain Tonel"). After sufficient information had been gathered, Camas and Kister attached two limpet mines to Rainbow Warrior berthed at Marsden Wharf. They were detonated seven minutes apart. The first bomb went off at 23:38, blasting a hole about the size of an average car. While the ship was initially evacuated, some of the crew returned to the ship to investigate and film the damage. Portuguese-Dutch photographer, Fernando Pereira, returned below deck to fetch his camera equipment. At 23:45, the second bomb went off. Pereira drowned in the rapid flooding that followed, and the other ten crew members either safely abandoned ship on the order of Captain Peter Willcox or were thrown into the water by the second explosion. Rainbow Warrior partially sank four minutes later. ## New Zealand reaction and investigation After the bombing, the New Zealand Police started one of the country's largest police investigations. They identified two of the French agents, Captain Dominique Prieur and Commander Alain Mafart, as possible suspects. Prieur and Mafart were identified with the help of a Neighbourhood Watch group and arrested. Both were questioned and investigated. Because they were carrying Swiss passports, their true identities were discovered, along with the French government's responsibility. The other agents of the French team all escaped from New Zealand. Christine Cabon, whose role had ended before the bombing, had left for Israel immediately before the sinking. After she was identified as a participant in the operation, Auckland police requested that the Israeli authorities detain her. Cabon was tipped off and fled before she could be arrested. Three other agents, Chief Petty Officer Roland Verge ("Raymond Velche"), Petty Officer Jean-Michel Bartelo ("Jean-Michel Berthelo") and Petty Officer Gérard Andries ("Eric Audrenc"), who had carried the bombs to New Zealand on the yacht Ouvéa, escaped by that yacht and were arrested by Australian police on Norfolk Island. New Zealand sent a team of detectives and a forensic scientist to Norfolk Island to interview the suspects and collect evidence. They required time to analyse the evidence before making arrests. The Australian authorities gave the New Zealand team a day to make a decision, after which the suspects were released. They were then picked up by the French submarine Rubis, after they scuttled Ouvéa. New Zealand issued arrest warrants for the Ouvéa crew on 26 July on charges of arson and murder, by which time the crew had left Australian jurisdiction. Several agents, including Jean-Luc Kister, one of the bombers, had posed as tourists. They took a ferry to the South Island, went skiing at Mount Hutt, and then left the country using false documents about ten days later. Another agent, Louis-Pierre Dillais, possibly the commander of the operation, was also never captured. ## France implicated France, being an ally of New Zealand, initially denied involvement and joined in condemning what it described as a terrorist act. The French embassy in Wellington denied involvement, stating that "the French Government does not deal with its opponents in such ways". Once it was realised that the bombing was the action of the government of a friendly state, the New Zealand government stopped referring to it as a "terrorist act", instead calling it "a criminal attack in breach of the international law of state responsibility, committed on New Zealand sovereign territory". The "breach of international law" aspect was referred to in all communications with the United Nations to dissuade any arguments from the French government that might imply justification for their act. Prieur and Mafart pleaded guilty to manslaughter and were sentenced to ten years' imprisonment on 22 November 1985. France threatened an economic embargo of New Zealand's exports to the European Economic Community if the pair were not released. Such an action would have crippled the New Zealand economy, which was dependent on agricultural exports to the United Kingdom. France launched their own commission of enquiry headed by Bernard Tricot which declared the French government innocent of any involvement in the terrorist act, claiming that the arrested agents, who had not yet pleaded guilty, had merely been spying on Greenpeace. When The Times and Le Monde contradicted these findings by claiming that President Mitterrand had approved the bombing, Defence Minister Charles Hernu resigned and the head of the DGSE, Admiral Pierre Lacoste, was fired. Operation Satanic was a public relations disaster. Eventually Prime Minister Laurent Fabius admitted the bombing had been a French plot. On 22 September 1985, he summoned journalists to his office to read a 200-word statement in which he said: "The truth is cruel," and acknowledged there had been a cover-up. He went on to say that "Agents of the French secret service sank this boat. They were acting on orders." ## Aftermath Several figures, including then New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange, have referred to the bombing as an act of terrorism or state-sponsored terrorism, with scholars since describing the attack as an act of state terrorism. ### Nuclear testing The next nuclear test Héro was conducted at Mururoa on 24 October 1985 with a yield of two kilotonnes of TNT (8.4 TJ). France conducted 54 more nuclear tests until the end of nuclear testing in 1996. ### Greenpeace andRainbow Warrior A Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior benefit concert at Mount Smart Stadium, Auckland, on 5 April 1986 included performances by Herbs, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, Graham Nash, Topp Twins, Dave Dobbyn and a Split Enz reunion. Rainbow Warrior was refloated for forensic examination. She was deemed irreparable and scuttled in Matauri Bay, near the Cavalli Islands on 12 December 1987, to serve as a dive wreck and fish sanctuary. Her masts had been removed and put on display at the Dargaville Maritime Museum. Greenpeace acquired a new ship and gave it the name Rainbow Warrior earlier that same year. On 14 October 2011, Greenpeace launched a new sailing vessel, again called Rainbow Warrior, which is equipped with an auxiliary electric motor. The ships are informally known as Rainbow Warrior II and Rainbow Warrior III, respectively. ### Reparations In 1987, after international pressure, France paid $8.16m to Greenpeace in damages, which helped finance another ship. It also paid compensation to the Pereira family, reimbursing his life insurance company for 30,000 Dutch guilders and making reparation payments of 650,000 francs to Pereira's wife, 1.5 million francs to his two children, and 75,000 francs to each of his parents. ### Foreign relations The failure of Western leaders to condemn a violation of a friendly nation's sovereignty caused a great deal of change in New Zealand's foreign and defence policy. New Zealand distanced itself from the United States, a traditional ally, and built relationships with small South Pacific nations, while retaining excellent relations with Australia and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom. In June 1986, in a political deal with Prime Minister of New Zealand David Lange, presided over by United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, France agreed to pay NZ$13 million (US$6.5 million) to New Zealand and apologise, in return for which Alain Mafart and Dominique Prieur would be detained at the French military base on Hao Atoll for three years. However, the two agents had both returned to France by May 1988, after less than two years on the atoll. Mafart returned to Paris on 14 December 1987 for medical treatment and was apparently freed after the treatment. He continued in the French Army and was promoted to colonel in 1993. Prieur returned to France on 6 May 1988 because she was pregnant, her husband having been allowed to join her on the atoll. She, too, was freed and later promoted. The removal of the agents from Hao without subsequent return was ruled to be in violation of the 1986 agreement. Following the breach of the arrangement, in 1990 the UN secretary-general awarded New Zealand another NZ$3.5 million (US$2 million) to establish the New Zealand / France Friendship Fund. Although France had formally apologised to the New Zealand Government in 1986, during a visit in April 1991, French Prime Minister Michel Rocard delivered a personal apology. He said it was "to turn the page in the relationship and to say, if we had known each other better, this thing never would have happened". The Friendship Fund has provided contributions to a number of charity and public purposes. During a visit in 2016, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls reiterated that the incident had been "a serious error". ### Further investigations In 2005, French newspaper Le Monde released a report from 1986 which said that Admiral Pierre Lacoste, head of DGSE at the time, had "personally obtained approval to sink the ship from the late president François Mitterrand." Soon after the publication, former Admiral Lacoste came forward and gave newspaper interviews about the situation, admitting that the death weighed on his conscience and saying that the aim of the operation had not been to kill. He acknowledged the existence of three teams: the yacht crew, reconnaissance and logistics (those successfully prosecuted), plus a two-man team that carried out the bombing. A 20th anniversary memorial edition of the 1986 book Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior by New Zealand author David Robie—who was aboard the bombed ship—was published in July 2005. ### French agents Twenty years after the bombing, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) sought access to a video record made at the preliminary hearing in which the two French agents pleaded guilty. The footage had remained sealed since shortly after the conclusion of the criminal proceedings. The two agents opposed release of the footage and unsuccessfully took the case to the New Zealand Court of Appeal and, subsequently, the Supreme Court of New Zealand. On 7 August 2006, Justices Hammond, O'Regan and Arnold dismissed the former French agents' appeal and TVNZ broadcast their guilty pleas the same day. In 2005, in an interview with TVNZ, Louis-Pierre Dillais acknowledged his involvement with the bombing. In 2007, the New Zealand Green Party criticised the government over its purchase of arms from Belgian arms manufacturer FN Herstal, whose U.S. subsidiary was led by Dillais. At that time, Greenpeace was still pursuing the extradition of Dillais for his involvement in the act. In 2006, Antoine Royal revealed that his brother, Gérard Royal, had claimed to be involved in planting the bomb. Their sister is French Socialist Party politician Ségolène Royal who was contesting the French presidential election. Other sources identified Royal as the pilot of the Zodiac inflatable boat that carried the bombers. The New Zealand government announced there would be no extradition request since the case was closed. In September 2015, TVNZ's Sunday programme tracked down Jean-Luc Kister, one of the two bombers. Kister, who retired from the DGSE in about 2000, admitted his lead role and feelings of responsibility for the lethal attack. He also pointed to the French president, as commander of the armed forces and intelligence services assigned the operation. Reporter John Hudson, who spent two days with Kister in France, said that Kister "wanted an opportunity to talk about his role in the bombing... It has been on his conscience for 30 years. He said to us, 'secret agents don't talk', but he is talking. I think he wanted to be understood." Kister considered the mission "a big, big failure". ## Rainbow Warrior memorial Built between 1988 and 1990, a memorial for the Rainbow Warrior was created by New Zealand sculptor Chris Booth. The memorial was erected in Matauri Bay in Northland, New Zealand. It was commissioned by Ngati Kura and New Zealand China Clays. ## In popular culture The sinking, and subsequent investigation, was the subject of several films, including The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy (1988), The Rainbow Warrior (1993) and Claudia Pond-Eyley's Departure and Return: The Final Journey of the Rainbow Warrior (2006) Murder in the Pacific is a three-part documentary about the sinking, directed by Chloe Campbell. It was broadcast on BBC2 in March 2023. The 1985 song "Hercules" by the Australian band Midnight Oil is about the sinking. In 1990 New Zealand singer/songwriter Martin Curtis recorded and released "The End of the Rainbow", on the album The Daisy Patch. The 1989 song "Little Fighter", by the Danish/American band White Lion, is about the sinking. It is also referenced in the 2004 song "Walkampf" by German punk band Die Toten Hosen. In 2005, a supergroup of New Zealand musicians and artists recorded a cover of Anchor Me, by the New Zealand rock band The Mutton Birds, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the bombing. The song peaked at No. 3 in the New Zealand singles chart.	enwiki/2298023	enwiki	2,298,023	Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior	2025-08-08T21:56:58Z	en	Q460731	511,187	{{short description\|1985 covert attack by French foreign intelligence service on a Greenpeace ship}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2019}} {{Use New Zealand English\|date=December 2022}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:Sinking of the ''Rainbow Warrior''}} {{Infobox civil conflict \| title = Sinking of ''Rainbow Warrior'' \| subtitle = \| partof = \| image = Schip Rainbow Warrior van Greenpeace in Scheveningen, Bestanddeelnr 930-2632.jpg \| image_size = 330px \| caption = ''[[Rainbow Warrior (1955)\|Rainbow Warrior]]'' pictured in [[Scheveningen]] in 1979 \| date = {{date and age\|1985\|7\|10\|df=yes\|p=yes}} \| time-begin = 11:38 p.m. \| time-end = 11:45 p.m. \| timezone = [[NZST]]; [[UTC+12:00]] \| place = [[Ports of Auckland]]<br />[[Auckland]], New Zealand \| coordinates = {{Coord\|36\|50\|32\|S\|174\|46\|18\|E\|region:NZ-AUK_type:event\|display=inline,title}} \| causes = Retaliation for protests by Greenpeace against French nuclear testing \| goals = To sink ''[[Rainbow Warrior (1955)\|Rainbow Warrior]]'' \| methods = Bombing \| status = \| result = ''Rainbow Warrior'' sunk, Fernando Pereira killed \| side1 = {{flagcountry\|France\|1974}} \| side2 = {{nowrap\|{{flagicon image\|Pennant of Greenpeace.svg}} [[Greenpeace]]}} \| side3 = {{flagcountry\|New Zealand}} \| leadfigures1 = {{ubil\| President [[François Mitterrand]]\| Defence Minister [[Charles Hernu]]\| [[DGSE]] ([[Action Division]]){{efn\|Including: * [[Pierre Lacoste]] * [[Dominique Prieur]] * [[Alain Mafart]] * Christine Cabon * Roland Verge * Jean-Michel Bartelo * Gérard Andries * Jean-Luc Kister * Jean Camas * [[Gérard Royal]] * [[Louis-Pierre Dillais]]}}}} \| leadfigures2 = {{ubil\| Skipper [[Peter Willcox]]\| First mate [[Martini Gotje]]}} \| leadfigures3 = {{ubil\| Prime Minister [[David Lange]]<!-- \|Police Commissioner [[Ken Thompson (police commissioner)\|Ken Thompson]] \|Police Minister [[Ann Hercus]]-->}} \| units1 = {{ubli\|''[[Ouvéa (ship)\|Ouvéa]]''\|''[[French submarine Rubis (S601)\|Provence]]''}} \| units2 = ''[[Rainbow Warrior (1955)\|Rainbow Warrior]]'' \| units3 = [[New Zealand Police]] \| howmany1 = \| howmany2 = \| howmany3 = \| casualties1 = None \| casualties2 = [[Fernando Pereira\|1 killed]] \| casualties3 = None \| fatalities = \| injuries = \| arrests = 2 French agents arrested (later released) \| detentions = 3 French agents temporarily detained \| charged = }} The '''sinking of ''Rainbow Warrior''''', codenamed '''Opération Satanique''',<ref name=satanic>{{Cite news \|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/mitterrand-ordered-bombing-of-rainbow-warrior-spy-chief-says-3kl9n65m8g2 \|title=Mitterrand ordered bombing of Rainbow Warrior, spy chief says \|access-date=16 November 2006 \|work=[[The Times]] \|location=London \|first=Charles \|last=Bremner \|date=11 July 2005 \|archive-date=31 January 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131082027/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/article1980551.ece \|url-status=live }}</ref> was an act of French [[state terrorism]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=International Terrorism and Australian Foreign Policy\|url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUFPPlatypus/1987/3.pdf\|author=Selth, Andrew\|website=AustLII\|access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> Described as a "covert operation" by the [[Division Action\|"action" branch]] of the French foreign [[intelligence agency]], the [[Directorate-General for External Security]] (DGSE), the terrorist attack was carried out on 10 July 1985. During the operation, two operatives (both French citizens) sank the [[flagship]] of the [[Greenpeace]] fleet, ''[[Rainbow Warrior (1955)\|Rainbow Warrior]]'', at the [[Ports of Auckland#Port of Auckland\|Port of Auckland]] on her way to a protest against a planned French [[nuclear test]] in [[Moruroa]]. [[Fernando Pereira]], a photographer, drowned on the sinking ship. The sinking was a cause of embarrassment to France and President [[François Mitterrand]]. They initially denied responsibility, but two French agents were captured by [[New Zealand Police]] and charged with [[arson]], [[Criminal conspiracy\|conspiracy]] to commit arson, [[Vandalism\|willful damage]] and [[murder]]. It resulted in a scandal that led to the resignation of the [[French Defence Minister]] [[Charles Hernu]], while the two agents pleaded guilty to [[manslaughter]] and were sentenced to ten years in New Zealand prison. Despite being sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, due to pressures from the French state they spent merely two years confined to the French Polynesian island of [[Hao (French Polynesia)\|Hao]] before being freed by the French government.<ref name=UN/> France was also forced to apologise and had to pay reparations to New Zealand, Pereira's family and Greenpeace. ==Background== France began [[France and weapons of mass destruction\|testing nuclear weapons]] in 1966 on [[Mururoa Atoll]] in the [[Tuamotu Archipelago]] of [[French Polynesia]]. In 1985, the South Pacific nations of [[Australia]], the [[Cook Islands]], [[Fiji]], [[Kiribati]], [[Nauru]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niue]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]] and [[Vanuatu]] signed the [[Treaty of Rarotonga]] declaring the region a nuclear-free zone.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Truver \|first=Scott C. \|year=1986 \|title=Maritime Terrorism, 1985 \|journal=Proceedings \|volume=112 \|issue=5 \|pages=160–173 \|publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]]}}</ref> Since being acquired by Greenpeace in 1977, ''Rainbow Warrior'' was active in supporting several anti-whaling, anti-seal hunting, anti-nuclear testing and anti-nuclear waste dumping campaigns during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Since early 1985, the ship was based in the southern Pacific Ocean, where its crew campaigned against nuclear testing. After relocating 300 [[Marshall Islands\|Marshall Islanders]] from [[Rongelap Atoll]], which had been polluted by radioactive fallout by past American nuclear tests, it travelled to New Zealand to lead a flotilla of yachts protesting French nuclear testing at the Mururoa Atoll.<ref name="GREEN">[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/mejato/ The evacuation of Rongelap] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916100156/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/mejato/ \|date=16 September 2012 }} (from the [[Greenpeace]] website. Accessed 12 July 2010.)</ref> During previous nuclear tests at Mururoa, protest ships had been boarded by French commandos after sailing into the shipping exclusion zone around the atoll. For the 1985 tests, Greenpeace intended to monitor the impact of nuclear tests and place protesters on the island to monitor the blasts. French agents posing as interested supporters or tourists toured the ship while it was open to public viewing. [[Directorate-General for External Security\|DGSE]] agent Christine Cabon, who had previously worked on intelligence missions in the Middle East, posed as environmentalist "Frederique Bonlieu" to infiltrate the Greenpeace office in [[Auckland]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/rainbow-warrior-spy-tracked-down-in-france-32-years-after-bombing-20170709-gx7iuw.html \|title=Rainbow Warrior spy tracked down in France 32 years after bombing \|first=Cecile Meier and Kelly \|last=Dennett \|date=9 July 2017 \|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] \|access-date=29 September 2019 \|archive-date=10 May 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510115822/https://www.smh.com.au/world/rainbow-warrior-spy-tracked-down-in-france-32-years-after-bombing-20170709-gx7iuw.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article127539047 The French Government and Greenpeace Agents back in court on Friday] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501094244/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/127539047 \|date=1 May 2023 }} ''[[The Canberra Times]]'', 20 November 1985, at [[National Library of Australia#Trove\|Trove]]</ref> While working for the Auckland office, Cabon secretly monitored communications from ''Rainbow Warrior'', collected maps and investigated underwater equipment. ==''Opération Satanique''== {{refimprove section\|date=July 2020}} [[File:Fernando Pereira by David Robie.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Fernando Pereira]], a photographer who was trapped and drowned in the sinking ship]] Three agents on board the yacht ''[[Ouvéa (ship)\|Ouvéa]]'' imported the [[limpet mines]] used for the bombing. Two more agents, [[Dominique Prieur]] and [[Alain Mafart]], posing as the newlywed couple "Sophie and Alain Turenge", picked up the mines and delivered them to the bombing team, consisting of the divers Jean Camas ("Jacques Camurier") and Jean-Luc Kister ("Alain Tonel"). After sufficient information had been gathered, Camas and Kister attached two limpet mines to ''Rainbow Warrior'' berthed at Marsden Wharf. They were detonated seven minutes apart.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10656635 \|title=At the end of the Rainbow \|date=8 July 2015 \|publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]] \|access-date=27 July 2016 \|archive-date=4 March 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134546/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10656635 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The first bomb went off at 23:38, blasting a hole about the size of an average car. While the ship was initially evacuated, some of the crew returned to the ship to investigate and film the damage. Portuguese-Dutch photographer, [[Fernando Pereira]], returned below deck to fetch his camera equipment. At 23:45, the second bomb went off. Pereira drowned in the rapid flooding that followed, and the other ten crew members either safely abandoned ship on the order of Captain [[Peter Willcox]] or were thrown into the water by the second explosion. ''Rainbow Warrior'' partially sank four minutes later. == New Zealand reaction and investigation == [[File:RainbowWarriorAmsterdam1981.jpg\|thumb\|''Rainbow Warrior'', 1981]] After the bombing, the [[New Zealand Police]] started one of the country's largest police investigations. They identified two of the French agents, Captain [[Dominique Prieur]] and Commander [[Alain Mafart]], as possible suspects. Prieur and Mafart were identified with the help of a [[Neighbourhood Watch]] group and arrested. Both were questioned and investigated. Because they were carrying [[Swiss passport]]s, their true identities were discovered, along with the French government's responsibility.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=King \|first=Michael \|title=Death of the Rainbow Warrior \|date=1986 \|publisher=Penguin \|isbn=0-14-009738-4 \|location=Auckland, N.Z. \|pages=171 \|oclc=14638318 }}</ref> The other agents of the French team all escaped from New Zealand. Christine Cabon, whose role had ended before the bombing, had left for [[Israel]] immediately before the sinking. After she was identified as a participant in the operation, Auckland police requested that the Israeli authorities detain her. Cabon was tipped off and fled before she could be arrested.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11887992 \|title=Rainbow Warrior spy Christine Cabon breaks 32-year silence \|date=8 July 2017 \|via=[[The New Zealand Herald]] \|access-date=31 May 2018 \|archive-date=16 June 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203809/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11887992 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Three other agents, Chief Petty Officer Roland Verge ("Raymond Velche"), Petty Officer Jean-Michel Bartelo ("Jean-Michel Berthelo") and Petty Officer Gérard Andries ("Eric Audrenc"), who had carried the bombs to New Zealand on the yacht ''[[Ouvéa (ship)\|Ouvéa]]'', escaped by that yacht and were arrested by Australian police on [[Norfolk Island]]. New Zealand sent a team of detectives and a forensic scientist to Norfolk Island to interview the suspects and collect evidence. They required time to analyse the evidence before making arrests. The Australian authorities gave the New Zealand team a day to make a decision, after which the suspects were released. They were then picked up by the French [[submarine]] ''[[French submarine Rubis (S601)\|Rubis]]'', after they [[scuttling\|scuttled]] ''Ouvéa''. New Zealand issued arrest warrants for the Ouvéa crew on 26 July on charges of arson and murder, by which time the crew had left Australian jurisdiction.<ref name=Greenpeace>{{cite web \|url=http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/rw/pkbomb.html \|title=The Bombing of the Warrior \|publisher=[[Greenpeace]] \|work=Rainbow Warrior home page \|access-date=4 November 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310214637/http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/rw/pkbomb.html \|archive-date=10 March 2012 \|url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Robie \|first1=David \|title=Australia obstructed probe into deadly 'Rainbow Warrior' bombing \|url=https://declassifiedaus.org/2025/07/01/australia-obstructed-probe-rainbow-warrior-bombing/ \|website=Declassified Australia \|access-date=13 July 2025 \|language=en-AU \|date=1 July 2025}}</ref> [[File:RainbowWarrior-1985b.jpg\|thumb\|''Rainbow Warrior'', 1985 in Auckland]] Several agents, including Jean-Luc Kister, one of the bombers, had posed as tourists. They took a ferry to the South Island, went skiing at [[Mount Hutt]], and then left the country using false documents about ten days later.<ref name="bomber unmasked"/> Another agent, [[Louis-Pierre Dillais]], possibly the commander of the operation, was also never captured.<ref name="Greenpeace"/> ==France implicated== France, being an ally of New Zealand, initially denied involvement and joined in condemning what it described as a [[Definitions of terrorism\|terrorist act]]. The French embassy in [[Wellington]] denied involvement, stating that "the French Government does not deal with its opponents in such ways".<ref name=diary>Diary compiled by Mike Andrews (Secretary of the Dargaville Maritime Museum)</ref> Once it was realised that the bombing was the action of the government of a friendly state, the New Zealand government stopped referring to it as a "terrorist act", instead calling it "a criminal attack in breach of the [[international law]] of [[state responsibility]], committed on New Zealand sovereign territory". The "breach of international law" aspect was referred to in all communications with the [[United Nations]] to dissuade any arguments from the French government that might imply justification for their act.<ref name="Greenpeace"/> Prieur and Mafart pleaded guilty to [[manslaughter]] and were sentenced to ten years' imprisonment on 22 November 1985. France threatened an economic embargo of New Zealand's exports to the [[European Economic Community]] if the pair were not released.<ref name=NYT_031087>{{Cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/03/world/france-must-pay-greenpeace-8-million-in-sinking-of-ship.html \|title=France Must Pay Greenpeace $8 Million in Sinking of Ship \|last=Shabecoff \|first=Philip \|date=3 October 1987 \|work=[[New York Times]] \|access-date=11 April 2010 \|archive-date=19 October 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019065157/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/03/world/france-must-pay-greenpeace-8-million-in-sinking-of-ship.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Such an action would have crippled the [[New Zealand economy]], which was dependent on agricultural exports to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Szabo \|first=Michael \|title=Making waves \|date=1991 \|publisher=Reed \|others=Greenpeace New Zealand \|isbn=0-7900-0230-2 \|location=Auckland [N.Z.] \|oclc=27687705 }}</ref> France launched their own commission of enquiry headed by Bernard Tricot which declared the French government innocent of any involvement in the terrorist act, claiming that the arrested agents, who had not yet pleaded guilty, had merely been spying on Greenpeace. When ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[Le Monde]]'' contradicted these findings by claiming that [[President Mitterrand]] had approved the bombing, Defence Minister [[Charles Hernu]] resigned and the head of the DGSE, Admiral [[Pierre Lacoste]], was fired. ''Operation Satanic'' was a public relations disaster. Eventually [[Prime Minister of France\|Prime Minister]] [[Laurent Fabius]] admitted the bombing had been a French plot. On 22 September 1985, he summoned journalists to his office to read a 200-word statement in which he said: "The truth is cruel," and acknowledged there had been a cover-up. He went on to say that "Agents of the French secret service sank this boat. They were acting on orders."<ref>''Evening Mail'' – Monday 23 September 1985</ref> ==Aftermath== Several figures, including then New Zealand Prime Minister [[David Lange]], have referred to the bombing as an act of [[terrorism]]<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Brown \|first1=Paul \|last2=Evans \|first2=Rob \|name-list-style=and \|date=23 August 2005 \|title=How Rainbow Warrior was played down \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/23/uk.freedomofinformation \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903031446/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/23/uk.freedomofinformation \|archive-date=3 September 2017 \|access-date=3 September 2017 \|work=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref> or [[state-sponsored terrorism]],<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Page \|first1=Campbell \|last2=Templeton \|first2=Ian \|name-list-style=and \|date=24 September 1985 \|title=French inquiry into Rainbow Warrior bombing \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/24/rainbow-warrior-sinking-greenpeace-france-1985-archive \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903031605/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/24/rainbow-warrior-sinking-greenpeace-france-1985-archive \|archive-date=3 September 2017 \|access-date=3 September 2017 \|work=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Reality behind the Rainbow Warrior outrage \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10333759 \|access-date=2 September 2017 \|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] \|date=2 July 2005 \|language=en-NZ \|archive-date=3 September 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903032314/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10333759 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Conte \|first=Alex \|title=Human Rights in the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism: Commonwealth Approaches: The United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand \|date=2010 \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|isbn=978-3642116087 \|page=86 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJsqayP3OD8C&pg=PA86 \|language=en \|access-date=26 September 2020 \|archive-date=3 August 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803001604/https://books.google.com/books?id=pJsqayP3OD8C&pg=PA86 \|url-status=live }}</ref> with scholars since describing the attack as an act of state terrorism.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Robie \|first=David \|date=2016-07-31 \|title=Frontline: The Rainbow Warrior, secrecy and state terrorism: A Pacific journalism case study \|journal=Pacific Journalism Review \|volume=22 \|issue=1 \|pages=187 \|doi=10.24135/pjr.v22i1.19 \|issn=2324-2035 \|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Clark \|first=Roger S \|date=1988 \|title=State Terrorism: Some Lessons from the Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior \|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/rutlj20&i=403 \|journal=[[Rutgers Law Journal]] \|publisher=[[HeinOnline]] \|volume=20 \|issue=2 \|pages=393–414 \|url-access=subscription \|access-date=28 December 2022 \|archive-date=27 December 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227124850/https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/rutlj20&i=403 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Veitch \|first=James \|date=1 July 2010 \|title='A Sordid Act': The 'Rainbow Warrior' Incident \|url=https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.217447756197214 \|journal=New Zealand International Review \|volume=35 \|issue=4 \|pages=6–9 \|url-access=subscription \|access-date=28 December 2022 \|via=[[InformIT (publisher)\|InformIT]] \|archive-date=1 May 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501094238/https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.217447756197214 \|url-status=live }}</ref> ===Nuclear testing=== The next nuclear test ''Héro'' was conducted at Mururoa on 24 October 1985 with a yield of {{convert\|2\|ktTNT\|spell=in}}. France conducted 54 more nuclear tests until the end of nuclear testing in 1996.<ref name=Hero>{{cite web \|author=Capcom Espace \|year=2005 \|title=Les essais nucleaire Francaispublisher=Capcom Espace \|url=http://www.capcomespace.net/dossiers/espace_europeen/albion/essais_nucleaire_francais_listing.htm \|accessdate=6 February 2022 \|archive-date=26 March 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326035525/http://www.opex360.com/2015/02/19/le-president-hollande-devoile-les-capacites-nucleaires-francaises \|url-status=live }}</ref> ===Greenpeace and ''Rainbow Warrior''=== A Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior benefit concert at [[Mount Smart Stadium]], Auckland, on 5 April 1986 included performances by [[Herbs (band)\|Herbs]], [[Neil Young]], [[Jackson Browne]], [[Graham Nash]], [[Topp Twins]], [[Dave Dobbyn]] and a [[Split Enz]] reunion.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/rainbow-warrior-music-festival \|title=Rainbow Warrior music festival \|work=NZHistory \|publisher=History Group of the [[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] \|access-date=17 April 2014 \|archive-date=19 April 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012025/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/rainbow-warrior-music-festival \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.frenzforum.com/topic/rainbow-warrior-concert-1986 \|title=Rainbow Warrior concert 1986 \|date=14 July 2006 \|work=Frenz Forum \|access-date=17 April 2014 \|archive-date=8 March 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308124554/https://www.frenzforum.com/topic/rainbow-warrior-concert-1986 \|url-status=live }}</ref> ''Rainbow Warrior'' was refloated for forensic examination. She was deemed irreparable and scuttled in [[Matauri Bay]], near the [[Cavalli Islands]] on 12 December 1987, to serve as a [[dive wreck]] and fish sanctuary.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://www.nzgeographic.co.nz/archives/issue-23/wreck-to-reef-the-transfiguration-of-the-rainbow-warrior \|title=Wreck to reef-the transfiguration of the Rainbow Warrior \|journal=New Zealand Geographic \|issue=23 \|date=Jul–Sep 1994 \|access-date=30 October 2012 \|archive-date=13 March 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313060659/http://nzgeographic.co.nz/archives/issue-23/wreck-to-reef-the-transfiguration-of-the-rainbow-warrior \|url-status=live }}</ref> Her masts had been removed and put on display at the [[Dargaville]] Maritime Museum. Greenpeace acquired a new ship and gave it the name ''Rainbow Warrior'' earlier that same year. On 14 October 2011, Greenpeace launched a new sailing vessel, again called ''[[Rainbow Warrior (2011)\|Rainbow Warrior]]'', which is equipped with an auxiliary electric motor.<ref>[http://anewwarrior.greenpeace.org/ Rainbow Warrior] {{Webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119181059/http://anewwarrior.greenpeace.org/ \|date=19 November 2011 }} [[Greenpeace International]], October 2011. Accessed 10 February 2015</ref> The ships are informally known as ''Rainbow Warrior II'' and ''Rainbow Warrior III'', respectively. ===Reparations=== [[File:Rainbow Warrior Memorial .jpg\|alt=Rainbow Warrior Memorial\|thumb\|The ''Rainbow Warrior'' Memorial from above]] In 1987, after international pressure, France paid $8.16m to Greenpeace in damages, which helped finance another ship.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Willsher \|first=Kim \|title=French Spy who sank Greenpeace ship apologises for lethal bombing \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/06/french-spy-who-sunk-greenpeace-ship-apologises-for-lethal-bombing \|access-date=7 May 2016 \|work=[[The Guardian]] \|date=6 September 2015 \|ref=French Spy apologises \|archive-date=4 June 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604032806/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/06/french-spy-who-sunk-greenpeace-ship-apologises-for-lethal-bombing \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Boczek 2005">{{cite book \|last=Boczek \|first=Boleslaw Adam \|title=International Law: A Dictionary \|date=2005 \|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc \|location=Maryland \|isbn=0-8108-5078-8 \|page=97 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NR7mFXCB-wgC&q=french+government+apologises+to+New+zealand+for+rainbow+warrior+1986&pg=PA97 \|access-date=7 May 2016 \|archive-date=3 August 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803001605/https://books.google.com/books?id=NR7mFXCB-wgC&q=french+government+apologises+to+New+zealand+for+rainbow+warrior+1986&pg=PA97 \|url-status=live }}</ref> It also paid compensation to the Pereira family, reimbursing his life insurance company for 30,000 [[Dutch guilder]]s and making reparation payments of 650,000 [[French franc\|franc]]s to Pereira's wife, 1.5 million francs to his two children, and 75,000 francs to each of his parents.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Reports of International Arbitral Awards : Case concerning the differences between New Zealand and France arising from the Rainbow Warrior affair \|date=6 July 1986 \|publisher=United Nations \|pages=199–221 \|url=http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XIX/199-221.pdf \|access-date=7 May 2016 \|archive-date=3 April 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403071528/http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XIX/199-221.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== The failure of Western leaders to condemn a violation of a friendly nation's sovereignty caused a great deal of change in New Zealand's foreign and defence policy.<ref>[[Keith Sinclair]], ''A History of New Zealand'' [[Penguin Books]], New Zealand, 1991</ref> New Zealand distanced itself from the United States, a traditional ally, and built relationships with small South Pacific nations, while retaining excellent relations with Australia and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom.<ref>''Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way'', The Right Honourable [[David Lange]], Penguin Books, New Zealand, 1990</ref> [[File:Atoll de Hao (prise de vue - l'infirmerie).jpg\|thumb\|Hao atoll]] In June 1986, in a political deal with [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] [[David Lange]], presided over by [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]], France agreed to pay NZ$13 million (US$6.5 million) to New Zealand and apologise, in return for which [[Alain Mafart]] and [[Dominique Prieur]] would be detained at the French military base on [[Hao (French Polynesia)\|Hao Atoll]] for three years. However, the two agents had both returned to France by May 1988, after less than two years on the atoll. Mafart returned to Paris on 14 December 1987 for medical treatment and was apparently freed after the treatment. He continued in the French Army and was promoted to colonel in 1993. Prieur returned to France on 6 May 1988 because she was pregnant, her husband having been allowed to join her on the atoll. She, too, was freed and later promoted. The removal of the agents from Hao without subsequent return was ruled to be in violation of the 1986 agreement.<ref name=UN>{{Cite journal \|url=http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XX/215-284.pdf \|date=30 April 1990 \|title=Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two states and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair \|journal=Reports of International Arbitral Awards \|volume=XX \|pages=215–284, especially p 275 \|access-date=21 October 2013 \|archive-date=27 May 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193734/http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XX/215-284.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> Following the breach of the arrangement, in 1990 the UN [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar\|secretary-general]] awarded New Zealand another NZ$3.5 million (US$2 million) to establish the New Zealand / France Friendship Fund.<ref name="Boczek 2005"/> Although France had formally apologised to the New Zealand Government in 1986,<ref>{{cite news \|title=French send PM letters of apology \|work=[[Auckland Star]] \|location=Auckland \|date=23 July 1986}}</ref> during a visit in April 1991, French Prime Minister [[Michel Rocard]] delivered a personal apology.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Armstrong \|first=John \|title=Reality behind the Rainbow Warrior outrage \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10333759 \|access-date=7 May 2016 \|work=[[New Zealand Herald]] \|date=2 July 2005 \|archive-date=3 September 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903032314/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10333759 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bar-Siman-Tov 2004">{{cite book \|last=Bar-Siman-Tov \|first=Yaacov \|title=From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation \|date=2004 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=0-19-516643-4 \|page=190 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gbiBwAAQBAJ&q=french+government+apologises+to+New+zealand+for+rainbow+warrior+1986&pg=PT178 \|access-date=7 May 2016 \|archive-date=3 August 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803001605/https://books.google.com/books?id=9gbiBwAAQBAJ&q=french+government+apologises+to+New+zealand+for+rainbow+warrior+1986&pg=PT178 \|url-status=live }}</ref> He said it was "to turn the page in the relationship and to say, if we had known each other better, this thing never would have happened". The Friendship Fund has provided contributions to a number of charity and public purposes.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Kokako Chick thrives thanks to Rainbow Warrior bombers \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10334915 \|access-date=8 May 2016 \|work=[[New Zealand Herald]] \|publisher=NZME Publishing Limited \|date=8 July 2008 \|archive-date=23 June 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623210544/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10334915 \|url-status=live }}</ref> During a visit in 2016, French Prime Minister [[Manuel Valls]] reiterated that the incident had been "a serious error".<ref>{{cite news \|last=Young \|first=Audrey \|date=2 May 2016 \|title=France reaches out for Kiwi friendship \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11631810 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512174013/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11631810 \|archive-date=12 May 2016 \|access-date=7 May 2016 \|work=[[New Zealand Herald]] \|quote=France committed a serious error, which tainted the friendship uniting our peoples.}}</ref> ===Further investigations=== In 2005, French newspaper ''[[Le Monde]]'' released a report from 1986 which said that Admiral [[Pierre Lacoste]], head of DGSE at the time, had "personally obtained approval to sink the ship from the late president [[François Mitterrand]]."<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article542620.ece \|title=Mitterrand ordered bombing of Rainbow Warrior, spy chief says \|date=11 July 2005 \|work=[[The Times]] \|access-date=11 March 2013 \|url-status=bot: unknown \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706181503/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article542620.ece \|archive-date=6 July 2008}}</ref> Soon after the publication, former Admiral Lacoste came forward and gave newspaper interviews about the situation, admitting that the death weighed on his conscience and saying that the aim of the operation had not been to kill.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Simons \|first=Marlise \|title=Report Says Mitterrand Approved Sinking of Greenpeace Ship \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/international/europe/10greenpeace.html \|work=[[The Guardian]] \|date=10 July 2005 \|access-date=1 November 2013 \|archive-date=1 May 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501094238/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/world/europe/report-says-mitterrand-approved-sinking-of-greenpeace-ship.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> He acknowledged the existence of three teams: the yacht crew, reconnaissance and logistics (those successfully prosecuted), plus a two-man team that carried out the bombing.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=nzh10333480>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10333480 \|last=Field \|first=Catherine \|title='Third team' in Rainbow Warrior plot \|work=[[New Zealand Herald]] \|date=30 June 2005 \|access-date=6 June 2010}}</ref> A 20th anniversary memorial edition of the 1986 book ''Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior'' by New Zealand author [[David Robie]]—who was aboard the bombed ship—was published in July 2005.<ref name=eyes>{{Cite book \|url=http://www.wheelers.co.nz/browse/search/results/?title=Eyes+of+Fire%3A+The+Last+Voyage+of+the+Rainbow+Warrior&author=Robie \|title=Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior \|publisher=[[Auckland University Press]] \|isbn=978-1877314469 \|date= 2005 \|access-date=6 June 2010 \|archive-date=18 July 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718012349/http://www.wheelers.co.nz/browse/search/results/?title=Eyes+of+Fire:+The+Last+Voyage+of+the+Rainbow+Warrior&author=Robie \|url-status=live }}</ref> ===French agents=== Twenty years after the bombing, [[Television New Zealand]] (TVNZ) sought access to a video record made at the preliminary hearing in which the two French agents pleaded guilty. The footage had remained sealed since shortly after the conclusion of the criminal proceedings. The two agents opposed release of the footage and unsuccessfully took the case to the [[Court of Appeal of New Zealand\|New Zealand Court of Appeal]] and, subsequently, the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand]]. On 7 August 2006, Justices [[Grant Hammond\|Hammond]], [[Mark O'Regan\|O'Regan]] and [[Terence Arnold\|Arnold]] dismissed the former French agents' appeal and TVNZ broadcast their guilty pleas the same day.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/the-courts/supreme-court/mr/transcripts/Transcript%20Mafart%20Prieur%20v%20TVNZ.pdf \|title=Transcript Mafart Prieur v TVNZ \|date=22 November 2005 \|website=Courts of New Zealand \|access-date=27 June 2018 \|archive-date=27 June 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062343/https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/the-courts/supreme-court/mr/transcripts/Transcript%20Mafart%20Prieur%20v%20TVNZ.pdf \|url-status=dead}}<!--Broken ref--></ref> In 2005, in an interview with TVNZ, [[Louis-Pierre Dillais]] acknowledged his involvement with the bombing.<ref name=guardian1>Goldenberg, Suzanne (25 May 2007) [https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,,2087877,00.html "Rainbow Warrior ringleader heads firm selling arms to US government"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501094238/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/may/25/usnews.france \|date=1 May 2023 }}. [[guardian.co.uk]], Retrieved 26 May 2007</ref> In 2007, the New Zealand [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand\|Green Party]] criticised the government over its purchase of arms from Belgian arms manufacturer [[FN Herstal]], whose U.S. subsidiary was led by Dillais.<ref name="guardian1"/><ref>[http://www.greens.org.nz/searchdocs/other10869.html NZ trades with Arms Company whose US chief executive was a lead agent in the Rainbow Warrior bombing] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082907/http://www.greens.org.nz/searchdocs/other10869.html \|date=29 September 2007 }} NZ Green Party ''Just Peace'' newsletter No 110, 18 May 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2015</ref> At that time, Greenpeace was still pursuing the extradition of Dillais for his involvement in the act.<ref>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/4056288a11.html Greenpeace gunning for the leader of Warrior bombers] Stuff.co.nz, Retrieved 26 May 2007 {{Webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191723/http://www.stuff.co.nz/4056288a11.html \|date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> In 2006, Antoine Royal revealed that his brother, [[Gérard Royal]], had claimed to be involved in planting the bomb. Their sister is French [[Socialist Party (France)\|Socialist Party]] politician [[Ségolène Royal]] who was contesting the [[2007 French presidential election\|French presidential election]].<ref name=NZH_30Sep06>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10403727 \|title=Presidential hopeful's brother linked to Rainbow Warrior bomb \|author=NZH Staff \|publisher=[[The New Zealand Herald]] \|date=30 September 2006 \|access-date=1 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200610/s1753103.htm \|date=1 October 2006 \|access-date=1 October 2006 \|title=NZ rules out new Rainbow Warrior probe \|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|archive-date=9 December 2007 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209054404/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200610/s1753103.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref> Other sources identified Royal as the pilot of the Zodiac inflatable boat that carried the bombers.<ref>''Guerres secrètes à l'Élysée'', by Paul Barril, ed Albin Michel, Paris (1996)</ref> The New Zealand government announced there would be no extradition request since the case was closed.<ref name=Dominion>{{Cite news \|first=Martin \|last=Kay \|title=French frogman slips the net; Paper identifies bomber, but PM says the case will remain closed \|publisher=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)\|The Dominion Post]] \|pages=A1 \|date=2 October 2006}}</ref> In September 2015, TVNZ's ''[[Sunday (New Zealand TV programme)\|Sunday]]'' programme tracked down Jean-Luc Kister, one of the two bombers. Kister, who retired from the DGSE in about 2000, admitted his lead role and feelings of responsibility for the lethal attack. He also pointed to the French president, as commander of the armed forces and intelligence services assigned the operation. Reporter [[John Hudson (journalist)\|John Hudson]], who spent two days with Kister in France, said that Kister "wanted an opportunity to talk about his role in the bombing... It has been on his conscience for 30 years. He said to us, 'secret agents don't talk', but he is talking. I think he wanted to be understood." Kister considered the mission "a big, big failure".<ref name="bomber unmasked">{{cite news \|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/crime/news/article.cfm?c_id=30&objectid=11508594 \|title=Rainbow Warrior bomber finally unmasked \|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] \|date=6 September 2015 \|access-date=6 September 2015 \|author=Taylor, Phil \|archive-date=19 September 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919151651/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/crime/news/article.cfm?c_id=30&objectid=11508594 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=New Zealand Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior bomber apologises \|work=[[BBC News]] \|date=6 September 2015 \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34168078 \|access-date=7 September 2015 \|archive-date=6 September 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906200448/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34168078 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Neuman \|first=Susan \|date=6 September 2015 \|title=French Agent Apologizes For Blowing Up Greenpeace Ship In 1985 \|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/09/06/438036449/french-agent-apologizes-for-blowing-up-greenpeace-ship-in-1985 \|newspaper=[[NPR]] \|access-date=8 September 2015 \|archive-date=7 September 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907233515/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/09/06/438036449/french-agent-apologizes-for-blowing-up-greenpeace-ship-in-1985 \|url-status=live }}</ref> == Rainbow Warrior memorial == [[File:Rainbow Warrior Memorial.jpg\|thumb\|The Rainbow Warrior Memorial which stands in Matauri Bay ]] Built between 1988 and 1990, a memorial for the ''Rainbow Warrior'' was created by New Zealand [[sculptor]] Chris Booth. The memorial was erected in Matauri Bay in Northland, New Zealand. It was commissioned by Ngati Kura and New Zealand China Clays.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Rainbow Warrior memorial \|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/rainbow-warrior-memorial \|access-date=2022-10-27 \|website=nzhistory.govt.nz \|language=en \|archive-date=27 October 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027024234/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/rainbow-warrior-memorial \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==In popular culture== The sinking, and subsequent investigation, was the subject of several films, including ''The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy'' (1988), ''[[The Rainbow Warrior (film)\|The Rainbow Warrior]]'' (1993) and Claudia Pond-Eyley's ''Departure and Return: The Final Journey of the Rainbow Warrior'' (2006) ''[[Murder in the Pacific]]'' is a three-part documentary about the sinking, directed by Chloe Campbell. It was broadcast on [[BBC2]] in March 2023.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Nicholson \|first=Rebecca \|title=Murder in the Pacific review – the bombing of the Rainbow Warrior boat makes for thrilling, urgent TV \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/mar/02/in-the-pacific-review-the-bombing-of-the-rainbow-warrior-boat-makes-for-thrilling-urgent-tv \|access-date=27 April 2023 \|work=[[The Guardian]] \|date=2 March 2023 \|archive-date=24 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130022/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/mar/02/in-the-pacific-review-the-bombing-of-the-rainbow-warrior-boat-makes-for-thrilling-urgent-tv \|url-status=live }}</ref> The 1985 song "Hercules" by the Australian band [[Midnight Oil]] is about the sinking. In 1990 New Zealand singer/songwriter [[Martin Curtis]] recorded and released "The End of the Rainbow", on the album ''The Daisy Patch''.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Martin Curtis - Albums & DVD \|url=https://www.martincurtis.co.nz/albums-dvd#h.p0gbyufb019h \|access-date=2025-07-12 \|website=www.martincurtis.co.nz \|language=en-US}}</ref> The 1989 song "[[Little Fighter (song)\|Little Fighter]]", by the Danish/American band [[White Lion]], is about the sinking. It is also referenced in the 2004 song "[[Walkampf]]" by German [[punk rock\|punk]] band [[Die Toten Hosen]]. In 2005, a supergroup of New Zealand musicians and artists recorded a cover of ''[[Anchor Me (The Mutton Birds song)\|Anchor Me]]'', by the New Zealand rock band [[The Mutton Birds]], to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the bombing. The song peaked at No. 3 in the New Zealand singles chart. ==See also== {{subject bar\|auto=y\|d=y\|Environment\|France\|New Zealand\|1980s}} * {{annotated link\|Foreign espionage in New Zealand}} * {{annotated link\|Legend of the Rainbow Warriors}} * {{annotated link\|New Zealand nuclear-free zone}} * {{annotated link\|Rainbow Warrior Case}} * {{annotated link\|The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy\|''The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy''}} (1988) * {{annotated link\|The Rainbow Warrior (film)\|''The Rainbow Warrior'' (film)}} * {{annotated link\|Xavier Maniguet}} ==References== {{Notelist}}{{Reflist\|30em}} ==Further reading== * Michael King, ''Death of the Rainbow Warrior'' (Penguin Books, 1986). {{ISBN\|0-14-009738-4}} * {{Cite news \|last=Kois \|first=Dan \|date=2025-07-22 \|title=The Last Days of the Rainbow Warrior \|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2025/07/rainbow-warrior-france-new-zealand-greenpeace-lawsuit-crime.html \|access-date=2025-07-24 \|work=Slate \|language=en-US}} * [[David Robie]], ''Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior'' (Philadelphia: New Society Press, 1987). {{ISBN\|0-86571-114-3}} * The Sunday Times Insight Team, ''Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace'' (London: Century Hutchinson Ltd, 1986). {{ISBN\|0-09-164360-0}} * {{cite book \|last=Wright \|first=Gerry \|title=Rainbow Warrior Salvage \|date=2012 \|publisher=Gerry Wright \|location=Auckland \|isbn=9780473227500 \|edition=1st}} ==External links== * [https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/nuclear-free-new-zealand/rainbow-warrior Sinking the Rainbow Warrior], NZHistory – impact on New Zealand's international relations. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050722190319/https://www.greenpeace.org.au/rainbow_warrior/bombing_of_1985/intro.html greenpeace.org.au] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050718074414/http://www.police.govt.nz/operation/wharf/ New Zealand police history] * [https://www.abc.net.au/4corners/french-connections---1985/2832032 "French Connections"] Transcript of the 1985 investigation by the Australian programme ''[[Four Corners (Australian TV program)\|Four Corners]]''. * [http://www.journeyman.tv/61045/documentaries/the-rainbow-warrior.html 2010 documentary ''The Rainbow Warrior''], 41 minutes, produced by TVNZ, distributed by Journeyman Pictures * [https://www.journeyman.tv/film/6559/rainbow-warrior-bomber 2015 news report "Rainbow Warrior Bomber"], 21 minutes, based around an exclusived interview with Colonel Jean Luc Kister, a French intelligence agent who planted two bombs on the ''Rainbow Warrior''. Produced by TVNZ, distributed by Journeyman Pictures * [https://books.google.com/books?id=gjpyJuJF6sEC&q=Rainbow+Warrior Detail text and letter from NZ PM D. Lange regarding incident in 'Sailing The Dream' at Google Books] Films (all are productions for television): * {{IMDb title\|qid=Q17014870\|id=tt0098164\|title=The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy}} (Australia 1989) * {{IMDb title\|qid=Q569218\|id=tt0105216\|title=The Rainbow Warrior}} (New Zealand 1992) * {{IMDb title\|qid=Q130342766\|id=tt2777894\|title=The Boat and the Bomb}} (United Kingdom and Netherlands 2005) * {{IMDb title\|qid=Q130342769\|id=tt0483229\|title=L' Affaire du Rainbow Warrior}} (France 2006, concentrating on the experience of French journalists) * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/blowing-up-paradise.shtml ''Blowing Up Paradise''] 2006 BBC Documentary movie by Ben Lewis about French Atomic Testing in Pacific and associated murder of ''Rainbow Warrior'' Greenpeace activist by French Secret Service. {{Greenpeace \|state=expanded}} {{David Lange\|state=collapsed}} {{1985 shipwrecks}}{{Terrorism in New Zealand}}{{Underwater diving\|hisdiv}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rainbow Warrior}} [[Category:Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior\| ]] [[Category:Explosions in 1985]] [[Category:1985 scandals]] [[Category:1980s murders in New Zealand]] [[Category:1985 crimes in New Zealand]] [[Category:1985 murders in Oceania]] [[Category:Maritime incidents in 1985]] [[Category:1985 in international relations]] [[Category:1985 in the environment]] [[Category:July 1985 in Oceania]] [[Category:1980s in Auckland]] [[Category:Anti–nuclear weapons movement]] [[Category:International maritime incidents]] [[Category:Shipwrecks of the Northland Region]] [[Category:François Mitterrand]] [[Category:French Fifth Republic]] [[Category:History of environmentalism]] [[Category:French military scandals]] [[Category:Espionage in New Zealand]] [[Category:Espionage scandals and incidents]] [[Category:Ship bombings]] [[Category:Frogman operations]] [[Category:France–New Zealand relations]] [[Category:Directorate-General for External Security]] [[Category:Maritime incidents in New Zealand]] [[Category:Military operations involving France]] [[Category:Combat incidents]] [[Category:Environmental killings]] [[Category:Ships sunk as artificial reefs]] [[Category:French intelligence operations]] [[Category:Crime in Auckland]] [[Category:Terrorism committed by France]]	1,304,903,942	[{"title": "Sinking of Rainbow Warrior", "data": {"Date": "10 July 1985 \u00b7 11:38 p.m. \u2013 11:45 p.m. (NZST; UTC+12:00)", "Location": "Ports of Auckland \u00b7 Auckland, New Zealand \u00b7 36\u00b050\u203232\u2033S 174\u00b046\u203218\u2033E\ufeff / \ufeff36.84222\u00b0S 174.77167\u00b0E", "Caused by": "Retaliation for protests by Greenpeace against French nuclear testing", "Goals": "To sink Rainbow Warrior", "Methods": "Bombing", "Resulted in": "Rainbow Warrior sunk, Fernando Pereira killed"}}, {"title": "Parties", "data": {"France": "Greenpeace \u00b7 New Zealand"}}, {"title": "Lead figures", "data": {"Lead figures": "- President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand - Defence Minister Charles Hernu - DGSE (Action Division) - Skipper Peter Willcox - First mate Martini Gotje - Prime Minister David Lange"}}, {"title": "Units involved", "data": {"Units involved": "- Ouv\u00e9a - Provence Rainbow Warrior New Zealand Police"}}, {"title": "Casualties and losses", "data": {"None": "1 killed \u00b7 None"}}]	false
# Medical billing Medical billing, a payment process in the United States healthcare system, is the process of reviewing a patient's medical records and using information about their diagnoses and procedures to determine which services are billable and to whom they are billed. This bill is called a claim. Because the U.S. has a mix of government-sponsored and private healthcare, health insurance companies—otherwise known as payors—are the primary entity to which claims are billed for physician reimbursement. The process begins when a physician documents a patient's visit, including the diagnoses, treatments, and prescribed medications or recommended procedures. This information is translated into standardized codes through medical coding, using the appropriate coding systems such as ICD-10-CM and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT). A medical biller then takes the coded information, combined with the patient's insurance details, and forms a claim that is submitted to the payors. Payors evaluate claims by verifying the patient's insurance details, medical necessity of the recommended medical management plan, and adherence to insurance policy guidelines. The payor returns the claim back to the medical biller and the biller evaluates how much of the bill the patient owes, after insurance is taken out. If the claim is approved, the payor processes payment, either reimbursing the physician directly or the patient. Claims that are denied or underpaid may require follow-up, appeals, or adjustments by the medical billing department. Accurate medical billing demands proficiency in coding and billing standards, a thorough understanding of insurance policies, and attention to detail to ensure timely and accurate reimbursement. While certification is not legally required to become a medical biller, professional credentials such as the Certified Medical Reimbursement Specialist (CMRS), Registered Health Information Administrator (RHIA), or Certified Professional Biller (CPB) can enhance employment prospects. Training programs, ranging from certificates to associate degrees, are offered at many community colleges, and advanced roles may require cross-training in medical coding, auditing, or healthcare information management. Medical billing practices vary across states and healthcare settings, influenced by federal regulations, state laws, and payor-specific requirements. Despite these variations, the fundamental goal remains consistent: to streamline the financial transactions between physicians and payors, ensuring access to care and financial sustainability for physicians. ## History In 18th-century England, physicians were not legally permitted to charge fees for their services or take legal action to collect payments. Instead, patients would offer honoraria, which were voluntary payments inspired by what was believed to be a Roman custom. This honorarium rule applied only to non-surgeon physicians. Meanwhile, surgery was treated as a public calling, allowing courts to cap surgeons' fees to reasonable amounts. The honorarium rule for non-surgeon physicians and the public calling status for surgeons highlighted the unique, non-commercial constraints on medical professionals at the time. These constraints further emphasized professionalism over commerce, distinguishing these professions from regular businesses. In the 19th century, the American colonies abandoned the English honorarium and public calling principles. Instead, physicians could use standard contract and commercial law to set and collect fees. Unlike in England, U.S. courts viewed medical services like goods with fixed prices, allowing physicians to sue for outstanding payments and freely set terms, independent of obligations tied to public service. Before the spread of health insurance, doctors charged patients according to what they thought each patient could afford. This practice was known as sliding fees and became a legal rule in the 20th century in the U.S. Eventually, changing economic conditions and the introduction of health insurance in the mid-20th century ushered an end to the sliding scale. Health insurance became a conduit for billing, and it standardized fees by negotiating fee schedules, eliminating additional charges, and restricting discounts that the sliding scale offered. For several decades, medical billing was done almost entirely on paper. However, with the advent of medical practice management software, also known as health information systems, it has become possible to efficiently manage large amounts of claims. Many software companies have arisen to provide medical billing software to this particularly lucrative segment of the market. Several companies also offer full portal solutions through their web interfaces, which negates the cost of individually licensed software packages. Due to the rapidly changing requirements by U.S. health insurance companies, several aspects of medical billing and medical office management have created the necessity for specialized training. Medical office personnel may obtain certification through various institutions who may provide a variety of specialized education and in some cases award a certification credential to reflect professional status. ## Billing process Visiting a doctor might seem like a straightforward one-on-one interaction, but it is actually part of a much larger and more complex system involving information exchange and payment processing. While an insured patient typically interacts only with a healthcare provider during a visit, the encounter is part of a three-party system. The first party in this system is the patient. The second is the healthcare provider, a term that encompasses not only physicians but also hospitals, physical therapists, emergency rooms, outpatient facilities, and other entities delivering medical services. The third and final party is the payor, typically an insurance company, which facilitates reimbursement for the services rendered. Medical billing involves creating invoices for services rendered to patients, a process known as the billing cycle or Revenue Cycle Management (RCM). RCM encompasses the entire revenue collection process for a healthcare facility, beginning with the design of the RCM workflow. This cycle can take anywhere from a few days to several months, often requiring multiple interactions before achieving resolution. The relationship between healthcare providers and insurance companies resembles that of a vendor and subcontractor: healthcare providers contract with insurers to deliver services to covered patients. Step 1: Patient registration The process begins when a patient schedules an appointment. For new patients, this involves gathering essential information, including their medical history, insurance details, and personal data. For returning patients, the focus is on updating records with the latest reason for the visit and any changes to their personal or insurance information. This foundational step ensures the practice has accurate and up-to-date records for billing and care coordination. Step 2: Determining financial responsibility Once the patient is registered, the next step is to identify which treatments or services their insurance plan will cover. Insurance policies often include specific guidelines regarding covered procedures and exclusions, and these rules can change annually. To avoid billing complications, the healthcare provider must stay informed about the most recent coverage requirements for each insurance plan. Step 3: Assigning codes This is where medical billing departs from medical coding. Medical coders are responsible for this step and they rely on two standardized coding systems to document and classify the services provided, which will eventually be put into a bill by medical billers. ICD codes: Developed by the World Health Organization, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes describe the conditions or symptoms being evaluated or treated. The current version, ICD-10, will transition to ICD-11 in 2025, requiring updated coding practices. CPT codes: Created by the American Medical Association (AMA), Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes correspond to the procedures or treatments performed by the healthcare provider. These codes are essential for accurately billing and receiving reimbursement. For every patient encounter, providers must record both ICD codes to identify the diagnosis and CPT codes to document the treatment. Given the vast number of codes—approximately 70,000 for ICD and over 10,000 for CPT—using advanced medical billing software is recommended to streamline the coding process, reduce errors, and ensure compliance with current standards. These steps set the stage for efficient claims submission and payment, forming the backbone of the billing cycle. Step 4: Creating the superbill Once a patient's visit is complete and they check out, the next step is to compile all the relevant information into a document called a superbill. This document serves as the foundation for the reimbursement claim submitted to the payor. The superbill includes essential details about the provider, the patient, and the visit, ensuring that the claim is complete and accurate for efficient processing. Components of a superbill - Provider information - Full name - National Provider Identifier (NPI) number - Practice location - Contact information - Referring provider's name and NPI (if applicable) - Provider's signature - Patient information - Full name - Date of birth - Contact information - Insurance details - Visit information - Date of visit - Relevant CPT and ICD codes - Fees charged for services - Duration of visit By consolidating this information into the superbill, healthcare providers create a structured summary that facilitates claim submission and ensures proper documentation for payor review. This step is vital in maintaining accuracy and minimizing errors during the medical billing process. Step 5: Preparing and submitting claims Using the superbill, the medical biller creates a detailed claim and submits it to the insurance company for reimbursement. Accuracy and completeness are critical during this step to ensure the claim is accepted on the first submission—referred to as a clean claim. Achieving a high clean claims rate is a key metric for measuring the efficiency of the billing cycle. Creation of the claim is where medical billing most directly overlaps with medical coding because billers take the ICD or CPT codes used by medical coders and create the claim. Step 6: Monitoring payor adjudication Once the payor receives the claim, they review it to determine whether it is accepted, denied, or rejected. Accepted claims Accepted claims are processed for payment. Payment amounts depend on the specifics of the patient's insurance plan and may not cover the entire billed amount. Denied claims These claims are properly filed but do not meet the payor's criteria for payment. Common reasons include billing for services not covered by the plan, highlighting the importance of verifying insurance coverage during patient registration. Denied claims require investigation to identify the issue and prevent future occurrences. Rejected claims Rejected claims cannot be processed, typically due to errors or omissions in the filing process. Unlike denied claims, rejected claims must be corrected and resubmitted. Failure to address rejected claims can lead to significant revenue loss, making timely rework essential. Step 7: Creating patient statements After the payor processes the claim and pays their portion, any remaining balance is billed to the patient in a separate statement. Ideally, patients will promptly settle their accounts, completing the billing cycle. However, delays or non-payments are common, requiring providers to follow up to ensure full reimbursement. Step 8: Following up on payments In order to capture revenue that might otherwise be lost, practices follow up on outstanding claims and patient statements and reduce payment barriers to make the process as simple as possible for patients. Implementing a patient portal with online payment options can streamline the process, allowing patients to pay their bills at their convenience. A self-service system encourages on-time payments and reduces the likelihood of accounts being sent to collections. Consistent follow-ups and clear communication help address common billing issues and improve overall payment rates. Having an efficient follow-up system helps minimize revenue leakage and keeps the billing cycle running smoothly. ### Electronic billing A practice that has interactions with the patient must now, under HIPAA law 1996, send most billing claims for services via electronic means. Prior to actually performing service and billing a patient, the care provider may use software to check the eligibility of the patient for the intended services with the patient's insurance company. This process uses the same standards and technologies as an electronic claims transmission with small changes to the transmission format. This format is known specifically as an X12-270 Health Care Eligibility & Benefit Inquiry transaction. A response to an eligibility request is returned by the payor through a direct electronic connection, or more commonly their website. This is called an X12-271 Health Care Eligibility & Benefit Response transaction. Most practice management/EM software will automate this transmission, hiding the process from the user. This first transaction for a claim for services is known technically as X12-837 or ANSI-837. This contains a large amount of data regarding the provider interaction, as well as reference information about the practice and the patient. Following that submission, the payor will respond with an X12-997, simply acknowledging that the claim's submission was received and that it was accepted for further processing. When the claim(s) are actually adjudicated by the payor, the payor will ultimately respond with a X12-835 transaction, which shows the line-items of the claim that will be paid or denied; if paid, the amount; and if denied, the reason. ### Payment In order to be clear on the payment of a medical billing claim, the health care provider or medical biller must have complete knowledge of different insurance plans that insurance companies are offering, and the laws and regulations that preside over them. Large insurance companies can have up to 15 different plans contracted with one provider. When providers agree to accept an insurance company's plan, the contractual agreement includes many details, including fee schedules which dictate what the insurance company will pay the provider for covered procedures, and other rules such as timely filing guidelines. Providers typically charge more for services than what has been negotiated by the physician and the insurance company, so the expected payment from the insurance company for services is reduced. The amount that is paid by the insurance is known as an allowed amount. For example, although a psychiatrist may charge $80.00 for a medication management session, the insurance may only allow $50.00, and so a $30.00 reduction (known as a provider write-off or contractual adjustment) would be assessed. After payment has been made, a provider will typically receive an Explanation of Benefits (EOB) or Electronic Remittance Advice (ERA) along with the payment from the insurance company that outlines these transactions. The insurance payment is further reduced if the patient has a copay, deductible, or a coinsurance. If the patient in the previous example had a $5.00 copay, the physician would be paid $45.00 by the insurance company. The physician is then responsible for collecting the out-of-pocket expense from the patient. If the patient had a $500.00 deductible, the contracted amount of $50.00 would not be paid by the insurance company. Instead, this amount would be the patient's responsibility to pay, and subsequent charges would also be the patient's responsibility, until his or her expenses totaled $500.00. At that point, the deductible is met, and the insurance would issue payment for future services. A coinsurance is a percentage of the allowed amount that the patient must pay. It is most often applied to surgical and/or diagnostic procedures. Using the above example, a coinsurance of 20% would have the patient owing $10.00 and the insurance company owing $40.00. Steps have been taken in recent years to make the billing process clearer for patients. The Healthcare Financial Management Association (HFMA) has a Patient-Friendly Billing project to help healthcare providers create more informative and simpler bills for patients. Additionally, as the consumer-driven health movement gains momentum, payors and providers are exploring new ways to integrate patients into the billing process in a clearer, more straightforward manner. ### Medical billing services Some providers outsource their medical billing to third parties, known as medical billing companies, which provide medical billing services. One goal of these entities is to reduce the amount of paperwork for medical staff and to increase efficiency, providing the practice with the ability to grow. The billing services which can be outsourced include regular invoicing, insurance verification, collections assistance, referral coordination, and reimbursement tracking. Practices have achieved cost savings through group purchasing organizations (GPO). #### Medical billing vs medical coding While medical billing and medical coding are closely related and often go hand-in-hand, they serve distinct functions in the healthcare industry. Medical coders are responsible for translating healthcare services, diagnoses, and procedures into standardized codes used for billing purposes. These codes ensure that healthcare providers receive accurate reimbursement from insurance companies. On the other hand, medical billing involves using these codes to create and submit claims to insurance companies and patients. In essence, medical coders lay the foundation by providing the necessary codes, while medical billers use those codes to process payments and manage patient accounts. Understanding both roles is crucial, as they work together to ensure the financial stability of healthcare providers.	enwiki/884188	enwiki	884,188	Medical billing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_billing	2025-08-13T01:40:29Z	en	Q6806472	124,179	{{pp-semi-indef\|small=yes}} {{Short description\|Part of the US health system's reimbursement process}} '''Medical billing,''' a payment process in the [[Healthcare in the United States\|United States healthcare system]], is the process of reviewing a patient's medical records and using information about their diagnoses and procedures to determine which services are billable and to whom they are billed.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=What is Medical Billing? \|url=https://www.aapc.com/resources/what-is-medical-billing \|access-date=2024-11-12 \|website=www.aapc.com \|language=en}}</ref> This bill is called a claim.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|title=20 CFR 10.801 -- How are medical bills to be submitted? \|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-10/subpart-I/subject-group-ECFR5a82af311249754/section-10.801 \|access-date=2024-11-21 \|website=www.ecfr.gov \|language=en}}</ref> Because the U.S. has a mix of government-sponsored and private healthcare, [[Health insurance in the United States\|health insurance]] companies—otherwise known as payors—are the primary entity to which claims are billed for physician [[reimbursement]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=US Healthcare System Overview-Background \|url=https://www.ispor.org/heor-resources/more-heor-resources/us-healthcare-system-overview/us-healthcare-system-overview-background-page-1 \|access-date=2024-11-21 \|website=ISPOR.org \|language=en}}</ref> The process begins when a physician documents a patient's visit, including the diagnoses, treatments, and prescribed medications or recommended procedures.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web \|last=Staff \|first=CollaborateMD \|date=2022-08-25 \|title=A Guide to the Medical Billing Process + Infographic \|url=https://www.collaboratemd.com/blog/medical-billing-process/ \|access-date=2024-11-21 \|website=CollaborateMD \|language=en-US}}</ref> This information is translated into standardized codes through [[medical coding]], using the appropriate coding systems such as [[ICD-10-CM]] and [[Current Procedural Terminology]] (CPT). A medical biller then takes the coded information, combined with the patient's insurance details, and forms a claim that is submitted to the payors.<ref name=":3" /> Payors evaluate claims by verifying the patient's insurance details, medical necessity of the recommended medical management plan, and adherence to insurance policy guidelines.<ref name=":4" /> The payor returns the claim back to the medical biller and the biller evaluates how much of the bill the patient owes, after insurance is taken out. If the claim is approved, the payor processes payment, either reimbursing the physician directly or the patient.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web \|date=2023-05-10 \|title=Healthcare reimbursement: how it works for providers \|url=https://www.sermo.com/resources/insurance-reimbursements/ \|access-date=2024-11-21 \|website=Sermo \|language=en-US}}</ref> Claims that are denied or underpaid may require follow-up, appeals, or adjustments by the medical billing department.<ref name=":5" /> Accurate medical billing demands proficiency in coding and billing standards, a thorough understanding of insurance policies, and attention to detail to ensure timely and accurate reimbursement. While certification is not legally required to become a medical biller, professional credentials such as the [[Certified Medical Reimbursement Specialist]] (CMRS), [[Registered Health Information Administrator]] (RHIA), or [[AAPC (healthcare)\|Certified Professional Biller]] (CPB) can enhance employment prospects.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Medical Billing Certification - Certified Professional Biller - CPB Certification \|url=https://www.aapc.com/certification/cpb/ \|website=www.aapc.com \|access-date=15 April 2019 \|language=en}}</ref> Training programs, ranging from certificates to associate degrees, are offered at many community colleges, and advanced roles may require cross-training in medical coding, auditing, or healthcare information management. Medical billing practices vary across states and healthcare settings, influenced by federal regulations, state laws, and payor-specific requirements. Despite these variations, the fundamental goal remains consistent: to streamline the financial transactions between physicians and payors, ensuring access to care and financial sustainability for physicians. ==History== In 18th-century England, physicians were not legally permitted to charge fees for their services or take legal action to collect payments. Instead, patients would offer [[Honorarium\|honoraria]], which were voluntary payments inspired by what was believed to be a Roman custom.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last1=Hall \|first1=Mark A. \|last2=Schneider \|first2=Carl E. \|date=August 2008 \|title=Learning from the Legal History of Billing for Medical Fees \|journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine \|language=en \|volume=23 \|issue=8 \|pages=1257–1260 \|doi=10.1007/s11606-008-0605-1 \|issn=0884-8734 \|pmc=2517971 \|pmid=18414955}}</ref> This honorarium rule applied only to non-surgeon physicians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal \|last=Crawford \|first=C. \|date=2000-01-01 \|title=Patients' Rights and the Law of Contract in Eighteenth-Century England \|url=https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/shm/13.3.381 \|journal=Social History of Medicine \|language=en \|volume=13 \|issue=3 \|pages=381–410 \|doi=10.1093/shm/13.3.381 \|pmid=14535268 \|issn=0951-631X\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Meanwhile, surgery was treated as a public calling, allowing courts to cap surgeons' fees to reasonable amounts. The honorarium rule for non-surgeon physicians and the public calling status for surgeons highlighted the unique, non-commercial constraints on medical professionals at the time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> These constraints further emphasized professionalism over commerce, distinguishing these professions from regular businesses. In the 19th century, the American colonies abandoned the English honorarium and public calling principles.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|title=JOSIAH QUINCY JR., THE LAW REPORTS \|url=https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/2673 \|access-date=2024-11-12 \|website=Colonial Society of Massachusetts \|language=en}}</ref> Instead, physicians could use standard contract and commercial law to set and collect fees.<ref name=":2" /> Unlike in England, U.S. courts viewed medical services like goods with fixed prices, allowing physicians to sue for outstanding payments and freely set terms, independent of obligations tied to public service.<ref name=":0" /> Before the spread of health insurance, doctors charged patients according to what they thought each patient could afford. This practice was known as [[Sliding scale fees\|sliding fees]] and became a legal rule in the 20th century in the U.S.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Cabot \|first=Hugh \|title=The Doctor's Bill \|date=March 1, 1935 \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|isbn=978-0231933407 \|edition=1st \|location=Columbia University \|publication-date=March 1, 1935 \|pages=1 \|language=English}}</ref> Eventually, changing economic conditions and the introduction of health insurance in the mid-20th century ushered an end to the sliding scale.<ref>{{Cite journal \|date=December 1962 \|title=H. M. Somers & A. R. Somers, Doctors, Patients and Health Insurance. The Organization and Financing of Medical Care. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1961, xix p. 576 p., $ 7.50. \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/recherches-economiques-de-louvain-louvain-economic-review/article/abs/h-m-somers-a-r-somers-doctors-patients-and-health-insurance-the-organization-and-financing-of-medical-care-washington-the-brookings-institution-1961-xix-p-576-p-750/430068FA150E1916BEE0181A15B4B060 \|journal=Recherches Économiques de Louvain/ Louvain Economic Review \|language=en \|volume=28 \|issue=8 \|pages=792 \|doi=10.1017/S077045180010257X \|issn=0770-4518\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Health insurance became a conduit for billing, and it standardized fees by negotiating fee schedules, eliminating additional charges, and restricting discounts that the sliding scale offered.<ref name=":0" /> For several decades, medical billing was done almost entirely on paper. However, with the advent of [[medical practice management software]], also known as health information systems, it has become possible to efficiently manage large amounts of claims. Many software companies have arisen to provide medical billing software to this particularly lucrative segment of the market. Several companies also offer full portal solutions through their web interfaces, which negates the cost of individually licensed software packages. Due to the rapidly changing requirements by U.S. health insurance companies, several aspects of medical billing and medical office management have created the necessity for specialized training. Medical office personnel may obtain certification through various institutions who may provide a variety of specialized education and in some cases award a certification credential to reflect professional status. ==Billing process== [[File:Billing clerk - 1992 - BLS.png\|thumb\|An American billing clerk preparing a detailed invoice. (1992)]] Visiting a doctor might seem like a straightforward one-on-one interaction, but it is actually part of a much larger and more complex system involving information exchange and payment processing. While an insured patient typically interacts only with a healthcare provider during a visit, the encounter is part of a three-party system. The first party in this system is the patient. The second is the healthcare provider, a term that encompasses not only physicians but also hospitals, physical therapists, emergency rooms, outpatient facilities, and other entities delivering medical services. The third and final party is the payor, typically an insurance company, which facilitates reimbursement for the services rendered. Medical billing involves creating invoices for services rendered to patients, a process known as the billing cycle or [[Revenue Cycle Management]] (RCM).<ref>{{Cite web \|title=What Is Revenue Cycle Management (RCM)? \|url=https://www.aapc.com/resources/what-is-revenue-cycle-management?srsltid=AfmBOoqxfSZmr_101DnH_kjlW3egeFMW8-UbslZvmudP3XBh2eFd27WK \|access-date=2024-11-21 \|website=www.aapc.com \|language=en}}</ref> RCM encompasses the entire revenue collection process for a healthcare facility, beginning with the design of the RCM workflow. This cycle can take anywhere from a few days to several months, often requiring multiple interactions before achieving resolution.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Average Days from Date of Service to Final Payment - RCM Metrics - MD Clarity \|url=https://www.mdclarity.com/rcm-metrics/average-days-from-date-of-service-to-final-payment \|access-date=2024-11-21 \|website=www.mdclarity.com \|language=en}}</ref> The relationship between healthcare providers and insurance companies resembles that of a vendor and subcontractor: healthcare providers contract with insurers to deliver services to covered patients. '''Step 1: Patient registration'''<ref name=":4" /> The process begins when a patient schedules an appointment. For new patients, this involves gathering essential information, including their medical history, insurance details, and personal data. For returning patients, the focus is on updating records with the latest reason for the visit and any changes to their personal or insurance information. This foundational step ensures the practice has accurate and up-to-date records for billing and care coordination. '''Step 2: Determining financial responsibility'''<ref name=":4" /> Once the patient is registered, the next step is to identify which treatments or services their insurance plan will cover. Insurance policies often include specific guidelines regarding covered procedures and exclusions, and these rules can change annually. To avoid billing complications, the healthcare provider must stay informed about the most recent coverage requirements for each insurance plan. '''Step 3: Assigning codes'''<ref name=":4" /> This is where medical billing departs from medical coding. Medical coders are responsible for this step and they rely on two standardized coding systems to document and classify the services provided, which will eventually be put into a bill by medical billers. ICD codes: Developed by the [[World Health Organization]], the [[International Classification of Diseases]] (ICD) codes describe the conditions or symptoms being evaluated or treated. The current version, [[ICD-10]], will transition to [[ICD-11]] in 2025, requiring updated coding practices.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=ICD-11 Implementation \|url=https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/frequently-asked-questions/icd-11-implementation#:~:text=The%20new%20Revision%20of%20ICD,be%20reported%20in%20ICD-11. \|access-date=2024-11-21 \|website=www.who.int \|language=en}}</ref> CPT codes: Created by the [[American Medical Association]] (AMA), [[Current Procedural Terminology]] (CPT) codes correspond to the procedures or treatments performed by the healthcare provider. These codes are essential for accurately billing and receiving reimbursement.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2024-11-20 \|title=CPT® Codes \|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/topics/cpt-codes \|access-date=2024-11-21 \|website=American Medical Association \|language=en}}</ref> For every patient encounter, providers must record both ICD codes to identify the diagnosis and CPT codes to document the treatment. Given the vast number of codes—approximately 70,000 for ICD and over 10,000 for CPT—using advanced medical billing software is recommended to streamline the coding process, reduce errors, and ensure compliance with current standards.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Overview of Coding & Classification Systems {{!}} CMS \|url=https://www.cms.gov/cms-guide-medical-technology-companies-and-other-interested-parties/coding/overview-coding-classification-systems \|access-date=2024-11-21 \|website=www.cms.gov}}</ref> These steps set the stage for efficient claims submission and payment, forming the backbone of the billing cycle. '''Step 4: Creating the superbill'''<ref name=":4" /> Once a patient's visit is complete and they check out, the next step is to compile all the relevant information into a document called a [[superbill]]. This document serves as the foundation for the reimbursement claim submitted to the payor. The superbill includes essential details about the provider, the patient, and the visit, ensuring that the claim is complete and accurate for efficient processing. '''''Components of a superbill''''' * Provider information * Full name * [[National Provider Identifier]] (NPI) number * Practice location * Contact information * Referring provider's name and NPI (if applicable) * Provider's signature * Patient information * Full name * Date of birth * Contact information * Insurance details * Visit information * Date of visit * Relevant CPT and ICD codes * Fees charged for services * Duration of visit By consolidating this information into the superbill, healthcare providers create a structured summary that facilitates claim submission and ensures proper documentation for payor review. This step is vital in maintaining accuracy and minimizing errors during the medical billing process. '''Step 5: Preparing and submitting claims'''<ref name=":4" /> Using the superbill, the medical biller creates a detailed claim and submits it to the insurance company for reimbursement. Accuracy and completeness are critical during this step to ensure the claim is accepted on the first submission—referred to as a clean claim. Achieving a high clean claims rate is a key metric for measuring the efficiency of the billing cycle. Creation of the claim is where medical billing most directly overlaps with medical coding because billers take the ICD or CPT codes used by medical coders and create the claim. '''Step 6: Monitoring payor adjudication'''<ref name=":4" /> Once the payor receives the claim, they review it to determine whether it is accepted, denied, or rejected. '''''Accepted claims''''' Accepted claims are processed for payment. Payment amounts depend on the specifics of the patient's insurance plan and may not cover the entire billed amount. '''''Denied claims''''' These claims are properly filed but do not meet the payor's criteria for payment. Common reasons include billing for services not covered by the plan, highlighting the importance of verifying insurance coverage during patient registration. Denied claims require investigation to identify the issue and prevent future occurrences. '''''Rejected claims''''' Rejected claims cannot be processed, typically due to errors or omissions in the filing process. Unlike denied claims, rejected claims must be corrected and resubmitted. Failure to address rejected claims can lead to significant revenue loss, making timely rework essential. '''Step 7: Creating patient statements'''<ref name=":4" /> After the payor processes the claim and pays their portion, any remaining balance is billed to the patient in a separate statement. Ideally, patients will promptly settle their accounts, completing the billing cycle. However, delays or non-payments are common, requiring providers to follow up to ensure full reimbursement. '''Step 8: Following up on payments'''<ref name=":4" /> In order to capture revenue that might otherwise be lost, practices follow up on outstanding claims and patient statements and reduce payment barriers to make the process as simple as possible for patients. Implementing a [[patient portal]] with online payment options can streamline the process, allowing patients to pay their bills at their convenience. A self-service system encourages on-time payments and reduces the likelihood of accounts being sent to [[Debt collection\|collections]]. Consistent follow-ups and clear communication help address common billing issues and improve overall payment rates. Having an efficient follow-up system helps minimize revenue leakage and keeps the billing cycle running smoothly. ===Electronic billing=== A practice that has interactions with the patient must now, under [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act\|HIPAA law 1996]], send most billing claims for services via electronic means. Prior to actually performing service and billing a patient, the care provider may use software to check the eligibility of the patient for the intended services with the patient's insurance company. This process uses the same standards and technologies as an electronic claims transmission with small changes to the transmission format. This format is known specifically as an X12-270 Health Care Eligibility & Benefit Inquiry transaction.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.cms.hhs.gov/apps/glossary/default.asp?Language=English&letter=X\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226100539/http://www.cms.hhs.gov/apps/glossary/default.asp?Letter=X&Language=English\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=February 26, 2006\|title=X12 270 CM Glossary}}</ref> A response to an eligibility request is returned by the payor through a direct electronic connection, or more commonly their website. This is called an X12-271 Health Care Eligibility & Benefit Response transaction. Most [[Medical practice management software\|practice management/EM software]] will automate this transmission, hiding the process from the user.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Medicare Coordination of Benefits (COB) System Interface Specifications 270/271 Health Care Eligibility Benefit Inquiry and Response HIPAA Guidelines for Electronic Transactions\|url=https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coordination-of-Benefits-and-Recovery/Mandatory-Insurer-Reporting-For-Non-Group-Health-Plans/Archive/Downloads/NGHPInterfaceSpecVersion21.pdf\|access-date=November 4, 2020\|website=the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services}}</ref> This first transaction for a claim for services is known technically as X12-837 or ANSI-837. This contains a large amount of data regarding the provider interaction, as well as reference information about the practice and the patient. Following that submission, the payor will respond with an X12-997, simply acknowledging that the claim's submission was received and that it was accepted for further processing. When the claim(s) are actually adjudicated by the payor, the payor will ultimately respond with a X12-835 transaction, which shows the line-items of the claim that will be paid or denied; if paid, the amount; and if denied, the reason. ===Payment=== In order to be clear on the payment of a medical billing claim, the health care provider or medical biller must have complete knowledge of different insurance plans that insurance companies are offering, and the laws and regulations that preside over them. Large insurance companies can have up to 15 different plans contracted with one provider.{{Citation needed\|date=July 2025}} When providers agree to accept an insurance company's plan, the contractual agreement includes many details, including fee schedules which dictate what the insurance company will pay the provider for covered procedures, and other rules such as timely filing guidelines. Providers typically charge more for services than what has been negotiated by the physician and the insurance company, so the expected payment from the insurance company for services is reduced. The amount that is paid by the insurance is known as an allowed amount.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/allowed-amount/\| title=What is an allowed amount?}}</ref> For example, although a psychiatrist may charge $80.00 for a medication management session, the insurance may only allow $50.00, and so a $30.00 reduction (known as a provider write-off or contractual adjustment) would be assessed. After payment has been made, a provider will typically receive an [[Explanation of Benefits]] (EOB) or [[Electronic Remittance Advice]] (ERA) along with the payment from the insurance company that outlines these transactions. The insurance payment is further reduced if the patient has a [[copay]], [[deductible]], or a [[coinsurance]]. If the patient in the previous example had a $5.00 copay, the physician would be paid $45.00 by the insurance company. The physician is then responsible for collecting the [[Out-of-pocket expenses\|out-of-pocket expense]] from the patient. If the patient had a $500.00 deductible, the contracted amount of $50.00 would not be paid by the insurance company. Instead, this amount would be the patient's responsibility to pay, and subsequent charges would also be the patient's responsibility, until his or her expenses totaled $500.00. At that point, the deductible is met, and the insurance would issue payment for future services. A [[coinsurance]] is a percentage of the allowed amount that the patient must pay. It is most often applied to surgical and/or diagnostic procedures. Using the above example, a coinsurance of 20% would have the patient owing $10.00 and the insurance company owing $40.00. Steps have been taken in recent years{{As of?\|date=July 2025}} to make the billing process clearer for patients. The [[Healthcare Financial Management Association]] (HFMA) has a Patient-Friendly Billing project to help healthcare providers create more informative and simpler bills for patients.<ref>{{Cite web\|title = Patient Friendly Billing Project\|url = https://www.hfma.org/patientfriendlybilling/\|website = www.hfma.org\|access-date = 2015-09-07}}</ref> Additionally, as the [[Consumer-driven healthcare\|consumer-driven health]] movement gains momentum, payors and providers are exploring new ways to integrate patients into the billing process in a clearer, more straightforward manner. ===Medical billing services=== [[File: Medical Billing Infographic.jpg\|alt=Infographic showing how healthcare data flows within the billing process\|thumb\|Infographic showing how healthcare data flows within the billing process]] Some providers outsource their medical billing to third parties, known as medical billing companies, which provide medical billing services. One goal of these entities is to reduce the amount of paperwork for medical staff and to increase efficiency, providing the practice with the ability to grow. The billing services which can be outsourced include regular invoicing, insurance verification, collections assistance, referral coordination, and reimbursement tracking.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-lowery/7-ways-outsourcing-can-he_b_4350244.html\| title=8 Ways Outsourcing Can Help Hospitals and Patients\| author=Tom Lowery\| website=[[HuffPost]]\|date=2013}}</ref> Practices have achieved cost savings through [[group purchasing organizations]] (GPO).<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Reese\|first1=Chrissy\|title=Realizing Affordable Healthcare: The Advent of Medical Billing\|date=30 May 2014 \|url=http://fiscaltoday.com/realizing-affordable-healthcare-advent-medical-billing/\|publisher=Fiscal Today\|access-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> ==== Medical billing vs medical coding ==== While medical billing and [[medical coding]] are closely related and often go hand-in-hand, they serve distinct functions in the healthcare industry. [[Clinical coder\|Medical coders]] are responsible for translating healthcare services, diagnoses, and procedures into standardized codes used for billing purposes. These codes ensure that healthcare providers receive accurate reimbursement from insurance companies. On the other hand, medical billing involves using these codes to create and submit claims to insurance companies and patients. In essence, medical coders lay the foundation by providing the necessary codes, while medical billers use those codes to process payments and manage patient accounts. Understanding both roles is crucial, as they work together to ensure the financial stability of [[Health Care Providers\|healthcare providers]]. ==See also== [[Electronic medical record]] [[Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System]] [[International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems\|International Classification of Diseases]] (ICD codes) [[Medically Unlikely Edit]] [[National Uniform Billing Committee]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== [https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/medical-records-and-health-information-technicians.htm Medical Records and Health Information Technicians] Career information at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics {{Health software}} [[Category:Health insurance in the United States]] [[Category:Healthcare in the United States]] [[Category:Health care]] [[Category:Health care quality]] [[Category:Social problems in medicine]]	1,305,601,438	[]	false
# Eric García (footballer, born 2001) Eric García Martret (born 9 January 2001) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back or right-back for La Liga club Barcelona and the Spain national team. García moved from Barcelona at the age of 17 to Manchester City. He made his Premier League debut on 21 September 2019. In his final season at the club, he won the league and was runner-up in the UEFA Champions League. In June 2021, García rejoined Barcelona on a free transfer, following the expiration of his contract. ## Club career ### Early career Born in Martorell, Barcelona, Catalonia, García was a part of La Masia, the Barcelona academy, before joining Manchester City in 2017. During his first season at City, he captained the under 18s and played for the under 19s in the UEFA Youth League. ### Manchester City He joined up with the first team during their 2018 summer pre-season in the United States. On 18 December 2018, García made his debut for City, starting in the EFL Cup quarter-final against Leicester City. He played in a centre-back pairing with Nicolás Otamendi, with the game finishing 1–1, City winning the tie on penalties. He made his Premier League debut on 21 September 2019 when he came on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Otamendi in an 8–0 win over Watford. García played two full games back to back for City over the Christmas and New Year period in 2019. The first game was against Sheffield United at home, which City won 2–0. A second home game in a couple of days, saw a second start for García, with City recording a 2–1 victory against Everton. On 17 June 2020, García was in the starting eleven against Arsenal for City's first game back after the COVID-19 pandemic break, with City recording a 3–0 win. Towards the end of the game, García was involved in a collision with goalkeeper Ederson and initially left him unconscious. García received lengthy on-field treatment before being stretchered off and supplied with oxygen. Despite the seriousness of the incident, García was discharged from hospital the next day. Manager Pep Guardiola stated in a press conference García's injury was a concussion and expected him to be fit within 10 days. On 6 August 2020, Guardiola announced in a press conference that García had rejected a contract extension, despite ending the league campaign as City's first-choice partner for Aymeric Laporte. ### Barcelona On 1 June 2021, García agreed to sign for La Liga club Barcelona on a free transfer on a five-year contract starting 1 July, with a buyout clause set at €400 million. On 15 August 2021, he played his first competitive match for the club as he started the league opening game, a 4–2 victory against Real Sociedad. On 21 August, he was sent off after receiving a straight red card for his last-ditch tackle on Nico Williams in a 1–1 draw against Athletic Bilbao. On 29 September, García was sent off for the second time after receiving two yellow cards in a 3–0 Champions League group stage thrashing by Benfica. #### Loan to Girona On 1 September 2023, García was loaned to fellow top tier side Girona for the 2023–24 season. On 27 September, he scored his first goal for Girona to secure a 2–1 away win over Villarreal, which granted his club the top place in La Liga after seven matches for the first time in their history. He eventually scored five goals in total, becoming one of the league's top-scoring defenders. #### Return to Barcelona García returned to Barcelona after his loan spell ended. On 4 January 2025, he scored his first goal since rejoining the team in a 4–0 away victory over UD Barbastro in the Copa del Rey. On 21 January, he netted his maiden Champions League goal in a 5–4 away victory over Benfica. Later, on 6 May 2025, in the second leg of the Champions League semi-final against Inter Milan, García started as a right-back due to the injury to Jules Koundé and scored the first goal for Barcelona after they went down 2-0 in the first half. Just five days later, in a home El Clásico showdown against Real Madrid, García once again scored the first goal for Barcelona after they went down 2-0 in the first half, marking his first career El Clásico goal. ## International career After representing Spain at under-19 and under-21 levels, García received his first senior call-up on 20 August 2020, for two UEFA Nations League fixtures against Germany and Ukraine. He made his senior international debut against Ukraine on 6 September 2020, replacing Sergio Ramos in the 61st minute as Spain won 4–0. On 24 May 2021, García was included in Luis Enrique's 24-man squad for UEFA Euro 2020. Additionally, García was included in the squad for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. ## Career statistics ### Club As of match played 16 August 2025 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| National cup \| National cup \| League cup \| League cup \| Europe \| Europe \| Other \| Other \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ------------------- \| ------------ \| -------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ---------- \| ---------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Manchester City U21 \| 2018–19 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| \| Manchester City \| 2018–19 \| Premier League \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| \| Manchester City \| 2019–20 \| Premier League \| 13 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 20 \| 0 \| \| Manchester City \| 2020–21 \| Premier League \| 6 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 12 \| 0 \| \| Manchester City \| Total \| Total \| 19 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 7 \| 0 \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 35 \| 0 \| \| Barcelona \| 2021–22 \| La Liga \| 26 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 9 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 36 \| 0 \| \| Barcelona \| 2022–23 \| La Liga \| 24 \| 1 \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 4 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 32 \| 1 \| \| Barcelona \| 2023–24 \| La Liga \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 2 \| 0 \| \| Barcelona \| 2024–25 \| La Liga \| 29 \| 2 \| 6 \| 1 \| — \| — \| 9 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 45 \| 5 \| \| Barcelona \| 2025–26 \| La Liga \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| \| Barcelona \| Total \| Total \| 82 \| 3 \| 9 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 22 \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 115 \| 6 \| \| Girona (loan) \| 2023–24 \| La Liga \| 32 \| 5 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 33 \| 5 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 133 \| 8 \| 15 \| 1 \| 7 \| 0 \| 27 \| 2 \| 3 \| 0 \| 185 \| 11 \| 1. ↑ Includes FA Cup, Copa del Rey 2. ↑ Includes EFL Cup 3. ↑ Appearance in EFL Trophy 4. 1 2 3 4 Appearances in UEFA Champions League 5. ↑ Four appearances in UEFA Champions League, five appearances in UEFA Europa League 6. 1 2 Appearance in Supercopa de España ### International As of match played 17 November 2022 \| National team \| Year \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ------------- \| ----- \| ---- \| ----- \| \| Spain \| 2020 \| 4 \| 0 \| \| Spain \| 2021 \| 10 \| 0 \| \| Spain \| 2022 \| 5 \| 0 \| \| Total \| Total \| 19 \| 0 \| ## Honours Manchester City - Premier League: 2020–21[40] - EFL Cup: 2019–20[41] - FA Community Shield: 2019[42] - UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2020–21[43] Barcelona - La Liga: 2022–23,[44] 2024–25[45] - Copa del Rey: 2024–25[46] - Supercopa de España: 2023,[47] 2025[48] Spain U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2017[49] - FIFA U-17 World Cup runner-up: 2017[50] Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2019[51] Spain U23 - Olympic Gold Medal: 2024;[52] silver medal: 2020[53] Spain - UEFA Nations League runner-up: 2020–21[54] Individual - UEFA European Under-19 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2019[55] - IFFHS Men's Youth (U20) World Team: 2021[56] - IFFHS Men's Youth (U20) UEFA Team: 2020,[57] 2021[58]	enwiki/59426361	enwiki	59,426,361	Eric García (footballer, born 2001)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Garc%C3%ADa_(footballer,_born_2001)	2025-08-19T01:08:12Z	en	Q59938996	262,590	{{short description\|Spanish footballer (born 2001)}} {{EngvarB\|date=June 2020}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2022}} {{family name hatnote\|García\|Martret\|lang=Spanish}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Eric García \| image = Eric Garcia autographs 2022 (cropped).jpg \| caption = García signing autographs with [[FC Barcelona\|Barcelona]] in 2022 \| full_name = Eric García Martret<ref name="FIFA">{{cite web \|url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf \|title=Squad List: FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: Spain (ESP) \|publisher=FIFA \|page=27 \|date=18 December 2022 \|access-date=14 October 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218195301/https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf \|archive-date=18 December 2022 \|url-status=live }}</ref> \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|2001\|1\|9\|df=y}}<ref name="FIFA"/> \| birth_place = [[Martorell]], Spain \| height = 1.82 m<ref name="FIFA"/> \| position = [[Centre-back]], [[right-back]]<ref name=worldfootball>{{cite web \|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/eric-garcia_2/ \|title=Eric García: Profile \|website=worldfootball.net\|publisher=HEIM:SPIEL\|access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> \| currentclub = [[FC Barcelona\|Barcelona]] \| clubnumber = 24 \| youthyears1 = 2008–2017 \| youthclubs1 = [[FC Barcelona (youth)\|Barcelona]] \| youthyears2 = 2017–2019 \| youthclubs2 = [[Manchester City F.C. EDS and Academy\|Manchester City]] \| years1 = 2018–2021 \| clubs1 = [[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]] \| caps1 = 19 \| goals1 = 0 \| years2 = 2021– \| clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona\|Barcelona]] \| caps2 = 82 \| goals2 = 3 \| years3 = 2023–2024 \| clubs3 = → [[Girona FC\|Girona]] (loan) \| caps3 = 32 \| goals3 = 5 \| nationalyears1 = 2017 \| nationalteam1 = [[Spain national under-16 football team\|Spain U16]] \| nationalcaps1 = 9 \| nationalgoals1 = 0 \| nationalyears2 = 2017–2018 \| nationalteam2 = [[Spain national under-17 football team\|Spain U17]] \| nationalcaps2 = 9 \| nationalgoals2 = 0 \| nationalyears3 = 2019 \| nationalteam3 = [[Spain national under-19 football team\|Spain U19]] \| nationalcaps3 = 9 \| nationalgoals3 = 0 \| nationalyears4 = 2019 \| nationalteam4 = [[Spain national under-21 football team\|Spain U21]] \| nationalcaps4 = 5 \| nationalgoals4 = 0 \| nationalyears5 = 2021–2024 \| nationalteam5 = [[Spain national under-23 football team\|Spain U23]] \| nationalcaps5 = 12 \| nationalgoals5 = 0 \| nationalyears6 = 2020– \| nationalteam6 = [[Spain national football team\|Spain]] \| nationalcaps6 = 19 \| nationalgoals6 = 0 \| nationalyears7 = 2024– \| nationalteam7 = [[Catalonia national football team\|Catalonia]] \| nationalcaps7 = 2 \| nationalgoals7 = 0 \| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport\|Men's [[association football\|football]]}} {{MedalCountry\|{{fb\|ESP}}}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[Football at the Summer Olympics\|Olympic Games]]}} {{MedalGold\|[[2024 Summer Olympics\|2024 Paris]]\|[[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads#Spain\|Team]]}} {{MedalSilver\|[[2020 Summer Olympics\|2020 Tokyo]]\|[[Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads#Spain\|Team]]}} {{Medal\|Comp\|[[UEFA Nations League]]}} {{Medal\|RU\|[[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals\|2021 Italy]]\|}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[UEFA European Under-19 Championship]]}} {{Medal\|W\|[[2019 UEFA European Under-19 Championship\|2019 Armenia]]\| [[2019 UEFA European Under-19 Championship squads#Spain\|Team]]}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[UEFA European Under-17 Championship]]}} {{Medal\|W\|[[2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship\|2017 Croatia]]\| [[2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship squads#Spain\|Team]]}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[FIFA U-17 World Cup]]}} {{Medal\|RU\|[[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup\|2017 India]]\| [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads#Spain\|Team]]}} \| club-update = 23:08, 16 August 2025 (UTC) \| nationalteam-update = 9 August 2024 }} '''Eric García Martret''' (born 9 January 2001) is a Spanish professional [[association football\|footballer]] who plays as a [[centre-back]] or [[right-back]] for {{Spanish football updater\|Barcelona}} club [[FC Barcelona\|Barcelona]] and the [[Spain national football team\|Spain national team]]. García moved from Barcelona at the age of 17 to [[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]]. He made his [[Premier League]] debut on 21 September 2019. In his final season at the club, he won the [[2020–21 Premier League\|league]] and was [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League\|runner-up]] in the [[UEFA Champions League]]. In June 2021, García rejoined Barcelona on a free transfer, following the expiration of his contract. ==Club career== ===Early career=== Born in [[Martorell]], [[Province of Barcelona\|Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]],<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/perfil-eric-garcia-fichaje-oficial-barca-11778110 \|title=De promesa a realidad: Eric Garcia ya está en casa\|trans-title=From promise to reality: Eric Garcia is already home \|newspaper=Sport \|date=1 June 2021 \|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> García was a part of ''[[La Masia]],'' the [[FC Barcelona\|Barcelona]] academy, before joining [[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]] in 2017.<ref name="Goalcom">{{cite web \|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/ex-barcelona-jewel-eric-garcia-lighting-up-man-citys-pre/1lq7t2h0psoqc1h00gl47nvwk5 \|title=Ex-Barcelona jewel Eric Garcia lighting up Man City's pre-season \|website=Goal.com \|publisher=Perform Group \|date=26 July 2018 \|access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref> During his first season at City, he captained the under 18s and played for the under 19s in the [[UEFA Youth League]].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=City\|first=Manchester\|title=Eric Garcia\|url=https://www.mancity.com/players/eric-garcia\|access-date=20 August 2020\|website=www.mancity.com}}</ref> ===Manchester City=== He joined up with the first team during their 2018 summer pre-season in the United States.<ref name="Goalcom" /> On 18 December 2018, García made his debut for City, starting in the [[EFL Cup]] quarter-final against [[Leicester City F.C.\|Leicester City]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Pollard \|first1=Rob \|title=De Bruyne and Aguero start, Garcia makes debut \|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/first-team/first-team-news/2018/december/leicester-man-city-team-news-tactics-injury-latest-carabao-cup \|publisher=Manchester City F.C. \|access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref> He played in a [[centre-back]] pairing with [[Nicolás Otamendi]], with the game finishing 1–1, City winning the tie on penalties.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Aro Muric spares Raheem Sterling blushes as Man City beat Leicester on penalties to stay in hunt for quadruple \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2018/12/18/leicester-city-vs-manchester-city-carabao-cup-quarter-final/ \|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> He made his [[Premier League]] debut on 21 September 2019 when he came on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Otamendi in an 8–0 win over [[Watford F.C.\|Watford]].<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49784693 \|website=BBC Sport \|date=21 September 2019 \|last=Bevan \|first=Chris \|title=Man City 8–0 Watford: Pep Guardiola's side silence critics in emphatic style \|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> García played two full games back to back for City over the Christmas and New Year period in 2019. The first game was against [[Sheffield United F.C.\|Sheffield United]] at home, which City won 2–0.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Man City vs. Sheffield United match report \|website=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50882582 }}</ref> A second home game in a couple of days, saw a second start for García, with City recording a 2–1 victory against [[Everton F.C.\|Everton]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Manchester City vs Everton match report \|work=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50908726 }}</ref> On 17 June 2020, García was in the starting eleven against [[Arsenal F.C.\|Arsenal]] for City's first game back after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] break, with City recording a 3–0 win. Towards the end of the game, García was involved in a collision with goalkeeper [[Ederson (footballer, born 1993)\|Ederson]] and initially left him unconscious.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Garcia injury mars near-perfect day for Manchester City against Arsenal {{!}} Goal.com\|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/garcia-injury-mars-near-perfect-day-for-manchester-city/bwj1dybsko6k1m7bnk2kl5m1r\|access-date=18 June 2020\|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> García received lengthy on-field treatment before being stretchered off and supplied with oxygen. Despite the seriousness of the incident, García was discharged from hospital the next day.<ref>{{Cite news\|date=18 June 2020\|title=Man City: Eric Garcia out of hospital after Ederson collision\|website=BBC Sport\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53087730\|access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> Manager [[Pep Guardiola]] stated in a press conference García's injury was a [[concussion]] and expected him to be fit within 10 days.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Eric Garcia: Manchester City boss Pep Guardiola outlines 10-day recovery \|website=BBC Sport \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53111307 }}</ref> On 6 August 2020, Guardiola announced in a press conference that García had rejected a contract extension, despite ending the league campaign as City's first-choice partner for [[Aymeric Laporte]].<ref>{{Cite news\|date=6 August 2020\|title=Eric Garcia: Manchester City want £30m for Spanish defender\|website=BBC Sport\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53682729\|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> ===Barcelona=== On 1 June 2021, García agreed to sign for [[La Liga]] club Barcelona on a [[Free transfer (association football)\|free transfer]] on a five-year contract starting 1 July, with a buyout clause set at €400 million.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/2163526/eric-garcia-is-fc-barcelonas-second-signing \|title=Eric Garcia is FC Barcelona's second signing \|publisher=FC Barcelona \|date=1 June 2021 \|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> On 15 August 2021, he played his first competitive match for the club as he started the league opening game, a 4–2 victory against [[Real Sociedad]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Debuts for Memphis, Eric Garcia, Royal and Nico\|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/2220620/debuts-for-memphis-eric-garcia-royal-and-nico\|access-date=16 August 2021\|website=www.fcbarcelona.com\|language=en}}</ref> On 21 August, he was sent off after receiving a straight red card for his last-ditch tackle on [[Nico Williams]] in a 1–1 draw against [[Athletic Bilbao]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/2227561/athletic-club-1-1-barca-all-square-at-san-mames\|title=Athletic Club 1-1 Barça: All square at San Mamés\|website=[[FC Barcelona]]\|first=Mike\|last=Roberts\|date=22 August 2021\|accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref> On 29 September, García was sent off for the second time after receiving two yellow cards in a 3–0 [[2021–22 UEFA Champions League group stage#Group E\|Champions League group stage]] thrashing by [[SL Benfica\|Benfica]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/2274806/benfica-3-0-fc-barcelona-painful-defeat-in-lisbon\|title=Benfica 3-0 FC Barcelona: Painful defeat in Lisbon\|website=[[FC Barcelona]]\|first=Mike\|last=Roberts\|date=29 September 2021\|accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref> ====Loan to Girona==== On 1 September 2023, García was loaned to fellow top tier side [[Girona FC\|Girona]] for the [[2023–24 La Liga\|2023–24 season]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3664609/eric-garcia-loaned-to-girona\|title=Eric Garcia loaned to Girona\|publisher=FC Barcelona\|date=1 September 2023\|accessdate=1 September 2023}}</ref> On 27 September, he scored his first goal for Girona to secure a 2–1 away win over [[Villarreal CF\|Villarreal]], which granted his club the top place in La Liga after seven matches for the first time in their history.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2023/sep/28/girona-la-liga-top-first-time-history-spain \|title=Girona are top of La Liga for the first time in history. But this is not chance \|work=The Guardian \|date=28 September 2023 }}</ref> He eventually scored five goals in total, becoming one of the league's top-scoring defenders.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Luna \|first=Álex \|url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/us/en/soccer/20240531/691430/girona-eric-garcia-s-big-move-nrt.html \|title=Girona: Eric Garcia's Big Move \|publisher=Mundo Deportivo \|date=31 May 2024 }}</ref> ====Return to Barcelona==== García returned to Barcelona after his loan spell ended.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Brennan \|first=Feargal \|url=https://www.football-espana.net/2024/05/25/eric-garcia-confirms-barcelona-return \|title=Eric Garcia confirms Barcelona return plan \|publisher=Football España \|date=25 May 2024 }}</ref> On 4 January 2025, he scored his first goal since rejoining the team in a 4–0 away victory over [[UD Barbastro]] in the [[2024–25 Copa del Rey\|Copa del Rey]].<ref>{{cite web \|last=Roberts \|first=Mike \|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4194103/barbastro-0-4-fc-barcelona-comfortably-through \|title=Barbastro 0-4 FC Barcelona: Comfortably through \|publisher=FC Barcelona \|date=4 January 2025 }}</ref> On 21 January, he netted his maiden [[2024–25 UEFA Champions League\|Champions League]] goal in a 5–4 away victory over [[S.L. Benfica\|Benfica]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Barcelona 5-4 Benfica (Jan 21, 2025) Final Score \|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/720334/barcelona-benfica \|access-date=2025-07-29 \|website=ESPN \|language=en}}</ref> Later, on 6 May 2025, in the second leg of the [[2024–25 UEFA Champions League knockout phase\|Champions League semi-final]] against [[Inter Milan]], García started as a right-back due to the injury to [[Jules Koundé]] and scored the first goal for Barcelona after they went down 2-0 in the first half.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Inter Milan 4-3 Barcelona (May 6, 2025) Final Score \|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/733619/barcelona-internazionale \|access-date=2025-07-29 \|website=ESPN \|language=en}}</ref> Just five days later, in a home [[El Clásico]] showdown against [[Real Madrid CF\|Real Madrid]], García once again scored the first goal for Barcelona after they went down 2-0 in the first half, marking his first career El Clásico goal. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=Barcelona 4-3 Real Madrid (May 11, 2025) Final Score \|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/705002/real-madrid-barcelona \|access-date=2025-07-29 \|website=ESPN \|language=en}}</ref> ==International career== After representing [[Spain national football team\|Spain]] at [[Spain national under-19 football team\|under-19]] and [[Spain national under-21 football team\|under-21]] levels, García received his first senior call-up on 20 August 2020, for two [[UEFA Nations League]] fixtures against [[Germany national football team\|Germany]] and [[Ukraine national football team\|Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sefutbol.com/oficial-lista-convocados-seleccion-espanola-partidos-uefa-nations-league-alemania-y-ucrania\|title=OFICIAL {{!}} Lista de convocados de la Selección española para los partidos de la UEFA Nations League ante Alemania y Ucrania\|trans-title=OFFICIAL {{!}} List of called-up players by the Spain national team for the UEFA Nations League matches against Germany and Ukraine\|website=SEFutbol\|language=es\|date=20 August 2020\|access-date=20 August 2020\|archive-date=30 August 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830080056/https://www.sefutbol.com/oficial-lista-convocados-seleccion-espanola-partidos-uefa-nations-league-alemania-y-ucrania\|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made his senior international debut against Ukraine on 6 September 2020, replacing [[Sergio Ramos]] in the 61st minute as Spain won 4–0.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/54051071\|title=Nations League: Ansu Fati, 17, scores for Spain v Ukraine\|website=[[BBC Sport]]\|date=6 September 2020}}</ref> On 24 May 2021, García was included in [[Luis Enrique]]'s [[UEFA Euro 2020 squads#Spain\|24-man squad]] for [[UEFA Euro 2020]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Braidwood \|first1=Jamie \|title=Euro 2020 news LIVE: Sergio Ramos left out of Spain squad plus latest before England announcement \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/euro-2020-news-live-england-squad-b1852654.html \|access-date=24 May 2021 \|newspaper=The Independent \|date=24 May 2021}}</ref> Additionally, García was included in [[Spain national under-23 football team\|the squad]] for the [[Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\|2020 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite web \| agency=Associated Press\|title=Spain Names Six From Euro Squad to Olympic Roster\|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2021/06/29/spain-olympics-squad-euro-2020-pedri-dani-olmo\|access-date=1 July 2021\|magazine=Sports Illustrated\|date=29 June 2021 \|language=en-us}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated\|match played 16 August 2025}} {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|National cup{{efn\|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[Copa del Rey]]}} !colspan="2"\|League cup{{efn\|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"\|Europe !colspan="2"\|Other !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|[[Manchester City F.C. EDS and Academy\|Manchester City U21]] \|2018–19<ref name="sb1819">{{soccerbase season\|113520\|2018\|name=Eric Garcia\|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> \|colspan="3"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|1{{efn\|Appearance in [[EFL Trophy]]}}\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[Manchester City F.C.\|Manchester City]] \|[[2018–19 Manchester City F.C. season\|2018–19]]<ref name="sb1819"/> \|[[Premier League]] \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0 \|- \|[[2019–20 Manchester City F.C. season\|2019–20]]<ref>{{soccerbase season\|113520\|2019\|name=Eric Garcia\|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> \|Premier League \|13\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0\|\|2{{efn\|name=UCL\|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|20\|\|0 \|- \|[[2020–21 Manchester City F.C. season\|2020–21]]<ref>{{soccerbase season\|113520\|2020\|name=Eric Garcia\|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> \|Premier League \|6\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|3{{efn\|name=UCL}}\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|12\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !19\|\|0\|\|4\|\|0\|\|7\|\|0\|\|5\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|35\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan="6"\|[[FC Barcelona\|Barcelona]] \|[[2021–22 FC Barcelona season\|2021–22]]<ref>{{soccerbase season\|113520\|2021\|name=Eric Garcia\|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> \|[[La Liga]] \|26\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|9{{efn\|Four appearances in UEFA Champions League, five appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|36\|\|0 \|- \|[[2022–23 FC Barcelona season\|2022–23]]<ref>{{soccerbase season\|113520\|2022\|name=Eric Garcia\|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> \|La Liga \|24\|\|1\|\|3\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|4{{efn\|name=UCL}}\|\|0\|\|1{{efn\|name=SDE\|Appearance in [[Supercopa de España]]}}\|\|0\|\|32\|\|1 \|- \|[[2023–24 FC Barcelona season\|2023–24]]<ref name=sb2324>{{soccerbase season\|113520\|2023\|name=Eric Garcia\|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> \|La Liga \|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|2\|\|0 \|- \|[[2024–25 FC Barcelona season\|2024–25]]<ref>{{soccerbase season\|113520\|2024\|name=Eric Garcia\|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> \|La Liga \|29\|\|2\|\|6\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|9{{efn\|name=UCL}}\|\|2\|\|1{{efn\|name=SDE}}\|\|0\|\|45\|\|5 \|- \|[[2025–26 FC Barcelona season\|2025–26]]<ref>{{soccerbase season\|113520\|2025\|name=Eric Garcia\|access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> \|La Liga \|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !82!!3!!9!!1!!0!!0!!22!!2!!2!!0!!115!!6 \|- \|[[Girona FC\|Girona]] (loan) \|[[2023–24 Girona FC season\|2023–24]]<ref name=sb2324/> \|La Liga \|32\|\|5\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|33\|\|5 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career total !133\|\|8\|\|15\|\|1\|\|7\|\|0\|\|27\|\|2\|\|3\|\|0\|\|185\|\|11 \|} {{notelist}} ===International=== {{updated\|match played 17 November 2022}}<ref>{{NFT player\|id=79276\|name=García, Eric\|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year \|- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[Spain national football team\|Spain]] \|2020\|\|4\|\|0 \|- \|2021\|\|10\|\|0 \|- \|2022\|\|5\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total!!19!!0 \|} ==Honours== '''Manchester City''' [[Premier League]]: [[2020–21 Premier League\|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/24635/Eric-García/overview \|title=Eric García: Overview \|publisher=Premier League \|access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref> [[EFL Cup]]: [[2019–20 EFL Cup\|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51601970 \|title=Aston Villa 1–2 Manchester City \|first=Phil \|last=McNulty \|website=BBC Sport \|date=1 March 2020 \|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> [[FA Community Shield]]: [[2019 FA Community Shield\|2019]]<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49141690 \|title=Liverpool 1–1 Manchester City \|first=Emlyn \|last=Begley \|website=BBC Sport \|date=4 August 2019 \|access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref> [[UEFA Champions League]] runner-up: [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League\|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2029498--man-city-vs-chelsea/ \|title=Man. City 0–1 Chelsea: Updates \|publisher=UEFA \|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> '''Barcelona''' [[La Liga]]: [[2022–23 La Liga\|2022–23]],<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3344756/fc-barcelona-liga-champions-202223 \|title=FC Barcelona, Liga champions 2022/23! \|website=FC Barcelona \|date=14 May 2023}}</ref> [[2024–25 La Liga\|2024–25]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2025-05-15 \|title=FC Barcelona Crowned Champions of LALIGA EA SPORTS 2024/25 \|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/fc-barcelona-crowned-champions-of-laliga-ea-sports-2024-25 \|access-date=2025-05-24 \|website= \|publisher=[[La Liga]] \|language=en}}</ref> [[Copa del Rey]]: [[2024–25 Copa del Rey\|2024–25]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2025-04-26 \|title=FC Barcelona crowned Cup Kings in classic encounter \|url=https://rfef.es/en/noticias/match-report-fc-barcelona-crowned-cup-kings-in-classic-encounter \|access-date=2025-04-26 \|website= \|publisher=[[Real Federación Española de Fútbol]] \|language=en}}</ref> [[Supercopa de España]]: [[2023 Supercopa de España\|2023]],<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Baynes \|first=Ciaran \|date=15 January 2023 \|title=Real Madrid 1-3 Barcelona: Gavi stars as Barca dominate to win Spanish Super Cup \|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/spanish-supercopa/2022-2023/spanish-super-cup-final-live-real-madrid-v-barcelona_sto9316880/story.shtml \|access-date=16 January 2023 \|website=Euro Sport}}</ref> [[2025 Supercopa de España\|2025]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2025-01-13 \|title=FC Barcelona win the Super Cup in a final for the history books (2-5) \|url=https://rfef.es/en/noticias/match-report-fc-barcelona-win-the-super-cup-in-a-final-for-the-history-books-2-5 \|access-date=2025-01-13 \|website= \|publisher=[[Real Federación Española de Fútbol]] \|language=en}}</ref> '''Spain U17''' [[UEFA European Under-17 Championship]]: [[2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship\|2017]]<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/match/2022691--spain-vs-england/lineups/?iv=true \|title=Spain-England \| Line-ups \| Under-17 \|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> [[FIFA U-17 World Cup]] runner-up: [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup\|2017]]<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/u-17-world-cup-2017-group-d-squad-of-brazil-spain-dpr-korea/r6p9f9862wgx16c03sqtscnb3 \|title=U-17 World Cup 2017 Group D: Squads of Brazil, Spain, DPR Korea and Niger \| Goal.com \|website=Goal.com \|publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> '''Spain U19''' [[UEFA European Under-19 Championship]]: [[2019 UEFA European Under-19 Championship\|2019]]<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.uefa.com/under19/match/2027504--portugal-vs-spain/?referrer=%2Funder19%2Fseason%3D2019%2Fmatches%2Fround%3D2000952%2Fmatch%3D2027504%2F \|title=Portugal-Spain \| Line-ups \| Under-19 \|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> '''Spain U23''' * [[Football at the Summer Olympics\|Olympic Gold Medal]]: [[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\|2024]];<ref>{{cite news \|last=Ronay \|first=Barney \|date=9 August 2024 \|title=Camello’s extra-time double clinches football gold for Spain against France \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/aug/09/football-olympics-paris-france-spain-final \|access-date=9 August 2024 \|work=The Guardian \|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> silver medal: [[Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\|2020]]<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/aug/07/brazil-edge-spain-in-mens-olympic-football-final-thanks-to-malcoms-magic\|title=Brazil edge Spain in men's Olympic football final thanks to Malcom's magic\|date=7 August 2021\|work=The Guardian\|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> '''Spain''' [[UEFA Nations League]] runner-up: [[2020–21 UEFA Nations League\|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web\|date=10 October 2021\|title=France beat Spain to win Nations League\|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/match/2030761--spain-vs-france/\|access-date=10 October 2021\|work=UEFA\|publisher=[[Union of European Football Associations]]}}</ref> '''Individual''' UEFA European Under-19 Championship Team of the Tournament: [[2019 UEFA European Under-19 Championship#Team of the Tournament\|2019]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.uefa.com/under19/news/0257-0dee7760e7c2-87b8e8ee3fc9-1000--2019-u19-euro-team-of-the-tournament/\|title=2019 U19 EURO team of the tournament\|publisher=[[UEFA]]\|date=30 July 2019}}</ref> [[IFFHS World Youth (U20) Team\|IFFHS Men's Youth (U20) World Team]]: 2021<ref>{{cite web \|title=IFFHS MEN'S YOUTH (U20) WORLD TEAM OF THE YEAR 2021 \|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1514 \|website=iffhs.com \|publisher=[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]] \|date=9 December 2021 \|access-date=10 December 2021 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209090816/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1514 \|archive-date=9 December 2021 }}</ref> [[IFFHS]] Men's Youth (U20) UEFA Team: 2020,<ref>{{cite web \|title=UEFA YOUTH MEN TEAM OF THE YEAR 2020 (U20) by IFFHS\|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/990\|date=9 March 2021}}</ref> 2021<ref>{{cite web \|title=IFFHS MEN'S YOUTH CONTINENTAL TEAMS OF THE YEAR 2021 - UEFA\|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1574\|date=10 January 2022}}</ref> ==References== '''For Spain U19 and U21 infobox statistics''' {{cite web \|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j304055.html \|title=Eric García: Player \|website=BDFutbol \|access-date=19 June 2020}} '''Specific''' {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} [https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/players/24635/eric-garcia Profile] at the FC Barcelona website * [https://rfef.es/es/selecciones/jugadores/eric-garcia Profile] at the Royal Spanish Football Federation website {{in lang\|es}} * {{UEFA player}} {{FC Barcelona squad}} {{Navboxes \| title = Spain squads \| bg = #C60B1E \| fg = #FBEA0E \| bordercolor = #000033 \| list1 = {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Spain men's football squad 2020 Summer Olympics}} {{Spain squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}} {{Spain men's football squad 2024 Summer Olympics}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Garcia, Eric}} [[Category:2001 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Footballers from Barcelona]] [[Category:Spanish men's footballers]] [[Category:Spain men's youth international footballers]] [[Category:Spain men's under-21 international footballers]] [[Category:Spain men's international footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football central defenders]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:Girona FC players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2020 players]] [[Category:Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers at the 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Spanish expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England]] [[Category:Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England]] [[Category:Olympic footballers for Spain]] [[Category:Olympic medalists in football]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Spain]] [[Category:Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Spain]] [[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:21st-century Spanish sportsmen]]	1,306,663,135	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Full name": "Eric Garc\u00eda Martret", "Date of birth": "9 January 2001", "Place of birth": "Martorell, Spain", "Height": "1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)", "Position(s)": "Centre-back, right-back"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Barcelona", "Number": "24"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"2008\u20132017": "Barcelona", "2017\u20132019": "Manchester City"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2018\u20132021": "Manchester City \u00b7 19 \u00b7 (0)", "2021\u2013": "Barcelona \u00b7 82 \u00b7 (3)", "2023\u20132024": "\u2192 Girona (loan) \u00b7 32 \u00b7 (5)"}}, {"title": "International career\u2021", "data": {"2017": "Spain U16 \u00b7 9 \u00b7 (0)", "2017\u20132018": "Spain U17 \u00b7 9 \u00b7 (0)", "2019": ["Spain U19 \u00b7 9 \u00b7 (0)", "Spain U21 \u00b7 5 \u00b7 (0)"], "2021\u20132024": "Spain U23 \u00b7 12 \u00b7 (0)", "2020\u2013": "Spain \u00b7 19 \u00b7 (0)", "2024\u2013": "Catalonia \u00b7 2 \u00b7 (0)"}}, {"title": "Olympic Games", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": "2024 Paris \u00b7 Team", "Silver medal \u2013 second place": "2020 Tokyo \u00b7 Team"}}, {"title": "UEFA Nations League", "data": {"Runner-up": "2021 Italy"}}, {"title": "UEFA European Under-19 Championship", "data": {"Winner": "2019 Armenia \u00b7 Team"}}, {"title": "UEFA European Under-17 Championship", "data": {"Winner": "2017 Croatia \u00b7 Team"}}, {"title": "FIFA U-17 World Cup", "data": {"Runner-up": "2017 India \u00b7 Team"}}, {"title": "Spain squad \u2013 UEFA Euro 2020 semi-finalists", "data": {"1 De Gea 2 Azpilicueta 3 D. Llorente 4 P. Torres 5 Busquets ( c ) 6 M. Llorente 7 Morata 8 Koke 9 Gerard 10 Thiago 11 F. Torres 12 Garc\u00eda 13 S\u00e1nchez 14 Gay\u00e0 16 Rodri 17 Fabi\u00e1n 18 Alba 19 Olmo 20 Traor\u00e9 21 Oyarzabal 22 Sarabia 23 Sim\u00f3n 24 Laporte 26 Pedri Coach: Luis Enrique": "Spain"}}, {"title": "Spain men's football squad \u2013 2020 Summer Olympics \u2013 Silver medalists", "data": {"1 Sim\u00f3n 2 Mingueza 3 Cucurella 4 Torres 5 Vallejo 6 Zubimendi 7 Asensio 8 Merino 9 Mir 10 Ceballos ( c ) 11 Oyarzabal 12 Garc\u00eda 13 Fern\u00e1ndez 14 Soler 15 Moncayola 16 Pedri 17 Puado 18 \u00d3. Gil 19 Olmo 20 Miranda 21 B. Gil 22 Villar Coach: De la Fuente": "Spain"}}, {"title": "Spain squad \u2013 2022 FIFA World Cup", "data": {"1 S\u00e1nchez 2 Azpilicueta 3 Garc\u00eda 4 P. Torres 5 Busquets ( c ) 6 Llorente 7 Morata 8 Koke 9 Gavi 10 Asensio 11 F. Torres 12 Williams 13 Raya 14 Balde 15 Guillam\u00f3n 16 Rodri 17 Pino 18 Alba 19 Soler 20 Carvajal 21 Olmo 22 Sarabia 23 Sim\u00f3n 24 Laporte 25 Fati 26 Pedri Coach: Luis Enrique": "Spain"}}, {"title": "Spain men's football squad \u2013 2024 Summer Olympics \u2013 Gold medalists", "data": {"1 Tenas 2 Pubill 3 Miranda 4 E. Garc\u00eda 5 Cubars\u00ed 6 Barrios 7 D. L\u00f3pez 8 Turrientes 9 Ruiz ( c ) 10 Baena 11 Ferm\u00edn 12 Pacheco 13 J. Garc\u00eda 14 Oroz 15 Guti\u00e9rrez 16 Bernab\u00e9 17 G\u00f3mez 18 Omorodion 19 Mosquera 20 Juanlu 21 Camello 22 Iturbe Coach: Denia": "Spain"}}]	false
# Ottoman Greeks Ottoman Greeks (Greek: Ρωμιοί, romanized: Romioi; Turkish: Osmanlı Rumları) were ethnic Greeks who lived in the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922), much of which is in modern Turkey. Ottoman Greeks were Greek Orthodox Christians who belonged to the Rum Millet (Millet-i Rum). They were concentrated in eastern Thrace (especially in and around Constantinople), and western, central, and northeastern Anatolia (especially in Smyrna, Cappadocia, and Erzurum vilayet, respectively). There were also sizeable Greek communities elsewhere in the Ottoman Balkans, Ottoman Armenia, Ottoman Syria and the Ottoman Caucasus, including in what, between 1878 and 1917, made up the Russian Caucasus province of Kars Oblast, in which Pontic Greeks, northeastern Anatolian Greeks, and Caucasus Greeks who had collaborated with the Russian Imperial Army in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 were settled in over 70 villages, as part of official Russian policy to re-populate with Orthodox Christians an area that was traditionally made up of Ottoman Muslims and Armenians. ## History ### Introduction In the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Muslim dhimmi system, Greek Christians were guaranteed limited freedoms (such as the right to worship), but were treated as second-class citizens. Christians and Jews were not considered equals to Muslims: testimony against Muslims by Christians and Jews was inadmissible in courts of law. They were forbidden to carry weapons or ride atop horses, their houses could not overlook those of Muslims, and their religious practices would have to defer to those of Muslims, in addition to various other legal limitations. Violation of these statutes could result in punishments ranging from the levying of fines to execution. The Ecumenical Patriarch was recognized as the highest religious and political leader (millet-bashi, or ethnarch) of all Orthodox Christian subjects of the Sultan, though in certain periods some major powers, such as Russia (under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774) or Great Britain, later the United Kingdom, claimed the rights of protection over the Ottoman Empire's Orthodox subjects. ### 19th century The three major European powers, the United Kingdom, France and Russia (known as the Great Powers), took issue with the Ottoman Empire's treatment of its Christian population and increasingly pressured the Ottoman government (also known as the Sublime Porte) to extend equal rights to all its citizens. Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government implemented the Tanzimat reforms to improve the situation of non-Muslims, although these would prove largely ineffective. In 1856, the Hatt-ı Hümayun promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane. The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, (or Kanûn-ı Esâsî in Ottoman Turkish), which was promulgated on November 23, 1876. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. ### 20th century On July 24, 1908, Greeks' hopes for equality in the Ottoman Empire brightened with the removal of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II (r. 1876–1909) from power and restored the country back to a constitutional monarchy. The Committee of Union and Progress (more commonly called the Young Turks), a political party opposed to the absolute rule of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II, had led a rebellion against their ruler. The pro-reform Young Turks deposed the Sultan and replaced him with the ineffective Sultan Mehmed V (r. 1908–1918). Before World War I, there were an estimated 1.8 million Greeks living in the Ottoman Empire. Some prominent Ottoman Greeks served as parliamentary deputies. In the 1908 Parliament, there were twenty-six (26) Ottoman Greek deputies but their number dropped to eighteen (18) by 1914. It is estimated that the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor had 2,300 community schools, 200,000 students, 5,000 teachers, 2,000 Greek Orthodox churches, and 3,000 Greek Orthodox priests. From 1914 until 1923, Greeks in Thrace and Asia Minor were subject to a campaign of massacres and deportations, involving death marches. The International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) recognizes it as genocide and refers to the campaign as the Greek Genocide. ## Patriarchate of Constantinople After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, when the Sultan virtually replaced the Byzantine emperor among subjugated Christians, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople was recognized by the Sultan as the religious and national leader (ethnarch) of the Orthodox population. The Patriarchate earned a primary importance and occupied this key role among the Christians of the Ottoman Empire because the Ottomans did not legally distinguish between nationality and religion, and thus regarded all the Orthodox Christians of the Empire as a single entity. The position of the Patriarchate in the Ottoman state encouraged projects of Greek renaissance, centered on the resurrection and revitalization of the Byzantine Empire. The Patriarch and those church dignitaries around him constituted the first centre of power for the Greeks inside the Ottoman state, one which succeeded in infiltrating the structures of the Ottoman Empire, while attracting the former Byzantine nobility. ## Identity The Greeks were a self-conscious group within the larger Christian Orthodox religious community established by the Ottoman Empire. They distinguished themselves from their Orthodox co-religionists by retaining their Greek culture, customs, language, and tradition of education. Throughout the post-Byzantine and Ottoman periods, Greeks, as members of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, declared themselves as Graikoi (Greek: Γραικοί, "Greeks") and Romaioi or Romioi (Greek: Ρωμαίοι/Ρωμηιοί, "Romans"). ## Notable Ottoman Greeks - Köse Mihal (d. 1340), companion and general of Osman I - Nilüfer Hatun (d. 1363), consort of Orhan I - Evrenos (d. 1417), Ottoman military commander - Gülçiçek Hatun (1389–1400), consort of Ottoman Sultan Murad I and Valide Hatun to their son Bayezid I - Hass Murad Pasha (d. 1473), Ottoman Greek statesman - Mesih Pasha (1443–1501), Ottoman Grand Vizier, Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy and statesman - Gennadius Scholarius (1400–1472), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople - Rum Mehmed Pasha (d. 1470), Grand Vizier - Michael Critobulus (d. 1470), scholar and historian - Gülbahar Hatun (d. 1492), consort of Sultan Mehmed II, and mother of Sultan Bayezid II - Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1494–1536), Grand Vizier to Suleyman the Magnificent - Hadım Suleiman Pasha (1467–1547), Grand Vizier - Kösem Sultan (1589–1651), wife of Ottoman sultan Ahmed I and valide sultan to their sons Murat IV and Ibrahim I - Gülnuş Sultan (1642–1715), the Haseki Sultan of Mehmed IV and valide sultan to their sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III - Nicholas Mavrocordatos (1670–1730), Grand Dragoman - Adamantios Korais (1748–1833), Greek humanist scholar - Prince Alexander Mavrocordatos (1791–1865), Greek statesman - Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1819–1893), Grand Vizier - Alexander Karatheodori Pasha (1833–1906), Ottoman-Greek statesman and diplomat - Basil Zaharoff (1850–1936), arms dealer and financier - Christakis Zografos (1820–1896), banker and benefactor - Evangelinos Misailidis (1820–1890), Ottoman writer and journalist - Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1855–1922), Grand Vizier - Michael Vasileiou, 19th century merchant and benefactor - Alexandros Mavrogenis (1845–1929), Prince of Samos - Stephanos Mousouros (1841–1906), was an Ottoman Greek ambassador of the Ottoman Empire to Italy and the United Kingdom, and was the Ottoman-appointed Prince of Samos - Constantine Anthopoulos (1835–1902), pasha - Konstantinos Mousouros (1807–1891), Ottoman pasha and ambassador - Georgios Kourtoglou (1856–1912), Ottoman Pasha, governor and member of the Ottoman parliament - Pavlos Karolidis (1849–1930), member of the Ottoman parliament - Yorgo Zarifi (1810–1884), banker and financier - Leonidas Paraskevopoulos (1860–1936), Greek military man and politician - Kostas Skarvelis (1880–1942), singer - Matthaios Kofidis (1855–1921), businessman and politician - Aristotle Onassis (1906–1975), shipping magnate - Anton Christoforidis (1918–1985), Greek light heavyweight boxer - Sir Alec Issigonis (1906–1988), Greek-British car designer whose most famous work is the Mini - Elia Kazan (1909–2003), director, producer, writer and actor - Elias Venezis (1904–1973), writer from Ayvalık - Rita Abatzi (1914–1969), singer - Giorgos Seferis (1900–1971), Greek poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature - Marika Ninou (1918–1957), singer - Giannis Papaioannou (1913–1972), singer ## Gallery - Ethnic map of Asia Minor in 1917. Black = Bulgars and Turks. Red = Greeks. Light yellow = Armenians. Blue = Kurds. Orange = Lazes. Dark Yellow = Arabs. Green = Nestorians. - Map depicting the ethnic composition of Ottoman territories in 1911. - Declaration of the Constitution; Muslim, Greek and Armenian leaders together. ### Citations 1. ↑ Akçam 2006, p. 24. 2. ↑ Alaux & Puaux 1916. 3. ↑ Roudometof & Robertson 2001, p. 91. 4. ↑ Lekka 2007, p. 136: "At the start of the war, the Greeks were a thriving community in Asia Minor, a land they had inhabited since the time of Homer. But things deteriorated quickly. Before the Turkish implementation of a nationalist policy, the Greek population was estimated at around 2.5 million, with 2,300 community schools, 200,000 pupils, 5,000 teachers, 2,000 Greek Orthodox churches, and 3,000 Greek Orthodox priests." 5. ↑ International Association of Genocide Scholars (December 16, 2007). "Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011. 6. ↑ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-521-25249-2. 7. 1 2 Harrison 2002, pp. 276–277: "The Greeks belonged to the community of the Orthodox subjects of the Sultan. But within that larger unity they formed a self-conscious group marked off from their fellow Orthodox by language and culture and by a tradition of education never entirely interrupted, which maintained their Greek identity." 8. ↑ Volkan & Itzkowitz 1994, p. 85: "While living as a millet under the Ottoman Empire they retained their own religion, customs, and language, and the 'Greeks became the most important non-Turkish element in the Ottoman Empire'." 9. ↑ Kakavas 2002, p. 29: "All the peoples belonging to the flock of the Ecumenical Patriarchate declared themselves Graikoi (Greeks) or Romaioi (Romans - Rums)." 10. ↑ Institute for Neohellenic Research 2005, p. 8: "The people we have named as Greeks (Hellenes in the Greek language) would not describe themselves as such – they are generally known as Romioi and Graikoi – but according to their context the meaning of these words broadens to include or exclude population groups of another language and, at the same time, ethnicity." 11. ↑ Hopf 1873, "Epistola Theodori Zygomalae", p. 236: "...ησάν ποτε κύριοι Αθηνών, και ενωτίζοντο, ότι η νέων Ρωμαίων είτε Γραικών βασιλεία ασθενείν άρχεται..." ### Sources - Akçam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7. - Profile at Google Books - Alaux, Louis-Paul; Puaux, René (1916). Le Déclin de l'Hellénisme. Paris, France: Librairie Payot & Cie. - Bator, Robert; Rothero, Chris (2000). Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Runestone Press. ISBN 0-8225-3217-4. - Dawkins, Richard McGillivray; Halliday, William Reginald (1916). Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A Study of Dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa with Grammar, Texts, Translations and Glossary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Harrison, Thomas (2002). Greeks and Barbarians. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93958-5. - Hopf, Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann (1873). Chroniques Gréco-Romanes Inédites ou peu Connues. Berlin, Germany: Librairie de Weidmann. - Institute for Neohellenic Research (2005). The Historical Review. Vol. II. Athens, Greece: Institute for Neohellenic Research. - Kakavas, George (2002). Post-Byzantium: The Greek Renaissance 15th-18th Century Treasures from the Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens. Athens, Greece: Hellenic Ministry of Culture. ISBN 960-214-053-4. - Lekka, Anastasia (2007). "Legislative Provisions of the Ottoman/Turkish Governments Regarding Minorities and Their Properties". Mediterranean Quarterly. 18 (1): 135–154. doi:10.1215/10474552-2006-038. - Roudometof, Victor; Robertson, Roland (2001). Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313319495. - Volkan, Vamik D.; Itzkowitz, Norman (1994). Turks and Greeks: Neighbours in Conflict. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: The Eothen Press. ISBN 0-906719-25-9.	enwiki/18893354	enwiki	18,893,354	Ottoman Greeks	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks	2025-08-20T14:49:19Z	en	Q1467740	122,295	{{Short description\|Ethnic Greeks living within the Ottoman Empire}} [[File:Hellenism in the Near East 1918.jpg\|thumb\|right\|175px\|Hellenism (yellow) in the Aegean during and after [[World War I]] by George Soteriadis of the [[University of Athens]].]] '''Ottoman Greeks''' ({{langx\|el\|Ρωμιοί\|translit=Romioi}}; {{langx\|tr\|Osmanlı Rumları}}) were ethnic [[Greeks]] who lived in the [[Ottoman Empire]] (1299–1922), much of which is in modern [[Republic of Turkey\|Turkey]]. Ottoman Greeks were [[Greek Orthodoxy\|Greek Orthodox Christians]] who belonged to the [[Rum Millet]] (''Millet-i Rum''). They were concentrated in [[eastern Thrace]] (especially in and around [[Constantinople]]), and western, central, and northeastern [[Anatolia]] (especially in [[Smyrna]], [[Cappadocia]], and [[Erzurum vilayet]], respectively). There were also sizeable Greek communities elsewhere in the [[Ottoman Balkans]], [[Ottoman Armenia]], [[Ottoman Syria]] and the Ottoman [[Caucasus]], including in what, between 1878 and 1917, made up the Russian Caucasus province of [[Kars Oblast]], in which [[Pontic Greeks]], northeastern Anatolian Greeks, and [[Caucasus Greeks]] who had collaborated with the [[Russian Imperial Army]] in the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829]] were settled in over 70 villages, as part of official Russian policy to re-populate with Orthodox Christians an area that was traditionally made up of Ottoman Muslims and [[Armenians]]. ==History== ===Introduction=== In the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Muslim ''[[dhimmi]]'' system, Greek [[Christians]] were guaranteed limited freedoms (such as the right to worship), but were treated as [[second-class citizen]]s. Christians and [[Jews]] were not considered equals to [[Muslim]]s: testimony against Muslims by Christians and Jews was inadmissible in courts of law. They were forbidden to carry [[weapon]]s or ride atop [[horse]]s, their houses could not overlook those of Muslims, and their religious practices would have to defer to those of Muslims, in addition to various other legal limitations.<ref>{{harvnb\|Akçam\|2006\|p=24}}.</ref> Violation of these statutes could result in punishments ranging from the levying of [[fine (penalty)\|fines]] to [[execution]]. The [[Ecumenical Patriarch]] was recognized as the highest religious and political leader (millet-bashi, or ethnarch) of all Orthodox Christian subjects of the Sultan, though in certain periods some major powers, such as [[Russian Empire\|Russia]] (under the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] of 1774) or [[Kingdom of Great Britain\|Great Britain]], later the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|United Kingdom]], claimed the rights of protection over the Ottoman Empire's Orthodox subjects. ===19th century=== The three major European powers, the United Kingdom, [[France]] and Russia (known as the Great Powers), took issue with the Ottoman Empire's treatment of its Christian population and increasingly pressured the Ottoman government (also known as the [[Sublime Porte]]) to extend equal rights to all its citizens. Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government implemented the [[Tanzimat]] reforms to improve the situation of non-Muslims, although these would prove largely ineffective. In 1856, the ''[[Hatt-ı Hümayun]]'' promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839 [[Hatt-i Sharif\|''Hatt-ı Şerif'' of Gülhane]]. The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, (or ''[[Kanûn-ı Esâsî]]'' in Ottoman Turkish), which was promulgated on November 23, 1876. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. ===20th century=== [[File:Proportions des populations en Asie Mineure statistique officielle d1914.png\|thumb\|200px\|A 1914 document showing the official figures from the 1914 population census of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The total population (sum of all the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)\|millets]]) was given at 20,975,345, and the Greek population was given at 1,792,206.]] On July 24, 1908, Greeks' hopes for equality in the Ottoman Empire brightened with the removal of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II (r. 1876–1909) from power and restored the country back to a constitutional monarchy. The [[Young Turks\|Committee of Union and Progress]] (more commonly called the Young Turks), a political party opposed to the absolute rule of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II, had led a rebellion against their ruler. The pro-reform Young Turks deposed the Sultan and replaced him with the ineffective Sultan [[Mehmed V]] (r. 1908–1918). Before World War I, there were an estimated 1.8 million Greeks living in the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Alaux\|Puaux\|1916}}.</ref> Some prominent Ottoman Greeks served as parliamentary deputies. In the 1908 Parliament, there were twenty-six (26) Ottoman Greek deputies but their number dropped to eighteen (18) by 1914.<ref>{{harvnb\|Roudometof\|Robertson\|2001\|p=91}}.</ref> It is estimated that the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor had 2,300 community schools, 200,000 students, 5,000 teachers, 2,000 Greek Orthodox churches, and 3,000 Greek Orthodox priests.<ref>{{harvnb\|Lekka\|2007\|loc=p. 136: "At the start of the war, the Greeks were a thriving community in Asia Minor, a land they had inhabited since the time of Homer. But things deteriorated quickly. Before the Turkish implementation of a nationalist policy, the Greek population was estimated at around 2.5 million, with 2,300 community schools, 200,000 pupils, 5,000 teachers, 2,000 Greek Orthodox churches, and 3,000 Greek Orthodox priests."}}</ref> From 1914 until 1923, Greeks in [[Thrace]] and [[Asia Minor]] were subject to a campaign of massacres and deportations, involving death marches. The [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] (IAGS) recognizes it as genocide and refers to the campaign as the ''[[Greek genocide\|Greek Genocide]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|author=International Association of Genocide Scholars\|title=Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides\|date=December 16, 2007\|url=http://genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf\|access-date=15 August 2011\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601144026/http://genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf\|archive-date=1 June 2011}}</ref> ==Patriarchate of Constantinople== {{main\|Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople}} After the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, when the [[Ottoman Dynasty\|Sultan]] virtually replaced the [[List of Byzantine Emperors\|Byzantine emperor]] among subjugated Christians, the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] was recognized by the Sultan as the religious and national leader (''[[ethnarch]]'') of the [[Rum Millet\|Orthodox population]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Jelavich \|first=Barbara \|author-link=Barbara Jelavich \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C \|title=History of the Balkans \|date=1983 \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn=978-0-521-25249-2 \|volume=1 \|pages=49–50 \|language=en}}</ref> The Patriarchate earned a primary importance and occupied this key role among the Christians of the Ottoman Empire because the Ottomans did not legally distinguish between nationality and religion, and thus regarded all the [[Orthodoxy#Christianity\|Orthodox Christians]] of the Empire as a single entity. The position of the Patriarchate in the Ottoman state encouraged projects of Greek renaissance, centered on the resurrection and revitalization of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The Patriarch and those church dignitaries around him constituted the first centre of power for the Greeks inside the Ottoman state, one which succeeded in infiltrating the structures of the [[Ottoman Empire]], while attracting the former Byzantine nobility. ==Identity== [[File:The Genre Painting LACMA M.85.7 (5 of 28).jpg\|thumb\|Greek woman in Turkey, 1710]] [[File:Illustration from Views in the Ottoman Dominions by Luigi Mayer, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 1.jpg\|thumb\|Ottoman Greeks in [[Constantinople]], painted by [[Luigi Mayer]]]] The Greeks were a self-conscious group within the larger Christian Orthodox religious community established by the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=Harrison>{{harvnb\|Harrison\|2002\|pp=276–277}}: "The Greeks belonged to the community of the Orthodox subjects of the Sultan. But within that larger unity they formed a self-conscious group marked off from their fellow Orthodox by language and culture and by a tradition of education never entirely interrupted, which maintained their Greek identity."</ref> They distinguished themselves from their Orthodox co-religionists by retaining their Greek culture, customs, language, and tradition of education.<ref name=Harrison/><ref>{{harvnb\|Volkan\|Itzkowitz\|1994\|p=85}}: "While living as a ''millet'' under the Ottoman Empire they retained their own religion, customs, and language, and the 'Greeks became the most important non-Turkish element in the Ottoman Empire'."</ref> Throughout the post-Byzantine and Ottoman periods, Greeks, as members of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, declared themselves as ''Graikoi'' (Greek: Γραικοί, "Greeks") and ''Romaioi'' or ''Romioi'' (Greek: Ρωμαίοι/Ρωμηιοί, "Romans").<ref>{{harvnb\|Kakavas\|2002\|p=29}}: "All the peoples belonging to the flock of the Ecumenical Patriarchate declared themselves ''Graikoi'' (Greeks) or ''Romaioi'' (Romans - Rums)."</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Institute for Neohellenic Research\|2005\|p=8}}: "The people we have named as Greeks (''Hellenes'' in the Greek language) would not describe themselves as such – they are generally known as ''Romioi'' and ''Graikoi'' – but according to their context the meaning of these words broadens to include or exclude population groups of another language and, at the same time, ethnicity."</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Hopf\|1873\|loc="Epistola Theodori Zygomalae", p. 236}}: "...ησάν ποτε κύριοι Αθηνών, και ενωτίζοντο, ότι η νέων Ρωμαίων είτε Γραικών βασιλεία ασθενείν άρχεται..."</ref> ==Notable Ottoman Greeks== [[Köse Mihal]] ({{died-in\|1340}}), companion and general of [[Osman I]] [[Nilüfer Hatun]] ({{died-in\|1363}}), consort of [[Orhan I]] [[Evrenos]] ({{died-in\|1417}}), Ottoman military commander [[Gülçiçek Hatun]] (1389–1400), consort of Ottoman Sultan [[Murad I]] and Valide Hatun to their son [[Bayezid I]] [[Hass Murad Pasha]] ({{died-in\|1473}}), Ottoman Greek statesman [[Mesih Pasha]] (1443–1501), Ottoman [[Grand Vizier]], [[Kapudan Pasha]] of the [[Ottoman Navy]] and statesman [[Gennadius Scholarius]] (1400–1472), [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] [[Rum Mehmed Pasha]] ({{died-in\|1470}}), [[Grand Vizier]] [[Michael Critobulus]] ({{died-in\|1470}}), scholar and historian [[Gülbahar Hatun (mother of Bayezid II)\|Gülbahar Hatun]] ({{died-in\|1492}}), consort of Sultan [[Mehmed II]], and mother of Sultan [[Bayezid II]] [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]] (1494–1536), [[Grand Vizier]] to [[Suleyman the Magnificent]] [[Hadım Suleiman Pasha]] (1467–1547), [[Grand Vizier]] [[Kösem Sultan]] (1589–1651), wife of Ottoman sultan [[Ahmed I]] and ''valide sultan'' to their sons [[Murat IV]] and [[Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire\|Ibrahim I]] [[Gülnuş Sultan]] (1642–1715), the [[Haseki Sultan]] of [[Mehmed IV]] and ''valide sultan'' to their sons [[Mustafa II]] and [[Ahmed III]] [[Nicholas Mavrocordatos]] (1670–1730), Grand Dragoman [[Adamantios Korais]] (1748–1833), Greek humanist scholar [[Prince Alexander Mavrocordatos]] (1791–1865), Greek statesman [[Ibrahim Edhem Pasha]] (1819–1893), [[Grand Vizier]] [[Alexander Karatheodori Pasha]] (1833–1906), Ottoman-Greek statesman and diplomat [[Basil Zaharoff]] (1850–1936), arms dealer and financier [[Christakis Zografos]] (1820–1896), banker and benefactor [[Evangelinos Misailidis]] (1820–1890), Ottoman writer and journalist [[Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha]] (1855–1922), [[Grand Vizier]] [[Michael Vasileiou]], 19th century merchant and benefactor [[Alexandros Mavrogenis]] (1845–1929), Prince of Samos [[Stephanos Mousouros]] (1841–1906), was an Ottoman Greek ambassador of the [[Ottoman Empire]] to [[Kingdom of Italy\|Italy]] and the [[United Kingdom]], and was the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]]-appointed [[Prince of Samos]] [[Constantine Anthopoulos]] (1835–1902), pasha [[Konstantinos Mousouros]] (1807–1891), Ottoman pasha and ambassador [[Georgios Kourtoglou]] (1856–1912), Ottoman Pasha, governor and member of the Ottoman parliament [[Pavlos Karolidis]] (1849–1930), member of the Ottoman parliament [[Yorgo Zarifi]] (1810–1884), banker and financier [[Leonidas Paraskevopoulos]] (1860–1936), Greek military man and politician [[Kostas Skarvelis]] (1880–1942), singer [[Matthaios Kofidis]] (1855–1921), businessman and politician [[Aristotle Onassis]] (1906–1975), shipping magnate [[Anton Christoforidis]] (1918–1985), Greek light heavyweight boxer [[Sir Alec Issigonis]] (1906–1988), Greek-British car designer whose most famous work is the [[Mini]] [[Elia Kazan]] (1909–2003), director, producer, writer and actor [[Elias Venezis]] (1904–1973), writer from [[Ayvalık]] [[Rita Abatzi]] (1914–1969), singer [[Giorgos Seferis]] (1900–1971), Greek poet who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] [[Marika Ninou]] (1918–1957), singer [[Giannis Papaioannou]] (1913–1972), singer ==Gallery== <gallery class="center"> File:Subject Nationalities of the German Alliance (1917) (cropped).jpg\|Ethnic map of [[Asia Minor]] in 1917. Black = Bulgars and Turks. Red = Greeks. Light yellow = Armenians. Blue = Kurds. Orange = Lazes. Dark Yellow = Arabs. Green = Nestorians. File:Ethnicturkey1911.jpg\|Map depicting the ethnic composition of Ottoman territories in 1911. File:Declaration of the 1908 Revolution in Ottoman Empire.png\|Declaration of the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)\|Constitution]]; Muslim, Greek and Armenian leaders together. </gallery> ==See also== [[Greeks in Turkey]] [[Greek Muslims]] [[Cretan Muslims]] [[Ottoman Serbs]] [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] [[Phanar Greek Orthodox College]] [[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)]] [[Greek Byzantine Catholic Church]] [[List of former mosques in Greece]] [[History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire]] ==References== ===Citations=== {{reflist\|2}} ===Sources=== {{refbegin\|2}} {{cite book\|last=Akçam\|first=Taner\|author-link=Taner Akcam\|title=[[A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility]]\|location=New York, New York\|publisher=Metropolitan Books\|year=2006\|isbn=0-8050-7932-7}} - [https://books.google.com/books?id=-RHlOg1v8LIC Profile at] [[Google Books]] {{cite book\|last1=Alaux\|first1=Louis-Paul\|last2=Puaux\|first2=René\|title=Le Déclin de l'Hellénisme\|location=Paris, France\|publisher=Librairie Payot & Cie\|year=1916\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iL1BAAAAYAAJ}} {{cite book\|last1=Bator\|first1=Robert\|last2=Rothero\|first2=Chris\|title=Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul\|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota\|publisher=Runestone Press\|year=2000\|isbn=0-8225-3217-4\|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00bato\|url-access=registration}} {{cite book\|last1=Dawkins\|first1=Richard McGillivray\|last2=Halliday\|first2=William Reginald\|title=Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A Study of Dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa with Grammar, Texts, Translations and Glossary\|year=1916\|location=Cambridge\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|url=https://archive.org/details/moderngreekinas00hallgoog}} {{cite book\|last=Harrison\|first=Thomas\|title=Greeks and Barbarians\|year=2002\|location=New York, New York\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=0-415-93958-5\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrfHQgAACAAJ}} {{cite book\|last=Hopf\|first=Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann\|title=Chroniques Gréco-Romanes Inédites ou peu Connues\|location=Berlin, Germany\|publisher=Librairie de Weidmann\|year=1873\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTvPAAAAMAAJ}} {{cite book\|last=Institute for Neohellenic Research\|title=The Historical Review\|volume=II\|location=Athens, Greece\|publisher=Institute for Neohellenic Research\|year=2005\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TckLAQAAMAAJ}} {{cite book\|last=Kakavas\|first=George\|title=Post-Byzantium: The Greek Renaissance 15th-18th Century Treasures from the Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens\|location=Athens, Greece\|publisher=Hellenic Ministry of Culture\|year=2002\|isbn=960-214-053-4\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LGfAAAAMAAJ}} {{cite journal\|last=Lekka\|first=Anastasia\|title=Legislative Provisions of the Ottoman/Turkish Governments Regarding Minorities and Their Properties\|journal=Mediterranean Quarterly\|year=2007\|volume=18\|issue=1\|pages=135–154\|doi=10.1215/10474552-2006-038}} {{cite book\|last1=Roudometof\|first1=Victor\|last2=Robertson\|first2=Roland\|title=Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans\|location=Westport, Connecticut\|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group\|year=2001\|isbn=9780313319495 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C}} {{cite book\|last1=Volkan\|first1=Vamik D.\|last2=Itzkowitz\|first2=Norman\|title=Turks and Greeks: Neighbours in Conflict\|location=Huntingdon, United Kingdom\|publisher=The Eothen Press\|year=1994\|isbn=0-906719-25-9\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2VpAAAAMAAJ}} {{refend\|2}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} {{cite book\|editor1-last=Gondicas\|editor1-first=Dimitri\|editor2-last=Issawi\|editor2-first=Charles Philip\|title=Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy, and Society in the Nineteenth Century\|location=Princeton, New Jersey\|publisher=Darwin Press\|isbn=0-87850-096-0\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJcPAQAAMAAJ\|year=1999}} {{cite book\|last=Clogg\|first=Richard\|title=I Kath'imas Anatoli: Studies in Ottoman Greek History\|location=Istanbul, Turkey\|publisher=The Isis Press\|year=2004\|isbn=9789754282740 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDNpAAAAMAAJ}} {{refend}} {{Ottoman Empire topics}} [[Category:Greeks from the Ottoman Empire\| ]] [[Category:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire]]	1,306,933,304	[]	false
# 1968 Vuelta a España The 23rd edition of Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain), a long-distance bicycle stage race and one of the three grand tours, was held from 25 April to 12 May 1968. It consisted of 18 stages covering a total of 3,014 km (1,873 mi). Basque nationalist ETA terrorists detonated a bomb along the course on stage 15, causing that day's racing to be annulled. The race was won by Felice Gimondi of the Salvarani cycling team. With this win in the 1968 Vuelta a España, the 1967 Giro d'Italia and the 1965 Tour de France, Gimondi became the second cyclist after Jacques Anquetil to win all three grand tours in his career. Defending champion Jan Janssen won the points competition and 1966 champion Francisco Gabica won the mountains classification. ## Route \| Stage \| Date \| Course \| Distance \| Type \| Type \| Winner \| \| ----- \| -------- \| ----------------------------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| --------------------- \| --------------------------- \| \| 1a \| 25 April \| Zaragoza – Zaragoza \| 130 km (81 mi) \| \| \| Jan Janssen (NED) \| \| 1b \| 25 April \| Zaragoza – Zaragoza \| 4 km (2 mi) \| \| Individual time trial \| Jan Janssen (NED) \| \| 2 \| 26 April \| Zaragoza – Lleida \| 195 km (121 mi) \| \| \| Michael Wright (GBR) \| \| 3a \| 27 April \| Lleida – Barcelona \| 165 km (103 mi) \| \| \| Tommaso de Pra (ITA) \| \| 3b \| 27 April \| Barcelona – Barcelona \| 38 km (24 mi) \| \| \| Rudi Altig (FRG) \| \| 4 \| 28 April \| Barcelona – Salou \| 108 km (67 mi) \| \| \| Michael Wright (GBR) \| \| 5 \| 29 April \| Salou – Vinaròs \| 106 km (66 mi) \| \| \| Rudi Altig (FRG) \| \| 6 \| 30 April \| Vinaròs – Valencia \| 148 km (92 mi) \| \| \| Pietro Guerra (ITA) \| \| 7 \| 1 May \| Valencia – Benidorm \| 144 km (89 mi) \| \| \| Wilfried Peffgen (FRG) \| \| 8 \| 2 May \| Benidorm – Almansa \| 167 km (104 mi) \| \| \| Manuel Martín Piñera (ESP) \| \| 9 \| 3 May \| Almansa – Alcázar de San Juan \| 230 km (143 mi) \| \| \| José María Errandonea (ESP) \| \| 10 \| 4 May \| Alcázar de San Juan – Madrid \| 173 km (107 mi) \| \| \| Domingo Perurena (ESP) \| \| 11 \| 5 May \| Madrid – Palencia \| 242 km (150 mi) \| \| \| Ramón Sáez (ESP) \| \| 12 \| 6 May \| Villalón de Campos – Gijón \| 236 km (147 mi) \| \| \| José Pérez Francés (ESP) \| \| 13 \| 7 May \| Gijón – Santander \| 203 km (126 mi) \| \| \| Victor Van Schil (BEL) \| \| 14 \| 8 May \| Santander – Vitoria \| 244 km (152 mi) \| \| \| Eduardo Castelló (ESP) \| \| 15 \| 9 May \| Vitoria – Pamplona \| \| \| \| Annulled \| \| 16 \| 10 May \| Pamplona – San Sebastián \| 204 km (127 mi) \| \| \| Luis Santamarina (ESP) \| \| 17 \| 11 May \| San Sebastián – Tolosa \| 67 km (42 mi) \| \| Individual time trial \| Felice Gimondi (ITA) \| \| 18 \| 12 May \| Tolosa – Bilbao \| 206 km (128 mi) \| \| \| Manuel Martín Piñera (ESP) \| \| \| Total \| Total \| 3,014 km (1,873 mi) \| 3,014 km (1,873 mi) \| 3,014 km (1,873 mi) \| 3,014 km (1,873 mi) \| ## Results ### Final General Classification \| Rank \| Rider \| Team \| Time \| \| ---- \| ----------------------- \| ---------- \| ----------- \| \| 1 \| Felice Gimondi \| Salvarani \| 78h 29' 00" \| \| 2 \| José Pérez Francés \| Kas–Kaskol \| + 2' 15" \| \| 3 \| Eusebio Vélez \| Fagor \| + 5' 08" \| \| 4 \| José María Errandonea \| Fagor \| + 5' 19" \| \| 5 \| Vittorio Adorni \| Faema \| + 5' 26" \| \| 6 \| Jan Janssen \| Pelforth \| + 5' 43" \| \| 7 \| Antonio Gómez del Moral \| Kas–Kaskol \| + 5' 55" \| \| 8 \| Carlos Echeverría \| Kas–Kaskol \| + 6' 00" \| \| 9 \| Lucien Aimar \| Bic \| + 6' 40" \| \| 10 \| Jos Spruyt \| Faema \| + 7' 50" \| \| 11 \| Luis Otaño Arcelus \| Fagor \| \| \| 12 \| Jean-Pierre Ducasse \| Pelforth \| \| \| 13 \| Francisco Gabica \| Fagor \| \| \| 14 \| Michael Wright \| Bic \| \| \| 15 \| Ventura Díaz Arrey \| Ferrys \| \| \| 16 \| José Manuel Lopez \| Fagor \| \| \| 17 \| José Antonio Momeñe \| Fagor \| \| \| 18 \| Rudi Altig \| Salvarani \| \| \| 19 \| Andrés Gandarias \| Kas–Kaskol \| \| \| 20 \| Cees Haast \| Bic \| \| \| 21 \| Fernando Manzaneque \| Karpy \| \| \| 22 \| Wilfried Peffgen \| Salvarani \| \| \| 23 \| Victor Van Schil \| Faema \| \| \| 24 \| Domingo Perurena \| Fagor \| \| \| 25 \| Sebastián Elorza Uria \| Kas–Kaskol \| \|	enwiki/16481485	enwiki	16,481,485	1968 Vuelta a España	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a	2024-10-13T01:55:08Z	en	Q1052068	220,230	{{Infobox Cycling race report \| name = 1968 Vuelta a España \| image = \| image_caption = \| image_alt = \| date = 25 April – 12 May \| stages = 18 \| distance = 3014 \| unit = km \| time = 78h 29' 00" \| speed = 38.4 \| first = [[Felice Gimondi]] \| first_nat = ITA \| first_natvar = \| first_color = yellow \| first_team = Salvarani \| second = [[José Pérez Francés]] \| second_nat = ESP \| second_natvar = 1945 \| second_team = Kas–Kaskol \| third = [[Eusebio Vélez]] \| third_nat = ESP \| third_natvar = 1945 \| third_team = Fagor \| points = [[Jan Janssen]] \| points_nat = NED \| points_natvar = \| points_color = green \| points_team = Pelforth \| mountains = [[Francisco Gabica]] \| mountains_nat = ESP \| mountains_natvar = 1945 \| mountains_color = \| mountains_team = Fagor \| sprints = [[Carlos Echeverría]] \| sprints_nat = ESP \| sprints_natvar = 1945 \| sprints_team = KAS \| sprints_color = \| previous = [[1967 Vuelta a España\|1967]] \| next = [[1969 Vuelta a España\|1969]] }} The 23rd edition of '''''Vuelta a España''''' (Tour of Spain), a long-distance [[Bicycle racing\|bicycle]] [[Stage (bicycle race)\|stage]] race and one of the three [[Grand Tour (cycling)\|grand tours]], was held from 25 April to 12 May 1968. It consisted of 18 stages covering a total of {{convert\|3014\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}}. [[Basque nationalism\|Basque nationalist]] [[ETA (separatist group)\|ETA]] terrorists detonated a bomb along the course on stage 15, causing that day's racing to be annulled.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=In praise of the Vuelta a España \|url=https://www.cyclist.co.uk/go/6794 \|access-date=2022-08-21 \|website=Cyclist }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Jones \|first=Graham \|date=2003-09-01 \|title=La Vuelta: A Colorful & Caliente History \|url=https://pezcyclingnews.com/amp/vuelta03/la-vuelta-a-colorful-caliente-history/ \|access-date=2022-08-21 \|website=PezCycling News }}</ref> The race was won by [[Felice Gimondi]] of the Salvarani [[cycling team]]. With this win in the 1968 Vuelta a España, the [[1967 Giro d'Italia]] and the [[1965 Tour de France]], Gimondi became the second cyclist after [[Jacques Anquetil]] to win all three [[Grand Tour (cycling)\|grand tours]] in his career.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.lavuelta.com/05/ingles/historia/68infor.asp?a=1968&s=infor&t=infor&e=1\|title=General Information 1968\|publisher=La Vuelta.com\|access-date=22 February 2008\|archive-date=20 May 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520173056/http://www.lavuelta.com/05/ingles/historia/68infor.asp?a=1968&s=infor&t=infor&e=1\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Defending champion [[Jan Janssen]] won the points competition and 1966 champion [[Francisco Gabica]] won the mountains classification.<ref>{{cite news \|title=XXIII Vuelta Ciclista a España – Clasificaciones Oficiales \|url=http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1968/05/13/MD19680513-033.pdf \|work=[[El Mundo Deportivo]] \|date=13 May 1968 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115143827/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1968/05/13/MD19680513-033.pdf \|archive-date=15 November 2020 \|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Teams and riders== {{main\|List of teams and cyclists in the 1968 Vuelta a España}} ==Route== {\| class="wikitable" \|+List of stages<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/vuelta-a-espana/1968/stages/winners\|title=1968 » 23rd Vuelta a España\|work=Procyclingstats\|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mdc-VdE1968">{{cite web\|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tde/tde1968.php\|title=23ème Vuelta a España 1968\|work=Memoire du cyclisme\|language=fr\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025141425/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tde/tde1968.php\|archive-date=25 October 2004}}</ref> \|- ! scope="col" \| Stage ! scope="col" \| Date ! scope="col" \| Course ! scope="col" \| Distance ! scope="col" colspan="2" \| Type ! scope="col" \| Winner \|- ! scope="row" \| 1a \| 25 April \| [[Zaragoza]] – Zaragoza \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|130\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Jan Janssen]]\|NED}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 1b \| 25 April \| [[Zaragoza]] – Zaragoza \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|4\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| [[File:Time Trial.svg\|22px]] \| [[Individual time trial]] \| {{flagathlete\|[[Jan Janssen]]\|NED}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 2 \| 26 April \| [[Zaragoza]] – [[Lleida]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|195\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Michael Wright (cyclist)\|Michael Wright]]\|GBR}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 3a \| 27 April \| [[Lleida]] – [[Barcelona]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|165\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Tommaso de Pra]]\|ITA}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 3b \| 27 April \| [[Barcelona]] – Barcelona \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|38\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Rudi Altig]]\|FRG}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 4 \| 28 April \| [[Barcelona]] – [[Salou]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|108\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Michael Wright (cyclist)\|Michael Wright]]\|GBR}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 5 \| 29 April \| [[Salou]] – [[Vinaròs]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|106\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Rudi Altig]]\|FRG}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 6 \| 30 April \| [[Vinaròs]] – [[Valencia]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|148\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Pietro Guerra]]\|ITA}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 7 \| 1 May \| [[Valencia]] – [[Benidorm]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|144\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Wilfried Peffgen]]\|FRG}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 8 \| 2 May \| [[Benidorm]] – [[Almansa]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|167\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Manuel Martín Piñera]]\|ESP\|1945}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 9 \| 3 May \| [[Almansa]] – [[Alcázar de San Juan]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|230\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[José María Errandonea]]\|ESP\|1945}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 10 \| 4 May \| [[Alcázar de San Juan]] – [[Madrid]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|173\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Domingo Perurena]]\|ESP\|1945}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 11 \| 5 May \| [[Madrid]] – [[Palencia]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|242\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Ramón Sáez]]\|ESP\|1945}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 12 \| 6 May \| [[Villalón de Campos]] – [[Gijón]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|236\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[José Pérez Francés]]\|ESP\|1945}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 13 \| 7 May \| [[Gijón]] – [[Santander, Spain\|Santander]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|203\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Victor Van Schil]]\|BEL}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 14 \| 8 May \| [[Santander, Spain\|Santander]] – [[Vitoria-Gasteiz\|Vitoria]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|244\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Eduardo Castelló]]\|ESP\|1945}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 15 \| 9 May \| [[Vitoria-Gasteiz\|Vitoria]] – [[Pamplona]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| \| \| \| ''Annulled'' \|- ! scope="row" \| 16 \| 10 May \| [[Pamplona]] – [[San Sebastián]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|204\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Luis Santamarina]]\|ESP\|1945}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 17 \| 11 May \| [[San Sebastián]] – [[Tolosa, Spain\|Tolosa]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|67\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| [[File:Time Trial.svg\|22px]] \| [[Individual time trial]] \| {{flagathlete\|[[Felice Gimondi]]\|ITA}} \|- ! scope="row" \| 18 \| 12 May \| [[Tolosa, Spain\|Tolosa]] – [[Bilbao]] \| style="text-align:center;"\| {{convert\|206\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \| \| \| {{flagathlete\|[[Manuel Martín Piñera]]\|ESP\|1945}} \|- ! scope="row" \| \| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" \| Total \| colspan="4" style="text-align:center" \| {{convert\|3014\|km\|0\|abbr=on}} \|} ==Results== ===Final General Classification=== {\| class="wikitable" !Rank!!Rider!!Team!!Time \|- bgcolor=gold \| 1 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ITA}} [[Felice Gimondi]] \|\| Salvarani \|\|align="right"\| 78h 29' 00" \|- \| 2 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[José Pérez Francés]] \|\| [[Kas–Kaskol]] \|\|align="right"\| + 2' 15" \|- \| 3 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Eusebio Vélez]] \|\| Fagor \|\|align="right"\| + 5' 08" \|- \| 4 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[José María Errandonea]] \|\| Fagor \|\|align="right"\| + 5' 19" \|- \| 5 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ITA}} [[Vittorio Adorni]] \|\| Faema \|\|align="right"\| + 5' 26" \|-bgcolor=lightblue \| 6 \|\|{{Flagicon\|NED}} [[Jan Janssen]] \|\| Pelforth \|\|align="right"\| + 5' 43" \|- \| 7 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Antonio Gómez del Moral]] \|\| [[Kas–Kaskol]] \|\|align="right"\| + 5' 55" \|- \| 8 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Carlos Echeverría]] \|\| [[Kas–Kaskol]] \|\|align="right"\| + 6' 00" \|- \| 9 \|\|{{Flagicon\|FRA}} [[Lucien Aimar]] \|\| Bic \|\|align="right"\| + 6' 40" \|- \| 10 \|\|{{Flagicon\|BEL}} [[Jos Spruyt]] \|\| Faema \|\|align="right"\| + 7' 50" \|- \| 11 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Luis Otaño Arcelus]] \|\| Fagor \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 12 \|\|{{Flagicon\|FRA}} [[Jean-Pierre Ducasse]] \|\| Pelforth \|\|align="right"\| \|-bgcolor=lightgreen \| 13 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Francisco Gabica]] \|\| Fagor \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 14 \|\|{{Flagicon\|GBR}} [[Michael Wright (cyclist)\|Michael Wright]] \|\| Bic \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 15 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Ventura Díaz Arrey]] \|\| Ferrys \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 16 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[José Manuel López Rodríguez\|José Manuel Lopez]] \|\| Fagor \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 17 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[José Antonio Momeñe]] \|\| Fagor \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 18 \|\|{{Flagicon\|FRG}} [[Rudi Altig]] \|\| Salvarani \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 19 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Andrés Gandarias]] \|\| [[Kas–Kaskol]] \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 20 \|\|{{Flagicon\|NED}} [[Cees Haast]] \|\| Bic \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 21 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Fernando Manzaneque]] \|\| Karpy \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 22 \|\|{{Flagicon\|FRG}} [[Wilfried Peffgen]] \|\| Salvarani \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 23 \|\|{{Flagicon\|BEL}} [[Victor Van Schil]] \|\| Faema \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 24 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Domingo Perurena]] \|\| Fagor \|\|align="right"\| \|- \| 25 \|\|{{Flagicon\|ESP\|1945}} [[Sebastián Elorza Uria]] \|\| [[Kas–Kaskol]] \|\|align="right"\| \|} ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} {{Cycling stage recaps\|1968 Vuelta a España\|1a\|8\|9\|18}} {{Vuelta a España}} {{Vuelta a España general classification winners}} {{1968 Super Prestige Pernod}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vuelta A Espana, 1968}} [[Category:1968 Vuelta a España\| ]] [[Category:1968 in road cycling]] [[Category:Vuelta a España by year\|1968]] [[Category:1968 in Spanish sport]] [[Category:1968 Super Prestige Pernod]]	1,250,875,078	[{"title": "1968 Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a", "data": {"Dates": "25 April \u2013 12 May", "Stages": "18", "Distance": "3,014 km (1,873 mi)", "Winning time": "78h 29' 00\""}}]	false
# List of Durham List A cricket records This is a list of Durham List A cricket records; that is, record team and individual performances in List A cricket for Durham. Records for Durham in first-class cricket, the longer form of the game, are found at List of Durham first-class cricket records. ## Notation Team Notation: When a team score is listed as "300-3", this indicates that they have scored 300 runs for the loss of 3 wickets. If it is followed by a "d", this indicates that the side declared. When the team score is listed as "300", this means the side was all out. Batting Notation: When a batsman's score is listed as "100", the batsman scored 100 runs and was out. If it followed by an asterisk , the batsman was not out. Bowling Notation: "5/100" indicates that the bowler took 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs. ## Team records \| \| Total Runs \| Opponents \| Venue \| Season \| \| --------------------------------------------------- \| ---------- \| ---------------- \| ---------- \| ------ \| \| Highest for Durham \| 427-9 \| v Sussex \| Hove \| 2023 \| \| Highest against Durham \| 361-7 \| by Essex \| Chelmsford \| 1996 \| \| Lowest for Durham \| 72 \| v Warwickshire \| Birmingham \| 2002 \| \| Lowest against Durham \| 63 \| by Hertfordshire \| Darlington \| 1964 \| \| Source: CricketArchive. Last updated: 7 August 2023 \| \| \| \| \| ## Batting Records \| \| Runs \| Batsman \| Opponents \| Venue \| Season \| \| -------------------------------------------------- \| ------- \| ------------- \| -------------- \| ---------- \| ------ \| \| Highest individual innings \| 150 \| Ben Stokes \| v Warwickshire \| Birmingham \| 2011 \| \| Most runs in a season for Durham \| 794 \| Wayne Larkins \| \| \| 1993 \| \| Most runs in a career for Durham \| unknown \| \| \| \| \| \| Source: CricketArchive. Last updated: 19 May 2007. \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Bowling Records \| \| Analysis \| Bowler \| Opponents \| Venue \| Season \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------- \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ------------------ \| ------ \| \| Best innings analysis for Durham \| 7/32 \| Simon Davis \| v Lancashire \| Chester-le-Street² \| 1983 \| \| \| Wickets \| Bowler \| Season \| \| \| \| Most wickets in a season for Durham \| 43 \| Neil Killeen \| 2002 \| \| \| \| Most career wickets for Durham \| \| unknown \| \| \| \| \| Source: CricketArchive. Last updated: 19 May 2007. Notes: ² Ropery Lane Ground, Chester-le-Street \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Partnership Records \| Wicket Partnership \| Runs \| Batsmen \| Opponents \| Venue \| Season \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---- \| ---------------------------------- \| ---------------- \| ------------------ \| ------ \| \| 1st \| 255 \| Mike Roseberry Stewart Hutton \| v Herefordshire \| Chester-le-Street¹ \| 1995 \| \| 2nd \| 167 \| Mike Roseberry John Morris \| v Leicestershire \| Leicester \| 1996 \| \| 3rd \| 177 \| Jimmy Daley Paul Collingwood \| v Surrey \| Cardiff \| 2000 \| \| 4th \| 166 \| Stewart Hutton Phil Bainbridge \| v Wiltshire \| Trowbridge \| 1993 \| \| 5th \| 115 \| Jimmy Daley Jonathan Lewis \| v Middlesex \| Chester-le-Street¹ \| 1999 \| \| 6th \| 94 \| Gareth Breese Andrew Pratt \| v Derbyshire \| Derby \| 2004 \| \| 7th \| 107 \| Anderson Cummins Christopher Scott \| v Surrey \| Darlington \| 1994 \| \| 8th \| 58* \| Michael Gough Graeme Bridge \| v Lancashire \| Chester-le-Street¹ \| 2002 \| \| 9th \| 62* \| Graeme Bridge Mark Davies \| v Leicestershire \| Leicester \| 2002 \| \| 10th \| 77 \| Dale Benkenstein Neil Killeen \| v Warwickshire \| Chester-le-Street¹ \| 2005 \| \| Source: CricketArchive. Last updated: 15 May 2007. Notes: ¹ Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street \| \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/11312302	enwiki	11,312,302	List of Durham List A cricket records	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Durham_List_A_cricket_records	2023-08-16T21:55:06Z	en	Q16989189	52,064	{{Short description\|none}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} This is a '''list of Durham List A cricket records'''; that is, record team and individual performances in [[List A cricket]] for [[Durham County Cricket Club\|Durham]]. Records for Durham in [[first-class cricket]], the longer form of the game, are found at [[List of Durham first-class cricket records]]. ==Notation== '''Team Notation:''' When a team score is listed as "300-3", this indicates that they have scored 300 runs for the loss of 3 [[wicket]]s. If it is followed by a "d", this indicates that the side [[Declaration and forfeiture\|declared]]. When the team score is listed as "300", this means the side was [[End of an innings (cricket)\|all out]]. '''Batting Notation:''' When a batsman's score is listed as "100", the batsman scored 100 [[run (cricket)\|runs]] and was [[Dismissal (cricket)\|out]]. If it followed by an asterisk , the batsman was not out. '''Bowling Notation:''' "5/100" indicates that the bowler took 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs. ==Team records== {\| class="wikitable" width=90% \|- bgcolor=#bdb76b ! !! Total [[Run (cricket)\|Runs]] !! Opponents !! [[List of cricket grounds in England and Wales\|Venue]] !! Season \|- \| '''Highest for Durham''' \|\| 427-9 \|\| v [[Sussex County Cricket Club\|Sussex]] \|\| [[County Cricket Ground, Hove\|Hove]] \|\| 2023 \|- \| '''Highest against Durham''' \|\| 361-7 \|\| by [[Essex County Cricket Club\|Essex]] \|\| [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford\|Chelmsford]] \|\| 1996 \|- \| '''Lowest for Durham''' \|\| 72 \|\| v [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club\|Warwickshire]] \|\| [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground\|Birmingham]] \|\| 2002 \|- \| '''Lowest against Durham''' \|\| 63 \|\| by [[Hertfordshire County Cricket Club\|Hertfordshire]] \|\| [[Darlington]] \|\| 1964 \|- \| colspan=5 \| <small>''Source: [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/ListA/Durham/Team_Records/index.html CricketArchive]''. Last updated: 7 August 2023</small> \|} ==Batting Records== {\| class="wikitable" width=90% \|- bgcolor=#bdb76b ! !! [[Run (cricket)\|Runs]] !! [[Batsman]] !! Opponents !! [[List of cricket grounds in England and Wales\|Venue]] !! Season \|- \| '''Highest individual innings''' \|\| 150 \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Ben Stokes]] \|\| v [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club\|Warwickshire]] \|\| [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground\|Birmingham]] \|\| 2011 \|- \| '''Most runs in a season for Durham''' \|\| 794 \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Wayne Larkins]] \|\| \|\| \|\| 1993 \|- \| '''Most runs in a career for Durham''' \|\| ''unknown'' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- \| colspan=6 \| <small>''Source: [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/ListA/Durham/Batting_Records/index.html CricketArchive]''. Last updated: 19 May 2007.</small> \|} ==Bowling Records== {\| class="wikitable" width=90% \|- bgcolor=#bdb76b ! !! Analysis !! [[Bowling (cricket)\|Bowler]] !! Opponents !! [[List of cricket grounds in England and Wales\|Venue]] !! Season \|- \| '''Best innings analysis for Durham''' \|\| 7/32 \|\| {{flagicon\|Australia}} [[Simon Davis (Australian cricketer)\|Simon Davis]] \|\| v [[Lancashire County Cricket Club\|Lancashire]] \|\| [[Ropery Lane\|Chester-le-Street]]² \|\| 1983 \|- bgcolor=#bdb76b ! !! Wickets !! [[Bowling (cricket)\|Bowler]] !! Season \|- \| '''Most wickets in a season for Durham''' \|\| 43 \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Neil Killeen]] \|\| 2002 \|- \| '''Most career wickets for Durham''' \|\| \|\| ''unknown'' \|\| \|- \| colspan=6 \| <small>''Source: [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/ListA/Durham/Bowling_Records/index.html CricketArchive]''. Last updated: 19 May 2007.<br>'''Notes:'''<br>² Ropery Lane Ground, Chester-le-Street</small> \|} ==Partnership Records== {\| class="wikitable" width=90% \|- bgcolor=#bdb76b ! Wicket<br>Partnership !! [[Run (cricket)\|Runs]] !! [[Batting (cricket)\|Batsmen]] !! Opponents !! [[List of cricket grounds in England and Wales\|Venue]] !! Season \|- \| 1st \|\| 255 \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Mike Roseberry]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[Stewart Hutton]] \|\| v [[Herefordshire County Cricket Club\|Herefordshire]] \|\| [[Riverside Ground\|Chester-le-Street]]¹ \|\| [[1995 English cricket season\|1995]] \|- \| 2nd \|\| 167 \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Mike Roseberry]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[John Morris (cricketer, born 1964)\|John Morris]] \|\| v [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club\|Leicestershire]] \|\| [[Grace Road\|Leicester]] \|\| [[1996 English cricket season\|1996]] \|- \| 3rd \|\| 177 \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Jimmy Daley]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[Paul Collingwood]] \|\| v [[Surrey County Cricket Club\|Surrey]] \|\| [[The Oval\|Cardiff]] \|\| [[2000 English cricket season\|2000]] \|- \| 4th \|\| 166 \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Stewart Hutton]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[Phil Bainbridge]] \|\| v [[Wiltshire County Cricket Club\|Wiltshire]] \|\| [[Trowbridge]] \|\| [[1993 English cricket season\|1993]] \|- \| 5th \|\| 115 \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Jimmy Daley]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[Jonathan Lewis (cricketer)\|Jonathan Lewis]] \|\| v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club\|Middlesex]] \|\| [[Riverside Ground\|Chester-le-Street]]¹ \|\| [[1999 English cricket season\|1999]] \|-) \| 6th \|\| 94 \|\| {{flagicon\|West Indies}} [[Gareth Breese]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[Andrew Pratt]] \|\| v [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club\|Derbyshire]] \|\| [[County Cricket Ground, Derby\|Derby]] \|\| [[2004 English cricket season\|2004]] \|- \| 7th \|\| 107 \|\| {{flagicon\|West Indies}} [[Anderson Cummins]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[Chris Scott (cricketer, born 1964)\|Christopher Scott]] \|\| v [[Surrey County Cricket Club\|Surrey]] \|\| [[Darlington]] \|\| [[1994 English cricket season\|1994]] \|- \| 8th \|\| 58* \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Michael Gough (cricketer)\|Michael Gough]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[Graeme Bridge]] \|\| v [[Lancashire County Cricket Club\|Lancashire]] \|\| [[Riverside Ground\|Chester-le-Street]]¹ \|\| [[2002 English cricket season\|2002]] \|- \| 9th \|\| 62* \|\| {{flagicon\|England}} [[Graeme Bridge]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[Mark Davies (cricketer, born 1980)\|Mark Davies]] \|\| v [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club\|Leicestershire]] \|\| [[Grace Road\|Leicester]] \|\| [[2002 English cricket season\|2002]] \|- \| 10th \|\| 77 \|\| {{flagicon\|South Africa}} [[Dale Benkenstein]]<br>{{flagicon\|England}} [[Neil Killeen]] \|\| v [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club\|Warwickshire]] \|\| [[Riverside Ground\|Chester-le-Street]]¹ \|\| [[2005 English cricket season\|2005]] \|- \| colspan=6 \| <small>''Source: [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/ListA/Durham/Batting_Records/Highest_Partnership_Each_Wicket_For.html CricketArchive]''. Last updated: 15 May 2007.<br>'''Notes:'''<br>¹ Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street<br></small> \|} {{Durham CCC}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Durham List A cricket records}} [[Category:Lists of English cricket records and statistics\|Dur]] [[Category:Cricket in County Durham]] [[Category:County Durham-related lists\|Cricket]]	1,170,734,057	[]	false
# Thomas Ernst Thomas Ernst (born 23 December 1967) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. ## Career Ernst was born in Wiesbaden, Hesse. He started playing professionally with Eintracht Frankfurt. At the Hessian club, he could only amass five Bundesliga appearances in seven years combined, being barred by legendary Uli Stein. In 1994, he moved clubs but stayed in the city, joining FSV Frankfurt in the second division. After one season, Ernst joined VfL Bochum also in level two, only appearing twice in his first two seasons combined. His best individual year happened in 1998–99, when he appeared in 32 league games, but the North Rhine-Westphalia side suffered top flight relegation, as second from bottom. From 2000 to 2006, Ernst remained in the top division, with VfB Stuttgart and 1. FC Kaiserslautern, but again appeared almost exclusively as a backup, until his retirement at the age of 38. In 19 professional seasons, he appeared in 152 league games, 106 of those in the first division. Ernst moved into managing immediately after retiring, working as a goalkeeper coach with Germany women's national team. The following year, he had his first head coach experience, with former club FSV Frankfurt, and returned to Bochum in 2008, as director of football. ## Personal life Ernst's wife, Kerstin Pohlmann, was also a professional footballer. His son Tjark is currently a football goalkeeper with the German club Hertha BSC. ## Career statistics \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| DFB-Pokal \| DFB-Pokal \| Europe \| Europe \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ---------------------- \| ------------ \| ---------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| --------- \| --------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt II \| 1986–87 \| Oberliga Hessen \| 5 \| 0 \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 5 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt II \| 1987–88 \| Oberliga Hessen \| 30 \| 0 \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 30 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt II \| 1988–89 \| Oberliga Hessen \| 33 \| 0 \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 33 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt II \| 1989–90 \| Oberliga Hessen \| 30 \| 0 \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 30 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt II \| 1990–91 \| Oberliga Hessen \| 28 \| 0 \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 28 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt II \| Total \| Total \| 126 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 126 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt \| 1987–88 \| Bundesliga \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 1 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt \| 1988–89 \| Bundesliga \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt \| 1989–90 \| Bundesliga \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt \| 1990–91 \| Bundesliga \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt \| 1991–92 \| Bundesliga \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt \| 1992–93 \| Bundesliga \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt \| 1993–94 \| Bundesliga \| 4 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Eintracht Frankfurt \| Total \| Total \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 5 \| 0 \| \| FSV Frankfurt \| 1994–95 \| 2. Bundesliga \| 27 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 27 \| 0 \| \| VfL Bochum \| 1995–96 \| 2. Bundesliga \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 1 \| 0 \| \| VfL Bochum \| 1996–97 \| Bundesliga \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 1 \| 0 \| \| VfL Bochum \| 1997–98 \| Bundesliga \| 18 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 19 \| 0 \| \| VfL Bochum \| 1998–99 \| Bundesliga \| 32 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 34 \| 0 \| \| VfL Bochum \| 1999–00 \| 2. Bundesliga \| 18 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 21 \| 0 \| \| VfL Bochum \| 2000–01 \| Bundesliga \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 1 \| 0 \| \| VfL Bochum \| Total \| Total \| 71 \| 0 \| 5 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 77 \| 0 \| \| Stuttgart \| 2000–01 \| Bundesliga \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| \| Stuttgart \| 2001–02 \| Bundesliga \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 3 \| 0 \| \| Stuttgart \| 2002–03 \| Bundesliga \| 14 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 19 \| 0 \| \| Stuttgart \| Total \| Total \| 19 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 24 \| 0 \| \| Kaiserslautern \| 2003–04 \| Bundesliga \| 6 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 6 \| 0 \| \| Kaiserslautern \| 2004–05 \| Bundesliga \| 21 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 23 \| 0 \| \| Kaiserslautern \| 2005–06 \| Bundesliga \| 3 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| – \| – \| 4 \| 0 \| \| Kaiserslautern \| Total \| Total \| 30 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 33 \| 0 \| \| Kaiserslautern II \| 2004–05 \| Oberliga Südwest \| 1 \| 0 \| – \| – \| – \| – \| 1 \| 0 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 279 \| 0 \| 9 \| 0 \| 5 \| 0 \| 293 \| 0 \| ## Honours VfB Stuttgart - UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2002[4]	enwiki/20945501	enwiki	20,945,501	Thomas Ernst	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ernst	2025-04-23T10:21:08Z	en	Q98406	59,577	{{short description\|German footballer}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Thomas Ernst \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|df=yes\|1967\|12\|23}} \| birth_place = [[Wiesbaden]], [[West Germany]] \| height = 1.93 m \| currentclub = \| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)\|Goalkeeper]] \| youthyears1 = 1974–1981 \| youthclubs1 = [[FV Biebrich]] \| youthyears2 = 1981–1986 \| youthclubs2 = [[Eintracht Frankfurt]] \| years1 = 1986–1991 \| clubs1 = [[Eintracht Frankfurt II]] \| caps1 = 126 \| goals1 = 0 \| years2 = 1987–1994 \| clubs2 = [[Eintracht Frankfurt]] \| caps2 = 5 \| goals2 = 0 \| years3 = 1994–1995 \| clubs3 = [[FSV Frankfurt]] \| caps3 = 27 \| goals3 = 0 \| years4 = 1995–2000 \| clubs4 = [[VfL Bochum]] \| caps4 = 71 \| goals4 = 0 \| years5 = 2001–2003 \| clubs5 = [[VfB Stuttgart]] \| caps5 = 19 \| goals5 = 0 \| years6 = 2003–2006 \| clubs6 = [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]] \| caps6 = 30 \| goals6 = 0 \| years7 = 2004–2005 \| clubs7 = → [[1. FC Kaiserslautern II]] \| caps7 = 1 \| goals7 = 0 \| totalcaps = 279 \| totalgoals = 0 \| manageryears1 = 2007–2008 \| managerclubs1 = [[FSV Frankfurt]] \| medaltemplates = {{medalTeam\|[[Eintracht Frankfurt]]}} {{medalW\|[[DFB-Pokal]]\|[[1987–88 DFB-Pokal\|1987–88]]}} {{medalTeam\|[[VfL Bochum]]}} {{medalW\|[[2. Bundesliga]]\|[[1995–96 2. Bundesliga\|1995–96]]}} {{medalRU\|[[2. Bundesliga]]\|[[1999–2000 2. Bundesliga\|1999–00]]}} {{medalTeam\|[[VfB Stuttgart]]}} {{medalRU\|[[Bundesliga]]\|[[2002–03 Bundesliga\|2002–03]]}} }} '''Thomas Ernst''' (born 23 December 1967) is a German former professional [[Association football\|footballer]] who played as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)\|goalkeeper]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.fussballdaten.de/spieler/ernstthomas/ \|language=German\|title=Thomas Ernst \|publisher=[[fussballdaten.de]] \|accessdate=27 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.kicker.de/thomas-ernst/spieler/bundesliga/2005-06/1-fc-kaiserslautern\|language=German\|title=Ernst, Thomas\|publisher=[[Kicker (sports magazine)\|kicker]]\|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> == Career == Ernst was born in [[Wiesbaden]], [[Hesse]]. He started playing professionally with [[Eintracht Frankfurt]]. At the [[Hesse\|Hessian]] club, he could only amass five [[Bundesliga]] appearances in seven years combined, being barred by legendary [[Uli Stein]]. In 1994, he moved clubs but stayed in [[Frankfurt\|the city]], joining [[FSV Frankfurt]] in the [[2. Bundesliga\|second division]]. After one season, Ernst joined [[VfL Bochum]] also in level two, only appearing twice in his first two seasons combined. His best individual year happened in [[1998–99 Bundesliga\|1998–99]], when he appeared in 32 league games, but the [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] side suffered top flight relegation, as second from bottom. From 2000 to 2006, Ernst remained in the top division, with [[VfB Stuttgart]] and [[1. FC Kaiserslautern]], but again appeared almost exclusively as a backup, until his retirement at the age of 38. In 19 professional seasons, he appeared in 152 league games, 106 of those in the first division. Ernst moved into managing immediately after retiring, working as a goalkeeper coach with [[Germany women's national football team\|Germany women's national team]]. The following year, he had his first head coach experience, with former club FSV Frankfurt, and returned to Bochum in 2008, as [[director of football]]. ==Personal life== Ernst's wife, Kerstin Pohlmann, was also a professional footballer. His son [[Tjark Ernst\|Tjark]] is currently a football [[goalkeeper (association football)\|goalkeeper]] with the German club [[Hertha BSC]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/herthas-torwart-tjark-ernst-im-interview-von-anfang-an-war-klar-ich-will-ins-tor-10547854.html\|title=Torwart Tjark Ernst von Hertha BSC im Interview: "Von Anfang an war klar, ich will ins Tor"\|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online \|via=Tagesspiegel}}</ref> == Career statistics == {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|[[DFB-Pokal]] !colspan="2"\|[[UEFA\|Europe]] !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|rowspan="6"\|[[Eintracht Frankfurt II]] \|1986–87 \|rowspan="5"\|[[Oberliga Hessen]] \|5\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|5\|\|0 \|- \|1987–88 \|30\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|30\|\|0 \|- \|1988–89 \|33\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|33\|\|0 \|- \|1989–90 \|30\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|30\|\|0 \|- \|1990–91 \|28\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|28\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !126\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|126\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan="8"\|[[Eintracht Frankfurt]] \|[[1987–88 Bundesliga\|1987–88]] \|rowspan="7"\|[[Bundesliga]] \|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|1\|\|0 \|- \|[[1988–89 Bundesliga\|1988–89]] \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|[[1989–90 Bundesliga\|1989–90]] \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|[[1990–91 Bundesliga\|1990–91]] \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|[[1991–92 Bundesliga\|1991–92]] \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|[[1992–93 Bundesliga\|1992–93]] \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0 \|- \|[[1993–94 Bundesliga\|1993–94]] \|4\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !5\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|5\|\|0 \|- \|[[FSV Frankfurt]] \|[[1994–95 2. Bundesliga\|1994–95]] \|[[2. Bundesliga]] \|27\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|27\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan="7"\|[[VfL Bochum]] \|[[1995–96 2. Bundesliga\|1995–96]] \|2. Bundesliga \|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|1\|\|0 \|- \|[[1996–97 Bundesliga\|1996–97]] \|rowspan="3"\|Bundesliga \|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|1\|\|0 \|- \|[[1997–98 Bundesliga\|1997–98]] \|18\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|19\|\|0 \|- \|[[1998–99 Bundesliga\|1998–99]] \|32\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|34\|\|0 \|- \|[[1999–2000 2. Bundesliga\|1999–00]] \|2. Bundesliga \|18\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|21\|\|0 \|- \|[[2000–01 Bundesliga\|2000–01]] \|Bundesliga \|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|1\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !71\|\|0\|\|5\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|77\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[VfB Stuttgart\|Stuttgart]] \|[[2000–01 Bundesliga\|2000–01]] \|rowspan="3"\|Bundesliga \|2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0 \|- \|[[2001–02 Bundesliga\|2001–02]] \|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|3\|\|0 \|- \|[[2002–03 Bundesliga\|2002–03]] \|14\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|4\|\|0\|\|19\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !19\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|4\|\|0\|\|24\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[1. FC Kaiserslautern\|Kaiserslautern]] \|[[2003–04 Bundesliga\|2003–04]] \|rowspan="3"\|Bundesliga \|6\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|6\|\|0 \|- \|[[2004–05 Bundesliga\|2004–05]] \|21\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|23\|\|0 \|- \|[[2005–06 Bundesliga\|2005–06]] \|3\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|4\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !30\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|33\|\|0 \|- \|[[1. FC Kaiserslautern II\|Kaiserslautern II]] \|2004–05 \|[[Fußball-Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar\|Oberliga Südwest]] \|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|colspan="2"\|–\|\|1\|\|0 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career total !279\|\|0\|\|9\|\|0\|\|5\|\|0\|\|293\|\|0 \|} ==Honours== '''VfB Stuttgart''' [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]: [[2002 UEFA Intertoto Cup\|2002]]<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/IntertotoCup/FixturesResults/Round%3D1621/Match%3D70010/index.html \|title=Stuttgart 2-0 Lille (Aggregate: 2 - 1)\|publisher=[[UEFA]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021021101811/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/IntertotoCup/FixturesResults/Round%3D1621/Match%3D70010/index.html\|access-date=16 June 2020\|archive-date=21 October 2002}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Fussballdaten\|ernstthomas\|Thomas Ernst}} {{1998–99 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ernst, Thomas}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Footballers from Wiesbaden]] [[Category:German men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:Bundesliga players]] [[Category:2. Bundesliga players]] [[Category:Oberliga (football) players]] [[Category:FV Biebrich players]] [[Category:Eintracht Frankfurt players]] [[Category:Eintracht Frankfurt II players]] [[Category:FSV Frankfurt players]] [[Category:VfL Bochum players]] [[Category:VfB Stuttgart players]] [[Category:1. FC Kaiserslautern players]] [[Category:1. FC Kaiserslautern II players]] [[Category:German football managers]] [[Category:West German men's footballers]] [[Category:Association football goalkeeping coaches]]	1,286,998,514	[{"title": "Thomas Ernst", "data": {"Date of birth": "23 December 1967", "Place of birth": "Wiesbaden, West Germany", "Height": "1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)", "Position(s)": "Goalkeeper"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"1974\u20131981": "FV Biebrich", "1981\u20131986": "Eintracht Frankfurt"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "1986\u20131991": "Eintracht Frankfurt II \u00b7 126 \u00b7 (0)", "1987\u20131994": "Eintracht Frankfurt \u00b7 5 \u00b7 (0)", "1994\u20131995": "FSV Frankfurt \u00b7 27 \u00b7 (0)", "1995\u20132000": "VfL Bochum \u00b7 71 \u00b7 (0)", "2001\u20132003": "VfB Stuttgart \u00b7 19 \u00b7 (0)", "2003\u20132006": "1. FC Kaiserslautern \u00b7 30 \u00b7 (0)", "2004\u20132005": "\u2192 1. FC Kaiserslautern II \u00b7 1 \u00b7 (0)", "Total": "279 \u00b7 (0)"}}, {"title": "Managerial career", "data": {"2007\u20132008": "FSV Frankfurt"}}, {"title": "Eintracht Frankfurt", "data": {"Winner": "DFB-Pokal \u00b7 1987\u201388"}}, {"title": "VfL Bochum", "data": {"Winner": "2. Bundesliga \u00b7 1995\u201396", "Runner-up": "2. Bundesliga \u00b7 1999\u201300"}}, {"title": "VfB Stuttgart", "data": {"Runner-up": "Bundesliga \u00b7 2002\u201303"}}]	false
# Kevin Curtis Kevin Devon Curtis (born July 17, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Utah State Aggies and was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the third round of the 2003 NFL draft. He also played for the Philadelphia Eagles, Miami Dolphins, Kansas City Chiefs and Tennessee Titans. ## Early life Curtis attended Bingham High School in South Jordan, Utah and was a letterman in football and basketball. In football, he was an All-Region honoree as both a wide receiver and as a defensive back. ## College career Curtis began his collegiate career at NJCAA junior college powerhouse Snow College where he earned Second-team All-America Honors. He then transferred to Utah State. Curtis started his Utah State career as a walk-on. As a junior, he led the nation in receptions, earning him third-team All-America honors. Kevin also broke many Utah State single-season records along the way including pass receptions (100), receiving yards (1,531), most 10-reception games (6), most 100-yard receiving games (9), and most consecutive 100-yard receiving games (6). He was also named his team's Offensive MVP. His tremendous play as a junior earned him a scholarship for his senior year where he ranked seventh in the nation in receiving yards per game (114.36), and 12th in the country in receptions per game (6.73). He also led the Aggies with 74 receptions (fifth-best season total in school history) for 1,258 yards (fifth-best in a single season) and scored 60 points to lead the team with an average of 117.4 all-purpose yards a game. In only two years at Utah State he ended his career leading in many statistical categories including career receptions (174), career pass reception yards per game (126.8), career pass receptions per game (7.9), and finished second in career receiving yards (2,789). He was teammates with Washington Redskins tight end Chris Cooley. ## Professional career ### Pre-draft Curtis ran a hand-timed 40-yard dash of 4.21 but a 4.35 at the NFL Combine; at the Combine, he scored a 48 out of a possible 50 points on the Wonderlic intelligence test. This is tied for the highest verified score among active players (Ryan Fitzpatrick and Benjamin Watson also scored 48). The only two players that scored higher on the Wonderlic Test were Pat McInally with a perfect 50 and Mike Mamula with a 49. \| Height \| Weight \| Arm length \| Hand span \| 40-yard dash \| 10-yard split \| 20-yard split \| 20-yard shuttle \| Three-cone drill \| Vertical jump \| Broad jump \| Wonderlic \| \| ------------------------------- \| -------------- \| ------------------ \| ----------------- \| ------------ \| ------------- \| ------------- \| --------------- \| ---------------- \| -------------- \| ------------------- \| --------- \| \| 5 ft 11+1⁄8 in (1.81 m) \| 186 lb (84 kg) \| 30+3⁄8 in (0.77 m) \| 9+3⁄8 in (0.24 m) \| 4.35 s \| 1.53 s \| 2.59 s \| 3.99 s \| 6.76 s \| 36 in (0.91 m) \| 10 ft 2 in (3.10 m) \| 48 \| \| All values from the NFL Combine \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ### St. Louis Rams Curtis was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the third round (74th overall) of the 2003 NFL draft. Curtis was inactive for the first five games of 2003 after suffering a broken fibula in the final preseason game at Buffalo. In 2004, Curtis played in all but one game, totaling 32 catches for 421 yards and 2 touchdowns. The Rams would finish just 8-8 that year, barely making the playoffs. In the 2004 playoffs, Curtis and the Rams made history. In their wildcard game against the Seahawks, Curtis had four catches for 107 yards. The Rams would win the game, becoming the first playoff team in NFL history to win a game without having a winning record. In their divisional playoff loss at Atlanta the following week, Curtis caught seven passes for 128 yards and a 57-yard touchdown catch where he beat Falcons' cornerback DeAngelo Hall. Curtis became the 2nd player in NFL history to have two back-to-back 100-yard receiving games in the playoffs before ever recording one in the regular season. His playoff performance proved to be no fluke, as Curtis had an impressive 2005. On the year, Curtis recorded 60 receptions, 801 yards and six touchdowns, all of which were second on the team. He also had a rushing touchdown in a win against the Saints that year. Curtis would again be the Rams slot receiver in 2006. ### Philadelphia Eagles On March 15, 2007, Curtis signed a 6-year, $32 million deal with the Philadelphia Eagles, including $9.5 million in guaranteed money. Curtis spent his whole career behind potential Hall of Famers Isaac Bruce and Torry Holt. Now, free from their shadow, he set career highs in his first year with the Eagles and finished the year with 1,110 yards, 77 receptions and 6 touchdowns. He was the eleventh receiver in Eagles history to reach over 1,000 receiving yards, and just the second to under Andy Reid. Curtis had his best game on September 23, 2007, in the first half of a 56-21 Eagles win over the Detroit Lions. His nine catches for 205 yards and three touchdowns tied Lee Evans for the most receiving yards during the first half of a game since 1987, when Steve Largent had 224 yards during a replacement game. Curtis finished the day with 11 catches for 221 yards and three touchdowns. He became the first player in NFL history to recover his own team's fumble for a touchdown in back-to-back games when he fell on Reggie Brown's fumble in the 3rd quarter against the Buffalo Bills on December 30, 2007. He recovered a McNabb fumble for a score a week earlier at the New Orleans Saints on December 23, 2007. With his 77 receptions in 2007, became just the 4th wide receiver in Eagles history to record 75-or-more catches in a single season, joining Irving Fryar (88 in 1996, 86 in 1997), Fred Barnett (78 in 1994), and Terrell Owens (77 in 2004). In 2008, Curtis only played 9 games in the season due to injury. He had surgery on August 21, 2008, to repair a sports hernia and was inactive for the first six games of the season. He was also inactive at Washington on December 21, 2008, with a calf strain. However, he had highlights against Cleveland, Curtis caught 4 receptions for 45 yards and a touchdown. In the season Curtis caught 33 balls for 390 yards, and two touchdowns. His return helped engineer an improbable run to the playoffs for Philadelphia, where the 5-5-1 Eagles would go 9-6-1 (6-3-1 in games Curtis played), and make it to the NFC Championship game. He led the team with 122 receiving yards on four catches in the NFC Championship game at Arizona on January 18, 2009, which tied a franchise postseason record among wide receivers. In 2009, Curtis played in the Eagles first two games of the season, before requiring arthroscopic surgery on his left knee. He missed twelve games because of it, and did not return until week 15 against the San Francisco 49ers. He was released by the Eagles on March 18, 2010. He later attended workouts for the Giants and Lions but was not offered a contract. During the 2010 offseason, Curtis underwent treatment for testicular cancer. After a successful surgery in September, Curtis announced he would be returning to the NFL. ### Miami Dolphins Curtis was signed by the Miami Dolphins on December 13, 2010. He managed just one catch for six yards in the two games he played. On December 28, 2010, he was released by the Dolphins. ### Kansas City Chiefs On January 5, 2011, Curtis signed with the Kansas City Chiefs prior to their playoff game against the Ravens. Curtis played 30 snaps in the Chiefs' playoff loss, catching one pass for three yards. ### Tennessee Titans On August 26, 2011, he signed with the Tennessee Titans. He signed in time to play in the preseason finale, where he caught two passes for 20 yards. However, Curtis broke his left hand in the game, and was placed on injured reserve before the season officially started. ## NFL career statistics \| Legend \| Legend \| \| ------ \| ----------- \| \| Bold \| Career high \| ### Regular season \| Year \| Team \| Games \| Games \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| \| Year \| Team \| GP \| GS \| Tgt \| Rec \| Yds \| Avg \| Lng \| TD \| \| ---- \| ---- \| ----- \| ----- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| \| 2003 \| STL \| 4 \| 1 \| 5 \| 4 \| 13 \| 3.3 \| 8 \| 0 \| \| 2004 \| STL \| 15 \| 0 \| 50 \| 32 \| 421 \| 13.2 \| 41 \| 2 \| \| 2005 \| STL \| 16 \| 9 \| 97 \| 60 \| 801 \| 13.4 \| 83 \| 6 \| \| 2006 \| STL \| 16 \| 1 \| 57 \| 40 \| 479 \| 12.0 \| 42 \| 4 \| \| 2007 \| PHI \| 16 \| 16 \| 135 \| 77 \| 1,110 \| 14.4 \| 75 \| 6 \| \| 2008 \| PHI \| 9 \| 8 \| 63 \| 33 \| 390 \| 11.8 \| 32 \| 2 \| \| 2009 \| PHI \| 3 \| 1 \| 15 \| 6 \| 77 \| 12.8 \| 19 \| 0 \| \| 2010 \| MIA \| 2 \| 0 \| 2 \| 1 \| 6 \| 6.0 \| 6 \| 0 \| \| \| \| 81 \| 36 \| 424 \| 253 \| 3,297 \| 13.0 \| 83 \| 20 \| ### Playoffs \| Year \| Team \| Games \| Games \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| Receiving \| \| Year \| Team \| GP \| GS \| Tgt \| Rec \| Yds \| Avg \| Lng \| TD \| \| ---- \| ---- \| ----- \| ----- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| \| 2004 \| STL \| 2 \| 2 \| 17 \| 11 \| 235 \| 21.4 \| 57 \| 1 \| \| 2008 \| PHI \| 3 \| 3 \| 22 \| 12 \| 211 \| 17.6 \| 50 \| 0 \| \| 2010 \| MIA \| 1 \| 0 \| 3 \| 1 \| 3 \| 3.0 \| 3 \| 0 \| \| \| \| 6 \| 5 \| 42 \| 24 \| 449 \| 18.7 \| 57 \| 1 \| ## Personal life Curtis is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also known as the Mormon faith; after high school, he served a two-year Mormon mission in London, England. On September 23, 2010, Curtis received an orchiectomy due to testicular cancer, at the Huntsman Cancer Institute.	enwiki/3046117	enwiki	3,046,117	Kevin Curtis	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Curtis	2025-05-10T01:08:37Z	en	Q1740112	91,514	{{Short description\|American football player (born 1978)}} {{other people}} {{Use American English\|date=September 2024}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox NFL biography \| name = Kevin Curtis \| image = Kevin Curtis2.jpg \| caption = Curtis with the Philadelphia Eagles in 2009 \| number = 83, 80, 17 \| position = [[Wide receiver]] \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1978\|7\|17}} \| birth_place = [[Murray, Utah]], U.S. \| death_date = \| death_place = \| height_ft = 5 \| height_in = 11 \| weight_lbs = 186 \| high_school = [[Bingham High School\|Bingham]] ([[South Jordan, Utah]]) \| college = {{ubl\|[[Snow College]] (1996-1997)\|[[Utah State Aggies football\|Utah State]] (2001-2002)}} \| draftyear = 2003 \| draftround = 3 \| draftpick = 74 \| pastteams = * [[St. Louis Rams]] ({{NFL Year\|2003}}–{{NFL Year\|2006}}) * [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ({{NFL Year\|2007}}–{{NFL Year\|2009}}) * [[Miami Dolphins]] ({{NFL Year\|2010}}) * [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ({{NFL Year\|2010}}) * [[Tennessee Titans]] ({{NFL Year\|2011}}) \| highlights = * Third-team [[College Football All-America Team\|All-American]] ([[2001 College Football All-America Team\|2001]]) \| statlabel1 = [[Reception (American football)\|Receptions]] \| statvalue1 = 253 \| statlabel2 = [[Receiving yards]] \| statvalue2 = 3,297 \| statlabel3 = [[Average\|Receiving average]] \| statvalue3 = 13.0 \| statlabel4 = [[Touchdown\|Receiving touchdowns]] \| statvalue4 = 20 \| pfr = CurtKe00 }} '''Kevin Devon Curtis''' (born July 17, 1978) is an American former professional [[American football\|football]] player who was a [[wide receiver]] in the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He played [[college football]] for the [[Utah State Aggies football\|Utah State Aggies]] and was selected by the [[St. Louis Rams]] in the third round of the [[2003 NFL draft]]. He also played for the [[Philadelphia Eagles]], [[Miami Dolphins]], [[Kansas City Chiefs]] and [[Tennessee Titans]]. ==Early life== Curtis attended [[Bingham High School]] in [[South Jordan, Utah]] and was a [[Letterman (sports)\|letterman]] in football and basketball. In football, he was an All-Region honoree as both a wide receiver and as a defensive back. ==College career== Curtis began his collegiate career at [[NJCAA]] junior college powerhouse [[Snow College]] where he earned Second-team [[All-America]] Honors. He then transferred to Utah State. Curtis started his [[Utah State]] career as a walk-on. As a junior, he led the nation in receptions, earning him third-team [[All-America]] honors. Kevin also broke many Utah State single-season records along the way including pass receptions (100), receiving yards (1,531), most 10-reception games (6), most 100-yard receiving games (9), and most consecutive 100-yard receiving games (6). He was also named his team's Offensive MVP. His tremendous play as a junior earned him a scholarship for his senior year where he ranked seventh in the nation in receiving yards per game (114.36), and 12th in the country in receptions per game (6.73). He also led the Aggies with 74 receptions (fifth-best season total in school history) for 1,258 yards (fifth-best in a single season) and scored 60 points to lead the team with an average of 117.4 all-purpose yards a game. In only two years at Utah State he ended his career leading in many statistical categories including career receptions (174), career pass reception yards per game (126.8), career pass receptions per game (7.9), and finished second in career receiving yards (2,789). He was teammates with Washington Redskins tight end [[Chris Cooley (American football)\|Chris Cooley]]. ==Professional career== ===Pre-draft=== Curtis ran a hand-timed [[40-yard dash]] of 4.21 but a 4.35 at the [[NFL Combine]]; at the Combine, he scored a 48 out of a possible 50 points on the [[Wonderlic]] intelligence test. This is tied for the highest verified score among active players ([[Ryan Fitzpatrick]] and [[Benjamin Watson]] also scored 48). The only two players that scored higher on the [[Wonderlic]] Test were [[Pat McInally]] with a perfect 50 and [[Mike Mamula]] with a 49.<ref name="RisingStar">{{cite web \|last=Robinson \|first=Doug \|date=2005-10-25 \|title=Kevin Curtis is ... a Surprising, Rising Star \|url=https://www.deseret.com/2005/10/25/19919101/kevin-curtis-is-a-surprising-rising-star \|access-date=2007-10-29 \|work=Deseret Morning News \|publisher=[[Deseret News]]}}</ref> {{NFL predraft \| height ft = 5 \| height in = 11 1/8 \| weight = 186 \| dash = 4.35 \| ten split = 1.53 \| twenty split = 2.59 \| shuttle = 3.99 \| cone drill = 6.76 \| vertical = 36 \| broad ft = 10 \| broad in = 2 \| arm span = 30 3/8 \| hand span = 9 3/8 \| wonderlic = 48 \| note = All values from the [[NFL Combine]]<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=28149&DraftYear=2003 \|title=2003 NFL Draft Scout Kevin Curtis College Football Profile \|access-date=May 31, 2023 \|website=DraftScout.com}}</ref><ref>(February 28, 2008).[http://www.yardbarker.com/nfl/articles/Kevin_Curtis_The_Wonderlic_Test/163121 Kevin Curtis & The Wonderlic Test] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616102820/http://www.yardbarker.com/nfl/articles/Kevin_Curtis_The_Wonderlic_Test/163121 \|date=2008-06-16 }} Yardbarker.com. Retrieved April 27, 2009.</ref> }} ===St. Louis Rams=== Curtis was selected by the [[St. Louis Rams]] in the third round (74th overall) of the [[2003 NFL draft]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=2003 NFL Draft Listing \|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2003/draft.htm \|access-date=2023-03-28 \|website=Pro-Football-Reference.com \|language=en}}</ref> Curtis was inactive for the first five games of 2003 after suffering a broken fibula in the final preseason game at Buffalo. In [[2004 NFL season\|2004]], Curtis played in all but one game, totaling 32 catches for 421 yards and 2 touchdowns. The Rams would finish just 8-8 that year, barely making the playoffs. In the [[2004–05 NFL playoffs\|2004 playoffs]], Curtis and the Rams made history. In their wildcard game against the Seahawks, Curtis had four catches for 107 yards. The Rams would win the game, becoming the first playoff team in NFL history to win a game without having a winning record. In their divisional playoff loss at Atlanta the following week, Curtis caught seven passes for 128 yards and a 57-yard touchdown catch where he beat Falcons' cornerback [[DeAngelo Hall]]. Curtis became the 2nd player in NFL history to have two back-to-back 100-yard receiving games in the playoffs before ever recording one in the regular season. His playoff performance proved to be no fluke, as Curtis had an impressive [[2005 St. Louis Rams season\|2005]]. On the year, Curtis recorded 60 receptions, 801 yards and six touchdowns, all of which were second on the team. He also had a rushing touchdown in a win against the Saints that year.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2005102304/2005/REG7/saints@rams#tab=recap\|title=Watch New Orleans Saints vs. St. Louis Rams [10/23/2005] - NFL.com\|website=www.nfl.com}}</ref> Curtis would again be the Rams slot receiver in 2006. ===Philadelphia Eagles=== [[File:Kevin Curtis.jpg\|thumbnail\|right\|Curtis in August 2009.]] On March 15, 2007, Curtis signed a 6-year, $32 million deal with the [[Philadelphia Eagles]], including $9.5 million in guaranteed money.<ref name="FreeAgentContract">{{cite web \| work=espn.com \| title=Eagles land former Rams wideout Curtis \| date=March 15, 2007 \| url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=2800006 \| access-date=2007-03-15}}</ref> Curtis spent his whole career behind potential Hall of Famers [[Isaac Bruce]] and [[Torry Holt]]. Now, free from their shadow, he set career highs in his first year with the Eagles and finished the year with 1,110 yards, 77 receptions and 6 touchdowns. He was the eleventh receiver in Eagles history to reach over 1,000 receiving yards, and just the second to under [[Andy Reid]]. Curtis had his best game on September 23, 2007, in the first half of a 56-21 Eagles win over the [[Detroit Lions]]. His nine catches for 205 yards and three touchdowns tied [[Lee Evans (American football)\|Lee Evans]] for the most receiving yards during the first half of a game since 1987, when [[Steve Largent]] had 224 yards during a replacement game.<ref name='CareerDay'>{{cite web\|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/sports/eagles/Curtis_has_career_day_in_the_first_half.html \|title=Curtis has career day in the first half \|access-date=2007-10-29 \|date=2007-09-23 \|work=Philadelphia Daily News \|publisher=philly.com }} {{Dead link\|date=October 2010\|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Curtis finished the day with 11 catches for 221 yards and three touchdowns.<ref name='CurtisCatches11'>{{cite news\|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug=ap-eagles-curtis \|title=Curtis catches 11 passes for 221 yards in Eagles win \|access-date=2007-10-29 \|last=Pennell \|first=Randy \|date=2007-09-23 \|work=Yahoo Sports }}</ref> He became the first player in NFL history to recover his own team's fumble for a touchdown in back-to-back games when he fell on [[Reggie Brown (wide receiver)\|Reggie Brown's]] fumble in the 3rd quarter against the [[Buffalo Bills]] on December 30, 2007. He recovered a McNabb fumble for a score a week earlier at the New Orleans Saints on December 23, 2007. With his 77 receptions in 2007, became just the 4th wide receiver in Eagles history to record 75-or-more catches in a single season, joining [[Irving Fryar]] (88 in 1996, 86 in 1997), [[Fred Barnett]] (78 in 1994), and [[Terrell Owens]] (77 in 2004). In [[2008 NFL season\|2008]], Curtis only played 9 games in the season due to injury. He had surgery on August 21, 2008, to repair a sports hernia and was inactive for the first six games of the season. He was also inactive at Washington on December 21, 2008, with a calf strain. However, he had highlights against Cleveland, Curtis caught 4 receptions for 45 yards and a touchdown. In the season Curtis caught 33 balls for 390 yards, and two touchdowns. His return helped engineer an improbable run to the playoffs for Philadelphia, where the 5-5-1 Eagles would go 9-6-1 (6-3-1 in games Curtis played), and make it to the NFC Championship game. He led the team with 122 receiving yards on four catches in the NFC Championship game at Arizona on January 18, 2009, which tied a franchise postseason record among wide receivers. In [[2009 NFL season\|2009]], Curtis played in the Eagles first two games of the season, before requiring arthroscopic surgery on his left knee. He missed twelve games because of it, and did not return until week 15 against the [[San Francisco 49ers]]. He was released by the Eagles on March 18, 2010.<ref>{{cite web \|author=McLane, Jeff \|title=Eagles cut Curtis and Howard \|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inq-eagles/Eagles_release_Howard.html \|publisher=Philly.com \|date=March 18, 2010 \|access-date=2010-03-18}}</ref> He later attended workouts for the Giants and Lions but was not offered a contract. During the 2010 offseason, Curtis underwent treatment for testicular cancer. After a successful surgery in September, Curtis announced he would be returning to the NFL.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://nflbuzz.yardbarker.com/blog/nflbuzz/article/veteran_wr_ready_to_start_playing_again/3592126 \|title=Veteran WR ready to start playing again - Yardbarker \|access-date=2015-03-11 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132834/http://nflbuzz.yardbarker.com/blog/nflbuzz/article/veteran_wr_ready_to_start_playing_again/3592126 \|archive-date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> ===Miami Dolphins=== Curtis was signed by the [[Miami Dolphins]] on December 13, 2010. He managed just one catch for six yards in the two games he played. On December 28, 2010, he was released by the Dolphins. ===Kansas City Chiefs=== On January 5, 2011, Curtis signed with the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] prior to their playoff game against the Ravens. Curtis played 30 snaps in the Chiefs' playoff loss, catching one pass for three yards.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=25 July 2011 \|title=Chiefs have right of first refusal on Kevin Curtis \|url=https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/chiefs-have-right-of-first-refusal-on-kevin-curtis \|access-date=2025-05-10 \|website=NBC Sports \|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Tennessee Titans=== On August 26, 2011, he signed with the [[Tennessee Titans]]. He signed in time to play in the preseason finale, where he caught two passes for 20 yards.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2011090162/2011/PRE4/titans@saints\|title=Watch Tennessee Titans vs. New Orleans Saints [09/01/2011] - NFL.com\|website=www.nfl.com}}</ref> However, Curtis broke his left hand in the game, and was placed on injured reserve before the season officially started.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/story/Titans-agree-to-terms-with-WR-Kevin-Curtis-18224358 \|title=Titans WR Kevin Curtis breaks bone in left hand - NFL News \| FOX Sports on MSN \|website=www.foxsports.com \|access-date=6 June 2022 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150311115338/http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/story/Titans-agree-to-terms-with-WR-Kevin-Curtis-18224358 \|archive-date=11 March 2015 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==NFL career statistics== {\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="2"\| Legend \|- \| '''Bold''' \| Career high \|} === Regular season === {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- !rowspan="2"\| Year !rowspan="2"\| Team !colspan="2"\| Games !colspan="6"\| Receiving \|- ! GP !! GS !! Tgt!! Rec !! Yds !! Avg !! Lng !! TD \|- ! [[2003 NFL season\|2003]] !! [[2003 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 13 \|\| 3.3 \|\| 8 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2004 NFL season\|2004]] !! [[2004 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| 15 \|\| 0 \|\| 50 \|\| 32 \|\| 421 \|\| 13.2 \|\| 41 \|\| 2 \|- ! [[2005 NFL season\|2005]] !! [[2005 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| '''16''' \|\| 9 \|\| 97 \|\| 60 \|\| 801 \|\| 13.4 \|\| '''83''' \|\| '''6''' \|- ! [[2006 NFL season\|2006]] !! [[2006 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| '''16''' \|\| 1 \|\| 57 \|\| 40 \|\| 479 \|\| 12.0 \|\| 42 \|\| 4 \|- ! [[2007 NFL season\|2007]] !! [[2007 Philadelphia Eagles season\|PHI]] \| '''16''' \|\| '''16''' \|\| '''135''' \|\| '''77''' \|\| '''1,110''' \|\| '''14.4''' \|\| 75 \|\| '''6''' \|- ! [[2008 NFL season\|2008]] !! [[2008 Philadelphia Eagles season\|PHI]] \| 9 \|\| 8 \|\| 63 \|\| 33 \|\| 390 \|\| 11.8 \|\| 32 \|\| 2 \|- ! [[2009 NFL season\|2009]] !! [[2009 Philadelphia Eagles season\|PHI]] \| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 15 \|\| 6 \|\| 77 \|\| 12.8 \|\| 19 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2010 NFL season\|2010]] !! [[2010 Miami Dolphins season\|MIA]] \| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 6 \|\| 0 \|- ! colspan="2"\| !! 81 !! 36 !! 424 !! 253 !! 3,297 !! 13.0 !! 83 !! 20 \|} === Playoffs === {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- !rowspan="2"\| Year !rowspan="2"\| Team !colspan="2"\| Games !colspan="6"\| Receiving \|- ! GP !! GS !! Tgt!! Rec !! Yds !! Avg !! Lng !! TD \|- ! [[2004 NFL season\|2004]] !! [[2004 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| 17 \|\| 11 \|\| '''235''' \|\| '''21.4''' \|\| '''57''' \|\| '''1''' \|- ! [[2008 NFL season\|2008]] !! [[2008 Philadelphia Eagles season\|PHI]] \| '''3''' \|\| '''3''' \|\| '''22''' \|\| '''12''' \|\| 211 \|\| 17.6 \|\| 50 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2010 NFL season\|2010]] !! [[2010 Miami Dolphins season\|MIA]] \| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 3 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|- ! colspan="2"\| !! 6 !! 5 !! 42 !! 24 !! 449 !! 18.7 !! 57 !! 1 \|} ==Personal life== Curtis is a member of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] also known as the [[Mormon]] faith; after high school, he served a two-year [[Missionary (LDS Church)\|Mormon mission]] in [[London, England]]. On September 23, 2010, Curtis received an [[Inguinal orchiectomy\|orchiectomy]] due to [[testicular cancer]], at the Huntsman Cancer Institute.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Former Bingham USU star Kevin Curtis fighting testicular cancer\|website=[[Deseret News]] \|date=October 7, 2010 \|url=https://www.deseret.com/2010/10/7/20145410/former-bingham-usu-star-kevin-curtis-fighting-testicular-cancer/}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100217114523/http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/team/KevinCurtis.html Philadelphia Eagles bio] * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Rams2003DraftPicks}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Curtis, Kevin}} [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Murray, Utah]] [[Category:Players of American football from Salt Lake County, Utah]] [[Category:Snow Badgers football players]] [[Category:American football wide receivers]] [[Category:American Mormon missionaries in England]] [[Category:Utah State Aggies football players]] [[Category:St. Louis Rams players]] [[Category:Philadelphia Eagles players]] [[Category:Miami Dolphins players]] [[Category:Kansas City Chiefs players]] [[Category:Tennessee Titans players]] [[Category:20th-century Mormon missionaries]] [[Category:Latter Day Saints from Utah]]	1,289,660,089	[{"title": "No. 83, 80, 17", "data": {"Position": "Wide receiver"}}, {"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Born": "July 17, 1978 \u00b7 Murray, Utah, U.S.", "Height": "5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)", "Weight": "186 lb (84 kg)"}}, {"title": "Career information", "data": {"High school": "Bingham (South Jordan, Utah)", "College": "- Snow College (1996-1997) - Utah State (2001-2002)", "NFL draft": "2003: 3rd round, 74th pick"}}, {"title": "Career history", "data": {"Career history": "- St. Louis Rams (2003\u20132006) - Philadelphia Eagles (2007\u20132009) - Miami Dolphins (2010) - Kansas City Chiefs (2010) - Tennessee Titans (2011)"}}, {"title": "Career highlights and awards", "data": {"Career highlights and awards": "- Third-team All-American (2001)"}}, {"title": "Career NFL statistics", "data": {"Receptions": "253", "Receiving yards": "3,297", "Receiving average": "13.0", "Receiving touchdowns": "20"}}]	false
# The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arkansas The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arkansas refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Arkansas. The first branch in Arkansas was organized in 1890. It has since grown to 35,405 members in 73 congregations. Official church membership as a percentage of general population was 1.00% in 2014. According to the 2014 Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey, roughly 1% of Arkansans self-identified most closely with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The LDS Church is the 9th largest denomination in Arkansas. ## History Elders Wilford Woodruff and Henry Brown arrived as missionaries in Bentonville on January 28, 1835. They held their first meeting four days later and preached to an attentive congregation. Later they were confronted by an apostate member, Alexander Akeman. Akeman had earlier endured severe persecution in Missouri, but later turned bitterly against the Church. However, he died suddenly, and Elder Woodruff preached his funeral sermon. This event, along with Woodruff's teachings, led to the baptism of a Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Hubbel, the first converts in Arkansas, on 22 February 1835. In 1838, Elder Abraham O. Smoot was called to a five-month mission to Arkansas where he preached frequently with varied results. The year 1857 marked a tragic era in Church history in Arkansas. Elder Parley P. Pratt was murdered on May 13, 1857, near Alma, Arkansas. He had just been acquitted by a court in Van Buren of charges pressed by Hector H. McLean, the former husband of Pratt's wife Eleanor. At the trial, she testified that her former husband frequently physically abused her. Disappointed with the verdict, the McLean followed and assassinated the apostle. (On April 2, 2008, Crawford County Circuit Judge Gary Cottrell gave the Pratt family permission to move Parley Pratt's remains to Utah.) Negative feelings, and later the U.S. Civil War, kept the Church from the area for the next two decades. After the war, the Church again sent missionaries to Arkansas in 1876. In 1877, Elders Henry G. Boyle and J.D.H. McAllister visited a member in Des Arc. By 1877, 27 families totaling 125 converts emigrated west. Through the 1880s, converts continued to join the main body of the saints in Utah. A permanent presence of the church was established on May 30, 1890, when the first Latter-day Saint meetinghouse was built in White County. Benjamin Franklin Baker, an early influential convert, helped establish the Barney Branch (about 5 miles north of Enola) in 1914 with over 100 members. Rufus Black Tyler was one of the first branch presidents (called March 1915). By 1930, three branches had been organized in Arkansas (Barney, El Dorado, and Little Rock) with a total membership of 944. The first Arkansas stake was created on June 1, 1969, in Little Rock. This was known at the time as the Arkansas stake and later renamed to the Little Rock Arkansas Stake. The first institute building, adjacent to the University of Arkansas, was dedicated in the fall of 1999. On July 20–22, 2006, over 1,000 Latter-day Saint teens from all five of the Arkansas Stakes gathered for a three-day multi-stake youth conference. Elder David A. Bednar of the Quorum of the Twelve and former associate dean of Graduate Studies in the College of Business Administration at the University of Arkansas spoke to the youth and encouraged them to live by high moral standards. Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, several thousand Latter-day Saint volunteers, from a seven-state area (including Arkansas), went to Louisiana and Mississippi. Many of them took time out of their jobs or came down on the weekends to help anyone needing assistance regardless of faith. Arkansas Latter-day Saints volunteered relief in their own area on several occasions, including the April 2, 2006 Tornado Outbreak and the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak. In September 2008, Arkansas Latter-day Saints went to the Baton Rouge area to aid cleanup efforts following Hurricane Gustav. Church members from northwest Arkansas and West Plains, Missouri Stake assisted in the Joplin, Missouri tornado cleanup in 2011, completing over 7,400 work orders. Arkansas members from Little Rock, North Little Rock, and Searcy Stakes provided volunteers to help clean up homes in the Baton Rouge area following the 2016 flood, completing over 1,400 work orders. On October 5, 2019, plans to construct a temple in Bentonville were announced during the Women's Session of General Conference. ## Stakes As of May 2025, Arkansas was currently part of 12 stakes. Seven of those stakes have their stake center within the state. In 2014, the Searcy Arkansas and Bentonville Arkansas stakes were established, making it the seven stakes with a stake center in Arkansas. \| Stake \| Organized \| Congregations \| Mission \| Temple district \| \| -------------------------- \| ---------------- \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| --------------------- \| \| Bentonville Arkansas Stake \| October 26, 2014 \| 12 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \| \| Branson Missouri \| April 27, 2025 \| 2 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \| \| Fort Smith Arkansas \| April 30, 1978 \| 8 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \| \| Little Rock Arkansas \| June 1, 1969 \| 11 \| Arkansas Little Rock \| Memphis Tennessee \| \| Memphis Tennessee North \| Sep. 14, 1980 \| 2 \| Arkansas Little Rock \| Memphis Tennessee \| \| Monroe Louisiana \| Aug. 18, 1985 \| 1 \| Louisiana Baton Rouge \| Baton Rouge Louisiana \| \| North Little Rock Arkansas \| June 19, 1983 \| 7 \| Arkansas Little Rock \| Memphis Tennessee \| \| Rogers Arkansas \| August 11, 1991 \| 10 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \| \| Searcy Arkansas \| January 26, 2014 \| 11 \| Arkansas Little Rock \| Memphis Tennessee \| \| Shreveport Louisiana \| Jan. 26, 1958 \| 1 \| Texas Dallas East \| Dallas Texas \| \| Springdale Arkansas Stake \| June 4, 2006 \| 11 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \| \| West Plains Missouri \| Nov. 24, 2013 \| 2 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| St. Louis Missouri \| - The Arkansas Stake was renamed the Little Rock Arkansas Stake. - The Jacksonville Arkansas Stake was renamed the North Little Rock Arkansas stake when the stake center was moved to North Little Rock. - The stake center for the Searcy Arkansas Stake is located in Jacksonville. ## Missions Arkansas formed part of several church missions. Originally a conference of the Southern States Mission, it later became part of the Indian Territory Mission. Southwestern States Mission, Central States Mission, Texas-Louisiana Mission, Gulf States Mission, and ultimately the Arkansas Little Rock Mission formed in 1975 with Richard M. Richards as president. The northwest part of the state is in the Arkansas Bentonville Mission, renamed in 2015 from the Oklahoma Tulsa Mission. The far south and southwest parts of the state are in the Mississippi Jackson Mission and the Texas Dallas Mission respectively. ## Temples On October 5, 2019, the Bentonville Arkansas Temple was announced by President Russell M. Nelson and is the first to be built in Arkansas. As of July 2022, Arkansas is primarily in the Memphis, Kansas City, and Oklahoma City temple districts with some congregations in the Dallas, St. Louis, and Baton Rouge temple districts. \| \\| \\| \\| \\| \| 181. Bentonville Arkansas Temple Official website News & images \| 181. Bentonville Arkansas Temple Official website News & images \| edit \| \| \\| \\| \\| \\| \| Location: Announced: Groundbreaking: Dedicated: Size: \| Bentonville, Arkansas, United States 5 October 2019 by Russell M. Nelson 7 November 2020 by David A. Bednar 17 September 2023 by David A. Bednar 28,472 sq ft (2,645.1 m2) on a 18.62-acre (7.54 ha) site \| Bentonville, Arkansas, United States 5 October 2019 by Russell M. Nelson 7 November 2020 by David A. Bednar 17 September 2023 by David A. Bednar 28,472 sq ft (2,645.1 m2) on a 18.62-acre (7.54 ha) site \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Significant members who lived in Arkansas - Elder David A. Bednar is a former associate dean of Graduate Studies in the College of Business Administration at the University of Arkansas. While at the University of Arkansas, he served as a stake president for the Fort Smith Arkansas Stake and then for the Rogers Stake. He later became the president for Ricks College in Idaho and ultimately was sustained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 2004.[22] - Amy Daniel of the Benton Ward, Little Rock Arkansas Stake, is a former president of the Arkansas School Boards Association.[23] - Dottie Zimmerman, then 24, of the Ash Flat Branch, North Little Rock Arkansas Stake, received three bronze medals in powerlifting at the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Dublin, Ireland, June 16–29, 2003. She had been trained in the bench press, deadlift and combination-bench and deadlift. Her team spent four days in Belfast before traveling to Dublin for the opening of the games. Zimmerman completed earlier that year in the Arkansas Special Olympics in Searcy, Arkansas, at which she received three gold medals.[24] - Robert L. Hall, CEC, of the Morrilton Ward, North Little Rock Arkansas Stake, served as a chef garde manger at the International Broadcast Center during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China, May-August, 2008. Hall, former Executive Chef of the University of Central Arkansas, currently, Culinary Director for the University of Arkansas System, Winthrop Rockefeller Institute on Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas. - Elder Taniela B. Wakolo, of Fiji, served as president of the Arkansas Little Rock Mission from July 2014 to June 2017. During the April 2017 General Conference, he was sustained as a General Authority of the Church.[25] - Elder Michael V. Beheshti, of Little Rock, was sustained as an Area Seventy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at General Conference on 22 April 2016. He serves in the North America Southeast Area.[26] - Elder David J. Harris, of Siloam Springs, Arkansas, was sustained as an Area Seventy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at General Conference on 31 March 2018. He serves in the North America Southwest Area.[27]	enwiki/15978776	enwiki	15,978,776	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arkansas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Arkansas	2025-05-13T00:58:17Z	en	Q7722885	138,184	{{Short description\|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see WP:SDNONE --> {{Infobox LDS in State\| \|icon=Flag of Arkansas.svg \|name = The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arkansas \|image =Jonesboro Chapel.JPG \|caption=A meetinghouse in Jonesboro, Arkansas \|area=[[Area (LDS Church)#North America Southeast\|{{abbr\|NA\|North America}} Southeast]] \|members=37,524 (2024)<ref name=newsroom>{{citation \|url= https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/state/arkansas \|title= Facts and Statistics: Statistics by State: Arkansas \|work= Newsroom \|publisher= LDS Church \|access-date= 11 May 2021}}</ref> \|stakes=7 \|wards=54 \|branches=22 \|missions=2 \|o=1 \|u=0 \|a=0 \|family history centers=25<ref>{{citation\|url=https://www.familysearch.org/fhcenters/locations/?c=Arkansas#\|title=Category:Arkansas Family History Centers\|access-date=August 18, 2022\|publisher=familysearch.org}}</ref> }} '''The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arkansas''' refers to [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) and its members in [[Arkansas]]. The first branch in Arkansas was organized in 1890. It has since grown to 35,405 members in 73 congregations. Official church membership as a percentage of general population was 1.00% in 2014. According to the 2014 [[Pew Research Center\|Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] survey, roughly 1% of Arkansans self-identified most closely with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/arkansas/ \|title= Adults in Arkansas: Religious composition of adults in Arkansas\|work=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life\|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]\|accessdate=2021-05-16}}</ref> The LDS Church is the 9th largest denomination in Arkansas.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=05&T=state&Y=2010&S=adh\|title=The Association of Religion Data Archives \| State Membership Report\|publisher=Thearda.com\|access-date=May 16, 2021}} Note:While it's the ninth largest denomination in Arkansas, it's the tenth largest denomination when "nondenominational" is considered as a denomination.</ref> ==History== {{Historical populations \|title = Membership in Arkansas \|type = \|align = \|direction = \|width = \|state = \|shading = \|pop_name = Members \|percentages = off \|footnote = \|source = {{citation \|title= [[Deseret News]], various years, Church Almanac State Information: Arkansas \|author1= Windall J. Ashton \|author2= Jim M. Wall}}<ref name=newsroom/> \|1914\|~100 \|1930\|944 \|1974\|5,355 \|1980\|9,878 \|1990\|13,753 \|1999\|20,077 \|2009\|25,878 \|2019\|32,307 \|2024\|37,524 }} [[Image:Arkansas LDS Membership History.PNG\|thumb\|250px\|right\|Graph of Arkansas LDS membership history]] Elders [[Wilford Woodruff]] and Henry Brown arrived as missionaries in [[Bentonville, Arkansas\|Bentonville]] on January 28, 1835. They held their first meeting four days later and preached to an attentive congregation. Later they were confronted by an apostate member, Alexander Akeman.<ref>[[Thomas G. Alexander\|Alexander, Thomas G.]] ''Things in Heaven and Earth: The Life and Times of Wilford Woodruff, a Mormon Prophet.'' [[Signature Books]], Incorporated. Salt Lake City, Utah, reprint 1993. {{ISBN\|1-56085-045-0}} ([http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/heaven.htm Excerpts])</ref> Akeman had earlier endured severe persecution in Missouri, but later turned bitterly against the Church. However, he died suddenly, and Elder Woodruff preached his funeral sermon. This event, along with Woodruff's teachings, led to the baptism of a Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Hubbel, the first converts in Arkansas, on 22 February 1835. In 1838, Elder Abraham O. Smoot was called to a five-month mission to Arkansas where he preached frequently with varied results. The year 1857 marked a tragic era in Church history in Arkansas. Elder [[Parley P. Pratt]] was murdered on May 13, 1857, near Alma, Arkansas. He had just been acquitted by a court in [[Van Buren, Arkansas\|Van Buren]] of charges pressed by Hector H. McLean, the former husband of Pratt's wife Eleanor. At the trial, she testified that her former husband frequently physically abused her. Disappointed with the verdict, the McLean followed and assassinated the apostle.<ref>{{Cite journal\| last=Pratt \| first=Steven \| title=Eleanor McLean and the Murder of Parley P. Pratt \| journal=[[BYU Studies]] \| volume=15 \| issue=2 \| year=1975 \| pages=225–56 \| url=http://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/pdfSRC/15.2Pratt.pdf }}</ref> (On April 2, 2008, Crawford County Circuit Judge Gary Cottrell gave the Pratt family permission to move Parley Pratt's remains to [[Utah]].)<ref>{{cite news\| title = Relatives get OK to disinter, move Parley P. Pratt \| author = Smith, Robert J. \| newspaper = Arkansas Democrat-Gazette \| date = 4 April 2008 }} ([https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2008-04-04/reburial-for-pratt-in-utah-31611 reprint] by ''Church News'')</ref> Negative feelings, and later the [[American Civil War\|U.S. Civil War]], kept the Church from the area for the next two decades. After the war, the Church again sent missionaries to Arkansas in 1876. In 1877, Elders Henry G. Boyle and J.D.H. McAllister visited a member in [[Des Arc, Arkansas\|Des Arc]]. By 1877, 27 families totaling 125 converts emigrated west. Through the 1880s, converts continued to join the main body of the saints in Utah.<ref>[http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=3695# "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,"] The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, Central Arkansas Library System</ref> A permanent presence of the church was established on May 30, 1890, when the first Latter-day Saint meetinghouse was built in [[White County, Arkansas\|White County]]. Benjamin Franklin Baker, an early influential convert, helped establish the Barney Branch (about 5 miles north of [[Enola, Arkansas\|Enola]]) in 1914 with over 100 members. Rufus Black Tyler was one of the first branch presidents (called March 1915). By 1930, three [[Ward (LDS Church)#Branch\|branches]] had been organized in [[Arkansas]] (Barney, [[El Dorado, Arkansas\|El Dorado]], and [[Little Rock, Arkansas\|Little Rock]]) with a total membership of 944. The first Arkansas stake was created on June 1, 1969, in Little Rock. This was known at the time as the Arkansas stake and later renamed to the Little Rock Arkansas Stake.<ref>2008 ''Deseret News Church Almanac'', Salt Lake City: [[Deseret News]].</ref> The first [[Institute of Religion\|institute]] building, adjacent to the [[University of Arkansas]], was dedicated in the fall of 1999.<ref>{{Cite news\| url = https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/1999-11-13/arkansas-institute-building-dedicated-16690 \| title = Arkansas institute building dedicated \| author = Gauldin, C. Alan \| publisher = Church News \| date = 13 November 1999 }}</ref> On July 20–22, 2006, over 1,000 Latter-day Saint teens from all five of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arkansas#Arkansas Stakes\|Arkansas Stakes]] gathered for a three-day multi-stake youth conference. Elder [[David A. Bednar]] of the Quorum of the Twelve and former associate dean of Graduate Studies in the College of Business Administration at the [[University of Arkansas]] spoke to the youth and encouraged them to live by high moral standards.<ref>{{Cite news\| url = https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2006-07-29/display-integrity-apostle-tells-youth-29063 \| title = Display integrity, apostle tells youth \| author = Keogh, Rochelle \| publisher = Church News \| date = 29 July 2006 }}</ref> Following [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005, several thousand Latter-day Saint volunteers, from a seven-state area (including Arkansas), went to [[Louisiana]] and [[Mississippi]]. Many of them took time out of their jobs or came down on the weekends to help anyone needing assistance regardless of faith.<ref>{{ cite press release \|url= https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/news-releases-stories/latter-day-saints-to-mobilize-another-4-000-volunteers-in-chainsaw-brigade-s-second-wave \|title= Latter-day Saints to Mobilize Another 4,000 Volunteers in Chainsaw Brigade's Second Wave \|publisher= LDS Newsroom \|date= 16 September 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite press release \|url= https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/news-releases-stories/joining-hands-as-neighbors-and-now-friends \|title= Joining Hands as Neighbors and Now Friends \|publisher= LDS Newsroom \|date=13 September 2005 }}</ref> Arkansas Latter-day Saints volunteered relief in their own area on several occasions, including the [[April 2, 2006 Tornado Outbreak]]<ref>{{Cite news\| url = https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2006-04-29/church-members-help-with-clean-up-roof-repair-28715 \| title = Church members help with clean-up, roof repair \| author = Bendall, Carolyn \| publisher = Church News \| date = 29 April 2006 }}</ref> and the [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak]].<ref>[http://www.angells.com/HelpingHands/ Helping Hands] at angells.com</ref> In September 2008, Arkansas Latter-day Saints went to the [[Baton Rouge]] area to aid cleanup efforts following [[Hurricane Gustav]].<ref>{{Cite news\| url = https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2008-10-18/dream-relief-provided-in-louisiana-32427 \| title = 'Dream' relief provided in Louisiana \| publisher = Church News \| date = 18 October 2008 }}</ref> Church members from northwest Arkansas and West Plains, Missouri Stake assisted in the [[2011 Joplin tornado\|Joplin, Missouri tornado]] cleanup in 2011, completing over 7,400 work orders.<ref>{{Cite news\| url = http://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2011-06-04/helping-hands-reach-joplin-community-37149 \| title = Helping Hands reach Joplin community \| publisher = Church News \| date = 4 June 2011 }}</ref> Arkansas members from Little Rock, North Little Rock, and Searcy Stakes provided volunteers to help clean up homes in the Baton Rouge area following the [[2016 Louisiana floods\|2016 flood]], completing over 1,400 work orders.<ref>{{Cite news\| url = http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2016/sep/04/mormon-helping-hands-assists-flood-relief/?f=threerivers \| title = Mormon Helping Hands assists with flood relief \| publisher = Arkansas Democrat Gazette \| date = 4 September 2016 }}</ref> On October 5, 2019, plans to construct a temple in Bentonville were announced during the Women's Session of General Conference. ==Stakes== {{Location map+\|Arkansas\|width=300\|caption={{font color\|red\|Red}} = Operating temple<br/>{{font color\|blue\|Blue}} = Temple under construction<br/>{{font color\|green\|Green}} = Stake center<br/>Both temples on map are adjacent to a stake center.<br/>The Searcy Stake offices are located in Jacksonville.\|places= {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=36.3849\|long=-94.1814\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|position=bottom\|label=Bentonville}} {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=36.3583\|long=-94.1425\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|position=right\|label=Rogers}} {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=36.1781\|long=-94.2045\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|position=bottom\|label=Springdale}} {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=35.3584\|long=-94.3365\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|label=Fort Smith}} {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=34.6568\|long=-92.4319\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|position=bottom\|label=Little Rock}} {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=34.8165\|long=-92.2550\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|label=North Little Rock}} {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=34.9226\|long=-92.0808\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|position=top\|label=Searcy}} {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=35.2407\|long=-89.8393\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|position=top\|label=Memphis North}} {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=36.7623\|long=-91.878\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|position=bottom\|label=West Plains}} {{Location map~\|mark=ButtonGreen.svg\|Arkansas\|lat=36.6845\|long=-93.3395\|label_size=80\|marksize=7\|position=bottom\|label=Branson}} {{Location map~\|Arkansas\|lat=36.3851\|long=-94.1830\|label_size=90\|marksize=7\|position=top\|mark={{Bentonville Temple\|format=LDSmap}}\|label='''[[Bentonville Arkansas Temple\|Bentonville]]'''}} {{Location map~\|Arkansas\|lat=35.2407\|long=-89.8393\|label_size=90\|marksize=7\|mark={{Memphis Temple\|format=LDSmap}}\|label='''[[Memphis Tennessee Temple\|Memphis]]'''}} }} [[File:Conway Chapel.JPG\|thumb\|250px\|right\|A Latter-day Saint meetinghouse in Conway, Arkansas]] As of May 2025, Arkansas was currently part of 12 stakes. Seven of those stakes have their stake center within the state. In 2014, the Searcy Arkansas and Bentonville Arkansas stakes were established, making it the seven stakes with a stake center in Arkansas.{{citation needed\|date=November 2014}} [[File:NLR Stake Center.JPG\|thumb\|250px\|right\|The North Little Rock Stake Center is also home to the mission office for the Arkansas Little Rock Mission.]] {\| class="wikitable sortable" !Stake ! data-sort-type=date\|Organized !{{abbr\|Congregations\|Congregations located in Arkansas}} ! Mission ! Temple district \|- \| [[Bentonville, Arkansas\|Bentonville Arkansas Stake]] \| October 26, 2014 \| 12 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \|- \| [[Branson, Missouri\|Branson Missouri]] \| April 27, 2025 \| 2 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \|- \| [[Fort Smith, Arkansas\|Fort Smith Arkansas]] \| April 30, 1978 \| 8 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \|- \| [[Little Rock, Arkansas\|Little Rock Arkansas]] \| June 1, 1969 \| 11 \| Arkansas Little Rock \| Memphis Tennessee \|- \| [[Memphis, Tennessee\|Memphis Tennessee North]] \| Sep. 14, 1980 \| 2 \| Arkansas Little Rock \| Memphis Tennessee \|- \| [[Monroe, Louisiana\|Monroe Louisiana]] \| Aug. 18, 1985 \| 1 \| Louisiana Baton Rouge \| Baton Rouge Louisiana \|- \| [[North Little Rock, Arkansas\|North Little Rock Arkansas]] \| June 19, 1983 \| 7 \| Arkansas Little Rock \| Memphis Tennessee \|- \| [[Rogers, Arkansas\|Rogers Arkansas]] \| August 11, 1991 \| 10 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \|- \| [[Searcy, Arkansas\|Searcy Arkansas]] \| January 26, 2014 \| 11 \| Arkansas Little Rock \| Memphis Tennessee \|- \| [[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport Louisiana]] \| Jan. 26, 1958 \| 1 \| Texas Dallas East \| Dallas Texas \|- \| [[Springdale, Arkansas\|Springdale Arkansas Stake]] \| June 4, 2006 \| 11 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| Bentonville Arkansas \|- \| [[West Plains, Missouri\|West Plains Missouri]] \| Nov. 24, 2013 \| 2 \| Arkansas Bentonville \| St. Louis Missouri \|} * The Arkansas Stake was renamed the Little Rock Arkansas Stake. * The Jacksonville Arkansas Stake was renamed the North Little Rock Arkansas stake when the stake center was moved to North Little Rock. * The stake center for the Searcy Arkansas Stake is located in Jacksonville. ==Missions== Arkansas formed part of several church [[Mission (LDS Church)\|missions]]. Originally a conference of the Southern States Mission, it later became part of the Indian Territory Mission. Southwestern States Mission, Central States Mission, Texas-Louisiana Mission, Gulf States Mission, and ultimately the Arkansas Little Rock Mission formed in 1975 with Richard M. Richards as president. The northwest part of the state is in the Arkansas Bentonville Mission, renamed in 2015 from the Oklahoma Tulsa Mission. The far south and southwest parts of the state are in the Mississippi Jackson Mission and the Texas Dallas Mission respectively. ==Temples== On October 5, 2019, the [[Bentonville Arkansas Temple]] was announced by President [[Russell M. Nelson]] and is the first to be built in Arkansas. As of July 2022, Arkansas is primarily in the [[Memphis Tennessee Temple\|Memphis]], [[Kansas City Missouri Temple\|Kansas City]], and [[Oklahoma City Oklahoma Temple\|Oklahoma City]] temple districts with some congregations in the [[Dallas Texas Temple\|Dallas]], [[St. Louis Missouri Temple\|St. Louis]], and [[Baton Rouge Louisiana Temple\|Baton Rouge]] temple districts. {\| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" \|- {{ LDS Temple/Bentonville Arkansas Temple\| format=LDS Temple list2}} \|} ==Significant members who lived in Arkansas== * Elder [[David A. Bednar]] is a former associate dean of Graduate Studies in the College of Business Administration at the [[University of Arkansas]]. While at the University of Arkansas, he served as a stake president for the Fort Smith Arkansas Stake and then for the Rogers Stake. He later became the president for [[Brigham Young University–Idaho\|Ricks College]] in [[Idaho]] and ultimately was sustained a member of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)\|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web\|url= https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/leader-biographies/elder-david-a-bednar \|title= Leader Biographies: Elder David A. Bednar \|date= 4 May 2011 \|publisher= LDS Newsroom }}</ref> * Amy Daniel of the Benton Ward, Little Rock Arkansas Stake, is a former president of the Arkansas School Boards Association.<ref>{{Cite news\| url = https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2007-03-03/leading-school-board-associations-30013 \| title = Leading school board associations \| publisher = Church News \| date = 3 March 2007 }}</ref> * Dottie Zimmerman, then 24, of the Ash Flat Branch, North Little Rock Arkansas Stake, received three bronze medals in [[powerlifting]] at the [[2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games]] in [[Dublin, Ireland]], June 16–29, 2003. She had been trained in the [[bench press]], [[deadlift]] and combination-bench and deadlift. Her team spent four days in [[Belfast]] before traveling to Dublin for the opening of the games. Zimmerman completed earlier that year in the Arkansas Special Olympics in [[Searcy, Arkansas]], at which she received three gold medals.<ref>{{Cite news\| url = https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2003-08-16/special-olympics-medalist-24029 \| title = Powerlifter earns 3 Special Olympics medals \| publisher = Church News \| date = 16 Aug 2003 }}</ref> * Robert L. Hall, CEC, of the Morrilton Ward, North Little Rock Arkansas Stake, served as a chef [[garde manger]] at the [[International Broadcast Center]] during the [[2008 Summer Olympic Games]] in [[Beijing, China]], May-August, 2008. Hall, former [[Executive Chef]] of the [[University of Central Arkansas]], currently, Culinary Director for the [[University of Arkansas System]], Winthrop Rockefeller Institute on [[Petit Jean Mountain]], [[Morrilton, Arkansas]]. * Elder [[Taniela B. Wakolo]], of Fiji, served as president of the Arkansas Little Rock Mission from July 2014 to June 2017. During the April 2017 General Conference, he was sustained as a General Authority of the Church.<ref>{{Cite news\| url = http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/ODN/ArDemocrat/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=ArDemocrat%2F2017%2F05%2F13&entity=Ar01202&sk=7C71B8A5&mode=text \| title = State's Mormon mission leader promoted \| publisher = Arkansas Democrat Gazette \| date = 13 May 2017}}</ref> * Elder Michael V. Beheshti, of Little Rock, was sustained as an Area Seventy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at General Conference on 22 April 2016. He serves in the North America Southeast Area.<ref>{{Cite news\| url = https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/new-area-seventies-called-during-april-2016-general-conference?lang=eng \| title = New Area Seventies Called \| publisher = Church News \| date = 22 April 2016 }}</ref> * Elder David J. Harris, of Siloam Springs, Arkansas, was sustained as an Area Seventy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at General Conference on 31 March 2018. He serves in the North America Southwest Area.<ref>{{Cite news\| url = https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/meet-the-new-area-seventies-sustained-at-april-2018-general-conference?lang=eng \| title = New Area Seventies Called \| publisher = Church News \| date = 18 April 2018 }}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal\|LDS Church}} * [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics (United States)]] ==References== {{Reflist\|2}} ==External links== * [https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/united-states/state/arkansas Newsroom (Arkansas)] * [https://www.comeuntochrist.org/ ComeUntoChrist.org] Latter-day Saints visitor site * [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/?lang=eng The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints] official site * [https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2010-02-02/united-states-information-arkansas-35013 ''Deseret News'' 2010 Church Almanac] - Arkansas * ''[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=3695 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints].'' Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Last updated 1/30/2008. {{Clear}} {{LDS-US-States\|show}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-Day Saints In Arkansas, The}} [[Category:Christianity in Arkansas]] [[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arkansas\|*]]	1,290,132,790	[{"title": "\u00b7 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Arkansas", "data": {"Area": "NA Southeast", "Members": "37,524 (2024)", "Stakes": "7", "Wards": "54", "Branches": "22", "Total Congregations": "76", "Missions": "2", "Temples": "1", "Family History Centers": "25"}}, {"title": "Membership in Arkansas", "data": {"Year": "Members", "1914": "~100", "1930": "944", "1974": "5,355", "1980": "9,878", "1990": "13,753", "1999": "20,077", "2009": "25,878", "2019": "32,307", "2024": "37,524"}}]	false
# Lester, Iowa Lester is a city in Lyon County, Iowa, United States. The population was 296 at the time of the 2020 census. ## Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.82 square miles (4.71 km2), all land. ## Demographics \| Year \| Pop. \| ±% \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---- \| ------- \| \| 1880 \| 31 \| — \| \| 1900 \| 225 \| +625.8% \| \| 1910 \| 244 \| +8.4% \| \| 1920 \| 250 \| +2.5% \| \| 1930 \| 231 \| −7.6% \| \| 1940 \| 286 \| +23.8% \| \| 1950 \| 217 \| −24.1% \| \| 1960 \| 239 \| +10.1% \| \| 1970 \| 238 \| −0.4% \| \| 1980 \| 274 \| +15.1% \| \| 1990 \| 257 \| −6.2% \| \| 2000 \| 251 \| −2.3% \| \| 2010 \| 294 \| +17.1% \| \| 2020 \| 296 \| +0.7% \| \| Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data Center Source: U.S. Decennial Census \| \| \| ### 2020 census As of the census of 2020, there were 296 people, 108 households, and 80 families residing in the city. The population density was 162.2 inhabitants per square mile (62.6/km2). There were 116 housing units at an average density of 63.6 per square mile (24.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.9% White, 0.7% Black or African American, 0.0% Native American, 0.0% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 5.7% from other races and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 9.8% of the population. Of the 108 households, 38.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.8% were married couples living together, 1.9% were cohabitating couples, 16.7% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 16.7% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 25.9% of all households were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 35.3 years. 33.1% of the residents were under the age of 20; 4.7% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 24.7% were from 25 and 44; 19.9% were from 45 and 64; and 17.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.0% male and 48.0% female. ### 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 294 people, 109 households, and 80 families living in the city. The population density was 161.5 inhabitants per square mile (62.4/km2). There were 115 housing units at an average density of 63.2 per square mile (24.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.5% White, 0.3% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 4.1% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.4% of the population. There were 109 households, of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 1.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.6% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.26. The median age in the city was 34 years. 33% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 21.5% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. ### 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 251 people, 103 households, and 70 families living in the city. The population density was 138.3 inhabitants per square mile (53.4/km2). There were 110 housing units at an average density of 60.6 per square mile (23.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.20% White, and 0.80% from two or more races. There were 103 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 14.3% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 80.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $47,083. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $20,938 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,410. About 3.1% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty five or over.	enwiki/114022	enwiki	114,022	Lester, Iowa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester,_Iowa	2025-07-12T02:44:59Z	en	Q2233647	76,917	{{Use American English\|date=June 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox settlement \|official_name = Lester, Iowa \|settlement_type = [[City]] \|image_skyline = Lester Iowa Main Street.jpg \|image_caption = Lester Iowa Main Street \|image_map = Lyon_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Lester_Highlighted.svg \|mapsize = 250px \|map_caption = Location of Lester, Iowa <!-- Location --> \|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states\|Country]] \|subdivision_name = [[United States]] \|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state\|State]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[Iowa]] \|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Iowa\|County]] \|subdivision_name2 = [[Lyon County, Iowa\|Lyon]] <!-- Government --> \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = Mayor-council \|leader_title = Mayor \|leader_name = \|established_title = \|established_date = <!-- Area --> \|unit_pref = Imperial \|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web\|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt\|publisher=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate=March 16, 2022}}</ref> \|area_total_km2 = 4.73 \|area_land_km2 = 4.73 \|area_water_km2 = 0.00 \|area_total_sq_mi = 1.82 \|area_land_sq_mi = 1.82 \|area_water_sq_mi = 0.00 <!-- Population --> \|population_as_of = [[2020 United States census\|2020]] \|population_footnotes = \|population_total = 296 \|population_density_km2 = 62.63 \|population_density_sq_mi = 162.19 <!-- General information --> \|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone\|Central (CST)]] \|utc_offset = -6 \|timezone_DST = CDT \|utc_offset_DST = -5 \|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/> \|elevation_ft = 1411 \|coordinates = {{coord\|43\|26\|25\|N\|96\|19\|53\|W\|region:US-IA_type:city(251)\|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes and others --> \|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] \|postal_code = 51242 \|area_code = [[Area code 712\|712]] \|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard\|FIPS code]] \|blank_info = 19-44670 \|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System\|GNIS]] feature ID \|blank1_info = 2395686<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS\|2395686}}</ref> \|website = {{URL\|https://www.lesteriowa.com/\|City of Lester}} \|footnotes = }} '''Lester''' is a city in [[Lyon County, Iowa\|Lyon County]], [[Iowa]], United States. The population was 296 at the time of the [[2020 United States census\|2020 census]].<ref name=cen2020>{{cite web \|title=2020 Census State Redistricting Data \|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/ \|website=census.gov \|publisher=United states Census Bureau \|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> ==Geography== According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert\|1.82\|sqmi\|sqkm\|2}}, all land.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web\|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 \|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt \|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate=2012-05-11 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt \|archivedate=January 12, 2012 }}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Historical populations \|title= Historical populations \|type= USA \|align= left \|1880\|31 \|1900\|225 \|1910\|244 \|1920\|250 \|1930\|231 \|1940\|286 \|1950\|217 \|1960\|239 \|1970\|238 \|1980\|274 \|1990\|257 \|2000\|251 \|2010\|294 \|2020\|296 \|source={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html\|title=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher=Census.gov\|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name=cen2020/>}}\|footnote=Source:{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov\|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]\|title=U.S. Census website\|access-date=2020-03-29}} and [http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf Iowa Data Center] }} ===2020 census=== As of the [[United States census\|census]] of 2020,<ref>{{cite web \|title=2020 Census \|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade/2020/2020-census-main.html \|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> there were 296 people, 108 households, and 80 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 162.2 inhabitants per square mile (62.6/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 116 housing units at an average density of 63.6 per square mile (24.5/km<sup>2</sup>). The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census\|racial]] makeup of the city was 90.9% [[White Americans\|White]], 0.7% [[African Americans\|Black or African American]], 0.0% [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native American]], 0.0% [[Asian Americans\|Asian]], 0.7% [[Pacific Islander Americans\|Pacific Islander]], 5.7% from other races and 2.0% from two or more races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans\|Hispanic or Latino]] persons of any race comprised 9.8% of the population. Of the 108 households, 38.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.8% were [[Marriage\|married couples]] living together, 1.9% were cohabitating couples, 16.7% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 16.7% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 25.9% of all households were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 35.3 years. 33.1% of the residents were under the age of 20; 4.7% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 24.7% were from 25 and 44; 19.9% were from 45 and 64; and 17.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.0% male and 48.0% female. ===2010 census=== As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web\|title=U.S. Census website\|url=https://www.census.gov\|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate=2012-05-11}}</ref> of 2010, there were 294 people, 109 households, and 80 families living in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert\|161.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 115 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|63.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 93.5% [[White (U.S. Census)\|White]], 0.3% [[African American (U.S. Census)\|African American]], 0.7% [[Native American (U.S. Census)\|Native American]], 0.3% [[Asian (U.S. Census)\|Asian]], 4.1% from [[Race (U.S. Census)\|other races]], and 1.0% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)\|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)\|Latino]] of any race were 5.4% of the population. There were 109 households, of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were [[Marriage\|married couples]] living together, 1.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.6% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.26. The median age in the city was 34 years. 33% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 21.5% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. ===2000 census=== As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov \|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate=2008-01-31 \|title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 251 people, 103 households, and 70 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|138.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp=us\|adj=off}}. There were 110 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|60.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp=us\|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 99.20% [[White (U.S. Census)\|White]], and 0.80% from two or more races. There were 103 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were [[Marriage\|married couples]] living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 14.3% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 80.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $47,083. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $20,938 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $17,410. About 3.1% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty five or over. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons}}<!--for current and future use if material is uploaded--> {{Portal\|Iowa}} [http://www.city-data.com/city/Lester-Iowa.html City-Data] Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Lester [https://www.lesteriowa.com/ Official website] {{Lyon County, Iowa}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Cities in Iowa]] [[Category:Cities in Lyon County, Iowa]]	1,300,060,563	[{"title": "Lester, Iowa", "data": {"Country": "United States", "State": "Iowa", "County": "Lyon"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Type": "Mayor-council"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "1.82 sq mi (4.73 km2)", "\u2022 Land": "1.82 sq mi (4.73 km2)", "\u2022 Water": "0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)", "Elevation": "1,411 ft (430 m)"}}, {"title": "Population (2020)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "296", "\u2022 Density": "162.19/sq mi (62.63/km2)", "Time zone": "UTC-6 (Central (CST))", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC-5 (CDT)", "ZIP code": "51242", "Area code": "712", "FIPS code": "19-44670", "GNIS feature ID": "2395686", "Website": "City of Lester"}}]	false
# Joyce (name) Joyce is an Irish and French given name and surname. It is derived from the Old French masculine name Josse, which derived from the Latin name Iudocus, the Latinized form of the Breton name Judoc meaning "lord". The name became rare after the 14th century, but was later revived as a female given name, which derived from the Middle English joise meaning "rejoice". The name originated with Saint Joyce (Judoc) (600–668), a Breton prince and hermit and the son of Judicael, king of Brittany. ## As a given name - Joyce Anderson (1923–2014), American furniture designer and woodworker - Joyce Anderson (artist) (1932–2022), Canadian painter and art teacher - Joyce Ballantyne (1918–2006), American painter of pin-ups - Joyce Dennys (1893–1991), English cartoonist, illustrator and painter - Joyce Wieland (1931–1998), Canadian experimental filmmaker and mixed media artist ### Business - Joyce Chen (1917–1994), American chef and restaurateur - Joyce Hall (1891–1982), American businessman and founder of Hallmark Cards - Joyce Kiage, businesswoman from Papua New Guinea - Joyce Nicholson (1919–2011), Australian author and businesswoman - Joyce Smyth (born 1957), English solicitor ### Film, television, and theater - Joyce Blair (1932–2006), British actress and dancer - Joyce Brothers (1927–2013), American psychologist, television personality, advice columnist, and writer - Joyce Bulifant (born 1937), American actress - Joyce Carey (1898–1993), British actress - Joyce Chopra (born 1938), American film director - Joyce Coad (1917–1987), American child actress - Joyce Compton (1907–1997), American actress - Joyce DeWitt (born 1949), American actress best known for her role in Three's Company - Joyce Giraud (born 1975), Puerto Rican actress and model - Joyce Godenzi (born 1965), Hong Kong beauty queen and actress of Chinese and Australian descent - Joyce Gordon (1929–2020), American actress and union representative - Joyce Grenfell (1910–1979), British actress, comedian and singer-songwriter - Joyce Hyser (born 1957), American actress - Joyce Jacobs (1922–2013), British character actress - Joyce Jimenez (born 1978), Filipino American actress - Joyce MacKenzie (1925–2021), American actress - Joyce Nizzari (born 1940), American model and actress - Joyce Randolph (1924–2024), American actress - Joyce Redman (1915–2012), British actress - Joyce Sparer Adler (1916–1999), American critic, playwright, and teacher - Joyce Van Patten (born 1934), American actress ### Literature and print - Joyce Cary (1888–1957), Irish novelist - Joyce Cavalcante (born 1949), Brazilian novelist - Joyce Brabner (1952–2024), American writer of political comics - Joyce Dyer (born 1947), American scholar and writer - Joyce Hawkins (died 1992), English lexicographer and dictionary editor - Joyce Jillson (1946–2004), American astrologer, actress, and author - Joyce Johnson (author) (born 1935), American author - Alfred Joyce Kilmer (1886–1918), American poet - Joyce Lussu (1912–1998), Italian writer, translator, and partisan - Joyce Mansour (1928–1986), British-Egyptian surrealist poet - Joyce Maynard (born 1953), American writer - Joyce Carol Oates (born 1938), American novelist - Joyce Carol Thomas (1938–2016), African American playwright, illustrator, and author of children's books ### Music - Joyce Auguste, Saint Lucian musician and leader of The Hewanorra Voices - Joyce Blackham (1934–2018), British opera singer - Joyce Cooling, American smooth jazz guitarist - Joyce Cheng, Hong Kong Canadian singer and actress based in Hong Kong - Joyce Chu, Malaysian singer - Joyce DiDonato (born 1969), American opera singer - Joyce Hatto (1928–2006), British pianist, known for the extensive fraudulent release of other performer's live recordings under her own name - Joyce Kennedy, American singer with the funk rock band Mother's Finest - Joyce Moreno (musician) (born 1948), Brazilian singer-songwriter, formerly known as Joyce - Joyce Paul (1937–2016), American country music singer - Joyce Sims (1959–2022), American singer-songwriter and pianist - Joyce Wright (1922–2020), British opera singer and actress - Joyce Yang (born 1986), Korean pianist - Joyce Zhao Hong Qiao (born 1979), Taiwanese actress and member of music group 7 Flowers ### Politics - Joyce Anelay, Baroness Anelay of St Johns (born 1947), Conservative member of the House of Lords - Joyce Banda (born 1951), Malawian Member of Parliament - Joyce Baird (1929–2015), British trade unionist - Joyce Beatty (born 1950), American politician, member of the Ohio House of Representatives - Joyce Butler (1910–1992), British Labour Co-operative politician - Joyce Cusack (born 1942), American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives - Joyce Dees (born 1954), American politician, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives - Joyce Fairbairn (1939–2022), Canadian Senator and first woman Leader of the Government in the Senate - Joyce Gemayel, wife of former President of Lebanon Amin Gemayel and mother of the assassinated politician Pierre Amine Gemayel - Joyce Henry, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives - Joyce Hens Green (born 1928), American district court judge - Joyce Karlin Fahey (born 1951), Venezuela-born American prosecutor, Los Angeles County Superior Court judge, and two-term mayor of Manhattan Beach, California - Joyce L. Kennard (born 1941), American judge, associate justice of the California Supreme Court - Joyce Mojonnier (born 1943), American politician, California Assemblywoman from 1983 to 1991 - Joyce Mujuru (born 1956), Zimbabwean politician, co-vice-president of the Zanu-PF party - Joyce Quin, Baroness Quin (born 1944), British Labour Party politician - Joyce Elaine Roop (1952–1995), American attorney and environmental activist - Joyce Savoline (born 1946), Canadian politician - Joyce Steele (1909–1991), Australian politician and the first woman elected to the Parliament of South Australia - Joyce Trimmer (1927–2008), Canadian politician - Joyce Watson (born 1955), Welsh Labour Party politician and Member of the National Assembly for Wales ### Sports - Joyce Barry (1919–1999), Australian cyclist - Joyce Chepchumba (born 1970), Kenyan long-distance runner - Joyce Edwards (born 2006), American basketball player - Joyce King (1920–2001), Australian sprinter - Joyce Moreno (footballer) (born 1974), Panamanian-Spanish footballer - Joyce Slipp (born 1950), Canadian basketball player and coach - Joyce Walker (born ca. 1961), American basketball player (Harlem Globetrotters) and coach - Joyce Wethered (1901–1997), British golfer - Joyce Ziske (born 1935), American golfer ### Other - Joyce Baird (diabetologist) (1929–2014), Scottish diabetes clinician and academic researcher - Joyce Bishop (1896–1993), English educator - Joyce Chiang (1970–1999), Taiwanese-American murdered in Washington, D.C. - Joyce Cowan, New Zealand midwifery educator - Joyce Echaquan (1982/83–2020), Atikamekw woman mistreated by hospital staff - Joyce Gemayel, spouse of former Lebanese President Amine Gemayel - Joyce Giraud (born 1975), Puerto Rican actress, Miss Universe 1998 - Joyce Ladner (born 1943), American sociologist and author - Joyce Lambert (1917–2005), British botanist and ecologist - Joyce Marcus, American archaeologist - Joyce Meyer (born 1943), American Christian Evangelical author and speaker - Joyce Ohajah, British journalist and news anchor - Joyce Piliso-Seroke (born 1933), South African educator, activist, and community organizer - Joyce K. Reynolds (1952–2015), American computer science professor - Joyce Robinson (1925–2013), Jamaican public servant - Joyce Rugg Gunn (b. 1914, d. after 1976), British lawyer, court official in Kenya - Joyce Snell (born 1930), British statistician - Joyce Ann Tyldesely, British archaeologist, academic, and freelance writer - Joyce Waley-Cohen (1920–2013), English educationist and public servant - Joyce Winifred Vickery (1908–1979), Australian botanist ## As a surname ### Business - Alan Joyce (born 1966), Irish-Australian Qantas CEO - David Joyce (1825–1904), American lumber baron and industrialist - Morton Dean Joyce (1900–1989), American philatelist - Patrick H. Joyce (1879–1946), American railroad executive - Ron Joyce (1930–2019), Canadian billionaire and co-founder of Tim Horton's donut chain ### Film, television, and theatre - Alice Joyce (1890–1955), American actress - Brenda Joyce (actress) (1912–2009), American actress - Elaine Joyce (born 1945), American actress - Ella Joyce (born 1954), American actress - Emily Joyce (born 1969), British actress - Natalie Joyce (1902–1992), American film actress - Peggy Hopkins Joyce (1893–1957), American actress - Yootha Joyce (1927–1980), British actress ### Literature and print - Brenda Joyce (author) (born c.1963), American author - Graham Joyce, British science fiction writer - James Joyce (1882–1941), Irish novelist - John A. Joyce (1842–1915), American military officer, poet and writer - Michael Joyce (born 1945), American author and professor of English - Patrick Weston Joyce (1827–1914), Irish author and brother of Robert Dwyer Joyce - Rachel Joyce (born 1962), English novelist and radio playwright - Robert Dwyer Joyce (1830–1883), Irish poet - Stanislaus Joyce (1884–1955), Irish illustrator - William Joyce (writer) (born 1959), American children’s author, writer, and illustrator ### Music - Archibald Joyce, British composer (1873–1963) - Don Joyce (musician) (1994–2015), member of the experimental music group Negativland - Eileen Joyce (1912–1991), Australian pianist - Mike Joyce (born 1963), British drummer with The Smiths ### Politics - Barnaby Joyce (born 1967), Australian politician - Brian A. Joyce (1962–2018), Democratic Senator from Massachusetts - Charles Herbert Joyce (1830–1916), U.S. Representative from Vermont - Eric Joyce (born 1960), British politician and member of Parliament - George Joyce (1618–1670?), agitator in the English Civil War - Janet J. Joyce (1940–2015), Illinois state senator - Jeremiah E. Joyce (born 1943), Illinois state senator - Jerome J. Joyce (1939–2019), Illinois state senator - John Joyce (New Zealand politician) (1839–1899), New Zealand politician - Kevin Joyce (politician), Illinois State Representative - Steven Joyce (born 1963), New Zealand politician - William Joyce (1906–1946), Anglo-Irish Nazi propagandist (known as "Lord Haw-haw") ### Religion - Gilbert Cunningham Joyce (1866–1942), educator and Bishop of Monmouth - Isaac Wilson Joyce (1836–1905), American bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church - Jeremiah Joyce (1763–1816), English Unitarian minister and writer ### Sports - Alan Joyce (born 1942), Australian Rules footballer - Alexis Joyce (born 1983), American sprinter - Bill Joyce (1887–?), Scottish footballer - Bill Joyce (baseball) (1865–1941), American baseball player - Bob Joyce (ice hockey) (born 1966), Canadian ice hockey player - Cecelia Joyce (born 1983), Irish cricketer - Darragh Joyce (born 1997), Australian rules footballer - David Oliver Joyce (born 1987), Irish boxer - Dominick Joyce (born 1981), Irish cricketer - Don Joyce (American football) (1929–2012), American football player - Ed Joyce (born 1978), Irish cricketer - Gus Joyce (born 1974), Irish cricketer - Isobel Joyce (born 1983), Irish cricketer - Jim Joyce (born 1955), Major League Baseball umpire - Joan Joyce (1940–2022), American softball player and coach, among other sports - Joe Joyce (born 1961), English footballer - Joe Joyce (born 1985), British boxer - John Joyce (footballer) (1877–1956), English goalkeeper, known as "Tiny" - Kaelan Joyce (born 1982), Gibraltarian amateur boxer - Kara Lynn Joyce (born 1985), American swimmer - Leilani Joyce (born 1974), professional squash player from New Zealand - Luke Joyce (born 1987), American soccer player for Carlisle United F.C. - Mark Joyce (born 1983), English snooker player - Matt Joyce (1972), American football player - Matt Joyce (1984), Major League Baseball outfielder - Michael Joyce (tennis player) (born 1973), American tennis player - Pádraic Joyce (born 1977), Irish Gaelic football player for County Galway - Rachel Joyce (born 1978), British triathlete - Regina Joyce (born 1957), Irish long-distance runner - Ryan Joyce (born 1985), English darts player - Sean William Joyce (born 1967), English footballer - Warren Joyce (born 1965), English footballer ### Other - Dominic Joyce, British mathematician - Ernest Joyce (RNZAF officer) (1920–1944), New Zealand flying ace of the Second World War - Gerald Joyce (born 1956), American scientist - Kenyon A. Joyce, U.S. Army officer during World War II - Kerry Joyce, American interior designer - Lucia Joyce (1907–1982), Irish ballet dancer and daughter of writer James Joyce - Maolra Seoighe (Myles Joyce), Irishman executed by British authorities - Nan Joyce (1940–2018), Irish Travellers' right activist - Philip Michael Joyce (1920–1942), U.S. Navy ensign for whom the U.S. destroyer escort USS Joyce (DE-317) is named - Rosemary Joyce, American anthropologist - Thomas Athol Joyce (1878–1942), British anthropologist - Seoighe Inish Bearachain, Irish rowing champions ## Fictional characters - Joyce Barry, character in The Prisoner - Joyce Barnaby, character in Midsomer Murders (TV Series) - Joyce Benson, character in the 1970s comedy Angie - Joyce Byers, character in Stranger Things - Joyce Davenport, character in Hill Street Blues - Joyce Griff, Stanley's mother and a dentist in the Playhouse Disney animated television series Stanley - Joyce Hayward, eponymous heroine of Joyce, an 1888 novel by Margaret Oliphant - Joyce Kinney, character in Family Guy - Joyce Summers, character in Buffy the Vampire Slayer - Gilda Joyce, character in the Gilda Joyce mystery novels	enwiki/565640	enwiki	565,640	Joyce (name)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_(name)	2025-07-12T04:58:18Z	en	Q65651301	53,845	{{Infobox Given name\|name=Joyce\|gender=Unisex\|language=Irish, French, English, Portuguese (particularly in Brazil)\|image=Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show_1975_(cropped).jpg\|caption=Joyce Bulifant, American actress known for her role as Marie Slaughter in the television sitcom [[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]].}} '''Joyce''' is an Irish and French given name and surname. It is derived from the [[Old French]] masculine name ''Josse'', which derived from the [[Latin]] name ''Iudocus'', the [[Latinisation (literature)\|Latinized]] form of the Breton name ''Judoc'' meaning "lord". The name became rare after the 14th century, but was later revived as a female given name, which derived from the [[Middle English]] ''{{lang\|enm\|joise}}'' meaning "rejoice".<ref>[http://www.behindthename.com/name/joyce Behindthename.com - Joyce]</ref> {{Better source\|date=September 2019}} The name originated with [[Saint Judoc\|Saint Joyce (Judoc)]] (600–668), a Breton prince and hermit and the son of [[Saint Judicael\|Judicael]], king of Brittany.<ref>David Hugh Farmer. Oxford Dictionary of the Saints. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 1978, 1979, 1980. Pp. 225–226.</ref> ==As a given name== * [[Joyce Anderson]] (1923–2014), American furniture designer and woodworker * [[Joyce Anderson (artist)]] (1932–2022), Canadian painter and art teacher [[Joyce Ballantyne]] (1918–2006), American painter of pin-ups [[Joyce Dennys]] (1893–1991), English cartoonist, illustrator and painter [[Joyce Wieland]] (1931–1998), Canadian experimental filmmaker and mixed media artist ===Business=== [[Joyce Chen (chef)\|Joyce Chen]] (1917–1994), American chef and restaurateur [[Joyce Hall]] (1891–1982), American businessman and founder of [[Hallmark Cards]] [[Joyce Kiage]], businesswoman from Papua New Guinea [[Joyce Nicholson]] (1919–2011), Australian author and businesswoman [[Joyce Smyth]] (born 1957), English solicitor ===Film, television, and theater=== [[Joyce Blair]] (1932–2006), British actress and dancer [[Joyce Brothers]] (1927–2013), American psychologist, television personality, advice columnist, and writer [[Joyce Bulifant]] (born 1937), American actress [[Joyce Carey]] (1898–1993), British actress [[Joyce Chopra]] (born 1938), American film director [[Joyce Coad]] (1917–1987), American child actress [[Joyce Compton]] (1907–1997), American actress [[Joyce DeWitt]] (born 1949), American actress best known for her role in ''[[Three's Company]]'' [[Joyce Giraud]] (born 1975), Puerto Rican actress and model [[Joyce Godenzi]] (born 1965), Hong Kong beauty queen and actress of Chinese and Australian descent [[Joyce Gordon]] (1929–2020), American actress and union representative [[Joyce Grenfell]] (1910–1979), British actress, comedian and singer-songwriter [[Joyce Hyser]] (born 1957), American actress [[Joyce Jacobs]] (1922–2013), British character actress [[Joyce Jimenez]] (born 1978), Filipino American actress [[Joyce MacKenzie]] (1925–2021), American actress [[Joyce Nizzari]] (born 1940), American model and actress [[Joyce Randolph]] (1924–2024), American actress [[Joyce Redman]] (1915–2012), British actress [[Joyce Sparer Adler]] (1916–1999), American critic, playwright, and teacher [[Joyce Van Patten]] (born 1934), American actress ===Literature and print=== [[Joyce Cary]] (1888–1957), Irish novelist [[Joyce Cavalcante]] (born 1949), Brazilian novelist [[Joyce Brabner]] (1952–2024), American writer of political comics [[Joyce Dyer]] (born 1947), American scholar and writer [[Joyce Hawkins]] (died 1992), English lexicographer and dictionary editor [[Joyce Jillson]] (1946–2004), American astrologer, actress, and author [[Joyce Johnson (author)]] (born 1935), American author [[Alfred Joyce Kilmer]] (1886–1918), American poet [[Joyce Lussu]] (1912–1998), Italian writer, translator, and partisan [[Joyce Mansour]] (1928–1986), British-Egyptian surrealist poet [[Joyce Maynard]] (born 1953), American writer [[Joyce Carol Oates]] (born 1938), American novelist [[Joyce Carol Thomas]] (1938–2016), African American playwright, illustrator, and author of children's books ===Music=== [[Joyce Auguste]], Saint Lucian musician and leader of The Hewanorra Voices [[Joyce Blackham]] (1934–2018), British opera singer [[Joyce Cooling]], American smooth jazz guitarist [[Joyce Cheng]], [[Hong Kong Canadian]] singer and actress based in Hong Kong [[Joyce Chu]], Malaysian singer [[Joyce DiDonato]] (born 1969), American opera singer [[Joyce Hatto]] (1928–2006), British pianist, known for the extensive fraudulent release of other performer's live recordings under her own name Joyce Kennedy, American singer with the funk rock band [[Mother's Finest]] [[Joyce Moreno (musician)]] (born 1948), Brazilian singer-songwriter, formerly known as ''Joyce'' [[Joyce Paul]] (1937–2016), American country music singer [[Joyce Sims]] (1959–2022), American singer-songwriter and pianist [[Joyce Wright]] (1922–2020), British opera singer and actress [[Joyce Yang]] (born 1986), Korean pianist [[Joyce Zhao Hong Qiao]] (born 1979), Taiwanese actress and member of music group 7 Flowers ===Politics=== [[Joyce Anelay, Baroness Anelay of St Johns]] (born 1947), Conservative member of the House of Lords [[Joyce Banda]] (born 1951), Malawian Member of Parliament [[Joyce Baird]] (1929–2015), British trade unionist [[Joyce Beatty]] (born 1950), American politician, member of the Ohio House of Representatives [[Joyce Butler]] (1910–1992), British Labour Co-operative politician [[Joyce Cusack]] (born 1942), American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives [[Joyce Dees]] (born 1954), American politician, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives [[Joyce Fairbairn]] (1939–2022), Canadian Senator and first woman Leader of the Government in the Senate [[Joyce Gemayel]], wife of former President of Lebanon Amin Gemayel and mother of the assassinated politician Pierre Amine Gemayel [[Joyce Henry]], American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives [[Joyce Hens Green]] (born 1928), American district court judge [[Joyce Karlin Fahey]] (born 1951), Venezuela-born American prosecutor, Los Angeles County Superior Court judge, and two-term mayor of Manhattan Beach, California [[Joyce L. Kennard]] (born 1941), American judge, associate justice of the California Supreme Court [[Joyce Mojonnier]] (born 1943), American politician, California Assemblywoman from 1983 to 1991 [[Joyce Mujuru]] (born 1956), Zimbabwean politician, co-vice-president of the Zanu-PF party [[Joyce Quin, Baroness Quin]] (born 1944), British Labour Party politician [[Joyce Elaine Roop]] (1952–1995), American attorney and environmental activist [[Joyce Savoline]] (born 1946), Canadian politician [[Joyce Steele]] (1909–1991), Australian politician and the first woman elected to the Parliament of South Australia [[Joyce Trimmer]] (1927–2008), Canadian politician [[Joyce Watson]] (born 1955), Welsh Labour Party politician and Member of the National Assembly for Wales ===Sports=== [[Joyce Barry]] (1919–1999), Australian cyclist [[Joyce Chepchumba]] (born 1970), Kenyan long-distance runner [[Joyce Edwards]] (born 2006), American basketball player [[Joyce King]] (1920–2001), Australian sprinter [[Joyce Moreno (footballer)]] (born 1974), Panamanian-Spanish footballer [[Joyce Slipp]] (born 1950), Canadian basketball player and coach [[Joyce Walker]] (born ca. 1961), American basketball player (Harlem Globetrotters) and coach [[Joyce Wethered]] (1901–1997), British golfer [[Joyce Ziske]] (born 1935), American golfer ===Other=== [[Joyce Baird (diabetologist)\|Joyce Baird]] (diabetologist) (1929–2014), Scottish diabetes clinician and academic researcher [[Joyce Bishop]] (1896–1993), English educator [[Joyce Chiang]] (1970–1999), Taiwanese-American murdered in Washington, D.C. [[Joyce Cowan]], New Zealand midwifery educator [[Death of Joyce Echaquan\|Joyce Echaquan]] (1982/83–2020), Atikamekw woman mistreated by hospital staff [[Joyce Gemayel]], spouse of former Lebanese President Amine Gemayel [[Joyce Giraud]] (born 1975), Puerto Rican actress, Miss Universe 1998 [[Joyce Ladner]] (born 1943), American sociologist and author [[Joyce Lambert]] (1917–2005), British botanist and ecologist [[Joyce Marcus]], American archaeologist [[Joyce Meyer]] (born 1943), American Christian Evangelical author and speaker [[Joyce Ohajah]], British journalist and news anchor [[Joyce Piliso-Seroke]] (born 1933), South African educator, activist, and community organizer [[Joyce K. Reynolds]] (1952–2015), American computer science professor [[Joyce Robinson]] (1925–2013), Jamaican public servant [[Joyce Rugg Gunn]] (b. 1914, d. after 1976), British lawyer, court official in Kenya [[Joyce Snell]] (born 1930), British statistician [[Joyce Ann Tyldesely]], British archaeologist, academic, and freelance writer [[Joyce Waley-Cohen]] (1920–2013), English educationist and public servant [[Joyce Winifred Vickery]] (1908–1979), Australian botanist ==As a surname== ===Business=== [[Alan Joyce (executive)\|Alan Joyce]] (born 1966), Irish-Australian Qantas CEO [[David Joyce (businessman)\|David Joyce]] (1825–1904), American lumber baron and industrialist [[Morton Dean Joyce]] (1900–1989), American philatelist [[Patrick H. Joyce]] (1879–1946), American railroad executive [[Ron Joyce]] (1930–2019), Canadian billionaire and co-founder of Tim Horton's donut chain ===Film, television, and theatre=== [[Alice Joyce]] (1890–1955), American actress [[Brenda Joyce (actress)]] (1912–2009), American actress [[Elaine Joyce]] (born 1945), American actress [[Ella Joyce]] (born 1954), American actress [[Emily Joyce]] (born 1969), British actress [[Natalie Joyce]] (1902–1992), American film actress [[Peggy Hopkins Joyce]] (1893–1957), American actress [[Yootha Joyce]] (1927–1980), British actress ===Literature and print=== [[Brenda Joyce (author)]] (born c.1963), American author [[Graham Joyce]], British science fiction writer [[James Joyce]] (1882–1941), Irish novelist [[John A. Joyce]] (1842–1915), American military officer, poet and writer [[Michael Joyce (writer)\|Michael Joyce]] (born 1945), American author and professor of English [[Patrick Weston Joyce]] (1827–1914), Irish author and brother of Robert Dwyer Joyce [[Rachel Joyce (writer)\|Rachel Joyce]] (born 1962), English novelist and radio playwright [[Robert Dwyer Joyce]] (1830–1883), Irish poet [[Stanislaus Joyce]] (1884–1955), Irish illustrator [[William Joyce (writer)]] (born 1959), American children’s author, writer, and illustrator ===Music=== [[Archibald Joyce]], British composer (1873–1963) [[Don Joyce (musician)]] (1994–2015), member of the experimental music group Negativland [[Eileen Joyce]] (1912–1991), Australian pianist [[Mike Joyce (musician)\|Mike Joyce]] (born 1963), British drummer with The Smiths ===Politics=== [[Barnaby Joyce]] (born 1967), Australian politician [[Brian A. Joyce]] (1962–2018), Democratic Senator from Massachusetts [[Charles Herbert Joyce]] (1830–1916), U.S. Representative from Vermont [[Eric Joyce]] (born 1960), British politician and member of Parliament [[George Joyce]] (1618–1670?), agitator in the English Civil War [[Janet J. Joyce]] (1940–2015), Illinois state senator [[Jeremiah E. Joyce]] (born 1943), Illinois state senator [[Jerome J. Joyce]] (1939–2019), Illinois state senator [[John Joyce (New Zealand politician)]] (1839–1899), New Zealand politician [[Kevin Joyce (politician)]], Illinois State Representative [[Steven Joyce]] (born 1963), New Zealand politician [[William Joyce]] (1906–1946), Anglo-Irish Nazi propagandist (known as "Lord Haw-haw") ===Religion=== [[Gilbert Cunningham Joyce]] (1866–1942), educator and Bishop of Monmouth [[Isaac Wilson Joyce]] (1836–1905), American bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church [[Jeremiah Joyce]] (1763–1816), English Unitarian minister and writer ===Sports=== [[Alan Joyce (footballer)\|Alan Joyce]] (born 1942), Australian Rules footballer [[Alexis Joyce]] (born 1983), American sprinter [[Bill Joyce]] (1887–?), Scottish footballer [[Bill Joyce (baseball)]] (1865–1941), American baseball player [[Bob Joyce (ice hockey)]] (born 1966), Canadian ice hockey player [[Cecelia Joyce]] (born 1983), Irish cricketer [[Darragh Joyce]] (born 1997), Australian rules footballer [[David Oliver Joyce]] (born 1987), Irish boxer [[Dominick Joyce]] (born 1981), Irish cricketer [[Don Joyce (American football)]] (1929–2012), American football player [[Ed Joyce]] (born 1978), Irish cricketer [[Gus Joyce]] (born 1974), Irish cricketer [[Isobel Joyce]] (born 1983), Irish cricketer [[Jim Joyce]] (born 1955), Major League Baseball umpire [[Joan Joyce]] (1940–2022), American softball player and coach, among other sports [[Joe Joyce (footballer)\|Joe Joyce]] (born 1961), English footballer [[Joe Joyce (boxer)\|Joe Joyce]] (born 1985), British boxer [[John Joyce (footballer)]] (1877–1956), English goalkeeper, known as "Tiny" [[Kaelan Joyce]] (born 1982), Gibraltarian amateur boxer [[Kara Lynn Joyce]] (born 1985), American swimmer [[Leilani Joyce]] (born 1974), professional squash player from New Zealand [[Luke Joyce]] (born 1987), American soccer player for Carlisle United F.C. [[Mark Joyce]] (born 1983), English snooker player [[Matt Joyce (American football)\|Matt Joyce]] (1972), American football player [[Matt Joyce (baseball)\|Matt Joyce]] (1984), Major League Baseball outfielder [[Michael Joyce (tennis player)]] (born 1973), American tennis player [[Pádraic Joyce]] (born 1977), Irish Gaelic football player for County Galway [[Rachel Joyce (triathlete)\|Rachel Joyce]] (born 1978), British triathlete [[Regina Joyce]] (born 1957), Irish long-distance runner [[Ryan Joyce]] (born 1985), English darts player [[Sean William Joyce]] (born 1967), English footballer [[Warren Joyce]] (born 1965), English footballer ===Other=== [[Dominic Joyce]], British mathematician [[Ernest Joyce (RNZAF officer)]] (1920–1944), New Zealand flying ace of the Second World War [[Gerald Joyce]] (born 1956), American scientist [[Kenyon A. Joyce]], U.S. Army officer during World War II [[Kerry Joyce]], American interior designer [[Lucia Joyce]] (1907–1982), Irish ballet dancer and daughter of writer James Joyce [[Maolra Seoighe]] (Myles Joyce), Irishman executed by British authorities [[Nan Joyce]] (1940–2018), Irish Travellers' right activist Philip Michael Joyce (1920–1942), U.S. Navy ensign for whom the U.S. destroyer escort [[USS Joyce (DE-317)]] is named [[Rosemary Joyce]], American anthropologist [[Thomas Athol Joyce]] (1878–1942), British anthropologist [[Seoighe Inish Bearachain]], Irish rowing champions ==Fictional characters== [[List of Prisoner characters – prison staff\|Joyce Barry]], character in ''The Prisoner'' Joyce Barnaby, character in '' [[Midsomer Murders]] '' (TV Series) [[Joyce Benson]], character in the 1970s comedy ''Angie'' [[Joyce Byers]], character in ''Stranger Things'' [[Joyce Davenport (character)\|Joyce Davenport]], character in ''Hill Street Blues'' Joyce Griff, Stanley's mother and a dentist in the Playhouse Disney animated television series ''[[Stanley (2001 TV series)\|Stanley]]'' Joyce Hayward, eponymous heroine of ''Joyce'', an 1888 novel by [[Margaret Oliphant]] [[List of characters in Family Guy\|Joyce Kinney]], character in ''Family Guy'' [[Joyce Summers]], character in ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' [[Gilda Joyce]], character in the ''Gilda Joyce'' mystery novels ==See also== * [[Joyce Country]], a region of counties [[County Galway\|Galway]] in [[Ireland]] in which the Joyce family name is common. * {{lookfrom\|Joyce}} {{given name\|Joyce}} {{surname\|Joyce}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Joyce (Name)}} [[Category:Given names]] [[Category:Surnames]] [[Category:English feminine given names]] [[Category:Feminine given names]] [[Category:English unisex given names]] [[Category:English-language unisex given names]] [[Category:English-language surnames]] [[Category:Surnames from given names]] [[Category:Surnames of Irish origin]] [[Category:Surnames of French origin]]	1,300,077,256	[{"title": "Joyce", "data": {"Gender": "Unisex", "Language(s)": "Irish, French, English, Portuguese (particularly in Brazil)"}}]	false
# Jagaddhatri Jagatdhatri or Jagaddhatri or Mahadurga (Bengali pronunciation: [d͡ʒɔɡod̪ʱːat̪ɾi] ⓘ, lit. 'Bearer of the World') is an aspect of the Hindu goddess Durga, worshipped in the Indian state of West Bengal and other states like Odisha and Jharkhand. Maa Jagadhatri, the Goddess who is revered as the protector of the world. The Jagadhatri Puja and Mela at Bhanjpur Jagadhatri Podia is the biggest festival in Baripada, Odisha. Jagaddhatri Puja is particularly famous at Chandannagar, Rishra and Singur in Hooghly, Krishnanagar in Nadia and Ichhapur Nawabgunj in North 24 Parganas in West Bengal where it is celebrated as a five-day-long festival. Her worship and rituals are derived from Tantra. It is believed that her worship frees her devotees from ego and all other materialistic desires. According to the Puranas, Jagadhatri is the incarnation of Siddhidhatri. She is also said to be the combined form of Sri Bhuvaneshwari and Durga. In some Tantras and in Shiva Purana she is known as Mahadurga. In some texts she is also known as Uma Haimavati. In Bengal, her puja is celebrated as the comeback of Devi, specifically in Krishnanagar, Chandannagar, Rishra, Singur and Guptipara. ## Legends The legend of Jagaddhatri is inspired from a tale in the Kena Upanishad. In the Katyayani Tantra, the following legend is told. After the goddess Durga killed Mahishasura, the gods of Svarga forgot about her powers. So, in order to test them, Parvati appeared before the gods Agni, Vayu, Varuna, and Chandra, who considered themselves invincible and were engulfed by ahamkara (ego). She asked them to move a tiny blade of grass. Vayu failed to pluck it; Agni failed to burn it. Every god failed at the task. In the end, they understood that the Goddess is the source of all power in the universe; even theirs. The goddess appeared before them as Uma, riding on a lion. The goddess is equated with Brahman in the narrative. The goddess gave the ego of the gods the form of an elephant. Jagaddhatri is depicted sitting on a lion with an elephant under them. The elephant, symbolizing ahamkara, lies under the paws of her vahana the lion, who symbolises courage, valour and the strength to overcome any challenges, including one's internal struggles with the Shada Ripus ("the six enemies"). She is named as Mahadurga in Shiva Purana. While in some other texts, as Uma Haimavati. Her dhyana mantra describes her weapons, vahana and her iconography. She is sitting atop a lion, wearing different jewelry, in her four hands Devi holds bow, arrow, chakra and Samkha. She is reddish like the rising sun and she is wearing a snake garland. Her reddish colour and weapons are the symbols of raja guna but this is not for destruction and going to war. Rather this is to keep the world focused on Ritam & Satyam. In her stotram (Jagadhatri Strotram), she has been invoked as Adhara bhutah, Dhritirupah, Dhurandharah, Dhruvapadah, Shaktistah, Shaktirupah, Shaktacharpriyah, Shaktivigrahe. "You must believe in the Ishwara rupa. Do you know the meaning of Jagadhatri rupa? She is carrying the world. If she stops then the world will get destroyed" is said by Sri Ramakrishna. She sustains the universe through her Yoga shakti. Naga/Sarpa is the symbol of Yoga & Upavitam is the symbol of Bramhin. Devi is yogini. She is using the world through her maha yoga shakti. The act of rescuing the world is her lila. It is said that she had killed the elephant demon, Karindrasura. Its mention is not found in her dhyana mantra but in her idol an elephant is seen below her mount lion, who is none other than Karindrasura. It's said that once the Airavata of Indra was cursed and therefore it took birth as Karindrasura. He became a very strong demon. Once, he saw goddess Ganga and was attracted to her beauty. Hence, he lusted for her, but Ganga rejected his proposal. Karindrasur became very furious about the rejection and forced Ganga to come with her. To save her life she prayed to goddess Mahamaya and she appered in the form of Jagatdhatri. A vicious battle took palace between the goddess and the demon, where Goddess Jagatdhatri slayed Karindrasura with the help of her chakra, Bow and arrow. From then she was known as Karindrasurnishudini. After that Airavat was free from the curse. Another encounter mentions that Karindrasura became an important and powerful official of Durgamasura whom Goddess Durga killed by taking form of Jagaddhatri during the battle of Durga and Durgamasura. Another story tells that when Mahishasura took form of an elephant during the battle with Goddess Katyayini, he came to be known as Karindrasura, who was slayed by Goddess in form of Jagddhatri with Chakra, bow and arrow. In this encounter Mahishasura and Karindrasura are indifferent, just with different animal forms. ## History of worship There are variations regarding the history of worship of the goddess in Bengal. The popular narrative states that the worship was begun by Maharaja Krishnachandra of Krishnanagar, Nadia. However, as per local history, the worship of goddess Jagatdhatri was first established by Chandrachur Tarkamani of Santipur who made an idol of the goddess at the behest of Raja Girishchandra. At the time only ghat puja was conducted at Krishnanagar, Nadia in Bengal. Idol worship of the goddess was initiated in the village of Bramhasason, which is located in Haripur in Santipur, Nadia. Furthermore, the Jaleshwara temple of Shantipur (1665) and Raghaveshwara Temple (1669) have the idol of the goddess inside the sanctum sanctorum as well as carved on the temple walls. So, her worship may have been known in Nadia long before Krishna Chandra. At Krishnanagar, Raj Rajeshwary Jagatdhatri Puja is one of the oldest in Bengal. As per local history, Maharaja Krishnachandra was arrested by Nawab Siraj-ud-Dullah once for not paying taxes on time. He was released from prison during the day of Vijaya Dashami. Having missed the entire festivity of Durga Puja in his kingdom, Maharaja became extremely sad. Seeing her devotee sad, the ultimate mother, Goddess Jagaddhatri gave Maharaja a vision and the king commenced the ritual of Jagatdhatri Puja in his native place. The puja was performed by Raj Rajeshwary (Raj Mata in Bengali language) and there is another rumour before the start, a Jagatdhatri Puja was donated by Maharaja Krishna Chandra named Maa Jaleshwari at "Malopara Barowary". The worship of the goddess was later resumed by Sarada Devi, wife of Ramakrishna. The Jagatdhatri puja of Bose family and Chatterjee family, Palpara and Bhavanipur, deserves a special mention in this regard. The puja of Bose family initially used to be held in their ancestral home in Murshidabad. Folklore has it that this puja was started in 1788. The puja was later shifted to its present location in Chandannagar, where many of the family members now live. The exact history of the deity is unknown, but family records date it back to 1640. In Chatterjee family this puja originates from 1700 in Srirampur which later was shifted to Chatterjee's official ancestral home in 1936 by Hari Mohan Chatterjee. For over 40 years it remained the centre of attraction during the festivities. After the demise of Hari Mohan Chatterjee the puja was continued by 3 generations by Shashanka Chatterjee, Nilanka Chatterjee (Son of Late Shashanka Chatterjee) and at present by Tirthanka Chatterjee and Ankita Chatterjee (children of Nilanka and Jayeeta Chatterjee). In 2023 the puja got shifted again for the 2nd time in 200 years to Bangalore, marking a historic shift to South of India. The Puja is continued by Chatterjees with all grandeur and tradition dating back centuries. Researcher Mohit Roy has noted that Jagadhatri vigraha from Barisal is from the 8th Century. Currently, the vigraha is in the Ashutosh Museum (Kolkata). One must note that such Simha-Vahini vigrahas have been discovered plenty, particularly from western Bengal. The first textual mention of Jagadhatri puja comes from Kalviveka of Smarta Shulapani, dated approximately from 1375 to 1460. Later Smartas "Brihaspati Raymukut" and "Srinatha Acharya Churamani" have mentioned the goddess in their work. The time in which she is worshipped, Shukla Paksha of the pious month of Kartika, especially the Tithi of Navami, is very auspicious. In ancient times, it was known as Chandika Puja. According to Smritisagara and Mahamohopadhhaya Panchanan Tarkaratna, it is the day to worship Uma. The oldest temple of the goddess is in Somra (Hooghly), also known as Mahavidya temple. It was established in 1621 CE. The worship of the goddess takes place in the Dekhuria village as well in Birbhum. Still older is the Jagadhatri puja of Baligram village (Jiaganj, Murshidabad), dated back to five hundred years ago. Bandyopadhyay family of Mirhat of Kalna are observing Jagadhatri puja for more than four hundred years. Jagadhatri puja is the main Puja of Dhatrigram, Baidyapur & Mirhat of Kalna. The 350-year-old Chandrapati family's kuladevi is Jagrata. ## Festivities Jagatdhatri Puja is very popular in Krishnanagar, Chandannagar, Tehatta, Rishra, Singur, Howrah, Bhadreswar, (Sutragarh-Santipur), Boinchi and Ashoknagar-Kalyangarh. The beauty of the festival in Chandannagar is mainly due to the collaborative conception between the French and Bengalis. Remarkable feature remaining its procession, second largest in the world after Rio de Janeiro's, with its magnificent lightings. The Jagadhatri puja of Krishnanagar is a visual and spiritual celebration to see. During this time the city adorns itself with lots of lights, flowers, pandals and the likes. Each year more than 5 lakh devotees come to Krishnanagar to be a part of this grandiose festival. There are more then 200 clubs and barowaris which organise Jagadhatri puja in the city. The Jagadhatri puja of Krishnagar is a perfect blending of devotion, emotion and celebration. The most popular Jagadhatri puja is the "Burima" of "Chasa Para", which was started in 1772. This deity is called the Tirupathi of Krishnanagar. Each year the idol is embellished with 150 kg gold and 150 kg silver ornaments with more than 10 benarasis and jamdanis. Besides "Buri Maa", "Choto Maa" (the deity of Kathalpota Barowari), "Mejo Maa" (the deity of College Street Barowari) and "Maa Jaleswari" (the idol of Malo para Barowari) are also very famous. There is also a ritual during immersion all the people from krishnagar call it "Sang". ## Jagadhatri Mela After Ratha Yatra, Jagadhatri Mela at Bhanjpur Jagadhatri Podia, is the biggest mela of Baripada, Odisha. It is the festival of Maa Jagadhatri, Goddess of the whole world. There is an 8–15 day mela (carnival) also known as mini Bali Jatra named after Cuttack's Bali Jatra which takes place at Jagadhatri Mela Podia, Bhanjpur, near the Bhanjpur railway Station during the month of October–November. It is celebrated on Gosthastami. It is also referred to as another Durga Puja as it also starts on Asthami tithi and ends on Dashami tithi. The date of the puja is decided by the luni-solar Hindu calendar. In 2012, the "Sarbajanin Maa Jagadhatri Puja" has been started from 21 November. But the mela continued from 26 November to 7 December (for the first time it was for such a long period of 13 days). As the puja was celebrating its Diamond Jubilee for completing 60 years. In 2013, the "Sarbajanin Maa Jagadhatri Puja" was started on 11 November. But to commemorate the loss of Odisha, specifically Mayurbhanj district and Baripada due to Phailin and post Phailin flood, the Cultural Program and it's live telecast on Blue Sky was cancelled. Still. the "mela" was held from 14 to 25 November 2013. Every year its main attraction is the Puja Torana (Pandal) and the Mela. The Pandal is decorated as a famous monument in 2011 it was a miniature of US Capitol Building, United States. This year, it is Lalitha Mahal, Mysore. From the year 2000 it has been a tradition to decorate the torana as a special infrastructure. Tajmahal in Agra, Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, the Titanic, Lotus Temple in New Delhi, Golden Temple in Punjab and many other monuments were also mimicked in the previous years since 2000 to 2006. As a tribute to 26/11 Hotel Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Mumbai attack victims, the torana of the year 2009 is a lookalike of that hotel. ## In literature Goddess Jagatdhatri has been mentioned in many novels by Bengali authors, poets and novelists. Goddess Jagatdhatri figures in the historical fiction Anandamath written by Bengali novelist Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. It is the same literary work from which the national song of India Vande Mataram originates. In the novel, Kali, Durga, and Jagatdhatri are depicted as three aspects of 'Bharat Mata' (Mother India) – Jagatdhatri as the mother used to be, Kali as the mother now is, and Durga as the mother will be in future. The trio of goddesses are shown as the object of worship of a group of ascetics who form the protagonists of the story.	enwiki/1696783	enwiki	1,696,783	Jagaddhatri	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagaddhatri	2025-07-22T17:10:59Z	en	Q3348908	292,047	{{Short description\|Aspect of goddess Durga}} {{other uses}} {{Split\|date=December 2023\|Jagaddhatri puja}} {{Infobox deity<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hindu mythology--> \| type = Hindu \| image = 2006-11-01 Jagaddhatripuja5 06 009.jpg \| caption = 2006 Jagaddhatri Puja, Ranchi \| name = Jagaddhatri / Jagadhatri / Mahadurga \| affiliation = [[Mahadevi]], [[Parvati]], [[Durga]], Jagaddhatri, [[Mahadurga]], Uma Haimavati \| mantra = ॐ महादेव्यै बिद्महे, सिंहवाहिन्यै धीमहि, तन्नो देवी प्रचोदयात॥ \| weapon = [[Chakram]], [[Bow (weapon)\|Bow]], [[Arrow]], [[conch]] \| consort = [[Shiva]] \| mount = [[Lion]] \| planet = \| color = [[Red]] and [[green]] }} '''Jagatdhatri''' or '''Jagaddhatri''' or '''Mahadurga''' (<!--Do not add Indic scripts per WP:INDICSCRIPT-->{{IPA\|bn\|d͡ʒɔɡod̪ʱːat̪ɾi\|audio=LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-জগদ্ধাত্রী.wav}}, {{lit\|Bearer of the World}}) is an aspect of the [[Hindu goddess]] [[Durga]], worshipped in the [[Indian states\|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]] and other states like [[Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Sengupta \|first1=Somen \|title=Durga's reincarnation Jagaddhatri Puja marks end of Bengal's two-month-long festivities \|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/durgas-reincarnation-jagaddhatri-puja-marks-the-end-of-bengals-two-month-long-festive-season/cid/1981573 \|access-date=11 December 2024 \|work=[[The Telegraph (India)\|The Telegraph]] \|date=21 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Patra \|first1=Subhankar \|title=জগদ্ধাত্রীর আরাধনায় সাজছে বাংলা, কবে শুরু পুজো? কদিন ধরে চলবে! \|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/religion/jagadhatri-puja-2024-this-year-s-puja-date/ \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] \|date=5 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> Maa Jagadhatri, the Goddess who is revered as the protector of the world.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Jagadhatri Puja: Know about this avatar of the Mother Goddess \|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/jagadhatri-puja-2020-know-how-this-avatar-of-the-mother-goddess-came-into-being/685334 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Times Now]] \|date=23 November 2020\|quote=The term Jagadhatri literally means the one who holds the universe. Therefore, she is hailed as the Supreme power.}}</ref> The Jagadhatri Puja and Mela at Bhanjpur Jagadhatri Podia is the biggest festival in [[Baripada]], Odisha. Jagaddhatri Puja is particularly famous at [[Chandannagar]], [[Rishra]] and [[Singur]] in [[Hooghly district\|Hooghly]], [[Krishnanagar, Nadia\|Krishnanagar]] in [[Nadia district\|Nadia]] and [[Ichapore\|Ichhapur]] Nawabgunj in [[North 24 Parganas district\|North 24 Parganas]] in [[West Bengal]] where it is celebrated as a five-day-long festival.<ref>{{cite news \|title=A Glimpse Of The Spectacular Lighting In Chandannagar On The Occasion Of Jagadhatri Puja \|url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/lifestyle/chandannagar-jagadhatri-puja-lighting-pictures-1644659 \|access-date=11 December 2024 \|work=[[ABP News\|ABP Live]] \|date=23 November 2023 \|quote=Jagadhatri Puja is joyously celebrated in West Bengal, particularly in Chandannagar in the Hoogly district, where the lighting and extravaganza steels the show.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Mewari \|first1=Neha \|title=Jagaddhatri Puja 2024 Date, Time, Significance \|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/jagaddhatri-puja-2024-date-time-significance-article-12861736.html \|access-date=12 December 2024 \|work=[[Moneycontrol]] \|date=10 November 2024 \|quote=This puja is an integral part of the Bengali religious calendar and is especially prominent in areas like Hooghly, Kolkata, and various other parts of West Bengal.}}</ref> Her worship and rituals are derived from [[Tantra]]. It is believed that her worship frees her devotees from ego and all other materialistic desires.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals\|first=Rachel\|last=Fell McDermott\|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=আলোয় ভাসছে চন্দননগর, অষ্টমী-সন্ধ্যায় জনতার স্রোত একের পর এক বারোয়ারির উদ্দেশে \|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hooghly/many-people-gather-in-chandannagar-for-pandel-hoping-in-jagadhatri-puja-dgtld/cid/1559315 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] \|date=9 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> According to the [[Puranas]], Jagadhatri is the incarnation of [[Siddhidhatri]]. She is also said to be the combined form of Sri [[Bhuvaneshwari]] and [[Durga]]. In some Tantras and in [[Shiva Purana]] she is known as [[Mahadurga]]. In some texts she is also known as ''Uma Haimavati''. In Bengal, her puja is celebrated as the comeback of Devi, specifically in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia\|Krishnanagar]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Rishra]], [[Singur]] and [[Guptipara]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Mukherjee \|first1=Oindrilla \|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandannagar-city-of-lights-shines-for-jagadhatri-puja-as-bengal-soaks-in-more-festive-spirit-6287431.html\|title=Chandannagar, 'City of Lights' Shines for Jagadhatri Puja as Bengal Soaks in Festive Spirit\|access-date=11 December 2024\|website=[[News18]]\|date=1 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=চন্দননগরের সব থেকে বড় প্রতিমা 'রানিমা', কী ভাবে দেবী পেলেন এমন নাম, জানুন কাহিনি \|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/learn-the-story-behind-chandannagars-largest-jagadhatri-idol-ranima-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1558289?slide=1 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] \|date=5 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=West Bengal: Jagadhatri Puja is in full swing in Chandannagar \|url=https://theprint.in/india/west-bengal-jagadhatri-puja-is-in-full-swing-in-chandannagar/1194768/ \|access-date=11 December 2024 \|work=[[ThePrint]] \|date=3 November 2022}}</ref> ==Legends== The legend of Jagaddhatri is inspired from a tale in the ''[[Kena Upanishad#Allegory of three gods and one goddess - Third and Fourth khandas\|Kena Upanishad]]''. In the ''Katyayani [[Tantras (Hinduism)\|Tantra]]'', the following legend is told. After the goddess [[Durga]] killed [[Mahishasura]], the gods of [[Svarga]] forgot about her powers. So, in order to test them, Parvati appeared before the gods [[Agni]], [[Vayu]], [[Varuna]], and [[Chandra]], who considered themselves invincible and were engulfed by ''[[ahamkara]]'' (ego). She asked them to move a tiny blade of grass. Vayu failed to pluck it; Agni failed to burn it. Every god failed at the task. In the end, they understood that the [[Mahadevi\|Goddess]] is the source of all power in the universe; even theirs. The goddess appeared before them as Uma, riding on a lion. The goddess is equated with [[Brahman]] in the narrative. The goddess gave the ego of the gods the form of an elephant. Jagaddhatri is depicted sitting on a lion with an elephant under them.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Patra \|first1=Subhankar \|title=জগদ্ধাত্রীর পদতলে কেন হস্তীমুণ্ড? জানুন দেবীর রূপের অজানা কাহিনি \|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/religion/jagadhatri-puja-2024-why-is-there-an-elephant-under-the-feet-of-jagadhatri/ \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] \|date=5 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> The elephant, symbolizing ''ahamkara'', lies under the paws of her ''[[vahana]]'' the lion, who symbolises courage, valour and the strength to overcome any challenges, including one's internal struggles with the ''Shada Ripus'' ("the six enemies"). She is named as ''Mahadurga'' in [[Shiva Purana]]. While in some other texts, as ''Uma Haimavati''.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Jagadhatri Puja 2019: All you need to know about the Mother Goddess\|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/jagadhatri-puja-2019-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-mother-goddess/511428 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Times Now]] \|date=5 November 2019}}</ref> Her dhyana mantra describes her weapons, vahana and her iconography. She is sitting atop a [[lion]], wearing different jewelry, in her four hands Devi holds [[Bow (weapon)\|bow]], [[Arrow (weapon)\|arrow]], [[Chakram\|chakra]] and [[Conch (instrument)\|Samkha]].<ref name="ct">{{cite news \|last1=Ghosh \|first1=Shreya \|title=Jagaddhatri Puja 2024: From Date To Significance, Here's All You Need To Know About The Grand Festival \|url=https://curlytales.com/jagaddhatri-puja-2024-from-date-to-significance-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-grand-festival/ \|access-date=12 December 2024 \|work=Curly Tales \|date=8 November 2024}}</ref> She is reddish like the rising sun and she is wearing a snake garland. Her reddish colour and weapons are the symbols of [[Rajas\|raja]] guna but this is not for destruction and going to war. Rather this is to keep the world focused on Ritam & Satyam.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Jagadhatri Puja depicts Nari Sakti \|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/jagadhatri-puja-depicts-nari-sakti-1503242301.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[The Statesman (India)\|The Statesman]] \|date=20 November 2023}}</ref> In her [[stotra]]m (Jagadhatri Strotram), she has been invoked as Adhara bhutah, Dhritirupah, Dhurandharah, Dhruvapadah, Shaktistah, Shaktirupah, Shaktacharpriyah, Shaktivigrahe. "You must believe in the Ishwara rupa. Do you know the meaning of Jagadhatri rupa? She is carrying the world. If she stops then the world will get destroyed" is said by [[Ramakrishna\|Sri Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Mazumder \|first1=Payel \|title=বেলুড় মঠের সারদাপীঠে মহাসমারোহে শুরু জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো, নবমীতে পুজো সপ্তমী, অষ্টমীরও \|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/religion/rituals-of-nabami-on-jagadhatri-puja-2023-started-at-belur-math-saradapitha-with-believers-crowding-there-since-morning-1025635 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[ABP Ananda]] \|date=21 November 2023 \|language=bn}}</ref> She sustains the universe through her [[Yoga\|Yoga shakti]]. Naga/Sarpa is the symbol of Yoga & [[Upanayana\|Upavitam]] is the symbol of [[Brahmin\|Bramhin]]. Devi is [[yogini]]. She is using the world through her maha yoga shakti. The act of rescuing the world is her ''lila''. It is said that she had killed the [[elephant]] demon, ''Karindrasura''. Its mention is not found in her dhyana mantra but in her idol an [[elephant]] is seen below her mount [[lion]], who is none other than ''Karindrasura''. It's said that once the [[Airavata]] of [[Indra]] was cursed and therefore it took birth as Karindrasura. He became a very strong demon. Once, he saw goddess [[Ganga]] and was attracted to her beauty. Hence, he lusted for her, but Ganga rejected his proposal. Karindrasur became very furious about the rejection and forced Ganga to come with her. To save her life she prayed to goddess [[Mahamaya]] and she appered in the form of Jagatdhatri. A vicious battle took palace between the goddess and the demon, where Goddess Jagatdhatri slayed Karindrasura with the help of her [[chakra]], [[Bow and arrow\|Bow]] and [[arrow]]. From then she was known as ''Karindrasurnishudini''. After that Airavat was free from the curse. Another encounter mentions that Karindrasura became an important and powerful official of Durgamasura whom Goddess [[Durga]] killed by taking form of Jagaddhatri during the battle of Durga and [[Durgamasura]]. Another story tells that when [[Mahishasura]] took form of an elephant during the battle with Goddess [[Katyayini]], he came to be known as ''Karindrasura'', who was slayed by Goddess in form of Jagddhatri with Chakra, bow and arrow. In this encounter Mahishasura and Karindrasura are indifferent, just with different animal forms. <ref>{{cite news \|last1=Patra \|first1=Subhankar \|title=জগদ্ধাত্রীর অপর নাম করীন্দ্রাসুরনিসূদিনী। হাতি বধ করেন বলেই এই নাম। আর কী বলছে পুরাণ? \|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/religion/jagadhatri-puja-2024-why-is-there-an-elephant-under-the-feet-of-jagadhatri/ \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] \|date=5 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref><ref name="ct" /> ==History of worship== [[File:Jagaddhatri Krishnanagar Rajbati.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Jagatdhatri Puja at Krishnanagar Royal Palace]] There are variations regarding the history of worship of the goddess in Bengal. The popular narrative states that the worship was begun by [[Maharaja Krishnachandra]] of Krishnanagar, Nadia.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Majumder \|first1=Suparna \|title=ইতিহাস থেকে জানা যায় এই পুজো শুরু হয় কৃষ্ণনগরে। রাজা কৃষ্ণচন্দ্র স্বপ্নাদেশ পেয়ে এই পুজো শুরু করেন। \|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/jagadhatri-puja-2024-live-telecast-information-of-chandannagars-immersion-procession/ \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] \|date=6 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> However, as per local history, the worship of goddess Jagatdhatri was first established by Chandrachur Tarkamani of Santipur who made an idol of the goddess at the behest of Raja Girishchandra. At the time only ''ghat puja'' was conducted at [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]] in Bengal. Idol worship of the goddess was initiated in the village of Bramhasason, which is located in Haripur in Santipur, Nadia.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Jagadhatri Puja 2022: There are different opinions about the history of Jagadhatri Puja. History says that the first puja started in a tree\|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/where-did-jagaddhatri-puja-begin-history-tells-about-a-shantipur-31667362521347.html\|website= Hindustan Times\|access-date=Nov 2, 2022}}</ref> Furthermore, the Jaleshwara temple of Shantipur (1665) and Raghaveshwara Temple (1669) have the idol of the goddess inside the sanctum sanctorum as well as carved on the temple walls. So, her worship may have been known in Nadia long before Krishna Chandra.<ref name="ZeeNewsArticle">{{cite news\|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/lifestyle/jagaddhatri-puja-in-bengal-first-celebrated-specfically-in-krishnanagar-by-maharaja-krishnachandra_448085.html\|title=Jagaddhatri Puja: Who started Jagaddhatri Puja in Bengal and where?\|website=Zee News\|access-date=October 31, 2022}}</ref> At Krishnanagar, Raj Rajeshwary Jagatdhatri Puja is one of the oldest in Bengal. As per local history, [[Maharaja Krishnachandra]] was arrested by Nawab Siraj-ud-Dullah once for not paying taxes on time. He was released from prison during the day of [[Vijaya Dashami]]. Having missed the entire festivity of Durga Puja in his kingdom, Maharaja became extremely sad. Seeing her devotee sad, the ultimate mother, Goddess Jagaddhatri gave Maharaja a vision and the king commenced the ritual of Jagatdhatri Puja in his native place.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Chowdhuri \|first=Soumita \|date=9 November 2021 \|title=Jagadhatri Puja 2021: স্বপ্নাদেশে, কৃষ্ণনগরেই প্রথম জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো শুরু করেন রাজা কৃষ্ণচন্দ্র! জানুন অজানা ইতিহাস \|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/jagadhatri-puja-2021-origin-history-significance-krishnanagar-and-chandannagar-pictures-raja-krishna-chandra-started-krishnanagar-rajbari-puja-after-seeing-dreams-soc-312304-2021-11-09 \|work=[[Aaj Tak]] \|location=[[Kolkata]] \|access-date=20 March 2022\|language=bn}}</ref> The puja was performed by Raj Rajeshwary (Raj Mata in Bengali language) and there is another rumour before the start, a Jagatdhatri Puja was donated by Maharaja Krishna Chandra named Maa Jaleshwari at "Malopara Barowary".<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Goswami \|first1=Biswabrata \|title=How '11 contribution transformed Malopara's Puja in Krishnagar \|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/how-11-contribution-transformed-maloparas-puja-in-krishnagar-1503242603.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[The Statesman (India)\|The Statesman]] \|date=21 November 2023}}</ref> The worship of the goddess was later resumed by [[Sarada Devi]], wife of Ramakrishna.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/religion/legends-jagadhatri-puja-1502818059.html\|title=The legends of Jagadhatri Puja\|website=The Statesman}}</ref> The Jagatdhatri puja of Bose family and Chatterjee family, Palpara and Bhavanipur, deserves a special mention in this regard.<ref>{{cite news \|title=শুধু চন্দননগর নয়, কলকাতার বহু বনেদি বাড়িতে হয় শতাব্দীপ্রাচীন জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো, জেনে নিন হদিস \|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/a-list-of-jagadhatri-puja-of-kolkatas-bonedi-families-which-are-more-than-100-years-old-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1558405?slide=2 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] \|date=6 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> The puja of Bose family initially used to be held in their ancestral home in Murshidabad. Folklore has it that this puja was started in 1788. The puja was later shifted to its present location in Chandannagar, where many of the family members now live. The exact history of the deity is unknown, but family records date it back to 1640. In Chatterjee family this puja originates from 1700 in Srirampur which later was shifted to Chatterjee's official ancestral home in 1936 by Hari Mohan Chatterjee. For over 40 years it remained the centre of attraction during the festivities. After the demise of Hari Mohan Chatterjee the puja was continued by 3 generations by Shashanka Chatterjee, Nilanka Chatterjee (Son of Late Shashanka Chatterjee) and at present by Tirthanka Chatterjee and Ankita Chatterjee (children of Nilanka and Jayeeta Chatterjee). In 2023 the puja got shifted again for the 2nd time in 200 years to Bangalore, marking a historic shift to South of India. The Puja is continued by Chatterjees with all grandeur and tradition dating back centuries.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Overflowing with Ecstasy \|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/overflowing-with-ecstasy-1502517398.html\|access-date=23 November 2017\|work=The Statesman\|date=26 October 2017}}</ref> [[File:2023 জ্যোতিময়ী.jpg\|thumb\|left\|174px\|2023 Jagadhatri puja, Chandannagar.]] Researcher Mohit Roy has noted that Jagadhatri vigraha from [[Barisal]] is from the 8th Century. Currently, the vigraha is in the Ashutosh Museum (Kolkata). One must note that such Simha-Vahini vigrahas have been discovered plenty, particularly from western Bengal. The first textual mention of Jagadhatri puja comes from ''Kalviveka'' of Smarta Shulapani, dated approximately from 1375 to 1460.<ref name="ZeeNewsArticle"/> Later Smartas "Brihaspati Raymukut" and "Srinatha Acharya Churamani" have mentioned the goddess in their work. The time in which she is worshipped, [[Shukla Paksha\|Shukla]] Paksha of the pious month of [[Kārtika (month)\|Kartika]], especially the [[Tithi]] of [[Navami]], is very auspicious.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Mitra \|first1=Sritama \|title=জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো ২০২৪ এবার নভেম্বরের প্রথমের দিকেই, দেখে নিন তারিখ \|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-date-according-to-panjika-astrology-know-the-significance-31726916141238.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Hindustan Times]] \|date=21 September 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> In ancient times, it was known as [[Chandi]]ka Puja. According to Smritisagara and Mahamohopadhhaya Panchanan Tarkaratna, it is the day to worship [[Parvati\|Uma]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Jagadhatri Puja: Know how this avatar of the Mother Goddess came into being \|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/jagadhatri-puja-2020-know-how-this-avatar-of-the-mother-goddess-came-into-being/685334 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Times Now]] \|date=23 November 2020 \|quote=The term Jagadhatri literally means the holder of the Universe, and therefore, she is believed to be the one who guards and shields every life on this planet. The festivities begin on the Saptami Tithi of the Kartik Shukla Paksha, but the main puja is held on the Navami Tithi.}}</ref> The oldest temple of the goddess is in Somra (Hooghly), also known as [[Mahavidya]] temple. It was established in 1621 CE. The worship of the goddess takes place in the Dekhuria village as well in [[Birbhum district\|Birbhum]]. Still older is the Jagadhatri puja of Baligram village (Jiaganj, [[Murshidabad]]), dated back to five hundred years ago. Bandyopadhyay family of Mirhat of [[Kalna City\|Kalna]] are observing Jagadhatri puja for more than four hundred years. Jagadhatri puja is the main Puja of Dhatrigram, Baidyapur & Mirhat of [[Kalna City\|Kalna]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=কালনার ৩০০ বছরের প্রাচীন জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজোয় দেবীর পুজো: তৎকালীন চন্দ্রপতি গোষ্ঠীর এক গৃহবধূ স্বপ্নাদেশ পান এবং বাড়ির কাছে পুকুরে দেবী জগদ্ধাত্রীর সাক্ষাৎ মেলে। এর পরেই সেই স্থানে হোগলাপাতার ছাউনি দিয়ে গড়া হয় মণ্ডপ। সেখানেই প্রথম দেবীর পুজো শুরু হয়। \|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/burdwan-kalnas-300-year-old-jagadhatri-puja-where-debi-worshiped-with-various-types-of-fishes-dgtl/cid/1558509 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] \|date=7 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> The 350-year-old Chandrapati family's kuladevi is Jagrata.<ref>{{cite news \|title=মূর্তি যেন আকাঁশছোয়া! রইল চন্দননগরের সবচেয়ে উঁচু ৫ টি প্রতিমার হদিস \|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/top-5-tallest-jagadhatri-idol-in-chandannagar-you-should-visit-this-jagadhatri-puja-2024-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1558504?slide=1 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] \|date=7 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> ==Festivities== [[File:The Goddess of Jagadhatri at Chandannagar day of nabami IMG 20161109 112445.jpg\|thumb\|160px\|The Goddess of Jagatdhatri at Chandannagar day of Navami puja]] Jagatdhatri Puja is very popular in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia\|Krishnanagar]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Tehatta]], [[Rishra]], [[Singur]], [[Howrah]], [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly\|Bhadreswar]], (Sutragarh-Santipur), [[Boinchi]] and [[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh\|Ashoknagar-Kalyangarh]].<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Goswami \|first1=Tarun \|title=Chandannagar alpana now an integral part of Jagadhatri Pujas \|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/chandannagar-alpana-now-an-integral-part-of-jagadhatri-pujas-1503241504.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[The Statesman (India)\|The Statesman]] \|date=17 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Mitra \|first1=Sritama \|title=জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো ২০২৪-য় তেঁতুলতলার মায়ের পরনে ২৪০রও বেশি শাড়ি! রীতি একনজরে \|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-in-tentultola-ritual-story-significance-31730899444848.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Hindustan Times]] \|date=6 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Pal Chowdhury \|first1=Suchinta \|title=পরনে শাড়ি, মাথায় ঘোমটা, ভদ্রেশ্বরের তেঁতুলতলায় জগদ্ধাত্রীবরণে পুরুষরাই\|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/men-of-bhadreswar-tetultala-are-participating-in-rituals-wearing-saree-in-jagadhatri-puja/ \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] \|date=11 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> [[File:The Goddess of Jagadhatri at Ratanpur Baro Jagadhatri Tola of Singur.jpg\|thumb\|The Goddess of Jagadhatri at Ratanpur Baro Jagadhatri Tola of Singur]] The beauty of the festival in Chandannagar is mainly due to the collaborative conception between the French and Bengalis.<ref>{{cite news \|title=French connection: Jagaddhatri's homecoming to Chandernagore \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/french-connection-jagaddhatris-homecoming-to-chandernagore/articleshow/55323723.cms \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Times of India]] \|date=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Patra \|first1=Subhankar \|title=ফরাসি আমল থেকে রাজবেশে সাজেন মা, বহু ইতিহাসের সাক্ষী চন্দননগরের 'রানিমা'র পুজো \|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/jagadhatri-puja-2024-puja-of-chandannagar-rani-ma/ \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] \|date=27 October 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> Remarkable feature remaining its procession, second largest in the world after Rio de Janeiro's, with its magnificent lightings.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Paul \|first1=Satwik \|title=Let there be light: Chandannagar's masters of illumination have brightened up festivals for years \|url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/let-there-be-light-chandannagars-masters-of-illumination-have-brightened-up-festivals-for-years-7749661.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Firstpost]] \|date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Chatterjee \|first1=Abhijit \|title=Jagaddhatri Puja: Chandannagar in utmost festive mood \|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/gallery/jagaddhatri-puja-2022-chandannagar-in-utmost-festive-mood-photogallery/cid/1895106?slide=1 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[The Telegraph (India)\|The Telegraph]] \|date=30 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Dey \|first1=Subhagata \|title=২৪ নয়, ৪৮ ঘণ্টা ধরে চলে চন্দননগরের জগদ্ধাত্রী নিরঞ্জন পর্ব! দেখুন চোখ ধাঁধাঁনো ছবি \|url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/jagadhatri-puja-2024-chandannagar-jagaddhatri-puja-does-not-end-in-24-hours-takes-at-least-48-hours-l18-sdg-local18-1945387.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[News18]] \|date=13 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> The Jagadhatri puja of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia\|Krishnanagar]] is a visual and spiritual celebration to see.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Chandannagore celebrates Jagaddhatri Puja with great pomp and gaiety \|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/in-pictures-jagaddhatri-puja-celebrations-in-chandernagore-photogallery/cid/1895150?slide=2 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[The Telegraph (India)\|t2 Online]] \|date=30 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Mitra \|first1=Sritama \|title=জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো ২০২৪র নবমী কবে? রইল তারিখ, চন্দননগর থেকে কৃষ্ণনগরের নামী পুজোর তালিকা একনজরে \|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-date-time-tithi-according-to-astrology-panjika-31730705321979.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Hindustan Times]] \|date=4 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> During this time the city adorns itself with lots of lights, flowers, pandals and the likes.<ref>{{cite news \|title=আলোকসজ্জায় থিমের বাহার, দেখুন জগদ্ধাত্রীর শোভাযাত্রা \|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/immersion-procession-of-chandannagar-jagadhatri-puja-with-lighting-watch-video-west-bengal-news-wbs24111106488 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[ETV Network\|ETV Bharat]] \|date=11 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> Each year more than 5 lakh devotees come to Krishnanagar to be a part of this grandiose festival. There are more then 200 clubs and barowaris which organise Jagadhatri puja in the city. The Jagadhatri puja of Krishnagar is a perfect blending of devotion, emotion and celebration. The most popular Jagadhatri puja is the "Burima" of "Chasa Para", which was started in 1772.<ref>{{cite news \|title=২৫০ বছর পেরিয়ে আজও কৃষ্ণনগরের জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজোর ঐতিহ্য বহন করে চলেছে শতাব্দীপ্রাচীন 'বুড়িমা' \|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/the-legacy-of-krishnanagars-jagadhatri-puja-burima-draws-millions-of-devotees-every-year-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1558282 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] \|date=5 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Mitra \|first1=Sritama \|title=নদিয়ার কৃষ্ণনগরের জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজোয় আলাদা আকর্ষণ 'বুড়িমা'। জগদ্ধাত্রী পূজায় কৃষ্ণনগরে বুড়িমার পুজোর অষ্টমী-নবমীর অঞ্জলি কখন? রইল বলিদানের সময় \|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-date-time-tithi-of-worship-at-krishnanagore-burima-know-anjali-timing-31731050869611.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Hindustan Times]] \|date=8 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> This deity is called the Tirupathi of Krishnanagar.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Patra \|first1=Subhankar \|title=১৭৭২ সালে শুরু হয় কৃষ্ণনগর চাষাপাড়ার বুড়িমার পুজো। \|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/religion/jagadhatri-puja-2024-schedule-of-burima-puja-of-krishnanagar/ \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] \|date=6 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> Each year the idol is embellished with 150 kg gold and 150 kg silver ornaments with more than 10 benarasis and jamdanis.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Dutta \|first1=Uttam \|title=প্রায় ১০০ ভরি সোনায় সাজ দেবীর! তাকলাগানো মণ্ডপসজ্জা, চন্দননগরের এই পুজো না দেখলে পস্তাবেন! \|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/west-bengal/chandannagar-helapukur-dhar-jagadhatri-puja-2024-7566463 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Indian Express]] \|date=9 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> Besides "Buri Maa", "Choto Maa" (the deity of Kathalpota Barowari), "Mejo Maa" (the deity of College Street Barowari) and "Maa Jaleswari" (the idol of Malo para Barowari) are also very famous.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Dey \|first1=Subhagata \|title=কৃষ্ণনগরের বুড়িমার পুজোর নির্ঘণ্ট, চাষাপাড়া বারোয়ারি এবার ২৫২ তম বর্ষে রাখছে বিশেষ ব্যবস্থা। পুজোর দিন বেলা দশ'টা থেকে বিকেল চার'টে পর্যন্ত নির্দিষ্ট স্থান থেকেই ভোগ প্রসাদ বিতরণ করা হবে। \|url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/astrology/krishnanagar-jagadhatri-puja-2024-buri-maa-puja-timing-saptami-ashtami-navami-dashami-puja-date-time-fixture-l18-sdg-local18-1931546.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[News18]] \|date=9 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title='Dangerously Beautiful': Internet Mesmerised By West Bengal's Dhuno Purono Festival \|url=https://www.news18.com/viral/dangerously-beautiful-internet-mesmerised-by-west-bengals-dhuno-purono-festival-8673691.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[News18]] \|date=23 November 2023 \|quote=Dhuno Porano is observed during the celebration of Jagadhhatri Puja where devotees perform the tradition with fire.}}</ref> There is also a ritual during immersion all the people from krishnagar call it "Sang". ==Jagadhatri Mela== [[File:Jagadhatri Puja 2022.jpg\|left\|alt=Replica of Rashtrapati Bhavan in Bhanjpur Jagaddhatri Puja 2022\|thumb\|Replica of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in Bhanjpur Jagaddhatri Puja 2022]] [[File:Idol of Maa Jagadhatri 2012.JPG\|thumb\|Idol of ''Maa [[Jagadhatri]]'' at [[Bhanjpur]] ''Jagadhatri Mela'', [[Baripada]](2012)]] [[File:Jagadhatri Mela 2012.JPG\|thumb\|left\|''Jagadhatri Puja Torana'' 2012 designed as [[Lalitha Mahal]], [[Mysore]] ]] After ''[[Ratha Yatra]]'', ''Jagadhatri Mela'' at [[Bhanjpur]] ''Jagadhatri Podia'', is the biggest ''mela'' of [[Baripada]], [[Odisha]]. It is the festival of Maa [[Jagadhatri]], Goddess of the whole world. There is an 8–15 day mela (carnival) also known as mini ''[[Bali Jatra]]'' named after [[Cuttack]]'s ''[[Bali Jatra]]'' which takes place at ''Jagadhatri Mela Podia'', Bhanjpur, near the Bhanjpur railway Station during the month of October–November. It is celebrated on ''Gosthastami''. It is also referred to as another ''Durga Puja'' as it also starts on ''Asthami tithi'' and ends on ''Dashami tithi''. The date of the ''puja'' is decided by the luni-solar Hindu calendar.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Banerjee \|first1=Sudeshna \|title=Britain's only Jagaddhatri in London \|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/britain-s-only-jagaddhatri-in-london/cid/1675568 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[The Telegraph (India)\|The Telegraph]] \|date=16 November 2018}}</ref> In 2012, the "Sarbajanin Maa Jagadhatri Puja"<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20121121/2105451.html \|title=Jagadhatri Puja and Mela, Bhanjpur on e-News Sites \|access-date=2012-11-23 \|archive-date=2019-10-30 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030151922/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20121121/2105451.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> has been started from 21 November. But the ''mela'' continued from 26 November to 7 December (for the first time it was for such a long period of 13 days). As the ''puja'' was celebrating its [[Diamond Jubilee]] for completing 60 years. In 2013, the "Sarbajanin Maa Jagadhatri Puja" was started on 11 November. But to commemorate the loss of Odisha, specifically [[Mayurbhanj]] district and Baripada due to [[Phailin]] and post Phailin flood, the Cultural Program and it's live telecast on Blue Sky was cancelled. Still. the "mela" was held from 14 to 25 November 2013. [[File:Jagaddhatri 2023.jpg\|right\|thumb\|311x311px\|2023 Theme of Chandannagar '''Jagaddhatri Puja''']] Every year its main attraction is the ''Puja Torana'' (''Pandal'') and the ''Mela''. The ''Pandal'' is decorated as a famous monument in 2011 it was a miniature of [[US Capitol Building]], United States. This year, it is [[Lalitha Mahal]], [[Mysore]]. From the year 2000 it has been a tradition to decorate the ''torana'' as a special infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news \|title=শুধু আলো নয়, বনকাপাসির শোলার সাজেই অদ্বিতীয় চন্দননগরের জগদ্ধাত্রী \|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/jagadhatri-puja-2024-watch-a-short-story-on-bankapasi-village-popular-as-shola-gram-dgtl/cid/1558832 \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] \|date=8 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> [[Tajmahal]] in [[Agra]], [[Victoria Memorial (India)\|Victoria Memorial]] in [[Kolkata]], the ''[[Titanic]]'', [[Lotus Temple]] in [[New Delhi]], [[Harmandir Sahib\|Golden Temple]] in [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]] and many other monuments were also mimicked in the previous years since 2000 to 2006.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Dey \|first1=Subhagata \|title=জাঞ্জিবার ডোমিনো টাওয়ার, ভ্যাটিকান সিটি থিমের মণ্ডপ! কোথায় হয়েছে বিশ্বের বৃহত্তম প্রতিমা? কৃষ্ণনগরের সেরা ৫ থিম পুজোর তালিকা \|url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/krishnagar-jagadhatri-puja-2024-check-out-the-top-five-theme-pandal-of-this-city-l18-sdg-local18-1937724.html \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=[[News18]] \|date=7 November 2024 \|language=bn}}</ref> As a tribute to [[26/11]] Hotel [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]], [[Mumbai]] attack victims, the ''torana'' of the year 2009 is a lookalike of that hotel. == In literature == Goddess Jagatdhatri has been mentioned in many novels by Bengali authors, poets and novelists. Goddess Jagatdhatri figures in the historical fiction ''[[Anandamath]]'' written by Bengali novelist [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]. It is the same literary work from which the national song of India ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' originates. In the novel, Kali, Durga, and Jagatdhatri are depicted as three aspects of 'Bharat Mata' (Mother India) – Jagatdhatri as the mother used to be, Kali as the mother now is, and Durga as the mother will be in future. The trio of goddesses are shown as the object of worship of a group of ascetics who form the protagonists of the story.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=https://www.academia.edu/resource/work/44888399\|title=From Nation to Post Nation: The Making and Unmaking of National Consciousness in Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's Anandamath\|first=Poorva\|last=Gulati\|journal=Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science \|issn=2456-5571\|date=January 2021 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * McDermott, Rachel Fell (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ggBeH_lmUu8C Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals]'' ==External links== {{Commons category\|Jagaddhatri}} *[http://www.jagadhatrionline.in/how-chandannagar-celebrates-jagadhatri-puja/ How Chandannagar celebrates Jagadhatri Puja?: An article by Dr. Subhendu Prakash Chakrabarty] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816064420/http://www.jagadhatrionline.in/how-chandannagar-celebrates-jagadhatri-puja/ \|date=2021-08-16 }} {{Culture of West Bengal}} {{Hindu Culture and Epics}} {{Hindu festivals}} {{Bengali Hindu people}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Hindu goddesses]] [[Category:Forms of Parvati]] [[Category:Durga Puja]] [[Category:Religious festivals in India]] [[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]] [[Category:Festivals in Odisha]] [[Category:Hindu festivals]] [[Category:Bengali Hindu festivals]] [[Category:Culture of Odisha]]	1,301,965,663	[{"title": "Jagaddhatri / Jagadhatri / Mahadurga", "data": {"Affiliation": "Mahadevi, Parvati, Durga, Jagaddhatri, Mahadurga, Uma Haimavati", "Mantra": "\u0950 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u092c\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092e\u0939\u0947, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0939\u093f, \u0924\u0928\u094d\u0928\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u094b\u0926\u092f\u093e\u0924\u0965", "Weapon": "Chakram, Bow, Arrow, conch", "Color": "Red and green", "Mount": "Lion", "Consort": "Shiva"}}]	false
# Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process. Multiple discovery sometimes occurs when multiple research groups discover the same phenomenon at about the same time, and scientific priority is often disputed. The listings below include some of the most significant people and ideas by date of publication or experiment. ## Antiquity - 624–546 BCE – Thales of Miletus: Introduced natural philosophy - 610–546 BCE – Anaximander: Concept of Earth floating in space[1] - 460–370 BCE – Democritus: Atomism via thought experiment - 384–322 BCE – Aristotle: Aristotelian physics, earliest effective theory of physics[2] - c. 300 BCE – Euclid: Euclidean geometry - c. 250 BCE – Archimedes: Archimedes' principle - 310–230 BCE – Aristarchos: Proposed heliocentricism[3] - 276–194 BCE – Eratosthenes: Circumference of the Earth measured - 190–150 BCE – Seleucus: Support of heliocentrism based on reasoning[4] - 220–150 BCE – Apollonius: and Hipparchus: Invention of Astrolabe - 205–86 BCE – Hipparchus or unknown: Antikythera mechanism an analog computer of planetary motions - 129 BCE – Hipparchus: Hipparchus star catalog of the entire sky[5] and precession of the equinoxes - 60 CE – Hero of Alexandria: Catoptrics: Hero's principle of the shortest path of light[6] - c.150 CE – Ptolemy: Ptolomaic model standardized geocentricism ## Middle Ages - 500 CE – John Philoponus: Theory of impetus - 984 CE – Ibn Sahl: Law of refraction - 1010 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen): Optics, finite speed of light - c. 1030 – Ibn Sina (Avicenna): Concept of force - c. 1050 – al-Biruni: Speed of light is much larger than speed of sound - c. 1100 – Al-Baghdadi: Theory of motion with distinction between velocity and acceleration[7] ## 16th century - 1514 – Nicolaus Copernicus: Heliocentrism - 1586 – Simon Stevin: Delft tower experiment ## 17th century - 1608 – Earliest known telescopes - 1609, 1619 – Kepler: Kepler's laws of planetary motion - 1610 – Galileo Galilei: discovered the Galilean moons of Jupiter - 1613 – Galileo Galilei: Inertia - 1621 – Willebrord Snellius: Snell's law - 1632 – Galileo Galilei: The Galilean principle (the laws of motion are the same in all inertial frames) - 1660 – Blaise Pascal: Pascal's law - 1660 – Robert Hooke: Hooke's law - 1662 – Robert Boyle: Boyle's law - 1663 – Otto von Guericke: first electrostatic generator - 1676 – Ole Rømer: Rømer's determination of the speed of light traveling from the moons of Jupiter. - 1678 – Christiaan Huygens mathematical wave theory of light, published in his Treatise on Light - 1687 – Isaac Newton: Newton's laws of motion, and Newton's law of universal gravitation[8] ## 18th century - 1738 – Daniel Bernoulli: First model of the kinetic theory of gases - 1745–46 – Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van Musschenbroek: discovery of the Leyden jar - 1752 – Benjamin Franklin: kite experiment - 1760 – Joseph-Louis Lagrange: Lagrangian mechanics - 1782 – Antoine Lavoisier: conservation of mass - 1785 – Charles-Augustin de Coulomb: Coulomb's inverse-square law for electric charges confirmed[9] - 1800 – Alessandro Volta: discovery of voltaic pile ## 19th century - 1800 - William Herschel: Infrared light - 1801 – Thomas Young: Wave theory of light - 1801 - Johann Wilhelm Ritter: Ultraviolet light - 1803 – John Dalton: Atomic theory of matter[10] - 1806 – Thomas Young: Kinetic energy - 1814 – Augustin-Jean Fresnel: Wave theory of light, optical interference - 1820 – André-Marie Ampère, Jean-Baptiste Biot, and Félix Savart: Evidence for electromagnetic interactions (Biot–Savart law) - 1822 – Joseph Fourier: Heat equation - 1824 – Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot: Ideal gas cycle analysis (Carnot cycle), internal combustion engine - 1826 – Ampère's circuital law - 1827 – Georg Ohm: Electrical resistance - 1831 – Michael Faraday: Faraday's law of induction - 1833 – William Rowan Hamilton: Hamiltonian mechanics - 1838 – Michael Faraday: Lines of force - 1838 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Carl Friedrich Gauss: Earth's magnetic field[clarification needed] - 1842–43 – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and Julius von Mayer: Conservation of energy - 1842 – Christian Doppler: Doppler effect - 1845 – Michael Faraday: Faraday rotation (interaction of light and magnetic field) - 1847 – Hermann von Helmholtz & James Prescott Joule: Conservation of Energy 2[clarification needed] - 1850–51 – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin & Rudolf Clausius: Second law of thermodynamics - 1857 – Rudolf Clausius: Introduced translational, rotational, and vibrational molecular motions - 1857 – Rudolf Clausius: Introduced the concept of mean free path - 1860 – James Clerk Maxwell: Introduced statistical mechanics with the Maxwell distribution - 1861 – Gustav Kirchhoff: Black body - 1861–62 – Maxwell's equations - 1863 – Rudolf Clausius: Entropy - 1864 – James Clerk Maxwell: A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field (electromagnetic radiation) - 1867 – James Clerk Maxwell: On the Dynamical Theory of Gases (kinetic theory of gases) - 1871–89 – Ludwig Boltzmann & Josiah Willard Gibbs: Statistical mechanics (Boltzmann equation, 1872) - 1873 – Maxwell: A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism - 1884 – Boltzmann derives Stefan radiation law[11] - 1887 – Michelson–Morley experiment - 1887 – Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: Electromagnetic waves - 1888 – Johannes Rydberg: Rydberg formula - 1889, 1892 – Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction - 1893 – Wilhelm Wien: Wien's displacement law for black-body radiation - 1895 – Wilhelm Röntgen: X-rays - 1896 – Henri Becquerel: Radioactivity - 1896 – Pieter Zeeman: Zeeman effect - 1897 – J. J. Thomson: Electron discovered - 1900 – Max Planck: Formula for black-body radiation – the quanta solution to radiation ultraviolet catastrophe - 1900 - Paul Villard: Gamma rays ## 20th century - 1904 – J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom 1904 - 1905 – Albert Einstein: Special relativity, proposes light quantum (later named photon) to explain the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, Mass–energy equivalence - 1908 – Hermann Minkowski: Minkowski space - 1911 – Ernest Rutherford: Discovery of the atomic nucleus (Rutherford model) - 1911 – Kamerlingh Onnes: Superconductivity - 1912 - Victor Francis Hess: Cosmic rays - 1913 – Niels Bohr: Bohr model of the atom - 1915 – Albert Einstein: General relativity - 1915 – Emmy Noether: Noether's theorem relates symmetries to conservation laws. - 1916 – Schwarzschild metric modeling gravity outside a large sphere - 1917 - Ernest Rutherford: Proton proved - 1919 – Arthur Eddington:Light bending confirmed – evidence for general relativity - 1919–1926 – Kaluza–Klein theory proposing unification of gravity and electromagnetism - 1922 – Alexander Friedmann proposes expanding universe - 1922–37 – Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric cosmological model - 1923 – Stern–Gerlach experiment - 1923 – Edwin Hubble: Galaxies discovered - 1923 – Arthur Compton: Particle nature of photons confirmed by observation of photon momentum - 1924 – Bose–Einstein statistics - 1924 – Louis de Broglie: De Broglie wave - 1925 – Werner Heisenberg: Matrix mechanics - 1925–27 – Niels Bohr & Max Planck: Quantum mechanics - 1925 – Stellar structure understood[12][13] - 1926 – Fermi-Dirac Statistics - 1926 – Erwin Schrödinger: Schrödinger Equation - 1927 – Werner Heisenberg: Uncertainty principle - 1927 – Georges Lemaître: Big Bang - 1927 – Paul Dirac: Dirac equation - 1927 – Max Born: Born rule - 1928 – Paul Dirac proposes the antiparticle - 1929 – Edwin Hubble: Expansion of the universe confirmed - 1932 – Carl David Anderson: Antimatter (positrons) discovered - 1932 – James Chadwick: Neutron discovered - 1933 – Ernst Ruska: Invention of the electron microscope - 1935 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: Chandrasekhar limit for black hole collapse - 1937 - Majorana particle, hypothesized as a fermion that is its own antiparticle. - 1937 – Muon discovered by Carl David Anderson and Seth Neddermeyer - 1938 – Pyotr Kapitsa: Superfluidity discovered - 1938 – Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Nuclear fission discovered - 1938–39 – Stellar fusion explains energy production in stars[14] - 1939 – Uranium fission discovered - 1941 – Feynman path integral - 1944 – Theory of magnetism in 2D: Ising model - 1947 – C.F. Powell, Giuseppe Occhialini, César Lattes: Pion discovered - 1948 – Richard Feynman, Shinichiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Freeman Dyson: Quantum electrodynamics - 1948 – Invention of the maser and laser by Charles Townes - 1948 – Feynman diagrams - 1955 - Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain: Antiproton discovered - 1956 – Bruce Cork: Antineutron discovered - 1956 – Electron neutrino discovered - 1956–57 – Parity violation proved by Chien-Shiung Wu - 1957 - Many-worlds, also called the relative state formulation or the Everett interpretation. - 1957 – BCS theory explaining superconductivity - 1959–60 – Role of topology in quantum physics predicted and confirmed[citation needed] - 1962 – Murray Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne'eman: SU(3) theory of strong interactions[15][16] - 1962 – Muon neutrino discovered - 1963 – Chien-Shiung Wu confirms the conserved vector current theory for weak interactions - 1963 – Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig: Quarks predicted - 1964 – Bell's Theorem initiates quantitative study of quantum entanglement - 1964 - First black hole, Cygnus X-1, discovered - 1964 – CP violation discovered by James Cronin and Val Fitch. - 1965 – Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson: Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) discovered - 1967 – Unification of weak interaction and electromagnetism (electroweak theory) - 1967 – Solar neutrino problem found - 1967 – Pulsars (rotating neutron stars) discovered - 1968 – Experimental evidence for quarks found - 1968 – Vera Rubin: Dark matter theories - 1970–73 – Standard Model of elementary particles invented - 1971 – Helium 3 superfluidity - 1971–75 – Michael Fisher, Kenneth G. Wilson, and Leo Kadanoff: Renormalization group - 1972 – Jacob Bekenstein: Black Hole Entropy suggested[17] - 1974 – Stephen Hawking: Black hole radiation (Hawking radiation) predicted[18] - 1974 – Charmed quark discovered - 1975 – Tau lepton found - 1975 – Abraham Pais and Sam Treiman: Introduction of the Standard Model of particle physics term - 1977 – Bottom quark found - 1977 – Anderson localization recognised (Nobel prize in 1977, Philip W. Anderson, Mott, Van Fleck) - 1980 – Strangeness as a signature of quark-gluon plasma predicted[19] - 1980 – Richard Feynman proposes quantum computing - 1980 – Quantum Hall effect - 1981 – Alan Guth Theory of cosmic inflation proposed [dubious – discuss] - 1982 – Aspect experiment confirms violations of Bell's inequalities - 1981 – Fractional quantum Hall effect discovered - 1984 – W and Z bosons directly observed - 1984 – First laboratory implementation of quantum cryptography - 1987 – High-temperature superconductivity discovered in 1986, awarded Nobel prize in 1987 (J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller) - 1989–98 – Quantum annealing - 1993 – Quantum teleportation of unknown states proposed - 1994 – Shor's algorithm discovered, initiating the serious study of quantum computation - 1994–97 – Matrix models/M-theory - 1995 – Wolfgang Ketterle: Bose–Einstein condensate observed - 1995 – Top quark discovered - 1995–2000 – Econophysics and Kinetic exchange models of markets - 1997 – Juan Maldacena proposed the AdS/CFT correspondence - 1998 – Accelerating expansion of the universe discovered by the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team - 1998 – Atmospheric neutrino oscillation established - 1999 – Lene Vestergaard Hau: Slow light experimentally demonstrated - 2000 – Quark-gluon plasma found[20] - 2000 – Tau neutrino found ## 21st century - 2001 – Solar neutrino oscillation observed, resolving the solar neutrino problem - 2003 – WMAP observations of cosmic microwave background - 2004 – Exceptional properties of graphene discovered - 2007 – Giant magnetoresistance recognized (Nobel prize, Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg) - 2008 – First artificial production of antimatter (positrons), by the LLNL - 2008 – 16-year study of stellar orbits around Sagittarius A* provides strong evidence for a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy - 2009 – Planck begins observations of cosmic microwave background - 2012 – Higgs boson found by the Compact Muon Solenoid[21] and ATLAS[22] experiments at the Large Hadron Collider - 2015 – Gravitational waves are observed - 2016 – Topological order – topological phase transitions and order – recognized (Nobel prize, David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz) - 2019 – First image of a black hole - 2023 – Experimental evidence of stochastic gravitational wave background[23] - 2023 – First "image" of the Milky Way in neutrinos instead of light[24]	enwiki/4769321	enwiki	4,769,321	Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries	2025-07-22T06:47:27Z	en	Q3635842	186,626	{{Short description\|None}} {{TopicTOC-Physics}} This timeline lists significant discoveries in [[physics]] and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process. [[Multiple discovery]] sometimes occurs when multiple research groups discover the same phenomenon at about the same time, and [[scientific priority]] is often disputed. The listings below include some of the most significant people and ideas by date of publication or experiment. ==Antiquity== * 624–546 BCE – [[Thales of Miletus]]: Introduced [[natural philosophy]] * 610–546 BCE – [[Anaximander]]: Concept of Earth floating in [[outer space\|space]]<ref>{{Cite book \| last=Rovelli \| first=Carlo \| title=Anaximander and the Nature of Science \| date=2023 \| publisher=Allen Lane \| isbn=978-0-241-63504-9 }}</ref> * 460–370 BCE – [[Democritus]]: [[Atomism]] via [[thought experiment]] * 384–322 BCE – [[Aristotle]]: [[Aristotelian physics]], earliest [[effective theory]] of physics<ref name=Rovelli2015>{{Cite journal \|author=Rovelli, Carlo \|year=2015 \|title=Aristotle's Physics: A Physicist's Look. \|journal=[[Journal of the American Philosophical Association]] \|volume=1 \|pages=23–40 \|arxiv=1312.4057 \|doi=10.1017/apa.2014.11 \|author-link=Carlo Rovelli }}</ref> * c. 300 BCE – [[Euclid]]: [[Euclidean geometry]] * c. 250 BCE – [[Archimedes]]: [[Archimedes' principle]] * 310–230 BCE – [[Aristarchos of Samos\|Aristarchos]]: Proposed [[Heliocentrism\|heliocentricism]]<ref>Russell, Bertrand — ''History of Western Philosophy'' (2004) – p. 215</ref> * 276–194 BCE – [[Eratosthenes]]: [[Earth's circumference\|Circumference of the Earth]] measured * 190–150 BCE – [[Seleucus of Seleucia\|Seleucus]]: Support of [[heliocentrism]] based on reasoning<ref>{{Citation \| last = Van der Waerden \| first = B. L. \| author-link = Bartel Leendert van der Waerden \| title = The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy \| journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences \| volume = 500 \| pages = 528 \| date = 1987 \| issue = 1 \|bibcode = 1987NYASA.500..525V \|doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x \| s2cid = 222087224 }}</ref> * 220–150 BCE – [[Apollonius of Perga\|Apollonius]]: and [[Hipparchus]]: Invention of [[Astrolabe]] * 205–86 BCE – Hipparchus or unknown: [[Antikythera mechanism]] an [[analog computer]] of planetary motions * 129 BCE – Hipparchus: [[Hipparchus star catalog]] of the entire sky<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Marchant \|first=Jo \|date=2022-10-18 \|title=First known map of night sky found hidden in Medieval parchment \|journal=Nature \|volume=610 \|issue=7933 \|pages=613–614 \|language=en \|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-03296-1\|pmid=36258126 \|bibcode=2022Natur.610..613M \|s2cid=252994351 \|doi-access= }}</ref> and [[precession of the equinoxes]] * 60 CE – [[Hero of Alexandria]]: [[Catoptrics]]: Hero's [[Fermat's principle#History\|principle of the shortest path of light]]<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/heros-shortest-path \| title = Hero's Shortest Path \| last = <!--Not stated--> \| first = <!--Not stated--> \| date = <!--Not stated--> \| website = Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations \| publisher = [[Harvard University]] \| access-date = 2024-02-13 \| quote = "Hero's Principle states that light undergoing a reflection from a plane surface will follow the path of least distance"}}</ref> * c.150 CE – [[Ptolemy]]: Ptolomaic model standardized [[Geocentrism#Ptolemaic model\|geocentricism]] ==Middle Ages== * 500 CE – [[John Philoponus]]: [[Theory of impetus]] * 984 CE – [[Ibn Sahl (mathematician)\|Ibn Sahl]]: Law of [[refraction]] * 1010 – [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen): [[Optics]], finite [[speed of light]] * c. 1030 – Ibn Sina ([[Avicenna]]): Concept of [[force]] * c. 1050 – [[al-Biruni]]: Speed of light is much larger than [[speed of sound]] * c. 1100 – [[Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī\|Al-Baghdadi]]: Theory of motion with distinction between [[velocity]] and [[acceleration]]<ref>{{citation\|title=Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science\|volume=2\|first=Shlomo \|last= Pines\|author-link=Shlomo Pines\|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]\|year=1986\|isbn=965-223-626-8\|page=203}}</ref> ==16th century== * 1514 – [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]: [[Heliocentrism]] * 1586 – [[Simon Stevin]]: [[Delft tower experiment]] ==17th century== * 1608 – Earliest known [[telescope]]s * 1609, 1619 – [[Kepler]]: [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion]] * 1610 – [[Galileo Galilei]]: discovered the [[Galilean moons]] of Jupiter * 1613 – [[Galileo Galilei]]: [[Inertia]] * 1621 – [[Willebrord Snellius]]: [[Snell's law]] * 1632 – [[Galileo Galilei]]: [[Galilean invariance\|The Galilean principle]] (the laws of motion are the same in all [[inertial frames]]) * 1660 – [[Blaise Pascal]]: [[Pascal's law]] * 1660 – [[Robert Hooke]]: [[Hooke's law]] * 1662 – [[Robert Boyle]]: [[Boyle's law]] * 1663 – [[Otto von Guericke]]: first [[electrostatic generator]] * 1676 – [[Ole Rømer]]: [[Rømer's determination of the speed of light]] traveling from the moons of Jupiter. * 1678 – [[Christiaan Huygens]] mathematical [[wave theory of light]], published in his ''[[Treatise on Light]]'' * 1687 – [[Isaac Newton]]: [[Newton's laws of motion]], and [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]]<ref>{{cite book\|author=American Heritage Dictionary\|title=The American Heritage Science Dictionary\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKUagx8PB_EC&pg=PA428\|date=January 2005\|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt\|isbn=978-0-618-45504-1\|page=428}}</ref> ==18th century== * 1738 – [[Daniel Bernoulli]]: First model of the [[kinetic theory of gases]] * 1745–46 – [[Ewald Georg von Kleist]] and [[Pieter van Musschenbroek]]: discovery of the [[Leyden jar]] * 1752 – [[Benjamin Franklin]]: [[kite experiment]] * 1760 – [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]: [[Lagrangian mechanics]] * 1782 – [[Antoine Lavoisier]]: [[conservation of mass]] * 1785 – [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]: [[Coulomb's inverse-square law]] for electric charges confirmed<ref>{{cite book\|author=John L. Heilbron\|title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA235\|date=14 February 2003\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-974376-6\|page=235}}</ref> * 1800 – [[Alessandro Volta]]: discovery of [[voltaic pile]] ==19th century== * 1800 - [[William Herschel]]: [[Infrared light]] * 1801 – [[Thomas Young (scientist)\|Thomas Young]]: [[Wave theory of light]] * 1801 - [[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]: [[Ultraviolet light]] * 1803 – [[John Dalton]]: [[Atomic theory]] of matter<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Dalton's atomic theory \|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095658664 \|access-date=2025-03-12 \|website=Oxford Reference \|language=en }}</ref> * 1806 – [[Thomas Young (scientist)\|Thomas Young]]: [[Kinetic energy]] * 1814 – [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]]: [[Wave theory of light]], [[optical interference]] * 1820 – [[André-Marie Ampère]], [[Jean-Baptiste Biot]], and [[Félix Savart]]: Evidence for [[electromagnetic]] interactions ([[Biot–Savart law]]) * 1822 – [[Joseph Fourier]]: [[Heat equation]] * 1824 – [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot]]: [[Ideal gas]] cycle analysis ([[Carnot cycle]]), [[internal combustion engine]] * 1826 – [[Ampère's circuital law]] * 1827 – [[Georg Ohm]]: [[Electrical resistance]] * 1831 – [[Michael Faraday]]: [[Faraday's law of induction]] * 1833 – [[William Rowan Hamilton]]: [[Hamiltonian mechanics]] * 1838 – [[Michael Faraday]]: [[Lines of force]] * 1838 – [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]] and [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]: [[Earth's magnetic field]]{{clarify\|date=June 2020}}<!-- Compasses have been known long before; what is the discovery here? --> * 1842–43 – [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] and [[Julius von Mayer]]: [[Conservation of energy]] * 1842 – [[Christian Doppler]]: [[Doppler effect]] * 1845 – [[Michael Faraday]]: [[Faraday rotation]] (interaction of light and magnetic field) * 1847 – [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] & [[James Prescott Joule]]: Conservation of Energy 2{{clarify\|date=April 2020}} * 1850–51 – [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] & [[Rudolf Clausius]]: [[Second law of thermodynamics]] * 1857 – [[Rudolf Clausius]]: Introduced translational, rotational, and vibrational molecular motions * 1857 – [[Rudolf Clausius]]: Introduced the concept of [[mean free path]] * 1860 – [[James Clerk Maxwell]]: Introduced [[statistical mechanics]] with the [[Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution\|Maxwell distribution]] * 1861 – [[Gustav Kirchhoff]]: [[Black body]] * 1861–62 – [[Maxwell's equations]] * 1863 – [[Rudolf Clausius]]: [[Entropy]] * 1864 – [[James Clerk Maxwell]]: ''[[A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field]]'' ([[electromagnetic radiation]]) * 1867 – [[James Clerk Maxwell]]: ''On the Dynamical Theory of Gases'' ([[kinetic theory of gases]]) * 1871–89 – [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] & [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]]: [[Statistical mechanics]] ([[Boltzmann equation]], 1872) * 1873 – Maxwell: ''[[A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism]]'' * 1884 – Boltzmann derives [[Stefan–Boltzmann law\|Stefan radiation law]]<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Boltzmann \|first1=Ludwig \|date=1884 \|title=Ableitung des Stefan'schen Gesetzes, betreffend die Abhängigkeit der Wärmestrahlung von der Temperatur aus der electromagnetischen Lichttheorie \|trans-title=Derivation of Stefan's law, concerning the dependency of heat radiation on temperature, from the electromagnetic theory of light \|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.a0002763670;view=1up;seq=327 \|journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie \|language=de \|volume=258 \|issue=6 \|pages=291–294 \|bibcode=1884AnP...258..291B \|doi=10.1002/andp.18842580616 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> * 1887 – [[Michelson–Morley experiment]] * 1887 – [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz]]: [[Electromagnetic radiation\|Electromagnetic waves]] * 1888 – [[Johannes Rydberg]]: [[Rydberg formula]] * 1889, 1892 – [[Lorentz ether theory#Length contraction\|Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction]] * 1893 – [[Wilhelm Wien]]: [[Wien's displacement law]] for black-body radiation * 1895 – [[Wilhelm Röntgen]]: [[X-ray]]s * 1896 – [[Henri Becquerel]]: [[Radioactivity]] * 1896 – [[Pieter Zeeman]]: [[Zeeman effect]] * 1897 – [[J. J. Thomson]]: [[Electron]] discovered * 1900 – [[Max Planck]]: Formula for [[black-body radiation]] – the [[quantum\|quanta]] solution to radiation [[ultraviolet catastrophe]] * 1900 - [[Paul Villard]]: [[Gamma rays]] ==20th century== * 1904 – [[J. J. Thomson]]'s [[plum pudding model]] of the atom 1904 * 1905 – [[Albert Einstein]]: [[Special relativity]], proposes light quantum (later named [[photon]]) to explain the [[photoelectric effect]], [[Brownian motion]], [[Mass–energy equivalence]] * 1908 – [[Hermann Minkowski]]: [[Minkowski space]] * 1911 – [[Ernest Rutherford]]: Discovery of the [[atomic nucleus]] ([[Rutherford model]]) * 1911 – [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes\|Kamerlingh Onnes]]: [[Superconductivity]] * 1912 - [[Victor Francis Hess]]: [[Cosmic rays]] * 1913 – [[Niels Bohr]]: [[Bohr model]] of the atom * 1915 – [[Albert Einstein]]: [[General relativity]] * 1915 – [[Emmy Noether]]: [[Noether's theorem]] relates [[symmetry in physics\|symmetries]] to [[conservation law\|conservation laws]]. * 1916 – [[Schwarzschild metric]] modeling gravity outside a large sphere * 1917 - [[Ernest Rutherford]]: [[Proton]] proved * 1919 – [[Arthur Eddington]]:[[Tests of general relativity#Deflection of light by the Sun\|Light bending confirmed]] – evidence for general relativity * 1919–1926 – [[Kaluza–Klein theory]] proposing unification of gravity and electromagnetism * 1922 – [[Alexander Friedmann]] proposes expanding universe * 1922–37 – [[Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric]] cosmological model * 1923 – [[Stern–Gerlach experiment]] * 1923 – [[Edwin Hubble]]: [[Galaxy\|Galaxies]] discovered * 1923 – [[Arthur Compton]]: Particle nature of photons confirmed by observation of [[photon momentum]] * 1924 – [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] * 1924 – [[Louis de Broglie]]: [[Matter wave\|De Broglie wave]] * 1925 – [[Werner Heisenberg]]: [[Matrix mechanics]] * 1925–27 – [[Niels Bohr]] & [[Max Planck]]: [[Quantum mechanics]] * 1925 – [[Stellar structure]] understood<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Sandage \|first=Allan \|date=1988 \|title=Comment on the 1925 Trumpler Paper on Stellar Evolution \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40679099 \|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific \|volume=100 \|issue=625 \|pages=293–296 \|doi=10.1086/132169 \|jstor=40679099 \|issn=0004-6280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=January 1, 2025 \|title=What are stars made of? A century ago, this woman found out—and changed physics forever \|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/what-are-stars-made-of-cecilia-payne \|access-date=2025-03-17 \|website=National Geographic \|language=en}}</ref> * 1926 – [[Fermi–Dirac statistics\|Fermi-Dirac Statistics]] * 1926 – [[Erwin Schrödinger]]: [[Schrödinger Equation]] * 1927 – [[Werner Heisenberg]]: [[Uncertainty principle]] * 1927 – [[Georges Lemaître]]: [[Big Bang]] * 1927 – [[Paul Dirac]]: [[Dirac equation]] * 1927 – [[Max Born]]: [[Born rule]] * 1928 – [[Paul Dirac]] proposes the [[antiparticle]] * 1929 – [[Edwin Hubble]]: [[Metric expansion of space\|Expansion of the universe]] confirmed * 1932 – [[Carl David Anderson]]: [[Antimatter]] ([[positrons]]) discovered * 1932 – [[James Chadwick]]: [[Neutron]] discovered * 1933 – [[Ernst Ruska]]: Invention of the [[electron microscope]] * 1935 – [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]: [[Chandrasekhar limit]] for black hole collapse * 1937 - [[Majorana particle]], hypothesized as a fermion that is its own antiparticle. * 1937 – [[Muon]] discovered by [[Carl David Anderson]] and [[Seth Neddermeyer]] * 1938 – [[Pyotr Kapitsa]]: [[Superfluid]]ity discovered * 1938 – [[Otto Hahn]], [[Lise Meitner]] and [[Fritz Strassmann]] [[Nuclear fission]] discovered * 1938–39 – [[Stellar fusion]] explains energy production in stars<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Bethe \|first1=H. A. \|year=1939 \|title=Energy Production in Stars \|journal=[[Physical Review]] \|volume=55 \|issue=5 \|pages=434–456 \|bibcode=1939PhRv...55..434B \|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.55.434 \|pmid=17835673 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> * 1939 – [[Uranium]] fission discovered * 1941 – [[Feynman path integral]] * 1944 – Theory of magnetism in 2D: [[Ising model]] * 1947 – [[C.F. Powell]], [[Giuseppe Occhialini]], [[César Lattes]]: [[Pion]] discovered * 1948 – [[Richard Feynman]], [[Shinichiro Tomonaga]], [[Julian Schwinger]], [[Freeman Dyson]]: [[Quantum electrodynamics]] * 1948 – Invention of the [[maser]] and [[laser]] by [[Charles Townes]] * 1948 – [[Feynman diagrams]] * 1955 - [[Emilio Segrè]] and [[Owen Chamberlain]]: [[Antiproton]] discovered * 1956 – [[Bruce Cork]]: [[Antineutron]] discovered * 1956 – [[Electron neutrino]] discovered * 1956–57 – [[Parity (physics)\|Parity violation]] proved by [[Chien Shiung Wu\|Chien-Shiung Wu]] * 1957 - [[Many-worlds]], also called the [[relative state formulation]] or the [[Everett interpretation]]. * 1957 – [[BCS theory]] explaining [[superconductivity]] * 1959–60 – Role of topology in quantum physics predicted and confirmed{{citation needed\|date=December 2013}} * 1962 – [[Murray Gell-Mann]] and [[Yuval Ne'eman]]: [[SU(3)]] theory of [[strong interaction]]s<ref>Gell-Mann, Murray (15 March 1961). The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry (Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). doi:10.2172/4008239</ref><ref>Ne'eman, Y. (August 1961). "Derivation of strong interactions from a gauge invariance". ''Nuclear Physics''. '''26''' (2). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.: 222–229. Bibcode:1961NucPh..26..222N. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90134-1.</ref> * 1962 – [[Muon neutrino]] discovered * 1963 – Chien-Shiung Wu confirms the conserved vector current theory [[weak interaction\|for weak interactions]] * 1963 – [[Murray Gell-Mann]] and [[George Zweig]]: Quarks predicted * 1964 – [[Bell's Theorem]] initiates quantitative study of [[quantum entanglement]] * 1964 - First [[black hole]], [[Cygnus X-1]], discovered * 1964 – [[CP violation]] discovered by [[James Cronin]] and [[Val Fitch]]. * 1965 – [[Arno Penzias]] and [[Robert Woodrow Wilson\|Robert Wilson]]: [[Cosmic Microwave Background]] (CMB) discovered * 1967 – Unification of [[weak interaction]] and electromagnetism ([[electroweak theory]]) * 1967 – [[Solar neutrino problem]] found * 1967 – [[Pulsars]] (rotating neutron stars) discovered * 1968 – Experimental evidence for [[quark]]s found * 1968 – [[Vera Rubin]]: [[Dark matter]] theories * 1970–73 – [[Standard Model]] of [[elementary particle]]s invented * 1971 – [[Helium-3\|Helium 3]] [[superfluidity]] * 1971–75 – [[Michael Fisher]], [[Kenneth G. Wilson]], and [[Leo Kadanoff]]: [[Renormalization group]] * 1972 – [[Jacob Bekenstein]]: [[Black hole thermodynamics\|Black Hole Entropy]] suggested<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Bekenstein \|first1=A. \|year=1972 \|title=Black holes and the second law \|journal=Lettere al Nuovo Cimento \|volume=4 \|issue=15 \|pages=99–104 \|doi=10.1007/BF02757029 \|s2cid=120254309}}</ref> * 1974 – [[Stephen Hawking]]: Black hole radiation ([[Hawking radiation]]) predicted<ref>S. W. Hawking. (1975) "[https://projecteuclid.org/journals/communications-in-mathematical-physics/volume-43/issue-3/Particle-creation-by-black-holes/cmp/1103899181.full?tab=ArticleLink Particle creation by black holes]." Comm. Math. Phys. 43 (3) 199 - 220</ref> * 1974 – [[Charmed quark]] discovered * 1975 – [[Tau (particle)\|Tau lepton]] found * 1975 – [[Abraham Pais]] and [[Sam Treiman]]: Introduction of the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics term * 1977 – [[Bottom quark]] found * 1977 – [[Anderson localization]] recognised (Nobel prize in 1977, [[Philip W. Anderson]], Mott, Van Fleck) * 1980 – [[Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma\|Strangeness]] as a signature of [[Quark–gluon plasma\|quark-gluon plasma]] predicted<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Rafelski\|first=Johann\|year=2020\|title=Discovery of Quark-Gluon Plasma: Strangeness Diaries\|journal=The European Physical Journal Special Topics\|language=en\|volume=229\|issue=1\|pages=1–140\|doi=10.1140/epjst/e2019-900263-x \|arxiv=1911.00831\|bibcode=2020EPJST.229....1R \|issn=1951-6355\|doi-access=free}}</ref> * 1980 – [[Richard Feynman]] proposes [[quantum computing]] * 1980 – [[Quantum Hall effect]] * 1981 – [[Alan Guth]] Theory of [[cosmic inflation]] proposed {{dubious\|date=June 2020}}<!-- article says the theory was developed in 1970s and 1980s by multiple people--> * 1982 – [[Aspect experiment]] confirms violations of [[Bell theorem\|Bell's inequalities]] * 1981 – [[Fractional quantum Hall effect]] discovered * 1984 – [[W and Z bosons]] directly observed * 1984 – First laboratory implementation of [[quantum cryptography]] * 1987 – [[High-temperature superconductivity]] discovered in 1986, awarded Nobel prize in 1987 (J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller) * 1989–98 – [[Quantum annealing]] * 1993 – [[Quantum teleportation]] of unknown states proposed * 1994 – [[Shor's algorithm]] discovered, initiating the serious study of [[quantum computation]] * 1994–97 – [[Matrix string theory\|Matrix models]]/[[M-theory]] * 1995 – [[Wolfgang Ketterle]]: [[Bose–Einstein condensate]] observed * 1995 – [[Top quark]] discovered * 1995–2000 – [[Econophysics]] and [[Kinetic exchange models of markets]] * 1997 – [[Juan Maldacena]] proposed the [[AdS/CFT correspondence]] * 1998 – [[Accelerating expansion of the universe]] discovered by the [[Supernova Cosmology Project]] and the [[High-Z Supernova Search Team]] * 1998 – [[Atmospheric neutrino oscillation]] established * 1999 – [[Lene Hau\|Lene Vestergaard Hau]]: [[Slow light]] experimentally demonstrated * 2000 – [[Quark–gluon plasma\|Quark-gluon plasma]] found<ref>{{Cite web\|title=New State of Matter created at CERN\|url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/new-state-matter-created-cern\|website=CERN\|language=en\|access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> * 2000 – [[Tau neutrino]] found ==21st century== * 2001 – [[Neutrino oscillation#Solar neutrino oscillation\|Solar neutrino oscillation]] observed, resolving the [[solar neutrino problem]] * 2003 – [[WMAP]] observations of [[cosmic microwave background]] * 2004 – Exceptional properties of [[graphene]] discovered * 2007 – [[Giant magnetoresistance]] recognized (Nobel prize, Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg) * 2008 – First artificial production of [[antimatter]] ([[positrons]]), by the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\|LLNL]] * 2008 – 16-year study of stellar orbits around [[Sagittarius A#History\|Sagittarius A]] provides strong evidence for a [[supermassive black hole]] at the centre of the [[Milky Way]] galaxy * 2009 – ''[[Planck (spacecraft)\|Planck]]'' begins observations of [[cosmic microwave background]] * 2012 – [[Higgs boson]] found by the [[Compact Muon Solenoid]]<ref name=cms0731>{{Cite journal \|author=CMS collaboration \|year=2012 \|title=Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC \|journal=[[Physics Letters B]] \|volume=716 \|issue=1 \|pages=30–61 \|arxiv=1207.7235 \|bibcode=2012PhLB..716...30C \|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.021 \|author-link=Compact Muon Solenoid }}</ref> and [[ATLAS experiment\|ATLAS]]<ref>{{Cite journal \|author=ATLAS collaboration \|year=2012 \|title=Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC \|journal=[[Physics Letters B]] \|volume=716 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–29 \|arxiv=1207.7214 \|bibcode=2012PhLB..716....1A \|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.020 \|s2cid=119169617 \|author-link=ATLAS experiment}}</ref> experiments at the [[Large Hadron Collider]] * 2015 – [[Gravitational waves]] are [[List of gravitational wave observations\|observed]] * 2016 – [[Topological order]] – topological phase transitions and order – recognized (Nobel prize, David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz) * 2019 – First image of a [[black hole]] * 2023 – Experimental evidence of stochastic [[gravitational wave background]]<ref>{{cite news <!-- Citation bot no --> \| url = https://physics.aps.org/articles/v16/118 \| title = Researchers Capture Gravitational-Wave Background with Pulsar "Antennae" \| last = Rini \| first = Matteo\| date = June 29, 2023 \| volume = 16 \| page = 118 \| work = Physics Magazine \| doi = 10.1103/Physics.16.118 \| bibcode = 2023PhyOJ..16..118R \| access-date = 2024-02-13 \| quote = "Four PTA collaborations have delivered evidence for a stochastic background of nanohertz gravitational waves"}}</ref> * 2023 – First "image" of the Milky Way [[Neutrino astronomy\|in neutrinos]] instead of light<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.astronomy.com/science/icecube-creates-first-image-of-milky-way-in-neutrinos/ \| title = IceCube creates first image of Milky Way in neutrinos \| last = Palivela\| first = Ananya \| date = June 30, 2023 \| website = Astronomy.com \| publisher = <!--Not stated--> \| access-date = 2024-02-13 \| quote = "IceCube Neutrino Observatory, this array has now allowed astronomers to image the Milky Way — not using light, but particles"}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Physics]] * [[List of timelines]] * [[List of unsolved problems in physics]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Theoretical physics}} {{Branches of physics}} {{History of physics}} [[Category:Theoretical physics]] [[Category:History of science]] [[Category:Physics timelines\|Fundamental Discoveries]]	1,301,887,255	[]	false
# The Dream of the Rood The Dream of the Rood is one of the Christian poems in the corpus of Old English literature and an example of the genre of dream poetry. Like most Old English poetry, it is written in alliterative verse. The word Rood is derived from the Old English word rōd 'pole', or more specifically 'crucifix'. Preserved in the tenth-century Vercelli Book, the poem may be as old as the eighth-century Ruthwell Cross, and is considered one of the oldest extant works of Old English literature. ## Synopsis The framing device is the narrator having a dream. In this dream or vision he is speaking to the Cross on which Jesus was crucified. The poem itself is divided up into three separate sections: the first part (lines 1–27), the second part (lines 28–121) and the third part (lines 122–156). In section one, the narrator has a vision of the Cross. Initially when the dreamer sees the Cross, he notes how it is covered with gems. He is aware of how wretched he is compared to how glorious the tree is. However, he comes to see that amidst the beautiful stones it is stained with blood. In section two, the Cross shares its account of Jesus' death. The Crucifixion story is told from the perspective of the Cross. It begins with the enemy coming to cut the tree down and carrying it away. The tree learns that it is not to be the bearer of a criminal, but instead Christ crucified. The Lord and the Cross become one, and they stand together as victors, refusing to fall, taking on insurmountable pain for the sake of mankind. It is not just Christ, but the Cross as well that is pierced with nails. Adelheid L. J. Thieme remarks, "The cross itself is portrayed as his lord's retainer whose most outstanding characteristic is that of unwavering loyalty". The Rood and Christ are one in the portrayal of the Passion—they are both pierced with nails, mocked and tortured. Then, just as with Christ, the Cross is resurrected, and adorned with gold and silver. It is honoured above all trees just as Jesus is honoured above all men. The Cross then charges the visionary to share all that he has seen with others. In section three, the author gives his reflections about this vision. The vision ends, and the man is left with his thoughts. He gives praise to God for what he has seen and is filled with hope for eternal life and his desire to once again be near the glorious Cross. ## Structure There are various, alternative readings of the structure of the poem, given the many components of the poem and the lack of clear divisions. Scholars including Faith H. Patten divide the poem into three parts, based on who is speaking: Introductory Section (lines 1–26), Speech of the Cross (lines 28–121), and Closing Section (lines 122–156). Though the most obvious way to divide the poem, this does not take into account thematic unity or differences in tone. Constance B. Hieatt distinguishes between portions of the Cross's speech based on speaker, subject, and verbal parallels, resulting in: Prologue (lines 1–27), Vision I (lines 28–77): history of the Rood, Vision II (lines 78–94): explanation of the Rood's glory, Vision III (lines 95–121): the Rood's message to mankind, and Epilogue (lines 122–156). M. I. Del Mastro suggests the image of concentric circles, similar to a chiasmus, repetitive and reflective of the increased importance in the center: the narrator-dreamer's circle (lines 1–27), the rood's circle (lines 28–38), Christ's circle (lines 39-73a), the rood's circle (lines 73b-121), and the narrator-dreamer's circle (lines 122–156). ## Manuscript The Dream of the Rood survives in the Vercelli Book, so called because the manuscript is now in the Italian city of Vercelli. The Vercelli Book, which is dated to the tenth century, includes twenty-three homilies interspersed with six religious poems: The Dream of the Rood, Andreas, The Fates of the Apostles, Soul and Body, Elene and a poetic, homiletic fragment. ## Sources and analogues A part of The Dream of the Rood can be found on the eighth-century Ruthwell Cross, which is an 18 feet (5.5 m), free-standing Anglo-Saxon cross that was perhaps intended as a 'conversion tool'. At each side of the vine-tracery are carved runes. There is an excerpt on the cross that was written in runes along with scenes from the Gospels, lives of saints, images of Jesus healing the blind, the Annunciation, and the story of Egypt, as well as Latin antiphons and decorative scroll-work. Although it was torn down after the Scottish Reformation, it was possible to mostly reconstruct it in the nineteenth century. Recent scholarly thinking about the cross tends to see the runes as a later addition to an existing monument with images. A similar representation of the Cross is also present in Riddle 9 by the eighth-century Anglo-Saxon writer Tatwine. Tatwine's riddle reads: Now I appear iridescent; my form is shining now. Once, because of the law, I was a spectral terror to all slaves; but now the whole earth joyfully worships and adorns me. Whoever enjoys my fruit will immediately be well, for I was given the power to bring health to the unhealthy. Thus a wise man chooses to keep me on his forehead. ## Possible authorship The author of The Dream of the Rood is unknown. Moreover, it is possible that the poem as it stands is the work of multiple authors. The approximate eighth-century date of the Ruthwell Cross indicates the earliest likely date and Northern circulation of some version of The Dream of the Rood. Nineteenth-century scholars tried to attribute the poem to the few named Old English poets. Daniel H. Haigh argued that the inscription of the Ruthwell Cross must be fragments of a lost poem by Cædmon, portrayed in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People as the first Christian English poet, stating "On this monument, erected about A.D. 665, we have fragments of a religious poem of very high character, and that there was but one man living in England at that time worthy to be named as a religious poet, and that was Caedmon". Likewise, George Stephens contended that the language and structure of The Dream of the Rood indicated a seventh-century date. Supposing that the only Christian poet before Bede was Cædmon, Stephens argued that Cædmon must have composed The Dream of the Rood. Furthermore, he claimed that the Ruthwell Cross includes a runic inscription that can be interpreted as saying "Caedmon made me". These ideas are no longer accepted by scholars. Likewise, some scholars have tried to attribute The Dream of the Rood to Cynewulf, a named Old English poet who lived around the ninth century. Two of Cynewulf's signed poems are found in the Vercelli Book, the manuscript that contains The Dream of the Rood, among them Elene, which is about Saint Helena's supposed discovery of the cross on which Jesus was crucified. Thus Franz Dietrich argued that the similarities between Cynewulf's Elene and The Dream of the Rood reveal that the two must have been authored by the same individual. Again, however, this attribution is not widely accepted. In a series of papers, Leonard Neidorf has adduced metrical, lexical, and syntactical evidence in support of a theory of composite authorship for The Dream of the Rood. He maintains that the poem contains contributions from at least two different poets, who had distinct compositional styles. ## Interpretations ### Paganism and Christianity Like many poems of the Anglo-Saxon period, The Dream of the Rood exhibits many Christian and pre-Christian images, but, in the final analysis, is a Christian piece. Examining the poem as a pre-Christian (or pagan) text is difficult, as the scribes who wrote it down were Christian monks who lived in a time when Christianity was firmly established (at least among the literate and aristocratic population) in early medieval England. The style and form of Old English literary practices can be identified in the poem's use of a complex, echoing structure, allusions, repetition, verbal parallels, ambiguity and wordplay (as in the Riddles), and the language of heroic poetry and elegy. Some scholars have argued that there is a prevalence of pagan elements within the poem, claiming that the idea of a talking tree is animistic. The belief in the spiritual nature of natural objects, it has been argued, recognises the tree as an object of worship. In Heathen Gods in Old English Literature, Richard North stresses the importance of the sacrifice of the tree in accordance with pagan virtues. He states that "the image of Christ's death was constructed in this poem with reference to an Anglian ideology on the world tree". North suggests that the author of The Dream of the Rood "uses the language of this myth of Ingui in order to present the Passion to his newly Christianized countrymen as a story from their native tradition". Furthermore, the tree's triumph over death is celebrated by adorning the cross with gold and jewels. Work of the period is notable for its synthetic employment of 'Pagan' and 'Christian' imagery as can be seen on the Franks Casket or the Kirkby Stephen cross shaft which appears to conflate the image of Christ crucified with that of Woden/Odin bound upon the Tree of Life. Others have read the poem's blend of Christian themes with the heroic conventions as an Anglo-Saxon embrace and re-imagining, rather than conquest, of Christianity. The poem may be viewed as both Christian and pre-Christian. Bruce Mitchell notes that The Dream of the Rood is "the central literary document for understanding [the] resolution of competing cultures which was the presiding concern of the Christian Anglo-Saxons". Within the single culture of the Anglo-Saxons is the conflicting Germanic heroic tradition and the Christian doctrine of forgiveness and self-sacrifice, the influences of which are readily seen in the poetry of the period. Thus, for instance, in The Dream of the Rood, Christ is presented as a "heroic warrior, eagerly leaping on the Cross to do battle with death; the Cross is a loyal retainer who is painfully and paradoxically forced to participate in his Lord's execution". Christ can also be seen as "an Anglo-Saxon warrior lord, who is served by his thanes, especially on the cross and who rewards them at the feast of glory in Heaven". Thus, the crucifixion of Christ is a victory, because Christ could have fought His enemies, but chose to die. John Canuteson believes that the poem "show[s] Christ's willingness, indeed His eagerness, to embrace His fate, [and] it also reveals the physical details of what happens to a man, rather than a god, on the Cross". This image of Christ as a 'heroic lord' or a 'heroic warrior' is seen frequently in Anglo-Saxon (and Germanic) literature and follows in line with the theme of understanding Christianity through pre-Christian Germanic tradition. In this way, "the poem resolves not only the pagan-Christian tensions within Anglo-Saxon culture but also current doctrinal discussions concerning the nature of Christ, who was both God and man, both human and divine". ### Christ as warrior J. A. Burrow notes an interesting paradox within the poem in how the Cross is set up to be the way to Salvation: the Cross states that it cannot fall and it must stay strong to fulfill the will of God. However, to fulfill this grace of God, the Cross has to be a critical component in Jesus' death. This puts a whole new light on the actions of Jesus during the Crucifixion. Neither Jesus nor the Cross is given the role of the helpless victim in the poem, but instead both stand firm. The Cross says, Jesus is depicted as the strong conqueror and is made to appear a "heroic German lord, one who dies to save his troops". Instead of accepting crucifixion, he 'embraces' the Cross and takes on all the sins of mankind. Mary Dockray-Miller argues that the sexual imagery identified by Faith Patten, discussed below, functions to 'feminize' the Cross in order for it to mirror the heightened masculinity of the warrior Christ in the poem. ### Sexualised and gendered language Faith Patten identified 'sexual imagery' in the poem between the Cross and the Christ figure, noting in particular lines 39–42, when Christ embraces the Cross after having 'unclothed himself' and leapt onto it. This interpretation was expanded upon by John Canuteson, who argued that this embrace is a 'logical extension of the implications of the marriage of Christ and the Church', and that it becomes 'a kind of marriage consummation' in the poem. ### Parallels with penance Rebecca Hinton identifies the resemblance of the poem to early medieval Irish sacramental penance, with the parallels between the concept of sin, the object of confession, and the role of the confessor. She traces the establishment of the practice of penance in England from Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury from 668 to 690, deriving from the Irish confession philosophy. Within the poem, Hinton reads the dream as a confession of sorts, ending with the narrator invigorated, his "spirit longing to start." ## Editions, translations, and recordings ### Editions - The Dream of the Rood, in the Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project (edition, digital facsimile images, translation), eds. Martin Foys et al. (Madison: Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, 2019-). - The Dream of the Rood, ed. by Michael Swanton, rev. edn (Exeter: University of Exeter, 1987). - The Dream of the Rood , ed. by Bruce Dickins and Alan S. C. Ross, 4th edn (London: Methuen, 1954). - 'Dream of the Rood', in The Vercelli Book, ed. by George Philip Krapp, The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records: A Collective Edition, 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), pp. 61–65. ### Translations - 'The Vision of the Cross', trans. by Ciaran Carson, in The Word Exchange: Anglo-Saxon Poems in Translation, ed. by Greg Delanty and Michael Matto (New York and London: Norton, 2011), pp. 366–77. - 'The Dream of the Rood', trans. by R. M. Liuzza, in The Broadview Anthology of British Literature, Volume 1: The Medieval Period, ed. by Joseph Black and others (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2006), pp. 23–25. - 'The Dream of the Rood', in Old and Middle English c. 890-c. 1400: An Anthology, ed. and trans. by Elaine Treharne, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 108–15 - 'The Dream of the Rood', in A Choice of Anglo-Saxon Verse, ed. and trans. by Richard Hamer (London: Faber, 1970, ISBN 0571087647 - The Dream of the Rood, trans. by Jonathan A. Glenn (1982) Mary Rambaran-Olm https://www.diakonima.gr/2009/09/27/the-dream-of-the-rood/ ### Recordings - Michael D. C. Drout, 'The Dream of the Rood, lines 1-156', Anglo-Saxon Aloud (4 June 2007).	enwiki/268135	enwiki	268,135	The Dream of the Rood	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Rood	2025-07-28T11:14:50Z	en	Q339763	129,557	{{Short description\|Old English alliterative poem}} {{Use British English\|date=November 2024}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2024}} {{Italic title}} [[File:The Dream of the Rood.jpg\|thumb\|The medieval manuscript of ''The Dream of the Rood'']] '''''The''''' '''''Dream of the Rood''''' is one of the Christian poems in the corpus of [[Old English literature]] and an example of the genre of [[dream poetry]]. Like most Old English poetry, it is written in [[alliterative verse]]. The word ''[[Rood]]'' is derived from the Old English word ''[[wikt:rod#Old English\|rōd]]'' 'pole', or more specifically '[[crucifix]]'. Preserved in the tenth-century [[Vercelli Book]], the poem may be as old as the eighth-century [[Ruthwell Cross]], and is considered one of the oldest extant works of Old English literature. ==Synopsis== The [[framing device]] is the narrator having a dream. In this dream or vision he is speaking to the Cross on which Jesus was crucified. The poem itself is divided up into three separate sections: the first part (lines 1–27), the second part (lines 28–121) and the third part (lines 122–156).<ref>Acevedo Butcher, Carmen, The Dream of the Rood and Its Unique, Penitential Language {{cite web\|url=http://www.carmenbutcher.com/carmenbutcher/Carmen_files/SAMLA%20Dream%20of%20the%20Rood%20Paper%20Website%20Version%2011005.doc \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2012-05-03 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085854/http://www.carmenbutcher.com/carmenbutcher/Carmen_files/SAMLA%20Dream%20of%20the%20Rood%20Paper%20Website%20Version%2011005.doc \|archive-date=4 March 2016 \|df=dmy }}. Rome (GA), 2003. p. 2</ref> In section one, the narrator has a vision of the Cross. Initially when the dreamer sees the Cross, he notes how it is covered with gems. He is aware of how wretched he is compared to how glorious the tree is. However, he comes to see that amidst the beautiful stones it is stained with blood.<ref>Bradley, S. A. J. ''Anglo-Saxon Poetry''. Ed. S. A. J. Bradley. London, Everyman, 1982, p. 160</ref> In section two, the Cross shares its account of Jesus' death. The [[Crucifixion of Jesus\|Crucifixion]] story is told from the perspective of the Cross. It begins with the enemy coming to cut the tree down and carrying it away. The tree learns that it is not to be the bearer of a criminal, but instead Christ crucified. The Lord and the Cross become one, and they stand together as victors, refusing to fall, taking on insurmountable pain for the sake of mankind. It is not just Christ, but the Cross as well that is pierced with nails. Adelheid L. J. Thieme remarks, "The cross itself is portrayed as his lord's retainer whose most outstanding characteristic is that of unwavering [[loyalty]]".<ref>{{cite journal \|title = Gift Giving as a Vital Element of Salvation in "The Dream of the Rood" \|last = Thieme \|first = Adelheid L. J. \|s2cid = 165617144 \|journal = [[South Atlantic Review]] \|publisher = [[South Atlantic Modern Language Association]] \|issn = 0277-335X \|volume = 63 \|issue = 2 \|year = 1998 \|pages = 108–23 \|doi = 10.2307/3201041 \|jstor = 3201041 }}</ref> The Rood and Christ are one in the portrayal of the [[Passion (Christianity)\|Passion]]—they are both pierced with nails, mocked and tortured. Then, just as with Christ, the Cross is resurrected, and adorned with gold and silver.<ref>{{cite journal \|title = Dream-Theory in The Dream of the Rood and The Wanderer \|last = Galloway \|first = Andrew \|journal = [[The Review of English Studies]] \|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] \|issn = 1471-6968 \|volume = 45 \|issue = 180 \|year = 1994 \|pages = 475–85 \|doi = 10.1093/res/XLV.180.475 \|jstor = 517806 }}</ref> It is honoured above all trees just as Jesus is honoured above all men. The Cross then charges the visionary to share all that he has seen with others. In section three, the author gives his reflections about this vision. The vision ends, and the man is left with his thoughts. He gives praise to God for what he has seen and is filled with hope for eternal life and his desire to once again be near the glorious Cross.<ref>Lapidge, Michael. ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England''. England, 1991.</ref> ==Structure== There are various, alternative readings of the structure of the poem, given the many components of the poem and the lack of clear divisions. Scholars including Faith H. Patten divide the poem into three parts, based on who is speaking: Introductory Section (lines 1–26), Speech of the Cross (lines 28–121), and Closing Section (lines 122–156).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last=Patten\|first=Faith H.\|date=1968\|title=Structure and Meaning in The Dream of the Rood\|journal=XLIX\|pages=397}}</ref> Though the most obvious way to divide the poem, this does not take into account thematic unity or differences in tone.<ref>{{Cite journal\|title = The Structure and Thematic Unity of The Dream of the Rood\|last = Shimonaga\|first = Yuki\|date = 2010\|journal = Multiple Perspectives on English Philology and History of Linguistics\|pages = 183–202}}</ref> Constance B. Hieatt distinguishes between portions of the Cross's speech based on speaker, subject, and verbal parallels, resulting in: Prologue (lines 1–27), Vision I (lines 28–77): history of the Rood, Vision II (lines 78–94): explanation of the Rood's glory, Vision III (lines 95–121): the Rood's message to mankind, and Epilogue (lines 122–156).<ref>{{Cite journal\|title = Dream Frame and Verbal Echo in The Dream of the Rood\|last = Hieatt\|first = Constance B.\|date = 1971\|journal = Neuphilologische Mitteilungen\|volume = 72\|pages = 251–263}}</ref> M. I. Del Mastro suggests the image of concentric circles, similar to a [[chiasmus]], repetitive and reflective of the increased importance in the center: the narrator-dreamer's circle (lines 1–27), the rood's circle (lines 28–38), Christ's circle (lines 39-73a), the rood's circle (lines 73b-121), and the narrator-dreamer's circle (lines 122–156).<ref>{{Cite journal\|title = The Dream of the Rood and the Militia Christi: Perspectives in Paradox\|last = Del Mastro\|first = M. I.\|date = 1976\|journal = American Benedictine Review\|volume = 27\|pages = 170–76}}</ref> ==Manuscript== ''The Dream of the Rood'' survives in the [[Vercelli Book]], so called because the manuscript is now in the Italian city of [[Vercelli]]. The Vercelli Book, which is dated to the tenth century, includes twenty-three [[Homily\|homilies]] interspersed with six religious poems: ''The Dream of the Rood'', ''[[Andreas (poem)\|Andreas]]'', ''[[The Fates of the Apostles]]'', ''[[Soul and Body]]'', ''[[Elene (poem)\|Elene]]'' and a poetic, homiletic fragment. ==Sources and analogues== [[File:Ruthwell Cross - west face.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|The [[Ruthwell Cross]]]] A part of ''The Dream of the Rood'' can be found on the eighth-century [[Ruthwell Cross]], which is an {{convert\|18\|ft\|m}}, free-standing Anglo-Saxon cross that was perhaps intended as a 'conversion tool'.<ref name=Schapiro /> At each side of the vine-tracery are carved [[rune]]s. There is an excerpt on the cross that was written in runes along with scenes from the Gospels, lives of saints, images of Jesus healing the blind, the [[Annunciation]], and the story of Egypt, as well as Latin [[antiphon]]s and decorative scroll-work. Although it was torn down after the [[Scottish Reformation]], it was possible to mostly reconstruct it in the nineteenth century.<ref>O Carragain, Eamonn. ''Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Poems of The Dream of the Rood Tradition''. London, University of Toronto Press, 2005, p. 7, 228</ref> Recent scholarly thinking about the cross tends to see the runes as a later addition to an existing monument with images. A similar representation of the Cross is also present in Riddle 9 by the eighth-century Anglo-Saxon writer [[Tatwine]]. Tatwine's riddle reads:<ref>Tatwine, ‘Latin Riddle 9 (early 8th century)’, in ''Sources and Analogues of Old English Poetry'', ed. and trans. by D. G. Calder and M. J. B. Allen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 53-58.</ref> <blockquote>Now I appear iridescent; my form is shining now. Once, because of the law, I was a spectral terror to all slaves; but now the whole earth joyfully worships and adorns me. Whoever enjoys my fruit will immediately be well, for I was given the power to bring health to the unhealthy. Thus a wise man chooses to keep me on his forehead.</blockquote> ==Possible authorship== The author of ''The Dream of the Rood'' is unknown. Moreover, it is possible that the poem as it stands is the work of multiple authors. The approximate eighth-century date of the Ruthwell Cross indicates the earliest likely date and Northern circulation of some version of ''The Dream of the Rood''. Nineteenth-century scholars tried to attribute the poem to the few named Old English poets. [[Daniel Henry Haigh\|Daniel H. Haigh]] argued that the inscription of the Ruthwell Cross must be fragments of a lost poem by [[Cædmon]], portrayed in [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]'' as the first Christian English poet,<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Bede\|title=Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England\|date=731\|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bede/history.v.iv.xxiv.html?highlight=caedmon#highlight}}</ref> stating "On this monument, erected about A.D. 665, we have fragments of a religious poem of very high character, and that there was but one man living in England at that time worthy to be named as a religious poet, and that was Caedmon".<ref>Cook, Albert S., ed. ''The Dream of the Rood: An Old English Poem Attributed to Cynewulf''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905. 27 Sep 2007, p. 6</ref> Likewise, [[George Stephens (philologist)\|George Stephens]] contended that the language and structure of ''The Dream of the Rood'' indicated a seventh-century date.<ref name=":125">Stephens, G. (1866). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001090165/Home The Ruthwell cross]: Northumbria, from about A.D. 680, with its runic verses by Caedmon, and Caedmon's complete cross-lay, "The Holy Rood, a dream" from a south-English transcript of the 10th century. London: J. Smith.</ref> Supposing that the only Christian poet before Bede was Cædmon, Stephens argued that Cædmon must have composed ''The Dream of the Rood''. Furthermore, he claimed that the Ruthwell Cross includes a runic inscription that can be interpreted as saying "Caedmon made me".<ref>{{cite book\|last=Cook\|first= Albert Stanburrough\|authorlink=Albert Stanburrough Cook\|year=1905\|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007687290/Home \|title=The dream of the rood: an old English poem attributed to Cynewulf\|series= Clarendon Press series\|location= Oxford\|publisher= Clarendon Press}}</ref> These ideas are no longer accepted by scholars. Likewise, some scholars have tried to attribute ''The Dream of the Rood'' to [[Cynewulf]], a named Old English poet who lived around the ninth century.<ref>Krstovic, Jelena. ed. "[http://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/dream-rood The Dream of the Rood: Introduction]". Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism. Vol 14. Gale Group, Inc., 1995. enotes.com. 2006. 27 September 2007. {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706141437/http://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/dream-rood \|date=6 July 2008 }}.</ref> Two of Cynewulf's signed poems are found in the Vercelli Book, the manuscript that contains ''The Dream of the Rood'', among them ''[[Elene]]'', which is about [[Helena (empress)\|Saint Helena's]] supposed discovery of the cross on which Jesus was crucified.<ref>Drabble, Margaret. ed. "[http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/anthology/oldenglish/vercelliintro.html The Vercelli Book: Introduction]". ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature''. Ed. 5th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. 27 Sep 2007, p. 2</ref> Thus Franz Dietrich argued that the similarities between Cynewulf's ''Elene'' and ''The Dream of the Rood'' reveal that the two must have been authored by the same individual.<ref>Dietrich made four main arguments: one, the theme of both poems is the cross, and more importantly, in both poems, the cross suffers with Christ; two, in "Elene" Cynewulf seems to make clear references to the same cross in Dream of the Rood; three, in "Elene" and his other poems Cynewulf usually speaks of himself, which makes it quite possible that the dreamer in Dream of the Rood is none other than Cynewulf; and finally four, "In both poems the author represents himself as old, having lost joys or friends and as ready to depart." Cook, Albert S., ed. ''The Dream of the Rood: An Old English Poem Attributed to Cynewulf''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905. 27 September 2007, p. 12-13</ref> Again, however, this attribution is not widely accepted. In a series of papers, [[Leonard Neidorf]] has adduced metrical, lexical, and syntactical evidence in support of a theory of composite authorship for ''The Dream of the Rood''. He maintains that the poem contains contributions from at least two different poets, who had distinct compositional styles.<ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anglo-saxon-england/article/abs/composite-authorship-of-the-dream-of-the-rood/263B18A108EC62A2516BCF0E135C32D2\|title=The composite authorship of The Dream of the Rood\|first=Leonard\|last=Neidorf\|date=19 December 2016\|journal=Anglo-Saxon England\|volume=45\|pages=51–70\|access-date=19 November 2021\|via=Cambridge University Press\|doi=10.1017/S0263675100080224\|s2cid=165092889 \|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0895769X.2020.1782723\|doi=10.1080/0895769X.2020.1782723\|title=Verbs and Versification in the Dream of the Rood\|year=2020\|last1=Neidorf\|first1=Leonard\|journal=ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews\|volume=35 \|issue=2 \|pages=1–4\|s2cid=225731782 \|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0013838X.2020.1820711\|doi=10.1080/0013838X.2020.1820711\|title=The Textual Criticism of the Dream of the Rood\|year=2020\|last1=Neidorf\|first1=Leonard\|last2=Xu\|first2=Na\|journal=English Studies\|volume=101\|issue=5\|pages=519–536\|s2cid=222003457\|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|url=https://academic.oup.com/nq/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/notesj/gjaa071/5896060?redirectedFrom=fulltext\|title=The Textual Condition of The Dream of the Rood lines 75–7\|author=Leonard Neidorf\|journal=Notes and Queries\|volume=67\|issue=3\|date=September 2020\|pages=312–315\|doi=10.1093/notesj/gjaa071 \|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Interpretations== ===Paganism and Christianity=== Like many poems of the Anglo-Saxon period, ''The Dream of the Rood'' exhibits many Christian and pre-Christian images, but, in the final analysis, is a Christian piece.<ref name="Mitchell256">Mitchell, Bruce. ''A Guide to Old English''. Sixth Edition. Massachusetts. Blackwell Publishers, 2001, p. 256</ref> Examining the poem as a pre-Christian (or [[Anglo-Saxon paganism\|pagan]]) text is difficult, as the scribes who wrote it down were Christian monks who lived in a time when Christianity was firmly established (at least among the literate and aristocratic population) in early medieval England.<ref>Mitchell, Bruce. ''A Guide to Old English''. Sixth Edition. Massachusetts. Blackwell Publishers, 2001, p. 139-140</ref> The style and form of Old English literary practices can be identified in the poem's use of a complex, echoing structure, allusions, repetition, verbal parallels, ambiguity and wordplay (as in the [[Anglo-Saxon riddles\|Riddles]]), and the language of heroic poetry and [[Old English literature\|elegy]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|title = Vestigial Signs: Inscription, Performance, and The Dream of the Rood\|last = Chaganti\|first = Seeta\|author-link=Seeta Chaganti\|date = January 2010\|journal = PMLA\|doi = 10.1632/pmla.2010.125.1.48\|volume = 125\|pages = 48–72\|s2cid = 163346214}}</ref> Some scholars have argued that there is a prevalence of pagan elements within the poem, claiming that the idea of a talking tree is [[Animism\|animistic]]. The belief in the spiritual nature of natural objects, it has been argued, recognises the tree as an object of worship. In ''[[Heathen Gods in Old English Literature]]'', Richard North stresses the importance of the sacrifice of the tree in accordance with pagan virtues. He states that "the image of Christ's death was constructed in this poem with reference to an Anglian ideology on the world tree".<ref name="North273">North, Richard. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC&dq=Heathen+Gods+in+Old+English+Literature&pg=PP1 Heathen Gods in Old English Literature]''. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1997, p. 273</ref> North suggests that the author of ''The Dream of the Rood'' "uses the language of this myth of Ingui in order to present the Passion to his newly Christianized countrymen as a story from their native tradition".<ref name="North273" /> Furthermore, the tree's triumph over death is celebrated by adorning the cross with gold and jewels. Work of the period is notable for its synthetic employment of 'Pagan' and 'Christian' imagery as can be seen on the [[Franks Casket]] or the Kirkby Stephen cross shaft which appears to conflate the image of Christ crucified with that of [[Woden]]/[[Odin]] bound upon the Tree of Life.<ref>Anglo-saxon Art, [[Leslie Webster (art historian)\|Leslie Webster]], British Museum Press, 2012</ref> Others have read the poem's blend of Christian themes with the heroic conventions as an Anglo-Saxon embrace and re-imagining, rather than conquest, of Christianity.<ref>{{Cite book\|title = The Broadview Anthology of British Literature\|publisher = Broadview Press\|year = 2011\|isbn = 978-1-55481-048-2\|location = Peterborough, Ontario\|pages = 58–60\|edition= 2nd\|editor-last = Black\|editor-first = Joseph}}</ref> The poem may be viewed as both Christian and pre-Christian. [[Bruce Mitchell (scholar)\|Bruce Mitchell]] notes that ''The Dream of the Rood'' is "the central literary document for understanding [the] resolution of competing cultures which was the presiding concern of the Christian Anglo-Saxons".<ref name="Mitchell256" /> Within the single culture of the Anglo-Saxons is the conflicting Germanic heroic tradition and the Christian doctrine of forgiveness and self-sacrifice, the influences of which are readily seen in the poetry of the period. Thus, for instance, in ''The Dream of the Rood'', Christ is presented as a "heroic warrior, eagerly leaping on the Cross to do battle with death; the Cross is a loyal retainer who is painfully and paradoxically forced to participate in his Lord's execution".<ref>Black, Joseph ed., ''Supplement to Broadview Anthology of British Literature''. Broadview Press, 2007, p. 23</ref> Christ can also be seen as "an Anglo-Saxon warrior lord, who is served by his thanes, especially on the cross and who rewards them at the feast of glory in Heaven".<ref name=":1">Dockray-Miller, Mary. "The Feminized Cross of 'The Dream of the Rood.'" ''Philological Quarterly'', Vol 76. 1997, p. 2.</ref> Thus, the crucifixion of Christ is a victory, because Christ could have fought His enemies, but chose to die. John Canuteson believes that the poem "show[s] Christ's willingness, indeed His eagerness, to embrace His fate, [and] it also reveals the physical details of what happens to a man, rather than a god, on the Cross".<ref name=":2">Canuteson, John. "The Crucifixion and Second Coming of Christ." ''Modern Philology'', Vol. 66, No. 4, May 1969, p. 296</ref> This image of Christ as a 'heroic lord' or a 'heroic warrior' is seen frequently in Anglo-Saxon (and Germanic) literature and follows in line with the theme of understanding Christianity through pre-Christian Germanic tradition. In this way, "the poem resolves not only the pagan-Christian tensions within Anglo-Saxon culture but also current doctrinal discussions concerning the nature of Christ, who was both God and man, both human and divine".<ref>Mitchell, Bruce. ''A Guide to Old English''. Sixth Edition. Massachusetts. Blackwell Publishers, 2001, p. 257</ref> ===Christ as warrior=== [[John Burrow (literary scholar)\|J. A. Burrow]] notes an interesting paradox within the poem in how the Cross is set up to be the way to Salvation: the Cross states that it cannot fall and it must stay strong to fulfill the will of God. However, to fulfill this grace of God, the Cross has to be a critical component in Jesus' death.<ref>Burrow, J.A. "An Approach to The Dream of the Rood." ''Neophilologus''. 43(1959), p. 125.</ref> This puts a whole new light on the actions of Jesus during the Crucifixion. Neither Jesus nor the Cross is given the role of the helpless victim in the poem, but instead both stand firm. The Cross says, Jesus is depicted as the strong conqueror and is made to appear a "heroic German lord, one who dies to save his troops".<ref>Treharne, Elaine. "The Dream of the Rood." ''Old and Middle English c.890-c.1400: An Anthology''. Malden, MA, Blackwell, 2004, p. 108</ref> Instead of accepting crucifixion, he 'embraces' the Cross and takes on all the sins of mankind. Mary Dockray-Miller argues that the sexual imagery identified by Faith Patten, discussed below, functions to 'feminize' the Cross in order for it to mirror the heightened masculinity of the warrior Christ in the poem.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sexualised and gendered language=== Faith Patten identified 'sexual imagery' in the poem between the Cross and the Christ figure, noting in particular lines 39–42, when Christ embraces the Cross after having 'unclothed himself' and leapt onto it.<ref name=":0" /> This interpretation was expanded upon by John Canuteson, who argued that this embrace is a 'logical extension of the implications of the marriage of Christ and the Church', and that it becomes 'a kind of marriage consummation' in the poem.<ref name=":2" /> ===Parallels with penance=== Rebecca Hinton identifies the resemblance of the poem to early medieval Irish sacramental [[penance]], with the parallels between the concept of sin, the object of confession, and the role of the confessor. She traces the establishment of the practice of penance in England from [[Theodore of Tarsus]], [[archbishop of Canterbury]] from 668 to 690, deriving from the Irish confession philosophy. Within the poem, Hinton reads the dream as a confession of sorts, ending with the narrator invigorated, his "spirit longing to start."<ref>{{Cite journal\|title = The Dream of the Rood\|last = Hinton\|first = Rebecca\|date = 1996\|journal = Explicator\|doi = 10.1080/00144940.1996.9934069\|volume = 54\|issue = 2\|page = 77}}</ref> ==Editions, translations, and recordings== ===Editions=== * ''The Dream of the Rood'', in the [https://oepoetryfacsimile.org/?document=10282&document=10288 ''Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project''] (edition, digital facsimile images, translation), eds. Martin Foys ''et al''. (Madison: Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, 2019-). * ''The Dream of the Rood'', ed. by Michael Swanton, rev. edn (Exeter: University of Exeter, 1987). * ''The Dream of the Rood '', ed. by Bruce Dickins and Alan S. C. Ross, 4th edn (London: Methuen, 1954). * 'Dream of the Rood', in ''The Vercelli Book'', ed. by George Philip Krapp, [https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/3009 The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records: A Collective Edition], 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), pp. 61–65. ===Translations=== * 'The Vision of the Cross', trans. by Ciaran Carson, in ''The Word Exchange: Anglo-Saxon Poems in Translation'', ed. by Greg Delanty and Michael Matto (New York and London: Norton, 2011), pp. 366–77. * '[http://www.csun.edu/~sk36711/WWW/258/DreamofRood.pdf The Dream of the Rood]', trans. by R. M. Liuzza, in ''The Broadview Anthology of British Literature, Volume 1: The Medieval Period'', ed. by Joseph Black and others (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2006), pp. 23–25. * '[http://www.apocalyptic-theories.com/literature/dor/medora1.html The Dream of the Rood]', in ''Old and Middle English c. 890-c. 1400: An Anthology'', ed. and trans. by Elaine Treharne, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 108–15 * '[http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/oecoursepack/rood/translations/hamer.html The Dream of the Rood]', in ''A Choice of Anglo-Saxon Verse'', ed. and trans. by Richard Hamer (London: Faber, 1970, {{ISBN\|0571087647}} * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160310080754/http://lightspill.com/poetry/oe/rood.html The Dream of the Rood]'', trans. by Jonathan A. Glenn (1982) Mary Rambaran-Olm https://www.diakonima.gr/2009/09/27/the-dream-of-the-rood/ ===Recordings=== * Michael D. C. Drout, '[http://mdrout.webspace.wheatoncollege.edu/2007/06/04/the-dream-of-the-rood-lines-1-156-all/ The Dream of the Rood, lines 1-156]', ''Anglo-Saxon Aloud'' (4 June 2007). ==See also== * [[Anglo-Saxon runes\|Anglo-Saxon futhorc]] * [[Brussels Cross]] * [[Heliand]] – Old Saxon interpretation of the gospels * [[Holyrood (cross)\|Holy rood]] * [[Howard Ferguson (composer)\|Howard Ferguson]] – composer of a setting of ''Dream of the Rood'' * [[Legend of the Rood]] ==Notes== {{Reflist\|2\|refs= <ref name=Schapiro>{{cite journal \| last = Schapiro \| first = Meyer \| title = The Religious Meaning of the Ruthwell Cross \| journal = The Art Bulletin \| date = September 1944 \| volume = 26 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 232–245 \| jstor = 3046964 \| doi = 10.1080/00043079.1944.11409049 }}</ref> }} ==Further reading== * {{cite book \|last=Hunter Blair \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Hunter Blair \|title=The World of Bede \|year=1970 \|publisher=[[Harvill Secker (publisher)\|Secker & Warburg]] \|location=London \|isbn=0-436-05010-2 \|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofbede0000hunt \|access-date=27 September 2007 \|url-access=registration }} * {{cite book \|last=Swanton \|first=Michael \|author-link=Michael Swanton \|title=The Dream of the Rood \|year=2004 \| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hxsNAQAAIAAJ \|orig-year=1970 \|publisher=[[University of Exeter Press]] \|location=Exeter \|isbn=0-85989-503-3}} <!-- see also https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GwFJe0eFWMQC&pg=PA1886&lpg=PA1886&dq=dream+of+the+rood&source=bl&ots=hdNkLWJMrd&sig=PmODFdI38PBqWtAq_-8bv2e0ywo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xtN1UPHiDaLK0AW7joDIAw&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false --> ==External links== {{Wikisource-inline}} * ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/tyne/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8391000/8391522.stm BBC Tyne – 'Dream of the Rood' vocal piece wins top prize]'' {{Old English poetry\|state=autocollapse}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dream Of The Rood}} [[Category:Old English poems]] [[Category:8th-century poems]] [[Category:Christian poetry]] [[Category:English folklore]] [[Category:Northumbrian folklore]] [[Category:Rediscovered works]] [[Category:Visionary poems]] [[Category:Poems about trees]] [[Category:Poems based on the Crucifixion of Jesus]] [[Category:Anthropomorphic trees]] [[Category:Fiction about plant communication]]	1,302,967,267	[]	false
# Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka (あかね色に染まる坂; lit. The Hill Dyed Rose Madder), also known in short as Akasaka, is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Feng and first released for Windows as a DVD on July 27, 2007. A version without adult content was released under the title Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Parallel on July 31, 2008, by GN Software for the PlayStation 2. A port of this version of the game was released for the PlayStation Portable on December 17, 2009, under the title Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Portable. The gameplay in Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka follows a plot line which offers predetermined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the six female main characters. Two light novels were produced in December 2007 and February 2008 written by different authors, and an Internet radio show began in April 2008. A manga adaptation began serialization in Kadokawa Shoten's seinen magazine Comp Ace on June 26, 2008, illustrated by Homare Sakazuki. An anime adaptation produced by TNK and directed by Keitaro Motonaga aired in Japan between October and December 2008. ## Gameplay Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka's gameplay requires little interaction from the player as most of the duration of the game is spent simply reading the text that appears on the screen which represents either dialogue between the various characters or the inner thoughts of the protagonist. Every so often, the player will come to a point where he or she is given the chance to choose from multiple options. The time between these points is variable and can occur anywhere from a minute to much longer. Gameplay pauses at these points and depending on which choice the player makes, the plot will progress in a specific direction. In the original version, there are six main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. This number increases to seven with the PlayStation 2 version. To view all the plot lines, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and make different decisions to progress the plot in an alternate direction. One of the goals of the gameplay from the PC version is for the player to enable the viewing of sex scenes depicting the protagonist, Jun'ichi, and one of the six heroines having sex. ## Plot Jun'ichi Nagase attends a prestigious high school. He has the nickname Geno Killer since he was rebellious in middle school. This is used, inadvertently, to help a girl named Yuuhi Katagiri from trouble. She later transfers to his school. Jun'ichi then kisses her due to a misunderstanding. Outraged, because he stole her first kiss and embarrassed her, she screams at him. Subsequently, it turns out that Yuuhi is his fiancée as arranged by their parents. Their parents discuss the matter and order them to go out together for a month to restore their relationship. If their relationship does not get better, the engagement will then be cancelled. ## Characters Jun'ichi Nagase (長瀬準一, Nagase Jun'ichi) Voiced by: Wataru Hatano (anime) Jun'ichi is the main protagonist of the series and is a second year high school student. He had a reputation of a delinquent in junior high school until his sister, Minato, decided to move in with him. He has a snarky attitude and is often teased by everyone around him, including his teacher. His life takes a drastic turn when Yuuhi Katagiri enters his life. They first meet when he saves her from some delinquents who were bothering her. The following day she is introduced as a transfer student to his class. Due to a misunderstanding, he kisses her in front of the class causing her opinion of Jun'ichi to sour. This is further exacerbated when it turns out that their families have arranged their marriage. Despite this rough start, Jun'ichi finds himself protecting Yuuhi when she is harassed and, as time progresses, their feelings for one another begin to grow even though neither of them will admit it. Throughout the anime series it is hinted that Jun'ichi has romantic feelings for his sister, Minato, but is reluctant to admit this even though he sometimes has fantasies about her. In the final episode, he realizes that he cannot live without Minato and confesses to her. In the manga however, he and Yuuhi end up together, as he also has feelings for her. Yuuhi Katagiri (片桐優姫, Katagiri Yūhi) Voiced by: Harumi Sakurai (PC), Rie Kugimiya (anime/PS2) Yuuhi is the main heroine in the series. She is very beautiful, which often causes trouble for her, since it draws unwanted attention from passersby - usually men. One day, when she was being harassed by two men, she was saved by Jun'ichi. The next day she transfers to his school (and his class) hoping meet her fiancé because she heard that he was in this area. Later, after a misunderstanding on Jun'ichi's part, he kisses her in public, causing her to have ill feelings towards him. Throughout the series her feelings for him grow. In the manga she and Jun'ichi end up together. Minato Nagase (長瀬湊, Nagase Minato) Voiced by: Hikaru Mizusawa (PC), Aya Hirano (anime/PS2) Minato is Jun'ichi's younger sister and attends the same school that he does as a first year high school student. She is capable in all areas of household related work and is proud of it. She also has unique abilities, like listening to the ground to detect the presence of animals, as well as be able to communicate with them. She has feelings for Jun'ichi. She mentions that she was adopted once, but later says it was a joke. In the PC game Minato is blood-related to Jun'ichi but in the PS2 version she is not related to him, and it is implied that she is not blood-related to Jun'ichi in the anime. In the anime version she ends up with Jun'ichi; in the manga however, he doesn't reciprocate her feelings, and ends up with Yuuhi. Tsukasa Kiryu (霧生つかさ, Kiryū Tsukasa) Voiced by: Nami Kurokawa (PC), Marina Inoue (anime/PS2) Tsukasa is a second year student in the same class as Jun'ichi, and is a childhood friend. She is a member of the News club. She has a lively personality and loves to gossip as well as tease Jun'ichi. Nagomi Shiraishi (白石なごみ, Shiraishi Nagomi) Voiced by: Oma Ichimura (PC), Ryō Hirohashi (anime/PS2) A first year high school student in the same class as Minato. She has an air of mystery around her, strongly hinted of being an alien, and can be found just about anywhere at the right time. Mitsuki Siina (椎名観月, Shiina Mitsuki) Voiced by: Mayumi Yoshida (PC), Rie Tanaka (anime/PS2) Mitsuki Shiina is the president of the student council. She is a third year student and very popular among the student body. She likes to use Jun'ichi as her lapdog getting him to do favors for her or perform activities for the student body. Mikoto Tachibana (橘ミコト, Tachibana Mikoto) Voiced by: Fūri Samoto (PC), Erino Hazuki (anime/PS2) Mikoto is a third year high school student in the same class as Mitsuki. She has an individual route which is not available at the beginning of the PC game. Karen Ayanokouji (綾小路華恋, Ayanokōji Karen) Voiced by: Emiri Katō (anime/PS2) Karen is a second year student that is in the same class as Jun'ichi. She is an original character that was first introduced in Parallel. She comes from a very rich family like Yuuhi and prides herself on acting like a lady. She becomes best friends with Yuuhi. She eventually admits to falling in love with Jun'ichi. Fuyuhiko Nishino (西野冬彦, Nishino Fuyuhiko) Voiced by: Daisuke Kishio (PC), Akira Ishida (anime/PS2) Nishino is Jun'ichi's best friend and is also a second year student in the same class as Jun'ichi. He is full of strange ideas that often get Jun'ichi into trouble, and is very close to Tsukasa being in very much the same line of thinking with her. He is the vice-president of the student council. Seijirou Sugishita (杉下清次郎, Sugishita Seijirō) Voiced by: Jin Aoshima (PC), Rikiya Koyama (anime/PS2) Jun'ichi's teacher. While strict with regards to academics, he has a rather eccentric personality, especially towards Jun'ichi. Aya Nijo (二条亜矢, Nijō Aya) Voiced by: Rokumi Maminami (PC), Kaori Fukuhara (anime/PS2) She is the secretary and treasurer of the student council. Yutori Shiraishi (白石ゆとり, Shiraishi Yutori) Voiced by: Oma Ichimura (PC), Ryō Hirohashi (anime/PS2) She is the younger sister of Nagomi. Sai Fujimiya (藤宮彩, Fujimiya Sai) Voiced by: Hikaru Kaga (PC), Yū Kobayashi (anime/PS2) ## Development Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka is the fifth project developed by the visual novel studio Feng, and is similar to their fourth title Aozora no Mieru Oka. The producer for the game is Uezama. The project uses four different artists in character design: Tsubasu Izumi (designer of Yuuhi, Mitsuki, and Mikoto), Ryohka (designer of Minato and Nagomi), Naturalton (designer of Tsukasa), and Akira Sawano (designer of the protagonist, and the supporting cast). The scenario was entirely written by Kenji Saitō. For the PlayStation 2 version, an additional heroine named Karen Ayanokōji was included and is designed by Manabu Aoi. ### Release history On July 23, 2007, a free game demo of Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka became available for download at Feng's official website. In the demo, the player was introduced to the main characters in the game through a sequence that is typical of the gameplay found in a visual novel which includes times during gameplay where the player is given several choices to make in order to further the plot in a specific direction. The full game was first released on July 27, 2007, as a DVD playable only on a Microsoft Windows PC, containing full voice acting with the exception of Jun'ichi. A PlayStation 2 version without adult content was released on July 31, 2008, by GN Software under the title Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Parallel (あかね色に染まる坂ぱられる, Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka Parareru). ## Adaptations ### Books Two light novels have been produced. The first, published on December 15, 2007, by Harvest, is written by Mutsuki Mizusaki and illustrated by Akira Sawano. The second, published on February 29, 2008, by Kill Time Communication, is written by Mao Shinji, the front cover is illustrated by Ryohka, and the inside has illustrations by Piēru Yoshio. An art book for the visual novel called Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka Official Fan Book (あかね色に染まる坂オフィシャルファンブック, Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka Ofisharu Fan Bukku) was published on February 29, 2008, by Broccoli. ### Internet radio show An Internet radio show to promote the Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Parallel called Koyama Rikiya×Hirohashi Ryō no Akaneiro ni Somaru Radio (小山力也×広橋涼のあかね色に染まるラジオ) began broadcasting on April 2, 2008, and is distributed on Nico Radio. The show is streamed online every Thursday, and is hosted by Rikiya Koyama and Ryō Hirohashi who voice Seijirō Sugishita and Nagomi Shiraishi from the visual novel. There are seven corners, or parts, to the show that each episode is divided into. Several voice actors from the visual novel have appeared on the show as guests who include Erino Hazuki (as Mikoto), Marina Inoue (as Tsukasa), Miyuki Hashimoto, Emiri Katō (as Karen), and Kaori Fukuhara (as Aya). ### Manga A manga adaptation began serialization in Kadokawa Shoten's seinen magazine Comp Ace on June 26, 2008. The story is based on the visual novel that preceded it, and is illustrated by Homare Sakazuki. ### Anime An anime adaptation produced by animation studio TNK, directed by Keitaro Motonaga, and written by Makoto Uezu aired in Japan on Chiba TV between October 2 and December 18, 2008. The anime's opening theme, "Hatsukoi Parachute" (初恋パラシュート, Hatsukoi Parashūto), is performed by Miyuki Hashimoto and the ending theme, "Sweet Gift", is performed by Rie Kugimiya. A second ending theme performed by Ryō Hirohashi, "Confusion...", is used for episode three. TNK made a mistake in the credits for "Hatsukoi Parachute" and named it "Ren'ai Parachute" instead. An additional original video animation episode was released on June 26, 2009, with the seventh and final DVD compilation volume. Anime licensor Sentai Filmworks has licensed the series along with the OVA and release the complete collection on March 8, 2011. ## Music The PC version of the visual novel has two main theme songs, one opening theme and one ending theme. The opening theme, "Setsunasa no Gradation" (せつなさのグラデイション, Setsunasa no Guradeishon), is sung by Miyuki Hashimoto, written by Aki Hata, composed by Akiko Tomita, and arranged by Junpei Fujita. The ending theme, "Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka" (あかね色に染まる坂), is sung by Chiki-chan, written by Hata, and is composed and arranged by Yūichi Nakano. The PS2 version's opening theme is "Akane no Saka" (あかねの坂), which is sung and composed by Hashimoto, written by Noboru Yamaguchi, and arranged by Masaki Suzuki. The PC game's original soundtrack called Gradation! was released by Lantis on October 31, 2008, containing two discs.	enwiki/18201374	enwiki	18,201,374	Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaneiro_ni_Somaru_Saka	2025-08-10T09:52:11Z	en	Q1205695	126,465	{{short description\|Japanese visual novel}} {{Infobox animanga/Header \| name = Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka \| image = Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka game cover.jpg \| caption = ''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka'' original visual novel cover \| ja_kanji = あかね色に染まる坂 \| genre = [[Harem (genre)\|Harem]] <!-- Note: Use and cite reliable sources to identify genre/s, not personal interpretation. Please don't include more than three genres (per [[MOS:A&M]]). --> }} {{Infobox animanga/Game \| developer = Feng \| publisher = Feng (Windows)<br>[[GN Software]] (PS2/PSP) \| genre = [[Eroge]], [[Visual novel]] \| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows\|Windows]], [[PlayStation 2\|PS2]], [[PlayStation Portable\|PSP]] \| released = July 27, 2007 (Windows) }} {{Infobox animanga/Print \| type = light novel \| title = Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Nagomi Maniacs \| author = Mutsuki Mizusaki \| illustrator = Akira Sawano \| publisher = Harvest \| demographic = Male \| imprint = Nagomi Bunko \| published = December 15, 2007 }} {{Infobox animanga/Print \| type = light novel \| title = Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Nagase Minato no Koi Iro \| author = Mao Shinji \| illustrator = Ryohka (cover)<br> Piēru Yoshio \| publisher = Kill Time Communication \| demographic = Male \| imprint = Nijigen Game Bunko \| published = February 29, 2008 }} {{Infobox animanga/Print \| type = manga \| author = Feng \| illustrator = Homare Sakazuki \| publisher = [[Kadokawa Shoten]] \| demographic = ''[[Seinen manga\|Seinen]]'' \| magazine = [[Comp Ace]] \| first = June 26, 2008 \| last = June 26, 2009 \| volumes = 2 \| volume_list = }} {{Infobox animanga/Video \| type = tv series \| director = Keitarō Motonaga \| producer = {{ubl\|Uesama\|Katsumi Koike\|Makoto Itō\|Masanori Gotō\|Tetsuko Kotani}} \| writer = [[Makoto Uezu]] \| music = [[Kenichiro Suehiro]] \| studio = [[TNK (company)\|TNK]] \| licensee = {{English anime licensee\|NA=[[Sentai Filmworks]]}} \| network = [[Chiba TV]], [[Tokyo MX]], [[Kyoto Broadcasting System\|KBS]], [[TV Saitama]], [[Nagoya Broadcasting Network\|NBN]], [[AT-X (company)\|AT-X]] \| first = October 2, 2008 \| last = December 18, 2008 \| episodes = 12 + OVA \| episode_list = List of Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka episodes }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer}} {{Nihongo\|'''''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka'''''\|あかね色に染まる坂\|\|lit. ''The Hill Dyed [[Rose madder\|Rose Madder]]''}}, also known in short as ''Akasaka'', is a Japanese [[Eroge\|adult]] [[visual novel]] developed by Feng and first released for [[Microsoft Windows\|Windows]] as a [[DVD]] on July 27, 2007. A version without adult content was released under the title ''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Parallel'' on July 31, 2008, by [[GN Software]] for the [[PlayStation 2]]. A port of this version of the game was released for the [[PlayStation Portable]] on December 17, 2009, under the title ''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Portable''. The [[gameplay]] in ''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka'' follows a plot line which offers predetermined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the six female main characters. Two [[light novel]]s were produced in December 2007 and February 2008 written by different authors, and an [[Internet radio]] show began in April 2008. A [[manga]] adaptation began serialization in [[Kadokawa Shoten]]'s [[seinen]] magazine ''[[Comp Ace]]'' on June 26, 2008, illustrated by Homare Sakazuki. An [[anime]] adaptation produced by [[TNK (company)\|TNK]] and directed by Keitaro Motonaga aired in Japan between October and December 2008. ==Gameplay== [[File:Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka screenshot.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|left\|An average conversation in ''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka'' featuring the main character talking to Tsukasa.]] ''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka'''s [[gameplay]] requires little interaction from the player as most of the duration of the game is spent simply reading the text that appears on the screen which represents either [[dialogue]] between the various characters or the inner thoughts of the protagonist. Every so often, the player will come to a point where he or she is given the chance to choose from multiple options. The time between these points is variable and can occur anywhere from a minute to much longer. Gameplay pauses at these points and depending on which choice the player makes, the plot will progress in a specific direction. In the original version, there are six main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. This number increases to seven with the PlayStation 2 version.<ref name="Karen-profile">{{cite web\|url=http://www.goodnavigate.com/GN/products/akaneiro/chr_07.html\|title=Karen Ayanokōji's profile at the PS2 game's official website\|publisher=[[GN Software]]\|access-date=2008-06-29\|language=ja\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503082240/http://www.goodnavigate.com/GN/products/akaneiro/chr_07.html\|archive-date=2008-05-03}}</ref> To view all the plot lines, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and make different decisions to progress the plot in an alternate direction. One of the goals of the gameplay from the PC version is for the player to enable the viewing of sex scenes depicting the protagonist, Jun'ichi, and one of the six heroines having sex. ==Plot== Jun'ichi Nagase attends a prestigious high school. He has the nickname Geno Killer since he was rebellious in middle school. This is used, inadvertently, to help a girl named Yuuhi Katagiri from trouble. She later transfers to his school. Jun'ichi then kisses her due to a misunderstanding. Outraged, because he stole her first kiss and embarrassed her, she screams at him. Subsequently, it turns out that Yuuhi is his fiancée as arranged by their parents. Their parents discuss the matter and order them to go out together for a month to restore their relationship. If their relationship does not get better, the engagement will then be cancelled. ==Characters== ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Jun'ichi Nagase}}\|長瀬準一\|Nagase Jun'ichi}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Wataru Hatano]]}} (anime) :Jun'ichi is the main protagonist of the series and is a second year high school student. He had a reputation of a delinquent in junior high school until his sister, Minato, decided to move in with him. He has a snarky attitude and is often teased by everyone around him, including his teacher. His life takes a drastic turn when Yuuhi Katagiri enters his life. They first meet when he saves her from some delinquents who were bothering her. The following day she is introduced as a transfer student to his class. Due to a misunderstanding, he kisses her in front of the class causing her opinion of Jun'ichi to sour. This is further exacerbated when it turns out that their families have arranged their marriage. Despite this rough start, Jun'ichi finds himself protecting Yuuhi when she is harassed and, as time progresses, their feelings for one another begin to grow even though neither of them will admit it. Throughout the anime series it is hinted that Jun'ichi has romantic feelings for his sister, Minato, but is reluctant to admit this even though he sometimes has fantasies about her. In the final episode, he realizes that he cannot live without Minato and confesses to her. In the manga however, he and Yuuhi end up together, as he also has feelings for her. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Yuuhi Katagiri}}\|片桐優姫\|Katagiri Yūhi}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Harumi Sakurai]]}} (PC), [[Rie Kugimiya]] (anime/PS2) :Yuuhi is the main heroine in the series. She is very beautiful, which often causes trouble for her, since it draws unwanted attention from passersby - usually men. One day, when she was being harassed by two men, she was saved by Jun'ichi. The next day she transfers to his school (and his class) hoping meet her fiancé because she heard that he was in this area. Later, after a misunderstanding on Jun'ichi's part, he kisses her in public, causing her to have ill feelings towards him. Throughout the series her feelings for him grow. In the manga she and Jun'ichi end up together. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Minato Nagase}}\|長瀬湊\|Nagase Minato}} :{{Voiced by\|Hikaru Mizusawa}} (PC), [[Aya Hirano]] (anime/PS2) :Minato is Jun'ichi's younger sister and attends the same school that he does as a first year high school student. She is capable in all areas of household related work and is proud of it. She also has unique abilities, like listening to the ground to detect the presence of animals, as well as be able to communicate with them. She has feelings for Jun'ichi. She mentions that she was adopted once, but later says it was a joke. In the PC game Minato is blood-related to Jun'ichi but in the PS2 version she is not related to him, and it is implied that she is not blood-related to Jun'ichi in the anime. In the anime version she ends up with Jun'ichi; in the manga however, he doesn't reciprocate her feelings, and ends up with Yuuhi. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Tsukasa Kiryu}}\|霧生つかさ\|Kiryū Tsukasa}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Nami Kurokawa]]}} (PC), [[Marina Inoue]] (anime/PS2) :Tsukasa is a second year student in the same class as Jun'ichi, and is a childhood friend. She is a member of the News club. She has a lively personality and loves to gossip as well as tease Jun'ichi. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Nagomi Shiraishi}}\|白石なごみ\|Shiraishi Nagomi}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Oma Ichimura]]}} (PC), [[Ryō Hirohashi]] (anime/PS2) :A first year high school student in the same class as Minato. She has an air of mystery around her, strongly hinted of being an alien, and can be found just about anywhere at the right time. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Mitsuki Siina}}\|椎名観月\|Shiina Mitsuki}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Mayumi Yoshida]]}} (PC), [[Rie Tanaka]] (anime/PS2) :Mitsuki Shiina is the president of the student council. She is a third year student and very popular among the student body. She likes to use Jun'ichi as her lapdog getting him to do favors for her or perform activities for the student body. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Mikoto Tachibana}}\|橘ミコト\|Tachibana Mikoto}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Fūri Samoto]]}} (PC), [[Erino Hazuki]] (anime/PS2) :Mikoto is a third year high school student in the same class as Mitsuki. She has an individual route which is not available at the beginning of the PC game. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Karen Ayanokouji}}\|綾小路華恋\|Ayanokōji Karen}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Emiri Katō]]}} (anime/PS2) :Karen is a second year student that is in the same class as Jun'ichi. She is an original character that was first introduced in ''Parallel''. She comes from a very rich family like Yuuhi and prides herself on acting like a lady. She becomes best friends with Yuuhi. She eventually admits to falling in love with Jun'ichi. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Fuyuhiko Nishino}}\|西野冬彦\|Nishino Fuyuhiko}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Daisuke Kishio]]}} (PC), [[Akira Ishida]] (anime/PS2) :Nishino is Jun'ichi's best friend and is also a second year student in the same class as Jun'ichi. He is full of strange ideas that often get Jun'ichi into trouble, and is very close to Tsukasa being in very much the same line of thinking with her. He is the vice-president of the student council. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Seijirou Sugishita}}\|杉下清次郎\|Sugishita Seijirō}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Jin Aoshima]]}} (PC), [[Rikiya Koyama]] (anime/PS2) :Jun'ichi's teacher. While strict with regards to academics, he has a rather eccentric personality, especially towards Jun'ichi. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Aya Nijo}}\|二条亜矢\|Nijō Aya}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Rokumi Maminami]]}} (PC), [[Kaori Fukuhara]] (anime/PS2) :She is the secretary and treasurer of the student council. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Yutori Shiraishi}}\|白石ゆとり\|Shiraishi Yutori}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Oma Ichimura]]}} (PC), [[Ryō Hirohashi]] (anime/PS2) :She is the younger sister of Nagomi. ;{{Nihongo\|{{vanchor\|Sai Fujimiya}}\|藤宮彩\|Fujimiya Sai}} :{{Voiced by\|[[Hikaru Kaga]]}} (PC), [[Yū Kobayashi]] (anime/PS2) ==Development== ''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka'' is the fifth project developed by the [[visual novel]] studio Feng, and is similar to their fourth title ''Aozora no Mieru Oka''. The producer for the game is Uezama. The project uses four different artists in character design: Tsubasu Izumi (designer of Yuuhi, Mitsuki, and Mikoto), Ryohka (designer of Minato and Nagomi), Naturalton (designer of Tsukasa), and Akira Sawano (designer of the protagonist, and the supporting cast).<ref name="PC-products">{{cite web\|url=http://www.akane-iro.jp/products.html\|title=Products section at the PC version's official website\|publisher=Feng\|access-date=2008-06-29\|language=ja\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701230554/http://www.akane-iro.jp/products.html\|archive-date=1 July 2008\|url-status=live}}</ref> The scenario was entirely written by Kenji Saitō.<ref name="PC-products"/> For the [[PlayStation 2]] version, an additional heroine named Karen Ayanokōji was included and is designed by Manabu Aoi.<ref name="Karen-profile"/> ===Release history=== On July 23, 2007, a free [[game demo]] of ''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka'' became available for download at Feng's official website.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.akane-iro.jp/download.html\|title=Download section at the PC version's official website\|publisher=Feng\|access-date=2008-06-29\|language=ja\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701131956/http://www.akane-iro.jp/download.html\|archive-date=1 July 2008\|url-status=live}}</ref> In the demo, the player was introduced to the main characters in the game through a sequence that is typical of the gameplay found in a visual novel which includes times during gameplay where the player is given several choices to make in order to further the plot in a specific direction. The full game was first released on July 27, 2007, as a [[DVD]] playable only on a [[Microsoft Windows]] [[Personal computer\|PC]], containing full voice acting with the exception of Jun'ichi. A PlayStation 2 version without adult content was released on July 31, 2008, by [[GN Software]] under the title {{Nihongo\|''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Parallel''\|あかね色に染まる坂ぱられる\|Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka Parareru}}.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.goodnavigate.com/GN/products/akaneiro/index.html\|title=PS2 visual novel version's official website\|publisher=[[GN Software]]\|access-date=2008-06-29\|language=ja\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520032725/http://www.goodnavigate.com/GN/products/akaneiro/index.html\|archive-date=20 May 2008\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Adaptations== ===Books=== Two [[light novel]]s have been produced. The first, published on December 15, 2007, by Harvest, is written by Mutsuki Mizusaki and illustrated by Akira Sawano. The second, published on February 29, 2008, by Kill Time Communication, is written by Mao Shinji, the front cover is illustrated by Ryohka, and the inside has illustrations by Piēru Yoshio. An [[art book]] for the visual novel called {{Nihongo\|''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka Official Fan Book''\|あかね色に染まる坂オフィシャルファンブック\|Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka Ofisharu Fan Bukku}} was published on February 29, 2008, by [[Broccoli (company)\|Broccoli]]. ===Internet radio show=== An [[Internet radio]] show to promote the ''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Parallel'' called {{Nihongo\|''Koyama Rikiya×Hirohashi Ryō no Akaneiro ni Somaru Radio''\|小山力也×広橋涼のあかね色に染まるラジオ}} began broadcasting on April 2, 2008, and is distributed on [[Nico Nico Douga\|Nico Radio]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.akaraji.jp/\|title=Internet radio show's official website\|publisher=Feng\|access-date=2008-06-29\|language=ja\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701051827/http://akaraji.jp/\|archive-date=1 July 2008\|url-status=live}}</ref> The show is streamed online every Thursday, and is hosted by [[Rikiya Koyama]] and [[Ryō Hirohashi]] who voice Seijirō Sugishita and Nagomi Shiraishi from the visual novel. There are seven corners, or parts, to the show that each episode is divided into. Several [[Seiyū\|voice actors]] from the visual novel have appeared on the show as guests who include [[Erino Hazuki]] (as Mikoto), [[Marina Inoue]] (as Tsukasa), [[Miyuki Hashimoto]], [[Emiri Katō]] (as Karen), and [[Kaori Fukuhara]] (as Aya). ===Manga=== A [[manga]] adaptation began serialization in [[Kadokawa Shoten]]'s [[seinen]] magazine ''[[Comp Ace]]'' on June 26, 2008.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.comptiq.com/ace/index.php?%CB%DC%BB%EF%2F2008%C7%AF%2FVOL.28\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080701085508/http://www.comptiq.com/ace/index.php?%CB%DC%BB%EF/2008%C7%AF/VOL.28\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2008-07-01\|title=''Comp Ace'' August 2008 issue\|publisher=[[Kadokawa Shoten]]\|access-date=2008-06-29\|language=ja}}</ref> The story is based on the visual novel that preceded it, and is illustrated by Homare Sakazuki. ===Anime=== {{see also\|List of Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka episodes}} An [[anime]] adaptation produced by animation studio [[TNK (company)\|TNK]], directed by Keitaro Motonaga, and written by [[Makoto Uezu]] aired in Japan on [[Chiba TV]] between October 2 and December 18, 2008.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-06-28/akane-iro-ni-somaru-saka-game-to-get-tv-anime-in-fall\|title=''Akane-Iro ni Somaru Saka'' Game to Get TV Anime in Fall\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|date=2008-06-29\|access-date=2008-06-29\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630215531/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-06-28/akane-iro-ni-somaru-saka-game-to-get-tv-anime-in-fall\|archive-date=30 June 2008\|url-status=live}}</ref> The anime's opening theme, {{Nihongo\|"Hatsukoi Parachute"\|初恋パラシュート\|Hatsukoi Parashūto}}, is performed by [[Miyuki Hashimoto]] and the ending theme, "Sweet Gift", is performed by [[Rie Kugimiya]]. A second ending theme performed by [[Ryō Hirohashi]], "Confusion...", is used for episode three. TNK made a mistake in the credits for "Hatsukoi Parachute" and named it "Ren'ai Parachute" instead. An additional [[original video animation]] episode was released on June 26, 2009, with the seventh and final DVD compilation volume.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-12-27/akane-iro-ni-somaru-saka-game-gets-ova-green-lit\|title=''Akane-iro ni Somaru Saka'' Game Gets OVA Green-Lit\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|date=2008-12-27\|access-date=2009-05-31}}</ref> Anime licensor [[Sentai Filmworks]] has licensed the series along with the OVA and release the complete collection on March 8, 2011.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-12-08/sentai-adds-shin-koihime-muso-sequel-akasaka\|title=Sentai Adds ''Shin Kohime Muso'' Sequel, ''Akasaka''\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|date=December 8, 2010\|access-date=December 8, 2010}}</ref> ==Music== The PC version of the visual novel has two main theme songs, one opening theme and one ending theme. The opening theme, {{Nihongo\|"Setsunasa no Gradation"\|せつなさのグラデイション\|Setsunasa no Guradeishon}}, is sung by [[Miyuki Hashimoto]], written by [[Aki Hata]], [[Musical composition\|composed]] by Akiko Tomita, and [[Arrangement\|arranged]] by [[Junpei Fujita]]. The ending theme, {{Nihongo\|"Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka"\|あかね色に染まる坂}}, is sung by Chiki-chan, written by Hata, and is composed and arranged by Yūichi Nakano. The PS2 version's opening theme is {{Nihongo\|"Akane no Saka"\|あかねの坂}}, which is sung and composed by Hashimoto, written by [[Noboru Yamaguchi (author)\|Noboru Yamaguchi]], and arranged by Masaki Suzuki. The PC game's original soundtrack called ''Gradation!'' was released by [[Lantis (company)\|Lantis]] on October 31, 2008, containing two discs.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.lantis.jp/new-release/data.php?id=8e07dfccd6de1d9322d600d8ea0b184c\|title=''Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka''{{'}}s original soundtrack's official listing\|publisher=[[Lantis (company)\|Lantis]]\|access-date=2008-06-29\|language=ja\|archive-date=2008-09-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915040806/http://www.lantis.jp/new-release/data.php?id=8e07dfccd6de1d9322d600d8ea0b184c\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== [http://www.akane-iro.jp/ PC visual novel official website] {{in lang\|ja}} [http://www.goodnavigate.com/GN/products/akaneiro/index.html PS2 visual novel official website] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520032725/http://www.goodnavigate.com/GN/products/akaneiro/index.html\|date=2008-05-20}} {{in lang\|ja}} [http://www.mmv.co.jp/special/akasaka/ Anime official website] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928045145/http://www.mmv.co.jp/special/akasaka/ \|date=2011-09-28 }} {{in lang\|ja}} {{vndb\|547}} *{{anime News Network\|anime\|10095}} {{Comp Ace}} {{TNK}} [[Category:2007 Japanese novels]] [[Category:2007 video games]] [[Category:2008 anime television series debuts]] [[Category:2008 Japanese novels]] [[Category:2008 manga]] [[Category:2009 anime OVAs]] [[Category:Bishōjo games]] [[Category:Eroge]] [[Category:Japan-exclusive video games]] [[Category:Kadokawa Shoten manga]] [[Category:Lantis (company)]] [[Category:Light novels]] [[Category:PlayStation 2 games]] [[Category:Seinen manga]] [[Category:Sentai Filmworks]] [[Category:Television shows written by Makoto Uezu]] [[Category:TNK (company)]] [[Category:Video games developed in Japan]] [[Category:Visual novels]] [[Category:Windows games]] [[Category:GN Software games]]	1,305,148,631	[{"title": "\u3042\u304b\u306d\u8272\u306b\u67d3\u307e\u308b\u5742", "data": {"Genre": ["Harem", "Eroge, Visual novel"], "\u3042\u304b\u306d\u8272\u306b\u67d3\u307e\u308b\u5742": ["Video game", "Light novel"], "Developer": "Feng", "Publisher": "Feng (Windows) \u00b7 GN Software (PS2/PSP)", "Platform": "Windows, PS2, PSP", "Released": "July 27, 2007 (Windows)"}}, {"title": "Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Nagomi Maniacs", "data": {"Written by": "Mutsuki Mizusaki", "Illustrated by": "Akira Sawano", "Published by": "Harvest", "Imprint": "Nagomi Bunko", "Published": "December 15, 2007", "Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Nagomi Maniacs": "Light novel"}}, {"title": "Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Nagase Minato no Koi Iro", "data": {"Written by": ["Mao Shinji", "Feng", "Makoto Uezu"], "Illustrated by": ["Ryohka (cover) \u00b7 Pi\u0113ru Yoshio", "Homare Sakazuki"], "Published by": ["Kill Time Communication", "Kadokawa Shoten"], "Imprint": "Nijigen Game Bunko", "Published": "February 29, 2008", "Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka: Nagase Minato no Koi Iro": ["Manga", "Anime television series"], "Magazine": "Comp Ace", "Original run": ["June 26, 2008 \u2013 June 26, 2009", "October 2, 2008 \u2013 December 18, 2008"], "Volumes": "2", "Directed by": "Keitar\u014d Motonaga", "Produced by": "- Uesama - Katsumi Koike - Makoto It\u014d - Masanori Got\u014d - Tetsuko Kotani", "Music by": "Kenichiro Suehiro", "Studio": "TNK", "Licensed by": "- NA: Sentai Filmworks", "Original network": "Chiba TV, Tokyo MX, KBS, TV Saitama, NBN, AT-X", "Episodes": "12 + OVA"}}]	false
# George Koob George F. Koob (born 1947) is a professor and former chair of the Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders at the Scripps Research Institute and adjunct professor of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. In 2014 he became the director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and continues to hold that position. ## Biography Koob holds a B.S. in Zoology from Pennsylvania State University (1969) and a Ph.D. in Behavioral Physiology from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (1972). Subsequently he was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Cambridge in the Department of Experimental Psychology and the MRC Neuropharmacology Unit. An authority on addiction and stress, Koob has published over 750 scientific papers and has received continuous funding for his research from the National Institutes of Health, including the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). He was, until 2014, the director of the NIAAA Alcohol Research Center at the Scripps Research Institute, Consortium Coordinator for NIAAA's multi-center Integrative Neuroscience Initiative on Alcoholism, and co-director of the Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research. He has trained 10 predoctoral and 64 postdoctoral fellows. Koob is the former editor-in-chief for the journal Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior and for the Journal of Addiction Medicine. He won the Daniel Efron Award for excellence in research from the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, was honored as a highly cited researcher from the Institute for Scientific Information, was presented with the Distinguished Investigator Award from the Research Society on Alcoholism, and won the Mark Keller Award from NIAAA. He published a landmark book in 2006 with his colleague Michel Le Moal entitled: Neurobiology of Addiction (Academic Press-Elsevier, Amsterdam). His research interests continue to be directed at the neurobiology of emotion, with a focus on the theoretical constructs of reward and stress with a specific interest in understanding the neuroanatomical connections comprising the emotional systems and neurochemistry of emotional function. Much of his work has been focused on the role of the extended amygdala (medial shell portion of the nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central nucleus of the amygdala) in behavioral responses to stress, the neuroadaptations associated with drug dependence, and compulsive drug self-administration. Koob's work on the neurobiology of stress has included the characterization of behavioral functions in the central nervous system for catecholamines, opioid peptides, and corticotropin-releasing factor. Corticotropin-releasing factor, in addition to its classical hormonal functions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is also located in extrahypothalamic brain structures and may play an important role in brain emotional function. Recent use of specific corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonists suggests that endogenous brain corticotropin-releasing factor may be involved in specific behavioral responses to stress, the psychopathology of anxiety and affective disorders, and drug addiction. He has also characterized functional roles for other stress-related neurotransmitters/neuroregulators, such as norepinephrine, vasopressin, hypocretin (orexin), neuropeptide Y, and neuroactive steroids. In the domain of drug addiction, Koob's past work contributed significantly to our understanding of the neurocircuitry associated with the acute reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. More recently, the focus has been on the neuroadaptations of these reward circuits and the recruitment of the brain stress systems during the transition to dependence. To this end, he has validated key animal models for dependence associated with drugs of abuse and has begun to explore a key role of anti-reward systems in the development of dependence. The neurotransmitter systems in the extended amygdala under current investigation include corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, dynorphin, orexin, neuropeptide Y, and the sigma receptor system. Koob's contributions include scholarly treatises on the conceptual framework and theoretical bases for understanding the neurobiology of drug addiction. He has contributed key reviews on the “dark side of addiction” in very prominent journals in the field, including Annual Review of Psychology, Nature, Neuron, and Neuropsychopharmacology, and Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. He also, with colleagues, coined the term Hyperkatifeia which is used to describe the hypersensitivity to emotional distress in the context of opioid abuse. ### Cancelled NIAAA Study After reports broke that members of NIAAA staff had approached the alcohol industry for the purpose of funding a study into moderate drinking, an investigation was conducted that identified the conduct occurred prior to Koob's tenure. Koob expressed disapproval at the ethically-compromised study, and canceled it in June 2018, while the investigation exonerated him of wrongdoing. ## Professional training and positions \| 2014–present \| Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism \| \| 2006–2014 \| Professor and Chair, Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute. \| \| 1999–2003 \| Medical Advisory Counsel, ABMRF/The Foundation for Alcohol Research. \| \| 1995–Present \| Director, Alcohol Research Center, The Scripps Research Institute. \| \| 1990-2006 \| Professor, Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department (formerly the Department of Neuropharmacology), The Scripps Research Institute. \| \| 1983-1989 \| Associate Member (with tenure), Division of Preclinical Neuroscience and Endocrinology, The Scripps Research Institute. \| \| 1983-1989 \| Associate Member (with tenure), Division of Preclinical Neuroscience and Endocrinology, The Scripps Research Institute. \| \| 1977-1983 \| Staff Scientist, Arthur Vining Davis Center for Behavioral Neurobiology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies. \| \| 1975-1977 \| Postdoctoral Fellow with Susan D. Iversen, University of Cambridge, Department of Experimental Psychology, Medical Research Council, Neurochemical Pharmacology Unit. Studies in: catecholamines and behavior. \| \| 1972-1975 \| Staff Scientist, Department of Neurophysiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Studies in: brain lesions, brain stimulation, behavior, neurochemistry, psychopharmacology. \| \| 1969-1972 \| Predoctoral Fellow, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Environmental Medicine. Training in: physiology, behavior, neurochemistry, environmental physiology. \| \| 1965-1969 \| Undergraduate, Pennsylvania State University, Training in: zoology and psychology. \| University Affiliation: \| 2006–present \| Adjunct Professor, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego. \| \| 1989–present \| Adjunct Professor, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego. \| \| 1983-1989 \| Associate Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego. \| \| 1987-1989 \| Associate Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego. \| \| 1980-1983 \| Assistant Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego. \| Journal Editor: - Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (Editor-in-Chief, 1994–present) - Journal of Addiction Medicine (Senior Editor, 2007–present) - Brain Research (Section Editor, 2008–present; Special Issue Guest Editor, Biomedical Alcohol Research, 2009, vol. 1305S) Awards: - Phi Sigma Society - Alpha Zeta Fraternity - Outstanding Faculty Teaching Award, Revelle College, University of California, San Diego (1988) - Outstanding Faculty Teaching Award, Muir College, University of California, San Diego (1989) - Outstanding Faculty Teaching Award, Warren College, University of California, San Diego (1992, 1993, 1995) - Daniel H. Efron Award, Excellence in Research in Neuropsychopharmacology, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (1991) - Highly Cited Researcher, Institute for Scientific Information (2001) - Distinguished Investigator Award, Research Society on Alcoholism (2002) - ASAM Annual Award, American Society of Addiction Medicine (2002) - Tharp Award, James H. Tharp Trust Committee, Research Society on Alcoholism (2002) - Most Valuable Professor, Muir College, University of California, San Diego (2004) - Mark Keller Award, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2004) - Faculty Excellence Award, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (2006) - Honorary Doctorate of Science, Pennsylvania State University (2009) - Outstanding UCSD Professor Award, Panhellenic Council, University of California, San Diego (2010) - Honorary Doctorate of Science, University of Bordeaux (2013) - Chevalier, Legion of Honour (France) (2016) Lectureships: - Commencement Speaker, Warren College, University of California, San Diego (1993) - Boots Distinguished Neuroscientist, Louisiana State University Medical Center (1989) - Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, Indianapolis Chapter (1990) - Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, Central New York Chapter (1990) - Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, South Carolina Chapter (1992) - Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, West Virginia Chapter (1993) - Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, Northern Rocky Mountain Chapter (1994) - John C. Forbes Honors Lectureship, School of Basic Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University (1991) - Wendy and Stanley Marsh Endowed Lectureship, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo (1999) - Bowles Lectureship, Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina (2000) - Jellinek Lectureship, Substance Abuse Treatment Unit, Yale University School of Medicine (2000) - Mark Nickerson Memorial Lecture Award, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (2006) - Paul Stark Lecture, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center (2008) - Louis S. Harris Sterling Drug Visiting Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University (2009). - Lyon-Voorhees Lectureship, University of Colorado Denver (2010). - Norman E. Zinberg Memorial Lecture, Department of Psychiatry, Division on Addictions, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School (2010).	enwiki/9261337	enwiki	9,261,337	George Koob	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Koob	2025-08-10T07:53:58Z	en	Q5541413	65,648	{{Short description\|American academic}} {{BLP sources\|date=September 2010}} {{Infobox scientist \| name = George Koob \| image = Koob (NIAAA).jpg \| birth_date = {{birth year and age\|1947}} \| birth_place = \| death_date = \| death_place = \| education = [[Pennsylvania State University]] ([[Bachelor of Science\|BS]])<br>[[Johns Hopkins University]] ([[Master of Science\|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy\|PhD]]) \| occupation = Director of the [[National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism]] \| field = [[Neurobiology]] of drug addiction \| work_institutions = [[National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism]] <br> [[The Scripps Research Institute]] \| prizes = [[Legion of Honour]] }} '''George F. Koob''' (born 1947) is a professor and former chair of the Committee on the [[Neurobiology]] of Addictive Disorders at the [[Scripps Research Institute]]<ref name=scripps>{{cite web\|url=http://www.scripps.edu/research/faculty/koob\|title=Faculty:George Koob\|publisher=The Scripps Research Institute -\|accessdate=7 September 2010}}</ref> and adjunct professor of [[Psychology]], [[Psychiatry]], and [[Skaggs School of Pharmacy]] and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the [[University of California, San Diego]]. In 2014 he became the director of the [[National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism]] and continues to hold that position.<ref name=niaaa>{{cite web \| url=https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/about-niaaa/directors-page \| title=Director's Page \| work=NIAAA website \| access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> == Biography == Koob holds a B.S. in Zoology from [[Pennsylvania State University]] (1969) and a Ph.D. in Behavioral Physiology from the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]] (1972).<ref name="niaaa" /> Subsequently he was a post-doctoral fellow at the [[University of Cambridge]] in the Department of Experimental Psychology and the MRC Neuropharmacology Unit.<ref name="niaaa" /> An authority on addiction and stress, Koob has published over 750 scientific papers and has received continuous funding for his research from the National Institutes of Health, including the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).<ref name="niaaa" /> He was, until 2014, the director of the NIAAA Alcohol Research Center at the Scripps Research Institute, Consortium Coordinator for NIAAA's multi-center Integrative Neuroscience Initiative on Alcoholism, and co-director of the Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research. He has trained 10 predoctoral and 64 postdoctoral fellows. Koob is the former editor-in-chief for the journal ''[[Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior]]'' and for the ''[[Journal of Addiction Medicine]]''. He won the Daniel Efron Award for excellence in research from the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, was honored as a [[ISI highly cited researcher\|highly cited researcher]] from the [[Institute for Scientific Information]],<ref name="scripps" /> was presented with the Distinguished Investigator Award from the Research Society on Alcoholism, and won the Mark Keller Award from NIAAA. He published a landmark book in 2006 with his colleague Michel Le Moal entitled: Neurobiology of Addiction (Academic Press-Elsevier, Amsterdam). His research interests continue to be directed at the neurobiology of emotion, with a focus on the theoretical constructs of reward and stress with a specific interest in understanding the neuroanatomical connections comprising the emotional systems and neurochemistry of emotional function. Much of his work has been focused on the role of the extended amygdala (medial shell portion of the nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central nucleus of the amygdala) in behavioral responses to stress, the neuroadaptations associated with drug dependence, and compulsive drug self-administration. Koob's work on the neurobiology of stress has included the characterization of behavioral functions in the central nervous system for catecholamines, opioid peptides, and corticotropin-releasing factor. Corticotropin-releasing factor, in addition to its classical hormonal functions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is also located in extrahypothalamic brain structures and may play an important role in brain emotional function. Recent use of specific corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonists suggests that endogenous brain corticotropin-releasing factor may be involved in specific behavioral responses to stress, the psychopathology of anxiety and affective disorders, and drug addiction.[https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2009110] He has also characterized functional roles for other stress-related neurotransmitters/neuroregulators, such as norepinephrine, vasopressin, hypocretin (orexin), neuropeptide Y, and neuroactive steroids. In the domain of drug addiction, Koob's past work contributed significantly to our understanding of the neurocircuitry associated with the acute reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. More recently, the focus has been on the neuroadaptations of these reward circuits and the recruitment of the brain stress systems during the transition to dependence. To this end, he has validated key animal models for dependence associated with drugs of abuse and has begun to explore a key role of anti-reward systems in the development of dependence. The neurotransmitter systems in the extended amygdala under current investigation include corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, dynorphin, orexin, neuropeptide Y, and the sigma receptor system.<ref name=niaaa/> Koob's contributions include scholarly treatises on the conceptual framework and theoretical bases for understanding the neurobiology of drug addiction. He has contributed key reviews on the “dark side of addiction” in very prominent journals in the field, including Annual Review of Psychology, Nature, Neuron, and Neuropsychopharmacology, and Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. He also, with colleagues, coined the term Hyperkatifeia which is used to describe the hypersensitivity to emotional distress in the context of opioid abuse.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Koob \|first=George F. \|date=2021 \|title=Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development \|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7770492/ \|journal=Pharmacological Reviews \|volume=73 \|issue=1 \|pages=163–201 \|doi=10.1124/pharmrev.120.000083 \|issn=1521-0081 \|pmc=7770492 \|pmid=33318153}}</ref> ===Cancelled NIAAA Study=== After reports broke that members of NIAAA staff had approached the alcohol industry for the purpose of funding a study into moderate drinking, an investigation was conducted that identified the conduct occurred prior to Koob's tenure.<ref>{{Cite magazine\|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-troubled-end-of-an-ethically-compromised-booze-study/\|title=The Troubled End of an Ethically Compromised Booze Study\|last=Rogers\|first=Adam\|date=2018-06-25\|magazine=Wired\|access-date=2019-05-21\|issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nih-pulls-plug-controversial-alcohol-trial\|title=NIH pulls the plug on controversial alcohol trial\|last=Wadman\|first=Meredith\|date=2018-06-15\|website=Science {{!}} AAAS\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/15/nih-report-controversial-alcohol-study/\|title=Controversial NIH study of 'moderate drinking' will be terminated\|date=2018-06-15\|website=STAT\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> Koob expressed disapproval at the ethically-compromised study, and canceled it in June 2018,<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Reardon\|first=Sara\|date=2018-06-15\|title=Controversial alcohol study cancelled by US health agency\|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05461-x\|journal=Nature\|language=EN\|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05461-x\|s2cid=158913351 \|url-access=subscription}}</ref> while the investigation exonerated him of wrongdoing.<ref>{{Cite magazine\|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-troubled-end-of-an-ethically-compromised-booze-study/\|title=The Troubled End of an Ethically Compromised Booze Study\|last=Rogers\|first=Adam\|date=2018-06-25\|magazine=Wired\|access-date=2019-05-21\|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> ==Professional training and positions== {\| class="wikitable" \|- \| 2014–present \| Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism \|- \| 2006–2014 \| Professor and Chair, Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute. \|- \| 1999–2003 \| Medical Advisory Counsel, [[ABMRF/The Foundation for Alcohol Research]]. \|- \| 1995–Present \| Director, Alcohol Research Center, The Scripps Research Institute. \|- \| 1990-2006 \| Professor, Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department (formerly the Department of Neuropharmacology), The Scripps Research Institute. \|- \| 1983-1989 \| Associate Member (with tenure), Division of Preclinical Neuroscience and Endocrinology, The Scripps Research Institute. \|- \| 1983-1989 \| Associate Member (with tenure), Division of Preclinical Neuroscience and Endocrinology, The Scripps Research Institute. \|- \| 1977-1983 \| Staff Scientist, Arthur Vining Davis Center for Behavioral Neurobiology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies. \|- \| 1975-1977 \| Postdoctoral Fellow with Susan D. Iversen, University of Cambridge, Department of Experimental Psychology, Medical Research Council, Neurochemical Pharmacology Unit. Studies in: catecholamines and behavior. \|- \| 1972-1975 \| Staff Scientist, Department of Neurophysiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Studies in: brain lesions, brain stimulation, behavior, neurochemistry, psychopharmacology. \|- \| 1969-1972 \| Predoctoral Fellow, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Environmental Medicine. Training in: physiology, behavior, neurochemistry, environmental physiology. \|- \| 1965-1969 \| Undergraduate, Pennsylvania State University, Training in: zoology and psychology. \|} University Affiliation: {\| class="wikitable" \|- \| 2006–present \| Adjunct Professor, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego. \|- \| 1989–present \| Adjunct Professor, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego. \|- \| 1983-1989 \| Associate Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego. \|- \| 1987-1989 \| Associate Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego. \|- \| 1980-1983 \| Assistant Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego. \|} Journal Editor: * Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (Editor-in-Chief, 1994–present) * Journal of Addiction Medicine (Senior Editor, 2007–present) * Brain Research (Section Editor, 2008–present; Special Issue Guest Editor, Biomedical Alcohol Research, 2009, vol. 1305S) Awards: * Phi Sigma Society * Alpha Zeta Fraternity * Outstanding Faculty Teaching Award, Revelle College, University of California, San Diego (1988) * Outstanding Faculty Teaching Award, Muir College, University of California, San Diego (1989) * Outstanding Faculty Teaching Award, Warren College, University of California, San Diego (1992, 1993, 1995) * Daniel H. Efron Award, Excellence in Research in Neuropsychopharmacology, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (1991) * Highly Cited Researcher, Institute for Scientific Information (2001) * Distinguished Investigator Award, Research Society on Alcoholism (2002) * ASAM Annual Award, [[American Society of Addiction Medicine]] (2002) * Tharp Award, James H. Tharp Trust Committee, Research Society on Alcoholism (2002) * Most Valuable Professor, Muir College, University of California, San Diego (2004) * Mark Keller Award, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2004) * Faculty Excellence Award, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego (2006) * Honorary Doctorate of Science, Pennsylvania State University (2009) * Outstanding UCSD Professor Award, Panhellenic Council, University of California, San Diego (2010) * Honorary Doctorate of Science, [[University of Bordeaux]] (2013) * Chevalier, [[Legion of Honour]] (France) (2016) Lectureships: * Commencement Speaker, Warren College, University of California, San Diego (1993) * Boots Distinguished Neuroscientist, Louisiana State University Medical Center (1989) * Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, Indianapolis Chapter (1990) * Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, Central New York Chapter (1990) * Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, South Carolina Chapter (1992) * Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, West Virginia Chapter (1993) * Grass Foundation Lecturer, Society for Neuroscience, Northern Rocky Mountain Chapter (1994) * John C. Forbes Honors Lectureship, School of Basic Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University (1991) * Wendy and Stanley Marsh Endowed Lectureship, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo (1999) * Bowles Lectureship, Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina (2000) * Jellinek Lectureship, Substance Abuse Treatment Unit, Yale University School of Medicine (2000) * Mark Nickerson Memorial Lecture Award, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (2006) * Paul Stark Lecture, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center (2008) * Louis S. Harris Sterling Drug Visiting Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University (2009). * Lyon-Voorhees Lectureship, University of Colorado Denver (2010). * Norman E. Zinberg Memorial Lecture, Department of Psychiatry, Division on Addictions, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School (2010). == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koob, George}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:University of California, San Diego faculty]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Scripps Research faculty]] [[Category:Medical journal editors]] [[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]] [[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]] [[Category:Pennsylvania State University alumni]]	1,305,137,842	[{"title": "George Koob", "data": {"Born": "1947 (age 77\u201378)", "Education": "Pennsylvania State University (BS) \u00b7 Johns Hopkins University (MS, PhD)", "Occupation": "Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism", "Awards": "Legion of Honour", "Fields": "Neurobiology of drug addiction", "Institutions": "National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism \u00b7 The Scripps Research Institute"}}]	false
# Allentown Jets The Allentown Jets were a minor league basketball team that played in the Eastern Professional Basketball League and later the Eastern Basketball Association and Continental Basketball Association from 1958 to 1981. The team was one of the most successful franchises in CBA/Eastern League history, winning eight playoff championships and 12 division titles. ## History The team was founded as the 'Wilmington Jets in Wilmington, Delaware in 1957. The following year, in 1958, it relocated to Allentown, Pennsylvania. Among the Jets' top players were center Roman Turmon, NBA player and coach Ray Scott, scorer-rebounder Harthorne Wingo, and three-point specialist Brendan McCann. The Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame inducted Richard Koffenberger, who played for the team in Wilmington. The Jets' PR maestro, Johnny Kimock navigated this successful transition, making the Jets one of the elite EBL teams. In 1964, the Jets played an interleague contest with the Grand Rapids Tackers of the Midwest Professional Basketball League. The Jets won 138–136, winning the only minor league "World Series of Basketball" interpromotional game ever held. The Jets had a working agreement with the New York Knicks, which sent several players to Allentown for playing time. Scott was the fourth player picked in the U.S. in the 1961 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons. In 1979, the franchise rebranded itself as the Lehigh Valley Jets, an effort to expand its fanbase throughout the greater Lehigh Valley; however, after the 1980–81 season, the Jets folded. ## Year-by-year \| Year \| League \| Gp \| W \| L \| Pct. \| Reg. Season \| Playoffs \| \| ---------------- \| -------- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| ---- \| ------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| 1958/59 \| EPBL \| 28 \| 6 \| 22 \| .214 \| 8th \| did not qualify \| \| 1959/60 \| EPBL \| 27 \| 15 \| 12 \| .556 \| 3rd \| Lost EPBL Semifinals 139–102 Vs Easton Madisons \| \| 1960/61 \| EPBL \| 28 \| 19 \| 9 \| .679 \| 1st \| Won EPBL Semi Finals 129–97 Vs Sunbury Mercuries, Lost EBPL Finals 119–104 Vs Baltimore Bullets \| \| 1961/62 \| EPBL \| 27 \| 22 \| 5 \| .815 \| 1st \| Won EPBL Semi Finals 2–0 Vs Trenton Colonials, Won EPBL Championship 2–1 Vs Williamsport Billies \| \| 1962/63 \| EPBL \| 28 \| 20 \| 8 \| .714 \| 1st \| Won EPBL Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Williamsport Billies, Won EPBL Championship 2–1 Vs Wilkes-Barre Barons \| \| 1963/64 \| EPBL \| 28 \| 21 \| 7 \| .750 \| 1st \| Lost EPBL Semifinals 2–1 Vs Trenton Colonials \| \| 1964/65 \| EPBL \| 28 \| 16 \| 12 \| .571 \| 4th \| Won EPBL Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Camden Bullets, Won EPBL Championship 2–1 Vs Scranton Miners \| \| 1965/66 \| EPBL \| 28 \| 15 \| 13 \| .536 \| 3rd, Eastern \| Lost EPBL Eastern Division Semi Finals 133–114 Vs Trenton Colonials \| \| 1966/67 \| EPBL \| 28 \| 19 \| 9 \| .679 \| 2nd, Western \| Won Western Division Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Sunbury Mercuries, Lost Western Division Finals 2–1 Vs Scranton Miners \| \| 1967/68 \| EPBL \| 32 \| 23 \| 9 \| .719 \| 1st \| Won EPBL Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Wilmington Blue Bombers, Won EPBL Championship 3–2 Vs Wilkes-Barre Barons \| \| 1968/69 \| EPBL \| 28 \| 15 \| 13 \| .536 \| 3rd, Western \| Lost EPBL Western division Semi Finals 2–0 Vs Scranton Miners \| \| 1969/70 \| EPBL \| 28 \| 20 \| 8 \| .714 \| 1st \| Won EPBL Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Hamden Bics, Won EPBL Championship Series 3–2 Vs Wilmington Blue Bombers \| \| 1970/71 \| EBA \| 28 \| 15 \| 13 \| .536 \| 2nd, Southern \| Won Southern Division Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Sunbury Mercuries, Lost Southern Division Finals 2–1 Vs Scranton Apollos \| \| 1971/72 \| EBA \| 30 \| 21 \| 9 \| .700 \| 1st \| Won EBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs Trenton Pat Pavers, Won EBA Championship 3–2 Vs Scranton Apollos \| \| 1972/73 \| EBA \| 32 \| 15 \| 17 \| .469 \| 4th \| Lost EBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs Hartford Capitols \| \| 1973/74 \| EBA \| 28 \| 20 \| 8 \| .714 \| 1st, Western \| Won Western Division Finals 2–1 Vs Scranton Apollos, Lost EBA Finals 3–2 Vs Hartford Capitols \| \| 1974/75 \| EBA \| 30 \| 16 \| 14 \| .533 \| 2nd \| Won EBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs Scranton Apollos, Won EBA Championship 2–1 Vs Hazleton Bullets \| \| 1975/76 \| EBA \| 27 \| 24 \| 3 \| .889 \| 1st \| Won EBA Semi Finals 3–2 Vs Hazleton Bullets, Won EBA Championship 3–2 Vs Lancaster Red Roses \| \| 1976/77 \| EBA \| 26 \| 21 \| 5 \| .808 \| 1st \| Lost EBA Finals 3–1 Vs Scranton Apollos \| \| 1977/78 \| EBA \| 31 \| 17 \| 14 \| .548 \| 4th, Western \| did not qualify \| \| 1978/79 \| CBA \| 41 \| 21 \| 20 \| .512 \| 2nd, Southern \| Won CBA First Round 2–1 Vs Jersey Shore Bullets, Lost Semifinals 3–1 Vs Rochester Zeniths \| \| 1979/80 \| CBA \| 31 \| 19 \| 12 \| .613 \| 1st, Southern \| Lost CBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs Maine Lumberjacks \| \| 1980/81 \| CBA \| 40 \| 16 \| 24 \| .400 \| 4th, Eastern \| Lost CBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs Rochester Zeniths \| \| Totals \| EPBL/EBA \| 570 \| 360 \| 210 \| .632 \| \| \| \| Totals \| CBA \| 112 \| 56 \| 56 \| .500 \| \| \| \| Franchise Totals \| – \| 682 \| 416 \| 266 \| .610 \| \| \|	enwiki/11824857	enwiki	11,824,857	Allentown Jets	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown_Jets	2025-08-09T20:13:28Z	en	Q1647892	71,356	{{Infobox basketball club \| name = Allentown Jets \| color1 = #ffffff \| color2 = #e57c0b \| color3 = #0549b7 \| logo = Allentown Jets logo.png \| nickname = \| leagues = [[Continental Basketball Association\|EPBL]] (1958–1970)<br>[[Continental Basketball Association\|EBA]] (1970–78)<br>[[Continental Basketball Association\|CBA]] (1978–1981) \| conference = \| division = \| founded = 1957 (as [[Wilmington Jets]]) \| folded = 1981 \| history = '''Wilmington Jets''' (1957–1958)<br />'''Allentown Jets''' <br />(1958–1979)<br />'''Lehigh Valley Jets'''<br />(1979–1981) \| arena = Rockne Hall at [[Allentown Central Catholic High School]] \| capacity = \| location = [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]], U.S. \| colors = blue, orange, white<br />{{color box\|#0549b7}} {{color box\|#e57c0b}} {{color box\|#ffffff}} \| current = \| sponsor = \| media = \| president = \| vice-presidents = \| manager = \| coach = \| captain = \| ownership = \| championships = '''8''' 1962, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1976 \| conf_champs = \| div_champs = '''11''' 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980 }} The '''Allentown Jets''' were a minor league basketball team that played in the [[Continental Basketball Association\|Eastern Professional Basketball League]] and later the Eastern Basketball Association and Continental Basketball Association from 1958 to 1981. The team was one of the most successful franchises in CBA/Eastern League history, winning eight playoff championships and 12 division titles. ==History== The team was founded as the '''Wilmington Jets'' in [[Wilmington, Delaware]] in 1957. The following year, in 1958, it relocated to [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=apbrepbl>{{cite web\|title=History of the Eastern League\|url=http://www.apbr.org/ebl4678.html\|publisher=Association for Professional Basketball Research\|access-date=December 6, 2012}}</ref> Among the Jets' top players were center Roman Turmon, NBA player and coach [[Ray Scott (basketball)\|Ray Scott]], scorer-rebounder [[Harthorne Wingo]], and [[Three-point field goal\|three-point]] specialist [[Brendan McCann]]. The [[Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame]] inducted Richard Koffenberger, who played for the team in Wilmington. The Jets' PR maestro, Johnny Kimock navigated this successful transition, making the Jets one of the elite EBL teams. In 1964, the Jets played an interleague contest with the Grand Rapids Tackers of the [[Midwest Professional Basketball League]]. The Jets won 138–136, winning the only minor league "World Series of Basketball" interpromotional game ever held. The Jets had a working agreement with the [[New York Knicks]], which sent several players to Allentown for playing time. Scott was the fourth player picked in the U.S. in the [[1961 NBA draft]] by the [[Detroit Pistons]]. In 1979, the franchise rebranded itself as the '''Lehigh Valley Jets''', an effort to expand its fanbase throughout the greater [[Lehigh Valley]]; however, after the 1980–81 season, the Jets folded.<ref name=apbrcba>{{cite web\|title=History of the Continental Basketball Association\|url=http://www.apbr.org/cba7801.html\|publisher=Association for Professional Basketball Research\|access-date=December 6, 2012}}</ref> ==Year-by-year== {\| class="wikitable" !Year !League !Gp !W !L !Pct. !Reg. Season !Playoffs \|- \|1958/59 \|EPBL \|28 \|6 \|22 \|.214 \|8th \|''did not qualify'' \|- \|1959/60 \|EPBL \|27 \|15 \|12 \|.556 \|3rd \|Lost EPBL Semifinals 139–102 Vs Easton Madisons \|- \|1960/61 \|EPBL \|28 \|19 \|9 \|.679 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st \|'''Won''' EPBL Semi Finals 129–97 Vs Sunbury Mercuries, Lost EBPL Finals 119–104 Vs [[Baltimore Bullets (EPBL)\|Baltimore Bullets]] \|- \|1961/62 \|EPBL \|27 \|22 \|5 \|.815 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st \|bgcolor="FFEBAD"\|'''Won''' EPBL Semi Finals 2–0 Vs Trenton Colonials, '''Won''' EPBL Championship 2–1 Vs Williamsport Billies \|- \|1962/63 \|EPBL \|28 \|20 \|8 \|.714 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st \|bgcolor="FFEBAD"\|'''Won''' EPBL Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Williamsport Billies, '''Won''' EPBL Championship 2–1 Vs [[Wilkes-Barre Barons]] \|- \|1963/64 \|EPBL \|28 \|21 \|7 \|.750 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st \|Lost EPBL Semifinals 2–1 Vs Trenton Colonials \|- \|1964/65 \|EPBL \|28 \|16 \|12 \|.571 \|4th \|bgcolor="FFEBAD"\|'''Won''' EPBL Semi Finals 2–1 Vs [[Camden Bullets]], '''Won''' EPBL Championship 2–1 Vs [[Scranton Miners]] \|- \|1965/66 \|EPBL \|28 \|15 \|13 \|.536 \|3rd, Eastern \|Lost EPBL Eastern Division Semi Finals 133–114 Vs Trenton Colonials \|- \|1966/67 \|EPBL \|28 \|19 \|9 \|.679 \|2nd, Western \|'''Won''' Western Division Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Sunbury Mercuries, Lost Western Division Finals 2–1 Vs [[Scranton Miners]] \|- \|1967/68 \|EPBL \|32 \|23 \|9 \|.719 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st \|bgcolor="FFEBAD"\|'''Won''' EPBL Semi Finals 2–1 Vs [[Wilmington Bombers\|Wilmington Blue Bombers]], '''Won''' EPBL Championship 3–2 Vs [[Wilkes-Barre Barons]] \|- \|1968/69 \|EPBL \|28 \|15 \|13 \|.536 \|3rd, Western \|Lost EPBL Western division Semi Finals 2–0 Vs [[Scranton Miners]] \|- \|1969/70 \|EPBL \|28 \|20 \|8 \|.714 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st \|bgcolor="FFEBAD"\|'''Won''' EPBL Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Hamden Bics, '''Won''' EPBL Championship Series 3–2 Vs [[Wilmington Bombers\|Wilmington Blue Bombers]] \|- \|1970/71 \|EBA \|28 \|15 \|13 \|.536 \|2nd, Southern \|'''Won''' Southern Division Semi Finals 2–1 Vs Sunbury Mercuries, Lost Southern Division Finals 2–1 Vs [[Scranton Apollos]] \|- \|1971/72 \|EBA \|30 \|21 \|9 \|.700 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st \|bgcolor="FFEBAD"\|'''Won''' EBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs [[Trenton Pat Pavers]], '''Won''' EBA Championship 3–2 Vs [[Scranton Apollos]] \|- \|1972/73 \|EBA \|32 \|15 \|17 \|.469 \|4th \|Lost EBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs [[Hartford Capitols]] \|- \|1973/74 \|EBA \|28 \|20 \|8 \|.714 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st, Western \|'''Won''' Western Division Finals 2–1 Vs [[Scranton Apollos]], Lost EBA Finals 3–2 Vs [[Hartford Capitols]] \|- \|1974/75 \|EBA \|30 \|16 \|14 \|.533 \|2nd \|bgcolor="FFEBAD"\|'''Won''' EBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs [[Scranton Apollos]], '''Won''' EBA Championship 2–1 Vs Hazleton Bullets \|- \|1975/76 \|EBA \|27 \|24 \|3 \|.889 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st \|bgcolor="FFEBAD"\|'''Won''' EBA Semi Finals 3–2 Vs Hazleton Bullets, '''Won''' EBA Championship 3–2 Vs [[Lancaster Red Roses (basketball)\|Lancaster Red Roses]] \|- \|1976/77 \|EBA \|26 \|21 \|5 \|.808 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st \|Lost EBA Finals 3–1 Vs [[Scranton Apollos]] \|- \|1977/78 \|EBA \|31 \|17 \|14 \|.548 \|4th, Western \|''did not qualify'' \|- \|1978/79 \|CBA \|41 \|21 \|20 \|.512 \|2nd, Southern \|'''Won''' CBA First Round 2–1 Vs Jersey Shore Bullets, Lost Semifinals 3–1 Vs [[Rochester Zeniths (basketball)\|Rochester Zeniths]] \|- \|1979/80 \|CBA \|31 \|19 \|12 \|.613 \| bgcolor="B3B7FF" \|1st, Southern \|Lost CBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs [[Maine Lumberjacks]] \|- \|1980/81 \|CBA \|40 \|16 \|24 \|.400 \|4th, Eastern \|Lost CBA Semi Finals 2–0 Vs [[Rochester Zeniths (basketball)\|Rochester Zeniths]] \|- \|Totals \|EPBL/EBA \|570 \|360 \|210 \|.632 \| \| \|- \|Totals \|CBA \|112 \|56 \|56 \|.500 \| \| \|- \|Franchise Totals \|– \|682 \|416 \|266 \|.610 \| \| \|} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== [[Continental Basketball Association franchise history]] [[Delaware Stars]] [[Wilmington Bombers]] [[List of professional sports teams in Delaware]] ==External links== {{Commons category-inline}} {{Defunct Pennsylvania sports teams}} [[Category:Basketball teams established in 1957]] [[Category:Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1981]] [[Category:Defunct basketball teams in the United States]] [[Category:Continental Basketball Association teams]] [[Category:Sports in Allentown, Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Professional basketball teams in Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Defunct basketball teams in Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Sports in Wilmington, Delaware]] [[Category:1957 establishments in Delaware]] [[Category:1981 disestablishments in Pennsylvania]]	1,305,056,677	[{"title": "Allentown Jets", "data": {"Leagues": "EPBL (1958\u20131970) \u00b7 EBA (1970\u201378) \u00b7 CBA (1978\u20131981)", "Founded": "1957 (as Wilmington Jets)", "Folded": "1981", "History": "Wilmington Jets (1957\u20131958) \u00b7 Allentown Jets \u00b7 (1958\u20131979) \u00b7 Lehigh Valley Jets \u00b7 (1979\u20131981)", "Arena": "Rockne Hall at Allentown Central Catholic High School", "Location": "Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S.", "Team colors": "blue, orange, white", "Championships": "8 1962, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1976", "Division titles": "11 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980"}}]	false
# Ok Jaanu OK Jaanu (transl. OK darling) is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic drama film directed by Shaad Ali, written by Mani Ratnam and produced by Ratnam and Karan Johar under their banners Madras Talkies and Dharma Productions respectively. A remake of Ratnam's Tamil film O Kadhal Kanmani, it stars Aditya Roy Kapur and Shraddha Kapoor with a supporting cast including Naseeruddin Shah and Leela Samson, the latter of whom appeared in the original as well, marking her Hindi debut, who essay about the protagonists' landlords. A. R. Rahman composed the film's score and soundtrack, with Gulzar writing the lyrics and dialogues for the film. The film was released on 13 January 2017 to negative reviews with criticism towards the chemistry of the lead pair, story, screenplay, direction, and dialogues, although the music, cinematography, and the supporting cast performances were praised. It became a disaster at the box office. ## Plot Aditya "Adi" Gunjal comes to Mumbai to work for a gaming company owned by his boss, aspiring to make it big in the United States as a video game developer. At Mumbai railway station, he spots a girl on the adjacent platform trying to jump in front of an approaching train. A horrified Adi gives her a shout. The girl then disappears. Adi moves into the house of Gopi Shrivastava, his elder lawyer brother Ravi's senior, a strict, retired High Court judge living with his wife Charu, a renowned Hindustani classical singer who suffers from stage two Alzheimer's disease. On his first day at work, Adi is encouraged by his friend Bantee to pitch the idea of his game "Mumbai 2.0" to his boss. Adi impresses his boss and gets a deadline of five months to prepare a prototype for Los Angeles for a competition. Later, while at his friend Jenny's wedding, Adi spots the girl from the station. The girl introduces herself as Tara Agnihotri. Adi learns that Tara is planning to pursue architectural studies in Paris, and he says that he dreams of becoming a big shot like Mark Zuckerberg. Adi and Tara strike a chord over their mutual presumptions about the dysfunctionality of the institution of marriage. Tara also reveals that her antic at the railway station was a ploy to get rid of her ex-boyfriend, who desired to marry her. Subsequently, they hang out and explore the city together. The next day, Adi pursues Tara to Ahmedabad on her work trip. Tara takes Adi to Sabarmati Ashram, which she used to visit with her father as a kid. She discloses that her decision never to marry was incited by her parents' failed marriage. Adi and Tara decide to live with each other before they separate ways for their respective careers. The two approach Gopi and Charu with their wish. Gopi initially strongly disagrees with their desire but then decides to give in when Tara impresses Charu with her classical singing. Adi's family plans to give Adi a surprise visit, and his sister-in-law finds out that he is living with Tara, which his brother would adamantly be opposed to. She asks Tara to ponder their future when Tara, at some point, would have to pick between her love and her career. Tara and Adi continue living happily, getting a thrill out of their endearing mutual camaraderie and growing affinity and attachment. Tara's admission to the institute in Paris gets approved. Tara informs Gopi of this and confides in him that it might now be hard for her to leave Adi and go so far away. The next day, Tara goes to Jaipur for a work trip, and Adi starts to miss her profoundly. Adi gets summoned to Kanpur by Tara's affluent mother, who wishes to know her daughter's intentions. As a result, Tara finds Adi missing when she returns from Jaipur and searches for him miserably, realizing that living without him would make her sad. Tara and Adi begin to understand the importance of each other's presence in their lives, especially after seeing the love and patience Gopi has for his ailing wife. One day, she goes missing as she bewilderingly forgets the way to her own house and is found by Tara and Adi sitting on a temple platform in heavy rain. Tara's mother visits Adi's family to discuss marriage, infuriating Tara. Later in the day, Adi's game, "Mumbai 2.0," gets selected for the competition in Los Angeles, meaning that he has to leave for the United States soon. He confides in Jenny that it'd be hard for him to go. Tara, too, seems visibly vexed. The next day, Adi and Tara make a pact to enjoy themselves to the fullest for the next ten days, after which they will eventually go their separate ways. One day, Charu goes missing again. While looking for her, they start bickering about their relationship. However, after finding Charu and bringing her home back to her husband, Adi finally proposes marriage to Tara before leaving for their respective destinations. They get married in Gopi's house among close friends and family. Post-marriage, both continue to accomplish their dreams, one in Paris and the other in Los Angeles, keeping in touch and waiting for the day to be together again. An end credits roll plays the rest of their story in animation, with them finally living together one day and starting a family. ## Cast - Aditya Roy Kapoor as Aditya "Adi" Gunjal. - Shraddha Kapoor as Tara Gunjal (nee Agnihotri) (Few lines as Mona Ghosh Shetty). - Naseeruddin Shah as Gopi Srivastava - Leela Samson as Charu Srivastava - Jasmeet Singh Bhatia as Bantu - Eesh Kakkar as Romi, Tara's ex-boyfriend - Kitu Gidwani as Tara's mother - Sanjay Gurbaxani as Deputy Commissioner of Police - Sarika Singh as Adi's sister-in-law - Vibhoutee Sharma as Jennifer - Vijayant Kohli as Ravi Gunjal, Adi's brother - Prahlad Kakkar as Adi's boss - Boloram Das as a security guard - Nas Daily as a wedding guest ## Soundtrack The film score and soundtrack are composed by A. R. Rahman while the lyrics for songs are written by Gulzar. Rahman re-used most of his compositions from the Tamil soundtrack of O Kadhal Kanmani, with the exception of three songs. He composed two new songs for the film which are the Hindi counterparts of "Aye Sinamika" and "Malargal Kaetten" that were part of the Tamil version. The Hindi counterpart of "Parandhu Sella Vaa" is a cover version of Rahman's yesteryear classic "Humma Humma" from Ratnam's 1995 Tamil film Bombay. Dubbed as "The Humma Song", the cover was done by Badshah and Tanishk Bagchi. "The Humma Song was heavily criticized for its reliance on remixing already famous tracks for commercial appeal, highlighting a troubling trend as it prioritizes accessibility over musical creativity. This results in a lack of depth and originality, with software-generated beats and loops failing to compensate for the overall lack of artistic effort. The full soundtrack was released by Sony Music India on 4 January 2017. \| No. \| Title \| Lyrics \| Singer(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ----------------- \| -------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "OK Jaanu" \| Gulzar \| A. R. Rahman & Srinidhi Venkatesh \| 03:26 \| \| 2. \| "The Humma Song" \| Original Lyrics: Mehboob Rap Lyrics: Badshah \| Jubin Nautiyal, Shashaa, Badshah Tanishk Bagchi \| 02:59 \| \| 3. \| "Enna Sona" \| Gulzar \| Arijit Singh \| 03:33 \| \| 4. \| "Jee Lein" \| Gulzar \| Neeti Mohan, Arjun Chandy & Savithri R Prithvi \| 04:46 \| \| 5. \| "Kaara Fankaara" \| Navneet Virk, Kaly, Hard Kaur & ADK \| Kaly, Hard Kaur, ADK, Shashaa Tirupati, Ashima Mahajan, Paroma Das Gupta & Sameera Bharadwaj \| 05:44 \| \| 6. \| "Saajan Aayo Re" \| Gulzar \| Jonita Gandhi & Nakash Aziz \| 06:09 \| \| 7. \| "Maula Wa Sallim" \| Traditional \| A. R. Ameen \| 03:06 \| \| 8. \| "Sunn Bhavara" \| Gulzar \| Shashaa Tirupati \| 04:23 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 34:15 \| ## Box office The film grossed an estimated ₹392.3 million (US$4.6 million) worldwide, with approximately ₹328.3 million (US$3.9 million) earned domestically, and ₹64 million (US$760,000) from international releases.Box Office India declared the film a flop. ## Reception Ok Jaanu garnered negative reviews from critics. Bollywood Hungama rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, stating that it is "a decent love story which works only in parts mainly because of the chemistry between Aditya Roy Kapur and Shraddha Kapoor." Writing for Hindustan Times, Anupama Chopra rated the film 2 out of 5, commenting, "This is just a pointless film, because an exact frame-for-frame version already exists in Tamil", referring to O Kadhal Kanmani, directed by Mani Ratnam. Chopra described Kapur and Kapoor as "too lightweight" to bring a comparable depth to the characters that the original actors did. ## Accolades \| Award Ceremony \| Category \| Recipient \| Result \| Ref.(s) \| \| ------------------------ \| ------------------------------ \| ---------------- \| --------- \| ------------ \| \| 10th Mirchi Music Awards \| Raag-Inspired Song of the Year \| "Sunn Bhavara" \| Won \| [ 9 ] [ 10 ] \| \| 10th Mirchi Music Awards \| Raag-Inspired Song of the Year \| "Saajan Aayo Re" \| Nominated \| [ 9 ] [ 10 ] \|	enwiki/49631653	enwiki	49,631,653	Ok Jaanu	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok_Jaanu	2025-08-09T18:29:06Z	en	Q23044946	126,400	{{Short description\|2017 Hindi film directed by Shaad Ali}} {{Use Indian English\|date=March 2016}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox film \| name = Ok Jaanu \| image = Ok Jaanu poster.jpg \| alt = \| caption = Theatrical release poster \| director = [[Shaad Ali]] \| producer = Mani Ratnam<br />[[Karan Johar]]<br />Apoorva Mehta<br />Hiroo Yash Johar \| writer = [[Mani Ratnam]]<br />[[Gulzar]] (dialogues) \| story = Mani Ratnam \| based_on = ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''<br />by [[Mani Ratnam]] \| starring = [[Aditya Roy Kapur]]<br />[[Shraddha Kapoor]]<br />[[Naseeruddin Shah]]<br />[[Leela Samson]]<br />[[Prahlad Kakkar]] \| music = [[A. R. Rahman]] \| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]] \| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] \| studio = [[Madras Talkies]]<br />[[Dharma Productions]] \| distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]] \| released = {{Film date\|2017\|1\|13\|df=y}} \| runtime = 137 minutes \| country = India \| language = Hindi \| budget = {{INR\|link=yes}}27 crore<ref name="Ok Jaanu - Box office India">{{cite web \|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3448 \|title=Ok Jaanu – Box office India \|website=Box Office India}}</ref> \| gross = {{INR\|link=yes}}39.23 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web\|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/Ok-Jaanu/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office\|title=Ok Jaanu Box Office\|website=Bollywood Hungama\|date=13 January 2017 \|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> }} '''''OK Jaanu''''' ({{Translation\|OK darling}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film\|musical]] [[Romance film#Subgenres\|romantic drama]] film directed by [[Shaad Ali]], written by [[Mani Ratnam]] and produced by Ratnam and [[Karan Johar]] under their banners [[Madras Talkies]] and [[Dharma Productions]] respectively. A remake of Ratnam's [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] film ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'', it stars [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]] with a supporting cast including [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Leela Samson]], the latter of whom appeared in the original as well, marking her Hindi debut, who essay about the protagonists' landlords. [[A. R. Rahman]] composed the film's score and soundtrack, with [[Gulzar]] writing the lyrics and dialogues for the film.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-aditya-roy-kapur-cosy-up-in-ok-jaanu-first-look/ \|title=Shraddha Kapoor, Aditya Roy Kapur cosy up in 'OK Jaanu' first look \|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|date=13 Jan 2017 \|title=Ok Jaanu Movie Review \|url=https://www.bollywoodupdate.org/ok-jaanu-movie-review/ \|url-status=dead \|access-date=12 January 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141347/https://www.bollywoodupdate.org/ok-jaanu-movie-review/ \|archive-date=13 Jan 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2017/01/13/shraddha-kapoor-and-aditya-roy-kapur-shine-but-ok-jaanu-is-strictly-ok-dharma-productions-humma-humma-ar-rahman \|title=Review: Shraddha and Aditya Shine, but OK Jaanu Is Strictly 'OK}}</ref> The film was released on 13 January 2017 to negative reviews with criticism towards the chemistry of the lead pair, story, screenplay, direction, and dialogues, although the music, cinematography, and the supporting cast performances were praised. It became a [[box office flop\|disaster at the box office]]. ==Plot== Aditya "Adi" Gunjal comes to Mumbai to work for a gaming company owned by his boss, aspiring to make it big in the United States as a video game developer. At Mumbai railway station, he spots a girl on the adjacent platform trying to jump in front of an approaching train. A horrified Adi gives her a shout. The girl then disappears. Adi moves into the house of Gopi Shrivastava, his elder lawyer brother Ravi's senior, a strict, retired High Court judge living with his wife Charu, a renowned Hindustani classical singer who suffers from stage two Alzheimer's disease. On his first day at work, Adi is encouraged by his friend Bantee to pitch the idea of his game "Mumbai 2.0" to his boss. Adi impresses his boss and gets a deadline of five months to prepare a prototype for Los Angeles for a competition. Later, while at his friend Jenny's wedding, Adi spots the girl from the station. The girl introduces herself as Tara Agnihotri. Adi learns that Tara is planning to pursue architectural studies in Paris, and he says that he dreams of becoming a big shot like [[Mark Zuckerberg]]. Adi and Tara strike a chord over their mutual presumptions about the dysfunctionality of the institution of marriage. Tara also reveals that her antic at the railway station was a ploy to get rid of her ex-boyfriend, who desired to marry her. Subsequently, they hang out and explore the city together. The next day, Adi pursues Tara to Ahmedabad on her work trip. Tara takes Adi to Sabarmati Ashram, which she used to visit with her father as a kid. She discloses that her decision never to marry was incited by her parents' failed marriage. Adi and Tara decide to live with each other before they separate ways for their respective careers. The two approach Gopi and Charu with their wish. Gopi initially strongly disagrees with their desire but then decides to give in when Tara impresses Charu with her classical singing. Adi's family plans to give Adi a surprise visit, and his sister-in-law finds out that he is living with Tara, which his brother would adamantly be opposed to. She asks Tara to ponder their future when Tara, at some point, would have to pick between her love and her career. Tara and Adi continue living happily, getting a thrill out of their endearing mutual camaraderie and growing affinity and attachment. Tara's admission to the institute in Paris gets approved. Tara informs Gopi of this and confides in him that it might now be hard for her to leave Adi and go so far away. The next day, Tara goes to Jaipur for a work trip, and Adi starts to miss her profoundly. Adi gets summoned to Kanpur by Tara's affluent mother, who wishes to know her daughter's intentions. As a result, Tara finds Adi missing when she returns from Jaipur and searches for him miserably, realizing that living without him would make her sad. Tara and Adi begin to understand the importance of each other's presence in their lives, especially after seeing the love and patience Gopi has for his ailing wife. One day, she goes missing as she bewilderingly forgets the way to her own house and is found by Tara and Adi sitting on a temple platform in heavy rain. Tara's mother visits Adi's family to discuss marriage, infuriating Tara. Later in the day, Adi's game, "Mumbai 2.0," gets selected for the competition in Los Angeles, meaning that he has to leave for the United States soon. He confides in Jenny that it'd be hard for him to go. Tara, too, seems visibly vexed. The next day, Adi and Tara make a pact to enjoy themselves to the fullest for the next ten days, after which they will eventually go their separate ways. One day, Charu goes missing again. While looking for her, they start bickering about their relationship. However, after finding Charu and bringing her home back to her husband, Adi finally proposes marriage to Tara before leaving for their respective destinations. They get married in Gopi's house among close friends and family. Post-marriage, both continue to accomplish their dreams, one in Paris and the other in Los Angeles, keeping in touch and waiting for the day to be together again. An end credits roll plays the rest of their story in animation, with them finally living together one day and starting a family. == Cast == * [[Aditya Roy Kapoor]] as Aditya "Adi" Gunjal. * [[Shraddha Kapoor]] as Tara Gunjal (nee Agnihotri) (Few lines as [[Mona Ghosh Shetty]]). * [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Gopi Srivastava * [[Leela Samson]] as Charu Srivastava * Jasmeet Singh Bhatia as Bantu * Eesh Kakkar as Romi, Tara's ex-boyfriend * [[Kitu Gidwani]] as Tara's mother * Sanjay Gurbaxani as Deputy Commissioner of Police * Sarika Singh as Adi's sister-in-law * Vibhoutee Sharma as Jennifer * Vijayant Kohli as Ravi Gunjal, Adi's brother * [[Prahlad Kakkar]] as Adi's boss * [[Boloram Das]] as a security guard * [[Nas Daily]] as a wedding guest == Soundtrack == {{Infobox album \| name = Ok Jaanu \| type = Soundtrack \| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]] \| cover = \| alt = \| released = 12 December 2016 \| recorded = \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = [[Soundtrack\|Feature film Soundtrack]] \| length = {{Duration\|m=34\|s=15}} \| language = [[Hindi]] \| label = [[Sony Music India]] \| producer = A. R. Rahman \| prev_title = [[Mohenjo Daro (film)\|Mohenjo Daro]] \| prev_year = 2016 \| next_title = [[Kaatru Veliyidai (soundtrack)\|Kaatru Veliyidai]] \| next_year = 2017 }} The film score and soundtrack are composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] while the lyrics for songs are written by [[Gulzar]]. Rahman re-used most of his compositions from the Tamil soundtrack of ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'', with the exception of three songs. He composed two new songs for the film which are the Hindi counterparts of "Aye Sinamika" and "Malargal Kaetten" that were part of the Tamil version. The Hindi counterpart of "Parandhu Sella Vaa" is a cover version of Rahman's yesteryear classic "[[Humma Humma]]" from Ratnam's 1995 [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] film ''[[Bombay (1995 film)\|Bombay]]''. Dubbed as "The Humma Song", the cover was done by [[Badshah (rapper)\|Badshah]] and Tanishk Bagchi.{{cn\|date=October 2024}} "The Humma Song was heavily criticized for its reliance on remixing already famous tracks for commercial appeal, highlighting a troubling trend as it prioritizes accessibility over musical creativity. This results in a lack of depth and originality, with software-generated beats and loops failing to compensate for the overall lack of artistic effort.{{cn\|date=October 2024}} The full soundtrack was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 4 January 2017. {{Track listing \| headline = OK Jaanu Track listing \| extra_column = Singer(s) \| total_length = {{Duration\|m=34\|s=15}} \| title1 = OK Jaanu \| extra1 = [[A. R. Rahman]] & [[T. Sreenidhi\|Srinidhi Venkatesh]] \| lyrics1 = [[Gulzar]] \| length1 = 03:26 \| title2 = [[Humma Song\|The Humma Song]] \| extra2 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Shashaa Tirupati\|Shashaa]], [[Badshah (rapper)\|Badshah]]<br>[[Tanishk Bagchi]] \| lyrics2 = '''Original Lyrics:'''<br>[[Mehboob (lyricist)\|Mehboob]]<br />'''Rap Lyrics:'''<br>[[Badshah (rapper)\|Badshah]] \| length2 = 02:59 \| title3 = Enna Sona \| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]] \| lyrics3 = [[Gulzar]] \| length3 = 03:33 \| title4 = Jee Lein \| extra4 = [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Arjun Chandy]] & Savithri R Prithvi \| lyrics4 = Gulzar \| length4 = 04:46 \| title5 = Kaara Fankaara \| extra5 = Kaly, [[Hard Kaur]], [[Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam\|ADK]], Shashaa Tirupati, Ashima Mahajan, Paroma Das Gupta & Sameera Bharadwaj \| lyrics5 = Navneet Virk, Kaly, Hard Kaur & ADK \| length5 = 05:44 \| title6 = Saajan Aayo Re \| extra6 = [[Jonita Gandhi]] & [[Nakash Aziz]] \| lyrics6 = Gulzar \| length6 = 06:09 \| title7 = Maula Wa Sallim \| extra7 = [[A. R. Ameen]] \| lyrics7 = Traditional \| length7 = 03:06 \| title8 = Sunn Bhavara \| extra8 = Shashaa Tirupati \| lyrics8 = Gulzar \| length8 = 04:23 }} ==Box office== The film grossed an estimated {{INRConvert\|392.3\|m}} worldwide, with approximately {{INRConvert\|328.3\|m}} earned domestically, and {{INRConvert\|64\|m}}<!--Note: 392.3 million minus 32.83 crore--> from international releases.<ref name="bo">{{cite web\|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/Ok-Jaanu/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office\|title=Ok Jaanu Box Office\|website=Bollywood Hungama\|date=13 January 2017 \|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>''[[Box Office India]]'' declared the film a ''flop''.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web\|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3448\|title=Ok Jaanu - Movie - Box Office India\|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> ==Reception== ''Ok Jaanu'' garnered negative reviews from critics. ''Bollywood Hungama'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, stating that it is "a decent love story which works only in parts mainly because of the chemistry between Aditya Roy Kapur and Shraddha Kapoor."<ref name="BH review">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ok-jaanu/critic-review/ok-jaanu-movie-review/\|title = Ok Jaanu Review 2.5/5 \| Ok Jaanu Movie Review \| Ok Jaanu 2017 Public Review \| Film Review\| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] \| date=13 January 2017 }}</ref> Writing for ''Hindustan Times'', Anupama Chopra rated the film 2 out of 5, commenting, "This is just a pointless film, because an exact frame-for-frame version already exists in Tamil", referring to ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'', directed by Mani Ratnam. Chopra described Kapur and Kapoor as "too lightweight" to bring a comparable depth to the characters that the original actors did.<ref name="HT review">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/an-inexact-replica-ok-jaanu-review-by-anupama-chopra/story-1bUJXksyQE9IdCNracikqN.html\|title = An inexact replica: OK Jaanu review by Anupama Chopra\|date = 13 January 2017}}</ref> == Accolades == {\| class="wikitable" ! Award Ceremony ! Category ! Recipient ! Result ! Ref.(s) \|- \| rowspan=2 \| [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]] \| rowspan=2 \| Raag-Inspired Song of the Year \| "Sunn Bhavara" \| {{won}} \| rowspan=2 \|<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/ \|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017 \|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards\|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/winners/ \|title=Winners – Mirchi Music Awards 2017 \|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards\|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> \|- \| "Saajan Aayo Re" \| {{nom}} \|} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{IMDb title}} * {{Official website\|http://okjanu.com}} * {{Bollywood Hungama title\|7266831}} {{Portal bar\|India\|Film\|Bollywood}} {{Shaad Ali}} {{Dharma Productions}} {{Mani Ratnam}} {{A. R. Rahman}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2017 films]] [[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]] [[Category:2010s Hindi-language films]] [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]] [[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]] [[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]] [[Category:2017 romantic drama films]] [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]] [[Category:Fox Star Studios films]] [[Category:Films directed by Shaad Ali]] [[Category:Films produced by Mani Ratnam]]	1,305,042,924	[{"title": "Ok Jaanu", "data": {"Directed by": "Shaad Ali", "Written by": "Mani Ratnam \u00b7 Gulzar (dialogues)", "Story by": "Mani Ratnam", "Based on": "O Kadhal Kanmani \u00b7 by Mani Ratnam", "Produced by": "Mani Ratnam \u00b7 Karan Johar \u00b7 Apoorva Mehta \u00b7 Hiroo Yash Johar", "Starring": "Aditya Roy Kapur \u00b7 Shraddha Kapoor \u00b7 Naseeruddin Shah \u00b7 Leela Samson \u00b7 Prahlad Kakkar", "Cinematography": "Ravi K. Chandran", "Edited by": "A. Sreekar Prasad", "Music by": "A. R. Rahman", "Production \u00b7 companies": "Madras Talkies \u00b7 Dharma Productions", "Distributed by": "Fox Star Studios", "Release date": "- 13 January 2017", "Running time": "137 minutes", "Country": "India", "Language": "Hindi", "Budget": "\u20b927 crore", "Box office": "\u20b939.23 crore"}}, {"title": "Soundtrack album by A. R. Rahman", "data": {"Released": "12 December 2016", "Genre": "Feature film Soundtrack", "Length": "34:15", "Language": "Hindi", "Label": "Sony Music India", "Producer": "A. R. Rahman"}}, {"title": "A. R. Rahman chronology", "data": {"Mohenjo Daro \u00b7 (2016)": "Ok Jaanu \u00b7 (2016) \u00b7 Kaatru Veliyidai \u00b7 (2017)"}}, {"title": "A. R. Rahman", "data": {"Studio albums": "Vande Mataram (1997) Jana Gana Mana (2000) Connections (2008) Raunaq (2014)", "Soundtracks": "Roja (1992) Kaadhalan (1994) Rangeela (1995) Bombay (1995) Muthu (1995) Kabhi Na Kabhi (1998) Padayappa (1999) Alai Payuthey (2000) Lagaan (2001) Swades (2004) Water (2005) Rang De Basanti (2006) Guru (2007) Sivaji (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Delhi-6 (2009) Couples Retreat (2009) Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (2010) Ye Maaya Chesave (2010) Raavanan (2010) Puli (2010) Enthiran (2010) Jhootha Hi Sahi (2010) 127 Hours (2010) Rockstar (2011) People Like Us (2012) Ekk Deewana Tha (2012) Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012) Kadal (2012) Godfather (2012) Maryan (2013) Raanjhanaa (2013) Highway (2014) Kochadaiiyaan (2014) Million Dollar Arm (2014) Lekar Hum Deewana Dil (2014) The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014) Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014) Lingaa (2014) I (2015) O Kadhal Kanmani (2015) Tamasha (2015) Muhammad: The Messenger of God (2015) 24 (2016) Mohenjo Daro (2016) Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada (2016) Kaatru Veliyidai (2017) Mersal (2017) Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (2018) Sarkar (2018) Sarvam Thaala Mayam (2019) Bigil (2019) Dil Bechara (2020) 99 Songs (2021) Mimi (2021) Atrangi Re (2022) Cobra (2022) Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (2022) Ponniyin Selvan: I (2022) Ponniyin Selvan: II (2023) original score (2024) Maamannan (2023) Ayalaan (2024) The Goat Life (2024) Raayan (2024) Amar Singh Chamkila (2024) Chhaava (2025)", "Songs": "\" Urvasi Urvasi \" (1994) \" Humma Humma \" (1995) \" Chaiyya Chaiyya \" (1998) \" O... Saya \" (2008) \" Jai Ho \" (2008) \" Tu Hai \" (2016) \" Ruby Ruby \" (2018) \" Wako Naam Fakir \" (2019) \" Singappenney \" (2019)", "Musicals": "Bombay Dreams (2002) The Lord of the Rings (2006)", "Live albums": "Classic Incantations (2012)", "Concert tours": "A. R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour (2010)", "Related articles": "SuperHeavy \" Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny) \" (2009) \" It's My Birthday \" (2014)"}}]	false
# Funny Women Funny Women is an online and in-person workshop community dedicated to the support of female comedians. It was founded by Lynne Parker in 2002 as a reaction to misogynistic comments from a comedy promoter. Funny Women helps women find their voice, promote them, and assists charities. During the 2019 Funny Women Awards Final, Funny Women announced that their new Patron (renamed Matron), would be Jo Brand. ## Live events Funny Women runs "Stand Up to Stand Out" comedy workshops hosted by Parker. In 2013, Funny Women hosted the first Workshop Weekend at the women-only business club B.Hive in Covent Garden. This comprised two days of intensive comedy and confidence training, including a Stand-Up to Stand Out comedy workshop run by Lynne Parker, an improvisation workshop facilitated by Courtney Cornfield, writing for radio hosted by Paul Dodgson and character creation with Hattie Naylor. Funny Women also hosts regular comedy showcases in London and Brighton; residencies include comedy venues at the Leicester Square Theatre and Komedia. Following a successful trial at the Richmond Literature Festival, Funny Women is now also branching out into literary festivals with a new format discussing writing female comedy with a panel of writers and performers. ## Website The Funny Women website contains a ‘magazine’ containing opinion pieces, podcast reviews & recommendations, live show critiques and actively encourages submissions from budding writers wanting to sharpen their comedy writing skills and get online presence for their work. They also offer feedback and help develop the writers of the future. ## The Funny Women Awards The Funny Women Awards were launched in 2003. Contestants include female talents such as Bridget Christie, Susan Calman, Katherine Ryan, Andi Osho, Kerry Godliman, Sara Pascoe, Zoe Lyons, Holly Walsh and Sarah Millican. The Awards have attracted national television and radio coverage (Richard & Judy, This Morning, The Culture Show), and national press (The Guardian, The Times, The Telegraph). The Awards have also been featured as a series of podcasts with The Sun (semi final, final), and footage from the 2007 final at the Comedy Store, London is featured on the Paramount Comedy website. Due to the numbers entering, this competition has three stages. Heats take place over April, May and June and from these heats, 20 acts are selected. Four semi-finals are held in Brighton, Manchester, London and Edinburgh and from these, ten acts are selected to go through to the final. Previous venues include Leicester Square Theatre and Kings Place in London. It was announced at the 2019 Funny Women Awards that Jo Brand would be the Patron of Funny Women. The prize for the Stage Award 2019 would include mentoring from Brand. ### 2023 Source: #### Stage Award Finalists - Kate Cheka (Winner)[11] - Hannah Platt[12] (Runner-up) - Victoria Comedy[13] (Runner-up) - Blank Peng - Charlie Vero-Martin - Nikola McMurtrie - Rachel Baker - Sascha LO - Su Mi - Tal Davies ### Content Creator Award - Serena Terry (Winner) - Soph Galustian (Runner-up) - Nerine Skinner (Runner-up) ### 2022 Source: #### Stage Award - Lorna Rose Treen (winner) - Marjolein Robertson (2nd) - Jessie Nixon (3rd) - Anshita Koul (finalist) - Fathiya Saleh (finalist) - Julia Stenton (finalist) - Kate Martin (finalist) - Leah Davis (finalist) - Sharlin Jahan (finalist) - Tatty Macleod (finalist) #### Comedy Writing Award - Ruby Carr (winner) - Nicki Lucas (finalist) - Ellie Silver (finalist) #### Comedy Shorts Award - Lorna Rose Treen (winner) - Lorelei Mathias (finalist) - Sarah Grant & Katrina Allen (finalist) #### Industry Award - Amy Annette (winner) - Anna Leong Brophy (finalist) - Hannah George (finalist) #### Content Creator Award Source: - Chan Wills (Chanel Williams) (winner) - Anne Crowther (Christiana Brockbank) - Bluenbroke (Kate Harding) - Cocosarel - Castmeimjane (Jane Postlethwaite) - Katerina Robinson - Martha Writes (Martha Macdonald) - Mrs Smith Says It - Nikola McMurtrie - Quirks & Foibles (Amy, Amelia, Katie) - Rants and Big Pants (Neens and DB) - Rosie Holt - Sooz Kempner - Stacey Annor - The Sugarcoated Sisters - Thenjiwe Comedy ### 2021 Source: #### Stage Award - Lara Ricote (winner) - Bronwyn Sweeney (runner-up) - Ola Labib (runner-up) - Abby Wambaugh (finalist) - Amelia Stubberfield (finalist) - Beau Holland(finalist) - Caitlin Powell(finalist) - Louisa Keight (finalist) - Natalie Bellingham(finalist) - Sharon Wanjohi (finalist) #### Comedy Writing - Kathryn Bond - Sophie Duker #### Comedy Shorts Award - Ada Player #### Content Creator Award - Hayley Morris ### 2020 Source: - Izzy Askwith (winner) [19] - Mary O’Connell (runner-up) - Eryn Tett (runner-up)[20] - Naomi Cooper (finalist) - Katie Green (finalist) - Ania Magliano (finalist) - Fiona Ridgewell (finalist) - Christina O’Sullivan (finalist) - Victoria Olsina (semi-finalist) - Taran O’Sullivan (semi-finalist) - Suchandrika Chakrabarti (semi-finalist) - Olivia Flood-Wylie (semi-finalist) - Kathy Maniura (semi-finalist) - Karen Hobbs (semi-finalist) - Gillian Fitzgerald (semi-finalist) - Ambika Mod (semi-finalist) ### 2019 - Laura Smyth (winner)[21] - Sian Davies (runner-up) - Charlie George (runner-up) - Sarah Mann (finalist) - Liz Guterbock (finalist) - Helena Langdon (finalist) - Kemah Bob (finalist) - Shelf (finalist) - Jen Ives (finalist) - Celya AB (finalist) ### 2017–18 - Thanyia Moore (winner)[22] - Chloe Petts (runner-up) - Susan Riddell (runner-up) - Jodie Mitchell (finalist) - Lily Phillips (finalist) - Amy Mason (finalist) - Louise Young (finalist) - Megan Shandley (finalist) - Maisie Adam (finalist) ### 2016 - Harriet Braine (winner)[22] - Catherine Bohart (finalist) - Rose Robinson (finalist) - Rosie Jones (finalist) - Rivka Uttley (finalist) - Micky Overman (finalist) ### 2015 - Desiree Burch[23] (winner) - Helen Monks (runner-up) - Sarah Keyworth (runner-up) - Christine Entwisle (Comedy Writing Award) - Rachel Marwood (Comedy Shorts Award) - Jane Postlethwaite[24] (finalist) - Julie-Anne Meaney (finalist) - Kate Kennedy (finalist) - Maggy Whitehouse (finalist) - Rosana Bosanac (finalist) - Sophie Duker (finalist) - Tamar Broadbent (finalist) ### 2014 - Jayde Adams[25] (winner) - Aine Gallagher (runner-up) - Lauren Pattison (runner-up) - Heffernan & Fletcher (Comedy Writing Award) - Sally Cancello (Comedy Shorts Award) - Massive Dad (finalist) - Samantha Baines (finalist) - Robyn Perkins (finalist) - Hawkeye & Windy (finalist) - Faye Daniels (finalist) - Pauline Shanahan (finalist) - Hannah Banana (finalist) ### 2013 - Twisted Loaf (winner) - Katie Lane (runner-up) - Elf Lyons (runner-up) - Reven & Fennell (Variety Award) - Cassie Pope (Comedy Writing Award) - Alex Maher for 'Hope And Gloria' (Best Show Award) - Rachel Gleaves (finalist) - Bisha Ali (finalist) - Tevashnee (finalist) - Rachel Slater (finalist) - Bethan Roberts (finalist) - Becky Brunning (finalist) - Sindhu Vee (finalist) - Saskia Preston (finalist) - Dotty Winters (finalist) ### 2012 - Gabby Best (winner)[26] - Niamh Marron (runner-up) - Katie Tracey (runner-up) - Suzanna Kempner (Variety Award) - Sarah Courtauld (Comedy Writing Award) - Abi Tedder (finalist) - Alice Frick (finalist) - Amy Gledhill (finalist) - Cerys Nelmes (finalist) - General Advice Bureau (finalist) - Lucy Frederick (finalist) - Lucy Montague-Moffatt (finalist) - Sofie Hagen (finalist) - The Silky Pair (finalist) - Viv Groskop (finalist) ### 2011 - Lara A King (winner) - Katherine Bennett (Second) - Bekka Bowling (Third) - Ladies Live Longer - Louise Fitzgerald and Victoria Temple-Morris (Variety Award) - Gabriella Burnel (finalist) - Mel Moon (finalist) - Sadia Azmat (finalist) - Emily Lloyd-Saini (finalist) - Vanessa Bland(finalist) - Kerry Gilbert(finalist) - Sarah Callaghan(finalist) - Checkley & Bush(finalist) - Janet Bettesworth (finalist) ### 2010 - Thankless Child - Liz Black and Freya Slipper (winner) - Julia Clark (Second) - Rachel Parris (Third)[8] - Gemma Whelan (Variety Award) - Lindsay Jarman (finalist) - Jess Fostekew (finalist) - Clare Lomas (finalist) - Sarah Hendrickx (finalist) - Iona Dudley-Ward (finalist) - Alison Thea-Skot (finalist) - Abigoliah Schamaun (finalist) - Helen Arney (finalist) ### 2009 - London Hughes as "Miss London" (winner) - Eve Webster (Second) - Jo Selby (Third) - Charlie Covell (finalist) - Tania Edwards (finalist) - Giado Garofalo (finalist) - Domestic Goddi (finalist) - Rhona McKenzie (finalist) - Elizabeth Mee (finalist) - Catherine Semark (finalist) - Marie Vagen (finalist) - Katarina Vrana (finalist) ### 2008 - Katherine Ryan (winner)[8] - Sara Pascoe (runner-up)[8] - Rachel Stubbings (runner-up)[8] - Sarah Campbell (finalist) - Pippa Evans as Loretta Maine (finalist) - Rachel Fairburn (finalist) - Girl and Dean (finalist) - Rowena Haley (finalist) - Gráinne Maguire (finalist) - Elaine Malcolmson (finalist) ### 2007 - Andi Osho (winner)[8] - Joanne Lau (2nd place) - Sharon Mannion (3rd place)[8] - Isma Almas (finalist) - Emily Haworth Booth (finalist) - Victoria Cook (finalist) - Nat Luurtsema (finalist) - Missman (Lisa Alabaksh) (finalist) - Katie Mulgrew (finalist) - Katy Schute (finalist) ### 2006 - Suzy Bennett (winner)[8] - Diane Morgan (2nd) - Christina Martin (3rd) - Susan Calman (finalist)[8] - Holly Walsh (finalist) - Martine Pepper (finalist) - Liz Carr (finalist)[8] - Maggie Gordon-Walker (finalist) - Sonya Kelly (finalist) - Rosie Wilby (finalist) ### 2005 - Debra Jane Appleby (winner)[8] - Sarah Millican (runner-up)[8] - Ruth Bratt (runner-up)[8] - Wendy Wason (finalist) - Steph Baker (finalist) - Julie Jepson (finalist) - Jude Mahon (finalist) - Emma Fryer (finalist) - Becky Love (finalist) - Helen Keen (finalist) ### 2004 - Zoe Lyons (winner) - Anna Crilly (runner-up) - Janice Phayre (runner-up) - Bridget Christie (finalist) - Roisin Conaty (finalist) - Lindzi Germain (finalist) - Susan Hanks (finalist) - Sarah Ledger (finalist) - Millie & Tillie (finalist) ### 2003 - Sarah Adams as Jade the Folk Singer (winner) - Anna Keirle (runner-up) - Ria Lina (runner-up) - Kerry Godliman (Highly Commended) - Karen Bayley (finalist) - Jo Jo Sutherland (finalist) - Katy Wix (finalist) - Helen Kane (finalist) - Debs Gatenby (finalist) - Brandy Borr (finalist) ## Charity Funny Women works with organisations that represent aspects of women's wellbeing. It Women has raised awareness and over £70,000 for Refuge, Womankind Worldwide, Rise UK, The Victoria Foundation, Women's Aid, V-Day, ActionAid, Ovarian Cancer Action, the YWCA, Jo's Trust and the Bristol Cancer Help Centre. ## Collections The University of Kent holds material relating to Funny Women as part of the British Stand-Up Comedy Archive. The collection includes material relating to the Funny Women Awards, audiovisual recordings and promotional material for the network.	enwiki/47507830	enwiki	47,507,830	Funny Women	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Women	2025-08-15T04:22:24Z	en	Q5509385	126,261	{{Short description\|Female comedy network}} [[File:DesireeBurchFW2015.jpg\|thumb\|Desiree Burch gaining the award in 2015 (with [[Lynne Parker (Funny Women)\|Lynne Parker]])]] '''Funny Women''' is an online and in-person workshop community dedicated to the support of female comedians. It was founded by [[Lynne Parker (Funny Women)\|Lynne Parker]] in 2002<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://funnywomen.com/about/\|title=About Us\|website=Funny Women\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> as a reaction to misogynistic comments from a comedy promoter.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://funnywomen.com/about-us/about-lynne-parker/\|title=Why I set up Funny Women\|last=Parker\|first=Lynne\|work=Funnywomen.com\|accessdate=5 September 2015}}</ref> Funny Women helps women find their voice, promote them, and assists charities. During the 2019 Funny Women Awards Final, Funny Women announced that their new Patron (renamed Matron), would be [[Jo Brand]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2019/09/19/44357/laura_smyth_wins_funny_women_award\|title=Laura Smyth wins Funny Women Award : News 2019 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide\|last=Bennett\|first=Steve\|website=www.chortle.co.uk\|language=en\|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> ==Live events== Funny Women runs "Stand Up to Stand Out" comedy workshops hosted by Parker.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2010/aug/15/standup-comic\|title=My bid to become a standup comic\|last=Pool\|first=Hannah\|work=[[The Guardian]]\|date=15 August 2010\|accessdate=5 September 2015}}</ref> In 2013, Funny Women hosted the first Workshop Weekend at the women-only business club [[B.Hive]] in [[Covent Garden]]. This comprised two days of intensive comedy and confidence training, including a Stand-Up to Stand Out comedy workshop run by Lynne Parker, an [[Improvisation comedy\|improvisation]] workshop facilitated by Courtney Cornfield, writing for radio hosted by Paul Dodgson and character creation with Hattie Naylor. Funny Women also hosts regular comedy showcases in [[London]] and [[Brighton]]; residencies include comedy venues at the [[Leicester Square Theatre]] and [[Komedia]]. Following a successful trial at the Richmond Literature Festival, Funny Women is now also branching out into literary festivals with a new format discussing writing female comedy with a panel of writers and performers. ==Website== The Funny Women website contains a ‘magazine’ containing opinion pieces,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://funnywomen.com/category/features/\|title=Features Archives\|website=Funny Women\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> podcast reviews & recommendations,<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://funnywomen.com/category/podcast/\|title=podcasts Archives\|website=Funny Women\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> live show critiques and actively encourages submissions from budding writers wanting to sharpen their comedy writing skills and get online presence for their work. They also offer feedback and help develop the writers of the future. ==The Funny Women Awards== The Funny Women Awards<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.funnywomen.com/magazine/category/17/awards\|title=Funny Women Awards - Funny Women\|publisher=\|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> were launched in 2003. Contestants include female talents such as [[Bridget Christie]], [[Susan Calman]], [[Katherine Ryan]], [[Andi Osho]], [[Kerry Godliman]], [[Sara Pascoe]], [[Zoe Lyons]], [[Holly Walsh]] and [[Sarah Millican]].<ref name=fwa>{{Cite web \|last=Guide \|first=British Comedy \|date=2016-04-18 \|title=Funny Women Awards \|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/live/feature/funny_woman_awards/ \|access-date=2022-08-07 \|website=British Comedy Guide \|language=en}}</ref> The Awards have attracted national television and radio coverage (''[[Richard & Judy]]'', ''[[This Morning (TV programme)\|This Morning]]'', ''[[The Culture Show]]''), and national press (''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph\|The Telegraph]]'').{{citation needed\|date=August 2015}} The Awards have also been featured as a series of podcasts with ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)\|The Sun]]'' (semi final, final), and footage from the 2007 final at the [[Comedy Store, London]] is featured on the [[Comedy Central (British TV channel)\|Paramount Comedy]] website. Due to the numbers entering, this competition has three stages. Heats take place over April, May and June and from these heats, 20 acts are selected. Four semi-finals are held in [[Brighton]], [[Manchester]], [[London]] and [[Edinburgh]] and from these, ten acts are selected to go through to the final. Previous venues include [[Leicester Square Theatre]] and [[Kings Place]] in London.{{citation needed\|date=August 2022}} It was announced at the 2019 Funny Women Awards that [[Jo Brand]] would be the Patron of Funny Women. The prize for the Stage Award 2019 would include mentoring from Brand.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2019/09/19/44357/laura_smyth_wins_funny_women_award\|title=Laura Smyth wins Funny Women Award : News 2019 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide\|last=Bennett\|first=Steve\|website=www.chortle.co.uk\|language=en\|access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref> === 2023 === Source:<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Women \|first=Funny \|date=2023-09-05 \|title=FINALISTS ANNOUNCED FOR THE 2023 STAGE AWARD SUPPORTED BY NEXT UP COMEDY. \|url=https://funnywomen.com/2023/09/05/finalists-announced-for-the-2023-stage-award-supported-by-next-up-comedy/ \|access-date=2023-09-06 \|website=Funny Women \|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==== Stage Award Finalists ==== * [[Kate Cheka]] (Winner)<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Women \|first=Funny \|date=2023-09-29 \|title=2023 Funny Women Awards Winners Announced! \|url=https://funnywomen.com/2023/09/29/2023-funny-women-awards-winners-announced/ \|access-date=2023-09-29 \|website=Funny Women \|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Hannah Platt]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Hannah Platt \|url=https://www.individualartistmanagement.com/hannah-platt \|access-date=2023-09-06 \|website=individualam \|language=en}}</ref> (Runner-up) * Victoria Comedy<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Victoria Olsina Named Finalist for 2023 Funny Women Stage Award - Victoria Olsina: Stand Up Comedian \|url=https://victoriacomedy.com/ \|access-date=2023-09-06 \|website=victoriaolsinacomedy.co.uk/ \|language=en-US}}</ref> (Runner-up) * Blank Peng * Charlie Vero-Martin * Nikola McMurtrie * Rachel Baker * Sascha LO * Su Mi * Tal Davies ===Content Creator Award=== * [[Serena Terry]] (Winner) * Soph Galustian (Runner-up) * Nerine Skinner (Runner-up) === 2022 === Source:<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/news/7024/funny-women-awards-2022-results/\|title=Funny Women Awards 2022 Results\|date=30 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://funnywomen.com/2022/09/23/the-funny-women-awards/\|title=The Stage is Set for 2022 Funny Women Awards\|date=23 September 2022}}</ref> ==== Stage Award ==== * [[Lorna Rose Treen]] (winner) * [[Marjolein Robertson]] (2nd) * Jessie Nixon (3rd) * Anshita Koul (finalist) * Fathiya Saleh (finalist) * Julia Stenton (finalist) * Kate Martin (finalist) * Leah Davis (finalist) * Sharlin Jahan (finalist) * [[Tatty Macleod]] (finalist) ==== Comedy Writing Award ==== * Ruby Carr (winner) * Nicki Lucas (finalist) * Ellie Silver (finalist) ==== Comedy Shorts Award ==== * [[Lorna Rose Treen]] (winner) * Lorelei Mathias (finalist) * Sarah Grant & Katrina Allen (finalist) ==== Industry Award ==== * Amy Annette (winner) * Anna Leong Brophy (finalist) * Hannah George (finalist) ==== Content Creator Award ==== Source:<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://funnywomen.com/2022/09/23/meet-our-shortlist-heat-content-creator-award-2022/\|title=Meet Our Shortlist: Heat Content Creator Award 2022\|date=23 September 2022}}</ref> * Chan Wills (Chanel Williams) (winner) * Anne Crowther (Christiana Brockbank) * Bluenbroke (Kate Harding) * Cocosarel * Castmeimjane (Jane Postlethwaite) * Katerina Robinson * Martha Writes (Martha Macdonald) * Mrs Smith Says It * Nikola McMurtrie * Quirks & Foibles (Amy, Amelia, Katie) * Rants and Big Pants (Neens and DB) * Rosie Holt * Sooz Kempner * Stacey Annor * The Sugarcoated Sisters * Thenjiwe Comedy === 2021 === Source:<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://funnywomen.com/2021/09/24/2021-funny-women-awards-winners-announced/\|title=2021 Funny Women Awards Winners Announced!\|date=24 September 2021}}</ref> ==== Stage Award ==== * [[Lara Ricote]] (winner) * [[Bronwyn Sweeney]] (runner-up) * [[Ola Labib]] (runner-up) * Abby Wambaugh (finalist) * Amelia Stubberfield (finalist) * Beau Holland(finalist) * Caitlin Powell(finalist) * Louisa Keight (finalist) * Natalie Bellingham(finalist) * [[Sharon Wanjohi]] (finalist) ==== Comedy Writing ==== * Kathryn Bond * [[Sophie Duker]] ==== Comedy Shorts Award ==== * Ada Player ==== Content Creator Award ==== * Hayley Morris === 2020 === Source:<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2020-08-04\|title=2020 Stage Awards Semi-finalists Announced!\|url=https://funnywomen.com/2020/08/04/2020-stage-awards-semi-finalists-announced/\|access-date=2020-12-18\|website=Funny Women\|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Izzy Askwith]] (winner) <ref>{{Cite web\|date=2020-09-28\|title=Meet 2020 Funny Women Awards Winner Izzy Askwith!\|url=https://funnywomen.com/2020/09/28/meet-2020-funny-women-awards-winner-izzy-askwith/\|access-date=2020-12-18\|website=Funny Women\|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Mary O’Connell (runner-up) * [[Eryn Tett]] (runner-up)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=RBM \|url=http://www.rbmcomedy.com/rbm/client.php?section_id=129 \|access-date=2022-08-07 \|website=www.rbmcomedy.com}}</ref> * Naomi Cooper (finalist) * Katie Green (finalist) * [[Ania Magliano]] (finalist) * Fiona Ridgewell (finalist) * Christina O’Sullivan (finalist) * Victoria Olsina (semi-finalist) * Taran O’Sullivan (semi-finalist) * Suchandrika Chakrabarti (semi-finalist) * Olivia Flood-Wylie (semi-finalist) * Kathy Maniura (semi-finalist) * Karen Hobbs (semi-finalist) * [[Gillian Fitzgerald]] (semi-finalist) * [[Ambika Mod]] (semi-finalist) ===2019=== * [[Laura Smyth (comedian)\|Laura Smyth]] (winner)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2019/09/19/44357/laura_smyth_wins_funny_women_award\|title=Laura Smyth wins Funny Women Award : News 2019 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide\|last=Bennett\|first=Steve\|website=www.chortle.co.uk\|language=en\|access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref> * Sian Davies (runner-up) * [[Charlie George (comedian)\|Charlie George]] (runner-up) * Sarah Mann (finalist) * Liz Guterbock (finalist) * Helena Langdon (finalist) * Kemah Bob (finalist) * Shelf (finalist) * Jen Ives (finalist) * [[Celya AB]] (finalist) ===2017–18=== * [[Thanyia Moore]] (winner)<ref name="funnywomen.com">{{Cite web\|url=https://funnywomen.com/2012/10/01/funny-women-awards-all-the-winners-and-finalists-ever/\|title=Funny Women Awards- All the winners and finalists ever\|date=2012-10-01\|website=Funny Women\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref> * [[Chloe Petts]] (runner-up) * Susan Riddell (runner-up) * Jodie Mitchell (finalist) * Lily Phillips (finalist) * Amy Mason (finalist) * Louise Young (finalist) * Megan Shandley (finalist) * [[Maisie Adam]] (finalist) ===2016=== * [[Harriet Braine]] (winner)<ref name="funnywomen.com"/> [[Catherine Bohart]] (finalist) Rose Robinson (finalist) [[Rosie Jones (comedian)\|Rosie Jones]] (finalist) Rivka Uttley (finalist) * [[Micky Overman]] (finalist) ===2015=== [[Desiree Burch]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/comedy/funny-women-awards-2015-desiree-burch-leads-the-charge-for-the-next-crop-of-comediennes-a6677026.html\|title=This is Desiree Burch, the funniest woman of the year\|date=2 October 2015\|publisher=\|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> (winner) [[Helen Monks]] (runner-up) * [[Sarah Keyworth]] (runner-up) * Christine Entwisle (Comedy Writing Award) * Rachel Marwood (Comedy Shorts Award) [[Jane Postlethwaite]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title = Funny Women Alumni Picks\|url = http://funnywomen.com/2016/01/11/funny-women-alumni-picks/\|website = Funny Women\|date = 11 January 2016\|access-date = 2016-01-28}}</ref> (finalist) Julie-Anne Meaney (finalist) Kate Kennedy (finalist) Maggy Whitehouse (finalist) Rosana Bosanac (finalist) [[Sophie Duker]] (finalist) ** Tamar Broadbent (finalist) ===2014=== [[File:Funny women final 2014 group.jpg\|thumb\|The 2014 awards, left to right: Megan Heffernan, Sally Cancello, [[Jayde Adams]], [[Lauren Pattison]], and Aine Gallagher]] * [[Jayde Adams]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/comedy/not-just-a-funny-face-funny-women-awards-winner-jayde-adams-interview-9769134.html\|title=Not just a funny face: Funny Women Awards winner Jayde Adams interview\|date=2 October 2014\|publisher=\|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> (winner) [[File:Funny Women Comedy Workshop 2014.jpg\|thumb\|A Funny Women comedy workshop organised by the founder, Lynne Parker, in 2014]] * [[Aine Gallagher]] (runner-up) * [[Lauren Pattison]] (runner-up) * [[Megan Heffernan\|Heffernan]] & Fletcher (Comedy Writing Award) * [[Sally Cancello]] (Comedy Shorts Award) Massive Dad (finalist) [[Samantha Baines]] (finalist) Robyn Perkins (finalist) Hawkeye & Windy (finalist) Faye Daniels (finalist) Pauline Shanahan (finalist) ** Hannah Banana (finalist) ===2013=== * Twisted Loaf (winner) * Katie Lane (runner-up) * [[Elf Lyons]] (runner-up) * Reven & Fennell (Variety Award) * Cassie Pope (Comedy Writing Award) * Alex Maher for 'Hope And Gloria' (Best Show Award) Rachel Gleaves (finalist) Bisha Ali (finalist) Tevashnee (finalist) Rachel Slater (finalist) Bethan Roberts (finalist) Becky Brunning (finalist) [[Sindhu Vee]] (finalist) Saskia Preston (finalist) ** Dotty Winters (finalist) ===2012=== * Gabby Best (winner)<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/comedy/9565246/Less-a-nation-of-shopkeepers-more-a-land-of-stand-ups.html\|title=Less a nation of shopkeepers, more a land of stand-ups\|last=Pelling\|first=Rowan\|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]\|date=25 September 2012\|accessdate=5 September 2015}}</ref> * Niamh Marron (runner-up) * Katie Tracey (runner-up) * [[Suzanna Kempner]] (Variety Award) * Sarah Courtauld (Comedy Writing Award) Abi Tedder (finalist) Alice Frick (finalist) Amy Gledhill (finalist) Cerys Nelmes (finalist) General Advice Bureau (finalist) Lucy Frederick (finalist) Lucy Montague-Moffatt (finalist) [[Sofie Hagen]] (finalist) The Silky Pair (finalist) [[Viv Groskop]] (finalist) ===2011=== * [[Lara A King]] (winner) * [[Katherine Bennett (comedian)\|Katherine Bennett]] (Second) * [[Bekka Bowling]] (Third) * [[Ladies Live Longer]] - [[Louise Fitzgerald]] and [[Victoria Temple-Morris]] (Variety Award) [[Gabriella Burnel]] (finalist) [[Mel Moon]] (finalist) [[Sadia Azmat]] (finalist) [[Emily Lloyd-Saini]] (finalist) [[Vanessa Bland]](finalist) [[Kerry Gilbert]](finalist) [[Sarah Callaghan]](finalist) [[Checkley & Bush]](finalist) ** [[Janet Bettesworth]] (finalist) ===2010=== * [[Thankless Child]] - [[Liz Black]] and [[Freya Slipper]] (winner) * [[Julia Clark (comedian)\|Julia Clark]] (Second) * [[Rachel Parris]] (Third)<ref name=fwa/> * [[Gemma Whelan]] (Variety Award) [[Lindsay Jarman]] (finalist) [[Jess Fostekew]] (finalist) [[Clare Lomas]] (finalist) [[Sarah Hendrickx]] (finalist) [[Iona Dudley-Ward]] (finalist) [[Alison Thea-Skot]] (finalist) [[Abigoliah Schamaun]] (finalist) [[Helen Arney]] (finalist) ===2009=== * [[London Hughes]] as "Miss London" (winner) * [[Eve Webster]] (Second) * [[Jo Selby]] (Third) [[Charlie Covell]] (finalist) [[Tania Edwards]] (finalist) [[Giado Garofalo]] (finalist) [[Domestic Goddi]] (finalist) [[Rhona McKenzie]] (finalist) [[Elizabeth Mee]] (finalist) [[Catherine Semark]] (finalist) [[Marie Vagen]] (finalist) ** [[Katarina Vrana]] (finalist) ===2008=== * [[Katherine Ryan]] (winner)<ref name=fwa/> * [[Sara Pascoe]] (runner-up)<ref name=fwa/> * [[Rachel Stubbings]] (runner-up)<ref name=fwa/> [[Sarah Campbell (comedian)\|Sarah Campbell]] (finalist) [[Pippa Evans]] as Loretta Maine (finalist) [[Rachel Fairburn]] (finalist) [[Girl and Dean]] (finalist) [[Rowena Haley]] (finalist) [[Gráinne Maguire]] (finalist) ** [[Elaine Malcolmson]] (finalist) ===2007=== * [[Andi Osho]] (winner)<ref name=fwa/> * [[Joanne Lau]] (2nd place) * [[Sharon Mannion]] (3rd place)<ref name=fwa/> [[Isma Almas]] (finalist) [[Emily Haworth Booth]] (finalist) [[Victoria Cook (comedian)\|Victoria Cook]] (finalist) [[Nat Luurtsema]] (finalist) [[Missman]] ([[Lisa Alabaksh]]) (finalist) [[Katie Mulgrew]] (finalist) ** [[Katy Schute]] (finalist) ===2006=== * [[Suzy Bennett]] (winner)<ref name=fwa/> * [[Diane Morgan]] (2nd) * [[Christina Martin]] (3rd) [[Susan Calman]] (finalist)<ref name=fwa/> [[Holly Walsh (comedian)\|Holly Walsh]] (finalist) [[Martine Pepper]] (finalist) [[Liz Carr]] (finalist)<ref name=fwa/> [[Maggie Gordon-Walker]] (finalist) [[Sonya Kelly]] (finalist) ** [[Rosie Wilby]] (finalist) ===2005=== * [[Debra Jane Appleby]] (winner)<ref name=fwa/> * [[Sarah Millican]] (runner-up)<ref name=fwa/> * [[Ruth Bratt]] (runner-up)<ref name=fwa/> [[Wendy Wason]] (finalist) [[Steph Baker]] (finalist) [[Julie Jepson]] (finalist) [[Jude Mahon]] (finalist) [[Emma Fryer]] (finalist) [[Becky Love]] (finalist) ** [[Helen Keen]] (finalist) ===2004=== * [[Zoe Lyons]] (winner) * [[Anna Crilly]] (runner-up) * [[Janice Phayre]] (runner-up) [[Bridget Christie]] (finalist) [[Roisin Conaty]] (finalist) [[Lindzi Germain]] (finalist) [[Susan Hanks]] (finalist) [[Sarah Ledger]] (finalist) [[Millie & Tillie]] (finalist) ===2003=== * [[Sarah Adams (comedian)\|Sarah Adams]] as [[Jade the Folk Singer]] (winner) * [[Anna Keirle]] (runner-up) * [[Ria Lina]] (runner-up) * [[Kerry Godliman]] (Highly Commended) [[Karen Bayley]] (finalist) [[Jo Jo Sutherland]] (finalist) [[Katy Wix]] (finalist) Helen Kane (finalist) [[Debs Gatenby]] (finalist) [[Brandy Borr]] (finalist) ==Charity== Funny Women works with organisations that represent aspects of women's wellbeing. It Women has raised awareness and over £70,000 for [[Refuge (United Kingdom charity)\|Refuge]], [[Womankind Worldwide]], Rise UK, The Victoria Foundation, [[Women's Aid]], [[V-Day (movement)\|V-Day]], [[ActionAid]], Ovarian Cancer Action, the [[YWCA]], Jo's Trust and the [[Bristol Cancer Help Centre]]. == Collections == The University of Kent holds material relating to Funny Women as part of the British Stand-Up Comedy Archive.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=University of Kent Special Collections & Archives \|title=Funny Women Collection \|url=https://archive.kent.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BSUCA/FW \|access-date=2024-05-15 \|website=University of Kent Special Collections & Archives Catalogue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-12-06 \|title=Funny Women Collection \|url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/library-it/special-collections/british-stand-up-comedy-archive/funny-women-collection \|access-date=2024-05-15 \|website=Special Collections and Archives - University of Kent \|language=en-GB}}</ref> The collection includes material relating to the Funny Women Awards, audiovisual recordings and promotional material for the network.<ref name=":0" /> ==See also== * [[List of media awards honoring women]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{Official website\|http://www.funnywomen.com}} * [https://archive.kent.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BSUCA%2fFW Funny Women Collection] at [[University of Kent]] [[Category:Mass media awards honoring women]] [[Category:British comedy and humour awards]] [[Category:English awards]] [[Category:Awards established in 2003]]	1,305,968,473	[]	false
# Sérgio Vieira de Mello Sérgio Vieira de Mello (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈsɛʁʒju viˈejɾɐ dʒi ˈmɛlu]; 15 March 1948 – 19 August 2003) was a Brazilian United Nations diplomat who worked on several UN humanitarian and political programs for over 34 years. The Government of Brazil posthumously awarded the Sergio Vieira de Mello Medal to honor his legacy in promoting sustainable peace, international security and better living conditions for individuals in situations of armed conflict, challenges to which Sérgio Vieira de Mello had dedicated his life and career. He was killed in the Canal Hotel bombing in Iraq along with 20 other members of his staff on 19 August 2003 while working as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, with the rank of Under-Secretary-General, and United Nations Special Representative for Iraq. Before his death, he was considered a likely candidate for UN Secretary-General. ## Early life, education, and early career Vieira de Mello was born in Rio de Janeiro to the diplomat Arnaldo Vieira de Mello and his wife Gilda dos Santos on 15 March 1948. He had an older sister, Sônia, who suffered schizophrenia throughout her adult life. Vieira de Mello was interested in rocket science as a child. The family followed Arnaldo's diplomatic postings, such that Sérgio spent his early years in Buenos Aires, Genoa, Milan, Beirut and Rome. In 1965, he was studying philosophy at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, but since classes were frequently disrupted by strikes, he opted to continue his education in Europe. He continued at the University of Paris, where he studied philosophy under Vladimir Jankélévitch. While there, he stayed at an apartment at the Maison de l’Argentine, the student housing at the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris dedicated to students with families from Latin America. He participated in the 1968 student riots in Paris against the Charles de Gaulle government, and was hit in the head by a police baton, causing a permanent disfigurement above his right eye. He also wrote a letter published in the French leftist journal Combat in support of the riots, which made his return to Brazil, at this stage a military dictatorship, potentially dangerous. Thus, after graduating from the Sorbonne in 1969, he moved to Geneva to stay with a family friend, and found his first job as an editor at the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Early in his career, he also completed an MA in moral philosophy and a PhD by correspondence from the Sorbonne. His doctorate thesis, submitted in 1974, was entitled The Role of Philosophy in Contemporary Society. In 1985, he submitted a second "state" doctorate, the highest degree in the French education system, entitled Civitas Maxima: Origins, Foundations and Philosophical and Political Significance of the Supranationality Concept. In addition to his native Portuguese, Vieira de Mello was fluent in English, Spanish, Italian, and French, along with conversational knowledge of local languages of the countries he was stationed in, such as Arabic and Tetum. ## UN career From UNHCR, Vieira de Mello moved to the field in Bangladesh during its War of Independence in 1971, and Sudan in 1972 following the Addis Ababa agreement that ended the First Sudanese Civil War and allowed the return of some 650,000 Sudanese refugees and displaced persons, and Cyprus after the Turkish invasion in 1974. These early assignments were operational, rather than political; he was helping to organize food aid, shelter and other types of aid to refugees. Vieira de Mello remained in the field, with a posting in Mozambique to assist refugees fleeing white rule and civil war in Zimbabwe (at the time, still Rhodesia) where he was deputy head of the office. Due to the absence of his boss, he was effectively running the mission. Vieira de Mello spent three years in charge of UNHCR operations in Mozambique during the civil war that followed its independence from Portugal in 1975, and three more years in Peru. Vieira de Mello also served as Special Envoy for the UNHCR for Cambodia, being the first and only UN Representative to hold talks with the Khmer Rouge. He became a senior political adviser to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon between 1981 and 1983. In 1985, he returned to Latin America to serve as head of the Argentina office in Buenos Aires. He spent the 1990s involved in the clearing of land mines in Cambodia, and then in Yugoslavia. After working on the refugee problem in central Africa, he was made Assistant High Commissioner for Refugees in 1996 and became Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator two years later. He would hold this position simultaneously with others until January 2001. He was a special UN envoy in Kosovo after the UN took control over the Serbian province in 1999. Vieira de Mello was instrumental in dealing with the issue of boat people in Hong Kong. In mid-2000, he visited Fiji together with Don McKinnon, the Commonwealth of Nations' Secretary-General, in an attempt to assist in finding a negotiated settlement to the hostage situation, in which Fiji's Prime Minister and other members of Parliament were kidnapped and held as hostages during the 2000 Fijian coup d'état. Before becoming the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in 2002, he was the UN Transitional Administrator in East Timor from December 1999 to May 2002, guiding the former Indonesia's 27th province to independence. He was also special representative in Kosovo for an initial period of two months and was the coordinator of humanitarian operations at UN Headquarters. In May 2003 Vieira de Mello was appointed as the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General to Iraq, an appointment initially intended to last for four months. According to The New York Times Magazine journalist James Traub in his book The Best Intentions, Vieira de Mello turned down the appointment three times before Kofi Annan was pressured by US President George W. Bush and Condoleezza Rice. According to Samantha Power in her book Sérgio: One Man's Fight to Save the World, Vieira de Mello met Bush at a meeting in March 2003, at which the two men discussed the human rights situation in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, a controversial issue for the United States. In June 2003, Vieira de Mello was part of a team responsible for inspecting Abu Ghraib prison before it was rebuilt. ## Death Vieira de Mello was working as a United Nations Special Representative for Iraq when he was killed in the Canal Hotel bombing. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a leader of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization, claimed responsibility for the blast. A communiqué from al-Qaeda said that de Mello was assassinated because he had helped East Timor become an independent state, thereby stealing territory from the Islamic caliphate. He had been mentioned in some circles as a suitable candidate for UN Secretary-General. His death was widely mourned, largely on account of his reputation for effectively working to promote peace. Vieira de Mello had previously stated that he wished to be buried in Rio de Janeiro, his hometown, and the place he lived for 34 years. However, his body was taken away from Brazil and he was buried at the Cimetière des Rois in Geneva, Switzerland. Vieira was honoured in his hometown of Rio de Janeiro where he was given a state funeral with full military honors. His funeral was attended by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and other international dignitaries. He was survived by his two sons, Adrien and Laurent. ## Personal life In 1973, Vieira de Mello met and married Annie Personnaz, a French staff member at UNHCR Headquarters in Geneva, with whom he had two sons, Laurent and Adrien. They lived in the French town of Thonon-les-Bains, before moving a few years later to a permanent home in the French village of Massongy, near the Geneva border. The couple separated before Vieira de Mello's death, with a divorce lawsuit filed on 9 January 2003, which was never executed. From 2001 onwards, he was in a relationship with Carolina Larriera, whom he had met in East Timor where she worked as part of the General Service support staff of the UN mission. Viera de Mello presented Larriera as his fiancée privately and in official events. The couple intended to return to Switzerland after the mission in Iraq, where he would be reinstalled as High Commissioner for Human Rights. Sergio planned to marry Carolina as soon as he got officially divorced, and thereafter establish a home and family in Switzerland. Carolina was summoned by Sergio to work alongside him in Iraq, and was at the Canal Hotel at the day of the bombing. However, the UN did not recognize Larriera as Vieira de Mello's partner. She claimed that she was excluded from the list of survivors of the Canal Hotel bombing, and her comments were not taken into account in the report regarding the attack. Carolina moved to Rio de Janeiro and lived with Vieira de Mello's mother. Annie still lives in France, and has co-founded a Swiss charity, the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation, with his two sons and close friends and colleagues to honor his name and memory. ## Awards and recognition Vieira de Mello received several posthumous awards and honours, chief of which was the Legion d'honneur, France's highest honor, given to his widow and two sons in Geneva. He was also awarded the Order of Rio Branco, the highest honor from the Government of Brazil to be given to a citizen, the Pedro Ernesto Medal, the highest honor in his hometown of Rio de Janeiro, in 2003. In April 2004, Sérgio Vieira de Mello was posthumously awarded the "Statesman of the Year Award" by the EastWest Institute. In 2003 he received the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights and, in 2004, he received the Pax Christi International Peace Award. Following the initiative of the Villa Decius Association, the Polish Prize of Sérgio Vieira de Mello was established in the year 2003 to promote human rights, democracy, and tolerance and had its first edition in 2004. Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center The Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center was founded by his mother, Gilda Vieira de Mello, and Sérgio's surviving spouse Carolina Larriera, also a former UN diplomat and Harvard-trained professional, to honor his legacy, and works with a network of supporters out of Brazil, Sergio's country of nationality and Timor-Leste, the country he helped create – around the world. The Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center works through a nationwide network of universities specialized in international relations and the future generation of world ambassadors. Specifically, the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center focuses on the use of technology, entrepreneurism, and networks to mobilize mentors and disciples and build a sustainable peace model that can be easily replicated. It engages Harvard and MIT engineers and education professionals to empower local communities and schools. The Center matches ivory tower professionals with a base of the pyramid and disenfranchised youth, identifying easily obtained opportunities. With ANAPRI, the National Association of International Relations Professionals is mobilizing Congress for more resources for the professionalization of the sector. The Center engages and actively supports a network of more than one hundred schools and institutions bearing Sérgio's name in Brazil and abroad, and provides teaching tools and in-kind material. It also runs the Gilda Vieira de Mello Prize dedicated to her son Sergio Vieira de Mello which is awarded annually in Geneva during the International Film Festival and Forum on Human Rights. The prize comes with a monetary award of CHF 5,000. Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation The Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation was created in 2007 to honor his memory, pursue his ideals, and continue his unfinished mission. The Foundation was established in Geneva, at the initiative of his two sons and his estranged wife, with some friends and colleagues. In 2008, Kofi Annan launched the first annual lecture, followed by Sadako Ogata in 2009, by Bernard Kouchner in 2010, by José Manuel Durão Barroso in 2011, and by Cornelio Sommaruga in 2012. Lectures take place at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. On 11 December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly made history when it adopted Swedish-sponsored GA Resolution A/63/L.49 on the Strengthening of the Coordination of Emergency Assistance of the United Nations, that amongst other important humanitarian decisions, decided to designate 19 August as the World Humanitarian Day (WHD). The Resolution gives for the first time, a special recognition to all humanitarian and United Nations and associated personnel who have worked in the promotion of the humanitarian cause and those who have died in the cause of duty and urges all Member States, entities of the United Nations within existing resources, as well as the other International Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations to observe it annually in an appropriate way. As a background to this landmark resolution, the family of Sérgio Vieira de Mello resolved to work towards having 19 August recognized as a befitting tribute to all humanitarian personnel. Early April 2008 the Board of the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation prepared a draft Resolution to be sponsored and adopted by the General Assembly designating 19 August as World Humanitarian Day. France, Switzerland, Japan, and Brazil, contacted with the draft Resolution, agreed to co-sponsor it. Sérgio Vieira de Mello founded the United Nations Housing Rights Programme, currently a part of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, which aims to "assist States and other stakeholders with the implementation of their commitments in the Habitat Agenda". After his death, the Italian city of Bologna was dedicated to Sergio Vieira de Mello a square (Piazza Sérgio Vieira de Mello) situated in a modern part of the central quartiere Navile. Vieira de Mello's life was the subject of the 2020 biopic Sergio, starring Wagner Moura in the title role. ## Career chronology - 1969–1971: French Editor, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1971–1972: Project Officer, UNHCR, Dhaka, East Pakistan - 1972–1973: Programme Officer, UNHCR, Juba, Sudan - 1974–1975: Programme Officer, UNHCR, Nicosia, Cyprus - 1975–1977: Deputy Representative and Representative, UNHCR, Maputo, Mozambique - 1978–1980: Representative, UNHCR, Lima, Peru - 1980–1981: Head of Career Development and Training Unit of Personnel Section, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1981–1983: Senior Political Officer, UNIFIL, DPKO, Lebanon - 1983–1985: Deputy Head of Personnel, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1986–1988: Chef de Cabinet and Secretary to the executive committee, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1988–1990: Director of Asia Bureau, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1990–1991: Director of External Affairs, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1991–1993: Director for Repatriation and Resettlement Operations, UNTAC, DPKO, and Special Envoy of High Commissioner Sadako Ogata, UNHCR, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - 1993–1994: Director of Political Affairs, UNPROFOR, DPKO, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina - 1994–1996: Director of Operations and Planning, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - October–December 1996: Special Envoy of Secretary-General to the Great Lakes Region - 1996–1998: Assistant High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1998–2002: Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, UN, New York, US - June–July 1999: Special Representative of the Secretary-General to Kosovo - 1999–2002: Transitional Administrator, UNTAET, DPKO, and Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Dili, East Timor - 2002–2003: High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland - May–August 2003: Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General to Iraq	enwiki/299928	enwiki	299,928	Sérgio Vieira de Mello	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Vieira_de_Mello	2025-08-20T11:06:52Z	en	Q334835	242,025	{{Short description\|Brazilian UN diplomat and humanitarian aid officer (1948–2003)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder \| name = Sérgio Vieira de Mello \| residence = \| other_names = \| image = Sérgio Vieira de Mello.jpg \| image_size = 200px \| caption = Vieira de Mello {{circa\|2002}} \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{birth date\|df=yes\|1948\|3\|15}} \| birth_place = [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil \| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|2003\|8\|19\|1948\|3\|15}} \| death_place = [[Baghdad]], Iraq \| death_cause = Killed in the [[Canal Hotel bombing]] \| spouse = {{marriage\|Annie Personnaz\|1973\|1986\|end=sep}} \| partner = Carolina Larriera (2001–2003) \| children = 4 \| alma_mater = [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]]<br>[[University of Paris]] ([[University of Paris\|Sorbonne]])<br>[[University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne\|University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] \| office = 3rd [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] \| term_start = 12 September 2002 \| term_end = 19 August 2003 \| predecessor = [[Mary Robinson]] \| successor = [[Bertrand Ramcharan]] (acting) \| office1 = [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General for East Timor\|East Timor UN Transitional Administrator]] \| term_start1 = 25 October 1999 \| term_end1 = 20 May 2002 \| predecessor1 = [[José Abílio Osório Soares]]<br />(as [[East Timor (Indonesian province)#Governors\|Governor of East Timor]]) \| successor1 = [[Xanana Gusmão]]<br />(as [[President of East Timor]]) \| awards = [[Order of the Two Niles]] (1973)<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Power \|first=Samantha \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSONt9sOc9EC&dq=%22Order+of+the+Two+Niles%22&pg=PT6 \|title=Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World \|date=2011-10-06 \|publisher=Penguin Books Limited \|isbn=978-0-14-192110-5 \|language=en}}</ref> }} '''Sérgio Vieira de Mello''' ({{IPA\|pt\|ˈsɛʁʒju viˈejɾɐ dʒi ˈmɛlu}}; 15 March 1948 – 19 August 2003) was a Brazilian [[United Nations]] diplomat who worked on several UN [[humanitarian]] and political programs for over 34 years. The Government of Brazil posthumously awarded the Sergio Vieira de Mello Medal to honor his legacy in promoting sustainable peace, [[international security]] and better [[habitability\|living conditions]] for individuals in situations of armed conflict, challenges to which Sérgio Vieira de Mello had dedicated his life and career.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-BR/notas-a-imprensa/13715-medalha-sergio-vieira-de-mello\|title=Medalha Sergio Vieira de Mello\|date=1 April 2016\|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> He was killed in the [[Canal Hotel bombing]] in [[Iraq]] along with 20 other members of his staff on 19 August 2003 while working as [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]], with the rank of [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations\|Under-Secretary-General]], and [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq\|United Nations Special Representative for Iraq]]. Before his death, he was considered a likely candidate for [[Secretary-General of the United Nations\|UN Secretary-General]]. == Early life, education, and early career == Vieira de Mello was born in [[Rio de Janeiro]] to the diplomat Arnaldo Vieira de Mello and his wife Gilda dos Santos on 15 March 1948.<ref name="Power_19"/> He had an older sister, Sônia, who suffered schizophrenia throughout her adult life.<ref name=":0">{{cite book \|last1=Power \|first1=Samantha \|title=Sergio: One Man's Fight to Save the World \|date=30 March 2010 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sergio-Mans-Fight-Save-World-ebook/dp/B0035APW6E/ref=sr_1_3?crid=2X6JD295P3AZR&dchild=1&keywords=samantha+power+sergio&qid=1586923234&sprefix=Samantha+Power%2Caps%2C396&sr=8-3 \|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> Vieira de Mello was interested in rocket science as a child.<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVjbVRHb48k \|title=Remembering Sergio Vieira de Mello 19-Aug-2008 \|date=2008-08-19 \|last=Al Jazeera English \|access-date=2025-07-19 \|via=YouTube}}</ref> The family followed Arnaldo's diplomatic postings, such that Sérgio spent his early years in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Genoa]], [[Milan]], [[Beirut]] and [[Rome]].<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=16–17}}</ref> In 1965, he was studying [[philosophy]] at the [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]], but since classes were frequently disrupted by strikes, he opted to continue his education in Europe.<ref name="Power_19">{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=16}}</ref> He continued at the [[University of Paris]], where he studied [[philosophy]] under [[Vladimir Jankélévitch]].<ref name="Power_19" /> While there, he stayed at an apartment at the Maison de l’Argentine, the student housing at the [[Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris]] dedicated to students with families from Latin America.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Maison de l'Argentine \|url=https://www.ciup.fr/fondation-argentine/ \|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> He participated in the [[1968 student riots]] in Paris against the [[Charles de Gaulle]] government, and was hit in the head by a police baton, causing a permanent disfigurement above his right eye.<ref name="Power_19" /> He also wrote a letter published in the French leftist journal ''Combat'' in support of the riots, which made his return to Brazil, at this stage a [[Military dictatorship in Brazil\|military dictatorship]], potentially dangerous.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=20}}</ref> Thus, after graduating from the Sorbonne in 1969, he moved to [[Geneva]] to stay with a family friend, and found his first job as an editor at the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR).<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=22}}</ref> Early in his career, he also completed an [[Master of Arts\|MA]] in [[moral philosophy]] and a [[PhD]] by correspondence from the Sorbonne.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=25–31}}</ref> His doctorate thesis, submitted in 1974, was entitled ''The Role of Philosophy in Contemporary Society''.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=31}}</ref> In 1985, he submitted a second "state" doctorate, the highest degree in the French education system, entitled ''Civitas Maxima: Origins, Foundations and Philosophical and Political Significance of the Supranationality Concept''.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=71}}</ref> In addition to his native Portuguese, Vieira de Mello was fluent in English, Spanish, Italian, and French, along with conversational knowledge of local languages of the countries he was stationed in,<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Hartwell \|first=Leon \|date=2016-10-17 \|title=The Diplomat and the Drunken Guard: Negotiation Lessons from Sergio Vieira de Mello \|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12162 \|journal=Negotiation Journal \|volume=32 \|issue=4 \|pages=325–333 \|doi=10.1111/nejo.12162 \|issn=0748-4526\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> such as Arabic and [[Tetum language\|Tetum]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2014-08-19 \|title=Remembering Sergio {{!}} New Straits Times \|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/remembering-sergio \|access-date=2025-07-19 \|website=NST Online \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=One Man’s Legacy in East Timor \|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/08/one-mans-legacy-in-east-timor/ \|access-date=2025-07-19 \|website=thediplomat.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2001-06-28 \|title=East Timor: Presentation to the National Council by Sergio Vieira de Mello, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Transitional Administrator - Timor-Leste {{!}} ReliefWeb \|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/east-timor-presentation-national-council-sergio-vieira-de-mello-special \|access-date=2025-07-19 \|website=reliefweb.int \|language=en}}</ref> == UN career == From UNHCR, Vieira de Mello moved to the field in [[Bangladesh]] during its [[Bangladesh War of Independence\|War of Independence]] in 1971, and [[Sudan]] in 1972 following the [[Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)\|Addis Ababa agreement]] that ended the [[First Sudanese Civil War]] and allowed the return of some 650,000 Sudanese refugees and displaced persons,<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=26–27}}</ref> and [[Cyprus]] after the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus\|Turkish invasion]] in 1974.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=25–33}}</ref> These early assignments were operational, rather than political; he was helping to organize food aid, shelter and other types of aid to refugees. Vieira de Mello remained in the field, with a posting in [[Mozambique]] to assist refugees fleeing white rule and civil war in [[Zimbabwe]] (at the time, still [[Rhodesia]]) where he was deputy head of the office. Due to the absence of his boss, he was effectively running the mission.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=26 (Bangladesh), 27 (Sudan), 31 (Cyprus) & 32 (Mozambique)}}</ref> Vieira de Mello spent three years in charge of UNHCR operations in Mozambique during the [[Mozambican Civil War\|civil war]] that followed its independence from Portugal in 1975, and three more years in [[Peru]]. Vieira de Mello also served as Special Envoy for the UNHCR for [[Cambodia]], being the first and only UN Representative to hold talks with the [[Khmer Rouge]]. He became a senior political adviser to the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] between 1981 and 1983. In 1985, he returned to Latin America to serve as head of the Argentina office in Buenos Aires.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://fundacionacnur.org/inicio\|title=Fundación ACNUR Argentina \| Agencia de la ONU para refugiados\|website=Fundación ACNUR Argentina\|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> He spent the 1990s involved in the clearing of [[land mine]]s in Cambodia, and then in [[Yugoslavia]]. After working on the refugee problem in central Africa, he was made Assistant High Commissioner for Refugees in 1996 and became [[Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator]] two years later. He would hold this position simultaneously with others until January 2001. He was a special UN envoy in [[Kosovo]] after the UN took control over the [[Serbia]]n province in 1999.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/is-the-united-nations-racist/article4928624.ece\|title=Is the United Nations racist?\|last=Thakur\|first=Ramesh\|date=19 July 2013\|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]\|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> Vieira de Mello was instrumental in dealing with the issue of [[Tanka people\|boat people]] in [[Hong Kong]]. In mid-2000, he visited [[Fiji]] together with [[Don McKinnon]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]' Secretary-General, in an attempt to assist in finding a negotiated settlement to the hostage situation, in which Fiji's [[Prime Minister of Fiji\|Prime Minister]] and other members of [[Parliament of Fiji\|Parliament]] were kidnapped and held as hostages during the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s130838.htm\|title=AM Archive – Fiji Chiefs' decision still unknown\|website=www.abc.net.au\|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Before becoming the [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] in 2002, he was the UN Transitional Administrator in [[East Timor]] from December 1999 to May 2002, guiding the former [[Indonesia]]'s 27th province to independence. He was also [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Kosovo\|special representative in Kosovo]] for an initial period of two months and was the coordinator of humanitarian operations at [[UN Headquarters]]. In May 2003 Vieira de Mello was appointed as the Special Representative of the [[United Nations Secretary-General\|UN Secretary-General]] to Iraq, an appointment initially intended to last for four months. According to ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'' journalist [[James Traub]] in his book ''The Best Intentions'', Vieira de Mello turned down the appointment three times before [[Kofi Annan]] was pressured by US President [[George W. Bush]] and [[Condoleezza Rice]]. According to [[Samantha Power]] in her book ''Sérgio: One Man's Fight to Save the World'', Vieira de Mello met Bush at a meeting in March 2003, at which the two men discussed the human rights situation in the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]], a controversial issue for the United States. In June 2003, Vieira de Mello was part of a team responsible for inspecting [[Abu Ghraib prison]] before it was rebuilt.<ref>{{harvp\|Gourevitch\|Morris\|2008\|p=34}}</ref> ==Death== {{main\|Canal Hotel bombing}} [[File:Sergio Vieira de Mello DF-SD-04-02189.JPEG\|thumb\|U.S. soldiers placing Vieira de Mello's casket into an SUV.]] Vieira de Mello was working as a United Nations Special Representative for Iraq when he was killed in the [[Canal Hotel bombing]].<ref name=":1">[[Samantha Power]] (2008). Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World. Allen Lane. p. 4. {{ISBN\|1-59420-128-5}}</ref> [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]], a leader of the [[al-Qaeda]] terrorist organization, claimed responsibility for the blast.<ref>Benson, Pam, "[http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/04/07/zarqawi.tape/index.html?_s=PM:WORLD CIA: Zarqawi tape 'probably authentic'] ", ''CNN World'', 7 April 2004.</ref> A communiqué from al-Qaeda said that de Mello was assassinated because he had helped East Timor become an independent state, thereby stealing territory from the [[Caliphate\|Islamic caliphate]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/10/don-t-bother-looking-for-explanations-for-terrorist-attacks.html\|title=Don't bother looking for explanations for terrorist attacks.\|first=Christopher\|last=Hitchens\|date=3 October 2005\|website=Slate Magazine\|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> He had been mentioned in some circles as a suitable candidate for [[Secretary-General of the United Nations\|UN Secretary-General]].{{sfn\|Power\|2008\|p=8}} His death was widely mourned, largely on account of his reputation for effectively working to promote peace. Vieira de Mello had previously stated that he wished to be buried in Rio de Janeiro, his hometown, and the place he lived for 34 years. However, his body was taken away from Brazil and he was buried at the [[Cimetière des Rois]] in Geneva, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web \|date=21 August 2003 \|title=Desaire de Lula a Bush por el ataque a De Mello \|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/desaire-de-lula-a-bush-por-el-ataque-a-de-mello-nid520837 \|publisher=[[La Nacion]]}}</ref> Vieira was honoured in his hometown of Rio de Janeiro where he was given a state funeral with full military honors. His funeral was attended by President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] and other international dignitaries. He was survived by his two sons, Adrien and Laurent.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sergiovdmfoundation.org/the-foundation/structure/\|title=Structure of the Foundation – Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation\|language=en-US\|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> ==Personal life== In 1973, Vieira de Mello met and married Annie Personnaz, a French staff member at UNHCR Headquarters in Geneva, with whom he had two sons, Laurent and Adrien.<ref name=":1" /> They lived in the French town of [[Thonon-les-Bains]], before moving a few years later to a permanent home in the French village of [[Massongy]], near the Geneva border.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Power\|first=Samantha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSONt9sOc9EC&q=annie+personnaz&pg=PT44\|title=Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World\|date=6 October 2011\|publisher=Penguin Books Limited\|isbn=978-0-14-192110-5\|language=en}}</ref> The couple separated before Vieira de Mello's death, with a divorce lawsuit filed on 9 January 2003, which was never executed.<ref name=":2">{{cite web\|title=Ordonnance de Non Conciliation\|url=http://c0650204.ferozo.com/wp-content/uploads/Ordonnance%20de%20NonConciliation%20with%20ENGLISH%20Translation.pdf\|publisher=Tribunal de Grande Instance de Thonon Les Bains}}</ref> From 2001 onwards, he was in a relationship with [[:pt:Carolina_Larriera\|Carolina Larriera]], whom he had met in East Timor where she worked as part of the General Service support staff of the UN mission.<ref>{{cite news \|date=30 August 2018 \|title=La batalla que la pareja de comisionado de DDHH le ganó a la ONU \|agency=The Clinic \|url=https://www.theclinic.cl/2018/08/30/la-batalla-que-la-pareja-de-comisionado-de-ddhh-le-gano-a-la-onu/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|date=19 August 2018 \|title=Uma voz para as vítimas \|agency=O Globo \|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/opiniao/uma-voz-para-as-vitimas-22989026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|date=19 August 2018\|title=Uma voz para as vítimas\|agency=Publico\|url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/08/19/mundo/opiniao/uma-voz-para-as-vitimas-1841370}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|date=18 October 2017\|title=Carolina Larriera quebra o silêncio após 14 anos de injustiças\|agency=Claudia\|url=https://claudia.abril.com.br/noticias/carolina-larriera/}}</ref> Viera de Mello presented Larriera as his fiancée privately and in official events.'''<ref name=":02">{{cite book \|last1=Power \|first1=Samantha \|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sergio-Mans-Fight-Save-World-ebook/dp/B0035APW6E/ref=sr_1_3?crid=2X6JD295P3AZR&dchild=1&keywords=samantha+power+sergio&qid=1586923234&sprefix=Samantha+Power%2Caps%2C396&sr=8-3 \|title=Sergio: One Man's Fight to Save the World \|date=30 March 2010 \|accessdate=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=CSVM \|first=Centro Sérgio Vieira de Mello \|date= \|title=Sergio Vieira de Mello and Carolina Larriera with King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8AH0CqeaZ8 \|url-status=live \|archive-url= \|archive-date= \|access-date= \|website=Youtube}}</ref>''' The couple intended to return to Switzerland after the mission in Iraq, where he would be reinstalled as High Commissioner for Human Rights. Sergio planned to marry Carolina as soon as he got officially divorced, and thereafter establish a home and family in Switzerland.'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|last=Johnson \|first=Hilde F. \|date=2020-07-14 \|title=The legacy of Sergio \|url=https://wsimag.com/economy-and-politics/62784-the-legacy-of-sergio \|access-date=2020-08-25 \|website=Wall Street International \|language=en}}</ref>''' Carolina was summoned by Sergio to work alongside him in Iraq, and was at the Canal Hotel at the day of the bombing.<ref name=":03">{{cite book \|last1=Power \|first1=Samantha \|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sergio-Mans-Fight-Save-World-ebook/dp/B0035APW6E/ref=sr_1_3?crid=2X6JD295P3AZR&dchild=1&keywords=samantha+power+sergio&qid=1586923234&sprefix=Samantha+Power%2Caps%2C396&sr=8-3 \|title=Sergio: One Man's Fight to Save the World \|date=30 March 2010 \|accessdate=15 April 2020}}</ref> However, the UN did not recognize Larriera as Vieira de Mello's partner. She claimed that she was excluded from the list of survivors of the Canal Hotel bombing, and her comments were not taken into account in the report regarding the attack.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Larriera\|first=Carolina\|date=2020-08-16\|title=The United Nations is in danger of losing its sense of purpose {{!}} Carolina Larriera\|language=en-GB\|work=The Guardian\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/16/united-nations-purpose-bombing-baghdad\|access-date=2020-08-25\|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Carolina moved to Rio de Janeiro and lived with Vieira de Mello's mother.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Memory \|url=https://carolinalarriera.com/memory/ \|access-date=2020-08-25 \|website=Carolina Larriera \|language=en-US}}</ref> Annie still lives in France, and has co-founded a Swiss charity, the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation, with his two sons and close friends and colleagues to honor his name and memory.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Power \|first1=Samantha \|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sergio-Mans-Fight-Save-World-ebook/dp/B0035APW6E/ref=sr_1_3?crid=2X6JD295P3AZR&dchild=1&keywords=samantha+power+sergio&qid=1586923234&sprefix=Samantha+Power%2Caps%2C396&sr=8-3 \|title=Sergio \|date=20 January 2010 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|asin=B0035APW6E}}</ref> ==Awards and recognition== Vieira de Mello received several posthumous awards and honours, chief of which was the [[Legion d'honneur]], France's highest honor, given to his widow and two sons in Geneva. He was also awarded the [[Order of Rio Branco]], the highest honor from the Government of Brazil to be given to a citizen, the Pedro Ernesto Medal, the highest honor in his hometown of Rio de Janeiro, in 2003. In April 2004, Sérgio Vieira de Mello was posthumously awarded the "Statesman of the Year Award" by the [[EastWest Institute]]. In 2003 he received the [[United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights]]<ref name=Recipients1968to2003>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/newsevents/pages/hrprizelistofpreviousrecipients.aspx \|title=The United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights {{!}} List of previous recipients \|work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights\|United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]] \|access-date=19 August 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702223227/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/HRPrizeListofpreviousrecipients.aspx \|archive-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> and, in 2004, he received the [[Pax Christi International Peace Award]]. Following the initiative of the Villa Decius Association, the ''Polish Prize of Sérgio Vieira de Mello'' was established in the year 2003 to promote human rights, democracy, and tolerance and had its first edition in 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110403062543/http://www.villa.org.pl/index.php/en/sergio-vieira-de-mello-prize] Polish Prize of Sergio Vieira de Mello</ref> [[File:Logo_-_Centro_Sergio_Vieira_de_Mello.png\|thumb\|Logo of the Centro Sérgio Vieira de Mello]] '''Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center''' The Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center was founded by his mother, Gilda Vieira de Mello, and Sérgio's surviving spouse Carolina Larriera, also a former UN diplomat and Harvard-trained professional, to honor his legacy, and works with a network of supporters out of Brazil, Sergio's country of nationality and Timor-Leste, the country he helped create – around the world.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://sergiovieirademello.org/index_en.html\|title=Sergio Vieira de Mello Center – English\|website=sergiovieirademello.org\|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> The Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center works through a nationwide network of universities specialized in international relations and the future generation of world ambassadors. Specifically, the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center focuses on the use of technology, entrepreneurism, and networks to mobilize mentors and disciples and build a sustainable peace model that can be easily replicated. It engages Harvard and MIT engineers and education professionals to empower local communities and schools. The Center matches ivory tower professionals with a base of the pyramid and disenfranchised youth, identifying easily obtained opportunities. With ANAPRI, the National Association of International Relations Professionals is mobilizing Congress for more resources for the professionalization of the sector. The Center engages and actively supports a network of more than one hundred schools and institutions bearing Sérgio's name in Brazil and abroad, and provides teaching tools and in-kind material. It also runs the Gilda Vieira de Mello Prize dedicated to her son Sergio Vieira de Mello which is awarded annually in Geneva during the [[International Film Festival and Forum on Human Rights]]. The prize comes with a monetary award of CHF 5,000.<ref name=cineuropa240318>{{cite web \| url =https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/458587/ \| title =The 22nd FIFDH announces its award winners \| last =Economou \| first =Vassilic \| date =2024-03-18 \| publisher = Cineuropa \| access-date =2024-04-19}}</ref> [[File:Logo-fondation-svdm.jpg\|thumb\|Logo of the SVDM Foundation.]]'''Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation''' The Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation was created in 2007 to honor his memory, pursue his ideals, and continue his unfinished mission. The Foundation was established in Geneva, at the initiative of his two sons and his estranged wife, with some friends and colleagues.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sergiovdmfoundation.org/\|title=Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation – Humanitarian action through dialogue\|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> In 2008, [[Kofi Annan]] launched the first annual lecture, followed by [[Sadako Ogata]] in 2009, by [[Bernard Kouchner]] in 2010, by [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]] in 2011, and by [[Cornelio Sommaruga]] in 2012. Lectures take place at the [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]] in Geneva. On 11 December 2008, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] made history when it adopted Swedish-sponsored GA Resolution A/63/L.49 on the Strengthening of the Coordination of Emergency Assistance of the United Nations,<ref name="UN_A-63-L.49">{{UN document \|docid=A-63-L.49 \|type=Resolution \|body=General Assembly \|session=63 \|resolution_number=A-63-L.49 \|accessdate=11 December 2008\|date=11 December 2008\|title=World Humanitarian Day}}</ref> that amongst other important humanitarian decisions, decided to designate 19 August as the [[World Humanitarian Day]] (WHD). The Resolution gives for the first time, a special recognition to all humanitarian and United Nations and associated personnel who have worked in the promotion of the humanitarian cause and those who have died in the cause of duty and urges all Member States, entities of the United Nations within existing resources, as well as the other [[International organization\|International Organizations]] and [[Non-governmental organization\|Non-Governmental Organizations]] to observe it annually in an appropriate way. As a background to this landmark resolution, the family of Sérgio Vieira de Mello resolved to work towards having 19 August recognized as a befitting tribute to all humanitarian personnel. Early April 2008 the Board of the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation prepared a draft Resolution to be sponsored and adopted by the General Assembly designating 19 August as World Humanitarian Day. France, Switzerland, Japan, and Brazil, contacted with the draft Resolution, agreed to co-sponsor it. Sérgio Vieira de Mello founded the United Nations Housing Rights Programme, currently a part of the [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]], which aims to "assist States and other stakeholders with the implementation of their commitments in the Habitat Agenda".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhabitat.org/programmes/housingrights/\|title=Housing rights\|publisher=UN-HABITAT\|access-date=13 December 2009\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225062154/http://www.unhabitat.org/programmes/housingrights\|archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> [[File:piazzademello.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The new square dedicated to Sérgio Vieira de Mello in Bologna, Italy (January 2011)]] After his death, the Italian city of Bologna was dedicated to Sergio Vieira de Mello a square (''Piazza Sérgio Vieira de Mello'') situated in a modern part of the central quartiere Navile. Vieira de Mello's life was the subject of the 2020 biopic ''[[Sergio (2020 film)\|Sergio]]'', starring [[Wagner Moura]] in the title role. ==Career chronology== * 1969–1971: French Editor, [[UNHCR]], [[Geneva]], Switzerland * 1971–1972: Project Officer, UNHCR, [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]] * 1972–1973: Programme Officer, UNHCR, [[Juba, Sudan\|Juba]], [[Sudan]] * 1974–1975: Programme Officer, UNHCR, [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] * 1975–1977: Deputy Representative and Representative, UNHCR, [[Maputo]], [[Mozambique]] * 1978–1980: Representative, UNHCR, [[Lima]], [[Peru]] * 1980–1981: Head of Career Development and Training Unit of Personnel Section, UNHCR, [[Geneva]], Switzerland * 1981–1983: Senior Political Officer, [[UNIFIL]], [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations\|DPKO]], [[Lebanon]] * 1983–1985: Deputy Head of Personnel, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1986–1988: [[Chef de Cabinet]] and Secretary to the executive committee, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1988–1990: Director of Asia Bureau, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1990–1991: Director of External Affairs, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1991–1993: Director for Repatriation and Resettlement Operations, [[UNTAC]], [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations\|DPKO]], and Special Envoy of High Commissioner [[Sadako Ogata]], UNHCR, [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]] * 1993–1994: Director of Political Affairs, [[UNPROFOR]], DPKO, [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] * 1994–1996: Director of Operations and Planning, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * October–December 1996: Special Envoy of Secretary-General to the [[African Great Lakes\|Great Lakes Region]] * 1996–1998: Assistant High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1998–2002: [[Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs]], UN, New York, US * June–July 1999: Special Representative of the Secretary-General to [[Kosovo]] * 1999–2002: Transitional Administrator, [[UNTAET]], DPKO, and Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, [[Dili]], [[East Timor]] * 2002–2003: [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]], Geneva, Switzerland * May–August 2003: Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General to [[Iraq]] ==See also== * [[List of peace activists]] * [[Luiz Carlos da Costa]] * [[World Humanitarian Day]] * [[Sergio (2009 film)\|''Sergio'' (2009 film)]] * [[Sergio (2020 film)\|''Sergio'' (2020 film)]] ==Further reading== * Jean-Claude Buhrer et [[Claude B. Levenson]], ''Sergio Vieira de Mello, un espoir foudroyé''. – Paris : Mille et une nuits, 2004. – 199 p., 20 cm. – {{ISBN\|2-84205-826-7}}. * Leon Hartwell. 2022. Sergio Vieira de Mello: Lessons on Negotiating with the Devil. In Buffon, D., Hostetter, D., Howlett, C., and Peterson, C. ''Oxford Handbook of Peace History''. Oxford University Press: Oxford. https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/42641/chapter-abstract/375100825?redirectedFrom=fulltext * George Gordon-Lennox et Annick Stevenson, ''Sergio Vieira de Mello : un homme exceptionnel''. – [[Genève]] : Éditions du Tricorne, 2004. – 143 p., 25 cm. – {{ISBN\|2-8293-0266-4}}. – En appendice, choix de textes de Sergio Vieira de Mello. * Jacques Marcovitch – USP – ''Sergio Vieira de Mello – pensamento e memória''. 1 Edição \| 2004 \| Brochura 344p. \| Cód.: 167075 \| {{ISBN\|978-85-314-0867-0}}. [https://www.edusp.com.br/loja/produto/492/sergio-vieira-de-mello--pensamento-e-memoria Edusp] ([[Portuguese language\|pt]]) ==References== {{Reflist\|24em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book \|last1=Gourevitch \|first1=Philip \|author-link=Philip Gourevitch \|year=2008 \|title=[[The Ballad of Abu Ghraib\|Procedimento Operacional Padrão]] \|publisher=[[Companhia das Letras]] \|location=São Paulo \|isbn=978-85-359-1365-1 \|last2=Morris \|first2=Errol \|author-link2=Errol Morris}} * {{cite book \|last = Power \|first = Samantha \|author-link = Samantha Power \|title = Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World \|publisher = [[Allen Lane]] \|year = 2008 \|page = [https://archive.org/details/chasingflameserg00powe_0/page/16 16] \|isbn = 978-1-59420-128-8\|url = https://archive.org/details/chasingflameserg00powe_0/page/16 }} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|Sérgio Vieira de Mello}} * [http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10717820&CFID=14377625&CFTOKEN=3d46a1ee5a8a830b-601EEE13-B27C-BB00-0127738E5FE59A82 ''The Economist'' – "A brave man's journey"] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2146395.stm BBC News – Obituary: ''Sergio Vieira de Mello''] * [http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/19/sprj.irq.demello/ CNN – ''Sergio Vieira de Mello: A Rising Star''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204223709/http://www.sergiovdmfoundation.org/wcms/ ''Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation''] * [http://www.viddler.com/v/f0c2986e''En Route to Baghdad'' directed by Brazilian journalist Simone Duarte]{{dead link\|date=April 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://svm.iri.usp.br IRI-USP "''Sergio Vieira de Mello: 20 anos depois de Bagdá''". Media collection at the Institute of International Relations. University of São Paulo] . (Portuguese language). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051220092324/http://ochaonline.un.org/webpage.asp?ParentID=9848&MenuID=9855&Page=1291 ''Sergio Vieira de Mello [Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator]''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051102225619/http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/hc/vieira.htm UNHCHR Sergio Vieira de Mello] * [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/enroutetobaghdad/sergio.html PBS Independent Lens pages on "''En Route To Baghdad''"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071532/https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/enroutetobaghdad/sergio.html \|date=10 December 2017 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515015734/http://midiaindependente.org/en/blue/2004/07/286986.shtml UNHREP. The Final Project of the Man of Peace] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080415024611/http://www.unspecial.org/UNS671/t22.html UN Special Nº671. DEAR FRIENDS OF SERGIO] * [http://blog.ted.com/2008/11/11/samantha_power/ TED Talks Samantha Power: Shaking hands with the devil] * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/18/AR2009081802908.html?nav=rss_opinion/columns&sid=ST2009081802974 "Unsung Heroes of the Battlefields" by Laurent Vieira de Mello, president of the Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation – ''The Washington Post'', 19 August 2009] * {{IMDb name\|2011899\|Sérgio Vieira de Mello}} ===Interviews=== * [http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfchr59/Issue6/interview.htm Interview with Human Rights Features] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716232803/http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfchr59/Issue6/interview.htm \|date=16 July 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051213135315/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03%2F08%2F20%2F1450239 Interview] on [[Democracy Now!]] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/forum/2523983.stm Interview] on [[BBC News]] * [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/europe/july-dec99/kosovo_8-4.html Can Kosovo recover?] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030023419/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/europe/july-dec99/kosovo_8-4.html \|date=30 October 2013 }} – Interview on PBS ===Films=== * Documentary film, [[Sergio (2009 film)]]: [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/documentaries/enroutetobaghdad/ ''En Route to Baghdad'' directed by Brazilian journalist Simone Duarte] * Biographical film [[Sergio (2020 film)\|Sergio]], by [[Netflix]], premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] on 28 January 2020, released in the US on 17 April 2020. {{s-start}} {{s-intgov}} {{succession box \| before = [[Yasushi Akashi]] ({{flagicon\|Japan}})\| title = [[Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator\|Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and<br />Emergency Relief Coordinator]] \| years = 1998–2001\| after = [[Kenzo Oshima]] ({{flagicon\|Japan}})}} {{succession box \| before = [[Mary Robinson]] (1997–2002) \| title = [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] \| years = 2002–2003\| after = [[Bertrand Ramcharan]] (2003–2004) [[Louise Arbour]] (2004) }} {{succession box \|before=[[Nicolau dos Reis Lobato]] (nominal President of East Timor) 1978 \|years=1999–2002 \|title=[[UN Administrator for East Timor]] \|after=[[Xanana Gusmão]] as President of [[East Timor]]}} {{succession box \|title=Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Iraq \|years=2003 \|before=N/A \|after=[[Ashraf Qazi]]}} {{s-end}} {{United Nations\|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mello, Sergio Vieira De}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2003 deaths]] [[Category:University of Paris alumni]] [[Category:Brazilian terrorism victims]] [[Category:People killed in the Canal Hotel bombing]] [[Category:Brazilian people murdered abroad]] [[Category:Assassinated diplomats]] [[Category:Diplomats from Rio de Janeiro (city)]] [[Category:United Nations high commissioners for human rights]] [[Category:University of Fribourg alumni]] [[Category:Under-secretaries-general of the United Nations]] [[Category:Burials at Cimetière des Rois]] [[Category:United Nations Mission in Kosovo officials]] [[Category:Brazilian officials of the United Nations]] [[Category:Special representatives of the secretary-general of the United Nations]] [[Category:Special Envoys of the Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]] [[Category:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro alumni]] [[Category:People murdered in Iraq]]	1,306,906,966	[{"title": "3rd United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "data": {"3rd United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights": "In office \u00b7 12 September 2002 \u2013 19 August 2003", "Preceded by": "Mary Robinson", "Succeeded by": "Bertrand Ramcharan (acting)"}}, {"title": "East Timor UN Transitional Administrator", "data": {"East Timor UN Transitional Administrator": "In office \u00b7 25 October 1999 \u2013 20 May 2002", "Preceded by": "Jos\u00e9 Ab\u00edlio Os\u00f3rio Soares \u00b7 (as Governor of East Timor)", "Succeeded by": "Xanana Gusm\u00e3o \u00b7 (as President of East Timor)"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "15 March 1948 \u00b7 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", "Died": "19 August 2003 (aged 55) \u00b7 Baghdad, Iraq", "Cause of death": "Killed in the Canal Hotel bombing", "Spouse": "Annie Personnaz \u200b (m. 1973; sep. 1986)\u200b", "Domestic partner": "Carolina Larriera (2001\u20132003)", "Children": "4", "Alma mater": "Federal University of Rio de Janeiro \u00b7 University of Paris (Sorbonne) \u00b7 University of Paris 1 Panth\u00e9on-Sorbonne", "Awards": "Order of the Two Niles (1973)"}}]	false
# Sérgio Vieira de Mello Sérgio Vieira de Mello (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈsɛʁʒju viˈejɾɐ dʒi ˈmɛlu]; 15 March 1948 – 19 August 2003) was a Brazilian United Nations diplomat who worked on several UN humanitarian and political programs for over 34 years. The Government of Brazil posthumously awarded the Sergio Vieira de Mello Medal to honor his legacy in promoting sustainable peace, international security and better living conditions for individuals in situations of armed conflict, challenges to which Sérgio Vieira de Mello had dedicated his life and career. He was killed in the Canal Hotel bombing in Iraq along with 20 other members of his staff on 19 August 2003 while working as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, with the rank of Under-Secretary-General, and United Nations Special Representative for Iraq. Before his death, he was considered a likely candidate for UN Secretary-General. ## Early life, education, and early career Vieira de Mello was born in Rio de Janeiro to the diplomat Arnaldo Vieira de Mello and his wife Gilda dos Santos on 15 March 1948. He had an older sister, Sônia, who suffered schizophrenia throughout her adult life. Vieira de Mello was interested in rocket science as a child. The family followed Arnaldo's diplomatic postings, such that Sérgio spent his early years in Buenos Aires, Genoa, Milan, Beirut and Rome. In 1965, he was studying philosophy at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, but since classes were frequently disrupted by strikes, he opted to continue his education in Europe. He continued at the University of Paris, where he studied philosophy under Vladimir Jankélévitch. While there, he stayed at an apartment at the Maison de l’Argentine, the student housing at the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris dedicated to students with families from Latin America. He participated in the 1968 student riots in Paris against the Charles de Gaulle government, and was hit in the head by a police baton, causing a permanent disfigurement above his right eye. He also wrote a letter published in the French leftist journal Combat in support of the riots, which made his return to Brazil, at this stage a military dictatorship, potentially dangerous. Thus, after graduating from the Sorbonne in 1969, he moved to Geneva to stay with a family friend, and found his first job as an editor at the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Early in his career, he also completed an MA in moral philosophy and a PhD by correspondence from the Sorbonne. His doctorate thesis, submitted in 1974, was entitled The Role of Philosophy in Contemporary Society. In 1985, he submitted a second "state" doctorate, the highest degree in the French education system, entitled Civitas Maxima: Origins, Foundations and Philosophical and Political Significance of the Supranationality Concept. In addition to his native Portuguese, Vieira de Mello was fluent in English, Spanish, Italian, and French, along with conversational knowledge of local languages of the countries he was stationed in, such as Arabic and Tetum. ## UN career From UNHCR, Vieira de Mello moved to the field in Bangladesh during its War of Independence in 1971, and Sudan in 1972 following the Addis Ababa agreement that ended the First Sudanese Civil War and allowed the return of some 650,000 Sudanese refugees and displaced persons, and Cyprus after the Turkish invasion in 1974. These early assignments were operational, rather than political; he was helping to organize food aid, shelter and other types of aid to refugees. Vieira de Mello remained in the field, with a posting in Mozambique to assist refugees fleeing white rule and civil war in Zimbabwe (at the time, still Rhodesia) where he was deputy head of the office. Due to the absence of his boss, he was effectively running the mission. Vieira de Mello spent three years in charge of UNHCR operations in Mozambique during the civil war that followed its independence from Portugal in 1975, and three more years in Peru. Vieira de Mello also served as Special Envoy for the UNHCR for Cambodia, being the first and only UN Representative to hold talks with the Khmer Rouge. He became a senior political adviser to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon between 1981 and 1983. In 1985, he returned to Latin America to serve as head of the Argentina office in Buenos Aires. He spent the 1990s involved in the clearing of land mines in Cambodia, and then in Yugoslavia. After working on the refugee problem in central Africa, he was made Assistant High Commissioner for Refugees in 1996 and became Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator two years later. He would hold this position simultaneously with others until January 2001. He was a special UN envoy in Kosovo after the UN took control over the Serbian province in 1999. Vieira de Mello was instrumental in dealing with the issue of boat people in Hong Kong. In mid-2000, he visited Fiji together with Don McKinnon, the Commonwealth of Nations' Secretary-General, in an attempt to assist in finding a negotiated settlement to the hostage situation, in which Fiji's Prime Minister and other members of Parliament were kidnapped and held as hostages during the 2000 Fijian coup d'état. Before becoming the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in 2002, he was the UN Transitional Administrator in East Timor from December 1999 to May 2002, guiding the former Indonesia's 27th province to independence. He was also special representative in Kosovo for an initial period of two months and was the coordinator of humanitarian operations at UN Headquarters. In May 2003 Vieira de Mello was appointed as the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General to Iraq, an appointment initially intended to last for four months. According to The New York Times Magazine journalist James Traub in his book The Best Intentions, Vieira de Mello turned down the appointment three times before Kofi Annan was pressured by US President George W. Bush and Condoleezza Rice. According to Samantha Power in her book Sérgio: One Man's Fight to Save the World, Vieira de Mello met Bush at a meeting in March 2003, at which the two men discussed the human rights situation in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, a controversial issue for the United States. In June 2003, Vieira de Mello was part of a team responsible for inspecting Abu Ghraib prison before it was rebuilt. ## Death Vieira de Mello was working as a United Nations Special Representative for Iraq when he was killed in the Canal Hotel bombing. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a leader of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization, claimed responsibility for the blast. A communiqué from al-Qaeda said that de Mello was assassinated because he had helped East Timor become an independent state, thereby stealing territory from the Islamic caliphate. He had been mentioned in some circles as a suitable candidate for UN Secretary-General. His death was widely mourned, largely on account of his reputation for effectively working to promote peace. Vieira de Mello had previously stated that he wished to be buried in Rio de Janeiro, his hometown, and the place he lived for 34 years. However, his body was taken away from Brazil and he was buried at the Cimetière des Rois in Geneva, Switzerland. Vieira was honoured in his hometown of Rio de Janeiro where he was given a state funeral with full military honors. His funeral was attended by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and other international dignitaries. He was survived by his two sons, Adrien and Laurent. ## Personal life In 1973, Vieira de Mello met and married Annie Personnaz, a French staff member at UNHCR Headquarters in Geneva, with whom he had two sons, Laurent and Adrien. They lived in the French town of Thonon-les-Bains, before moving a few years later to a permanent home in the French village of Massongy, near the Geneva border. The couple separated before Vieira de Mello's death, with a divorce lawsuit filed on 9 January 2003, which was never executed. From 2001 onwards, he was in a relationship with Carolina Larriera, whom he had met in East Timor where she worked as part of the General Service support staff of the UN mission. Viera de Mello presented Larriera as his fiancée privately and in official events. The couple intended to return to Switzerland after the mission in Iraq, where he would be reinstalled as High Commissioner for Human Rights. Sergio planned to marry Carolina as soon as he got officially divorced, and thereafter establish a home and family in Switzerland. Carolina was summoned by Sergio to work alongside him in Iraq, and was at the Canal Hotel at the day of the bombing. However, the UN did not recognize Larriera as Vieira de Mello's partner. She claimed that she was excluded from the list of survivors of the Canal Hotel bombing, and her comments were not taken into account in the report regarding the attack. Carolina moved to Rio de Janeiro and lived with Vieira de Mello's mother. Annie still lives in France, and has co-founded a Swiss charity, the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation, with his two sons and close friends and colleagues to honor his name and memory. ## Awards and recognition Vieira de Mello received several posthumous awards and honours, chief of which was the Legion d'honneur, France's highest honor, given to his widow and two sons in Geneva. He was also awarded the Order of Rio Branco, the highest honor from the Government of Brazil to be given to a citizen, the Pedro Ernesto Medal, the highest honor in his hometown of Rio de Janeiro, in 2003. In April 2004, Sérgio Vieira de Mello was posthumously awarded the "Statesman of the Year Award" by the EastWest Institute. In 2003 he received the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights and, in 2004, he received the Pax Christi International Peace Award. Following the initiative of the Villa Decius Association, the Polish Prize of Sérgio Vieira de Mello was established in the year 2003 to promote human rights, democracy, and tolerance and had its first edition in 2004. Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center The Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center was founded by his mother, Gilda Vieira de Mello, and Sérgio's surviving spouse Carolina Larriera, also a former UN diplomat and Harvard-trained professional, to honor his legacy, and works with a network of supporters out of Brazil, Sergio's country of nationality and Timor-Leste, the country he helped create – around the world. The Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center works through a nationwide network of universities specialized in international relations and the future generation of world ambassadors. Specifically, the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center focuses on the use of technology, entrepreneurism, and networks to mobilize mentors and disciples and build a sustainable peace model that can be easily replicated. It engages Harvard and MIT engineers and education professionals to empower local communities and schools. The Center matches ivory tower professionals with a base of the pyramid and disenfranchised youth, identifying easily obtained opportunities. With ANAPRI, the National Association of International Relations Professionals is mobilizing Congress for more resources for the professionalization of the sector. The Center engages and actively supports a network of more than one hundred schools and institutions bearing Sérgio's name in Brazil and abroad, and provides teaching tools and in-kind material. It also runs the Gilda Vieira de Mello Prize dedicated to her son Sergio Vieira de Mello which is awarded annually in Geneva during the International Film Festival and Forum on Human Rights. The prize comes with a monetary award of CHF 5,000. Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation The Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation was created in 2007 to honor his memory, pursue his ideals, and continue his unfinished mission. The Foundation was established in Geneva, at the initiative of his two sons and his estranged wife, with some friends and colleagues. In 2008, Kofi Annan launched the first annual lecture, followed by Sadako Ogata in 2009, by Bernard Kouchner in 2010, by José Manuel Durão Barroso in 2011, and by Cornelio Sommaruga in 2012. Lectures take place at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. On 11 December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly made history when it adopted Swedish-sponsored GA Resolution A/63/L.49 on the Strengthening of the Coordination of Emergency Assistance of the United Nations, that amongst other important humanitarian decisions, decided to designate 19 August as the World Humanitarian Day (WHD). The Resolution gives for the first time, a special recognition to all humanitarian and United Nations and associated personnel who have worked in the promotion of the humanitarian cause and those who have died in the cause of duty and urges all Member States, entities of the United Nations within existing resources, as well as the other International Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations to observe it annually in an appropriate way. As a background to this landmark resolution, the family of Sérgio Vieira de Mello resolved to work towards having 19 August recognized as a befitting tribute to all humanitarian personnel. Early April 2008 the Board of the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation prepared a draft Resolution to be sponsored and adopted by the General Assembly designating 19 August as World Humanitarian Day. France, Switzerland, Japan, and Brazil, contacted with the draft Resolution, agreed to co-sponsor it. Sérgio Vieira de Mello founded the United Nations Housing Rights Programme, currently a part of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, which aims to "assist States and other stakeholders with the implementation of their commitments in the Habitat Agenda". After his death, the Italian city of Bologna was dedicated to Sergio Vieira de Mello a square (Piazza Sérgio Vieira de Mello) situated in a modern part of the central quartiere Navile. Vieira de Mello's life was the subject of the 2020 biopic Sergio, starring Wagner Moura in the title role. ## Career chronology - 1969–1971: French Editor, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1971–1972: Project Officer, UNHCR, Dhaka, East Pakistan - 1972–1973: Programme Officer, UNHCR, Juba, Sudan - 1974–1975: Programme Officer, UNHCR, Nicosia, Cyprus - 1975–1977: Deputy Representative and Representative, UNHCR, Maputo, Mozambique - 1978–1980: Representative, UNHCR, Lima, Peru - 1980–1981: Head of Career Development and Training Unit of Personnel Section, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1981–1983: Senior Political Officer, UNIFIL, DPKO, Lebanon - 1983–1985: Deputy Head of Personnel, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1986–1988: Chef de Cabinet and Secretary to the executive committee, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1988–1990: Director of Asia Bureau, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1990–1991: Director of External Affairs, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1991–1993: Director for Repatriation and Resettlement Operations, UNTAC, DPKO, and Special Envoy of High Commissioner Sadako Ogata, UNHCR, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - 1993–1994: Director of Political Affairs, UNPROFOR, DPKO, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina - 1994–1996: Director of Operations and Planning, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - October–December 1996: Special Envoy of Secretary-General to the Great Lakes Region - 1996–1998: Assistant High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland - 1998–2002: Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, UN, New York, US - June–July 1999: Special Representative of the Secretary-General to Kosovo - 1999–2002: Transitional Administrator, UNTAET, DPKO, and Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Dili, East Timor - 2002–2003: High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland - May–August 2003: Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General to Iraq	enwiki/299928	enwiki	299,928	Sérgio Vieira de Mello	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Vieira_de_Mello	2025-08-20T11:44:11Z	en	Q334835	242,025	{{Short description\|Brazilian UN diplomat and humanitarian aid officer (1948–2003)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder \| name = Sérgio Vieira de Mello \| residence = \| other_names = \| image = Sérgio Vieira de Mello.jpg \| image_size = 200px \| caption = Vieira de Mello {{circa\|2002}} \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{birth date\|df=yes\|1948\|3\|15}} \| birth_place = [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil \| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|2003\|8\|19\|1948\|3\|15}} \| death_place = [[Baghdad]], Iraq \| death_cause = Killed in the [[Canal Hotel bombing]] \| spouse = {{marriage\|Annie Personnaz\|1973\|1986\|end=sep}} \| partner = Carolina Larriera (2001–2003) \| children = 2 \| alma_mater = [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]]<br>[[University of Paris]] ([[University of Paris\|Sorbonne]])<br>[[University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne\|University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] \| office = 3rd [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] \| term_start = 12 September 2002 \| term_end = 19 August 2003 \| predecessor = [[Mary Robinson]] \| successor = [[Bertrand Ramcharan]] (acting) \| office1 = [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General for East Timor\|East Timor UN Transitional Administrator]] \| term_start1 = 25 October 1999 \| term_end1 = 20 May 2002 \| predecessor1 = [[José Abílio Osório Soares]]<br />(as [[East Timor (Indonesian province)#Governors\|Governor of East Timor]]) \| successor1 = [[Xanana Gusmão]]<br />(as [[President of East Timor]]) \| awards = [[Order of the Two Niles]] (1973)<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Power \|first=Samantha \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSONt9sOc9EC&dq=%22Order+of+the+Two+Niles%22&pg=PT6 \|title=Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World \|date=2011-10-06 \|publisher=Penguin Books Limited \|isbn=978-0-14-192110-5 \|language=en}}</ref> }} '''Sérgio Vieira de Mello''' ({{IPA\|pt\|ˈsɛʁʒju viˈejɾɐ dʒi ˈmɛlu}}; 15 March 1948 – 19 August 2003) was a Brazilian [[United Nations]] diplomat who worked on several UN [[humanitarian]] and political programs for over 34 years. The Government of Brazil posthumously awarded the Sergio Vieira de Mello Medal to honor his legacy in promoting sustainable peace, [[international security]] and better [[habitability\|living conditions]] for individuals in situations of armed conflict, challenges to which Sérgio Vieira de Mello had dedicated his life and career.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-BR/notas-a-imprensa/13715-medalha-sergio-vieira-de-mello\|title=Medalha Sergio Vieira de Mello\|date=1 April 2016\|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> He was killed in the [[Canal Hotel bombing]] in [[Iraq]] along with 20 other members of his staff on 19 August 2003 while working as [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]], with the rank of [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations\|Under-Secretary-General]], and [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq\|United Nations Special Representative for Iraq]]. Before his death, he was considered a likely candidate for [[Secretary-General of the United Nations\|UN Secretary-General]]. == Early life, education, and early career == Vieira de Mello was born in [[Rio de Janeiro]] to the diplomat Arnaldo Vieira de Mello and his wife Gilda dos Santos on 15 March 1948.<ref name="Power_19"/> He had an older sister, Sônia, who suffered schizophrenia throughout her adult life.<ref name=":0">{{cite book \|last1=Power \|first1=Samantha \|title=Sergio: One Man's Fight to Save the World \|date=30 March 2010 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sergio-Mans-Fight-Save-World-ebook/dp/B0035APW6E/ref=sr_1_3?crid=2X6JD295P3AZR&dchild=1&keywords=samantha+power+sergio&qid=1586923234&sprefix=Samantha+Power%2Caps%2C396&sr=8-3 \|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> Vieira de Mello was interested in rocket science as a child.<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVjbVRHb48k \|title=Remembering Sergio Vieira de Mello 19-Aug-2008 \|date=2008-08-19 \|last=Al Jazeera English \|access-date=2025-07-19 \|via=YouTube}}</ref> The family followed Arnaldo's diplomatic postings, such that Sérgio spent his early years in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Genoa]], [[Milan]], [[Beirut]] and [[Rome]].<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=16–17}}</ref> In 1965, he was studying [[philosophy]] at the [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]], but since classes were frequently disrupted by strikes, he opted to continue his education in Europe.<ref name="Power_19">{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=16}}</ref> He continued at the [[University of Paris]], where he studied [[philosophy]] under [[Vladimir Jankélévitch]].<ref name="Power_19" /> While there, he stayed at an apartment at the Maison de l’Argentine, the student housing at the [[Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris]] dedicated to students with families from Latin America.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Maison de l'Argentine \|url=https://www.ciup.fr/fondation-argentine/ \|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> He participated in the [[1968 student riots]] in Paris against the [[Charles de Gaulle]] government, and was hit in the head by a police baton, causing a permanent disfigurement above his right eye.<ref name="Power_19" /> He also wrote a letter published in the French leftist journal ''Combat'' in support of the riots, which made his return to Brazil, at this stage a [[Military dictatorship in Brazil\|military dictatorship]], potentially dangerous.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=20}}</ref> Thus, after graduating from the Sorbonne in 1969, he moved to [[Geneva]] to stay with a family friend, and found his first job as an editor at the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR).<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=22}}</ref> Early in his career, he also completed an [[Master of Arts\|MA]] in [[moral philosophy]] and a [[PhD]] by correspondence from the Sorbonne.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=25–31}}</ref> His doctorate thesis, submitted in 1974, was entitled ''The Role of Philosophy in Contemporary Society''.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=31}}</ref> In 1985, he submitted a second "state" doctorate, the highest degree in the French education system, entitled ''Civitas Maxima: Origins, Foundations and Philosophical and Political Significance of the Supranationality Concept''.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|p=71}}</ref> In addition to his native Portuguese, Vieira de Mello was fluent in English, Spanish, Italian, and French, along with conversational knowledge of local languages of the countries he was stationed in,<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Hartwell \|first=Leon \|date=2016-10-17 \|title=The Diplomat and the Drunken Guard: Negotiation Lessons from Sergio Vieira de Mello \|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12162 \|journal=Negotiation Journal \|volume=32 \|issue=4 \|pages=325–333 \|doi=10.1111/nejo.12162 \|issn=0748-4526\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> such as Arabic and [[Tetum language\|Tetum]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2014-08-19 \|title=Remembering Sergio {{!}} New Straits Times \|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/remembering-sergio \|access-date=2025-07-19 \|website=NST Online \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=One Man’s Legacy in East Timor \|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/08/one-mans-legacy-in-east-timor/ \|access-date=2025-07-19 \|website=thediplomat.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2001-06-28 \|title=East Timor: Presentation to the National Council by Sergio Vieira de Mello, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Transitional Administrator - Timor-Leste {{!}} ReliefWeb \|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/timor-leste/east-timor-presentation-national-council-sergio-vieira-de-mello-special \|access-date=2025-07-19 \|website=reliefweb.int \|language=en}}</ref> == UN career == From UNHCR, Vieira de Mello moved to the field in [[Bangladesh]] during its [[Bangladesh War of Independence\|War of Independence]] in 1971, and [[Sudan]] in 1972 following the [[Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)\|Addis Ababa agreement]] that ended the [[First Sudanese Civil War]] and allowed the return of some 650,000 Sudanese refugees and displaced persons,<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=26–27}}</ref> and [[Cyprus]] after the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus\|Turkish invasion]] in 1974.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=25–33}}</ref> These early assignments were operational, rather than political; he was helping to organize food aid, shelter and other types of aid to refugees. Vieira de Mello remained in the field, with a posting in [[Mozambique]] to assist refugees fleeing white rule and civil war in [[Zimbabwe]] (at the time, still [[Rhodesia]]) where he was deputy head of the office. Due to the absence of his boss, he was effectively running the mission.<ref>{{harvp\|Power\|2008\|pp=26 (Bangladesh), 27 (Sudan), 31 (Cyprus) & 32 (Mozambique)}}</ref> Vieira de Mello spent three years in charge of UNHCR operations in Mozambique during the [[Mozambican Civil War\|civil war]] that followed its independence from Portugal in 1975, and three more years in [[Peru]]. Vieira de Mello also served as Special Envoy for the UNHCR for [[Cambodia]], being the first and only UN Representative to hold talks with the [[Khmer Rouge]]. He became a senior political adviser to the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] between 1981 and 1983. In 1985, he returned to Latin America to serve as head of the Argentina office in Buenos Aires.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://fundacionacnur.org/inicio\|title=Fundación ACNUR Argentina \| Agencia de la ONU para refugiados\|website=Fundación ACNUR Argentina\|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> He spent the 1990s involved in the clearing of [[land mine]]s in Cambodia, and then in [[Yugoslavia]]. After working on the refugee problem in central Africa, he was made Assistant High Commissioner for Refugees in 1996 and became [[Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator]] two years later. He would hold this position simultaneously with others until January 2001. He was a special UN envoy in [[Kosovo]] after the UN took control over the [[Serbia]]n province in 1999.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/is-the-united-nations-racist/article4928624.ece\|title=Is the United Nations racist?\|last=Thakur\|first=Ramesh\|date=19 July 2013\|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]\|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> Vieira de Mello was instrumental in dealing with the issue of [[Tanka people\|boat people]] in [[Hong Kong]]. In mid-2000, he visited [[Fiji]] together with [[Don McKinnon]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]' Secretary-General, in an attempt to assist in finding a negotiated settlement to the hostage situation, in which Fiji's [[Prime Minister of Fiji\|Prime Minister]] and other members of [[Parliament of Fiji\|Parliament]] were kidnapped and held as hostages during the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s130838.htm\|title=AM Archive – Fiji Chiefs' decision still unknown\|website=www.abc.net.au\|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Before becoming the [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] in 2002, he was the UN Transitional Administrator in [[East Timor]] from December 1999 to May 2002, guiding the former [[Indonesia]]'s 27th province to independence. He was also [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Kosovo\|special representative in Kosovo]] for an initial period of two months and was the coordinator of humanitarian operations at [[UN Headquarters]]. In May 2003 Vieira de Mello was appointed as the Special Representative of the [[United Nations Secretary-General\|UN Secretary-General]] to Iraq, an appointment initially intended to last for four months. According to ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'' journalist [[James Traub]] in his book ''The Best Intentions'', Vieira de Mello turned down the appointment three times before [[Kofi Annan]] was pressured by US President [[George W. Bush]] and [[Condoleezza Rice]]. According to [[Samantha Power]] in her book ''Sérgio: One Man's Fight to Save the World'', Vieira de Mello met Bush at a meeting in March 2003, at which the two men discussed the human rights situation in the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]], a controversial issue for the United States. In June 2003, Vieira de Mello was part of a team responsible for inspecting [[Abu Ghraib prison]] before it was rebuilt.<ref>{{harvp\|Gourevitch\|Morris\|2008\|p=34}}</ref> ==Death== {{main\|Canal Hotel bombing}} [[File:Sergio Vieira de Mello DF-SD-04-02189.JPEG\|thumb\|U.S. soldiers placing Vieira de Mello's casket into an SUV.]] Vieira de Mello was working as a United Nations Special Representative for Iraq when he was killed in the [[Canal Hotel bombing]].<ref name=":1">[[Samantha Power]] (2008). Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World. Allen Lane. p. 4. {{ISBN\|1-59420-128-5}}</ref> [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]], a leader of the [[al-Qaeda]] terrorist organization, claimed responsibility for the blast.<ref>Benson, Pam, "[http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/04/07/zarqawi.tape/index.html?_s=PM:WORLD CIA: Zarqawi tape 'probably authentic'] ", ''CNN World'', 7 April 2004.</ref> A communiqué from al-Qaeda said that de Mello was assassinated because he had helped East Timor become an independent state, thereby stealing territory from the [[Caliphate\|Islamic caliphate]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/10/don-t-bother-looking-for-explanations-for-terrorist-attacks.html\|title=Don't bother looking for explanations for terrorist attacks.\|first=Christopher\|last=Hitchens\|date=3 October 2005\|website=Slate Magazine\|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> He had been mentioned in some circles as a suitable candidate for [[Secretary-General of the United Nations\|UN Secretary-General]].{{sfn\|Power\|2008\|p=8}} His death was widely mourned, largely on account of his reputation for effectively working to promote peace. Vieira de Mello had previously stated that he wished to be buried in Rio de Janeiro, his hometown, and the place he lived for 34 years. However, his body was taken away from Brazil and he was buried at the [[Cimetière des Rois]] in Geneva, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web \|date=21 August 2003 \|title=Desaire de Lula a Bush por el ataque a De Mello \|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/desaire-de-lula-a-bush-por-el-ataque-a-de-mello-nid520837 \|publisher=[[La Nacion]]}}</ref> Vieira was honoured in his hometown of Rio de Janeiro where he was given a state funeral with full military honors. His funeral was attended by President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] and other international dignitaries. He was survived by his two sons, Adrien and Laurent.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sergiovdmfoundation.org/the-foundation/structure/\|title=Structure of the Foundation – Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation\|language=en-US\|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> ==Personal life== In 1973, Vieira de Mello met and married Annie Personnaz, a French staff member at UNHCR Headquarters in Geneva, with whom he had two sons, Laurent and Adrien.<ref name=":1" /> They lived in the French town of [[Thonon-les-Bains]], before moving a few years later to a permanent home in the French village of [[Massongy]], near the Geneva border.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Power\|first=Samantha\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSONt9sOc9EC&q=annie+personnaz&pg=PT44\|title=Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World\|date=6 October 2011\|publisher=Penguin Books Limited\|isbn=978-0-14-192110-5\|language=en}}</ref> The couple separated before Vieira de Mello's death, with a divorce lawsuit filed on 9 January 2003, which was never executed.<ref name=":2">{{cite web\|title=Ordonnance de Non Conciliation\|url=http://c0650204.ferozo.com/wp-content/uploads/Ordonnance%20de%20NonConciliation%20with%20ENGLISH%20Translation.pdf\|publisher=Tribunal de Grande Instance de Thonon Les Bains}}</ref> From 2001 onwards, he was in a relationship with [[:pt:Carolina_Larriera\|Carolina Larriera]], whom he had met in East Timor where she worked as part of the General Service support staff of the UN mission.<ref>{{cite news \|date=30 August 2018 \|title=La batalla que la pareja de comisionado de DDHH le ganó a la ONU \|agency=The Clinic \|url=https://www.theclinic.cl/2018/08/30/la-batalla-que-la-pareja-de-comisionado-de-ddhh-le-gano-a-la-onu/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|date=19 August 2018 \|title=Uma voz para as vítimas \|agency=O Globo \|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/opiniao/uma-voz-para-as-vitimas-22989026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|date=19 August 2018\|title=Uma voz para as vítimas\|agency=Publico\|url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/08/19/mundo/opiniao/uma-voz-para-as-vitimas-1841370}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|date=18 October 2017\|title=Carolina Larriera quebra o silêncio após 14 anos de injustiças\|agency=Claudia\|url=https://claudia.abril.com.br/noticias/carolina-larriera/}}</ref> Viera de Mello presented Larriera as his fiancée privately and in official events.'''<ref name=":02">{{cite book \|last1=Power \|first1=Samantha \|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sergio-Mans-Fight-Save-World-ebook/dp/B0035APW6E/ref=sr_1_3?crid=2X6JD295P3AZR&dchild=1&keywords=samantha+power+sergio&qid=1586923234&sprefix=Samantha+Power%2Caps%2C396&sr=8-3 \|title=Sergio: One Man's Fight to Save the World \|date=30 March 2010 \|accessdate=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=CSVM \|first=Centro Sérgio Vieira de Mello \|date= \|title=Sergio Vieira de Mello and Carolina Larriera with King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8AH0CqeaZ8 \|url-status=live \|archive-url= \|archive-date= \|access-date= \|website=Youtube}}</ref>''' The couple intended to return to Switzerland after the mission in Iraq, where he would be reinstalled as High Commissioner for Human Rights. Sergio planned to marry Carolina as soon as he got officially divorced, and thereafter establish a home and family in Switzerland.'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|last=Johnson \|first=Hilde F. \|date=2020-07-14 \|title=The legacy of Sergio \|url=https://wsimag.com/economy-and-politics/62784-the-legacy-of-sergio \|access-date=2020-08-25 \|website=Wall Street International \|language=en}}</ref>''' Carolina was summoned by Sergio to work alongside him in Iraq, and was at the Canal Hotel at the day of the bombing.<ref name=":03">{{cite book \|last1=Power \|first1=Samantha \|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sergio-Mans-Fight-Save-World-ebook/dp/B0035APW6E/ref=sr_1_3?crid=2X6JD295P3AZR&dchild=1&keywords=samantha+power+sergio&qid=1586923234&sprefix=Samantha+Power%2Caps%2C396&sr=8-3 \|title=Sergio: One Man's Fight to Save the World \|date=30 March 2010 \|accessdate=15 April 2020}}</ref> However, the UN did not recognize Larriera as Vieira de Mello's partner. She claimed that she was excluded from the list of survivors of the Canal Hotel bombing, and her comments were not taken into account in the report regarding the attack.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Larriera\|first=Carolina\|date=2020-08-16\|title=The United Nations is in danger of losing its sense of purpose {{!}} Carolina Larriera\|language=en-GB\|work=The Guardian\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/16/united-nations-purpose-bombing-baghdad\|access-date=2020-08-25\|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Carolina moved to Rio de Janeiro and lived with Vieira de Mello's mother.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Memory \|url=https://carolinalarriera.com/memory/ \|access-date=2020-08-25 \|website=Carolina Larriera \|language=en-US}}</ref> Annie still lives in France, and has co-founded a Swiss charity, the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation, with his two sons and close friends and colleagues to honor his name and memory.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Power \|first1=Samantha \|url=https://www.amazon.com/Sergio-Mans-Fight-Save-World-ebook/dp/B0035APW6E/ref=sr_1_3?crid=2X6JD295P3AZR&dchild=1&keywords=samantha+power+sergio&qid=1586923234&sprefix=Samantha+Power%2Caps%2C396&sr=8-3 \|title=Sergio \|date=20 January 2010 \|publisher=Penguin Books \|asin=B0035APW6E}}</ref> ==Awards and recognition== Vieira de Mello received several posthumous awards and honours, chief of which was the [[Legion d'honneur]], France's highest honor, given to his widow and two sons in Geneva. He was also awarded the [[Order of Rio Branco]], the highest honor from the Government of Brazil to be given to a citizen, the Pedro Ernesto Medal, the highest honor in his hometown of Rio de Janeiro, in 2003. In April 2004, Sérgio Vieira de Mello was posthumously awarded the "Statesman of the Year Award" by the [[EastWest Institute]]. In 2003 he received the [[United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights]]<ref name=Recipients1968to2003>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/newsevents/pages/hrprizelistofpreviousrecipients.aspx \|title=The United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights {{!}} List of previous recipients \|work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights\|United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]] \|access-date=19 August 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702223227/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/HRPrizeListofpreviousrecipients.aspx \|archive-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> and, in 2004, he received the [[Pax Christi International Peace Award]]. Following the initiative of the Villa Decius Association, the ''Polish Prize of Sérgio Vieira de Mello'' was established in the year 2003 to promote human rights, democracy, and tolerance and had its first edition in 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110403062543/http://www.villa.org.pl/index.php/en/sergio-vieira-de-mello-prize] Polish Prize of Sergio Vieira de Mello</ref> [[File:Logo_-_Centro_Sergio_Vieira_de_Mello.png\|thumb\|Logo of the Centro Sérgio Vieira de Mello]] '''Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center''' The Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center was founded by his mother, Gilda Vieira de Mello, and Sérgio's surviving spouse Carolina Larriera, also a former UN diplomat and Harvard-trained professional, to honor his legacy, and works with a network of supporters out of Brazil, Sergio's country of nationality and Timor-Leste, the country he helped create – around the world.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://sergiovieirademello.org/index_en.html\|title=Sergio Vieira de Mello Center – English\|website=sergiovieirademello.org\|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> The Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center works through a nationwide network of universities specialized in international relations and the future generation of world ambassadors. Specifically, the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Center focuses on the use of technology, entrepreneurism, and networks to mobilize mentors and disciples and build a sustainable peace model that can be easily replicated. It engages Harvard and MIT engineers and education professionals to empower local communities and schools. The Center matches ivory tower professionals with a base of the pyramid and disenfranchised youth, identifying easily obtained opportunities. With ANAPRI, the National Association of International Relations Professionals is mobilizing Congress for more resources for the professionalization of the sector. The Center engages and actively supports a network of more than one hundred schools and institutions bearing Sérgio's name in Brazil and abroad, and provides teaching tools and in-kind material. It also runs the Gilda Vieira de Mello Prize dedicated to her son Sergio Vieira de Mello which is awarded annually in Geneva during the [[International Film Festival and Forum on Human Rights]]. The prize comes with a monetary award of CHF 5,000.<ref name=cineuropa240318>{{cite web \| url =https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/458587/ \| title =The 22nd FIFDH announces its award winners \| last =Economou \| first =Vassilic \| date =2024-03-18 \| publisher = Cineuropa \| access-date =2024-04-19}}</ref> [[File:Logo-fondation-svdm.jpg\|thumb\|Logo of the SVDM Foundation.]]'''Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation''' The Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation was created in 2007 to honor his memory, pursue his ideals, and continue his unfinished mission. The Foundation was established in Geneva, at the initiative of his two sons and his estranged wife, with some friends and colleagues.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.sergiovdmfoundation.org/\|title=Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation – Humanitarian action through dialogue\|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> In 2008, [[Kofi Annan]] launched the first annual lecture, followed by [[Sadako Ogata]] in 2009, by [[Bernard Kouchner]] in 2010, by [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]] in 2011, and by [[Cornelio Sommaruga]] in 2012. Lectures take place at the [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]] in Geneva. On 11 December 2008, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] made history when it adopted Swedish-sponsored GA Resolution A/63/L.49 on the Strengthening of the Coordination of Emergency Assistance of the United Nations,<ref name="UN_A-63-L.49">{{UN document \|docid=A-63-L.49 \|type=Resolution \|body=General Assembly \|session=63 \|resolution_number=A-63-L.49 \|accessdate=11 December 2008\|date=11 December 2008\|title=World Humanitarian Day}}</ref> that amongst other important humanitarian decisions, decided to designate 19 August as the [[World Humanitarian Day]] (WHD). The Resolution gives for the first time, a special recognition to all humanitarian and United Nations and associated personnel who have worked in the promotion of the humanitarian cause and those who have died in the cause of duty and urges all Member States, entities of the United Nations within existing resources, as well as the other [[International organization\|International Organizations]] and [[Non-governmental organization\|Non-Governmental Organizations]] to observe it annually in an appropriate way. As a background to this landmark resolution, the family of Sérgio Vieira de Mello resolved to work towards having 19 August recognized as a befitting tribute to all humanitarian personnel. Early April 2008 the Board of the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Foundation prepared a draft Resolution to be sponsored and adopted by the General Assembly designating 19 August as World Humanitarian Day. France, Switzerland, Japan, and Brazil, contacted with the draft Resolution, agreed to co-sponsor it. Sérgio Vieira de Mello founded the United Nations Housing Rights Programme, currently a part of the [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]], which aims to "assist States and other stakeholders with the implementation of their commitments in the Habitat Agenda".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.unhabitat.org/programmes/housingrights/\|title=Housing rights\|publisher=UN-HABITAT\|access-date=13 December 2009\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225062154/http://www.unhabitat.org/programmes/housingrights\|archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> [[File:piazzademello.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The new square dedicated to Sérgio Vieira de Mello in Bologna, Italy (January 2011)]] After his death, the Italian city of Bologna was dedicated to Sergio Vieira de Mello a square (''Piazza Sérgio Vieira de Mello'') situated in a modern part of the central quartiere Navile. Vieira de Mello's life was the subject of the 2020 biopic ''[[Sergio (2020 film)\|Sergio]]'', starring [[Wagner Moura]] in the title role. ==Career chronology== * 1969–1971: French Editor, [[UNHCR]], [[Geneva]], Switzerland * 1971–1972: Project Officer, UNHCR, [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]] * 1972–1973: Programme Officer, UNHCR, [[Juba, Sudan\|Juba]], [[Sudan]] * 1974–1975: Programme Officer, UNHCR, [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]] * 1975–1977: Deputy Representative and Representative, UNHCR, [[Maputo]], [[Mozambique]] * 1978–1980: Representative, UNHCR, [[Lima]], [[Peru]] * 1980–1981: Head of Career Development and Training Unit of Personnel Section, UNHCR, [[Geneva]], Switzerland * 1981–1983: Senior Political Officer, [[UNIFIL]], [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations\|DPKO]], [[Lebanon]] * 1983–1985: Deputy Head of Personnel, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1986–1988: [[Chef de Cabinet]] and Secretary to the executive committee, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1988–1990: Director of Asia Bureau, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1990–1991: Director of External Affairs, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1991–1993: Director for Repatriation and Resettlement Operations, [[UNTAC]], [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations\|DPKO]], and Special Envoy of High Commissioner [[Sadako Ogata]], UNHCR, [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]] * 1993–1994: Director of Political Affairs, [[UNPROFOR]], DPKO, [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] * 1994–1996: Director of Operations and Planning, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * October–December 1996: Special Envoy of Secretary-General to the [[African Great Lakes\|Great Lakes Region]] * 1996–1998: Assistant High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, Geneva, Switzerland * 1998–2002: [[Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs]], UN, New York, US * June–July 1999: Special Representative of the Secretary-General to [[Kosovo]] * 1999–2002: Transitional Administrator, [[UNTAET]], DPKO, and Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, [[Dili]], [[East Timor]] * 2002–2003: [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]], Geneva, Switzerland * May–August 2003: Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General to [[Iraq]] ==See also== * [[List of peace activists]] * [[Luiz Carlos da Costa]] * [[World Humanitarian Day]] * [[Sergio (2009 film)\|''Sergio'' (2009 film)]] * [[Sergio (2020 film)\|''Sergio'' (2020 film)]] ==Further reading== * Jean-Claude Buhrer et [[Claude B. Levenson]], ''Sergio Vieira de Mello, un espoir foudroyé''. – Paris : Mille et une nuits, 2004. – 199 p., 20 cm. – {{ISBN\|2-84205-826-7}}. * Leon Hartwell. 2022. Sergio Vieira de Mello: Lessons on Negotiating with the Devil. In Buffon, D., Hostetter, D., Howlett, C., and Peterson, C. ''Oxford Handbook of Peace History''. Oxford University Press: Oxford. https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/42641/chapter-abstract/375100825?redirectedFrom=fulltext * George Gordon-Lennox et Annick Stevenson, ''Sergio Vieira de Mello : un homme exceptionnel''. – [[Genève]] : Éditions du Tricorne, 2004. – 143 p., 25 cm. – {{ISBN\|2-8293-0266-4}}. – En appendice, choix de textes de Sergio Vieira de Mello. * Jacques Marcovitch – USP – ''Sergio Vieira de Mello – pensamento e memória''. 1 Edição \| 2004 \| Brochura 344p. \| Cód.: 167075 \| {{ISBN\|978-85-314-0867-0}}. [https://www.edusp.com.br/loja/produto/492/sergio-vieira-de-mello--pensamento-e-memoria Edusp] ([[Portuguese language\|pt]]) ==References== {{Reflist\|24em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book \|last1=Gourevitch \|first1=Philip \|author-link=Philip Gourevitch \|year=2008 \|title=[[The Ballad of Abu Ghraib\|Procedimento Operacional Padrão]] \|publisher=[[Companhia das Letras]] \|location=São Paulo \|isbn=978-85-359-1365-1 \|last2=Morris \|first2=Errol \|author-link2=Errol Morris}} * {{cite book \|last = Power \|first = Samantha \|author-link = Samantha Power \|title = Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World \|publisher = [[Allen Lane]] \|year = 2008 \|page = [https://archive.org/details/chasingflameserg00powe_0/page/16 16] \|isbn = 978-1-59420-128-8\|url = https://archive.org/details/chasingflameserg00powe_0/page/16 }} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|Sérgio Vieira de Mello}} * [http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10717820&CFID=14377625&CFTOKEN=3d46a1ee5a8a830b-601EEE13-B27C-BB00-0127738E5FE59A82 ''The Economist'' – "A brave man's journey"] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2146395.stm BBC News – Obituary: ''Sergio Vieira de Mello''] * [http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/19/sprj.irq.demello/ CNN – ''Sergio Vieira de Mello: A Rising Star''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204223709/http://www.sergiovdmfoundation.org/wcms/ ''Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation''] * [http://www.viddler.com/v/f0c2986e''En Route to Baghdad'' directed by Brazilian journalist Simone Duarte]{{dead link\|date=April 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://svm.iri.usp.br IRI-USP "''Sergio Vieira de Mello: 20 anos depois de Bagdá''". Media collection at the Institute of International Relations. University of São Paulo] . (Portuguese language). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051220092324/http://ochaonline.un.org/webpage.asp?ParentID=9848&MenuID=9855&Page=1291 ''Sergio Vieira de Mello [Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator]''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051102225619/http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/hc/vieira.htm UNHCHR Sergio Vieira de Mello] * [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/enroutetobaghdad/sergio.html PBS Independent Lens pages on "''En Route To Baghdad''"] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071532/https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/enroutetobaghdad/sergio.html \|date=10 December 2017 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515015734/http://midiaindependente.org/en/blue/2004/07/286986.shtml UNHREP. The Final Project of the Man of Peace] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080415024611/http://www.unspecial.org/UNS671/t22.html UN Special Nº671. DEAR FRIENDS OF SERGIO] * [http://blog.ted.com/2008/11/11/samantha_power/ TED Talks Samantha Power: Shaking hands with the devil] * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/18/AR2009081802908.html?nav=rss_opinion/columns&sid=ST2009081802974 "Unsung Heroes of the Battlefields" by Laurent Vieira de Mello, president of the Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation – ''The Washington Post'', 19 August 2009] * {{IMDb name\|2011899\|Sérgio Vieira de Mello}} ===Interviews=== * [http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfchr59/Issue6/interview.htm Interview with Human Rights Features] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716232803/http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfchr59/Issue6/interview.htm \|date=16 July 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051213135315/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03%2F08%2F20%2F1450239 Interview] on [[Democracy Now!]] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/forum/2523983.stm Interview] on [[BBC News]] * [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/europe/july-dec99/kosovo_8-4.html Can Kosovo recover?] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030023419/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/europe/july-dec99/kosovo_8-4.html \|date=30 October 2013 }} – Interview on PBS ===Films=== * Documentary film, [[Sergio (2009 film)]]: [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/documentaries/enroutetobaghdad/ ''En Route to Baghdad'' directed by Brazilian journalist Simone Duarte] * Biographical film [[Sergio (2020 film)\|Sergio]], by [[Netflix]], premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] on 28 January 2020, released in the US on 17 April 2020. {{s-start}} {{s-intgov}} {{succession box \| before = [[Yasushi Akashi]] ({{flagicon\|Japan}})\| title = [[Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator\|Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and<br />Emergency Relief Coordinator]] \| years = 1998–2001\| after = [[Kenzo Oshima]] ({{flagicon\|Japan}})}} {{succession box \| before = [[Mary Robinson]] (1997–2002) \| title = [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] \| years = 2002–2003\| after = [[Bertrand Ramcharan]] (2003–2004) [[Louise Arbour]] (2004) }} {{succession box \|before=[[Nicolau dos Reis Lobato]] (nominal President of East Timor) 1978 \|years=1999–2002 \|title=[[UN Administrator for East Timor]] \|after=[[Xanana Gusmão]] as President of [[East Timor]]}} {{succession box \|title=Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Iraq \|years=2003 \|before=N/A \|after=[[Ashraf Qazi]]}} {{s-end}} {{United Nations\|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mello, Sergio Vieira De}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2003 deaths]] [[Category:University of Paris alumni]] [[Category:Brazilian terrorism victims]] [[Category:People killed in the Canal Hotel bombing]] [[Category:Brazilian people murdered abroad]] [[Category:Assassinated diplomats]] [[Category:Diplomats from Rio de Janeiro (city)]] [[Category:United Nations high commissioners for human rights]] [[Category:University of Fribourg alumni]] [[Category:Under-secretaries-general of the United Nations]] [[Category:Burials at Cimetière des Rois]] [[Category:United Nations Mission in Kosovo officials]] [[Category:Brazilian officials of the United Nations]] [[Category:Special representatives of the secretary-general of the United Nations]] [[Category:Special Envoys of the Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]] [[Category:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro alumni]] [[Category:People murdered in Iraq]]	1,306,911,044	[{"title": "3rd United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "data": {"3rd United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights": "In office \u00b7 12 September 2002 \u2013 19 August 2003", "Preceded by": "Mary Robinson", "Succeeded by": "Bertrand Ramcharan (acting)"}}, {"title": "East Timor UN Transitional Administrator", "data": {"East Timor UN Transitional Administrator": "In office \u00b7 25 October 1999 \u2013 20 May 2002", "Preceded by": "Jos\u00e9 Ab\u00edlio Os\u00f3rio Soares \u00b7 (as Governor of East Timor)", "Succeeded by": "Xanana Gusm\u00e3o \u00b7 (as President of East Timor)"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "15 March 1948 \u00b7 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", "Died": "19 August 2003 (aged 55) \u00b7 Baghdad, Iraq", "Cause of death": "Killed in the Canal Hotel bombing", "Spouse": "Annie Personnaz \u200b (m. 1973; sep. 1986)\u200b", "Domestic partner": "Carolina Larriera (2001\u20132003)", "Children": "2", "Alma mater": "Federal University of Rio de Janeiro \u00b7 University of Paris (Sorbonne) \u00b7 University of Paris 1 Panth\u00e9on-Sorbonne", "Awards": "Order of the Two Niles (1973)"}}]	false
# Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny is a four-issue comic book mini-series published by Dark Horse Comics from April to July 1995. It was their seventh series about the adult Indiana Jones. ## Plot summary ### Canyon of the Crescent Moon, 1938 Indiana Jones reached for the Holy Grail, perched in a crack in the Temple of the Sun. Hanging onto him, his father, Professor Henry Jones urged him to let it go, and Indy turned back and let his father help him up. As the Joneses ride out into the Canyon of the Crescent Moon with Marcus Brody and Sallah, they mused on what they found in the Grail. Privately, Indy admitted to himself that he lost the Grail, while his father admitted to himself that he should have stayed to become the Grail's guardian, but was too weak. ### Near Newgrange, Ireland, 1945 Indiana Jones supervised the uncovering of several rock carvings inside a mound near Newgrange, in Ireland. One of his assistants, Brendan O'Neal, helped himself to small stone spiral carving. As the team quit for the day, a mysterious blond woman appeared, with food and a letter for Jones. O'Neal warned that she might be a fairy before he left, but Jones took the letter, sent from his father. The woman shone a mirror into the mound, which caused the interior to light up, sending Jones to tumble down inside the cave. Jones had a vision of a verdant paradise, where a cloaked man claimed that the spear was his. Wrestling with the man, Jones saw that it was Adolf Hitler. Trying to escape, Jones found a tree, half blooming, and half burning. The mysterious woman explained the nature of the spear and ordered Jones to find it. Waking from his hallucination, Jones found himself in the common room of Connely's Inn, where the innkeeper and his wife tended to the injured archaeologist, and had not seen the woman that Jones had met. The barkeep explained that Jones had been found outside the mound, and carried back by the men. Jones discovered that he still had the letter in his jacket, and read it. Henry wrote that while lecturing at the annual Grail lore conference in Glastonbury, he had been approached by some "Nederlanders" who were very interested in the Spear of Longinus, rumored to be connected to Glastonbury by the legends of Joseph of Arimathea. Hoping to prevent the Nazis from finding it, Henry was enlisting the help of his son. Wiped out, Indy went upstairs to his room to sleep. In the middle of the night, Jones woke up in pain and started downstairs for a drink. He overheard Connely discussing Jones and his letter to a Nazi via radio. Connely offered to have his Blueshirts kill Jones, and Jones slipped back upstairs to make his escape. Back in his room, he began packing his gear, when a shadowy figure grabbed him. Jones fought back against his assailant before Jones realized that it was O'Neal, who had arrived to warn Jones of the plot to kill him. When Pete and two other Blueshirts came up to attack Jones, Jones surprised them by smashing a framed picture of Jesus Christ into Pete's face, and then climbed out the window with O'Neal. O'Neal drove Jones away in his mom's car, which had been converted to using natural gas, and had a large gas-filled bladder on top. They drove off, chased in two cars by Pete, Bobby, and their leader. Miles later, the pursuers gained on Jones and O'Neal, who jumped from the car just before a bullet exploded the gas tank, destroying the vehicle. Jones and O'Neal commandeered a horse cart and managed to get to the coastal town with the ferry port. Throwing off some cargo to cause their pursuers to crash before the dock, Jones forced his attackers to leave their cars and chase on foot. As they raced for the ferry, Pete shot O'Neal. Jones grabbed O'Neal, and jumped onto the departing ferry, safe from pursuit. Aboard the ferry, O'Neal revealed that he had not been injured, as the bullet had hit and destroyed the spiral stone carving in his pocket instead. ### Glastonbury, England The next day, Jones and O'Neal met up with Professor Jones, who filled them in on the history of the Spear as they climbed up Wearyall Hill. At the site of the Holy Thorn, Henry was prevented from grasping a sprig by Edwina Cheltingham, who, though first serious at stopping botanical vandalism, introduced herself. As Henry explained that the spear tip was to be found in the Weltliche Schatzkammer of Vienna, Cheltingham got involved and pointed out that some speculated that the Staff of Joseph which grew into the thorn may have also been the shaft of the Spear. Indy realized that the Nazis needed the wood from the thorn tree to rebuild the Spear, and the four plotted to question the young would-be mystic from the Nazi group Seigfried. Henry sent a letter to Seigfried, inviting him to meet alone. That sundown, Seigfried arrived at the Chalice Well alone, with the note. Since Henry had not arrived, the youth drank from the well, and received a vision about the nature of the Spear, with Seigfried as a knight. Overhearing Seig talking about having his blood purified by the Spear, Henry Jones arrived and remarked on some of the sins of Germany during this time - and alluded to more blood spilled if Hitler had the spear. Sensing a trap, Seigfried tried to escape, but O'Neal and Indiana Jones wrestled to hold him for questioning. Finally, Henry was convinced that Seig did not know where the spear tip was. Seig's father, Dieterhoffmann arrived with his brutes, and captured the Joneses and O'Neal. Kurt and Jorge tied up Indy and O'Neal, while Dieterhoffmann explained that with the Spear assembled, his son, who had been intentionally kept pure, could wield the Spear to restore German domination, which Hitler, an Austrian, had failed to do. Dieterhoffmann also surprised his son, by revealing that he had gotten the spear tip, with the help of Otto Nehrkorn. Plotting to kill the interlopers, Dieterhoffmann was forced to stop when a tour group of schoolgirls arrived, led on a night-time garden tour by Cheltingham. She whispered a rendezvous point to Indiana, and then tried to force the Nazis to leave the garden for trespassing. Jones used the distraction to escape, and Nehrkorn chased him, but eschewing Dieterhoffmann's violence, let him go instead. Jones returned to the scene to tackle Dieterhoffmann, whose pistol went off, breaking the spear tip into two halves - one of which fell to Seigfried, the other landed in O'Neal's hands. Unwilling to shoot their captives with so many schoolgirl witnesses about, the Nazis were unable to prevent the Joneses and O'Neal from escaping. Later that night, the three arrived at Glastonbury Abbey to meet with Cheltingham. Before she arrived, they followed a light in the Lady Chapel, which led them to an altar underground, where a cloaked figure sought for them to guard the spear. Chasing the mysterious blond woman into the garden, they encountered Cheltingham, who pointed out the true Holy Thorn and had provided them with a getaway car and driver, her student Rebecca Stein. When O'Neal thanked the elder botanist with a kiss, Cheltingham gave him a sprig of the real thorn for luck, and they drove off, with the Nazis in chase again. During the car chase, Indiana took the half of the spear tip from O'Neal, and began shooting at their pursuers. A bullet aimed for Indy's chest curved out of the way at the last moment, hitting the car instead—thanks to the mystical powers of the spear tip in Indy's shirt pocket. Firing back, Jones caused his pursuers to crash, and Stein drove them to Wales, explaining her calm demeanor under fire as a result of having had to escape the Nazis previously, as a Jewish refugee. ### Wales All three men tried to impress Stein, but she shrugged them off for not being Jewish. A flat tire forced them to stop, near Gorsedd Arbeth. While O'Neal changed the tire, Indiana climbed a hill to rest. Falling asleep, he received another vision from the mysterious blond woman, urging onward in his quest to find and protect the spear, and warned him of an impending attack and a path for escape. Jones awoke to being punched by Kurt. Dieterhoffmann and his men had caught up to them, and had already seized Stein and the elder Jones, with O'Neal escaping. Taking back the half of the spear tip from Jones, the Nazis tied Indiana Jones to a boulder, and dropped him off the cliff, and set off with Stein and Henry Jones as captives. At the bottom of the lake, his vision's message became clear - an underwater trove of ancient arms allowed Indy to cut his bonds, and he took the tip of one of the weapons as a souvenir. O'Neal helped haul him out of the water, and the two tried to find a vehicle to take to the ferry terminal at Holyhead. Jones and O'Neal arrived at Holyhead, and hid in the shadows and formed a plan to recover the spear tip and rescue the captives as the Nazis commandeered the ferry. O'Neal called out to the Nazis from an upper deck of the ferry, which diverted their attention, allowing Professor Jones to escape, and Indiana Jones the chance to sneak up on Seigfried and pull a knife to him. With the tables turned, Dieterhoffmann gave up a bundle containing the spear tip to O'Neal. When Seig realized that Jones wouldn't actually harm him, he let his father know, who then sent his men after Jones. O'Neal distracted them again by throwing the spear tip package into the water, and then leaping into the water himself. While some of the Nazis dove in after the spear tip, Jones tried to free Stein, but Kurt grabbed her first. Unable to rescue her, Indiana fled into the water, where he and O'Neal were picked up by Henry Jones in a small sailboat and followed the ferry toward Ireland. ### At sea Drying off in the boat, the three commiserated on losing Rebecca Stein again, but were glad to have recovered half of the spear tip—O'Neal had secretly swapped Dieterhoffmann's spear tip bundle with a bundle containing the Celtic weapon fragment. They spied a submarine snorkel, closing to provide an escort for the Nazis on the ferry. An underwater mine exploded, causing O'Neal and the spear tip to be knocked out of the ship. After grabbing the spear tip, Indiana dove in to pull O'Neal to safety. Back in the boat, Henry noticed that the spear tip half pointed itself in a heading to lead them to where they needed to go. ### Ireland, March 21, 1945 Landing on the east coast of Ireland, Indiana Jones went off in the rain to rescue Stein at Connely's Inn, while Henry Jones and O'Neal were sent to the dig site to assemble the spear from the components they had. At Connely's Inn, Dieterhoffmann and his Nazis wore their uniforms as they met with Connely and his Blueshirt unit. With Jones in possession of a piece of the spear tip, Dieterhoffmann was furious, and Stein's comments made him even madder. While Jones climbed up the outside of the building, Dieterhoffmann struck Stein to the ground, an action that prompted an outburst from his son. As Dieterhoffmann explained his notions regarding Stein's heritage, Jones appeared at the top of the stairs, having taken Bobby at knife point as a hostage in trade for Stein. When Dieterhoffmann refused to trade for the Blueshirt's life, Connely objected, and Dieterhoffmann rebuffed his Irish allies, and sent Kurt to get Jones. Kurt climbed the stairs, and Jones pushed his hostage at him. Kurt grabbed Bobby and threw him over the staircase, which killed the lad. Pete jumped up to avenge Bobby and attacked Kurt. In the commotion, Jones grabbed Stein, and pulled her up the stairs, just as she snatched a spear tip bundle from Seigfried's pocket. After Kurt bested Pete, Connely clubbed the Nazi brute in the back of the head. Losing control of his former allies, Dieterhoffmann shot Connely before Kurt could be hit again. Upstairs, Stein gave Jones a stolen piece of the spear, and then the two jumped from the upper story window and escaped by car. Driving across the land, Jones and Stein crashed into a bog, and set out on foot, with Jones carrying the skirted Stein across the muck. The Nazis pursued, and one car containing Jorge and Seigfried also crashed in the mire. Knowing where Jones was headed, Dieterhoffmann stopped to pick up his vehicle-less men. Inside the mound, O'Neal recounted the history of the Spear of Lugh, a legendary Celtic weapon, and Henry Jones noted similarities in its lore to the Spear of Longinus, as quoted from Le Morte d'Arthur, and they concluded that it was likely that they were one and the same – the spear had started in Ireland, and was taken to Wales, which was conquered by Romans, who took it to Jerusalem, and then it returned to Britain with Joseph of Arimathea. O'Neal assembled the half of the spear tip to a shaft of yew and attached the sprig of the Holy Thorn to it. Jones and Stein arrived, but the piece that they had taken from Seigfried was a decoy. The Nazis arrived, and as Kurt reached for the partially assembled spear, the missing spear tip half shot out of Dieterhoffmann's pocket and reattached itself to the rest of spear, which then took flight around the room. Kurt was impaled, and the cavern started to collapse. Trying to find safe ground, O'Neal stepped on a large spiral carving, which began to shriek – O'Neal had stepped on the Stone of Fal and was a true king of Ireland. The spear commanded the spear to come to him, but it drove into his chest. Henry Jones took the spear, and the morning light of the Equinox shone in, illuminating the spear and the Stone. Professor Jones, Dieterhoffmann, and Seigfried witnessed the marvel of blood streaming from the tip of the spear, though Indiana, a skeptic, was unable to see the miracle. As Seigfried prayed in thanksgiving for witnessing the spectacle, his father began bleeding heavily and collapsed in death. The cavern started to crumble again, and everyone tried to escape. After Henry Jones let go of the spear, Otto Nehrkorn stole the spear tip and was chased by Indiana Jones. Jones stopped his pursuit to pull the rapt Seigfried to safety. Aboveground, Nehrkorn escaped in the one remaining car, and O'Neal, Stein and the Joneses watched Seigfried die in religious ecstasy. Using a quote from The Quest of the Holy Grail, the senior Jones uttered a brief eulogy over the lad. The mound collapsed in on itself, and grass mystically regrew over it, which O'Neal took as a superstitious sign to keep out. ### New York City, August 1945 Indiana Jones met up with O'Neal in a New York City bar where O'Neal worked as a bartender. He related how he had returned to Wales to try to find the treasure cache but was unsuccessful. O'Neal surprised Jones by revealing that he still had the Celtic weapon tip. Jones then related how he had heard that the American forces had found the Spear tip when they had taken Nuremberg, and that the Spear now was in the hands of the American government. Just as he finished his explanation, a radio news flash announced the atomic bombing of Japan, and Jones and O'Neal were reminded of the Spear's power. A young blond lady asked for a drink and a place to hang her union rally sign, and both Jones and O'Neal mistook her for the mysterious blond woman.	enwiki/16494293	enwiki	16,494,293	Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Spear_of_Destiny	2024-12-09T00:22:20Z	en	Q6023293	54,454	{{Short description\|Comic book mini-series}} {{Infobox comic book title <!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics--> \|title=Indiana Jones and the<br>Spear of Destiny \|image=IJandSpearofDestiny.jpg \|caption=Issue #1 cover by Hugh Fleming. \|schedule=Monthly \|format=[[Limited series (comics)\|Mini-series]] \|limited=y \|publisher=[[Dark Horse Comics]] \|date=April - July 1995 \|issues=4 \|Adventure=y \|writers=[[Elaine Lee]] \|pencillers=[[Will Simpson (comics)\|Will Simpson]] (#1)<br />[[Dan Spiegle]] (#2-4) \|inkers=Dan Spiegle (#1-4) \|colorists=Elaine Lee \|letterers=Clem Robins (#1)<br />Carrie Spiegle (#2-4) \|editors=Bob Cooper/Dan Thorsland (#1)<br />Marilee Hord (#2-4) \|creators=[[George Lucas]] \|subcat=Dark Horse Comics \|sort=Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny }} '''''Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny''''' is a four-issue [[comic book]] [[Limited series (comics)\|mini-series]] published by [[Dark Horse Comics]] from April to July 1995. It was their [[Indiana Jones comic books\|seventh series]] about the adult [[Indiana Jones (character)\|Indiana Jones]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://screenrant.com/best-indiana-jones-stories-not-movies-comics-books-tv-show/\|title=15 Best Indiana Jones Stories Outside The Movies\|date=June 6, 2017\|website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> ==Plot summary== ===Canyon of the Crescent Moon, 1938=== Indiana Jones reached for the Holy Grail, perched in a crack in the Temple of the Sun. Hanging onto him, his father, Professor Henry Jones urged him to let it go, and Indy turned back and let his father help him up. As the Joneses ride out into the Canyon of the Crescent Moon with Marcus Brody and Sallah, they mused on what they found in the Grail. Privately, Indy admitted to himself that he lost the Grail, while his father admitted to himself that he should have stayed to become the Grail's guardian, but was too weak. ===Near Newgrange, Ireland, 1945=== Indiana Jones supervised the uncovering of several rock carvings inside a mound near Newgrange, in Ireland. One of his assistants, Brendan O'Neal, helped himself to small stone spiral carving. As the team quit for the day, a mysterious blond woman appeared, with food and a letter for Jones. O'Neal warned that she might be a fairy before he left, but Jones took the letter, sent from his father. The woman shone a mirror into the mound, which caused the interior to light up, sending Jones to tumble down inside the cave. Jones had a vision of a verdant paradise, where a cloaked man claimed that the spear was his. Wrestling with the man, Jones saw that it was Adolf Hitler. Trying to escape, Jones found a tree, half blooming, and half burning. The mysterious woman explained the nature of the spear and ordered Jones to find it. Waking from his hallucination, Jones found himself in the common room of Connely's Inn, where the innkeeper and his wife tended to the injured archaeologist, and had not seen the woman that Jones had met. The barkeep explained that Jones had been found outside the mound, and carried back by the men. Jones discovered that he still had the letter in his jacket, and read it. Henry wrote that while lecturing at the annual Grail lore conference in Glastonbury, he had been approached by some "Nederlanders" who were very interested in the Spear of Longinus, rumored to be connected to Glastonbury by the legends of Joseph of Arimathea. Hoping to prevent the Nazis from finding it, Henry was enlisting the help of his son. Wiped out, Indy went upstairs to his room to sleep. In the middle of the night, Jones woke up in pain and started downstairs for a drink. He overheard Connely discussing Jones and his letter to a Nazi via radio. Connely offered to have his Blueshirts kill Jones, and Jones slipped back upstairs to make his escape. Back in his room, he began packing his gear, when a shadowy figure grabbed him. Jones fought back against his assailant before Jones realized that it was O'Neal, who had arrived to warn Jones of the plot to kill him. When Pete and two other Blueshirts came up to attack Jones, Jones surprised them by smashing a framed picture of Jesus Christ into Pete's face, and then climbed out the window with O'Neal. O'Neal drove Jones away in his mom's car, which had been converted to using natural gas, and had a large gas-filled bladder on top. They drove off, chased in two cars by Pete, Bobby, and their leader. Miles later, the pursuers gained on Jones and O'Neal, who jumped from the car just before a bullet exploded the gas tank, destroying the vehicle. Jones and O'Neal commandeered a horse cart and managed to get to the coastal town with the ferry port. Throwing off some cargo to cause their pursuers to crash before the dock, Jones forced his attackers to leave their cars and chase on foot. As they raced for the ferry, Pete shot O'Neal. Jones grabbed O'Neal, and jumped onto the departing ferry, safe from pursuit. Aboard the ferry, O'Neal revealed that he had not been injured, as the bullet had hit and destroyed the spiral stone carving in his pocket instead. ===Glastonbury, England=== The next day, Jones and O'Neal met up with Professor Jones, who filled them in on the history of the Spear as they climbed up Wearyall Hill. At the site of the Holy Thorn, Henry was prevented from grasping a sprig by Edwina Cheltingham, who, though first serious at stopping botanical vandalism, introduced herself. As Henry explained that the spear tip was to be found in the Weltliche Schatzkammer of Vienna, Cheltingham got involved and pointed out that some speculated that the Staff of Joseph which grew into the thorn may have also been the shaft of the Spear. Indy realized that the Nazis needed the wood from the thorn tree to rebuild the Spear, and the four plotted to question the young would-be mystic from the Nazi group Seigfried. Henry sent a letter to Seigfried, inviting him to meet alone. That sundown, Seigfried arrived at the Chalice Well alone, with the note. Since Henry had not arrived, the youth drank from the well, and received a vision about the nature of the Spear, with Seigfried as a knight. Overhearing Seig talking about having his blood purified by the Spear, Henry Jones arrived and remarked on some of the sins of Germany during this time - and alluded to more blood spilled if Hitler had the spear. Sensing a trap, Seigfried tried to escape, but O'Neal and Indiana Jones wrestled to hold him for questioning. Finally, Henry was convinced that Seig did not know where the spear tip was. Seig's father, Dieterhoffmann arrived with his brutes, and captured the Joneses and O'Neal. Kurt and Jorge tied up Indy and O'Neal, while Dieterhoffmann explained that with the Spear assembled, his son, who had been intentionally kept pure, could wield the Spear to restore German domination, which Hitler, an Austrian, had failed to do. Dieterhoffmann also surprised his son, by revealing that he had gotten the spear tip, with the help of Otto Nehrkorn. Plotting to kill the interlopers, Dieterhoffmann was forced to stop when a tour group of schoolgirls arrived, led on a night-time garden tour by Cheltingham. She whispered a rendezvous point to Indiana, and then tried to force the Nazis to leave the garden for trespassing. Jones used the distraction to escape, and Nehrkorn chased him, but eschewing Dieterhoffmann's violence, let him go instead. Jones returned to the scene to tackle Dieterhoffmann, whose pistol went off, breaking the spear tip into two halves - one of which fell to Seigfried, the other landed in O'Neal's hands. Unwilling to shoot their captives with so many schoolgirl witnesses about, the Nazis were unable to prevent the Joneses and O'Neal from escaping. Later that night, the three arrived at Glastonbury Abbey to meet with Cheltingham. Before she arrived, they followed a light in the Lady Chapel, which led them to an altar underground, where a cloaked figure sought for them to guard the spear. Chasing the mysterious blond woman into the garden, they encountered Cheltingham, who pointed out the true Holy Thorn and had provided them with a getaway car and driver, her student Rebecca Stein. When O'Neal thanked the elder botanist with a kiss, Cheltingham gave him a sprig of the real thorn for luck, and they drove off, with the Nazis in chase again. During the car chase, Indiana took the half of the spear tip from O'Neal, and began shooting at their pursuers. A bullet aimed for Indy's chest curved out of the way at the last moment, hitting the car instead—thanks to the mystical powers of the spear tip in Indy's shirt pocket. Firing back, Jones caused his pursuers to crash, and Stein drove them to Wales, explaining her calm demeanor under fire as a result of having had to escape the Nazis previously, as a Jewish refugee. ===Wales=== All three men tried to impress Stein, but she shrugged them off for not being Jewish. A flat tire forced them to stop, near Gorsedd Arbeth. While O'Neal changed the tire, Indiana climbed a hill to rest. Falling asleep, he received another vision from the mysterious blond woman, urging onward in his quest to find and protect the spear, and warned him of an impending attack and a path for escape. Jones awoke to being punched by Kurt. Dieterhoffmann and his men had caught up to them, and had already seized Stein and the elder Jones, with O'Neal escaping. Taking back the half of the spear tip from Jones, the Nazis tied Indiana Jones to a boulder, and dropped him off the cliff, and set off with Stein and Henry Jones as captives. At the bottom of the lake, his vision's message became clear - an underwater trove of ancient arms allowed Indy to cut his bonds, and he took the tip of one of the weapons as a souvenir. O'Neal helped haul him out of the water, and the two tried to find a vehicle to take to the ferry terminal at Holyhead. Jones and O'Neal arrived at Holyhead, and hid in the shadows and formed a plan to recover the spear tip and rescue the captives as the Nazis commandeered the ferry. O'Neal called out to the Nazis from an upper deck of the ferry, which diverted their attention, allowing Professor Jones to escape, and Indiana Jones the chance to sneak up on Seigfried and pull a knife to him. With the tables turned, Dieterhoffmann gave up a bundle containing the spear tip to O'Neal. When Seig realized that Jones wouldn't actually harm him, he let his father know, who then sent his men after Jones. O'Neal distracted them again by throwing the spear tip package into the water, and then leaping into the water himself. While some of the Nazis dove in after the spear tip, Jones tried to free Stein, but Kurt grabbed her first. Unable to rescue her, Indiana fled into the water, where he and O'Neal were picked up by Henry Jones in a small sailboat and followed the ferry toward Ireland. ===At sea=== Drying off in the boat, the three commiserated on losing Rebecca Stein again, but were glad to have recovered half of the spear tip—O'Neal had secretly swapped Dieterhoffmann's spear tip bundle with a bundle containing the Celtic weapon fragment. They spied a submarine snorkel, closing to provide an escort for the Nazis on the ferry. An underwater mine exploded, causing O'Neal and the spear tip to be knocked out of the ship. After grabbing the spear tip, Indiana dove in to pull O'Neal to safety. Back in the boat, Henry noticed that the spear tip half pointed itself in a heading to lead them to where they needed to go. ===Ireland, March 21, 1945=== Landing on the east coast of Ireland, Indiana Jones went off in the rain to rescue Stein at Connely's Inn, while Henry Jones and O'Neal were sent to the dig site to assemble the spear from the components they had. At Connely's Inn, Dieterhoffmann and his Nazis wore their uniforms as they met with Connely and his Blueshirt unit. With Jones in possession of a piece of the spear tip, Dieterhoffmann was furious, and Stein's comments made him even madder. While Jones climbed up the outside of the building, Dieterhoffmann struck Stein to the ground, an action that prompted an outburst from his son. As Dieterhoffmann explained his notions regarding Stein's heritage, Jones appeared at the top of the stairs, having taken Bobby at knife point as a hostage in trade for Stein. When Dieterhoffmann refused to trade for the Blueshirt's life, Connely objected, and Dieterhoffmann rebuffed his Irish allies, and sent Kurt to get Jones. Kurt climbed the stairs, and Jones pushed his hostage at him. Kurt grabbed Bobby and threw him over the staircase, which killed the lad. Pete jumped up to avenge Bobby and attacked Kurt. In the commotion, Jones grabbed Stein, and pulled her up the stairs, just as she snatched a spear tip bundle from Seigfried's pocket. After Kurt bested Pete, Connely clubbed the Nazi brute in the back of the head. Losing control of his former allies, Dieterhoffmann shot Connely before Kurt could be hit again. Upstairs, Stein gave Jones a stolen piece of the spear, and then the two jumped from the upper story window and escaped by car. Driving across the land, Jones and Stein crashed into a bog, and set out on foot, with Jones carrying the skirted Stein across the muck. The Nazis pursued, and one car containing Jorge and Seigfried also crashed in the mire. Knowing where Jones was headed, Dieterhoffmann stopped to pick up his vehicle-less men. Inside the mound, O'Neal recounted the history of the Spear of Lugh, a legendary Celtic weapon, and Henry Jones noted similarities in its lore to the Spear of Longinus, as quoted from Le Morte d'Arthur, and they concluded that it was likely that they were one and the same – the spear had started in Ireland, and was taken to Wales, which was conquered by Romans, who took it to Jerusalem, and then it returned to Britain with Joseph of Arimathea. O'Neal assembled the half of the spear tip to a shaft of yew and attached the sprig of the Holy Thorn to it. Jones and Stein arrived, but the piece that they had taken from Seigfried was a decoy. The Nazis arrived, and as Kurt reached for the partially assembled spear, the missing spear tip half shot out of Dieterhoffmann's pocket and reattached itself to the rest of spear, which then took flight around the room. Kurt was impaled, and the cavern started to collapse. Trying to find safe ground, O'Neal stepped on a large spiral carving, which began to shriek – O'Neal had stepped on the Stone of Fal and was a true king of Ireland. The spear commanded the spear to come to him, but it drove into his chest. Henry Jones took the spear, and the morning light of the Equinox shone in, illuminating the spear and the Stone. Professor Jones, Dieterhoffmann, and Seigfried witnessed the marvel of blood streaming from the tip of the spear, though Indiana, a skeptic, was unable to see the miracle. As Seigfried prayed in thanksgiving for witnessing the spectacle, his father began bleeding heavily and collapsed in death. The cavern started to crumble again, and everyone tried to escape. After Henry Jones let go of the spear, Otto Nehrkorn stole the spear tip and was chased by Indiana Jones. Jones stopped his pursuit to pull the rapt Seigfried to safety. Aboveground, Nehrkorn escaped in the one remaining car, and O'Neal, Stein and the Joneses watched Seigfried die in religious ecstasy. Using a quote from The Quest of the Holy Grail, the senior Jones uttered a brief eulogy over the lad. The mound collapsed in on itself, and grass mystically regrew over it, which O'Neal took as a superstitious sign to keep out. ===New York City, August 1945=== Indiana Jones met up with O'Neal in a New York City bar where O'Neal worked as a bartender. He related how he had returned to Wales to try to find the treasure cache but was unsuccessful. O'Neal surprised Jones by revealing that he still had the Celtic weapon tip. Jones then related how he had heard that the American forces had found the Spear tip when they had taken Nuremberg, and that the Spear now was in the hands of the American government. Just as he finished his explanation, a radio news flash announced the atomic bombing of Japan, and Jones and O'Neal were reminded of the Spear's power. A young blond lady asked for a drink and a place to hang her union rally sign, and both Jones and O'Neal mistook her for the mysterious blond woman. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Indiana Jones}} [[Category:1995 comics debuts]] [[Category:Indiana Jones comic books]]	1,261,982,588	[{"title": "Publication information", "data": {"Publisher": "Dark Horse Comics", "Schedule": "Monthly", "Format": "Mini-series", "Genre": "- Action/adventure", "Publication date": "April - July 1995", "No. of issues": "4"}}, {"title": "Creative team", "data": {"Created by": "George Lucas", "Written by": "Elaine Lee", "Penciller(s)": "Will Simpson (#1) \u00b7 Dan Spiegle (#2-4)", "Inker(s)": "Dan Spiegle (#1-4)", "Letterer(s)": "Clem Robins (#1) \u00b7 Carrie Spiegle (#2-4)", "Colorist(s)": "Elaine Lee", "Editor(s)": "Bob Cooper/Dan Thorsland (#1) \u00b7 Marilee Hord (#2-4)"}}]	false
# Joseph Andrew Mclean Joseph Andrew McLean (born 30 November 1979) is a Scottish film and TV producer. He has produced over 60 episodes of the TV drama River City for BBC Studios He has also produced commercials, documentaries, music videos and short films in the UK and USA. He founded the Glasgow-based production company Partickular Films and is also the founder of Partick Film Festival. ## Early life and education McLean was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Anne (née Wason), and Alistair McLean. He has three older siblings Alyson, James and Lynn. He attended St. Peter's Primary in Partick and St. Thomas Aquinas Secondary School in Jordanhill. Born on St. Andrew's Day, he is named after Scotland's Patron Saint. He had a love of film from a young age and was an avid cinema goer, frequenting the local Grosvenor Cinema in Ashton Lane and the Salon Cinema in Hillhead. In 2013 he graduated from the University of Glasgow with a Master of Arts (Scotland) in English Literature and Politics. Joseph studied screenwriting at the University of California and University of Strathclyde. ## Career McLean made a number of short films during his time at the University of California and University of Glasgow. His first feature film script Utopia, loosely based on the events surrounding Jim Jones, the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple, best known for the mass murder-suicide in November 1978 of 909 of its members in Jonestown, Guyana was voted runner-up at the 20th Anniversary University of California, Irvine Screenwriting Festival in 2012. After leaving university, McLean founded his own production company Partickular Films which specialises in commercials, documentaries, films and music videos. In 2013, he released the short film Sectarian Secret Police about a Partick Thistle supporter who is kidnaped by a special police unit who demand he disowns his favourite football team in favour of Rangers or Celtic. The film screened at numerous film festivals throughout the UK, including Screentest: The National Student Film Festival in London and the Loch Ness film festival. In the same year he also directed the music video Nothing on Earth for the band Casual Sex, the music video was showcased by SXSW and featured in The Daily Record and The Skinny. In 2014, McLean wrote a pilot for a TV series called 2014 which revolved around the organisers for the 2014 Commonwealth Games. McLean was commissioned to write a script for an animated film as part of Deep Roots, Kilmarnock's major Homecoming Scotland event in 2014, charting the history of Dean Castle and the Boyd family, who were lords of Kilmarnock for over 400 years. The 10-minute animation was screened onto the side of the castle to an audience of over 1400 local school children. His short film Nomad about the Scottish Independence Referendum was inspired by a scene from The Parallax View starring Warren Beatty. The film was screened at the Shorts on Tap Beyond Scotland event at 93 Feet East, Brick Lane, London. McLean's short film Car Sick (2023) has screened at festivals in the UK, USA, Canada, Australia and Ireland. He is a member of BAFTA Scotland. ## Filmography ### Film \| Film \| Year \| Director \| Role \| Project \| \| \| ------------------------------------------ \| ---- \| -------------------- \| ------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| \| Behind The Lines \| 1997 \| Gillies MacKinnon \| Actor \| Feature Film \| \| \| The Perils of Smoking \| 2011 \| \| Actor \| Short Film \| \| \| The Decoy Bride \| 2011 \| Sheree Folkson \| Actor \| Feature Film \| \| \| First Impressions \| 2011 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Short Film \| \| \| Mausam \| 2011 \| Pankaj Kapur \| Actor \| Feature Film \| \| \| The Cookie Monster (USA) \| 2012 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Short Film \| \| \| Utopia: The Temple of Paradise (USA) \| 2012 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Short Film \| \| \| Sectarian Secret Police \| 2013 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Short Film \| \| \| Loch Fyne \| 2014 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Documentary \| \| \| Locavore: Pigs in the Park \| 2014 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Documentary \| \| \| Deep Roots \| 2014 \| \| Screenwriter \| Animated Film \| \| \| Nomad \| 2014 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Short Film \| \| \| Glasgow Fish Market \| 2014 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Documentary \| \| \| Cows, Cash & Cover-ups: Investigating vCJD \| 2017 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Documentary \| \| \| Outlaw King \| 2018 \| David Mackenzie \| Assistant to Executive Producer \| Feature Film \| \| \| Slingshot \| 2018 \| Robin Haig \| Associate Producer \| Short Film \| \| \| Get Duked! \| 2019 \| Ninian Doff \| Associate Producer \| Feature Film \| \| \| Our Ladies \| 2019 \| Michael Caton-Jones \| Assistant to Director \| Feature Film \| \| \| The Small Hand \| 2019 \| Justin Molotnikov \| Production Coordinator \| TV Film \| \| \| Then Came You \| 2019 \| Adriana Trigiani \| Production Assistant \| Feature Film \| \| \| Zebra Girl \| 2021 \| Stephanie Zari \| Production Coordinator \| Feature Film \| \| \| Go Home \| 2021 \| Razan Madhoon \| Associate Producer \| Short Film \| \| \| Unders \| 2021 \| Bert Dijkstra \| Associate Producer \| Short Film \| \| \| Car Sick \| 2023 \| David Hayman Jr \| Producer \| Short Film \| \| ### Television \| TV Show \| Year \| Director \| Role \| Project \| \| ---------------------------- \| --------- \| -------------------- \| --------------------- \| ----------------- \| \| Take The High Road \| 1996 \| \| Actor \| STV \| \| River City \| 2011 \| \| Actor \| BBC Studios \| \| 2014 \| 2014 \| Joseph Andrew Mclean \| Producer / Director \| Partickular Films \| \| Not Safe for Work \| 2014 \| \| Production Assistant \| Channel 4 \| \| Lovesick \| 2014 \| \| Production Assistant \| Channel 4 \| \| CNN \| 2016 \| \| Producer \| CNN \| \| Antiques Road Trip \| 2017 \| \| Researcher \| STV \| \| The People's History Show \| 2017 \| \| Researcher \| STV \| \| Succession \| 2019 \| \| Production Assistant \| HBO \| \| The Nest (British TV series) \| 2020 \| \| Production Assistant \| BBC Scotland \| \| River City \| 2019–2021 \| \| Production Management \| BBC Studios \| \| River City \| 2021–2024 \| \| Producer \| BBC Studios \|	enwiki/45344363	enwiki	45,344,363	Joseph Andrew Mclean	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Andrew_Mclean	2024-05-07T19:33:35Z	en	Q20684762	49,971	{{Short description\|Scottish filmmaker}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2024}} {{EngvarB\|date=February 2020}} {{More citations needed\|date=February 2024}} {{Infobox person \| name = Joseph Andrew McLean \| image = \| caption = \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|df=y\|1979\|11\|30}} \| birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland \| years_active = 2011–present \| notable_works = \| alma_mater = [[University of Glasgow]] and [[University of California]] \| education = [[St. Thomas Aquinas Secondary School, Glasgow]] \| website = http://www.josephandrewmclean.com and http://www.partickularfilms.com \| death_date = \| death_place = \| spouse = \| occupation = [[Film producer\|Producer]] }} '''Joseph Andrew McLean''' (born 30 November 1979) is a Scottish film and TV producer. He has produced over 60 episodes of the TV drama ''[[River City]]'' for [[BBC Studios]] He has also produced commercials, documentaries, music videos and short films in the UK and USA. He founded the Glasgow-based production company [[Partickular Films]] and is also the founder of [[Partick Film Festival]].<ref>[https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/24061235.first-ever-partick-film-festival-takes-place-glasgow/Evening Times Article on Partick Film Festival]</ref> ==Early life and education== {{BLP unsourced section\|date=February 2024}} McLean was born in [[Glasgow]], Scotland, the son of Anne (née Wason), and Alistair McLean. He has three older siblings Alyson, James and Lynn. He attended [[St. Peter's Primary School, Partick\|St. Peter's]] Primary in [[Partick]] and [[St. Thomas Aquinas Secondary School, Jordanhill\|St. Thomas Aquinas]] Secondary School in [[Jordanhill]]. Born on [[St. Andrew's Day]], he is named after Scotland's [[Patron Saint]]. He had a love of film from a young age and was an avid cinema goer, frequenting the local Grosvenor Cinema in [[Ashton Lane]] and the Salon Cinema in [[Hillhead]]. In 2013 he graduated from the [[University of Glasgow]] with a [[Master of Arts (Scotland)]] in English Literature and Politics. Joseph studied screenwriting at the [[University of California]] and [[University of Strathclyde]]. ==Career== McLean made a number of [[short films]] during his time at the [[University of California]] and [[University of Glasgow]]. His first feature film script ''Utopia'', loosely based on the events surrounding [[Jim Jones]], the founder and leader of the [[Peoples Temple]], best known for the mass [[murder-suicide]] in November 1978 of 909 of its members in [[Jonestown]], [[Guyana]] was voted runner-up at the 20th Anniversary [[University of California, Irvine]] Screenwriting Festival in 2012. After leaving university, McLean founded his own production company [[Partickular Films]] which specialises in commercials, documentaries, films and music videos.<ref>[http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/lifestyle/expert-advice/dont-be-afraid-to-follow-your-dreams-164256n.24264593 Evening Times Article on Mclean]</ref> In 2013, he released the short film ''Sectarian Secret Police'' about a [[Partick Thistle]] supporter who is kidnaped by a special police unit who demand he disowns his favourite football team in favour of [[Rangers F.C.\|Rangers]] or [[Celtic F.C.\|Celtic]]. The film screened at numerous film festivals throughout the UK, including Screentest: The National Student Film Festival in London and the Loch Ness film festival.<ref>[http://www.craigmoniecentre.co.uk/calendar.asp?intent=details&eventID=154280 Craigmonie Theatre Entry]</ref> In the same year he also directed the music video ''Nothing on Earth'' for the band Casual Sex, the music video was showcased by [[SXSW]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4qZ-flpzq8 South By Southwest Showcase]</ref> and featured in [[Daily Record (Scotland)\|The Daily Record]]<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/video-scots-band-casual-sex-3240606 Daily Record Article]</ref> and [[The Skinny (magazine)\|The Skinny]].<ref>[http://www.theskinny.co.uk/videos/music/casual-sex-release-new-video-for-nothing-on-earth Skinny Magazine Article]</ref> In 2014, McLean wrote a pilot for a TV series called ''2014'' which revolved around the organisers for the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>[http://www.digitalenterpriseglasgow.org/news/2014-promo-video-features-in-scottish-sun-and-glasgow-now Digital Enterprise Glasgow article on 2014 Pilot] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209050110/http://www.digitalenterpriseglasgow.org/news/2014-promo-video-features-in-scottish-sun-and-glasgow-now \|date=9 February 2015 }}</ref> McLean was commissioned to write a script for an animated film as part of ''Deep Roots'', [[Kilmarnock]]'s major [[Homecoming Scotland]] event in 2014, charting the history of [[Dean Castle]] and the [[Boyd family]], who were lords of Kilmarnock for over 400 years.<ref>[http://eastayrshireleisure.com/index.php?a=landing&id=2&sid=258&mid=291 East Ayrshire Council]</ref> The 10-minute animation was screened onto the side of the castle to an audience of over 1400 local school children. His short film ''Nomad'' about the [[Scottish Independence Referendum]] was inspired by a scene from [[The Parallax View]] starring [[Warren Beatty]]. The film was screened at the Shorts on Tap ''Beyond Scotland'' event at 93 Feet East, [[Brick Lane]], London.<ref>[http://shortsontap.com/short-movies/beyond-scotland/ Shorts on Tap – Beyond Scotland]</ref> McLean's short film ''Car Sick'' (2023) has screened at festivals in the UK, USA, Canada, Australia and Ireland. He is a member of [[BAFTA Scotland]]. ==Filmography== === Film === {\| class="wikitable" !Film !Year !Director !Role !Project \|- \|''[[Regeneration (1997 film)\|Behind The Lines]]'' \|1997 \|[[Gillies MacKinnon]] \|Actor \|Feature Film \|- \|''The Perils of Smoking'' \|2011 \| \|Actor \|Short Film \|- \|''[[The Decoy Bride]]'' \|2011 \|[[Sheree Folkson]] \|Actor \|Feature Film \|- \|''First Impressions'' \|2011 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|Short Film \|- \|''[[Mausam (2011 film)\|Mausam]]'' \|2011 \|[[Pankaj Kapur]] \|Actor \|Feature Film \|- \|''The Cookie Monster'' (USA) \|2012 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|Short Film \|- \|''Utopia: The Temple of Paradise'' (USA) \|2012 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|Short Film \|- \|''Sectarian Secret Police'' \|2013 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|Short Film \|- \|''Loch Fyne'' \|2014 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|Documentary \|- \|''Locavore: Pigs in the Park'' \|2014 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|Documentary \|- \|''Deep Roots'' \|2014 \| \| Screenwriter \|Animated Film \|- \|''Nomad'' \|2014 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|Short Film \| \|- \|''Glasgow Fish Market'' \|2014 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|Documentary \|- \|''Cows, Cash & Cover-ups: Investigating vCJD'' \|2017 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|Documentary \|- \|[[Outlaw King]] \|2018 \|[[David Mackenzie (director)\|David Mackenzie]] \|Assistant to Executive Producer \|Feature Film \|- \|''Slingshot'' \|2018 \|[[Robin Haig]] \|Associate Producer \|Short Film \|- \|[[Get Duked!]] \|2019 \|[[Ninian Doff]] \|Associate Producer \|Feature Film \|- \|[[Our Ladies]] \|2019 \|[[Michael Caton-Jones]] \|Assistant to Director \|Feature Film \|- \|[[The Small Hand]] \|2019 \|[[Justin Molotnikov]] \|Production Coordinator \|TV Film \|- \|[[Then Came You (2020 film)\|Then Came You]] \|2019 \|[[Adriana Trigiani]] \|Production Assistant \|Feature Film \|- \|[[Zebra Girl]] \|2021 \|[[Stephanie Zari]] \|Production Coordinator \|Feature Film \|- \|''Go Home'' \|2021 \|[[Razan Madhoon]] \|Associate Producer \|Short Film \|- \|''Unders'' \|2021 \|[[Bert Dijkstra]] \|Associate Producer \|Short Film \|- \|''Car Sick'' \|2023 \|[[David Hayman Jr]] \|Producer \|Short Film \|} === Television === {\| class="wikitable" !TV Show !Year !Director !Role !Project \|- \| ''[[Take The High Road]]'' \| 1996 \| \|Actor \|[[STV (TV channel)\|STV]] \|- \| ''[[River City]]'' \| 2011 \| \|Actor \|[[BBC Studios]] \|- \|''[[2014 (TV series)\|2014]]'' \|2014 \|Joseph Andrew Mclean \|Producer / Director \|[[Partickular Films]] \|- \|''[[Not Safe for Work (TV series)\|Not Safe for Work]]'' \|2014 \| \|Production Assistant \|[[Channel 4]] \|- \|''[[Lovesick (TV series)\|Lovesick]]'' \| 2014 \| \|Production Assistant \|[[Channel 4]] \|- \|[[CNN]] \|2016 \| \|Producer \|[[CNN]] \|- \|''[[Antiques Road Trip]]'' \|2017 \| \|Researcher \|[[STV (TV channel)\|STV]] \|- \|''[[The People's History Show]]'' \|2017 \| \|Researcher \|[[STV (TV channel)\|STV]] \|- \| ''[[Succession (TV series)\|Succession]]'' \| 2019 \| \|Production Assistant \|[[HBO]] \|- \| [[The Nest (British TV series)\|''The Nest'' (British TV series)]] \| 2020 \| \|Production Assistant \|[[BBC Scotland]] \|- \| ''[[River City]]'' \| 2019–2021 \| \|Production Management \|[[BBC Studios]] \|- \| ''[[River City]]'' \| 2021–2024 \| \|Producer \|[[BBC Studios]] \|} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{IMDb name\|3748986\|Joseph Andrew McLean}} [http://www.josephandrewmclean.com Joseph Andrew McLean Website] *[http://www.partickularfilms.com Partickular Films] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mclean, Joseph Andrew}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Scottish film directors]] [[Category:Scottish screenwriters]] [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]] [[Category:People educated at St Thomas Aquinas Secondary School, Glasgow]] [[Category:Film people from Glasgow]]	1,222,763,221	[{"title": "Joseph Andrew McLean", "data": {"Born": "30 November 1979 \u00b7 Glasgow, Scotland", "Education": "St. Thomas Aquinas Secondary School, Glasgow", "Alma mater": "University of Glasgow and University of California", "Occupation": "Producer", "Years active": "2011\u2013present", "Website": "http://www.josephandrewmclean.com and http://www.partickularfilms.com"}}]	false
# 17th British Academy Games Awards The 17th British Academy Video Game Awards was hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 25 March 2021 to honour the best video games of 2020. It was held as a live-streamed event due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, with Elle Osili-Wood as host. This was Wood's first time hosting the ceremony, taking over from Dara Ó Briain who had hosting the BAFTAs ten times between 2008 and 2020. The nominees were announced on 2 March 2021, with The Last of Us Part II receiving a record-setting fourteen nominations, beating the eleven nominations received by Control and Death Stranding at the previous ceremony. Hades was named as Best Game, as well as winning the most awards (five). ## Nominees and winners The nominations were announced on 2 March 2021. The winners were announced through a livestreamed presentation on 25 March 2021, due to ongoing concerns from the COVID-19 pandemic. \| Best Game - Hades – Supergiant Games - Animal Crossing: New Horizons – Nintendo EPD/Nintendo - Ghost of Tsushima – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Half-Life: Alyx – Valve Corporation - The Last of Us Part II – Naughty Dog/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Spider-Man: Miles Morales – Insomniac Games/Sony Interactive Entertainment \| Animation - The Last of Us Part II – Naughty Dog/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Doom Eternal – id Software/Bethesda Softworks - Final Fantasy VII Remake – Square Enix - Spider-Man: Miles Morales – Insomniac Games/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Ori and the Will of the Wisps – Moon Studios/Xbox Game Studios - Spiritfarer – Thunder Lotus/Kowloon Nights \| \| Artistic Achievement - Hades – Supergiant Games - Cyberpunk 2077 – CD Projekt Red - Dreams – Media Molecule/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Ghost of Tsushima – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Half-Life: Alyx – Valve Corporation - The Last of Us Part II – Naughty Dog/Sony Interactive Entertainment \| Audio Achievement - Ghost of Tsushima – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Astro's Playroom – Japan Studio/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Hades – Supergiant Games - Half-Life: Alyx – Valve Corporation - The Last of Us Part II – Naughty Dog/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Spider-Man: Miles Morales – Insomniac Games/Sony Interactive Entertainment \| \| British Game - Sackboy: A Big Adventure – Sumo Digital/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Dreams – Media Molecule/Sony Interactive Entertainment - F1 2020 – Codemasters - Fall Guys – Mediatonic/Devolver Digital - The Last Campfire – Hello Games - Röki – Polygon Treehouse/United Label \| Debut Game - Carrion – Phobia Game Studio/Devolver Digital - Airborne Kingdom – The Wandering Bard - Call of the Sea – Out of the Blue/Raw Fury Games - Factorio – Wube Software - The Falconeer – Tomas Sala/Wired Productions - Röki – Polygon Treehouse/United Label \| \| Evolving Game - Sea of Thieves – Rare/Xbox Game Studios - Destiny 2: Beyond Light – Bungie - Dreams – Media Molecule/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Fall Guys – Mediatonic/Devolver Digital - Fortnite – Epic Games - No Man's Sky – Hello Games \| Family - Sackboy: A Big Adventure – Sumo Digital/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Animal Crossing: New Horizons – Nintendo EPD/Nintendo - Astro's Playroom – Japan Studio/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Dreams – Media Molecule/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Fall Guys – Mediatonic/Devolver Digital - Minecraft Dungeons – Mojang Studios/Double Eleven \| \| Game Beyond Entertainment - Animal Crossing: New Horizons – Nintendo EPD/Nintendo - Before I Forget – 3-Fold Games - Dreams – Media Molecule/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Spiritfarer – Thunder Lotus/Kowloon Nights - The Last of Us Part II – Naughty Dog/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Tell Me Why – Dontnod Entertainment/Xbox Game Studios \| Game Design - Hades – Supergiant Games - Animal Crossing: New Horizons – Nintendo EPD/Nintendo - Astro's Playroom – Japan Studio/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Ghost of Tsushima – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Half-Life: Alyx – Valve Corporation - The Last of Us Part II – Naughty Dog/Sony Interactive Entertainment \| \| Multiplayer - Animal Crossing: New Horizons – Nintendo EPD/Nintendo - Deep Rock Galactic – Ghost Ship Games/Coffee Stain Publishing - Fall Guys – Mediatonic/Devolver Digital - Ghost of Tsushima – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Sackboy: A Big Adventure – Sumo Digital/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Valorant – Riot Games \| Music - Spider-Man: Miles Morales – Insomniac Games/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Ghost of Tsushima – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Hades – Supergiant Games - The Last of Us Part II – Naughty Dog/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Ori and the Will of the Wisps – Moon Studios/Xbox Game Studios - Sackboy: A Big Adventure – Sumo Digital/Sony Interactive Entertainment \| \| Narrative - Hades – Supergiant Games - Assassin's Creed Valhalla – Ubisoft Montreal/Ubisoft - Cyberpunk 2077 – CD Projekt - Ghost of Tsushima – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Kentucky Route Zero: TV Edition – Cardboard Computer/Annapurna Interactive - Spider-Man: Miles Morales – Insomniac Games/Sony Interactive Entertainment \| Original Property - Kentucky Route Zero: TV Edition – Cardboard Computer/Annapurna Interactive - Carrion – Phobia Game Studio/Devolver Digital - Fall Guys – Mediatonic/Devolver Digital - Ghost of Tsushima – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Hades – Supergiant Games - Spiritfarer – Thunder Lotus/Kowloon Nights \| \| Performer in a Leading Role - Laura Bailey as Abby in The Last of Us Part II - Cody Christian as Cloud Strife in Final Fantasy VII Remake - Nadji Jeter as Miles Morales in Spider-Man: Miles Morales - Ashley Johnson as Ellie in The Last of Us Part II - Cherami Leigh as Female V in Cyberpunk 2077 - Daisuke Tsuji as Jin Sakai in Ghost of Tsushima \| Performer in a Supporting Role - Logan Cunningham as Hades, Achilles, Poseidon, Asterius, Charon, and the Storyteller in Hades - Troy Baker as Joel in The Last of Us Part II - Patrick Gallagher as Khotun Khan in Ghost of Tsushima - Jeffrey Pierce as Tommy in The Last of Us Part II - Carla Tassara as Judy Alvarez in Cyberpunk 2077 - Shannon Woodward as Dina in The Last of Us Part II \| \| Technical Achievement - Dreams – Media Molecule/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Demon's Souls – Japan Studio/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Doom Eternal – id Software/Bethesda Softworks - Microsoft Flight Simulator – Asobo Studio/Xbox Game Studios - The Last of Us Part II – Naughty Dog/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Spider-Man: Miles Morales – Insomniac Games/Sony Interactive Entertainment \| EE Game of the Year - The Last of Us Part II – Naughty Dog/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Animal Crossing: New Horizons – Nintendo EPD/Nintendo - Call of Duty: Warzone – Raven Software, Infinity Ward/Activision - Ghost of Tsushima – Sucker Punch Productions/Sony Interactive Entertainment - Hades – Supergiant Games - Valorant – Riot Games \| BAFTA Fellowship: Siobhan Reddy ### Games with multiple nominations and wins \| Nominations \| Game \| \| ----------- \| ------------------------------- \| \| 14 \| The Last of Us Part II \| \| 11 \| Ghost of Tsushima \| \| 9 \| Hades \| \| 7 \| Spider-Man: Miles Morales \| \| 6 \| Animal Crossing: New Horizons \| \| 6 \| Dreams \| \| 5 \| Fall Guys \| \| 4 \| Cyberpunk 2077 \| \| 4 \| Half-Life: Alyx \| \| 4 \| Sackboy: A Big Adventure \| \| 3 \| Astro's Playroom \| \| 3 \| Spiritfarer \| \| 2 \| Carrion \| \| 2 \| Doom Eternal \| \| 2 \| Final Fantasy VII Remake \| \| 2 \| Kentucky Route Zero: TV Edition \| \| 2 \| Ori and the Will of the Wisps \| \| 2 \| Röki \| \| 2 \| Valorant \| \| Wins \| Game \| \| ---- \| ----------------------------- \| \| 5 \| Hades \| \| 3 \| The Last of Us Part II \| \| 2 \| Animal Crossing: New Horizons \| \| 2 \| Sackboy: A Big Adventure \|	enwiki/66960125	enwiki	66,960,125	17th British Academy Games Awards	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_British_Academy_Games_Awards	2025-01-28T04:02:53Z	en	Q105986890	95,745	{{Short description\|Game award ceremony in 2021}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2020}} {{Infobox British Academy video games awards \|name=17th British Academy Games Awards \|image= \|date=25 March 2021 \|site=Live-streamed \|host=Elle Osili-Wood \|most_nominations= ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' (14) \|last=16th \|next=18th \|best_game= ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' \|most_wins= ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' (5) }} The '''17th British Academy Video Game Awards''' was hosted by the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] on 25 March 2021 to honour the best [[2020 in video games\|video games of 2020]]. It was held as a live-streamed event due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with Elle Osili-Wood as host. This was Wood's first time hosting the ceremony, taking over from [[Dara Ó Briain]] who had hosting the BAFTAs ten times between 2008 and 2020. The nominees were announced on 2 March 2021, with ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' receiving a record-setting fourteen nominations, beating the eleven nominations received by ''[[Control (video game)\|Control]]'' and ''[[Death Stranding]]'' at the [[16th British Academy Games Awards\|previous ceremony]].<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-56249563 \| title = Last of Us 2 leads Bafta Games Awards nominations \| date = 2 March 2021 \| accessdate = 25 March 2021 \| publisher = [[BBC]] }}</ref> ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' was named as [[British Academy Games Award for Best Game\|Best Game]], as well as winning the most awards (five). == Nominees and winners == The nominations were announced on 2 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2021-03-02-the-last-of-us-part-2-receives-record-number-of-bafta-nominations \| title = The Last of Us Part 2 receives record number of BAFTA nominations \| first = Tom \| last= Phillips \| date = 2 March 2021 \| accessdate = 2 March 2021 \| work = [[Eurogamer]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.bafta.org/games/awards/2021-nominations-winners \| title = 2021 BAFTA Games Awards: The Nominations \| accessdate = 2 March 2021 \| date = 2 March 2021 \| publisher = [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] }}</ref> The winners were announced through a livestreamed presentation on 25 March 2021, due to ongoing concerns from the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-56512500 \| title = Bafta Games Awards 2021: Why they're such a big deal \| first1 = Steffan \| last1 =Powell \| first2= Vicki \| last2= Blake \|date = 25 March 2021 \| accessdate = 25 March 2021 \| publisher = [[BBC]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = https://deadline.com/2021/03/bafta-games-awards-2021-hades-takes-home-top-prize-complete-winners-list-1234721128/ \| title = BAFTA Games Awards: Supergiant Games' 'Hades' Takes Home Top Prize – Complete Winners List \| first = Alexandra \| last = Del Rosario \| date = 25 March 2021 \| access-date = 25 March 2021 \| work = [[Deadline Hollywood]] }}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" \| width="50%" valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[British Academy Games Award for Best Game\|Best Game]]}} * '''''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' – [[Supergiant Games]]''' ''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' – [[Nintendo EPD]]/[[Nintendo]] ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' – [[Sucker Punch Productions]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Half-Life: Alyx]]'' – [[Valve Corporation]] ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' – [[Naughty Dog]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ** ''[[Spider-Man: Miles Morales]]'' – [[Insomniac Games]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|Animation}} * '''''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' – [[Naughty Dog]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]''' ''[[Doom Eternal]]'' – [[id Software]]/[[Bethesda Softworks]] ''[[Final Fantasy VII Remake]]'' – [[Square Enix]] ''[[Spider-Man: Miles Morales]]'' – [[Insomniac Games]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Ori and the Will of the Wisps]]'' – [[Moon Studios]]/[[Xbox Game Studios]] ** ''[[Spiritfarer]]'' – [[Thunder Lotus]]/Kowloon Nights \|- \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|Artistic Achievement}} * '''''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' – [[Supergiant Games]]''' ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]'' – [[CD Projekt Red]] ''[[Dreams (video game)\|Dreams]]'' – [[Media Molecule]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' – [[Sucker Punch Productions]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Half-Life: Alyx]]'' – [[Valve Corporation]] ** ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' – [[Naughty Dog]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] \| width="50%" valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|Audio Achievement}} * '''''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' – [[Sucker Punch Productions]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]''' ''[[Astro's Playroom]]'' – [[Japan Studio]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' – [[Supergiant Games]] ''[[Half-Life: Alyx]]'' – [[Valve Corporation]] ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' – [[Naughty Dog]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ** ''[[Spider-Man: Miles Morales]]'' – [[Insomniac Games]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] \|- \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[British Academy Games Award for British Game\|British Game]]}} * '''''[[Sackboy: A Big Adventure]]'' – [[Sumo Digital]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]''' ''[[Dreams (video game)\|Dreams]]'' – [[Media Molecule]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[F1 2020 (video game)\|F1 2020]]'' – [[Codemasters]] ''[[Fall Guys]]'' – [[Mediatonic]]/[[Devolver Digital]] ''[[The Last Campfire]]'' – [[Hello Games]] ** ''[[Röki]]'' – Polygon Treehouse/United Label \| width="50%" valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[British Academy Games Award for Debut Game\|Debut Game]]}} * '''''[[Carrion (video game)\|Carrion]]'' – Phobia Game Studio/[[Devolver Digital]]''' ''Airborne Kingdom'' – The Wandering Bard ''[[Call of the Sea (video game)\|Call of the Sea]]'' – Out of the Blue/[[Raw Fury Games]] ''[[Factorio]]'' – Wube Software ''[[The Falconeer]]'' – Tomas Sala/Wired Productions ** ''[[Röki]]'' – Polygon Treehouse/United Label \|- \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|Evolving Game}} * '''''[[Sea of Thieves]]'' – [[Rare (company)\|Rare]]/[[Xbox Game Studios]]''' ''[[Destiny 2: Beyond Light]]'' – [[Bungie]] ''[[Dreams (video game)\|Dreams]]'' – [[Media Molecule]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Fall Guys]]'' – [[Mediatonic]]/[[Devolver Digital]] ''[[Fortnite]]'' – [[Epic Games]] ** ''[[No Man's Sky]]'' – [[Hello Games]] \| width="50%" valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|Family}} * '''''[[Sackboy: A Big Adventure]]'' – [[Sumo Digital]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]''' ''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' – [[Nintendo EPD]]/[[Nintendo]] ''[[Astro's Playroom]]'' – [[Japan Studio]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Dreams (video game)\|Dreams]]'' – [[Media Molecule]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Fall Guys]]'' – [[Mediatonic]]/[[Devolver Digital]] ** ''[[Minecraft Dungeons]]'' – [[Mojang Studios]]/[[Double Eleven (company)\|Double Eleven]] \|- \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[British Academy Games Award for Game Beyond Entertainment\|Game Beyond Entertainment]]}} * '''''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' – [[Nintendo EPD]]/[[Nintendo]]''' ''[[Before I Forget (video game)\|Before I Forget]]'' – 3-Fold Games ''[[Dreams (video game)\|Dreams]]'' – [[Media Molecule]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Spiritfarer]]'' – [[Thunder Lotus]]/Kowloon Nights ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' – [[Naughty Dog]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ** ''[[Tell Me Why (video game)\|Tell Me Why]]'' – [[Dontnod Entertainment]]/[[Xbox Game Studios]] \| width="50%" valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[British Academy Games Award for Game Design\|Game Design]]}} * '''''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' – [[Supergiant Games]]''' ''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' – [[Nintendo EPD]]/[[Nintendo]] ''[[Astro's Playroom]]'' – [[Japan Studio]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' – [[Sucker Punch Productions]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Half-Life: Alyx]]'' – [[Valve Corporation]] ** ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' – [[Naughty Dog]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] \|- \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[British Academy Games Award for Multiplayer\|Multiplayer]]}} * '''''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' – [[Nintendo EPD]]/[[Nintendo]]''' ''[[Deep Rock Galactic]]'' – Ghost Ship Games/[[Coffee Stain Publishing]] ''[[Fall Guys]]'' – [[Mediatonic]]/[[Devolver Digital]] ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' – [[Sucker Punch Productions]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Sackboy: A Big Adventure]]'' – [[Sumo Digital]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ** ''[[Valorant]]'' – [[Riot Games]] \| width="50%" valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|Music}} * '''''[[Spider-Man: Miles Morales]]'' – [[Insomniac Games]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]''' ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' – [[Sucker Punch Productions]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' – [[Supergiant Games]] ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' – [[Naughty Dog]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Ori and the Will of the Wisps]]'' – [[Moon Studios]]/[[Xbox Game Studios]] ** ''[[Sackboy: A Big Adventure]]'' – [[Sumo Digital]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] \|- \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|Narrative}} * '''''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' – [[Supergiant Games]]''' ''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla]]'' – [[Ubisoft Montreal]]/[[Ubisoft]] ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]'' – [[CD Projekt]] ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' – [[Sucker Punch Productions]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Kentucky Route Zero\|Kentucky Route Zero: TV Edition]]'' – [[Cardboard Computer]]/[[Annapurna Interactive]] ** ''[[Spider-Man: Miles Morales]]'' – [[Insomniac Games]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] \| width="50%" valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|Original Property}} * '''''[[Kentucky Route Zero\|Kentucky Route Zero: TV Edition]]'' – [[Cardboard Computer]]/[[Annapurna Interactive]]''' ''[[Carrion (video game)\|Carrion]]'' – Phobia Game Studio/[[Devolver Digital]] ''[[Fall Guys]]'' – [[Mediatonic]]/[[Devolver Digital]] ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' – [[Sucker Punch Productions]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' – [[Supergiant Games]] ** ''[[Spiritfarer]]'' – [[Thunder Lotus]]/Kowloon Nights \|- \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[British Academy Games Award for Performer in a Leading Role\|Performer in a Leading Role]]}} * '''[[Laura Bailey (voice actress)\|Laura Bailey]] as [[Abby (The Last of Us)\|Abby]] in ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]''''' [[Cody Christian]] as [[Cloud Strife]] in ''[[Final Fantasy VII Remake]]'' [[Nadji Jeter]] as [[Miles Morales]] in ''[[Spider-Man: Miles Morales]]'' [[Ashley Johnson (actress)\|Ashley Johnson]] as [[Ellie (The Last of Us)\|Ellie]] in ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' [[Cherami Leigh]] as Female V in ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]'' ** [[Daisuke Tsuji]] as Jin Sakai in ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[British Academy Games Award for Performer in a Supporting Role\|Performer in a Supporting Role]]}} * '''Logan Cunningham as [[Hades]], [[Achilles]], [[Poseidon]], [[Minotaur\|Asterius]], [[Charon]], and the Storyteller in ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]''''' [[Troy Baker]] as [[Joel (The Last of Us)\|Joel]] in ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' [[Patrick Gallagher (actor)\|Patrick Gallagher]] as Khotun Khan in ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' [[Jeffrey Pierce]] as Tommy in ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' Carla Tassara as Judy Alvarez in ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]'' ** [[Shannon Woodward]] as Dina in ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' \|- \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[British Academy Games Award for Technical Achievement\|Technical Achievement]]}} * '''''[[Dreams (video game)\|Dreams]]'' – [[Media Molecule]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]''' ''[[Demon's Souls (2020 video game)\|Demon's Souls]]'' – [[Japan Studio]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Doom Eternal]]'' – [[id Software]]/[[Bethesda Softworks]] ''[[Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020 video game)\|Microsoft Flight Simulator]]'' – [[Asobo Studio]]/[[Xbox Game Studios]] ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' – [[Naughty Dog]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ** ''[[Spider-Man: Miles Morales]]'' – [[Insomniac Games]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] \| valign="top" \| {{Award category\|#EEDD82\|[[EE Game of the Year Award\|EE Game of the Year]]}} * '''''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' – [[Naughty Dog]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]]''' ''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' – [[Nintendo EPD]]/[[Nintendo]] ''[[Call of Duty: Warzone]]'' – [[Raven Software]], [[Infinity Ward]]/[[Activision]] ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' – [[Sucker Punch Productions]]/[[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' – [[Supergiant Games]] ** ''[[Valorant]]'' – [[Riot Games]] \|} '''[[BAFTA Fellowship]]''': [[Siobhan Reddy]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-02-27-this-years-bafta-fellowship-goes-to_8 \| title = This year's BAFTA Fellowship goes to... \| first = Tom \| last= Phillips \|date = March 22, 2021 \| accessdate = March 22, 2021 \| work = [[Eurogamer]] }}</ref> ===Games with multiple nominations and wins=== {{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-2}} ====Nominations==== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" width="55" \| Nominations ! scope="col" align="center" \| Game \|- \| 14 \| ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' \|- \| 11 \| ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' \|- \| 9 \| ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' \|- \| 7 \| ''[[Spider-Man: Miles Morales]]'' \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 6 \| ''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' \|- \| ''[[Dreams (video game)\|Dreams]]'' \|- \| 5 \| ''[[Fall Guys]]'' \|- \| rowspan="3" \| 4 \| ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]'' \|- \| ''[[Half-Life: Alyx]]'' \|- \| ''[[Sackboy: A Big Adventure]]'' \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 3 \| ''[[Astro's Playroom]]'' \|- \| ''[[Spiritfarer]]'' \|- \| rowspan="7" \| 2 \| ''[[Carrion (video game)\|Carrion]]'' \|- \| ''[[Doom Eternal]]'' \|- \| ''[[Final Fantasy VII Remake]]'' \|- \| ''[[Kentucky Route Zero\|Kentucky Route Zero: TV Edition]]'' \|- \| ''[[Ori and the Will of the Wisps]]'' \|- \| ''[[Röki]]'' \|- \| ''[[Valorant]]'' \|} {{col-break}} {{Col-2-of-2}} ====Wins==== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" width="55" \| Wins ! scope="col" align="center" \| Game \|- \| 5 \| ''[[Hades (video game)\|Hades]]'' \|- \| 3 \| ''[[The Last of Us Part II]]'' \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2 \| ''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' \|- \| ''[[Sackboy: A Big Adventure]]'' \|- \|} {{col-end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{British Academy Games Awards}} [[Category:British Academy Games Awards ceremonies]] [[Category:2021 awards in the United Kingdom\|British Academy Games]] [[Category:2020 in video gaming\|British Academy Games]] [[Category:2020 video game awards\|British Academy Games]] [[Category:March 2021 in the United Kingdom\|British Academy Games]] [[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry\|British Academy Games Awards 17]]	1,272,339,276	[{"title": "17th British Academy Games Awards", "data": {"Date": "25 March 2021", "Location": "Live-streamed", "Hosted by": "Elle Osili-Wood", "Best Game": "Hades", "Most awards": "Hades (5)", "Most nominations": "The Last of Us Part II (14)"}}]	false
# List of Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal chapters This is a list of chapters of Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal and Yu-Gi-Oh! D Team Zexal, adaptations of Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal anime. Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal was, written by Shin Yoshida and illustrated by Naohito Miyoshi. It was published by Shueisha and serialized by V-Jump from December 18, 2010, to June 21, 2015. Yu-Gi-Oh! D Team Zexal was written by Akihiro Tomonaga and illustrated by Wedge Holdings. It was published by Shueisha and serialized by V-Jump from April 3, 2012, to April 3, 2014. They are two Yu-Gi-Oh! manga spin-off titles. ## Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal \| - Rank 1: "The Name's Yuma!!" (その名は遊馬！！, Sono Na wa Yūma!!) - Rank 2: "A Mysterious Life-Form!?" (謎の生命体！？, Nazo no Seimeitai!?) / "A Mysterious Life Form?!" - Rank 3: "Astral!!" (アストラル！！, Asutoraru!!) - Rank 4: "The Light of Hope!!" (希望の光！！, Kibō no Hikari!!) - Rank 5: "The Opposite of Opposite is...!?" (ウラのウラは…！？, Ura no Ura wa…!?) / "Plot and CounterPlot?!" - Rank 6: "Yesterday's Enemy is...!?" (昨日の敵は…！？, Kinō no Teki wa…!?) - Bonus: "Destined Meeting!!" (運命の出会い！！, Unmei no Deai!!) \| \| - Rank 7: "Numbers Hunter!!" (ナンバーズ・ハンター！！, Nanbāzu Hantā!!) - Rank 8: "Galaxy-Eyes Photon Dragon!!" (銀河眼の光子竜！！, Ginga-Me no Kōshi Ryū!!) - Rank 9: "Kaito's True Skill!!" (カイトの実力！！, Kaito no Jitsuryoku!!) - Rank 10: "New Enemies!!" (新たな敵！！, Aratana Teki!!) - Rank 11: "Heartland!!" (ハートランド！！, Hāto Rando!!) - Rank 12: "Corn's Secret!!" (コーンの秘密！！, Kōn no Himitsu!!) \| \| - Rank 13: "The Second Assassin!!" (第２の刺客！！, Dai Ni no Shikaku!!) - Rank 14: "Victory Conditions!!" (勝利への条件！！, Shōri e no Jōken!!) - Rank 15: "The Bonds Between the Two!!" (２人の絆！！, Futari no Kizuna!!) / "A Shared Bond!!" - Rank 16: "The Third Enemy!!" (第３の敵！！, Dai San no Teki!!) - Rank 17: "Ken-chan!!" (健ちゃん！！, Ken-chan!!) / "Frankie!!" - Rank 18: "Kaito, Again!!" (カイト、再び！！, Kaito, Futatabi!!) / "Kaito Again!!" \| \| - Rank 19: "Messenger from The Moon!!" (月からの使者！！, Tsuki Kara no Shisha!!) - Rank 20: "A Three-Way Battle!!" (三つ巴の戦い！！, Mitsudomoe no Tatakai!!) - Rank 21: "Kyoji Yagumo!!" (八雲興司！！, Yagumo Kyōji!!) - Rank 22: "Commander!!" (司令官！！, Shirei-kan!!) - Rank 23: "Menacing Force!!" (脅威の部隊！！, Kyōi no Butai!!) - Rank 24: "The Numbers War!!" (ナンバーズ大戦！！, Nanbāzu Taisen!!) \| \| - Rank 25: "The 2nd Assassin!!" (第２の刺客！！, Dai Ni no shikaku!!) / "Kaito's King!!" - Rank 26: "Line World!!" (ラインワールド！！, Rain Wārudo!!) - Rank 27: "Deriving Deck!!" (デッキよ導け！！, Dekki yo Michibike!!) / "Guide Us, Deck!!" - Rank 28: "A Shadow's Secret Maneuvers!!" (暗躍する影！！, Anyaku suru Kage!!) / "Shadow Maneuvers!!" - Rank 29: "Clash of the Champions!!" (強者激突！！, Tsuwa Mono Gekitotsu!!) - Rank 30: "Unpredictable!!" (予測不能！！, Yosokufunō!!) / "Absolutely Unpredictable!!" \| \| - Rank 31: "Save Your Friends!!" (仲間を救え！！, Nakama wo Sukue!!) - Rank 32: "The Power of Believing in People!!" (人を信じる力！！, Hito wo Shinjiru Chikara!!) - Rank 33: "Revealed Sin!!" (明かされる罪！！, Akasareru Tsumi!!) / "Sin Revealed!!" - Rank 34: "The Time of Judgement!!" (判決の時！！, Hanketsu no Toki!!) / "The Hour of Judgement!!" - Rank 35: "Parting Ways!!" (決別！！, Ketsu Betsu!!) / "Separation!!" - Rank 36: "Burnt Memories!!" (焼かれし思い出！！, Yakareshi Omoide!!) / "Incinerated Memories!!" \| \| - Rank 37: "Double Duel!!" (ダブルデュエル！！, Daburu Dyueru!!) - Rank 38: "FA Threat!!" (ＦＡの脅威！！, Efu Ei no Kyōi!!) / "Full Armor Threat!!" - Rank 39: "Evolving Numbers!!" (進化するナンバーズ！！, Shinka suru Nanbāzu!!) / "The Evolving Number!!" - Rank 40: "Yagumo's Past!!" (八雲の過去！！, Yagumo no Kako!!) - Rank 41: "The 1 of Hope!!" (希望の１！！, Kibō no Ichi!!) / "Just One Hope!!" - Rank 42: "The Power of Bonds!!" (絆の力！！, Kizuna no Chikara!!) \| \| - Rank 43: "To Another World!!" (異世界へ！！, Isekai e!!) / "To the Otherworld!!" - Rank 44: "It's Our Problem!!" (オレたちの問題だ！！, Oretachi no Mondai da!!) - Rank 45: "Yagumo's Original Sin!!" (八雲の原罪！！, Yagumo no Genzai!!) - Rank 46: "Built-Up Bonds!!" (築き上げた絆！！, Kizukiage ta Kizuna!!) / "A Bond Between Us!!" - Rank 47: "The Deity of Despair!!" (絶望の神！！, Zetsubō no Kami!!) - Rank 48: "The Four Powers!!" (４つの力！！, Yottsu no Chikara!!) \| \| - Rank 49: "A New Hope!!" (新しい希望！！, Atarashii Kibō!!) - Rank 50: "The God of Despair!!" (絶望の神！！, Zetsubō no Kami!!) - Rank 51: "The Name's... Zexal!!" (その名は･･･ゼアル！！, Sono na wa... Zearu!!) / "His Name Is... Zexal!!" - Rank 52: "The Last Duel!!" (最後のデュエル！！, Saigo no dyueru!!) - Rank 53: "Yuma's Tactics!!" (遊馬のタクティクス！！, Yūma no Takutikusu!!) - Rank 54: "The True King of Numbers!!" (ナンバーズ真の皇！！, Nanbāzu Shin no Sumeragi!!) - Rank 55: "Yuma's Kattobingu!!" (遊馬のかっとビング！！, Yūma no Kattobingu!!) / "Yuma Jets!!" \| ## Yu-Gi-Oh! D Team Zexal - Chapter 1: "D Team Zexal Start!!" (Ｄチーム・ゼアル始動！！, Dī Chīmu Zearu Shidō!!) (April 3, 2012) - Chapter 2: "An Instant Turnaround by Magic!!" (魔法で一発逆転！！, Mahō de Ippatsu Gyakuten!!) (May 3, 2012) - Chapter 3: "Trap of the Counterattack!!" (逆転の罠！！, Gyakuten no Wana!!) (June 3, 2012) - Chapter 4: "Conclusion of the Fierce Fight!!" (激闘決着！！, Gekitō Kecchaku!!) (July 3, 2012) - Chapter 5: "Improving the Deck!!" (デッキ強化だぜ！！, Dekki Kyōka da ze!!) (August 3, 2012) - Chapter 6: "A Duel with the New Deck!!" (新デッキで決闘！！, Shin Dekki de Kettō!!) (September 3, 2012) - Chapter 7: "Preliminaries of the Duel Tournament!!" (決闘大会予選！！, Kettō Taikai Yosen!!) (October 3, 2012) - Chapter 8: "The Duel tournament Opens!!" (デュエル大会開幕！！, Deyueru Taikai Kaimaku!!) (November 3, 2012) - Chapter 9: "Heated Conclusion!!" (熱き決着！！, Atsuki Ketchaku!!) (December 3, 2012) - Chapter 10: "Horror Duel!?" (ホラー決闘！？, Horā Kettō!?) (January 3, 2013) - Chapter 11: "The Grand Finale Preliminaries!!" (予選最終戦だ！！, Yosen Saishū Sen da!!) (February 3, 2013) - Chapter 12: "Clash! Shark!!" (激突！シャーク！！, Gekitotsu! Shāku!!) (March 3, 2013) - Chapter 13: "It's Kattobing!!" (かっとビングだ！！, Kattobingu Da!!) (April 3, 2013) - Chapter 14: "Next up is the Club Activities!!" (次は部活だぜ！！, Tsugi wa Bukatsu da ze!!) (June 3, 2013) - Chapter 15: "Chivalrous Duel!!" (騎士道デュエル！！, Kishidō Dyueru!!) (July 3, 2013) - Chapter 16: "All-Out Duel!!" (全力の決闘！！, Zenryoku no Kettō!!) (August 3, 2013) - Chapter 17: "Asia Champion!!" (アジアチャンピオン！！, Ajia Chanpion!!) (September 3, 2013) - Chapter 18: "Galaxy-Eyes' Onslaught!!" (銀河眼強襲！！, Ginga Me Kyōshū!!) (October 3, 2013) - Chapter 19: "Duel Test!!" (デュエルの課題！！, Deyueru no Kadai!!) (November 3, 2013) - Chapter 20: "The DTC Opens!!" (Ｄ・Ｔ・Ｃ開幕！！, Dī Tī Shī Kaimaku!!) (December 3, 2013) - Chapter 21: "Wicked Hero!!" (悪のヒーロー！！, Aku no Hīrō!!) (January 3, 2014) - Chapter 22: "VS The Synchro User" (ＶＳシンクロ使い, Bāsasu Shinkuro Tsukai) (February 3, 2014)[19] - Chapter 23: "The Menace of Hope!!" (ホープの脅威！！, Hōpu no Kyōi!!) (March 3, 2014) - Final Chapter: "D Team's Bonds!!" (Ｄチームの絆！！, Dī Chīmu no Kizuna!!) (April 3, 2014)	enwiki/41419495	enwiki	41,419,495	List of Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal chapters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yu-Gi-Oh!_Zexal_chapters	2023-05-01T13:40:18Z	en	Q3657068	141,177	{{short description\|None}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=January 2019}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal'' chapters}} [[File:Yu-Gi-Oh Zexal Volume 1 Cover.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|First volume cover]] This is a list of chapters of ''Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal'' and ''Yu-Gi-Oh! D Team Zexal'', adaptations of ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal]]'' anime. ''Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal'' was, written by Shin Yoshida and illustrated by Naohito Miyoshi. It was published by [[Shueisha]] and serialized by ''[[V-Jump]]'' from December 18, 2010, to June 21, 2015. ''Yu-Gi-Oh! D Team Zexal'' was written by Akihiro Tomonaga and illustrated by Wedge Holdings. It was published by [[Shueisha]] and serialized by ''[[V-Jump]]'' from April 3, 2012, to April 3, 2014. They are two ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]'' [[manga]] [[Spin-off (media)\|spin-off]] titles. ==Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal== {{Graphic novel list/header \|Language=Japanese \|WithTitle=yes }} {{Graphic novel list \|VolumeNumber = 1 \|LicensedTitle = The Name's Yuma!! \|OriginalTitle = その名は遊馬！！ \|TranslitTitle = Sono Na wa Yūma!! \|OriginalRelDate = June 3, 2011<ref name="Shueisha ZX1">{{cite web\|url=http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870254-4\|title=遊・戯・王ZEXAL 1\|publisher=[[Shueisha]]\|accessdate=December 18, 2012\|language=Japanese}}</ref> \|OriginalISBN = 978-4-08-870564-4 \|LicensedRelDate = June 5, 2012<ref name="Viz ZX1">{{cite web\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-06-05/north-american-anime-manga-releases-june-3-9\|title=North American Anime, Manga Releases, June 3–9\|date=June 5, 2012\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref> \|LicensedISBN = 978-1-4215-4902-6 \|ChapterList = Rank 1: {{nihongo\|"The Name's Yuma!!"\|その名は遊馬！！\|Sono Na wa Yūma!!}} Rank 2: {{nihongo\|"A Mysterious Life-Form!?"\|謎の生命体！？\|Nazo no Seimeitai!?}} / "A Mysterious Life Form?!" Rank 3: {{nihongo\|"Astral!!"\|アストラル！！\|Asutoraru!!}} Rank 4: {{nihongo\|"The Light of Hope!!"\|希望の光！！\|Kibō no Hikari!!}} Rank 5: {{nihongo\|"The Opposite of Opposite is...!?"\|ウラのウラは…！？\|Ura no Ura wa…!?}} / "Plot and CounterPlot?!" Rank 6: {{nihongo\|"Yesterday's Enemy is...!?"\|昨日の敵は…！？\|Kinō no Teki wa…!?}} Bonus: {{nihongo\|"Destined Meeting!!"\|運命の出会い！！\|Unmei no Deai!!}} \|Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list \|VolumeNumber = 2 \|LicensedTitle = Numbers Hunter!! \|OriginalTitle = ナンバーズ・ハンター！！ \|TranslitTitle = Nanbāzu Hantā!! \|OriginalRelDate = February 3, 2012<ref name="Shueisha ZX2">{{cite web\|url=http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870384-8\|title=遊・戯・王ZEXAL 2\|publisher=[[Shueisha]]\|accessdate=December 18, 2012\|language=Japanese}}</ref> \|OriginalISBN = 978-4-08-870564-4 \|LicensedRelDate = December 4, 2012<ref name="Viz ZX2">{{cite web\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-12-04/north-american-anime-manga-releases-december-2-8\|title=North American Anime, Manga Releases, December 2–8\|date=December 4, 2012\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref> \|LicensedISBN = 978-1-4215-4980-4 \|ChapterList = Rank 7: {{nihongo\|"Numbers Hunter!!"\|ナンバーズ・ハンター！！\|Nanbāzu Hantā!!}} Rank 8: {{nihongo\|"Galaxy-Eyes Photon Dragon!!"\|銀河眼の光子竜！！\|Ginga-Me no Kōshi Ryū!!}} Rank 9: {{nihongo\|"Kaito's True Skill!!"\|カイトの実力！！\|Kaito no Jitsuryoku!!}} Rank 10: {{nihongo\|"New Enemies!!"\|新たな敵！！\|Aratana Teki!!}} Rank 11: {{nihongo\|"Heartland!!"\|ハートランド！！\|Hāto Rando!!}} Rank 12: {{nihongo\|"Corn's Secret!!"\|コーンの秘密！！\|Kōn no Himitsu!!}} \|Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list \|VolumeNumber = 3 \|LicensedTitle = The Second Assassin!! \|OriginalTitle = 第２の刺客！！ \|TranslitTitle = Dai Ni no Shikaku!! \|OriginalRelDate = August 3, 2012<ref name="Shueisha ZX3">{{cite web\|url=http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870527-9\|title=遊・戯・王ZEXAL 3\|publisher=[[Shueisha]]\|accessdate=December 18, 2012\|language=Japanese}}</ref> \|OriginalISBN = 978-4-08-870527-9 \|LicensedRelDate = June 5, 2013<ref name="Viz ZX3">{{cite web\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-06-04/north-american-anime-manga-releases-june-2-8\|title=North American Anime, Manga Releases, June 2–8\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|date=June 4, 2013\|accessdate=February 8, 2014}}</ref> \|LicensedISBN = 978-1-4215-5372-6 \|ChapterList = Rank 13: {{nihongo\|"The Second Assassin!!"\|第２の刺客！！\|Dai Ni no Shikaku!!}} Rank 14: {{nihongo\|"Victory Conditions!!"\|勝利への条件！！\|Shōri e no Jōken!!}} Rank 15: {{nihongo\|"The Bonds Between the Two!!"\|２人の絆！！\|Futari no Kizuna!!}} / "A Shared Bond!!" Rank 16: {{nihongo\|"The Third Enemy!!"\|第３の敵！！\|Dai San no Teki!!}} Rank 17: {{nihongo\|"Ken-chan!!"\|健ちゃん！！\|Ken-chan!!}} / "Frankie!!" Rank 18: {{nihongo\|"Kaito, Again!!"\|カイト、再び！！\|Kaito, Futatabi!!}} / "Kaito Again!!" \|Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list \|VolumeNumber = 4 \|LicensedTitle = Messenger from the Moon!! \|OriginalTitle = 月からの使者！！ \|TranslitTitle = Tsuki Kara no Shisha!! \|OriginalRelDate = February 4, 2013<ref name="Shueisha ZX4">{{cite web\|url=http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870624-5\|title=遊・戯・王ZEXAL 4\|publisher=[[Shueisha]]\|accessdate=December 18, 2012\|language=Japanese}}</ref> \|OriginalISBN = 978-4-08-870624-5 \|LicensedRelDate = January 7, 2014<ref name="Viz ZX4">{{cite web\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-06-04/north-american-anime-manga-releases-january-5-11\|title=North American Anime, Manga Releases, January 5–11\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|date=January 7, 2014\|accessdate=February 8, 2014}}</ref> \|LicensedISBN = 978-1-4215-6107-3 \|ChapterList = Rank 19: {{nihongo\|"Messenger from The Moon!!"\|月からの使者！！\|Tsuki Kara no Shisha!!}} Rank 20: {{nihongo\|"A Three-Way Battle!!"\|三つ巴の戦い！！\|Mitsudomoe no Tatakai!!}} Rank 21: {{nihongo\|"Kyoji Yagumo!!"\|八雲興司！！\|Yagumo Kyōji!!}} Rank 22: {{nihongo\|"Commander!!"\|司令官！！\|Shirei-kan!!}} Rank 23: {{nihongo\|"Menacing Force!!"\|脅威の部隊！！\|Kyōi no Butai!!}} Rank 24: {{nihongo\|"The Numbers War!!"\|ナンバーズ大戦！！\|Nanbāzu Taisen!!}} \|Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list \|VolumeNumber = 5 \|LicensedTitle = Line World!! \|OriginalTitle = ラインワールド！！ \|TranslitTitle = Rain Wārudo!! \|OriginalRelDate = August 2, 2013<ref name="Shueisha ZX5">{{cite web\|url=http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-870794-5\|title=遊・戯・王ZEXAL 5\|publisher=[[Shueisha]]\|accessdate=February 8, 2014\|language=Japanese}}</ref> \|OriginalISBN = 978-4-08-870794-5 \|LicensedRelDate = July 1, 2014<ref name="Viz ZX5">{{cite web\|url=https://www.viz.com/read/manga/yu-gi-oh-zexal-volume-5/product/3340\|title=Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal, Vol. 5\|publisher=[[Viz Media]]\|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}</ref> \|LicensedISBN = 978-1-4215-6918-5 \|ChapterList = Rank 25: {{nihongo\|"The 2nd Assassin!!"\|第２の刺客！！\|Dai Ni no shikaku!!}} / "Kaito's King!!" Rank 26: {{nihongo\|"Line World!!"\|ラインワールド！！\|Rain Wārudo!!}} Rank 27: {{nihongo\|"Deriving Deck!!"\|デッキよ導け！！\|Dekki yo Michibike!!}} / "Guide Us, Deck!!" Rank 28: {{nihongo\|"A Shadow's Secret Maneuvers!!"\|暗躍する影！！\|Anyaku suru Kage!!}} / "Shadow Maneuvers!!" Rank 29: {{nihongo\|"Clash of the Champions!!"\|強者激突！！\|Tsuwa Mono Gekitotsu!!}} Rank 30: {{nihongo\|"Unpredictable!!"\|予測不能！！\|Yosokufunō!!}} / "Absolutely Unpredictable!!" \|Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list \|VolumeNumber = 6 \|LicensedTitle = Revealed Sin!! / Sin Revealed!! \|OriginalTitle = 明かされる罪！！ \|TranslitTitle = Akasareru Tsumi!! \|OriginalRelDate = February 4, 2014<ref name="Shueisha ZX6">{{cite web\|url=http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880018-9\|title=遊・戯・王ZEXAL 6\|publisher=[[Shueisha]]\|accessdate=February 8, 2014\|language=Japanese}}</ref> \|OriginalISBN = 978-4-08-880018-9 \|LicensedRelDate = February 3, 2015<ref name="Viz ZX6">{{cite web\|url=https://www.viz.com/read/manga/yu-gi-oh-zexal-volume-6/product/3557\|title=Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal, Vol. 6\|publisher=[[Viz Media]]\|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}</ref> \|LicensedISBN = 978-1-4215-7692-3 \|ChapterList = Rank 31: {{nihongo\|"Save Your Friends!!"\|仲間を救え！！\|Nakama wo Sukue!!}} Rank 32: {{nihongo\|"The Power of Believing in People!!"\|人を信じる力！！\|Hito wo Shinjiru Chikara!!}} Rank 33: {{nihongo\|"Revealed Sin!!"\|明かされる罪！！\|Akasareru Tsumi!!}} / "Sin Revealed!!" Rank 34: {{nihongo\|"The Time of Judgement!!"\|判決の時！！\|Hanketsu no Toki!!}} / "The Hour of Judgement!!" Rank 35: {{nihongo\|"Parting Ways!!"\|決別！！\|Ketsu Betsu!!}} / "Separation!!" Rank 36: {{nihongo\|"Burnt Memories!!"\|焼かれし思い出！！\|Yakareshi Omoide!!}} / "Incinerated Memories!!" \|Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list \|VolumeNumber = 7 \|LicensedTitle = The 1 of Hope!! / Just One Hope!! \|OriginalTitle = 希望の１！！ \|TranslitTitle = Kibō no Ichi!! \|OriginalRelDate = August 4, 2014<ref name="Shueisha ZX7">{{cite web\|url=http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880169-8\|title=遊・戯・王ZEXAL 7\|publisher=[[Shueisha]]\|accessdate=March 1, 2015\|language=Japanese}}</ref> \|OriginalISBN = 978-4-08-880169-8 \|LicensedRelDate = September 1, 2015<ref name="Viz ZX7">{{cite web\|url=https://www.viz.com/read/manga/yu-gi-oh-zexal-volume-7/product/3558\|title=Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal, Vol. 7\|publisher=[[Viz Media]]\|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}</ref> \|LicensedISBN = 978-1421579788 \|ChapterList = Rank 37: {{nihongo\|"Double Duel!!"\|ダブルデュエル！！\|Daburu Dyueru!!}} Rank 38: {{nihongo\|"FA Threat!!"\|ＦＡの脅威！！\|Efu Ei no Kyōi!!}} / "Full Armor Threat!!" Rank 39: {{nihongo\|"Evolving Numbers!!"\|進化するナンバーズ！！\|Shinka suru Nanbāzu!!}} / "The Evolving Number!!" Rank 40: {{nihongo\|"Yagumo's Past!!"\|八雲の過去！！\|Yagumo no Kako!!}} Rank 41: {{nihongo\|"The 1 of Hope!!"\|希望の１！！\|Kibō no Ichi!!}} / "Just One Hope!!" Rank 42: {{nihongo\|"The Power of Bonds!!"\|絆の力！！\|Kizuna no Chikara!!}} \|Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list \|VolumeNumber = 8 \|LicensedTitle = Built-Up Bonds!! / A Bond Between Us!! \|OriginalTitle = 築き上げた絆！！ \|TranslitTitle = Kizukiage ta Kizuna!! \|OriginalRelDate = March 4, 2015<ref name="Shueisha ZX8">{{cite web\|url=http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880309-8\|title=遊・戯・王ZEXAL 8\|publisher=[[Shueisha]]\|accessdate=March 1, 2016\|language=Japanese}}</ref> \|OriginalISBN = 978-4-08-880309-8 \|LicensedRelDate = March 1, 2016<ref name="Viz ZX8">{{cite web\|url=https://www.viz.com/read/manga/yu-gi-oh-zexal-volume-8/product/3736\|title=Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal, Vol. 8\|publisher=[[Viz Media]]\|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}</ref> \|LicensedISBN = 978-1421584485 \|ChapterList = Rank 43: {{nihongo\|"To Another World!!"\|異世界へ！！\|Isekai e!!}} / "To the Otherworld!!" Rank 44: {{nihongo\|"It's Our Problem!!"\|オレたちの問題だ！！\|Oretachi no Mondai da!!}} Rank 45: {{nihongo\|"Yagumo's Original Sin!!"\|八雲の原罪！！\|Yagumo no Genzai!!}} Rank 46: {{nihongo\|"Built-Up Bonds!!"\|築き上げた絆！！ \|Kizukiage ta Kizuna!!}} / "A Bond Between Us!!" Rank 47: {{nihongo\|"The Deity of Despair!!"\|絶望の神！！\|Zetsubō no Kami!!}} Rank 48: {{nihongo\|"The Four Powers!!"\|４つの力！！\|Yottsu no Chikara!!}} \|Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list \|VolumeNumber = 9 \|LicensedTitle = Yuma's Kattobingu!! \|OriginalTitle = 遊馬のかっとビング！！ \|TranslitTitle = Yūma no Kattobingu!! \|OriginalRelDate = October 2, 2015<ref name="Shueisha ZX9">{{cite web\|url=http://books.shueisha.co.jp/CGI/search/syousai_put.cgi?isbn_cd=978-4-08-880492-7\|title=遊・戯・王ZEXAL 9\|publisher=[[Shueisha]]\|accessdate=March 1, 2016\|language=Japanese}}</ref> \|OriginalISBN = 978-4-08-880492-7 \|LicensedRelDate = September 6, 2016<ref name="Viz ZX9">{{cite web\|url=https://www.viz.com/read/manga/yu-gi-oh-zexal-volume-9/product/4884\|title=Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal, Vol. 9\|publisher=[[Viz Media]]\|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}</ref> \|LicensedISBN = 978-1421588162 \|ChapterList = Rank 49: {{nihongo\|"A New Hope!!"\|新しい希望！！\|Atarashii Kibō!!}} Rank 50: {{nihongo\|"The God of Despair!!"\|絶望の神！！\|Zetsubō no Kami!!}} Rank 51: {{nihongo\|"The Name's... Zexal!!"\|その名は･･･ゼアル！！\|Sono na wa... Zearu!!}} / "His Name Is... Zexal!!" Rank 52: {{nihongo\|"The Last Duel!!"\|最後のデュエル！！\|Saigo no dyueru!!}} Rank 53: {{nihongo\|"Yuma's Tactics!!"\|遊馬のタクティクス！！\|Yūma no Takutikusu!!}} Rank 54: {{nihongo\|"The True King of Numbers!!"\|ナンバーズ真の皇！！\|Nanbāzu Shin no Sumeragi!!}} Rank 55: {{nihongo\|"Yuma's Kattobingu!!"\|遊馬のかっとビング！！\|Yūma no Kattobingu!!}} / "Yuma Jets!!" \|Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list/footer}} ==Yu-Gi-Oh! D Team Zexal== Chapter 1: {{nihongo\|"D Team Zexal Start!!"\|Ｄチーム・ゼアル始動！！\|Dī Chīmu Zearu Shidō!!}} (April 3, 2012) Chapter 2: {{nihongo\|"An Instant Turnaround by Magic!!"\|魔法で一発逆転！！\|Mahō de Ippatsu Gyakuten!!}} (May 3, 2012) Chapter 3: {{nihongo\|"Trap of the Counterattack!!"\|逆転の罠！！\|Gyakuten no Wana!!}} (June 3, 2012) Chapter 4: {{nihongo\|"Conclusion of the Fierce Fight!!"\|激闘決着！！\|Gekitō Kecchaku!!}} (July 3, 2012) Chapter 5: {{nihongo\|"Improving the Deck!!"\|デッキ強化だぜ！！\|Dekki Kyōka da ze!!}} (August 3, 2012) Chapter 6: {{nihongo\|"A Duel with the New Deck!!"\|新デッキで決闘！！\|Shin Dekki de Kettō!!}} (September 3, 2012) Chapter 7: {{nihongo\|"Preliminaries of the Duel Tournament!!"\|決闘大会予選！！\|Kettō Taikai Yosen!!}} (October 3, 2012) Chapter 8: {{nihongo\|"The Duel tournament Opens!!"\|デュエル大会開幕！！\|Deyueru Taikai Kaimaku!!}} (November 3, 2012) Chapter 9: {{nihongo\|"Heated Conclusion!!"\|熱き決着！！\|Atsuki Ketchaku!!}} (December 3, 2012) Chapter 10: {{nihongo\|"Horror Duel!?"\|ホラー決闘！？\|Horā Kettō!?}} (January 3, 2013) Chapter 11: {{nihongo\|"The Grand Finale Preliminaries!!"\|予選最終戦だ！！\|Yosen Saishū Sen da!!}} (February 3, 2013) Chapter 12: {{nihongo\|"Clash! Shark!!"\|激突！シャーク！！\|Gekitotsu! Shāku!!}} (March 3, 2013) Chapter 13: {{nihongo\|"It's Kattobing!!"\|かっとビングだ！！\|Kattobingu Da!!}} (April 3, 2013) Chapter 14: {{nihongo\|"Next up is the Club Activities!!"\|次は部活だぜ！！\|Tsugi wa Bukatsu da ze!!}} (June 3, 2013) Chapter 15: {{nihongo\|"Chivalrous Duel!!"\|騎士道デュエル！！\|Kishidō Dyueru!!}} (July 3, 2013) Chapter 16: {{nihongo\|"All-Out Duel!!"\|全力の決闘！！\|Zenryoku no Kettō!!}} (August 3, 2013) Chapter 17: {{nihongo\|"Asia Champion!!"\|アジアチャンピオン！！\|Ajia Chanpion!!}} (September 3, 2013) Chapter 18: {{nihongo\|"Galaxy-Eyes' Onslaught!!"\|銀河眼強襲！！\|Ginga Me Kyōshū!!}} (October 3, 2013) Chapter 19: {{nihongo\|"Duel Test!!"\|デュエルの課題！！\|Deyueru no Kadai!!}} (November 3, 2013) Chapter 20: {{nihongo\|"The DTC Opens!!"\|Ｄ・Ｔ・Ｃ開幕！！\|Dī Tī Shī Kaimaku!!}} (December 3, 2013) Chapter 21: {{nihongo\|"Wicked Hero!!"\|悪のヒーロー！！\|Aku no Hīrō!!}} (January 3, 2014) Chapter 22: {{nihongo\|"VS The Synchro User"\|ＶＳシンクロ使い\|Bāsasu Shinkuro Tsukai}} (February 3, 2014)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.saikyojump.com/manga/\|title=Chapter 22\|accessdate=February 8, 2014\|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209191350/http://www.saikyojump.com/manga/\|archivedate=February 9, 2014}}</ref> Chapter 23: {{nihongo\|"The Menace of Hope!!"\|ホープの脅威！！\|Hōpu no Kyōi!!}} (March 3, 2014) Final Chapter: {{nihongo\|"D Team's Bonds!!"\|Ｄチームの絆！！\|Dī Chīmu no Kizuna!!}} (April 3, 2014) ==References== {{reflist}} {{Yu-Gi-Oh!}} [[Category:Lists of manga volumes and chapters\|Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal]] [[Category:Yu-Gi-Oh! chapter lists\|Zexal]]	1,152,646,048	[]	false
# 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes The 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes (or 1992 Petrolia earthquakes) occurred along the Lost Coast of Northern California on April 25 and 26. The three largest events were the M7.2 thrust mainshock that struck near the unincorporated community of Petrolia midday on April 25 and two primary strike-slip aftershocks measuring 6.5 and 6.6 that followed early the next morning. The sequence encompassed both interplate and intraplate activity that was associated with the Mendocino triple junction, a complex system of three major faults (including the Cascadia subduction zone, San Andreas Fault, and Mendocino fracture zone) that converge near Cape Mendocino. The total number of aftershocks that followed the events exceeded 2,000. The three shocks damaged and destroyed homes and businesses in Humboldt County and injured up to 356 people, but the single largest loss was due to a post-earthquake fire that consumed a business center in Scotia. Accelerometers that had been in place in the Cape Mendocino area since the late 1970s recorded the event and the readings were moderate to strong, with the exception of the instruments closest to the epicenter, which went off scale a few seconds into the recording. No surface ruptures were present in the epicentral area, but landslides closed roads and railroad tracks for at least a week while cleanup took place. Also discovered was about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) of coastal uplift near Cape Mendocino and Punta Gorda. As the largest earthquake in California since the 1989 Loma Prieta event, the mainshock caused a non-destructive tsunami that quickly reached the coast, and eventually Alaska and Hawaii several hours later. The tsunami was significant not because of its run-up, but because of the speed with which it reached the coast and for how long the waves persisted. Other strong earthquakes have affected the same area, with some that were clearly associated with the (interplate) Mendocino fracture zone, and others (like the two shocks on April 26) were intraplate earthquakes that ruptured within the Gorda plate, but events that are unequivocally associated with the Cascadia subduction zone are infrequent. ## Tectonic setting The northernmost coastal area is one of California's most seismically active regions and, in a 50-year period, the area including the Mendocino fracture zone at the southern flank of the Gorda plate generated about 25 percent of all seismic energy unleashed in the state. The Mendocino triple junction (strike-slip/strike-slip/trench) formed 29–30 mya at 31° N (west of present-day Baja California) when the Pacific-Farallon spreading center initially approached the subduction zone off the coast of western North America. Simultaneously, the Rivera triple junction shifted to the southeast to its current position at 23° N. Once the Pacific plate and North American plate connected, the boundary became that of a transform fault (San Andreas) due to the northwestward motion of the Pacific plate relative to the North American plate. The San Andreas Fault continues to lengthen to the northwest and the southeast as the two triple junctions continue their transient motion. North of the Mendocino triple junction, the Gorda plate is subducting beneath the North American plate at the Cascadia subduction zone, with a convergence rate of 2.5–3 centimeters (0.98–1.18 in) per year, but comparisons with other subduction zones have led to a belief that the convergence may be taking place aseismically. The distinct lack of interplate events there has generated contention regarding the zone's seismic hazard, though there are strong indications that substantial historic events have occurred in the Pacific Northwest. Submerged wetlands and raised marine terraces both illustrate the presence of past events, and radiocarbon dating of rock layers has revealed that three seismic events took place in the last 2,000 years, with the most recent event being the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. The Gorda plate is undergoing a process of intraplate deformation and experiences large intraplate earthquakes that may be the result of north–south compression of the oceanic crust along the Mendocino fracture zone. ## Earthquakes The region near the triple junction experiences high seismicity, with more than 60 earthquakes of intensity VI (Strong) or greater or magnitudes ≥ 5.5 since 1853. The mainshock in the sequence (11:06 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time) occurred onshore, 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) west of Petrolia at a depth of 10.5 kilometers, and was among an infrequent number of earthquakes with fault-plane solutions that conveyed evidence of slip at the Cascadia subduction zone. While the focal mechanism indicated slip on a thrust fault striking N.10°W with a shallow dip of 13° to the east-northeast, the rupture most likely propagated to the west, based on the mainshock location at the southeastern boundary of the aftershock zone. Investigation of more than 1,200 surveys from the North Coast area led to the assignment of an intensity rating of IX (Violent) on the Modified Mercalli scale for the region near Petrolia. In opposition to the mainshock that was located onshore, the two large strike-slip aftershocks occurred the following morning (12:41 a.m. and 4:18 a.m. PDT) and were located offshore, 30 km (19 mi) to the west of the main shock within the Gorda plate. Both shocks (M6.5 and 6.6) were of intensity VIII (Severe), occurred at a depth of 20 kilometers (12 mi), and exhibited right-lateral motion. Of the several thousand aftershocks in the sequence, none were found to have occurred on the Mendocino fracture zone, but numerous events were located on the eastward projection of that fault. The mainshock's rupture duration was described as a smooth nine seconds, while the two aftershocks had more complex and slightly longer ruptures of 14–15 seconds. That the two strike-slip events followed a thrust event indicated a strong coupling of stresses at the North American and Gorda plate boundaries, and underscored the convoluted nature of the interconnected faults in that area. ### Damage The initial event caused a number of wood-framed homes in Scotia to come off their foundations while the porches of some other homes became detached. The 25 MW cogeneration plant there that used wood waste products to power both the lumber company and the town suffered damage and both lumber mills were shut down for several weeks. In Rio Dell, across the Eel River from Scotia, glass store fronts along the main street were shattered and numerous buildings slipped into a culvert along Monument Road. In Petrolia (the small community closest to the epicenter) the general store (combined with a post office and gas station) was destroyed by fire, and in Fortuna, damage totaled $4 million. A six figure portion of that figure was due to losses at the high school's gymnasium. The two aftershocks the following morning were separated by less than four hours and both caused at least as much damage as the mainshock. A large fire was triggered following the first aftershock at a shopping center in Scotia that destroyed four businesses, with the resulting damage at that site alone estimated at $15 million, and was the largest individual financial misfortune of the sequence of earthquakes. The water supply in Rio Dell was terminated when the water main was severed at the abutment to the Eel River bridge and power outages were widespread throughout Humboldt County. Some were mere seconds while others lasted for hours, but the hydroelectric plant's performance at Ruth Reservoir was deemed acceptable, and power that was not generated locally was unaffected. Damage estimates were as high as $75 million, one third of which was due to bridges and roads, and the remainder of the costs were structure-related. The American Red Cross compiled damage statistics in the county and the totals included 906 damaged homes and apartments. Almost half of those were severely damaged and an additional 200 homes were destroyed. In Petrolia, the post office, three businesses, and 44 homes were destroyed, and another 68 residences were damaged. In Ferndale, 29 homes were knocked off their foundations and 126 were damaged, along with 51 businesses. In Rio Dell, 127 buildings were damaged or destroyed. With 98 homes and 41 businesses experiencing some form of damage, the city of Fortuna experienced losses totaling $3.8 million. Eureka and Arcata (25 miles (40 km) north of the Eel River valley) saw light damage and no injuries, while the unincorporated communities of Weott and Carlotta reported damage of less than $2 million combined. ### Strong motion As the largest earthquake in California since the October 1989 event in the Santa Cruz Mountains, the mainshock near Petrolia produced some of the highest ground motions ever recorded (at that time) by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP). Fourteen existing CSMIP stations comprising 84 strong motion sensors recorded the event, ten of which were ground response stations. The remaining four were located on structures, including a Highway 101 overpass in Rio Dell, a dam, a one-story supermarket in Fortuna, and a 5-story residential building in Eureka. The supermarket, residential building, and dam were 28, 50, and 75 kilometers distant from the epicenter respectively, and recorded peak accelerations of 0.46 g, 0.34 g, and 0.15 g. An accelerograph at the Painter Street overpass (a concrete bridge, 24 km (15 mi) from the epicenter) recorded a free field acceleration of 0.55 g and an instrument on the structure saw an amplified peak of 1.23 g during the mainshock. The CSMIP Cape Mendocino station was installed in 1978 and was located just 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) from the epicenter on the slope of a ridge in the coast ranges. The instruments there had been mounted on a concrete platform adjacent to a roadway and remained firmly secured to the rock platform following the shocks. A landslide came within 50 meters (160 ft) of the device and left debris on the road, but a lack of large rocks close to the instrument and no cracking of the rocks near the platform left geologists with no clear explanation for the extraordinarily high vertical component reading of 1.85 g. The tri-axial analog accelerometer that was in use was physically limited to that value and all three traces had uniformly significant values at three seconds into the recording. A post-earthquake lab test of the seismometer and an inspection of the photographically enlarged accelerogram revealed that the limit was hit twice, with a maximum deflection of 31 mm, as the needle bounced off the unit's mass. An extrapolation of the vertical record led to a maximum acceleration estimate of 2.2 g for that site, and the unit was eventually replaced with a higher capacity digital device. ### Ground effects The sequence of earthquakes caused widespread landslides from the coast to east of Scotia and from the northern extent of the Eel River basin near Thompson Hill to south of Petrolia. Most of these were existing landslides that had been re-initiated and the largest of the slides were either slumps or bedding plane failures along the coastal bluffs. Several slump failures between Guthrie Creek and Oil Creek stretched from the bluffs towards the shore for a distance of 150 meters (490 ft), leaving some of the slide to be eroded by the surf. The road between Ferndale and Petrolia was closed for more than a week where about six mostly minor landslides blocked the passage, with the roadway itself sustaining light damage due to sliding or settlement of the road fill in a few instances. One of the largest slides occurred along the railroad tracks at the Scotia bluffs where previous slides had taken place. That slide also took about a week to clear. During a survey following the earthquake, evidence of coastal uplift was detected when dead and decomposing intertidal organisms were discovered along the beaches in the epicentral region. Further investigation revealed that a 15 km (9.3 mi) portion of the shoreline between Cape Mendocino and near Punta Gorda had been uplifted by as much as 1 m (3 ft 3 in) near the middle portion, and decreasing amounts near the outer portions of the affected area. Evidence of previous events has been found in the form of sequential marine terraces along the coast, with periodic events creating shelves at 300, 1,700, 3,000, and 5,000 years before present. No surface ruptures were found during aerial surveillance, but lateral spreading features were observed on a channel near the mouth of the Eel River. ## Tsunami The mainshock generated a small tsunami that was recorded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's sea level gauge stations on the coasts of northern California, Oregon, and Hawaii. The series of waves first came ashore at the North Spit station in Eureka after a 26-minute travel time, but the largest surges were seen just to the north at Crescent City and arrived close to low tide, a condition that would have lowered the risk had the surges had a destructive capacity. The first packet of energy reached that location in 47 minutes and had a maximum wave height of 35 cm (14 in), and a second, larger packet arrived later with a maximum amplitude of 53 cm (21 in). The waves were also detected to the south in the interior of San Francisco Bay at Alameda, but with a considerable delay (135 minutes after the mainshock), due to the shallow waters of the bay and the shelf surrounding the bay's entrance. The speed a tsunami travels is directly related to the depth of the water in which it is traversing. The tsunami was detected farther to the south in Monterey, for example, after just a 64-minute travel time, due to the deeper offshore waters and those in the Monterey Bay. At 3,720 kilometers (2,310 mi) distant, the tsunami was perceptible on the Hawaiian island of Maui at Kahului. The location of the islands lay on a great circle route that is also perpendicular to the region of (presumed) uplifted land at the coast near Cape Mendocino and any energy distributed would be the strongest in that direction. No tsunami was detected at Johnston Atoll, 5,050 kilometers (3,140 mi) from Cape Mendocino in the north Pacific Ocean, but bottom pressure recorders registered a maximum amplitude of .4 cm (0.16 in) in 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) of water in the Gulf of Alaska, with 3.75 hours of travel time. While the waves generated by the earthquake were limited, the event demonstrated the rapid onset of tsunami hazards, giving little time for coastal residents to prepare. In this case, the strongest waves came ashore in Crescent City three to four hours after the initial surge, but it is possible to be just the opposite where the first waves could be the strongest. Also detailed from this event was that the wave hazard can be of long duration, with wave action lingering for more than eight hours. ## Other events The Mendocino Fault is seismically active with mostly small and moderate earthquakes, but the largest event that was unequivocally associated with the fault was the M6.9 earthquake on September 1, 1994, at 125.8 W longitude. Aftershocks of that event with corresponding dextral strike-slip focal mechanisms occurred farther to the east and close to the Mendocino triple junction. Another large event (7.3–7.6) occurred on January 31, 1922 (with an aftershock of M7+ the next day) but the sources of these shocks could not be determined with any precision as the first seismographs did not arrive in the area until 1932. Due to their offshore epicenters all of these events caused little damage though were felt across a broad area. Previous Gorda plate events include the July 13 and August 17, 1991, shocks of 6.8 and 7.1 and the M7.3 event on November 10, 1980, west of Arcata.	enwiki/26729604	enwiki	26,729,604	1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Cape_Mendocino_earthquakes	2025-04-26T03:26:55Z	en	Q4587573	176,251	{{Short description\|None}} {{Good article}} {{Infobox earthquake \| title = 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes \| timestamp = 1992-04-25 18:06:06 \| isc-event = 297295 \| anss-url = iscgem297295 \| local-date = {{Start date\|1992\|04\|25}} \| local-time = 11:06:06 PDT \| map2 = {{Location map+ \| USA California#USA \| relief = yes \| places = {{Location map~\|California\|lat=37.78\|long=-122.42\|label_size=100\|label=San Francisco\|mark=Green pog.svg}} {{Location map~\|California\|lat=40.80\|long=-124.16\|label_size=100\|label=Eureka\|position=top\|mark=Green pog.svg}} {{Location map~\|California\|lat=36.6\|long=-121.9\|label_size=100\|label=Monterey\|position=right\|mark=Green pog.svg}} {{Location map~\|California\|lat=40.33\|long=-124.23\|mark=Bullseye1.png\|marksize=40}} \| width = 250 \| float = center\|border=infobox \| caption = }} \| duration = 9 seconds<ref>{{harvnb\|Velasco\|Ammon\|Lay\|1994\|p=711}}</ref> \| magnitude = 7.2 {{M\|w\|link=y}}<ref name=Toppozada/> \| intensity = {{MMI\|IX}}<ref name=Oppenheimer_p433/> \| PGA = 2.2 ''[[peak ground acceleration\|g]]'' (est)<ref>{{harvnb\|Shakal\|Darragh\|Huang\|Cao\|1992\|p=6}}</ref> \| depth = {{convert\|10.5\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on\|sp=us}}<ref name=Oppenheimer_p433>{{harvnb\|Oppenheimer\|Eaton\|Jayko\|Lisowski\|1993\|p=433}}</ref> \| location = {{Coord\|40.33\|N\|124.23\|W\|display=inline,title}}<ref name=Toppozada/> \| countries affected = [[North Coast (California)]] <br> United States \| tsunami = Yes \| damage = $48.3–75 million<ref name=Toppozada/><ref name=NGDC/> \| aftershocks = 6.5 {{M\|w}} April 26 at 0:41 <br> 6.6 {{M\|w}} April 26 at 4:18 \| casualties = 98–356 injuries<ref name=Oppenheimer_p433/><ref name=NGDC/> }} The '''1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes''' (or '''1992 Petrolia earthquakes''') occurred along the [[Lost Coast]] of [[Northern California]] on April 25 and 26. The three largest events were the M7.2 [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults\|thrust]] mainshock that struck near the unincorporated community of [[Petrolia, California\|Petrolia]] midday on April 25 and two primary [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults\|strike-slip]] aftershocks measuring 6.5 and 6.6 that followed early the next morning. The sequence encompassed both [[interplate earthquake\|interplate]] and [[intraplate earthquake\|intraplate]] activity that was associated with the [[Mendocino triple junction]], a complex system of three major faults (including the [[Cascadia subduction zone]], [[San Andreas Fault]], and [[Mendocino fracture zone]]) that converge near [[Cape Mendocino]]. The total number of aftershocks that followed the events exceeded 2,000. The three shocks damaged and destroyed homes and businesses in [[Humboldt County, California\|Humboldt County]] and injured up to 356 people, but the single largest loss was due to a post-earthquake fire that consumed a business center in [[Scotia, California\|Scotia]]. [[Accelerometer]]s that had been in place in the Cape Mendocino area since the late 1970s recorded the event and the readings were moderate to strong, with the exception of the instruments closest to the epicenter, which went off scale a few seconds into the recording. No surface ruptures were present in the epicentral area, but landslides closed roads and railroad tracks for at least a week while cleanup took place. Also discovered was about {{convert\|1\|m\|abbr=on}} of coastal uplift near Cape Mendocino and Punta Gorda. As the largest earthquake in California since the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\|1989 Loma Prieta event]], the mainshock caused a non-destructive [[tsunami]] that quickly reached the coast, and eventually Alaska and Hawaii several hours later. The tsunami was significant not because of its run-up, but because of the speed with which it reached the coast and for how long the waves persisted. Other strong earthquakes have affected the same area, with some that were clearly associated with the (interplate) Mendocino fracture zone, and others (like the two shocks on April 26) were intraplate earthquakes that ruptured within the [[Gorda plate]], but events that are unequivocally associated with the Cascadia subduction zone are infrequent. == Tectonic setting == {{See also\|Blanco fracture zone\|Farallon plate}} The northernmost coastal area is one of California's most seismically active regions and, in a 50-year period, the area including the [[Mendocino fracture zone]] at the southern flank of the [[Gorda plate]] generated about 25 percent of all seismic energy unleashed in the state. The [[Mendocino triple junction]] (strike-slip/strike-slip/[[Oceanic trench\|trench]]) formed 29–30 [[myr\|mya]] at 31° N (west of present-day [[Baja California]]) when the Pacific-Farallon spreading center initially approached the subduction zone off the coast of western North America. Simultaneously, the [[Rivera triple junction]] shifted to the southeast to its current position at 23° N. Once the [[Pacific plate]] and [[North American plate]] connected, the boundary became that of a [[transform fault]] (San Andreas) due to the northwestward motion of the Pacific plate relative to the North American plate. The [[San Andreas Fault]] continues to lengthen to the northwest and the southeast as the two [[triple junction]]s continue their transient motion.<ref name=Velasco_p711_713>{{harvnb\|Velasco\|Ammon\|Lay\|1994\|pp=711–713}}</ref><ref name=yeats>{{citation\|title=Active Faults of the World\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQUgAwAAQBAJ\|last=Yeats\|first=R.\|year=2012\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|isbn=978-0-521-19085-5\|pages=83–84}}</ref> North of the Mendocino triple junction, the Gorda plate is [[Subduction\|subducting]] beneath the North American plate at the Cascadia subduction zone, with a convergence rate of {{convert\|2.5\|-\|3\|cm\|sp=us}} per year, but comparisons with other subduction zones have led to a belief that the convergence may be taking place aseismically. The distinct lack of [[Interplate earthquake\|interplate]] events there has generated contention regarding the zone's seismic hazard, though there are strong indications that substantial historic events have occurred in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. Submerged wetlands and raised [[marine terrace]]s both illustrate the presence of past events, and radiocarbon dating of rock layers has revealed that three seismic events took place in the last 2,000 years, with the most recent event being the [[1700 Cascadia earthquake]]. The Gorda plate is undergoing a process of [[intraplate deformation]] and experiences large intraplate earthquakes that may be the result of north–south compression of the [[oceanic crust]] along the Mendocino fracture zone.<ref name=Velasco_p711_713/><ref name=Oppenheimer_p433_436/> == Earthquakes == {{multiple image \| align = right \| image1 = USGS Shakemap - 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake.jpg \| image2 = USGS Shakemap - 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake (second aftershock).jpg \| footer = USGS ShakeMaps showing the mainshock (left) and the second (and slightly stronger) 4:18 PDT aftershock's intensity}} {{See also\|List of earthquakes in California}} The region near the triple junction experiences high seismicity, with more than 60 earthquakes of intensity VI (''Strong'') or greater or magnitudes ≥ 5.5 since 1853. The mainshock in the sequence (11:06 a.m. [[Pacific Daylight Time]]) occurred onshore, {{convert\|4\|km\|sp=us}} west of [[Petrolia, California\|Petrolia]] at a depth of 10.5 kilometers, and was among an infrequent number of earthquakes with [[Focal mechanism\|fault-plane solutions]] that conveyed evidence of slip at the Cascadia subduction zone. While the focal mechanism indicated slip on a thrust fault [[Strike and dip\|striking]] N.10°W with a shallow [[Strike and dip\|dip]] of 13° to the east-northeast, the rupture most likely propagated to the west, based on the mainshock location at the southeastern boundary of the [[aftershock]] zone. Investigation of more than 1,200 surveys from the [[North Coast (California)\|North Coast]] area led to the assignment of an intensity rating of IX (''Violent)'' on the [[Mercalli intensity scale\|Modified Mercalli scale]] for the region near Petrolia.<ref name=Oppenheimer_p433_436>{{harvnb\|Oppenheimer\|Eaton\|Jayko\|Lisowski\|1993\|pp=433–436}}</ref> In opposition to the mainshock that was located onshore, the two large strike-slip aftershocks occurred the following morning (12:41 a.m. and 4:18 a.m. PDT) and were located offshore, {{convert\|30\|km\|abbr=on}} to the west of the main shock within the Gorda plate. Both shocks (M6.5 and 6.6) were of intensity VIII (''Severe''), occurred at a depth of {{convert\|20\|km\|sp=us}}, and exhibited [[Dextral#Geology\|right-lateral]] motion. Of the several thousand aftershocks in the sequence, none were found to have occurred on the Mendocino fracture zone, but numerous events were located on the eastward projection of that fault. The mainshock's rupture duration was described as a smooth nine seconds, while the two aftershocks had more complex and slightly longer ruptures of 14–15 seconds. That the two strike-slip events followed a thrust event indicated a strong coupling of stresses at the North American and Gorda plate boundaries, and underscored the convoluted nature of the interconnected faults in that area.<ref name=Velasco_p711_713/><ref name=Oppenheimer_p433_436/> === Damage === [[Image:Ferndale damage 1992.png\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|left\|Cars crushed by a fallen brick facade in [[Ferndale, California]]]] The initial event caused a number of wood-framed homes in Scotia to come off their foundations while the porches of some other homes became detached. The 25 MW [[cogeneration]] plant there that used wood waste products to power both the lumber company and the town suffered damage and both lumber mills were shut down for several weeks. In [[Rio Dell, California\|Rio Dell]], across the [[Eel River (California)\|Eel River]] from Scotia, glass store fronts along the main street were shattered and numerous buildings slipped into a culvert along Monument Road. In Petrolia (the small community closest to the epicenter) the general store (combined with a post office and gas station) was destroyed by fire, and in [[Fortuna, California\|Fortuna]], damage totaled $4 million. A six figure portion of that figure was due to losses at the high school's gymnasium.<ref>{{harvnb\|O'Brien\|1993\|pp=43, 55}}</ref> The two aftershocks the following morning were separated by less than four hours and both caused at least as much damage as the mainshock. A large fire was triggered following the first aftershock at a shopping center in Scotia that destroyed four businesses, with the resulting damage at that site alone estimated at $15 million, and was the largest individual financial misfortune of the sequence of earthquakes. The water supply in Rio Dell was terminated when the water main was severed at the abutment to the Eel River bridge and power outages were widespread throughout [[Humboldt County, California\|Humboldt County]]. Some were mere seconds while others lasted for hours, but the hydroelectric plant's performance at [[Ruth Reservoir]] was deemed acceptable, and power that was not generated locally was unaffected.<ref>{{harvnb\|O'Brien\|1993\|pp=55, 67, 71}}</ref> [[Image:Alford-Nielson House 1992 EarthquakeDamages.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|The [[Alford-Nielson House]] in Ferndale fell off its foundation in the quake (O'Brien 1993, p. 81). It was later restored.]] Damage estimates were as high as $75 million, one third of which was due to bridges and roads, and the remainder of the costs were structure-related. The [[American Red Cross]] compiled damage statistics in the county and the totals included 906 damaged homes and apartments. Almost half of those were severely damaged and an additional 200 homes were destroyed. In Petrolia, the post office, three businesses, and 44 homes were destroyed, and another 68 residences were damaged. In [[Ferndale, California\|Ferndale]], 29 homes were knocked off their foundations and 126 were damaged, along with 51 businesses. In Rio Dell, 127 buildings were damaged or destroyed. With 98 homes and 41 businesses experiencing some form of damage, the city of Fortuna experienced losses totaling $3.8 million. [[Eureka, California\|Eureka]] and [[Arcata, California\|Arcata]] ({{convert\|25\|mi}} north of the Eel River valley) saw light damage and no injuries, while the unincorporated communities of [[Weott, California\|Weott]] and [[Carlotta, California\|Carlotta]] reported damage of less than $2 million combined.<ref name=Bernard/><ref>{{harvnb\|O'Brien\|1993\|pp=71, 72}}</ref> === Strong motion === As the largest earthquake in California since the October 1989 event in the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]], the mainshock near Petrolia produced some of the highest ground motions ever recorded (at that time) by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP). Fourteen existing CSMIP stations comprising 84 strong motion sensors recorded the event, ten of which were ground response stations. The remaining four were located on structures, including a [[U.S. Route 101\|Highway 101]] overpass in Rio Dell, a dam, a one-story supermarket in Fortuna, and a 5-story residential building in Eureka. The supermarket, residential building, and dam were 28, 50, and 75 kilometers distant from the epicenter respectively, and recorded peak accelerations of 0.46 ''g'', 0.34 ''g'', and 0.15 ''g''. An [[accelerograph]] at the Painter Street overpass (a concrete bridge, {{convert\|24\|km\|abbr=on}} from the epicenter) recorded a free field acceleration of 0.55 ''g'' and an instrument on the structure saw an amplified peak of 1.23 ''g'' during the mainshock.<ref name=Shakal>{{harvnb\|Shakal\|Darragh\|Huang\|Cao\|1992\|pp=1–6, 11–14}}</ref> The CSMIP Cape Mendocino station was installed in 1978 and was located just {{convert\|4\|km\|sp=us}} from the epicenter on the slope of a ridge in the [[California Coast Ranges\|coast ranges]]. The instruments there had been mounted on a concrete platform adjacent to a roadway and remained firmly secured to the rock platform following the shocks. A landslide came within {{convert\|50\|m\|sp=us}} of the device and left debris on the road, but a lack of large rocks close to the instrument and no cracking of the rocks near the platform left geologists with no clear explanation for the extraordinarily high vertical component reading of 1.85 ''g''. The tri-axial analog accelerometer that was in use was physically limited to that value and all three traces had uniformly significant values at three seconds into the recording. A post-earthquake lab test of the seismometer and an inspection of the photographically enlarged accelerogram revealed that the limit was hit twice, with a maximum deflection of 31 mm, as the needle bounced off the unit's mass. An extrapolation of the vertical record led to a maximum acceleration estimate of 2.2 ''g'' for that site, and the unit was eventually replaced with a higher capacity digital device.<ref name=Shakal/> === Ground effects === [[File:Landslide1992CapeMendocino.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|left\|A landslide west of Ferndale]] The sequence of earthquakes caused widespread [[landslide]]s from the coast to east of Scotia and from the northern extent of the Eel River basin near Thompson Hill to south of Petrolia. Most of these were existing landslides that had been re-initiated and the largest of the slides were either [[Slump (geology)\|slumps]] or [[Bed (geology)\|bedding plane]] failures along the coastal bluffs. Several slump failures between Guthrie Creek and Oil Creek stretched from the bluffs towards the shore for a distance of {{convert\|150\|m\|sp=us}}, leaving some of the slide to be eroded by the surf. The road between Ferndale and Petrolia was closed for more than a week where about six mostly minor landslides blocked the passage, with the roadway itself sustaining light damage due to sliding or settlement of the road fill in a few instances. One of the largest slides occurred along the railroad tracks at the Scotia bluffs where previous slides had taken place. That slide also took about a week to clear.<ref name=Green/> During a survey following the earthquake, evidence of coastal uplift was detected when dead and decomposing intertidal organisms were discovered along the beaches in the epicentral region. Further investigation revealed that a {{convert\|15\|km\|abbr=on}} portion of the shoreline between Cape Mendocino and near Punta Gorda had been uplifted by as much as {{convert\|1\|m\|abbr=on}} near the middle portion, and decreasing amounts near the outer portions of the affected area. Evidence of previous events has been found in the form of sequential marine terraces along the coast, with periodic events creating shelves at 300, 1,700, 3,000, and 5,000 years before present. No surface ruptures were found during aerial surveillance, but lateral spreading features were observed on a channel near the mouth of the Eel River.<ref name=Green>{{cite conference\|url=http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2248&context=icchge\|title=Geotechnical aspects of the Petrolia earthquake\|first1=R. K.\|last1=Green\|first2=T. L.\|last2=Sawyer\|year=1993\|conference=Proceedings: Third International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, June 1–4, 1993\|series=Paper No. 14.08\|pages=1715–1717}}</ref>{{clear}} == Tsunami == The mainshock generated a small tsunami that was recorded by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'s sea level gauge stations on the coasts of northern California, Oregon, and Hawaii. The series of waves first came ashore at the North Spit station in Eureka after a 26-minute travel time, but the largest surges were seen just to the north at [[Crescent City, California\|Crescent City]] and arrived close to low [[tide]], a condition that would have lowered the risk had the surges had a destructive capacity. The first packet of energy reached that location in 47 minutes and had a maximum wave height of {{convert\|35\|cm\|abbr=on}}, and a second, larger packet arrived later with a maximum amplitude of {{convert\|53\|cm\|abbr=on}}. The waves were also detected to the south in the interior of [[San Francisco Bay]] at Alameda, but with a considerable delay (135 minutes after the mainshock), due to the shallow waters of the bay and the [[Continental shelf\|shelf]] surrounding the bay's entrance. The speed a tsunami travels is directly related to the depth of the water in which it is traversing. The tsunami was detected farther to the south in Monterey, for example, after just a 64-minute travel time, due to the deeper offshore waters and those in the [[Monterey Bay]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Gonzalez\|Bernard\|Satake\|1995\|pp=151–154}}</ref> At {{convert\|3720\|km\|sp=us}} distant, the tsunami was perceptible on the [[Hawaii (island)\|Hawaiian]] island of Maui at [[Kahului, Hawaii\|Kahului]]. The location of the islands lay on a [[great circle]] route that is also perpendicular to the region of (presumed) uplifted land at the coast near Cape Mendocino and any energy distributed would be the strongest in that direction. No tsunami was detected at [[Johnston Atoll]], {{convert\|5050\|km\|sp=us}} from Cape Mendocino in the north Pacific Ocean, but bottom pressure recorders registered a maximum amplitude of {{convert\|.4\|cm\|abbr=on}} in {{convert\|4000\|m\|sp=us}} of water in the [[Gulf of Alaska]], with 3.75 hours of travel time. While the waves generated by the earthquake were limited, the event demonstrated the rapid onset of tsunami hazards, giving little time for coastal residents to prepare. In this case, the strongest waves came ashore in Crescent City three to four hours after the initial surge, but it is possible to be just the opposite where the first waves could be the strongest. Also detailed from this event was that the wave hazard can be of long duration, with wave action lingering for more than eight hours.<ref>{{harvnb\|Gonzalez\|Bernard\|Satake\|1995\|pp=154–156}}</ref> == Other events == {{See also\|1980 Eureka earthquake\|2010 Eureka earthquake\|2022 Ferndale earthquake}} The Mendocino Fault is seismically active with mostly small and moderate earthquakes, but the largest event that was unequivocally associated with the fault was the M6.9 earthquake on September 1, 1994, at 125.8 W longitude. Aftershocks of that event with corresponding [[Sinistral and dextral#Geology\|dextral]] strike-slip focal mechanisms occurred farther to the east and close to the Mendocino triple junction. Another large event (7.3–7.6) occurred on January 31, 1922 (with an aftershock of M7+ the next day) but the sources of these shocks could not be determined with any precision as the first seismographs did not arrive in the area until 1932. Due to their offshore epicenters all of these events caused little damage though were felt across a broad area. Previous Gorda plate events include the July 13 and August 17, 1991, shocks of 6.8 and 7.1 and the M7.3 event on November 10, 1980, west of Arcata.<ref name=Velasco_p711_713/><ref name=yeats/> ==References== {{Portal\|California}} {{Reflist\|refs= <ref name=Bernard>{{citation\|title=Perspectives on Tsunami Hazard Reduction: Observations, Theory and Planning\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BZFd6wCpkUC&pg=PA189\|chapter=Reducing tsunami hazards along U.S. coastlines\|first=E. N.\|last=Bernard\|year=1997\|isbn=978-0-7923-4811-5\|page=189\|publisher=Springer}}</ref> <ref name=NGDC>{{citation\|title=Significant Earthquake Database\|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929000601/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=September 29, 2006\|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)\|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\|NOAA]]\|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K\|year=1972\|type=Data Set}}</ref> <ref name=Toppozada>{{citation\|title=California earthquake history\|url=http://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/3317/3363\|first1=T. R.\|last1=Toppozada\|first2=D.\|last2=Branum\|year=2004\|journal=Annals of Geophysics\|volume=47\|number=2–3\|pages=511}}</ref> }} '''Sources''' {{Refbegin}} * {{citation\|title=Tsunami: Progress in Prediction, Disaster Prevention and Warning\|chapter=The Cape Mendocino Tsunami, 25 April 1992\|first1=F. I.\|last1=Gonzalez\|first2=E. N.\|last2=Bernard\|first3=K.\|last3=Satake\|series=Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research\|volume=4\|year=1995\|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media\|Kluwer Academic Publishers]]\|isbn=978-0-7923-3483-5\|pages=151–158\|doi=10.1007/978-94-015-8565-1_10}} * {{citation\|title=A survey of damage to historic buildings and an evaluation of disaster response procedures following the Cape Mendocino earthquakes of April 1992\|url=http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/Text/S31636\|first=M. K.\|last=O'Brien\|year=1993\|publisher=Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research\|access-date=2013-09-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185840/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/Text/S31636\|archive-date=2016-03-04\|url-status=dead}} * {{citation\|title=The Cape Mendocino, California, Earthquakes of April 1992: Subduction at the Triple Junction\|url=http://seismo.berkeley.edu/~barbara/REPRINTS/oppenheimer-science93.pdf\|first1=D.\|last1=Oppenheimer\|first2=J.\|last2=Eaton\|first3=A.\|last3=Jayko\|first4=M.\|last4=Lisowski\|first5=G.\|last5=Marshall\|first6=M.\|last6=Murray\|first7=R.\|last7=Simpson\|first8=R.\|last8=Stein\|authorlink8=Ross Stein\|first9=G.\|last9=Beroza\|author-link9=Gregory Beroza\|first10=M.\|last10=Magee\|first11=G.\|last11=Carver\|first12=L.\|last12=Dengler\|first13=R.\|last13=McPherson\|first14=L.\|last14=Gee\|first15=B.\|last15=Romanowicz\|author-link15=Barbara A. Romanowicz\|first16=F.\|last16=Gonzalez\|first17=W. H.\|last17=Li\|first18=K.\|last18=Satake\|author-link18=Kenji Satake\|first19=P.\|last19=Somerville\|first20=D.\|last20=Valentine\|year=1993\|journal=[[Science (journal)\|Science]]\|volume=261\|number=5120\|pages=433–438\|doi=10.1126/science.261.5120.433\|pmid=17770022\|bibcode=1993Sci...261..433O\|s2cid=19931103}} * {{citation\|title=CSMIP Strong-Motion Records from the Petrolia, California Earthquakes of April 25–26, 1992\|url=http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/smip/docs/reports/EQData/Pages/osms92-05.aspx\|year=1992\|first1=A.\|last1=Shakal\|first2=R.\|last2=Darragh\|first3=M.\|last3=Huang\|first4=T.\|last4=Cao\|first5=R.\|last5=Sherburne\|first6=R.\|last6=Sydnor\|first7=P.\|last7=Malhotra\|first8=C.\|last8=Cramer\|first9=J.\|last9=Wampole\|first10=P.\|last10=Fung\|first11=C.\|last11=Petersen\|series=OSMS 92-05, California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program\|publisher=[[California Geological Survey\|California Division of Mines and Geology]]\|access-date=2013-09-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213111114/http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/smip/docs/reports/EQData/Pages/osms92-05.aspx\|archive-date=2014-12-13\|url-status=dead}} * {{citation\|title=Recent large earthquakes near Cape Mendocino and in the Gorda plate: Broadband source time functions, fault orientations, and rupture complexities\|url=http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~thorne/TL.pdfs/VAL_Mendocino_JGR1994.pdf\|first1=A. A.\|last1=Velasco\|first2=C. J.\|last2=Ammon\|first3=T.\|last3=Lay\|authorlink3=Thorne Lay\|year=1994\|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research\|volume=99\|number=B1\|pages=711–728\|doi=10.1029/93jb02390\|bibcode=1994JGR....99..711V}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== * {{cite journal\|last1=Carver\|first1=G. A.\|last2=Jayko\|first2=A. S.\|last3=Valentine\|first3=D. W.\|last4=Li\|first4=W. H.\|title=Coastal uplift associated with the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake, northern California\|journal=Geology\|volume=22\|issue=3\|year=1994\|issn=0091-7613\|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0195:cuawtc>2.3.co;2\|page=195\|bibcode=1994Geo....22..195C}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220327152303/http://cascadiageo.org/posters/doom_and_gloom_2004.pdf Doom and gloom? Understanding potential geologic hazards in the Humboldt Bay region] – Cascadia Geoscience Cooperative * [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc269151#executive M 7.2 – 20km SSW of Rio Dell, California] – [[United States Geological Survey]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220421125004/http://scecinfo.usc.edu/news/00news/images/pbominiproposals/Furlongetalpbo26.pdf Mendocino Triple Junction Working Group Region PBO Mini Proposal] – Mendocino Triple Junction PBO Working Group * [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/28/us/petrolia-journal-town-amid-redwoods-gamely-fights-off-quake.html Petrolia Journal; Town Amid Redwoods Gamely Fights Off Quake] – ''[[The New York Times]]'' * [https://archive.today/20130908222059/http://activetectonics.coas.oregonstate.edu/gorda.htm Gorda Plate Structure] – [[Oregon State University]] * {{EQ-isc-link\|297295}} {{Earthquakes in 1992}} {{Earthquakes in California}} {{Earthquakes in the United States}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1992 earthquakes]] [[Category:Earthquakes in California]] [[Category:History of Humboldt County, California]] [[Category:1990s tsunamis\|Cape Mendocino]] [[Category:Tsunamis in the United States]] [[Category:Earthquake clusters, swarms, and sequences]] [[Category:1992 in California]] [[Category:April 1992 in the United States]]	1,287,417,707	[{"title": "1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes", "data": {"UTC time": "1992-04-25 18:06:06", "ISC event": "297295", "USGS-ANSS": "ComCat", "Local date": "April 25, 1992", "Local time": "11:06:06 PDT", "Duration": "9 seconds", "Magnitude": "7.2 Mw", "Depth": "10.5 km (7 mi)", "Epicenter": "40\u00b020\u2032N 124\u00b014\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff40.33\u00b0N 124.23\u00b0W", "Areas affected": "North Coast (California) \u00b7 United States", "Total damage": "$48.3\u201375 million", "Max. intensity": "MMI IX (Violent)", "Peak acceleration": "2.2 g (est)", "Tsunami": "Yes", "Aftershocks": "6.5 Mw April 26 at 0:41 \u00b7 6.6 Mw April 26 at 4:18", "Casualties": "98\u2013356 injuries"}}]	false
# Isaac Baer Levinsohn Isaac Baer Levinsohn (Yiddish: יצחק בער לעווינזאהן; October 13, 1788 – February 13, 1860), also known as the Ribal (ריב״ל), was a Jewish scholar of Hebrew, a satirist, a writer and Haskalah leader. He has been called "the Mendelssohn of Russia." In his Bet Yehudah (1837), he formulated a philosophy and described Jewish contributions to civilization in an effort to improve Jewish-Christian relations. ## Biography ### Early life and education His father, Judah Levin, was a grandson of Jekuthiel Solomon, who settled in Kremenetz and acquired considerable wealth, and a son of Isaac, who had married the daughter of Zalman Cohen, famed for his wealth and scholarship. Levinsohn's father was a wealthy merchant and was popular among Jews and Gentiles alike. He was a master of Polish, wrote fluently in classical Hebrew (at that time a rare accomplishment), and was a thorough Talmudic scholar. At the age of three Levinsohn was sent to the ḥeder, where he soon manifested unusual aptitude for learning; and at nine he composed a Kabbalistic work that elicited the praise of scholars and rabbis. At ten he was versed in Talmudic lore, and knew the Tanakh by heart. Thanks to his great mental power and industry, he rapidly familiarized himself with the rabbinical literature. At eighteen he married and settled in Radzivilov, supporting himself by teaching and translating; his married life, however, was unhappy, and he divorced his wife. ### Career Some of Levinsohn's first literary efforts were in the domain of Hebrew poetry. Among others, he wrote a patriotic poem on the expulsion of the French from the Russian Empire, which was transmitted to the minister of the interior by General Giers, the commandant of the Radzivilov garrison. Levinsohn himself regarded his verses as mere literary exercises, and did not attempt to print them; the greater part of them was lost. Excessive study brought on nervous disorders, and Levinsohn journeyed to Brody, then the centre of the Haskalah, in order to consult the local physicians. There the future reformer of the Ukrainian Jews found a congenial atmosphere in the circle of the Maskilim. He soon made the acquaintance of Isaac Erter, the Hebrew satirist, and later of Solomon Rapoport. Though engaged as a bookkeeper in the local bank, he found time to continue his studies. Before long he passed the teacher's examinations and was appointed to teach Hebrew at the gymnasium of Tarnopol. There he soon became intimate with the scholar Joseph Perl, through whose influence he secured an instructorship at the Hebrew college of Brody. Levinsohn's new position brought him into close relations with Nachman Krochmal of Zolkiev, an authority on all questions of rabbinical learning and Jewish custom. In 1817 he submitted to Krochmal his first critical study, entitled Ha-Mazkir, and Krochmal was so favorably impressed with the work that he offered to contribute toward the expense of publication. Unfortunately, it was never printed, and only a part of it was incorporated in Te'uddah and Bet Yehudah. About this time he wrote a satire on the Hasidim entitled Dibre Tzaddikim. Returning to Kremenetz in the same year, he began his Te'uddah be-Yisrael, a work destined to leave an indelible impression on a whole generation of Ukrainian Jews. It was finished in 1823, but was not published until 1828. The book attempted to solve many problems of contemporary Jewish life in Ukraine. It urged the study of the Scriptures before the Talmud, and the necessity of studying secular languages, particularly that of one's country of residence. It urged also the study of science and literature, and the great importance for the Jews of engaging in agricultural and industrial work. It strongly counselled the abandoning of petty trade and of other uncertain sources of livelihood. Levinsohn's advice did not please the Hasidim, who opposed him in many ways and so embittered his existence that he was compelled to leave Kremenetz. Repairing to Berdychev, he became a private tutor in the family of a wealthy Jew, and, gathering about him a circle of progressive friends, organized a society for the promotion of culture. Regarding it as his special mission to carry enlightenment to the young generation, he resided successively in Ostrog, Nemirov, and Tulchin. On his way to the last named place Levinsohn stopped at Kaminka, the estate of Prince Witgenstein, the field-marshal of the Russian Empire. When the prince heard of Levinsohn's arrival he invited him to his house, assigned him a suite of rooms, and kept him there through the entire summer. The field-marshal liked to pass his evenings in conversation with the learned Jew, and often followed the latter's advice. ### Later life In 1823, Levinsohn was compelled by failing health to return to Kremenetz. Soon after his arrival there he was confined to his bed by a sickness that kept him bedridden for twelve years. Notwithstanding this, he never resigned himself to mental inactivity, and during these long years of suffering he made himself familiar with Arabic, Greek, and Syriac, and studied the classics, political economy, and philosophy. Levinsohn laboured assiduously for the well-being of his coreligionists in Ukraine. He worked out and submitted to the government various projects for the amelioration of the condition of the Jews, such as the plan he submitted to the crown prince Konstantin in 1823, his memorandum to the minister of education in 1831, his project in regard to the censorship of Jewish books in 1833, and his plan for the establishment of Jewish colonies in 1837. Nicholas I gave the last careful consideration. It is known, also, that the emperor wrote Levinsohn a personal letter in regard to this plan, but its contents are not known. The establishment of Jewish agricultural colonies in Bessarabia in 1838–39 and later and the organization of Jewish educational institutions undoubtedly owed much to Levinsohn's suggestions. The government appreciated his services, and, besides monetary rewards, offered him important positions, which he declined. The failure of his health compelled him to decline also appointment as member of the Jewish commission that sat in St. Petersburg in 1843, and in 1853 he again refused an appointment as member of the special commission on Jewish affairs. The following words were inscribed, at his own request, on his tombstone: "Out of nothing God called me to life. Alas, earthly life has passed, and I shall sleep again on the bosom of Mother Nature, as this stone testifies. I have fought the enemies of God not with the sharp sword, but with the Word. That I have fought for truth and justice before the Nations, Zerubbabel and Efes Damim bear witness." He died in Kremenetz on February 13, 1860. ## Work ### Te'uddah In 1827, a year before the appearance of Te'uddah, Levinsohn presented the manuscript, with an explanatory statement, to the Russian Imperial government, which accepted it with much favor, and awarded Levinsohn, on the representations of D. N. Bludov, a thousand rubles "for a work in Hebrew having for its object the moral education of the Jewish people." In the same year the minister of public instruction, Prince Lieven, submitted to Levinsohn thirty-four questions on Jewish religion and history, among them the following: "What is the Talmud?", "Who was the author of it?", "When, where, and in what language was it written?", "Have the Jews other books of such authority?", "Is there anything sensible in the Talmud? It is stated that it is full of improbable legends and fables.", "How could the authors of the Talmud permit themselves to add to, or detract from, the commandments of the Torah, which forbids that?", "What is the object of the numerous rites that consume so much useful time?", "Is it true that the Jews are the descendants of those Pharisees whom the lawgiver of the Christians had accused of lying and superstition?", "Is it true that the Talmud forbids the Jews the study of foreign languages and science, as well as the pursuit of agricultural occupations?", "What is Ḥasidism, and who was its founder?", "In what towns mainly do the Ḥasidim reside?", "Do the Jews possess schools or learned books?", "How do the Jewish masses regard their schools?", "Can the condition of the Jews be improved? and, if so, by what means?", "What Messiah is it that the Jews are expecting?", "Is it true that the Jews expect to rule the entire world when the Messiah arrives, and that members of other religions will be excluded from participation in the after-life?", and "How can a Jew be admitted into Christian society and be accorded full civic rights when he keeps himself aloof from the Christians and takes no interest in the welfare of the country where he resides?" Levinsohn referred the minister to his Te'uddah and to other works in various languages, transmitted to him concise answers to his questions, and promised to write a book in which these questions would be discussed in detail. In 1828 Te'uddah saw the light. "It was not the yearning for fame," says Levinsohn in the preface, "that impelled me to write this book. ... Friends seeking truth and light asked me to point out to them the true way of life; they wish to know what learning, aside from the Talmud and its commentaries, it is necessary for a Jew to acquire for the perfection and refinement of his nature as a man and a Jew." Levinsohn claims that Greek philosophy originated with the Jews. ### Bet Yehudah Levinsohn now undertook his larger work, Bet Yehudah, which was "to expose to Christian eyes the world of Jewish spiritual life founded on the principles of highest morality, a world then unknown to Ukrainian Christians." He wished, also, to make his work of educational value to the Jewish people, so that uninstructed coreligionists would see Judaism in its true light. At the same time he found himself obliged to exercise great care in the treatment of the subject in order to avoid creating undue antagonism. Levinsohn presents in his "Bet Yehudah" a wonderfully clear and logical exposition of Jewish religious philosophy. According to him the Jewish religion may be summed up in two principles of belief: faith in one God, which involves the negation of idol-worship; and love of one's neighbour. He shows by numerous citations that the latter means the love not only of one Jew for another, but the love for any neighbour, irrespective of faith. He presents a history of the various Jewish sects, enumerates the contributions of the Jews to learning and civilization, and at the end suggests a plan for the reorganization of Jewish education in Ukraine. He urges the necessity of founding rabbinical seminaries fashioned after the German institutions, training the Jewish youth in religious and secular learning, opening elementary Jewish schools throughout the Pale, abolishing the institution of melammedim, and establishing agricultural and industrial schools. Bet Yehudah exerted a powerful influence on the Jews of Russian Empire and gave a plan of action to the progressive elements in Russian Empire Jewry. The book acquired renown outside of the Russian Empire also. It was translated into Polish, and the scholar Geiger read several chapters of it before an audience in the Breslau synagogue. But though Bet Yehudah was completed in 1829, it remained unpublished until 1838. ### Efes Dammimand other polemical works Around this time, the Jewish community of Zaslavl in Volhynia was accused of ritual murder; many families were imprisoned, and the entire community was in despair. Levinsohn's opponents then laid aside their enmity and turned to him as the only man capable of proving the falsity of the accusation. In spite of his sickness Levinsohn began his Efes Dammim, in defense of the accused Jews. But the necessary means not being forthcoming, he was obliged to spend his own money in collecting material and information. "The purpose of my book," says Levinsohn, "is to acquit the Jews before the eyes of Christians, and to save them from the false accusation of using Christian blood." Efes Dammim is written in the form of a dialogue between a patriarch of the Greek Church in Jerusalem, Simias, and the chief rabbi in the Jewish synagogue there. The book shows the remarkable dialectic talent of the author. It was completed in 1834, published in 1837, republished three times, and was translated into English at the time of the "Damascus Affair" in 1840, at the instance of Sir Moses Montefiore and Adolphe Crémieux. It was translated also into Russian (1883) and German (1884; another German edition appeared in 1892). Another polemical work, Yemin Tzidki, Levinsohn proves the absurdity of the accusations against Judaism and the Talmud. This work was left by him in manuscript. Other polemical works written by Levinsohn are Aḥiyyah Shiloni ha-Ḥozeh (Leipzig, 1841) and Ta'ar ha-Sofer (Odessa, 1863). Aḥiyyah Shiloni ha-Ḥozeh is directed against the work of the English missionary Alexander McCaul entitled The Paths of the World (London, 1839), and constitutes an introduction to Levinsohn's larger work Zerubbabel, completed in 1853. This latter work was published, in part, by his nephew David Baer Nathansohn (Leipzig, 1863); the entire work was published later in Warsaw (1876). This work, which occupied twelve years, and was continued through sickness and suffering, was not only a defense of Judaism, but also an exposition of the value of traditional law in the Jewish religion, and of the great wisdom and moral force of its expounders and teachers. The Ta'ar ha-Sofer is directed against the Karaites. ### Levinsohn as a philologist In addition to these, Levinsohn wrote on Hebrew etymology and comparative philology. In this field he published Bet ha-Oẓar, the first and second parts of which appeared in Vilna in 1841; the first part is entitled Shorashe Lebanon, and includes studies of Hebrew roots; the second part comprises articles on various subjects, and Abne Millu'im, a supplement to Bet Yehudah. After Levinsohn's death Nathansohn published Toledot Shem (Warsaw, 1877) and Ohole Shem (Warsaw, 1893), both containing philological studies arranged in alphabetical order, and also corrections of Ben Zeb's Otzar ha-Shorashim, which was republished by Letteris. Levinsohn left a number of works in manuscript, including Pittuḥe Ḥotam, on the period of the Canticles; Yizre El, miscellaneous essays; Be'er Yitzḥak, correspondence with contemporary scholars; and Eshkol ha-Sofer, letters, poetry, and humorous papers. ### Discussions of vegetarianism Joseph Jacobs and Judah David Eisenstein have suggested that Levinsohn may have been the first Jewish figure to discuss "the modern question of vegetarianism." According to Jacobs and Eisenstein, Levinsohn justifies the strictness of the rules of ṭerefah with reference to vegetetarianism, and he attributes the longevity of the generations from Adam to Noah to their vegetarian diet. The good morals and keen intellect of the Jews, he says, are largely due to their scant eating of meat.	enwiki/8750227	enwiki	8,750,227	Isaac Baer Levinsohn	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Baer_Levinsohn	2025-05-12T03:07:54Z	en	Q1390040	64,286	{{Short description\|Ukrainian writer (1788–1860)}} {{Infobox writer \| name=Isaac Baer Levinsohn \| image=יצחק-בער לעווינזאהן.jpg \| image_size= \| caption= \| native_name= \| native_name_lang= \| pseudonym= \| birth_name= \| birth_date={{birth date\|1788\|10\|13}} \| birth_place=[[Kremenetz]], [[Volhynia]] \| death_date={{death date and age\|1860\|02\|13\|1788\|10\|13}} \| death_place=Kremenetz, Volhynia \| resting_place= \| occupation=Writer \| language=[[Hebrew language\|Hebrew]] \| alma_mater= \| genre= \| subject= \| movement=[[Haskalah]] \| notableworks= \| spouse= \| children= \| awards= \| years_active= }} '''Isaac Baer Levinsohn''' ({{Langx\|yi\|יצחק בער לעווינזאהן}}; October 13, 1788 – February 13, 1860), also known as the '''Ribal''' ({{Lang\|he\|ריב״ל}}), was a Jewish scholar of Hebrew, a [[satirist]], a writer and [[Haskalah]] leader. He has been called "the [[Moses Mendelssohn\|Mendelssohn]] of Russia." In his ''Bet Yehudah'' (1837), he formulated a [[philosophy]] and described [[Jewish]] contributions to civilization in an effort to improve [[Christianity and Judaism\|Jewish-Christian relations]]. ==Biography== ===Early life and education=== His father, Judah Levin, was a grandson of Jekuthiel Solomon, who settled in Kremenetz and acquired considerable wealth, and a son of Isaac, who had married the daughter of Zalman Cohen, famed for his wealth and scholarship. Levinsohn's father was a wealthy merchant and was popular among Jews and Gentiles alike. He was a master of [[Polish language\|Polish]], wrote fluently in [[Biblical Hebrew\|classical Hebrew]] (at that time a rare accomplishment), and was a thorough [[Talmud]]ic scholar. At the age of three Levinsohn was sent to the ''[[cheder\|ḥeder]]'', where he soon manifested unusual aptitude for learning; and at nine he composed a [[Kabbalah\|Kabbalistic]] work that elicited the praise of scholars and rabbis.<ref>''Bet Yehudah'', ii. 126, note 2.</ref> At ten he was versed in Talmudic lore, and knew the [[Tanakh]] by heart. Thanks to his great mental power and industry, he rapidly familiarized himself with the rabbinical literature. At eighteen he married and settled in [[Radyvyliv\|Radzivilov]], supporting himself by teaching and translating; his married life, however, was unhappy, and he divorced his wife. ===Career=== [[File:משכילים.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Image of Levinsohn (centre) with fellow ''Maskilim'' [[Isaac Erter]], [[Samuel Joseph Fuenn]], [[Solomon Rubin]], and [[Abraham Mapu]].]] Some of Levinsohn's first literary efforts were in the domain of Hebrew poetry. Among others, he wrote a patriotic poem on the expulsion of the French from the Russian Empire, which was transmitted to the minister of the interior by General Giers, the commandant of the Radzivilov garrison. Levinsohn himself regarded his verses as mere literary exercises, and did not attempt to print them; the greater part of them was lost. Excessive study brought on nervous disorders, and Levinsohn journeyed to [[Brody]], then the centre of the [[Haskalah]], in order to consult the local physicians. There the future reformer of the Ukrainian Jews found a congenial atmosphere in the circle of the ''Maskilim''. He soon made the acquaintance of [[Isaac Erter]], the Hebrew satirist, and later of [[Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport\|Solomon Rapoport]]. Though engaged as a bookkeeper in the local bank, he found time to continue his studies. Before long he passed the teacher's examinations and was appointed to teach Hebrew at the gymnasium of [[Ternopil\|Tarnopol]]. There he soon became intimate with the scholar [[Joseph Perl]], through whose influence he secured an instructorship at the Hebrew college of Brody. Levinsohn's new position brought him into close relations with [[Nachman Krochmal]] of [[Zhovkva\|Zolkiev]], an authority on all questions of rabbinical learning and Jewish custom. In 1817 he submitted to Krochmal his first critical study, entitled ''Ha-Mazkir'', and Krochmal was so favorably impressed with the work that he offered to contribute toward the expense of publication. Unfortunately, it was never printed, and only a part of it was incorporated in ''Te'uddah'' and ''Bet Yehudah''. About this time he wrote a satire on the [[Hasidic Judaism\|Hasidim]] entitled ''Dibre Tzaddikim''. Returning to Kremenetz in the same year, he began his ''Te'uddah be-Yisrael'', a work destined to leave an indelible impression on a whole generation of Ukrainian Jews. It was finished in 1823, but was not published until 1828. The book attempted to solve many problems of contemporary Jewish life in Ukraine. It urged the study of the Scriptures before the Talmud, and the necessity of studying secular languages, particularly that of one's country of residence. It urged also the study of science and literature, and the great importance for the Jews of engaging in agricultural and industrial work. It strongly counselled the abandoning of petty trade and of other uncertain sources of livelihood. Levinsohn's advice did not please the Hasidim, who opposed him in many ways and so embittered his existence that he was compelled to leave Kremenetz. Repairing to Berdychev, he became a private tutor in the family of a wealthy Jew, and, gathering about him a circle of progressive friends, organized a society for the promotion of culture. Regarding it as his special mission to carry enlightenment to the young generation, he resided successively in Ostrog, Nemirov, and Tulchin. On his way to the last named place Levinsohn stopped at Kaminka, the estate of [[Peter Wittgenstein\|Prince Witgenstein]], the [[List of Russian field marshals\|field-marshal]] of the Russian Empire. When the prince heard of Levinsohn's arrival he invited him to his house, assigned him a suite of rooms, and kept him there through the entire summer. The field-marshal liked to pass his evenings in conversation with the learned Jew, and often followed the latter's advice. ===Later life=== In 1823, Levinsohn was compelled by failing health to return to Kremenetz. Soon after his arrival there he was confined to his bed by a sickness that kept him bedridden for twelve years. Notwithstanding this, he never resigned himself to mental inactivity, and during these long years of suffering he made himself familiar with Arabic, Greek, and Syriac, and studied the classics, political economy, and philosophy. Levinsohn laboured assiduously for the well-being of his coreligionists in Ukraine. He worked out and submitted to the government various projects for the amelioration of the condition of the Jews, such as the plan he submitted to the [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia\|crown prince Konstantin]] in 1823, his memorandum to the minister of education in 1831, his project in regard to the censorship of Jewish books in 1833, and his plan for the establishment of Jewish colonies in 1837. [[Nicholas I of Russia\|Nicholas I]] gave the last careful consideration. It is known, also, that the emperor wrote Levinsohn a personal letter in regard to this plan, but its contents are not known. The establishment of Jewish agricultural colonies in Bessarabia in 1838–39 and later and the organization of Jewish educational institutions undoubtedly owed much to Levinsohn's suggestions. The government appreciated his services, and, besides monetary rewards, offered him important positions, which he declined. The failure of his health compelled him to decline also appointment as member of the Jewish commission that sat in St. Petersburg in 1843, and in 1853 he again refused an appointment as member of the special commission on Jewish affairs. The following words were inscribed, at his own request, on his tombstone: "Out of nothing God called me to life. Alas, earthly life has passed, and I shall sleep again on the bosom of Mother Nature, as this stone testifies. I have fought the enemies of God not with the sharp sword, but with the Word. That I have fought for truth and justice before the Nations, ''Zerubbabel'' and ''Efes Damim'' bear witness." He died in [[Kremenets\|Kremenetz]] on February 13, 1860. ==Work== ===''Te'uddah''=== In 1827, a year before the appearance of ''Te'uddah,'' Levinsohn presented the manuscript, with an explanatory statement, to the Russian Imperial government, which accepted it with much favor, and awarded Levinsohn, on the representations of [[Dmitry Bludov\|D. N. Bludov]], a thousand rubles "for a work in Hebrew having for its object the moral education of the Jewish people." In the same year the minister of public instruction, Prince [[Lieven]], submitted to Levinsohn thirty-four questions on Jewish religion and history, among them the following: "What is the [[Talmud]]?", "Who was the author of it?", "When, where, and in what language was it written?", "Have the Jews other books of such authority?", "Is there anything sensible in the Talmud? It is stated that it is full of improbable legends and fables.", "How could the authors of the Talmud permit themselves to add to, or detract from, the commandments of the Torah, which forbids that?", "What is the object of the numerous rites that consume so much useful time?", "Is it true that the Jews are the descendants of those [[Pharisees]] whom the lawgiver of the Christians had accused of lying and superstition?", "Is it true that the Talmud forbids the Jews the study of foreign languages and science, as well as the pursuit of agricultural occupations?", "What is Ḥasidism, and who was its founder?", "In what towns mainly do the Ḥasidim reside?", "Do the Jews possess schools or learned books?", "How do the Jewish masses regard their schools?", "Can the condition of the Jews be improved? and, if so, by what means?", "What [[Messiah]] is it that the Jews are expecting?", "Is it true that the Jews expect to rule the entire world when the Messiah arrives, and that members of other religions will be excluded from participation in the after-life?", and "How can a Jew be admitted into Christian society and be accorded full civic rights when he keeps himself aloof from the Christians and takes no interest in the welfare of the country where he resides?" Levinsohn referred the minister to his ''Te'uddah'' and to other works in various languages, transmitted to him concise answers to his questions, and promised to write a book in which these questions would be discussed in detail. In 1828 ''Te'uddah'' saw the light. "It was not the yearning for fame," says Levinsohn in the preface, "that impelled me to write this book. ... Friends seeking truth and light asked me to point out to them the true way of life; they wish to know what learning, aside from the Talmud and its commentaries, it is necessary for a Jew to acquire for the perfection and refinement of his nature as a man and a Jew." Levinsohn claims that [[Greek philosophy]] originated with the Jews.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Shavit \|first=Yaacov \|title=Chapter Eight. Solomon, Aristoteles Judaicus, and the Invention of a Pseudo- Solomonic Library \|date=2020-08-10 \|work=An Imaginary Trio \|pages=172–190 \|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110677263-010/html \|access-date=2025-05-08 \|publisher=De Gruyter \|language=en \|doi=10.1515/9783110677263-010 \|isbn=978-3-11-067726-3\|doi-access=free }}</ref> ===''Bet Yehudah''=== [[File:בית יהודה.pdf\|thumb\|right\|200px\|[[Title page]] of ''Bet Yehudah'' (1878 edition).\|page=1]] Levinsohn now undertook his larger work, ''Bet Yehudah'', which was "to expose to Christian eyes the world of Jewish spiritual life founded on the principles of highest morality, a world then unknown to Ukrainian Christians." He wished, also, to make his work of educational value to the Jewish people, so that uninstructed coreligionists would see Judaism in its true light. At the same time he found himself obliged to exercise great care in the treatment of the subject in order to avoid creating undue antagonism. Levinsohn presents in his "Bet Yehudah" a wonderfully clear and logical exposition of Jewish religious philosophy. According to him the Jewish religion may be summed up in two principles of belief: faith in [[Monotheism\|one God]], which involves the negation of [[Idolatry\|idol-worship]]; and [[Golden Rule\|love of one's neighbour]]. He shows by numerous citations that the latter means the love not only of one Jew for another, but the love for any neighbour, irrespective of faith. He presents a history of the various [[Jewish religious movements\|Jewish sects]], enumerates the contributions of the Jews to learning and civilization, and at the end suggests a plan for the reorganization of Jewish education in Ukraine. He urges the necessity of founding rabbinical seminaries fashioned after the German institutions, training the Jewish youth in religious and secular learning, opening elementary Jewish schools throughout the [[Pale of Settlement\|Pale]], abolishing the institution of ''[[Melamed\|melammedim]]'', and establishing agricultural and industrial schools. ''Bet Yehudah'' exerted a powerful influence on the Jews of Russian Empire and gave a plan of action to the progressive elements in Russian Empire Jewry. The book acquired renown outside of the Russian Empire also. It was translated into Polish, and the scholar Geiger read several chapters of it before an audience in the Breslau synagogue. But though ''Bet Yehudah'' was completed in 1829, it remained unpublished until 1838. ===''Efes Dammim'' and other polemical works=== [[File:אפס דמים.djvu\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Title page of ''Efes Dammim'' (1884 edition).\|page=5]] Around this time, the Jewish community of [[Zaslawye\|Zaslavl]] in Volhynia was accused of [[Blood libel\|ritual murder]]; many families were imprisoned, and the entire community was in despair. Levinsohn's opponents then laid aside their enmity and turned to him as the only man capable of proving the falsity of the accusation. In spite of his sickness Levinsohn began his ''Efes Dammim'', in defense of the accused Jews. But the necessary means not being forthcoming, he was obliged to spend his own money in collecting material and information. "The purpose of my book," says Levinsohn, "is to acquit the Jews before the eyes of Christians, and to save them from the false accusation of using Christian blood." ''Efes Dammim'' is written in the form of a [[dialogue]] between a [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem\|patriarch]] of the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem\|Greek Church in Jerusalem]], Simias, and the chief rabbi in the Jewish synagogue there. The book shows the remarkable dialectic talent of the author. It was completed in 1834, published in 1837, republished three times, and was translated into English at the time of the "[[Damascus Affair]]" in 1840, at the instance of Sir [[Moses Montefiore]] and [[Adolphe Crémieux]]. It was translated also into Russian (1883) and German (1884; another German edition appeared in 1892). Another polemical work, ''Yemin Tzidki'', Levinsohn proves the absurdity of the accusations against Judaism and the Talmud. This work was left by him in manuscript. Other polemical works written by Levinsohn are ''Aḥiyyah Shiloni ha-Ḥozeh'' (Leipzig, 1841) and ''Ta'ar ha-Sofer'' (Odessa, 1863). ''Aḥiyyah Shiloni ha-Ḥozeh'' is directed against the work of the English missionary [[Alexander McCaul]] entitled ''The Paths of the World'' (London, 1839), and constitutes an introduction to Levinsohn's larger work ''Zerubbabel'', completed in 1853. This latter work was published, in part, by his nephew David Baer Nathansohn (Leipzig, 1863); the entire work was published later in Warsaw (1876). This work, which occupied twelve years, and was continued through sickness and suffering, was not only a defense of Judaism, but also an exposition of the value of traditional law in the Jewish religion, and of the great wisdom and moral force of its expounders and teachers. The ''Ta'ar ha-Sofer'' is directed against the [[Karaite Judaism\|Karaites]]. ===Levinsohn as a philologist=== In addition to these, Levinsohn wrote on Hebrew etymology and comparative philology. In this field he published ''Bet ha-Oẓar'', the first and second parts of which appeared in Vilna in 1841; the first part is entitled ''Shorashe Lebanon'', and includes studies of Hebrew roots; the second part comprises articles on various subjects, and ''Abne Millu'im'', a supplement to ''Bet Yehudah''. After Levinsohn's death Nathansohn published ''Toledot Shem'' (Warsaw, 1877) and ''Ohole Shem'' (Warsaw, 1893), both containing philological studies arranged in alphabetical order, and also corrections of [[Judah Leib Ben-Ze'ev\|Ben Zeb]]'s ''Otzar ha-Shorashim'', which was republished by [[Max Letteris\|Letteris]]. Levinsohn left a number of works in manuscript, including ''Pittuḥe Ḥotam'', on the period of the Canticles; ''Yizre El'', miscellaneous essays; ''Be'er Yitzḥak'', correspondence with contemporary scholars; and ''Eshkol ha-Sofer'', letters, poetry, and humorous papers. === Discussions of vegetarianism === [[Joseph Jacobs]] and [[Judah David Eisenstein]] have suggested that Levinsohn may have been the first Jewish figure to discuss "the modern question of vegetarianism."<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia: Vegetarianism">{{JewishEncyclopedia \|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14657-vegetarianism/\|title=Vegetarianism\|first=Joseph\|last=Jacobs \|first2=Judah David\|last2=Eisenstein \|volume=12\|page=405\|no-prescript=1}}</ref> According to Jacobs and Eisenstein, Levinsohn justifies the strictness of the rules of ''[[Treif\|ṭerefah]]'' with reference to vegetetarianism, and he attributes the longevity of the generations from [[Adam]] to [[Noah]] to their vegetarian diet. The good morals and keen intellect of the Jews, he says, are largely due to their scant eating of meat.<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia: Vegetarianism" /><ref>Levinsohn, ''Zerubbabel'', Book 4, chapter 51.</ref> == References == {{JewishEncyclopedia\|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9855-levinsohn-isaac-baer\|article=Isaac Baer Levinsohn\|first=Herman\|last=Rosenthal\|volume=8\|pages=42–45}} {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{cite encyclopedia\|title=Levinzon, Yitsḥak Ber\|first=Mordechai\|last=Zalkin\|translator-first=I. Michael\|translator-last=Aronson\|url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Levinzon_Yitshak_Ber\|encyclopedia=[[The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe\|YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe]]\|editor-first=Gershon\|editor-last=Hundert\|editor-link=Gershon Hundert\|location=New Haven\|publisher=Yale University Press\|year=2008}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Levinsohn, Isaac Baer}} [[Category:1788 births]] [[Category:1860 deaths]] [[Category:Jewish writers]] [[Category:Jews from the Russian Empire]] [[Category:People from Kremenets]] [[Category:Writers from Ternopil Oblast]] [[Category:People from Volhynian Governorate]] [[Category:People of the Haskalah]] [[Category:Jewish Ukrainian writers]]	1,289,985,740	[{"title": "Isaac Baer Levinsohn", "data": {"Born": "October 13, 1788 \u00b7 Kremenetz, Volhynia", "Died": "February 13, 1860 (aged 71) \u00b7 Kremenetz, Volhynia", "Occupation": "Writer", "Language": "Hebrew", "Literary movement": "Haskalah"}}]	false
# Kees Luijckx Kees Luijckx (Dutch pronunciation: [keːs ˈlœyks]; born 11 February 1986) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. He earned 7 caps with the Netherlands U21 youth team. ## Club career Born in Beverwijk, North Holland. Luijckx began his career in his hometown Castricum with Vitesse 1922 before being scouted by AZ in 1996. He initially played for the youth side and was then promoted to AZ's first team in the Eredivisie. Having made one league appearance in a year, he was loaned out to S.B.V. Excelsior in July 2007. He left Excelsior after only two games in the season 2007–2008 and returned to AZ, where he played 15 matches in the 2008–2009 season and won the 2008–09 Eredivisie. On 26 May 2009, his club announced they were planning without him and he would be searching a new club. In January 2010, Luijckx signed a three-year contract with NAC Breda joining the club in July 2010. In 2015, he joined Videoton, Hungary's reigning champion. On 20 September 2015, Luijckx, who was a free agent, signed a half-year contract with Danish Superliga-side SønderjyskE. In January 2020, he joined Silkeborg IF on a contract for the rest of the season. On 17 July 2020, Luijckx returned to Roda JC Kerkrade on a one-year contract. ## International career Luijckx was part of the Dutch Olympic side participating in the Beijing 2008 Olympics. He played as a substitute in the pre-Olympic ING Cup in Hong Kong, arriving in the second half for the injured Kew Jaliens. ## Career statistics ### Club As of 6 June 2018 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| Cup1 \| Cup1 \| Continental2 \| Continental2 \| Other3 \| Other3 \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ------------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ---- \| ----- \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ----- \| ----- \| \| AZ \| 2006–07 \| Eredivisie \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 2 \| 0 \| \| AZ \| Total \| Total \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| \| Excelsior \| 2006–07 \| Eredivisie \| 12 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 4 \| 0 \| 16 \| 0 \| \| Excelsior \| 2007–08 \| Eredivisie \| 32 \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 34 \| 4 \| \| Excelsior \| Total \| Total \| 44 \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 50 \| 4 \| \| AZ \| 2008–09 \| Eredivisie \| 15 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 17 \| 0 \| \| AZ \| 2009–10 \| Eredivisie \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 4 \| 0 \| \| AZ \| Total \| Total \| 18 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 21 \| 0 \| \| ADO Den Haag \| 2009–10 \| Eredivisie \| 16 \| 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 16 \| 2 \| \| ADO Den Haag \| Total \| Total \| 16 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 16 \| 2 \| \| NAC Breda \| 2010–11 \| Eredivisie \| 29 \| 3 \| 4 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 33 \| 4 \| \| NAC Breda \| 2011–12 \| Eredivisie \| 29 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 29 \| 3 \| \| NAC Breda \| 2012–13 \| Eredivisie \| 34 \| 4 \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 37 \| 4 \| \| NAC Breda \| Total \| Total \| 92 \| 10 \| 7 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 99 \| 11 \| \| Roda JC \| 2013–14 \| Eredivisie \| 28 \| 2 \| 3 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 31 \| 2 \| \| Roda JC \| Total \| Total \| 28 \| 2 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 31 \| 2 \| \| Niki Volos \| 2014–15 \| Superleague Greece \| 10 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 10 \| 0 \| \| Niki Volos \| Total \| Total \| 10 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 10 \| 0 \| \| Videoton \| 2014–15 \| Nemzeti Bajnokság I \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 10 \| 0 \| \| Videoton \| 2015–16 \| Nemzeti Bajnokság I \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 5 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 10 \| 0 \| \| Videoton \| Total \| Total \| 7 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 20 \| 0 \| \| SønderjyskE \| 2015–16 \| Danish Superliga \| 20 \| 1 \| 3 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 23 \| 2 \| \| SønderjyskE \| 2016–17 \| Danish Superliga \| 16 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 8 \| 0 \| 26 \| 2 \| \| SønderjyskE \| 2017–18 \| Danish Superliga \| 24 \| 6 \| 1 \| 1 \| — \| — \| 9 \| 1 \| 34 \| 8 \| \| SønderjyskE \| Total \| Total \| 60 \| 9 \| 5 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 17 \| 1 \| 83 \| 12 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 277 \| 26 \| 20 \| 4 \| 7 \| 0 \| 21 \| 1 \| 325 \| 31 \| Notes 1 Includes KNVB Cup. 2 Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League matches. 3 Includes the Johan Cruijff Shield, Eredivisie playoffs, and Danish Superliga championship playoff matches.	enwiki/7816311	enwiki	7,816,311	Kees Luijckx	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Luijckx	2025-05-10T17:13:42Z	en	Q1374583	71,957	{{short description\|Dutch footballer}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Kees Luijckx \| image = Kees Luycks 2015.JPG \| image_size = \| caption = Luijckx at [[NAC Breda]] in January 2015 \| height = 1.87 m \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1986\|02\|11\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[Beverwijk]], Netherlands \| currentclub = \| clubnumber = \| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back\|Centre-back]] \| youthyears1 = 1992–1996 \| youthclubs1 = Vitesse 1922 \| youthyears2 = 1996–2006 \| youthclubs2 = [[AZ Alkmaar\|AZ]] \| years1 = 2006–2010 \| caps1 = 18 \| goals1 = 0 \| clubs1 = [[AZ Alkmaar\|AZ]] \| years2 = 2007–2008 \| caps2 = 44 \| goals2 = 3 \| clubs2 = → [[SBV Excelsior\|Excelsior]] (loan) \| years3 = 2010 \| caps3 = 16 \| goals3 = 2 \| clubs3 = → [[ADO Den Haag]] (loan) \| years4 = 2010–2013 \| caps4 = 92 \| goals4 = 10 \| clubs4 = [[NAC Breda]] \| years5 = 2013–2014 \| caps5 = 28 \| goals5 = 2 \| clubs5 = [[Roda JC Kerkrade]] \| years6 = 2014–2015 \| caps6 = 10 \| goals6 = 0 \| clubs6 = [[Niki Volou FC\|Niki Volos]] \| years7 = 2015 \| caps7 = 7 \| goals7 = 0 \| clubs7 = [[Videoton FC\|Videoton]] \| years8 = 2015–2020 \| caps8 = 124\| goals8 = 12 \| clubs8 = [[SønderjyskE Fodbold\|SønderjyskE]] \| years9 = 2020 \| caps9 = 8 \| goals9 = 0 \| clubs9 = [[Silkeborg IF\|Silkeborg]] \| years10= 2020–2021 \| caps10= 36 \| goals10= 4 \| clubs10= [[Roda JC Kerkrade]] \| nationalyears1 = 2006–2008 \| nationalcaps1 = 7 \| nationalgoals1 = 0\| nationalteam1 = [[Netherlands national under-21 football team\|Netherlands U21]] \| nationalyears2 = 2009 \| nationalcaps2 = 2 \| nationalgoals2 = 0\| nationalteam2 = [[Netherlands national football team\|Netherlands B]] \| club-update = \| nationalteam-update = }} '''Kees Luijckx''' ({{IPA\|nl\|keːs ˈlœyks}}; born 11 February 1986) is a Dutch former professional [[Association football\|footballer]] who played as a [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back\|centre-back]]. He earned 7 caps with the [[Netherlands national under-21 football team\|Netherlands U21]] youth team. ==Club career== Born in [[Beverwijk]], [[North Holland]]. Luijckx began his career in his hometown [[Castricum]] with [[Vitesse 1922]] before being scouted by [[AZ Alkmaar\|AZ]] in 1996. He initially played for the youth side and was then promoted to AZ's first team in the [[Eredivisie]]. Having made one league appearance in a year, he was loaned out to [[S.B.V. Excelsior]] in July 2007. He left Excelsior after only two games in the season 2007–2008 and returned to AZ, where he played 15 matches in the 2008–2009 season<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.ronaldzwiers.0catch.com/Spelers/L/Luijckx,%20Kees/Kees%20Luijckx.htm \|title=Netherlands Stats \|access-date=2009-05-26 \|archive-date=2016-03-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170108/http://www.ronaldzwiers.0catch.com/Spelers/L/Luijckx,%20Kees/Kees%20Luijckx.htm \|url-status=dead }}</ref> and won the [[2008–09 Eredivisie]]. On 26 May 2009, his club announced they were planning without him and he would be searching a new club.<ref>[http://www.az.nl/index.php?id=27&newsid=231444&folderid=222 Pellè en Luijckx mogen AZ verlaten] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528081725/http://www.az.nl/index.php?id=27&newsid=231444&folderid=222 \|date=2009-05-28 }}</ref> In January 2010, Luijckx signed a three-year contract with [[NAC Breda]] joining the club in July 2010.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Luijckx kiest voor het goede gevoel bij NAC Breda\|url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/luijckx-kiest-voor-het-goede-gevoel-bij-nac-breda.htm?channel=phone?channel=phone\|access-date=20 May 2017\|work=Voetbal International\|date=5 January 2010\|language=nl}}</ref> In 2015, he joined [[Videoton FC\|Videoton]], Hungary's reigning champion. On 20 September 2015, Luijckx, who was a [[free agent]], signed a half-year contract with [[Danish Superliga]]-side [[SønderjyskE Fodbold\|SønderjyskE]]. In January 2020, he joined [[Silkeborg IF]] on a contract for the rest of the season.<ref>[https://www.silkeborgif.com/nyhed/erfaren-hollaender-skifter-til-sif/ Erfaren hollænder skifter til SIF], silkeborgif.com, 29 January 2020</ref> On 17 July 2020, Luijckx returned to [[Roda JC Kerkrade]] on a one-year contract.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Roda JC haalt ervaren Kees Luijckx terug naar Kerkrade \|url=https://www.rodajckerkrade.nl/nieuwsbericht/17-07-2020/roda-jc-haalt-ervaren-kees-luijckx-terug-naar-kerkrade \|website=Roda JC Kerkrade \|language=nl \|date=17 July 2020}}</ref> ==International career== Luijckx was part of the [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics - Men's team squads#.C2.A0Netherlands\|Dutch Olympic side]] participating in the [[Beijing 2008 Olympics]]. He played as a substitute in the pre-Olympic [[ING Cup (football)\|ING Cup]] in [[Hong Kong]], arriving in the second half for the injured [[Kew Jaliens]].<ref>[http://www.soenderjyske.dk/Default.asp?StrMenu2=4&StrMenu=3&SideID=31 Hollandsk rutine og size til SønderjyskE] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082922/http://www.soenderjyske.dk/Default.asp?StrMenu2=4&StrMenu=3&SideID=31 \|date=2016-03-04 }}, SønderjyskE, 20 September 2015</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated\|6 June 2018}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Kees Luijckx » Club matches\|url=http://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/kees-luijckx/2/\|website=worldfootball.net\|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=K. Luyckx\|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/kees-luyckx/2196/\|website=Soccerway\|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition \|- !rowspan=2\|Club !rowspan=2\|Season !colspan=3\|League !colspan=2\|Cup<sup>1</sup> !colspan=2\|Continental<sup>2</sup> !colspan=2\|Other<sup>3</sup> !colspan=2\|Total \|- !Division\|\|Apps\|\|Goals\|\|Apps\|\|Goals\|\|Apps\|\|Goals\|\|Apps\|\|Goals\|\|Apps\|\|Goals \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[AZ Alkmaar\|AZ]]\|\|[[2006–07 Eredivisie\|2006–07]]\|\|[[Eredivisie]] \|2\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|2\|\|0 \|- !colspan=2\|Total !2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan=3\|[[S.B.V. Excelsior\|Excelsior]]\|\|[[2006–07 Eredivisie\|2006–07]]\|\|rowspan=2\|Eredivisie \|12\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|4\|\|0\|\|16\|\|0 \|- \|[[2007–08 Eredivisie\|2007–08]] \|32\|\|3\|\|2\|\|1\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|34\|\|4 \|- !colspan=2\|Total !44\|\|3\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|4\|\|0\|\|50\|\|4 \|- \|rowspan=3\|[[AZ Alkmaar\|AZ]]\|\|[[2008–09 Eredivisie\|2008–09]]\|\|rowspan=2\|Eredivisie \|15\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|17\|\|0 \|- \|[[2009–10 Eredivisie\|2009–10]] \|3\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|4\|\|0 \|- !colspan=2\|Total !18\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|21\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[ADO Den Haag]]\|\|[[2009–10 Eredivisie\|2009–10]]\|\|Eredivisie \|16\|\|2\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|16\|\|2 \|- !colspan=2\|Total !16\|\|2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|16\|\|2 \|- \|rowspan=4\|[[NAC Breda]]\|\|[[2010–11 Eredivisie\|2010–11]]\|\|rowspan=3\|Eredivisie \|29\|\|3\|\|4\|\|1\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|33\|\|4 \|- \|[[2011–12 Eredivisie\|2011–12]] \|29\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|29\|\|3 \|- \|[[2012–13 Eredivisie\|2012–13]] \|34\|\|4\|\|3\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|37\|\|4 \|- !colspan=2\|Total !92\|\|10\|\|7\|\|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|99\|\|11 \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[Roda JC Kerkrade\|Roda JC]]\|\|[[2013–14 Eredivisie\|2013–14]]\|\|Eredivisie \|28\|\|2\|\|3\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|31\|\|2 \|- !colspan=2\|Total !28\|\|2\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|31\|\|2 \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[Niki Volou FC\|Niki Volos]]\|\|[[2014–15 Superleague Greece\|2014–15]]\|\|[[Superleague Greece]] \|10\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|10\|\|0 \|- !colspan=2\|Total !10\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|10\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan=3\|[[Videoton FC\|Videoton]]\|\|[[2014–15 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\|2014–15]]\|\|rowspan=2\|[[Nemzeti Bajnokság I]] \|2\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|10\|\|0 \|- \|[[2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\|2015–16]]\|\|5\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|5\|\|0\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|10\|\|0 \|- !colspan=2\|Total !7\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|5\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|20\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan=4\|[[SønderjyskE Fodbold\|SønderjyskE]]\|\|[[2015–16 Danish Superliga\|2015–16]]\|\|rowspan=3\|[[Danish Superliga]] \|20\|\|1\|\|3\|\|1\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|23\|\|2 \|- \|[[2016–17 Danish Superliga\|2016–17]]\|\|16\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|8\|\|0\|\|26\|\|2 \|- \|[[2017–18 Danish Superliga\|2017–18]]\|\|24\|\|6\|\|1\|\|1\|\|colspan=2\|—\|\|9\|\|1\|\|34\|\|8 \|- !colspan=2\|Total !60\|\|9\|\|5\|\|2\|\|1\|\|0\|\|17\|\|1\|\|83\|\|12 \|- !colspan=3\|Career total !277\|\|26\|\|20\|\|4\|\|7\|\|0\|\|21\|\|1\|\|325\|\|31 \|} ;Notes <small><sup>1</sup> Includes [[KNVB Cup]].</small> <small><sup>2</sup> Includes [[UEFA Champions League]] and [[UEFA Europa League]] matches.</small> <small><sup>3</sup> Includes the [[Johan Cruijff Shield]], [[Eredivisie#Playoffs\|Eredivisie playoffs]], and [[Danish Superliga]] championship playoff matches.</small> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{Soccerway\|kees-luyckx/2196}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141229114336/http://www.onsoranje.nl/team-statistieken/teams/speler/25/4f8c4269-a5350902-720659 Holland stats] at OnsOranje * [https://www.elfvoetbal.nl/avonturiers/1926/hoe-kees-luijckx-is-gesetteld-in-deense-achterhoek Kees Luijckx Interview] {{Netherlands Squad 2008 Summer Olympics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luijckx, Kees}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Castricum]] [[Category:Men's association football defenders]] [[Category:Dutch men's footballers]] [[Category:Dutch expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Netherlands men's under-21 international footballers]] [[Category:Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic footballers for the Netherlands]] [[Category:Eredivisie players]] [[Category:Super League Greece players]] [[Category:Nemzeti Bajnokság I players]] [[Category:Danish Superliga players]] [[Category:AZ Alkmaar players]] [[Category:Excelsior Rotterdam players]] [[Category:ADO Den Haag players]] [[Category:NAC Breda players]] [[Category:Roda JC Kerkrade players]] [[Category:Fehérvár FC players]] [[Category:Niki Volos F.C. players]] [[Category:Sønderjyske Fodbold players]] [[Category:Silkeborg IF players]] [[Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Greece]] [[Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Hungary]] [[Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Denmark]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Greece]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark]] [[Category:Footballers from North Holland]]	1,289,757,545	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Date of birth": "11 February 1986", "Place of birth": "Beverwijk, Netherlands", "Height": "1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)", "Position(s)": "Centre-back"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"1992\u20131996": "Vitesse 1922", "1996\u20132006": "AZ"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2006\u20132010": "AZ \u00b7 18 \u00b7 (0)", "2007\u20132008": "\u2192 Excelsior (loan) \u00b7 44 \u00b7 (3)", "2010": "\u2192 ADO Den Haag (loan) \u00b7 16 \u00b7 (2)", "2010\u20132013": "NAC Breda \u00b7 92 \u00b7 (10)", "2013\u20132014": "Roda JC Kerkrade \u00b7 28 \u00b7 (2)", "2014\u20132015": "Niki Volos \u00b7 10 \u00b7 (0)", "2015": "Videoton \u00b7 7 \u00b7 (0)", "2015\u20132020": "S\u00f8nderjyskE \u00b7 124 \u00b7 (12)", "2020": "Silkeborg \u00b7 8 \u00b7 (0)", "2020\u20132021": "Roda JC Kerkrade \u00b7 36 \u00b7 (4)"}}, {"title": "International career", "data": {"2006\u20132008": "Netherlands U21 \u00b7 7 \u00b7 (0)", "2009": "Netherlands B \u00b7 2 \u00b7 (0)"}}, {"title": "Netherlands men's football squad \u2013 2008 Summer Olympics", "data": {"1 Velthuizen 2 Zuiverloon 3 Marcellis 4 Jaliens 5 Pieters 6 Luijckx 7 De Guzm\u00e1n 8 Emanuelson 9 Makaay 10 Sibon 11 Babel 12 Maduro 13 Jong-a-Pin 14 Sno 15 Drenthe 16 Beerens 17 Bakkal 18 Vermeer Coach: De Haan": "Netherlands"}}]	false
# 1999 Sligo Senior Football Championship This is a round-up of the 1999 Sligo Senior Football Championship. Tourlestrane regained the Owen B. Hunt Cup in this year after defeating Easkey, making their first final appearance since 1968. The group stages were re-introduced for this year, but with only three groups used, this resulted in a complicated series of playoffs to determine the final semi-final spot. Tubbercurry, having been disqualified after failing to field against Shamrock Gaels in a playoff, but then re-instated, won that last spot, but Tourlestrane then ended their ambitions in the semi-final. ## Group stages The Championship was contested by 12 teams, divided into three groups of four. The top side in each group qualified for the semi-finals, with the runners-up playing off to decide the other semi-finalist. ### Group A \| Date \| Venue \| Team A \| Score \| Team B \| Score \| \| -------- \| --------------- \| ----------------------- \| ----- \| ----------------------- \| ----- \| \| 25 July \| Coola \| Eastern Harps \| 3-10 \| Bunninadden \| 0-4 \| \| 25 July \| Markievicz Park \| Curry \| 2-7 \| Drumcliffe/Rosses Point \| 2-6 \| \| 31 July \| Tubbercurry \| Curry \| 2-15 \| Bunninadden \| 0-9 \| \| 1 August \| Kent Park \| Drumcliffe/Rosses Point \| 0-13 \| Eastern Harps \| 0-6 \| \| 8 August \| Tubbercurry \| Eastern Harps \| 3-4 \| Curry \| 1-7 \| \| 8 August \| Markievicz Park \| Bunninadden \| 1-7 \| Drumcliffe/Rosses Point \| 0-10 \| \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| For \| Against \| Pts \| \| ----------------------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| ---- \| ------- \| --- \| \| Eastern Harps \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 6-20 \| 1-24 \| 4 \| \| Curry \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 5-29 \| 5-19 \| 4 \| \| Drumcliffe/Rosses Point \| 3 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2-29 \| 3-20 \| 3 \| \| Bunninadden \| 3 \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| 1-20 \| 5-35 \| 1 \| ### Group B \| Date \| Venue \| Team A \| Score \| Team B \| Score \| \| -------- \| --------------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| ---------------- \| ----- \| \| 25 July \| Kent Park \| Castleconnor \| 0-16 \| Grange/Cliffoney \| 1-6 \| \| 25 July \| Enniscrone \| Tubbercurry \| 1-9 \| Easkey \| 0-8 \| \| 1 August \| Markievicz Park \| Tubbercurry \| 3-9 \| Grange/Cliffoney \| 1-8 \| \| 1 August \| Enniscrone \| Easkey \| 1-14 \| Castleconnor \| 0-7 \| \| 7 August \| Markievicz Park \| Easkey \| 0-18 \| Grange/Cliffoney \| 0-8 \| \| 7 August \| Tourlestrane \| Castleconnor \| 0-14 \| Tubbercurry \| 1-9 \| \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| For \| Against \| Pts \| \| ---------------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| ---- \| ------- \| --- \| \| Easkey \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1-40 \| 1-24 \| 4 \| \| Tubbercurry \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 5-27 \| 1-30 \| 4 \| \| Castleconnor \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0-37 \| 3-29 \| 4 \| \| Grange/Cliffoney \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 2-22 \| 3-43 \| 0 \| ### Group C \| Date \| Venue \| Team A \| Score \| Team B \| Score \| \| -------- \| --------------- \| -------------- \| ----- \| ------------------ \| ----- \| \| 24 July \| Markievicz Park \| St. Mary's \| 0-9 \| Coolera/Strandhill \| 1-5 \| \| 24 July \| Tubbercurry \| Tourlestrane \| 1-14 \| Shamrock Gaels \| 1-9 \| \| 31 July \| Markievicz Park \| St. Mary's \| 2-11 \| Shamrock Gaels \| 3-8 \| \| 1 August \| Markievicz Park \| Tourlestrane \| 0-13 \| Coolera/Strandhill \| 0-10 \| \| 8 August \| Tubbercurry \| Tourlestrane \| 1-13 \| St. Mary's \| 3-5 \| \| 8 August \| Markievicz Park \| Shamrock Gaels \| 0-14 \| Coolera/Strandhill \| 2-7 \| \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| For \| Against \| Pts \| \| ------------------ \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| ---- \| ------- \| --- \| \| Tourlestrane \| 3 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2-40 \| 4-24 \| 6 \| \| St. Mary's \| 3 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 5-25 \| 5-26 \| 3 \| \| Shamrock Gaels \| 3 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 4-31 \| 5-32 \| 3 \| \| Coolera/Strandhill \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 3-22 \| 0-36 \| 0 \| ## Playoffs \| Game \| Date \| Venue \| Team A \| Score \| Team B \| Score \| \| ------------------------- \| ------------ \| --------------- \| -------------- \| ----- \| -------------- \| ----- \| \| Sligo SFC Group C Playoff \| 15 August \| Markievicz Park \| Shamrock Gaels \| 2-9 \| St. Mary's \| 0-13 \| \| Sligo SFC Group B Playoff \| 15 August \| Markievicz Park \| Tubbercurry \| 0-11 \| Castleconnor \| 1-7 \| \| Sligo SFC Group A Playoff \| 15 August \| Tourlestrane \| Eastern Harps \| 1-12 \| Curry \| 0-11 \| \| Sligo SFC Group B Playoff \| 21 August \| Markievicz Park \| Easkey \| 1-12 \| Tubbercurry \| 1-9 \| \| Sligo SFC Playoff \| 28 August \| Markievicz Park \| Tubbercurry \| - -- \| Shamrock Gaels \| - -- \| \| Sligo SFC Playoff \| 5 September \| Markievicz Park \| Tubbercurry \| 2-11 \| Shamrock Gaels \| 0-14 \| \| Sligo SFC Playoff \| 11 September \| Tourlestrane \| Tubbercurry \| 0-13 \| Curry \| 1-7 \| ## Semi-finals \| Game \| Date \| Venue \| Team A \| Score \| Team B \| Score \| \| -------------------- \| ------------ \| --------------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| ------------- \| ----- \| \| Sligo SFC Semi-Final \| 5 September \| Markievicz Park \| Easkey \| 3-7 \| Eastern Harps \| 1-10 \| \| Sligo SFC Semi-Final \| 19 September \| Tubbercurry \| Tourlestrane \| 3-15 \| Tubbercurry \| 1-9 \| ## Sligo Senior Football Championship Final \| Tourlestrane \| 1-11 - 1-9 (final score after 60 minutes) \| Easkey \| \| Manager:Neil Egan Team: R. Kennedy L. Gaughan P. Egan D. Henry S. King D. Durkin S. Curley E. O'Hara (0-2)(Capt) C. O'Meara B. Egan M. Walsh (0-3) S. Dunne (0-1) F. Kennedy E. Walsh G. McGowan (1-5) Substitutes: N. Manley \| Half-time: 1-6 - 0-3 Competition: Sligo Senior Football Championship (Final) Date: 15.30 BST Sunday, 3 October 1999 Venue: Markievicz Park, Sligo Referee: Eddie Watters (Coolera/Strandhill) Match rules: 60 minutes. Replay if scores still level. Maximum of 5 substitutions. \| Manager:Padraig Gibson Team: G. Curley D. Rolston E. Sweeney M. Rolston J. Rolston J. Cawley P. Clarke D. Keaveney (Capt) N. McGuire (0-3) B. Rolston (0-1) D. Sloyane (0-3) S. Feeney P. Hallinan F. Feeney (1-2) M. Kelly Substitutes: V. Cuffe \|	enwiki/13424480	enwiki	13,424,480	1999 Sligo Senior Football Championship	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Sligo_Senior_Football_Championship	2024-12-31T16:39:56Z	en	Q16828911	50,252	{{short description\|Gaelic football competition}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2020}} {{Use Irish English\|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox GAA championship \|name=1999 Sligo Senior Football Championship \|county=[[Sligo GAA\|Sligo]] \|year=1999 \|manager=Neil Egan \|captain=[[Eamonn O'Hara]] \|winners=Tourlestrane \|ordinal=6 \|relegated=Shamrock Gaels, Grange/Cliffoney \|promoted=Geevagh, Cloonacool }} This is a round-up of the '''1999 [[Sligo Senior Football Championship]]'''. Tourlestrane regained the Owen B. Hunt Cup in this year after defeating Easkey, making their first final appearance since 1968. The group stages were re-introduced for this year, but with only three groups used, this resulted in a complicated series of playoffs to determine the final semi-final spot. Tubbercurry, having been disqualified after failing to field against Shamrock Gaels in a playoff, but then re-instated, won that last spot, but Tourlestrane then ended their ambitions in the semi-final. ==Group stages== The Championship was contested by 12 teams, divided into three groups of four. The top side in each group qualified for the semi-finals, with the runners-up playing off to decide the other semi-finalist. === Group A === {\| class="wikitable" ! Date ! Venue ! Team A ! Score ! Team B ! Score \|- align="center" \| 25 July \| Coola \|   Eastern Harps \|   3-10 \|   Bunninadden \|   0-4 \|- align="center" \| 25 July \| Markievicz Park \|   Curry \|   2-7 \|   Drumcliffe/Rosses Point \|   2-6 \|- align="center" \| 31 July \| Tubbercurry \|   Curry \|   2-15 \|   Bunninadden \|   0-9 \|- align="center" \| 1 August \| Kent Park \|   Drumcliffe/Rosses Point \|   0-13 \|   Eastern Harps \|   0-6 \|- align="center" \| 8 August \| Tubbercurry \|   Eastern Harps \|   3-4 \|   Curry \|   1-7 \|- align="center" \| 8 August \| Markievicz Park \|   Bunninadden \|   1-7 \|   Drumcliffe/Rosses Point \|   0-10 \|} {\| class="wikitable" !width=165\|Team !width=20\|Pld !width=20\|W !width=20\|D !width=20\|L !width=20\|For !width=20\|Against !width=20\|Pts \|- align=center style="background:pink;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Eastern Harps \|\|3 \|\|2 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|6-20 \|\|1-24 \|\|'''4''' \|- align=center style="background:pink;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Curry \|\|3 \|\|2 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|5-29 \|\|5-19 \|\|'''4''' \|- align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Drumcliffe/Rosses Point \|\|3 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|2-29 \|\|3-20 \|\|'''3''' \|- align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Bunninadden \|\|3 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|2 \|\|1-20 \|\|5-35 \|\|'''1''' \|} === Group B === {\| class="wikitable" ! Date ! Venue ! Team A ! Score ! Team B ! Score \|- align="center" \| 25 July \| Kent Park \|   Castleconnor \|   0-16 \|   Grange/Cliffoney \|   1-6 \|- align="center" \| 25 July \| Enniscrone \|   Tubbercurry \|   1-9 \|   Easkey \|   0-8 \|- align="center" \| 1 August \| Markievicz Park \|   Tubbercurry \|   3-9 \|   Grange/Cliffoney \|   1-8 \|- align="center" \| 1 August \| Enniscrone \|   Easkey \|   1-14 \|   Castleconnor \|   0-7 \|- align="center" \| 7 August \| Markievicz Park \|   Easkey \|   0-18 \|   Grange/Cliffoney \|   0-8 \|- align="center" \| 7 August \| Tourlestrane \|   Castleconnor \|   0-14 \|   Tubbercurry \|   1-9 \|} {\| class="wikitable" !width=165\|Team !width=20\|Pld !width=20\|W !width=20\|D !width=20\|L !width=20\|For !width=20\|Against !width=20\|Pts \|- align=center style="background:pink;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Easkey \|\|3 \|\|2 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|1-40 \|\|1-24 \|\|'''4''' \|- align=center style="background:pink;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Tubbercurry \|\|3 \|\|2 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|5-27 \|\|1-30 \|\|'''4''' \|- align=center style="background:pink;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Castleconnor \|\|3 \|\|2 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|0-37 \|\|3-29 \|\|'''4''' \|- align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Grange/Cliffoney \|\|3 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|3 \|\|2-22 \|\|3-43 \|\|'''0''' \|} === Group C === {\| class="wikitable" ! Date ! Venue ! Team A ! Score ! Team B ! Score \|- align="center" \| 24 July \| Markievicz Park \|   St. Mary's \|   0-9 \|   Coolera/Strandhill \|   1-5 \|- align="center" \| 24 July \| Tubbercurry \|   Tourlestrane \|   1-14 \|   Shamrock Gaels \|   1-9 \|- align="center" \| 31 July \| Markievicz Park \|   St. Mary's \|   2-11 \|   Shamrock Gaels \|   3-8 \|- align="center" \| 1 August \| Markievicz Park \|   Tourlestrane \|   0-13 \|   Coolera/Strandhill \|   0-10 \|- align="center" \| 8 August \| Tubbercurry \|   Tourlestrane \|   1-13 \|   St. Mary's \|   3-5 \|- align="center" \| 8 August \| Markievicz Park \|   Shamrock Gaels \|   0-14 \|   Coolera/Strandhill \|   2-7 \|} {\| class="wikitable" !width=165\|Team !width=20\|Pld !width=20\|W !width=20\|D !width=20\|L !width=20\|For !width=20\|Against !width=20\|Pts \|- align=center style="background:#ccffcc;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Tourlestrane \|\|3 \|\|3 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|2-40 \|\|4-24 \|\|'''6''' \|- align=center style="background:pink;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|St. Mary's \|\|3 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|5-25 \|\|5-26 \|\|'''3''' \|- align=center style="background:pink;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Shamrock Gaels \|\|3 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|4-31 \|\|5-32 \|\|'''3''' \|- align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" \|style="text-align:left;"\|Coolera/Strandhill \|\|3 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|3 \|\|3-22\|\|0-36 \|\|'''0''' \|} ==Playoffs== {\| class="wikitable" ! Game ! Date ! Venue ! Team A ! Score ! Team B ! Score \|- align="center" \| Sligo SFC<br />'''Group C Playoff''' \| 15 August \| Markievicz Park \| Shamrock Gaels \| 2-9 \| St. Mary's \| 0-13 \|- align="center" \| Sligo SFC<br />'''Group B Playoff''' \| 15 August \| Markievicz Park \| Tubbercurry \| 0-11 \| Castleconnor \| 1-7 \|- align="center" \| Sligo SFC<br />'''Group A Playoff''' \| 15 August \| Tourlestrane \| Eastern Harps \| 1-12 \| Curry \| 0-11 \|- align="center" \| Sligo SFC<br />'''Group B Playoff''' \| 21 August \| Markievicz Park \| Easkey \| 1-12 \| Tubbercurry \| 1-9 \|- align="center" \| Sligo SFC<br />'''Playoff''' \| 28 August \| Markievicz Park \| Tubbercurry \| - -- \| Shamrock Gaels \| - -- \|- align="center" \| Sligo SFC<br />'''Playoff''' \| 5 September \| Markievicz Park \| Tubbercurry \| 2-11 \| Shamrock Gaels \| 0-14 \|- align="center" \| Sligo SFC<br />'''Playoff''' \| 11 September \| Tourlestrane \| Tubbercurry \| 0-13 \| Curry \| 1-7 \|} ==Semi-finals== {\| class="wikitable" ! Game ! Date ! Venue ! Team A ! Score ! Team B ! Score \|- align="center" \| Sligo SFC<br />'''Semi-Final''' \| 5 September \| Markievicz Park \| Easkey \| 3-7 \| Eastern Harps \| 1-10 \|- align="center" \| Sligo SFC<br />'''Semi-Final''' \| 19 September \| Tubbercurry \| Tourlestrane \| 3-15 \| Tubbercurry \| 1-9 \|} ==Sligo Senior Football Championship Final== {\|border=0 class="wikitable" width=100% \|- \|width=33% valign=top\|<span style="font-size:140%;">'''Tourlestrane'''</span><br /><small></small> \|width=33% valign=top align=center\|<!--Final Score--><span style="font-size:140%;">'''1-11 - 1-9'''</span><br /><small>(final score after 60 minutes)</small> \|width=33% valign=top\|<span style="font-size:140%;">'''Easkey'''</span><br /><small></small> \|- \|valign=top\|''Manager:'''''Neil Egan''' ---- ''Team:'' <br />R. Kennedy <br />L. Gaughan <br />P. Egan <br />D. Henry <br />S. King <br />D. Durkin <br />S. Curley <br />E. O'Hara (0-2)(Capt) <br />C. O'Meara <br />B. Egan <br />M. Walsh (0-3) <br />S. Dunne (0-1) <br />F. Kennedy <br />E. Walsh <br />G. McGowan (1-5) ---- ''Substitutes:'' <br />N. Manley \|valign=middle align=center\|<!--Further Match stats--> '''Half-time:'''<br />1-6 - 0-3 '''Competition:'''<br />[[Sligo Senior Football Championship]]<br />(Final) '''Date:'''<br />15.30 BST<br />Sunday, 3 October 1999 '''Venue:'''<br />Markievicz Park, [[Sligo]] '''Referee:'''<br />Eddie Watters (Coolera/Strandhill) '''Match rules''':<br />60 minutes.<br />Replay if scores still level.<br />Maximum of 5 substitutions. <!---TEAM B---> \|valign=top\|''Manager:'''''Padraig Gibson''' ---- ''Team:'' <br />G. Curley <br />D. Rolston <br />E. Sweeney <br />M. Rolston <br />J. Rolston <br />J. Cawley <br />P. Clarke <br />D. Keaveney (Capt) <br />N. McGuire (0-3) <br />B. Rolston (0-1) <br />D. Sloyane (0-3) <br />S. Feeney <br />P. Hallinan <br />F. Feeney (1-2) <br />M. Kelly ---- ''Substitutes:'' <br />V. Cuffe \|} == References == * Sligo Champion (July–October 1999) {{Sligo Senior Football Championship}} [[Category:Sligo Senior Football Championship]] [[Category:1999 in Gaelic football\|Sligo Senior Football Championship]]	1,266,440,151	[{"title": "1999 Sligo Senior Football Championship", "data": {"County": "Sligo", "Year": "1999"}}, {"title": "Winners", "data": {"Champions": "Tourlestrane (6th win)", "Manager": "Neil Egan", "Captain": "Eamonn O'Hara"}}, {"title": "Promotion/Relegation", "data": {"Promoted team(s)": "Geevagh, Cloonacool", "Relegated team(s)": "Shamrock Gaels, Grange/Cliffoney"}}]	false
# 2003–04 Northern Football League The 2003–04 Northern Football League season was the 106th in the history of Northern Football League, a football competition in England. ## Division One Division One featured 18 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs, promoted from Division Two: - Horden Colliery Welfare - Penrith - Thornaby ### League table \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Promotion or relegation \| \| --- \| -------------------------- \| --- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| --- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| ------------------------- \| \| 1 \| Dunston Federation Brewery \| 40 \| 25 \| 9 \| 6 \| 76 \| 32 \| +44 \| 84 \| \| \| 2 \| Durham City \| 40 \| 23 \| 9 \| 8 \| 90 \| 53 \| +37 \| 78 \| \| \| 3 \| Bedlington Terriers \| 40 \| 25 \| 5 \| 10 \| 104 \| 58 \| +46 \| 77 \| \| \| 4 \| Shildon \| 40 \| 21 \| 11 \| 8 \| 82 \| 52 \| +30 \| 71 \| \| \| 5 \| Billingham Town \| 40 \| 20 \| 10 \| 10 \| 83 \| 62 \| +21 \| 70 \| \| \| 6 \| Jarrow Roofing BCA \| 40 \| 19 \| 6 \| 15 \| 98 \| 90 \| +8 \| 63 \| \| \| 7 \| Peterlee Newtown \| 40 \| 17 \| 9 \| 14 \| 82 \| 67 \| +15 \| 60 \| \| \| 8 \| Brandon United \| 40 \| 17 \| 7 \| 16 \| 71 \| 77 \| −6 \| 58 \| \| \| 9 \| Billingham Synthonia \| 40 \| 16 \| 9 \| 15 \| 75 \| 65 \| +10 \| 57 \| \| \| 10 \| Whitley Bay \| 40 \| 16 \| 6 \| 18 \| 71 \| 76 \| −5 \| 54 \| \| \| 11 \| Morpeth Town \| 40 \| 16 \| 8 \| 16 \| 70 \| 59 \| +11 \| 53 \| \| \| 12 \| Thornaby \| 40 \| 14 \| 12 \| 14 \| 56 \| 61 \| −5 \| 51 \| \| \| 13 \| West Auckland Town \| 40 \| 14 \| 8 \| 18 \| 63 \| 96 \| −33 \| 50 \| \| \| 14 \| Guisborough Town \| 40 \| 13 \| 10 \| 17 \| 59 \| 57 \| +2 \| 49 \| \| \| 15 \| Esh Winning \| 40 \| 13 \| 9 \| 18 \| 52 \| 68 \| −16 \| 48 \| \| \| 16 \| Tow Law Town \| 40 \| 13 \| 8 \| 19 \| 63 \| 78 \| −15 \| 47 \| \| \| 17 \| Chester-le-Street Town \| 40 \| 14 \| 4 \| 22 \| 74 \| 85 \| −11 \| 46 \| \| \| 18 \| Horden Colliery Welfare \| 40 \| 11 \| 11 \| 18 \| 58 \| 81 \| −23 \| 44 \| \| \| 19 \| Washington \| 40 \| 10 \| 6 \| 24 \| 55 \| 97 \| −42 \| 36 \| Relegated to Division Two \| \| 20 \| Marske United \| 40 \| 8 \| 9 \| 23 \| 46 \| 76 \| −30 \| 33 \| Relegated to Division Two \| \| 21 \| Penrith \| 40 \| 8 \| 8 \| 24 \| 45 \| 83 \| −38 \| 32 \| Relegated to Division Two \| 1. ↑ Bedlington Terriers were deducted three points. 2. ↑ Shildon were deducted three points. 3. ↑ Morpeth were deducted three points. 4. ↑ Thornaby were deducted three points. ## Division Two Division Two featured 16 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with four new clubs. - Clubs relegated from Division One: - Consett - Newcastle Blue Star - Prudhoe Town - Plus: - Newcastle Benfield Saints, joined from the Northern Football Alliance ### League table \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Promotion or relegation \| \| --- \| -------------------------- \| --- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| ----------------------------------------- \| \| 1 \| Ashington \| 38 \| 27 \| 7 \| 4 \| 91 \| 28 \| +63 \| 88 \| Promoted to Division One \| \| 2 \| Newcastle Benfield Saints \| 38 \| 26 \| 7 \| 5 \| 106 \| 42 \| +64 \| 85 \| Promoted to Division One \| \| 3 \| Consett \| 38 \| 25 \| 8 \| 5 \| 84 \| 35 \| +49 \| 83 \| Promoted to Division One \| \| 4 \| Newcastle Blue Star \| 38 \| 24 \| 6 \| 8 \| 87 \| 53 \| +34 \| 75 \| \| \| 5 \| Washington Nissan \| 38 \| 21 \| 6 \| 11 \| 81 \| 47 \| +34 \| 66 \| \| \| 6 \| Prudhoe Town \| 38 \| 18 \| 4 \| 16 \| 73 \| 70 \| +3 \| 58 \| \| \| 7 \| Northallerton Town \| 38 \| 15 \| 12 \| 11 \| 73 \| 57 \| +16 \| 57 \| \| \| 8 \| Hebburn Town \| 38 \| 16 \| 6 \| 16 \| 64 \| 58 \| +6 \| 54 \| \| \| 9 \| Kennek Ryhope CA \| 38 \| 15 \| 8 \| 15 \| 65 \| 55 \| +10 \| 53 \| \| \| 10 \| Whickham \| 38 \| 14 \| 10 \| 14 \| 66 \| 57 \| +9 \| 52 \| \| \| 11 \| Alnwick Town \| 38 \| 15 \| 6 \| 17 \| 50 \| 59 \| −9 \| 51 \| \| \| 12 \| South Shields \| 38 \| 14 \| 8 \| 16 \| 61 \| 68 \| −7 \| 50 \| \| \| 13 \| Seaham Red Star \| 38 \| 11 \| 10 \| 17 \| 73 \| 78 \| −5 \| 43 \| \| \| 14 \| Evenwood Town \| 38 \| 13 \| 4 \| 21 \| 43 \| 58 \| −15 \| 43 \| \| \| 15 \| Murton \| 38 \| 11 \| 9 \| 18 \| 58 \| 68 \| −10 \| 42 \| Demoted to the Northern Football Alliance \| \| 16 \| Crook Town \| 38 \| 11 \| 8 \| 19 \| 61 \| 79 \| −18 \| 41 \| \| \| 17 \| Willington \| 38 \| 11 \| 5 \| 22 \| 50 \| 104 \| −54 \| 38 \| \| \| 18 \| Norton & Stockton Ancients \| 38 \| 10 \| 5 \| 23 \| 49 \| 89 \| −40 \| 35 \| \| \| 19 \| Easington Colliery \| 38 \| 8 \| 3 \| 27 \| 41 \| 119 \| −78 \| 27 \| \| \| 20 \| Shotton Comrades \| 38 \| 6 \| 6 \| 26 \| 47 \| 99 \| −52 \| 24 \| Relegated to the Wearside Football League \| 1. ↑ Newcastle Blue Star were deducted three points. 2. ↑ Washington Nissan were deducted three points.	enwiki/66441701	enwiki	66,441,701	2003–04 Northern Football League	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Northern_Football_League	2022-05-23T07:47:58Z	en	Q105274803	148,253	The '''2003–04 Northern Football League season''' was the 106th in the history of [[Northern Football League]], a [[association football\|football]] competition in England.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Northern Football League 2003–2011\|url=https://www.nonleaguematters.co.uk/nlmnet/Regs1Nr/nor03.html\|website=Non League Matters}}</ref> ==Division One== {{Infobox football league season \|competition= Northern Football League<br>Division One \|season= 2003–04 \|winners= [[Dunston UTS F.C.\|Dunston Federation Brewery]] \|promoted= \|relegated= [[Washington F.C.\|Washington]]<br>[[Marske United F.C.\|Marske United]]<br>[[Penrith F.C.\|Penrith]] \|matches= 420 \|total goals= 1473 \|prevseason= [[2002–03 Northern Football League#Division One\|2002–03]] \|nextseason= [[2004–05 Northern Football League#Division One\|2004–05]] }} Division One featured 18 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs, promoted from Division Two: * [[Horden Colliery Welfare A.F.C.\|Horden Colliery Welfare]] * [[Penrith F.C.\|Penrith]] * [[Thornaby F.C.\|Thornaby]] ===League table=== {{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|section=Division One \|show_limit=5 \|res_col_header=PR \|team1=DUN\|name_DUN=[[Dunston UTS F.C.\|Dunston Federation Brewery]] \|team2=DUR\|name_DUR=[[Durham City F.C.\|Durham City]] \|team3=BED\|name_BED=[[Bedlington Terriers F.C.\|Bedlington Terriers]] \|team4=SHI\|name_SHI=[[Shildon A.F.C.\|Shildon]] \|team5=BLT\|name_BLT=[[Billingham Town F.C.\|Billingham Town]] \|team6=JRO\|name_JRO=[[Jarrow Roofing Boldon Community Association F.C.\|Jarrow Roofing BCA]] \|team7=PET\|name_PET=[[Peterlee Newtown F.C.\|Peterlee Newtown]] \|team8=BRA\|name_BRA=[[Brandon United F.C.\|Brandon United]] \|team9=BLS\|name_BLS=[[Billingham Synthonia F.C.\|Billingham Synthonia]] \|team10=WHI\|name_WHI=[[Whitley Bay F.C.\|Whitley Bay]] \|team11=MOR\|name_MOR=[[Morpeth Town A.F.C.\|Morpeth Town]] \|team12=THO\|name_THO=[[Thornaby F.C.\|Thornaby]] \|team13=WAT\|name_WAT=[[West Auckland Town F.C.\|West Auckland Town]] \|team14=GUI\|name_GUI=[[Guisborough Town F.C.\|Guisborough Town]] \|team15=ESH\|name_ESH=[[Esh Winning F.C.\|Esh Winning]] \|team16=TOW\|name_TOW=[[Tow Law Town A.F.C.\|Tow Law Town]] \|team17=CLS\|name_CLS=[[Chester-le-Street Town F.C.\|Chester-le-Street Town]] \|team18=HCW\|name_HCW=[[Horden Colliery Welfare A.F.C.\|Horden Colliery Welfare]] \|team19=WAS\|name_WAS=[[Washington F.C.\|Washington]] \|team20=MAR\|name_MAR=[[Marske United F.C.\|Marske United]] \|team21=PEN\|name_PEN=[[Penrith F.C.\|Penrith]] \|win_BED=25\|draw_BED=5\|loss_BED=10\|gf_BED=104\|ga_BED=58\|adjust_points_BED=-3 \|win_BLS=16\|draw_BLS=9\|loss_BLS=15\|gf_BLS=75\|ga_BLS=65 \|win_BLT=20\|draw_BLT=10\|loss_BLT=10\|gf_BLT=83\|ga_BLT=62 \|win_BRA=17\|draw_BRA=7\|loss_BRA=16\|gf_BRA=71\|ga_BRA=77 \|win_CLS=14\|draw_CLS=4\|loss_CLS=22\|gf_CLS=74\|ga_CLS=85 \|win_DUN=25\|draw_DUN=9\|loss_DUN=6\|gf_DUN=76\|ga_DUN=32 \|win_DUR=23\|draw_DUR=9\|loss_DUR=8\|gf_DUR=90\|ga_DUR=53 \|win_ESH=13\|draw_ESH=9\|loss_ESH=18\|gf_ESH=52\|ga_ESH=68 \|win_GUI=13\|draw_GUI=10\|loss_GUI=17\|gf_GUI=59\|ga_GUI=57 \|win_HCW=11\|draw_HCW=11\|loss_HCW=18\|gf_HCW=58\|ga_HCW=81 \|win_JRO=19\|draw_JRO=6\|loss_JRO=15\|gf_JRO=98\|ga_JRO=90 \|win_MAR=8\|draw_MAR=9\|loss_MAR=23\|gf_MAR=46\|ga_MAR=76 \|win_MOR=16\|draw_MOR=8\|loss_MOR=16\|gf_MOR=70\|ga_MOR=59\|adjust_points_MOR=-3 \|win_PEN=8\|draw_PEN=8\|loss_PEN=24\|gf_PEN=45\|ga_PEN=83 \|win_PET=17\|draw_PET=9\|loss_PET=14\|gf_PET=82\|ga_PET=67 \|win_SHI=21\|draw_SHI=11\|loss_SHI=8\|gf_SHI=82\|ga_SHI=52\|adjust_points_SHI=-3 \|win_THO=14\|draw_THO=12\|loss_THO=14\|gf_THO=56\|ga_THO=61\|adjust_points_THO=-3 \|win_TOW=13\|draw_TOW=8\|loss_TOW=19\|gf_TOW=63\|ga_TOW=78 \|win_WAS=10\|draw_WAS=6\|loss_WAS=24\|gf_WAS=55\|ga_WAS=97 \|win_WAT=14\|draw_WAT=8\|loss_WAT=18\|gf_WAT=63\|ga_WAT=96 \|win_WHI=16\|draw_WHI=6\|loss_WHI=18\|gf_WHI=71\|ga_WHI=76 \|hth_BED=Bedlington Terriers were deducted three points. \|hth_MOR=Morpeth were deducted three points. \|hth_SHI=Shildon were deducted three points. \|hth_THO=Thornaby were deducted three points. \|col_R=#FFCCCC\|text_R=Relegated to [[2004–05 Northern Football League#Division Two\|Division Two]] \|result20=R\|result21=R\|result19=R \|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored. \|update=complete \|source=[https://www.fchd.info/lghist/north2004.htm fchd] }} ==Division Two== {{Infobox football league season \|competition= Northern Football League<br>Division Two \|season= 2003–04 \|winners= [[Ashington A.F.C.\|Ashington]] \|promoted= [[Ashington A.F.C.\|Ashington]]<br>[[Newcastle Benfield F.C.\|Newcastle Benfield Saints]]<br>[[Consett A.F.C.\|Consett]] \|relegated= [[Shotton Comrades F.C.\|Shotton Comrades]] \|matches= 380 \|total goals= 1323 \|prevseason= [[2002–03 Northern Football League#Division Two\|2002–03]] \|nextseason= [[2004–05 Northern Football League#Division Two\|2004–05]] }} Division Two featured 16 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with four new clubs. * Clubs relegated from Division One: [[Consett A.F.C.\|Consett]] [[Newcastle Blue Star F.C.\|Newcastle Blue Star]] ** [[Prudhoe Town F.C.\|Prudhoe Town]] * Plus: ** [[Newcastle Benfield F.C.\|Newcastle Benfield Saints]], joined from the [[Northern Football Alliance]] ===League table=== {{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|section=Division Two \|show_limit=5 \|res_col_header=PR \|team1=ASH\|name_ASH=[[Ashington A.F.C.\|Ashington]] \|team2=NCB\|name_NCB=[[Newcastle Benfield F.C.\|Newcastle Benfield Saints]] \|team3=CON\|name_CON=[[Consett A.F.C.\|Consett]] \|team4=NBS\|name_NBS=[[Newcastle Blue Star F.C.\|Newcastle Blue Star]] \|team5=SUN\|name_SUN=[[Washington Nissan F.C.\|Washington Nissan]] \|team6=PRU\|name_PRU=[[Prudhoe Town F.C.\|Prudhoe Town]] \|team7=NOR\|name_NOR=[[Northallerton Town F.C.\|Northallerton Town]] \|team8=HEB\|name_HEB=[[Hebburn Town F.C.\|Hebburn Town]] \|team9=RCA\|name_RCA=[[Kennek Ryhope C.A. F.C.\|Kennek Ryhope CA]] \|team10=WHC\|name_WHC=[[Whickham F.C.\|Whickham]] \|team11=ALN\|name_ALN=[[Alnwick Town A.F.C.\|Alnwick Town]] \|team12=SSH\|name_SSH=[[South Shields F.C.\|South Shields]] \|team13=SRS\|name_SRS=[[Seaham Red Star F.C.\|Seaham Red Star]] \|team14=EVE\|name_EVE=[[Evenwood Town F.C.\|Evenwood Town]] \|team15=MUR\|name_MUR=[[Murton A.F.C.\|Murton]] \|team16=CRO\|name_CRO=[[Crook Town A.F.C.\|Crook Town]] \|team17=WIL\|name_WIL=[[Willington A.F.C.\|Willington]] \|team18=NSA\|name_NSA=[[Norton & Stockton Ancients F.C.\|Norton & Stockton Ancients]] \|team19=EAS\|name_EAS=[[Easington Colliery A.F.C.\|Easington Colliery]] \|team20=SHO\|name_SHO=[[Shotton Comrades F.C.\|Shotton Comrades]] \|win_ALN=15\|draw_ALN=6\|loss_ALN=17\|gf_ALN=50\|ga_ALN=59 \|win_ASH=27\|draw_ASH=7\|loss_ASH=4\|gf_ASH=91\|ga_ASH=28 \|win_CON=25\|draw_CON=8\|loss_CON=5\|gf_CON=84\|ga_CON=35 \|win_CRO=11\|draw_CRO=8\|loss_CRO=19\|gf_CRO=61\|ga_CRO=79 \|win_EAS=8\|draw_EAS=3\|loss_EAS=27\|gf_EAS=41\|ga_EAS=119 \|win_EVE=13\|draw_EVE=4\|loss_EVE=21\|gf_EVE=43\|ga_EVE=58 \|win_HEB=16\|draw_HEB=6\|loss_HEB=16\|gf_HEB=64\|ga_HEB=58 \|win_MUR=11\|draw_MUR=9\|loss_MUR=18\|gf_MUR=58\|ga_MUR=68 \|win_NBS=24\|draw_NBS=6\|loss_NBS=8\|gf_NBS=87\|ga_NBS=53\|adjust_points_NBS=-3 \|win_NCB=26\|draw_NCB=7\|loss_NCB=5\|gf_NCB=106\|ga_NCB=42 \|win_NOR=15\|draw_NOR=12\|loss_NOR=11\|gf_NOR=73\|ga_NOR=57 \|win_NSA=10\|draw_NSA=5\|loss_NSA=23\|gf_NSA=49\|ga_NSA=89 \|win_PRU=18\|draw_PRU=4\|loss_PRU=16\|gf_PRU=73\|ga_PRU=70 \|win_RCA=15\|draw_RCA=8\|loss_RCA=15\|gf_RCA=65\|ga_RCA=55 \|win_SHO=6\|draw_SHO=6\|loss_SHO=26\|gf_SHO=47\|ga_SHO=99 \|win_SUN=21\|draw_SUN=6\|loss_SUN=11\|gf_SUN=81\|ga_SUN=47\|adjust_points_SUN=-3 \|win_SRS=11\|draw_SRS=10\|loss_SRS=17\|gf_SRS=73\|ga_SRS=78 \|win_SSH=14\|draw_SSH=8\|loss_SSH=16\|gf_SSH=61\|ga_SSH=68 \|win_WHC=14\|draw_WHC=10\|loss_WHC=14\|gf_WHC=66\|ga_WHC=57 \|win_WIL=11\|draw_WIL=5\|loss_WIL=22\|gf_WIL=50\|ga_WIL=104 \|hth_SUN=Washington Nissan were deducted three points. \|hth_NBS=Newcastle Blue Star were deducted three points. \|col_P=#ACE1AF\|text_P=Promoted to [[2004–05 Northern Football League#Division One\|Division One]] \|result1=P\|result2=P\|result3=P \|col_R=#FFCCCC\|text_R=Relegated to the [[Wearside Football League]] \|result20=R \|col_D=#FFCCCC\|text_D=Demoted to the [[Northern Football Alliance]] \|result15=D \|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored. \|update=complete \|source=[https://www.fchd.info/lghist/north2004.htm fchd] }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.northernfootballleague.org/ Northern Football League official site] {{Northern League (football)}} {{2003–04 in English football}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2003-04 Northern Football League}} [[Category:Northern Football League seasons]] [[Category:2003–04 in English football leagues]]	1,089,342,899	[{"title": "Northern Football League \u00b7 Division One", "data": {"Season": "2003\u201304", "Champions": "Dunston Federation Brewery", "Relegated": "Washington \u00b7 Marske United \u00b7 Penrith", "Matches played": "420", "Goals scored": "1,473 (3.51 per match)"}}, {"title": "Northern Football League \u00b7 Division Two", "data": {"Season": "2003\u201304", "Champions": "Ashington", "Promoted": "Ashington \u00b7 Newcastle Benfield Saints \u00b7 Consett", "Relegated": "Shotton Comrades", "Matches played": "380", "Goals scored": "1,323 (3.48 per match)"}}]	false
# 309th Fighter Squadron The 309th Fighter Squadron (309 FS) is part of the 56th Operations Group at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona. It operates the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (F-16C and F-16D variants) aircraft conducting advanced fighter training. ## History ### World War II Initially established under Third Air Force in early 1942 as a fighter squadron at Baer Field, Indiana, flying some antisubmarine patrols in the Gulf of Mexico. Deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO) in June 1942 without aircraft as its Curtiss P-40 Warhawks and Bell P-39 Airacobras were deemed unsuitable for use against German aircraft in long-range bomber escort duties. The squadron was re-equipped with RAF Supermarine Spitfire Mark Vs and its pilots and technicians spent a two-month period undergoing intensive training in flying and fighting with RAF pilots in the British aircraft from airfields in southeast England. The squadron flew its first combat mission on 18 August 1942, when it attacked enemy positions in occupied France. Assigned to the new Twelfth Air Force and deployed to Gibraltar in November 1942 as part of the Operation Torch invasion forces, it initially operated from former Vichy French airfields in Algeria. It subsequently advanced east across Algeria and Tunisia during the Tunisian campaign, supporting the Fifth United States Army which halted Field Marshal Rommel's advance on allied positions. Spitfires from the squadron provided support for the Allied invasion of Sicily and later the landings by Allied forces in mainland Italy, moving north supporting the Fifth Army during the Italian Campaign. As Allied bomber forces operating from Italy began the strategic bombing of Axis petroleum and communications facilities in central Europe and the Balkans, the squadron was re-equipped with the North American P-51 Mustang to replace the shorter-ranged Spitfire. In August 1944, the P-51's were involved in the invasion of Southern France. By war's end, the squadron had earned two Distinguished Unit Citations and was involved in eight campaigns The squadron was largely demobilized during the summer of 1945 in Europe, a skeleton force returned to Drew Field, Florida in August, inactivating largely as an administrative unit in November. Reactivated from elements of several inactivating organizations in Germany in August 1946, Performed occupation duty and operating early-model P-80A Shooting Star jets from former Luftwaffe jet-capable airfields at AAF Station Giebelstadt and AAF Station Kitzingen. Returned to the United States in June 1947 without personnel or equipment which remained in Germany. ### Cold War Assigned to Strategic Air Command at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia as a fighter-escort squadron, equipped with straight-winged Republic F-84E Thunderjets. Assigned to Turner Air Force Base, Georgia with mission of long-range escort of Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers, later Boeing B-50 Superfortress and Convair B-36 Peacemakers as newer aircraft came into operation by SAC. Relieved from assignment to SAC and made non-operational in 1957 with phaseout of B-36 and end of SAC escort fighter concept. On 1 April 1957 the parent 31 SFW was transferred back to Tactical Air Command and moved to George Air Force Base, California. Trained in tactical air support of ground forces, deploying to NATO bases for operational exercises. Reassigned to Homestead Air Force Base, Florida after the Cuban Missile Crisis, late 1962 to provide air defense of South Florida. Was deployed to Southeast Asia, 1964 as part of advisory forces operating against North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam. Reassigned back to TAC at Homestead AFB in 1970, as part of re-establishment of 31st TFW upon its return from duty in Southeast Asia. Equipped with McDonnell F-4E Phantom IIs. Was deployed to Thailand, July 1972, engaging North Vietnamese forces in northern South Vietnam in response to the communist spring offensive. Returned to the United States in the late fall 1972. For the next 20 years, performed routine training and tactical deployments from Homestead AFB. At the end of 1986 the squadron and wing changed tail codes from ZF to HS, which better matched the squadrons location in Homestead. Upgraded to the General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon in 1988, upgrading to receive Shaw AFB block 25s in August 1990. The Gulf War build-up and the 363rd TFW at Shaw Air Force Base deploying to Saudi Arabia meant no more block 25s were available. With some F-16A/B block 15s still in service for the 309th TFS, it continued to operate both types. When Desert Storm ended it was decided to convert the 31st TFW to block 40 F-16s instead. Up to that point about ten block 25s had reached the 309th FS. They were all sent to other units. Neither of the 31st TFW's other sister squadrons flew the block 25. In March 1991 the 309th began conversion to the block 40 version of the F-16. On 1 October 1991 the word 'Tactical' was dropped and the unit became the 309th Fighter Squadron. By early 1992 the conversion to block 40 F-16s with the general purpose role was complete. ### Modern era The squadron evacuated to Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, in August 1992, narrowly escaping the devastation of Hurricane Andrew. It was to be a temporary move to Moody, but Homestead was so heavily damaged it was never re-opened for any of the 31st FW squadrons After destruction of Homestead AFB, was reassigned permanently to the 363d Operations Group at Shaw. At this point the 'HS' tail code began to be replaced with a 'SW' tail code. When Shaw AFB began converting to the block 50 in 1993, even the 309th FS was involved receiving many examples. Although the squadron began converting to the block 50, it was short lived. The 20th FW at RAF Upper Heyford, England inactivated and moved its Wing and associate squadrons to Shaw AFB. On 31 December 1993 the 363d FW inactivated and the same day the 309th FS inactivated. Plans were already in the works which involved moving the 309th Fighter Squadron to Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, where it would continue its heritage, this time as a training squadron under the 56th Fighter Wing. The Air Force reactivated the squadron on 1 April 1994, as with the block 25 version of the Viper. The 309th produced 14 aces over the years, totaling 161 kills among them. The 309th also received numerous awards, including two Distinguished Unit Citations, one Presidential Unit Citation, two Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards with Combat "V" Device, two Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards, and one Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm. In addition, the squadron earned 25 campaign streamers from World War II through Southeast Asia. The squadron emblem is a 1944 Walt Disney production copyrighted design. It symbolizes the fighter mission celestial navigation pioneered by this squadron, its around-the-clock mission readiness, and its striking power. On 1 March 2014, the 311th Fighter Squadron was reactivated as a part of the also newly reactivated 54th Fighter Group at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. The 311th will operate F-16s currently flown by the 309th. Once all of the 309th's aircraft are transferred to Holloman, the squadron is planned to become inactivate for a time in preparation for Luke's transition to the F-35 Lightning II. ## Lineage - Constituted as the 309th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 21 January 1942 Activated on 30 January 1942 Redesignated 309th Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942 Redesignated 309th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 20 August 1943 Inactivated on 7 November 1945 - Activated on 20 August 1946 Redesignated 309th Fighter Squadron, Jet on 15 June 1948 Redesignated 309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 20 January 1950 Redesignated 309th Fighter-Escort Squadron on 16 July 1950 Redesignated 309th Strategic Fighter Squadron on 20 January 1953 Redesignated 309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 1 April 1957 Redesignated 309th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 1 July 1958 Redesignated 309th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron on 1 July 1982 Redesignated 309th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 1 October 1986 Redesignated 309th Fighter Squadron on 1 November 1991 Inactivated on 31 December 1993 - Activated on 1 April 1994[2] ### Assignments - 31st Pursuit Group (later 31st Fighter Group), 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 - 31st Fighter Group (later 31st Fighter-Bomber Group, 31st Fighter-Escort Group), 20 August 1946 (attached to 31st Fighter-Escort Wing after 27 July 1951) - 31st Fighter-Escort Wing (later 31st Strategic Fighter Wing, 31st Fighter-Bomber Wing, 31st Tactical Fighter Wing), 16 June 1952 Attached to Alaskan Air Command, 5 January – 9 February 1957 Attached to Unknown, 9 July – 15 November 1960 and 9 October – 26 November 1961 Attached to 18th Tactical Fighter Wing, 17 July – 22 December 1962 and 26 September – 30 December 1963 Attached to 7231st Combat Support Group, 5 August – 27 November 1964 and 18 January – 31 March 1966 Attached to 41st Tactical Group, 1–24 April 1966 - 4403d Tactical Fighter Wing, 9 October 1970 - 31st Tactical Fighter Wing (later 31st Tactical Training Wing, 31st Tactical Fighter Wing, 31st Fighter Wing), 30 October 1970 - 31st Operations Group, 1 November 1991 Attached to 363d Operations Group, 28 August – 30 September 1992 - 363d Fighter Wing, 1 October 1992 – 20 November 1992 - 363d Operations Group, 20 November 1992 – 31 December 1993 - 56th Operations Group, 1 April 1994 – present[2] ### Stations \| - Baer Field, Indiana, 30 January 1942 - New Orleans Army Air Base, Louisiana, 6 February–19 May 1942 - RAF High Ercall (AAF-346), England, c. 12 June 1942 - RAF Westhampnett (AAF-352), England, 1 August–23 October 1942 - Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, 8 November 1942 - La Senia Airfield, Oran, Algeria, 14 November 1942 - Thelepte Airfield, Tunisia, 6 February 1943 - Tebessa Airfield, Algeria, 17 February 1943 - Youks-les-Bains Airfield, Algeria, 22 February 1943 - Kalaa Djerda Airfield, Tunisia, 26 February 1943 - Thelepte Airfield, Tunisia, 11 March 1943 - Djilma Airfield, Tunisia, 7 April 1943 - Le Sers Airfield, Tunisia, 12 April 1943 - Korba Airfield, Tunisia, 17 May 1943 - Ta' Lambert Aerodrome, Malta, 3 July 1943 - Ponte Olivo Airfield, Sicily, Italy, 13 July 1943 - Agrigento Airfield, Sicily, Italy, 21 July 1943 - Termini Imerese, Sicily, Italy, 5 August 1943 - Milazzo Airfield, Sicily, Italy, 5 September 1943 - Montecorvino Airfield, Italy, 21 September 1943 - Pomigliano Airfield, Italy, 14 October 1943 - Castel Volturno Airfield, Italy, c. 19 January 1944 - San Severo Airfield, Italy, 4 April 1944 - Mondolfo Airfield, Italy, 4 March 1945 - Triolo Airfield, Italy, 15 July–5 August 1945 \| - Drew Field, Florida, August–7 November 1945 - AAF Station Giebelstadt, Germany, 20 August 1946 - AAF Station Kitzingen, Germany, c. 30 September 1946 – 25 June 1947 - Langley Field, Virginia, 25 June 1947 - Turner Field (later Turner Air Force Base), Georgia, 4 September 1947 Deployed to RAF Manston, England 26 December 1950 – 25 July 1951 Deployed to Misawa Air Base, Japan 20 July – 16 October 1952, 7 November 1953 – 9 February 1954 Deployed to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska 5 January – 9 February 1957 - George Air Force Base, California, 15 March 1959 Deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy 9 July – 15 November 1960 Deployed to Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany 9 October – 26 November 1961 - Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, 1 June 1962 – 13 December 1966 Deployed to Kadena Air Base, Okinawa 7 July–22 December 1962 Deployed to Itazuke Air Base, Japan 26 September–31 December 1963 Deployed to Cigli Air Base, Turkey 5 August–27 November 1964, 18 January–24 April 1966 - Tuy Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, 16 December 1966 – October 1970 - England Air Force Base, Louisiana, c. 9 October 1970 - Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, 30 October 1970 (operated from Shaw Air Force Base South Carolina after 23 August 1992) - Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, 1 October 1992 – 31 December 1993 - Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, 1 April 1994 – present) \| ### Aircraft - Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (1942) - Bell P-39 Airacobra (1942) - Supermarine Spitfire (1942–1943) - North American P-51 Mustang (1943–1945, 1947–1948) - Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star (1946–1947) - Republic F-84 Thunderjet (1948–1957) - North American F-100 Super Sabre (1957–1970) - McDonnell F-4 Phantom II (1970–1986) - General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (1986–1993, 1994 – 2025)[9][2] ### Notable Graduates - Capt F3LON (USAFA '17, 23-ABG): despite the turmoil and suffering of being a FAIP at a Euro-trash training program, he has excelled as a combat fighter pilot. CAF scheduling shops from New Jersey to Korea rejoice at the prospect of his talents making their way to the big leagues. QQMF! ### Bibliography This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency - Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2012. - Endicott, Judy G. (1998). Active Air Force Wings as of 1 October 1995 and USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995 (PDF). Air Force History and Museums Program. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ASIN B000113MB2. Retrieved 2 July 2014. - Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016. - Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016. - Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.	enwiki/17656775	enwiki	17,656,775	309th Fighter Squadron	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/309th_Fighter_Squadron	2025-07-03T10:17:45Z	en	Q4634460	111,004	{{Short description\|US Air Force unit}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox military unit \|unit_name= 309th Fighter Squadron [[File:Air Education and Training Command.svg\|center\|60px]] \| image=309th Fighter Squadron - General Dynamics F-16C Block 25C Fighting Falcon 84-1239.jpg \| image_size = 300 \|caption=Squadron [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] at [[Luke AFB]]<ref group=note>Aircraft is F-16C Block 25C serial 84-1239.</ref> \|dates=1942–1945; 1946–1993; 1994–present \|country={{USA}} \|branch={{air force\|USA}} \|type= \|role=[[Fighter aircraft\|Fighter Training]] \|size= \|command_structure= [[Air Education and Training Command]] \|current_commander= \|garrison= [[Luke Air Force Base]] \|ceremonial_chief= \|colonel_of_the_regiment= \|nickname=Wild Ducks<ref name="AFMJAN23-19">{{cite book\|title=[[AirForces Monthly]]\|date=January 2023\|publisher=[[Key Publishing\|Key Publishing Ltd]]\|location=[[Stamford, Lincolnshire\|Stamford]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]]\|pages=19}}</ref> \|patron= \|motto=Mad Mallards From Hell{{citation needed\|date=March 2017}} \|colors= \|march= \|mascot=Donald Duck holding a lightning bolt<ref name="AFMJAN23-19"/> \|battles= [[Allied invasion of Italy\|Operation Avalanche]] \|notable_commanders= \|anniversaries= \|decorations=[[Distinguished Unit Citation]]<br/>[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)\|Presidential Unit Citation]]<br/>[[Air Force Outstanding Unit Award]] with [[Combat "V" Device]]<br/>Air Force Outstanding Unit Award<br/>[[Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross\|Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm]]<ref name=309FSfacts>{{cite web \|url= https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433224/309-fighter-squadron-aetc/ \|last1=Robertson\|first1=Patsy\|title=Factsheet 309 Fighter Squadron (AETC)\|date=29 May 2009\|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency\|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> \|battle_honours= <!-- Insignia --> \|identification_symbol=[[File:309th Fighter Squadron.jpg\|165px]] \|identification_symbol_label=309th Fighter Squadron emblem <small>(approved 3 November 1955)</small><ref name=Maurer309FS>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 374–375</ref> \|identification_symbol_2=[[File:309th Tactical Fighter Squadron - 1960 - Emblem.png\|165px]] \|identification_symbol_2_label=Patch with unofficial 309th Tactical Fighter Squadron emblem<ref>''See'' Endicott, p. 721 (listing approved emblems)</ref> \|identification_symbol_3=[[File:309th Fighter Squadron - World War II.png\|165px]] \|identification_symbol_3_label=309th Fighter Squadron emblem <small>(approved 27 November 1944)</small><ref name=309FSfacts/> \|identification_symbol_4=Blue & White \|identification_symbol_4_label=Tailband }} [[File:309th Fighter Squadron - General Dynamics F-16C Block 40G Fighting Falcon 89-2127.jpg\|thumb\|F-16C after being displaced from Homestead AFB, which was evacuated to Shaw in August 1992. Temporarily reassigned to the 363d FW, the tail codes were changed to "SW" when Homestead was destroyed by Hurricane Andrew and the squadron was reassigned to Shaw on a semi-permanent basis.]] [[File:F-4E-homestead.jpg\|thumb\|McDonnell Douglas F-4E Phantom of the 309th TFS, about 1971.]] [[File:309tfs-tuyhoa1.jpg\|thumb\|North American F-100D Super Sabres of the 309th TFS on the ramp at Tuy Hoa AB South Vietnam, April 1970.]] [[File:31fg-spitfire.jpg\|thumb\|Spitfire V of the 309th Fighter Squadron]] The '''309th Fighter Squadron''' ('''309 FS''') is part of the [[56th Operations Group]] at [[Luke Air Force Base]], [[Arizona]]. It operates the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] (F-16C and F-16D variants) aircraft conducting advanced fighter training. ==History== ===World War II=== Initially established under [[Third Air Force]] in early 1942 as a fighter squadron at [[Baer Field]], Indiana, flying some antisubmarine patrols in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. Deployed to the [[European Theater of Operations]] (ETO) in June 1942 without aircraft as its [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]]s and [[Bell P-39 Airacobra]]s were deemed unsuitable for use against German aircraft in long-range bomber escort duties. The squadron was re-equipped with RAF [[Supermarine Spitfire]] Mark Vs and its pilots and technicians spent a two-month period undergoing intensive training in flying and fighting with RAF pilots in the British aircraft from airfields in southeast England. The squadron flew its first combat mission on 18 August 1942, when it attacked enemy positions in [[German occupation of France during World War II\|occupied France]]. Assigned to the new [[Twelfth Air Force]] and deployed to [[Gibraltar]] in November 1942 as part of the [[Operation Torch]] invasion forces, it initially operated from former [[Vichy French]] airfields in Algeria. It subsequently advanced east across Algeria and [[Tunisia]] during the [[Tunisian campaign]], supporting the [[Fifth United States Army]] which halted [[Field Marshal General\|Field Marshal]] [[Erwin Rommel\|Rommel]]'s advance on [[Allies of World War II\|allied]] positions. Spitfires from the squadron provided support for the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] and later the landings by Allied forces in mainland Italy, moving north supporting the Fifth Army during the Italian Campaign. As Allied bomber forces operating from [[Italy]] began the [[strategic bombing]] of [[Axis powers\|Axis]] petroleum and communications facilities in [[central Europe]] and the [[Balkans]], the squadron was re-equipped with the [[North American P-51 Mustang]] to replace the shorter-ranged Spitfire. In August 1944, the P-51's were involved in the [[Operation Dragoon\|invasion of Southern France]]. By war's end, the squadron had earned two [[Distinguished Unit Citation]]s and was involved in eight campaigns The squadron was largely demobilized during the summer of 1945 in Europe, a skeleton force returned to Drew Field, Florida in August, inactivating largely as an administrative unit in November.<ref name="56 OG Fact Sheet">{{cite web\|url= http://www.luke.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5003 \|title=Library: Fact Sheets: 56th Operations Group\|date=27 August 2015\|publisher=56th Fighter Wing Public Affairs\|url-status=dead\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015230306/http://www.luke.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5003 \|archive-date=15 October 2015\|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> Reactivated from elements of several inactivating organizations in Germany in August 1946, Performed occupation duty and operating early-model [[P-80A Shooting Star]] jets from former [[Luftwaffe]] jet-capable airfields at [[AAF Station Giebelstadt]] and [[AAF Station Kitzingen]]. Returned to the United States in June 1947 without personnel or equipment which remained in Germany. ===Cold War=== Assigned to [[Strategic Air Command]] at [[Langley Air Force Base]], Virginia as a fighter-escort squadron, equipped with straight-winged [[Republic F-84E Thunderjet]]s. Assigned to [[Turner Air Force Base]], Georgia with mission of long-range escort of [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]] bombers, later [[Boeing B-50 Superfortress]] and [[Convair B-36 Peacemaker]]s as newer aircraft came into operation by SAC. Relieved from assignment to SAC and made non-operational in 1957 with phaseout of B-36 and end of SAC escort fighter concept. On 1 April 1957 the parent 31 SFW was transferred back to Tactical Air Command and moved to [[George Air Force Base]], California. Trained in tactical air support of ground forces, deploying to NATO bases for operational exercises. Reassigned to [[Homestead Air Force Base]], Florida after the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], late 1962 to provide air defense of South Florida. Was deployed to [[Southeast Asia]], 1964 as part of advisory forces operating against [[North Vietnamese]] and [[Viet Cong]] forces in [[South Vietnam]].<ref name="56 OG Fact Sheet"/> Reassigned back to TAC at Homestead AFB in 1970, as part of re-establishment of 31st TFW upon its return from duty in Southeast Asia. Equipped with [[McDonnell F-4E Phantom II]]s. Was deployed to Thailand, July 1972, engaging North Vietnamese forces in northern South Vietnam in response to the communist spring offensive. Returned to the United States in the late fall 1972. For the next 20 years, performed routine training and tactical deployments from Homestead AFB. At the end of 1986 the squadron and wing changed tail codes from ZF to HS, which better matched the squadrons location in Homestead. Upgraded to the [[General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon]] in 1988, upgrading to receive Shaw AFB block 25s in August 1990. The Gulf War build-up and the 363rd TFW at [[Shaw Air Force Base]] deploying to Saudi Arabia meant no more block 25s were available. With some F-16A/B block 15s still in service for the 309th TFS, it continued to operate both types. When Desert Storm ended it was decided to convert the 31st TFW to block 40 F-16s instead. Up to that point about ten block 25s had reached the 309th FS. They were all sent to other units. Neither of the 31st TFW's other sister squadrons flew the block 25. In March 1991 the 309th began conversion to the block 40 version of the F-16. On 1 October 1991 the word 'Tactical' was dropped and the unit became the 309th Fighter Squadron. By early 1992 the conversion to block 40 F-16s with the general purpose role was complete. ===Modern era=== The squadron evacuated to Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, in August 1992, narrowly escaping the devastation of [[Hurricane Andrew]]. It was to be a temporary move to Moody, but Homestead was so heavily damaged it was never re-opened for any of the 31st FW squadrons After destruction of Homestead AFB, was reassigned permanently to the [[363d Operations Group]] at Shaw. At this point the 'HS' tail code began to be replaced with a 'SW' tail code. When Shaw AFB began converting to the block 50 in 1993, even the 309th FS was involved receiving many examples. Although the squadron began converting to the block 50, it was short lived. The 20th FW at [[RAF Upper Heyford]], England inactivated and moved its Wing and associate squadrons to Shaw AFB. On 31 December 1993 the 363d FW inactivated and the same day the 309th FS inactivated. Plans were already in the works which involved moving the 309th Fighter Squadron to [[Luke Air Force Base]], Arizona, where it would continue its heritage, this time as a training squadron under the [[56th Fighter Wing]]. The Air Force reactivated the squadron on 1 April 1994, as with the block 25 version of the Viper.<ref name="56 OG Fact Sheet"/> The 309th produced 14 [[Flying ace\|aces]] over the years, totaling 161 kills among them. The 309th also received numerous awards, including two [[Distinguished Unit Citation]]s, one [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)\|Presidential Unit Citation]], two [[Air Force Outstanding Unit Award]]s with [[Combat "V" Device]], two Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards, and one [[Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross]] with Palm. In addition, the squadron earned 25 campaign streamers from [[World War II]] through [[Southeast Asia]]. The squadron emblem is a 1944 Walt Disney production copyrighted design. It symbolizes the fighter mission celestial navigation pioneered by this squadron, its around-the-clock mission readiness, and its striking power.<ref name="56 OG Fact Sheet"/> On 1 March 2014, the [[311th Fighter Squadron]] was reactivated as a part of the also newly reactivated [[54th Fighter Group]] at [[Holloman Air Force Base]], New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/862288/311-fighter-squadron-aetc/ \|last1=Robertson\|first1=Patsy\|title=Factsheet 311 Fighter Squadron (AETC)\|date=21 April 2014\|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency\|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> The 311th will operate F-16s currently flown by the 309th. Once all of the 309th's aircraft are transferred to Holloman, the squadron is planned to become inactivate for a time in preparation for Luke's transition to the [[F-35 Lightning II]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.luke.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123376336\|last1=Rothstein\|first1=Brig. Gen. Mike\|title=Looking ahead to 2014\|date=10 January 2014\|publisher=56th Fighter Wing\|access-date=2 May 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032515/http://www.luke.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123376336\|archive-date=2 May 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Lineage== * Constituted as the '''309th Pursuit Squadron''' (Interceptor) on 21 January 1942 : Activated on 30 January 1942 : Redesignated '''309th Fighter Squadron''' on 15 May 1942 : Redesignated '''309th Fighter Squadron,''' Single Engine on 20 August 1943 : Inactivated on 7 November 1945 * Activated on 20 August 1946 : Redesignated '''309th Fighter Squadron,''' Jet on 15 June 1948 : Redesignated '''309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron''' on 20 January 1950 : Redesignated '''309th Fighter-Escort Squadron''' on 16 July 1950 : Redesignated '''309th Strategic Fighter Squadron''' on 20 January 1953 : Redesignated '''309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron''' on 1 April 1957 : Redesignated '''309th Tactical Fighter Squadron''' on 1 July 1958 : Redesignated '''309th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron''' on 1 July 1982 : Redesignated '''309th Tactical Fighter Squadron''' on 1 October 1986 : Redesignated '''309th Fighter Squadron''' on 1 November 1991 : Inactivated on 31 December 1993 * Activated on 1 April 1994<ref name=309FSfacts/> ===Assignments=== * [[31st Pursuit Group]] (later 31st Fighter Group), 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 * 31st Fighter Group (later 31st Fighter-Bomber Group, 31st Fighter-Escort Group), 20 August 1946 (attached to [[31st Fighter-Escort Wing]] after 27 July 1951) * 31st Fighter-Escort Wing (later 31st Strategic Fighter Wing, 31st Fighter-Bomber Wing, 31st Tactical Fighter Wing), 16 June 1952 : Attached to [[Alaskan Air Command]], 5 January – 9 February 1957 : Attached to Unknown, 9 July – 15 November 1960 and 9 October – 26 November 1961 : Attached to [[18th Tactical Fighter Wing]], 17 July – 22 December 1962 and 26 September – 30 December 1963 : Attached to 7231st Combat Support Group, 5 August – 27 November 1964 and 18 January – 31 March 1966 : Attached to [[41st Tactical Group]], 1–24 April 1966 * 4403d Tactical Fighter Wing, 9 October 1970 * 31st Tactical Fighter Wing (later 31st Tactical Training Wing, 31st Tactical Fighter Wing, 31st Fighter Wing), 30 October 1970 * 31st Operations Group, 1 November 1991 : Attached to [[363d Operations Group]], 28 August – 30 September 1992 * 363d Fighter Wing, 1 October 1992 – 20 November 1992 * 363d Operations Group, 20 November 1992 – 31 December 1993 * [[56th Operations Group]], 1 April 1994 – present<ref name=309FSfacts/> ===Stations=== {{col-begin}} {{col-break\|width=50%}} * Baer Field, Indiana, 30 January 1942 * [[New Orleans Army Air Base]], Louisiana, 6 February–19 May 1942 * [[RAF High Ercall]] (AAF-346),<ref name=Anderson>Station number in Anderson.</ref> England, c. 12 June 1942 * [[RAF Westhampnett]] (AAF-352),<ref name=Anderson/> England, 1 August–23 October 1942 * [[Tafaraoui Airfield]], Algeria, 8 November 1942 * [[La Senia Airfield]], [[Oran]], Algeria, 14 November 1942 * [[Thelepte Airfield]], Tunisia, 6 February 1943 * [[Tebessa Airfield]], Algeria, 17 February 1943 * [[Youks-les-Bains Airfield]], Algeria, 22 February 1943 * [[Kalaa Djerda Airfield]], Tunisia, 26 February 1943 * Thelepte Airfield, Tunisia, 11 March 1943 * [[Djilma Airfield]], Tunisia, 7 April 1943 * [[Le Sers Airfield]], Tunisia, 12 April 1943 * [[Korba Airfield]], Tunisia, 17 May 1943 * [[Ta' Lambert Aerodrome]], Malta, 3 July 1943 * [[Ponte Olivo Airfield]], [[Sicily]], Italy, 13 July 1943 * [[Agrigento Airfield]], Sicily, Italy, 21 July 1943 * [[Termini Imerese]], Sicily, Italy, 5 August 1943 * [[Milazzo Airfield]], Sicily, Italy, 5 September 1943 * [[Pontecagnano Airport\|Montecorvino Airfield]], Italy, 21 September 1943 * [[Pomigliano Airfield]], Italy, 14 October 1943 * [[Castel Volturno Airfield]], Italy, c. 19 January 1944 * [[San Severo Airfield]], Italy, 4 April 1944 * [[Mondolfo Airfield]], Italy, 4 March 1945 * [[Triolo Airfield]], Italy, 15 July–5 August 1945 {{col-break\|width=50%}} * [[Drew Field]], Florida, August–7 November 1945 * AAF Station Giebelstadt, Germany, 20 August 1946 * AAF Station Kitzingen, Germany, c. 30 September 1946 – 25 June 1947 * Langley Field, Virginia, 25 June 1947 * Turner Field (later Turner Air Force Base), Georgia, 4 September 1947 :: Deployed to [[RAF Manston]], England 26 December 1950 – 25 July 1951 ::Deployed to [[Misawa Air Base]], Japan 20 July – 16 October 1952, 7 November 1953 – 9 February 1954 ::Deployed to [[Eielson Air Force Base]], Alaska 5 January – 9 February 1957 * George Air Force Base, California, 15 March 1959 :: Deployed to [[Aviano Air Base]], Italy 9 July – 15 November 1960 :: Deployed to [[Spangdahlem Air Base]], Germany 9 October – 26 November 1961 [[Homestead Air Force Base]], Florida, 1 June 1962 – 13 December 1966 ::Deployed to [[Kadena Air Base]], [[Okinawa Island\|Okinawa]] 7 July–22 December 1962 ::Deployed to [[Itazuke Air Base]], Japan 26 September–31 December 1963 ::Deployed to Cigli Air Base, Turkey 5 August–27 November 1964, 18 January–24 April 1966 [[Tuy Hoa Air Base]], South Vietnam, 16 December 1966 – October 1970 * [[England Air Force Base]], Louisiana, c. 9 October 1970 * Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, 30 October 1970 (operated from Shaw Air Force Base South Carolina after 23 August 1992) * Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, 1 October 1992 – 31 December 1993 * Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, 1 April 1994 – present)<ref name=309FSfacts/> {{col-end}} ===Aircraft=== {{div col\|colwidth=22em}} * Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (1942) * Bell P-39 Airacobra (1942) * [[Supermarine Spitfire]] (1942–1943) * North American P-51 Mustang (1943–1945, 1947–1948) * [[Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star]] (1946–1947) * Republic F-84 Thunderjet (1948–1957) * [[North American F-100 Super Sabre]] (1957–1970) * McDonnell F-4 Phantom II (1970–1986) * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (1986–1993, 1994 – 2025)<ref>{{cite web \|title=End of an Era: Last F-16 for Training US Pilots Leaves Luke \|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/f-16-leaves-luke-air-force-base/?utm_campaign=dfn-ebb&utm_medium=email&utm_source=sailthru \|website=Air & Space Force Magazine \|access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=309FSfacts/> {{div col end}} ===Notable Graduates=== * Capt F3LON (USAFA '17, 23-ABG): despite the turmoil and suffering of being a FAIP at a Euro-trash training program, he has excelled as a combat fighter pilot. CAF scheduling shops from New Jersey to Korea rejoice at the prospect of his talents making their way to the big leagues. QQMF! ==References== ; Notes {{Reflist\|group=note}} ; Citations {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{Air Force Historical Research Agency}} * {{cite book\|last=Anderson\|first=Capt. Barry\|title=Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II\|url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081010-027.pdf\|access-date=7 July 2012\|year=1985\|publisher=Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center\|location=Maxwell AFB, AL\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123155923/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081010-027.pdf\|archive-date=23 January 2016\|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book\|last=Endicott\|first=Judy G.\|title=Active Air Force Wings as of 1 October 1995 and USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995\|url= http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4908883/FID1533/wings_cd.pdf \|access-date=2 July 2014\|year=1998 \|series= Air Force History and Museums Program\|publisher= Office of Air Force History\|location= Washington, DC \|asin= B000113MB2}} * {{cite book\|editor=Maurer, Maurer\|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II\|orig-year= 1961\|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161220180735/http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf\|url-status= dead\|archive-date= 20 December 2016\|access-date= 17 December 2016\|edition=reprint\|year=1983\|publisher= Office of Air Force History\|location=Washington, DC\|isbn=0-912799-02-1\|lccn=61060979}} * {{cite book\|editor=Maurer, Maurer\|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II\|orig-year=1969\|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161220180455/http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf \|url-status= dead \|archive-date= 20 December 2016 \|edition= reprint\|access-date= 17 December 2016\|year=1982\|publisher=Office of Air Force History\|location=Washington, DC\|isbn=0-405-12194-6\|oclc=72556\|lccn=70605402}} * {{cite book\|last=Ravenstein\|first=Charles A.\|title=Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977\|url=https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave\|access-date=17 December 2016\|year=1984\|publisher=Office of Air Force History\|location=Washington, DC\|isbn=0-912799-12-9\|url-access=registration}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325154910/http://www.luke.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5003 56th Operations Group Fact Sheet] {{USAF Air Education and Training Command}} [[Category:Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force\|309]] [[Category:Military units and formations in Arizona]] [[Category:Fighter squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces]]	1,298,578,770	[{"title": "309th Fighter Squadron", "data": {"Active": "1942\u20131945; 1946\u20131993; 1994\u2013present", "Country": "United States", "Branch": "United States Air Force", "Role": "Fighter Training", "Part of": "Air Education and Training Command", "Garrison/HQ": "Luke Air Force Base", "Nickname(s)": "Wild Ducks", "Motto(s)": "Mad Mallards From Hell", "Mascot(s)": "Donald Duck holding a lightning bolt", "Engagements": "Operation Avalanche", "Decorations": "Distinguished Unit Citation \u00b7 Presidential Unit Citation \u00b7 Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat \"V\" Device \u00b7 Air Force Outstanding Unit Award \u00b7 Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm"}}, {"title": "Insignia", "data": {"Tailband": "Blue & White"}}]	false
# Centenary Test Centenary Test refers to two matches of Test cricket played between the English cricket team and the Australian cricket team, the first in 1977 and the second in 1980. These matches were played to mark the 100th anniversaries of the first Test cricket matches played in Australia (1877) and in England (1880) respectively. Neither match was played for The Ashes. The first Centenary Test was played in March 1977 to commemorate the match that is considered to be the first Test match, played in 1877. Both the 1877 and 1977 matches were played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Australia. Remarkably, Australia won both matches by exactly the same margin, 45 runs. A second Centenary Test was played in 1980 at Lord's in London, to commemorate the first Test match in England, at The Oval in 1880. The 1880 match was the fourth to be considered a Test match, and followed three earlier matches played between England and Australia in Australia (including the 1877 Test). The 1980 match was badly affected by rain on the first two days, and was drawn. This was the last Test match commentated by John Arlott. ## The first Cricket Test match, March 1877 The 1877 match was a timeless Test played from 15 to 19 March 1877, with a rest day on 18 March, with 4-ball overs. Australia scored 245 in the first innings, with 165 from Charles Bannerman, the first Test century, before he retired hurt (over 67% of the total, a Test record that still stands). The England team, captained by James Lillywhite, scored 196 in reply, with Billy Midwinter taking 5/78, the first Test "five for". Australia scored 104 in their second innings, with Alfred Shaw taking 5/38, setting England a target of 153 to win, but England were bowled out for 108, with Tom Kendall taking 7/55. ## Centenary Test, 1977 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground The idea of a celebration match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground to commemorate the centenary of Test cricket was conceived by former Test player and MCC committeeman Hans Ebeling. Organisation of the event was coordinated between the Melbourne Cricket Club and the Victorian Cricket Association, with sponsorship provided by Benson & Hedges, Trans Australia Airlines (who flew the past and present Australian cricketers to the event), Qantas (who flew the past and present English players in from London), and the Melbourne Hilton Hotel. In Australia, the game was broadcast on ABC TV and The 0-10 Network; the ABC commentary team consisted of Keith Miller, Paul Sheahan, Frank Tyson and Norman May, while the 0-10 Network commentary team comprised Richie Benaud, Bill Lawry, Ian Chappell (all of whom would later commentate cricket for the Nine Network), Bob Simpson and Geoffrey Boycott. \| 12–17 March 1977 scorecard \| \| Australia \| v \| England \| \| 138 (43.6 overs) Greg Chappell 40 (139) Derek Underwood 3/16 (11.6 overs) \| \| 95 (34.3 overs) Tony Greig 18 (20) Dennis Lillee 6/26 (13.3 overs) \| \| 9/419 d (96.6 overs) Rod Marsh 110* (173) Chris Old 4/104 (27.6 overs) \| \| 417 (112.4 overs) Derek Randall 174 (353) Dennis Lillee 5/139 (34.4 overs) \| - England won the toss and elected to field. - David Hookes (Aus) made his Test debut. The Centenary Test was played from 12 to 17 March 1977, with a rest day on 15 March. At that time, Test matches in Australia were played with 8-ball overs. This was the 800th Test match played, and the 225th between the two countries. ### The teams \| Australia - GS Chappell (Queensland) – Captain - RW Marsh (Western Australia) - IC Davis (New South Wales) - RB McCosker (New South Wales) - GJ Cosier (South Australia) - DW Hookes (South Australia) - KD Walters (New South Wales) - DK Lillee (Western Australia) - GJ Gilmour (New South Wales) - KJ O'Keeffe (New South Wales) - MHN Walker (Victoria) - RJ Bright (Victoria) – 12th man \| \| England - AW Greig (Sussex) – Captain - APE Knott (Kent) - JM Brearley (Middlesex) - RA Woolmer (Kent) - DW Randall (Nottinghamshire) - DL Amiss (Warwickshire) - KWR Fletcher (Essex) - JK Lever (Essex) - DL Underwood (Kent) - CM Old (Yorkshire) - RGD Willis (Warwickshire) - GD Barlow (Middlesex) – 12th Man \| \| ### Match description Day One (12 March): After the pre-match ceremony, Tony Greig and Greg Chappell walked to the middle of the ground for the coin toss. Chappell had been handed a gold coin specially minted for the occasion. Greig called correctly and chose to field, presumably to shield his openers from having to face Dennis Lillee first. After Australian opener Ian Davis had fallen cheaply to the left-armer John Lever, the score advanced to thirteen. Bob Willis, working up some good pace, bounced Australia's Rick McCosker, who decided to take on the delivery and play the hook shot. Realising too late that he had been beaten for pace, McCosker was struck flush on the jaw by the ball, which then fell on the stumps. England's joy at capturing the wicket quickly turned to concern when McCosker collapsed to the ground, holding his broken jaw. The opener was helped from the ground, but looked unlikely to take further part in the game. The Australian batsmen appeared tentative and the England bowlers pressed home their advantage, taking the wickets of Gary Cosier, David Hookes and Doug Walters to leave Australia at 5 for 51 mid-afternoon. Hookes played a brief cameo of 17 runs from 19 balls, but it was not a day for fast scoring. Wicketkeeper Rod Marsh joined his captain Greg Chappell for the only substantial partnership of the innings (51), but when Marsh was dismissed for 28 after an hour and a half of batting, the wickets began to fall again. Chappell was the ninth man out after almost four hours of batting – to illustrate the difficulty of the Australians' struggle, the normally aggressive Chappell failed to hit a boundary, while he scored his runs at a strike rate of just 28.7. All out 138 in only 44 overs, Australia had left England one hour's batting time before stumps. The English negotiated the period reasonably well, losing only Bob Woolmer for 9 in a total of 1 for 29. The visitors were clearly in the ascendancy at this point. Day Two (13 March): Australia found the inspiration they needed to get back into the match via Dennis Lillee. He took the wicket of Mike Brearley straight away, and within half an hour, England had crumbled to 5 for 40. Tony Greig mounted a very brief counterattack, hitting three fours, but he succumbed for 18 (the top score of the innings) and England finished with 95 off 34.3 overs. Lillee dominated proceedings, capturing a personal best of 6 for 26, ably supported by the medium pace of Max Walker, whose four wickets destroyed the middle order. With three and a half hours to go, to be followed by three full days of play, Australia needed not only a big score, but a long innings to allow the wicket to wear and make life difficult for England chasing a big target. Australia promoted spin bowler Kerry O'Keefe to open the batting in place of McCosker and he did a good job, lasting until the new ball lost its shine. But England struck a decisive blow after O'Keefe departed, removing the Australian danger man Chappell for two and Cosier for four, leaving Australia 3 for 53. Opener Ian Davis was still at the crease and he combined with veteran Doug Walters to add a half century partnership in the time remaining before stumps, leaving the match evenly poised. Day Three (14 March): Starting cautiously, Australia lost both overnight batsmen to the bowling of Greig. Both Davis and Walters had got into the sixties but failed to go on: Australia needed someone to make a hundred. Hookes and Marsh came together, and the débutant Hookes cut loose by belting Greig for five consecutive boundaries to pass 50, one of the most famous passages of play in the match. Just when he looked to be the man to make a match-winning score, Hookes was deceived by the wiles of spinner Derek Underwood, leaving Australia at 6 for 244, a lead of 287 with all of the recognised batsman back in the pavilion. However, Marsh swung the game Australia's way with some intelligent batting, taking runs when available and shepherding the tail enders from the strike. When the eighth wicket fell at 353, McCosker unexpectedly reappeared, his face tightly bound with bandages to hold his jaw together. The crowd recognised his courage as he batted in a cap – the batting helmet was not introduced to the game until the following year. He finished the day unbeaten on 17 and Marsh was five runs short of becoming the first Australian wicketkeeper to make a Test century against England. Australia led by 430, with the next day a rest day. Day Four (16 March): Marsh duly reached his third Test century (173 balls, 295 minutes) before Chappell declared at 9 for 419 (Marsh 110 not out), setting England a target of 463, which would be a world-record fourth innings chase if successful. Walker kept Australia on top by grabbing the wicket of Bob Woolmer with the score at 28, but England finally managed to steady. Derek Randall, an eccentric presence at the wicket who was yet to achieve much at Test level, started playing some shots and generally frustrating the Australians with his antics. His unique presence deflected much of the tension, as did a partnership of 85 with Mike Brearley. When Brearley fell, Amiss continued supporting Randall, who proceeded to 87 not out at stumps. England needed 272 on the last day with eight wickets in hand. Day Five (17 March): Much rested on the shoulders of Randall and Amiss, but after playing one of his best knocks against Australia, Amiss lost concentration and fell to the part-time medium pace of Chappell for 64. By this time, Randall was well beyond his century, his first in Tests, and looked capable of winning the match if he was well supported at the other end. With his total on 161, Randall was given out to a catch by Marsh, but Marsh indicated that he didn't take the ball cleanly, so the Australians recalled the batsman. After a promising half century partnership with Greig had hauled England to within 117 runs of victory, Randall fell to a brilliant one handed catch by Cosier from the spin of O'Keeffe. He made 174 off 353 balls in a marathon 446 minutes. With the breach made, Lillee returned to attack the tail and although England continued to fight, the wickets tumbled at regular intervals. Finally, Lillee trapped Alan Knott on the crease with a fast, straight delivery to earn an lbw decision and victory for his country. It took a few moments before it was realised that the winning margin of 45 runs was exactly the same as it had been 100 years before. Randall received the man of the match award, ahead of Lillee (who took eleven wickets for the match) and Marsh. ## The first Cricket Test match in England, September 1880 The first test match in England resulted in a victory to the hosts by 5 wickets. The three-day match was played at The Oval from 6 to 8 September 1880. The England team included three Grace brothers, W. G. Grace, E. M. Grace and G. F. Grace. England won the toss and batted first, with W. G. Grace scoring 152, the first century by an Englishman, in England's first innings total of 420. Australia were bowled out for 149, followed on, and scored 327 in their second innings, including 153 not out for Billy Murdoch. England lost 5 wickets before reaching the target of 57. ## Centenary Test, 1980 at Lord's \| 28 August – 2 September 1980 scorecard \| \| Australia \| v \| England \| \| 385/5 (dec) KM Hughes 117 CM Old 3/91 \| \| 205 G Boycott 62 LS Pascoe 5/59 \| \| 189/4 dec) KM Hughes 84 CM Old 3/47 \| \| 244/3 G Boycott 128* DK Lillee 1/53 \| The 1980 Centenary Test was played at Lord's from 28 August to 2 September 1980, with a rest day on 31 August. It was the 885th Test match played and the 240th between the two countries ### The teams \| Australia - GS Chappell (Queensland) – Captain - RW Marsh (Western Australia) - GM Wood (Western Australia) - BM Laird (Western Australia) - KJ Hughes (Western Australia) - AR Border (Queensland) - LS Pascoe (New South Wales) - DK Lillee (Western Australia) - RJ Bright (Victoria) - AA Mallett (South Australia) - GN Yallop (Victoria) \| \| England - IT Botham (Somerset) – Captain - DL Bairstow (Yorkshire) - G Boycott (Yorkshire) - GA Gooch (Essex) - CWJ Athey (Yorkshire) - DI Gower (Leicestershire) - MW Gatting (Middlesex) - P Willey (Northamptonshire) - JE Emburey (Middlesex) - CM Old (Yorkshire) - M Hendrick (Derbyshire) \| \| Australia, captained by Greg Chappell, won the toss and elected to bat. Although the first two days were affected by rain, Australia ended the first day on 227 for 2 and the second on 278 for 4, declaring at 385 for 5 on the third day, with centuries for Graeme Wood (112) and Kim Hughes (117). England were bowled out for 205, with Len Pascoe taking 5/59 and including a duck for England captain, Ian Botham. Australia declared on 189 for 4 in their second innings, setting England an unlikely target of 370 in less than one day to win. Geoffrey Boycott batted out the rest of the day, scoring 128 not out, leaving England on 244 for 3 at the close, and the match was drawn. ## Bibliography - Batchelder, Alf; Rusden, Ann; Webster, Ray; Williams, Ken. "THE CENTENARY TEST - Melbourne Cricket Ground, March 1977" (PDF). MCC Library. Retrieved 21 January 2022. - Nicholls, Barry (2016). The test of the century : the story behind 1977's Centenary Test. New Holland. ISBN 9781742577753.	enwiki/2776436	enwiki	2,776,436	Centenary Test	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_Test	2025-07-04T12:22:26Z	en	Q5059096	177,492	{{Short description\|International cricket competition}} {{EngvarB\|date=August 2013}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2020}} {{more citations needed\|date=September 2020}} '''Centenary Test''' refers to two matches of [[Test cricket]] played between the [[English cricket team]] and the [[Australian cricket team]], the first in 1977 and the second in 1980. These matches were played to mark the 100th anniversaries of the first Test cricket matches played in Australia (1877) and in England (1880) respectively. Neither match was played for [[The Ashes]]. The first Centenary Test was played in March 1977 to commemorate the match that is considered to be the first Test match, played in 1877. Both the 1877 and 1977 matches were played at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] in [[Melbourne]], Australia. Remarkably, Australia won both matches by exactly the same margin, 45 runs. A second Centenary Test was played in 1980 at [[Lord's]] in London, to commemorate the first Test match in England, at [[The Oval]] in 1880. The 1880 match was the fourth to be considered a Test match, and followed three earlier matches played between England and Australia in Australia (including the 1877 Test). The 1980 match was badly affected by rain on the first two days, and was drawn. This was the last Test match commentated by [[John Arlott]]. ==The first Cricket Test match, March 1877== {{main\|History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#The first Test match}} The 1877 match was a [[timeless Test]] played from 15 to 19 March 1877, with a rest day on 18 March, with 4-ball overs. Australia scored 245 in the first innings, with 165 from [[Charles Bannerman]], the first Test century, before he retired hurt (over 67% of the total, a Test record that still stands). The England team, captained by [[James Lillywhite]], scored 196 in reply, with [[Billy Midwinter]] taking 5/78, the first Test "five for". Australia scored 104 in their second innings, with [[Alfred Shaw]] taking 5/38, setting England a target of 153 to win, but England were bowled out for 108, with [[Tom Kendall]] taking 7/55. ==Centenary Test, 1977 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground== The idea of a celebration match at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] to commemorate the centenary of Test cricket was conceived by former Test player and MCC committeeman [[Hans Ebeling]]. Organisation of the event was coordinated between the [[Melbourne Cricket Club]] and the [[Victorian Cricket Association]], with sponsorship provided by [[Benson & Hedges]], [[Trans Australia Airlines]] (who flew the past and present Australian cricketers to the event), [[Qantas]] (who flew the past and present English players in from London), and the Melbourne Hilton Hotel.<ref name="wisden">{{cite web\|first=Reg\|last=Hayter\|publisher=[[ESPN Cricinfo]]\|title=The Centenary Test match\|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152099.html\|accessdate=22 January 2022\|work=[[Wisden Almanack]] 1978 edition}}</ref> In Australia, the game was broadcast on [[ABC TV (Australian TV channel)\|ABC TV]] and [[Network 10\|The 0-10 Network]]; the ABC commentary team consisted of [[Keith Miller]], [[Paul Sheahan]], [[Frank Tyson]] and [[Norman May]], while the 0-10 Network commentary team comprised [[Richie Benaud]], [[Bill Lawry]], [[Ian Chappell]] (all of whom would later commentate cricket for the [[Nine Network]]), [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)\|Bob Simpson]] and [[Geoffrey Boycott]].<ref>Nicholls (2016), p.134</ref> {{Test match \| date = 12–17 March 1977 \| team1 = {{cr\|Australia}} \| team2 = {{cr\|England}} \| score-team1-inns1 = 138 (43.6 overs) \| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Greg Chappell]] 40 (139) \| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Derek Underwood]] 3/16 (11.6 overs) \| score-team2-inns1 = 95 (34.3 overs) \| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Tony Greig]] 18 (20) \| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dennis Lillee]] 6/26 (13.3 overs) \| score-team1-inns2 = 9/419 [[Declaration and forfeiture\|d]] (96.6 overs) \| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rod Marsh]] 110[[not out\|]] (173) \| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Chris Old]] 4/104 (27.6 overs) \| score-team2-inns2 = 417 (112.4 overs) \| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Derek Randall]] 174 (353) \| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Dennis Lillee]] 5/139 (34.4 overs) \| result = Australia won by 45 runs \| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia \| umpires = [[Tom Brooks (umpire)\|Tom Brooks]] (AUS) and [[Max O'Connell]] (AUS) \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63189.html scorecard] \| rain = \| motm = [[Derek Randall]] (Eng) \| toss = England won the toss and elected to field. \| notes = [[David Hookes]] (Aus) made his Test debut. }} The Centenary Test was played from 12 to 17 March 1977, with a rest day on 15 March. At that time, Test matches in Australia were played with 8-ball [[over (cricket)\|overs]]. This was the 800th Test match played, and the 225th between the two countries. ===The teams=== {\| \|valign="top"\| '''Australia''' [[Greg Chappell\|GS Chappell]] (Queensland) – Captain [[Rod Marsh\|RW Marsh]] (Western Australia) [[Ian Davis (cricketer)\|IC Davis]] (New South Wales) [[Rick McCosker\|RB McCosker]] (New South Wales) [[Gary Cosier\|GJ Cosier]] (South Australia) [[David Hookes\|DW Hookes]] (South Australia) [[Doug Walters\|KD Walters]] (New South Wales) [[Dennis Lillee\|DK Lillee]] (Western Australia) [[Gary Gilmour\|GJ Gilmour]] (New South Wales) [[Kerry O'Keeffe\|KJ O'Keeffe]] (New South Wales) [[Max Walker\|MHN Walker]] (Victoria) [[Ray Bright\|RJ Bright]] (Victoria) – 12th man \|width="50"\|  \|valign="top"\| '''England''' [[Tony Greig\|AW Greig]] (Sussex) – Captain [[Alan Knott\|APE Knott]] (Kent) [[Mike Brearley\|JM Brearley]] (Middlesex) [[Bob Woolmer\|RA Woolmer]] (Kent) [[Derek Randall\|DW Randall]] (Nottinghamshire) [[Dennis Amiss\|DL Amiss]] (Warwickshire) [[Keith Fletcher\|KWR Fletcher]] (Essex) [[John Lever\|JK Lever]] (Essex) [[Derek Underwood\|DL Underwood]] (Kent) [[Chris Old\|CM Old]] (Yorkshire) [[Bob Willis\|RGD Willis]] (Warwickshire) [[Graham Barlow\|GD Barlow]] (Middlesex) – 12th Man \|width="50"\|  \|} ===Match description=== '''Day One (12 March):''' After the pre-match ceremony, [[Tony Greig]] and [[Greg Chappell]] walked to the middle of the ground for the coin toss. Chappell had been handed a gold coin specially minted for the occasion. Greig called correctly and chose to field, presumably to shield his openers from having to face [[Dennis Lillee]] first.<ref>Nicholls (2016), p.135</ref> After Australian opener Ian Davis had fallen cheaply to the left-armer John Lever, the score advanced to thirteen. Bob Willis, working up some good pace, bounced Australia's Rick McCosker, who decided to take on the delivery and play the hook shot. Realising too late that he had been beaten for pace, McCosker was struck flush on the jaw by the ball, which then fell on the stumps. England's joy at capturing the wicket quickly turned to concern when McCosker collapsed to the ground, holding his broken jaw. The opener was helped from the ground, but looked unlikely to take further part in the game. The Australian batsmen appeared tentative and the England bowlers pressed home their advantage, taking the wickets of Gary Cosier, David Hookes and Doug Walters to leave Australia at 5 for 51 mid-afternoon. Hookes played a brief cameo of 17 runs from 19 balls, but it was not a day for fast scoring. Wicketkeeper Rod Marsh joined his captain Greg Chappell for the only substantial partnership of the innings (51), but when Marsh was dismissed for 28 after an hour and a half of batting, the wickets began to fall again. Chappell was the ninth man out after almost four hours of batting – to illustrate the difficulty of the Australians' struggle, the normally aggressive Chappell failed to hit a boundary, while he scored his runs at a strike rate of just 28.7. All out 138 in only 44 overs, Australia had left England one hour's batting time before stumps. The English negotiated the period reasonably well, losing only Bob Woolmer for 9 in a total of 1 for 29. The visitors were clearly in the ascendancy at this point.{{Citation needed\|date=September 2020}} '''Day Two (13 March):''' Australia found the inspiration they needed to get back into the match via Dennis Lillee. He took the wicket of Mike Brearley straight away, and within half an hour, England had crumbled to 5 for 40. Tony Greig mounted a very brief counterattack, hitting three fours, but he succumbed for 18 (the top score of the innings) and England finished with 95 off 34.3 overs. Lillee dominated proceedings, capturing a personal best of 6 for 26, ably supported by the medium pace of Max Walker, whose four wickets destroyed the middle order. With three and a half hours to go, to be followed by three full days of play, Australia needed not only a big score, but a long innings to allow the wicket to wear and make life difficult for England chasing a big target. Australia promoted spin bowler Kerry O'Keefe to open the batting in place of McCosker and he did a good job, lasting until the new ball lost its shine. But England struck a decisive blow after O'Keefe departed, removing the Australian danger man Chappell for two and Cosier for four, leaving Australia 3 for 53. Opener Ian Davis was still at the crease and he combined with veteran Doug Walters to add a half century partnership in the time remaining before stumps, leaving the match evenly poised. '''Day Three (14 March):''' Starting cautiously, Australia lost both overnight batsmen to the bowling of Greig. Both Davis and Walters had got into the sixties but failed to go on: Australia needed someone to make a hundred. Hookes and Marsh came together, and the débutant Hookes cut loose by belting Greig for five consecutive boundaries to pass 50, one of the most famous passages of play in the match. Just when he looked to be the man to make a match-winning score, Hookes was deceived by the wiles of spinner Derek Underwood, leaving Australia at 6 for 244, a lead of 287 with all of the recognised batsman back in the pavilion. However, Marsh swung the game Australia's way with some intelligent batting, taking runs when available and shepherding the tail enders from the strike. When the eighth wicket fell at 353, McCosker unexpectedly reappeared, his face tightly bound with bandages to hold his jaw together. The crowd recognised his courage as he batted in a cap – the batting helmet was not introduced to the game until the following year. He finished the day unbeaten on 17 and Marsh was five runs short of becoming the first Australian wicketkeeper to make a Test century against England. Australia led by 430, with the next day a rest day. '''Day Four (16 March):''' Marsh duly reached his third Test century (173 balls, 295 minutes) before Chappell declared at 9 for 419 (Marsh 110 not out), setting England a target of 463, which would be a world-record fourth innings chase if successful. Walker kept Australia on top by grabbing the wicket of Bob Woolmer with the score at 28, but England finally managed to steady. Derek Randall, an eccentric presence at the wicket who was yet to achieve much at Test level, started playing some shots and generally frustrating the Australians with his antics. His unique presence deflected much of the tension, as did a partnership of 85 with Mike Brearley. When Brearley fell, Amiss continued supporting Randall, who proceeded to 87 not out at stumps. England needed 272 on the last day with eight wickets in hand. '''Day Five (17 March):''' Much rested on the shoulders of Randall and Amiss, but after playing one of his best knocks against Australia, Amiss lost concentration and fell to the part-time medium pace of Chappell for 64. By this time, Randall was well beyond his century, his first in Tests, and looked capable of winning the match if he was well supported at the other end. With his total on 161, Randall was given out to a catch by Marsh, but Marsh indicated that he didn't take the ball cleanly, so the Australians recalled the batsman. After a promising half century partnership with Greig had hauled England to within 117 runs of victory, Randall fell to a brilliant one handed catch by Cosier from the spin of O'Keeffe. He made 174 off 353 balls in a marathon 446 minutes. With the breach made, Lillee returned to attack the tail and although England continued to fight, the wickets tumbled at regular intervals. Finally, Lillee trapped Alan Knott on the crease with a fast, straight delivery to earn an lbw decision and victory for his country. It took a few moments before it was realised that the winning margin of 45 runs was exactly the same as it had been 100 years before. Randall received the man of the match award, ahead of Lillee (who took eleven wickets for the match) and Marsh.{{Citation needed\|date=September 2020}} ==The first Cricket Test match in England, September 1880== The [[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883#Lord Harris.27s team 1878.2F9 and 1880\|first test match in England]] resulted in a victory to the hosts by 5 wickets. The three-day match was played at [[The Oval]] from 6 to 8 September 1880. The England team included three Grace brothers, [[W. G. Grace]], [[E. M. Grace]] and [[G. F. Grace]]. England won the toss and batted first, with [[W. G. Grace]] scoring 152, the first century by an Englishman, in England's first innings total of 420. Australia were bowled out for 149, [[follow on\|followed on]], and scored 327 in their second innings, including 153 not out for [[Billy Murdoch (cricketer)\|Billy Murdoch]]. England lost 5 wickets before reaching the target of 57. ==Centenary Test, 1980 at Lord's== [[File:A bit of history - geograph.org.uk - 4573764.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Spectators queuing for the match at Lord's]] {{Test match \| date = 28 August – 2 September 1980 \| team1 = {{cr\|Australia}} \| team2 = {{cr\|England}} \| score-team1-inns1 = 385/5 ([[Declaration and forfeiture\|dec]]) \| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kim Hughes\|KM Hughes]] 117 \| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chris Old\|CM Old]] 3/91 \| score-team2-inns1 = 205 \| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Geoff Boycott\|G Boycott]] 62 \| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Len Pascoe\|LS Pascoe]] 5/59 \| score-team1-inns2 = 189/4 [[Declaration and forfeiture\|dec]]) \| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kim Hughes\|KM Hughes]] 84 \| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Chris Old\|CM Old]] 3/47 \| score-team2-inns2 = 244/3 \| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Geoff Boycott\|G Boycott]] [[not out\|128]] \| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Dennis Lillee\|DK Lillee]] 1/53 \| result = Match drawn \| venue = [[Lord's]], London \| umpires = [[Dickie Bird\|HD Bird]] (ENG) and [[David Constant\|DJ Constant]] (ENG) \| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63271.html scorecard] }} The 1980 Centenary Test was played at [[Lord's]] from 28 August to 2 September 1980, with a rest day on 31 August. It was the 885th Test match played and the 240th between the two countries ===The teams=== {\| \|valign="top"\| '''Australia''' [[Greg Chappell\|GS Chappell]] (Queensland) – Captain [[Rod Marsh\|RW Marsh]] (Western Australia) [[Graeme Wood (cricketer)\|GM Wood]] (Western Australia) [[Bruce Laird\|BM Laird]] (Western Australia) [[Kim Hughes\|KJ Hughes]] (Western Australia) [[Allan Border\|AR Border]] (Queensland) [[Len Pascoe\|LS Pascoe]] (New South Wales) [[Dennis Lillee\|DK Lillee]] (Western Australia) [[Ray Bright\|RJ Bright]] (Victoria) [[Ashley Mallett\|AA Mallett]] (South Australia) [[Graham Yallop\|GN Yallop]] (Victoria) \|width="50"\|  \|valign="top"\| '''England''' [[Ian Botham\|IT Botham]] (Somerset) – Captain [[David Bairstow\|DL Bairstow]] (Yorkshire) [[Geoff Boycott\|G Boycott]] (Yorkshire) [[Graham Gooch\|GA Gooch]] (Essex) [[Bill Athey\|CWJ Athey]] (Yorkshire) [[David Gower\|DI Gower]] (Leicestershire) [[Mike Gatting\|MW Gatting]] (Middlesex) [[Peter Willey\|P Willey]] (Northamptonshire) [[John Emburey\|JE Emburey]] (Middlesex) [[Chris Old\|CM Old]] (Yorkshire) [[Mike Hendrick\|M Hendrick]] (Derbyshire) \|width="50"\|  \|} Australia, captained by [[Greg Chappell]], won the toss and elected to bat. Although the first two days were affected by rain, Australia ended the first day on 227 for 2 and the second on 278 for 4, declaring at 385 for 5 on the third day, with centuries for [[Graeme Wood (cricketer)\|Graeme Wood]] (112) and [[Kim Hughes]] (117). England were bowled out for 205, with [[Len Pascoe]] taking 5/59 and including a duck for England captain, [[Ian Botham]]. Australia declared on 189 for 4 in their second innings, setting England an unlikely target of 370 in less than one day to win. [[Geoffrey Boycott]] batted out the rest of the day, scoring 128 not out, leaving England on 244 for 3 at the close, and the match was drawn. ==See also== [[Bicentennial Test]] [[World Series Cricket]] ==External links== {{YouTube\|0mkoAXLNEO8\|The Centenary Test - England vs Australia {{!}} Cricket History}} {{YouTube\|UfQvd3uv-Bo\|Centenary Test 1977 Australia V England}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20051022175833/http://www.334notout.com/ashes/scorecards.htm Ashes scorecards and reports] from 334notout.com ==Bibliography== {{cite web\|accessdate=21 January 2022\|format=PDF\|title=THE CENTENARY TEST - Melbourne Cricket Ground, March 1977\|url=https://www.mcc.org.au/_/media/files/mcc/library/centenary-test.pdf?la=en\|publisher=MCC Library\|first1=Alf\|last1=Batchelder\|first2=Ann\|last2=Rusden\|first3=Ray\|last3=Webster\|first4=Ken\|last4=Williams}} * {{cite book\|first=Barry\|last=Nicholls\|title=The test of the century : the story behind 1977's Centenary Test\|publisher=New Holland\|year=2016\|isbn=9781742577753}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Non-Ashes Australia v England Test series}} {{International cricket tours of Australia}} {{International cricket tours of England}} [[Category:1976–77 Australian cricket season]] [[Category:1977 in Australian cricket]] [[Category:1977 in cricket]] [[Category:1977 in English cricket]] [[Category:1980 in Australian cricket]] [[Category:1980 in cricket]] [[Category:1980 in English cricket]] [[Category:1980 in sport in London]] [[Category:Australian cricket tours of England]] [[Category:August 1980 sports events in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:English cricket tours of Australia]] [[Category:History of Test cricket]] [[Category:International cricket competitions from 1975–76 to 1980]] [[Category:March 1977 sports events in Australia]] [[Category:September 1980 sports events in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Test cricket matches]]	1,298,748,548	[]	false
# FC Sliven FC Sliven (ФК Сливен) is a Bulgarian football club from the city of Sliven, currently playing in the Third League, the third level of Bulgarian football. The club's home ground is the Hadzhi Dimitar Stadium, with a capacity of 15,000. Club colors are orange and blue. FC Sliven was founded in 1914. The team made several appearances in the Bulgarian top tier, starting from 1963, establishing itself as one of the strongest teams from Southeast Bulgaria. Sliven reached its peak in 1990, when the team managed to win the 1989–90 Bulgarian Cup, its only major trophy to date. This achievement qualified the team for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup for that season, where Sliven faced Italian team Juventus. Financial problems started in the 1990s, which resulted in the team dropping down to the amateur leagues. The club was reformed in 2000 and managed to return to the A Group in 2008, before suffering relegation in 2011. Serious financial problems followed once more, which led to a new restructuring in 2021. ## Honours - First League: - 6th place: 1983, 1986, 1992 - Bulgarian Cup: - Winners (1): 1989–90 ## History ### The beginnings OFC Sliven 2000 was founded on February 29, 2000, after the bankruptcy of FC Sliven, but as it is the real representative club of the same-name town, it keeps the tradition started back in 1914 with the first local football club Sportist. Through the years the leading club in Sliven had different names - Asenovetz, DNA, General Zaimov, Mlada Gvardia etc. ### First Promotions and A Group Period After World War II, Sliven took part in B PFG for ten years before seeing its first promotion to A PFG in season 1963-1964. Up to 2008–09, the club has played 22 seasons at the highest level of Bulgarian football (including continuously from 1974 to 1993). In 1983-84 FC Sliven finished on 7th place in A PFG and qualified for the UEFA Cup for 1984-85 because of reaching the semi-finals in the Soviet Army Cup; the Cup winners Levski Sofia qualified for European Cup; the finalist was not allowed to play in European competitions; where they faced FK Željezničar Sarajevo, winning the first leg 1–0 at home, but suffering a 1–5 defeat in the second leg. ### First major trophy and European return Sliven had its biggest success in 1990, winning the Bulgarian Cup against CSKA Sofia, with a score of 2–0. The goals were scored by Valeri Valkov and Yordan Letchkov. In the 1990-91 Cup Winners Cup, Sliven were drawn against former European champions Juventus, losing both matches by scores of 0-2 and 1–6, respectively. ### Bankruptcy and rebirth Sliven could not celebrate the cup success for too long. Over the next few years, the club went into a deep crisis, and was relegated to the regional football groups, eventually culminating in bankruptcy and dissolution. The bankruptcy was largely attributed to the turbulent economic times in Bulgaria after the fall of the communist regime. Sliven was reborn in 2000 by establishing of the Municipal Football Club (OFC) Sliven 2000, led by club legend Yordan Letchkov. In 2005, the club finally earned promotion back to the second level of Bulgarian football, returning to professionalism. ### Back Among the Elite and Sudden Downfall In May 2008, Sliven were promoted to the top flight by winning the Eastern group of Bulgaria's second division. In their first year after returning to the elite, season 2008-09, OFC Sliven managed to finish in 12th place, thus avoiding relegation. The team managed to win eight games as well as drawing eight games, earning them 32 points. These results put them six points above Vihren Sandanski, who were relegated. From the eight wins that Sliven achieved, five were from home games, as well six of the draws, while at away games, Sliven managed to win three games and draw twice. Among these wins, Sliven managed to beat Bulgarian powerhouse CSKA Sofia 3–1 at home, as well as winning 3–1 against Botev Plovdiv, a traditionally strong side in Bulgarian football. This first season in the elite was under the management of Georgi Dermendzhiev, who would later successfully coach Ludogorets Razgrad and qualify the team two times for the UEFA Champions League group stage. Sliven's second season in the Bulgarian elite was under Serbian coach Dragoljub Simonovic, who replaced Dermendzhiev. Sliven again displayed some strong results, winning nine games in total, as well as drawing five games, for a total of 32 points. They finished five points above FC Lokomotiv Mezdra, who were relegated. Sliven managed to win against Levski Sofia at home, one of Bulgaria's best teams. At home, Sliven won six games and drew three games, while away results included three wins and two draws. Sliven's third consecutive season in the top flight was less successful, however. Dimcho Nenov was appointed as coach for the 2010–11 season. The team finished in last place, with only 4 wins, 7 draws, and 19 losses. This only earned the team 19 points, 6 points behind the 14th place, which would have at least qualified them for the relegation playoffs. Sliven managed three home wins, and only one away win, against fellow relegated Akademik Sofia. This relegation ended their three-year stay in the A PFG. After their relegation from the elite, Sliven were allocated to the East 2011–12 B Group. The team largely struggled with their performance, mainly due to the fact that many top players left the club after they were relegated. Sliven finished sixth out of 10 teams, a mediocre performance. Things went from bad to worse for Sliven, however. The team began experiencing serious financial problems, which affected their results, but more importantly, their ability to play professional football. On February 26, 2013, the Bulgarian Football Union suspended Sliven's participation in the B Group, as the team could field at most seven senior players. This automatically relegated the team to the V AFG, the third tier of Bulgarian football. Sliven played in the third tier for three years, before being relegated to the Regional Amateur Leagues, the fourth tier of football. ### Unofficial successor and new beginning In 2021, an unofficial team from the city was created, called FC Sliven, and began competing in the fourth tier of Bulgarian football, the A RFG of Sliven province, for the 2020–21 season. The club is not considered a direct descendant of OFC Sliven 2000. Before the 2021–22 season, FC Sliven absorbed OFC Sliven, with the latter becoming the youth academy of the former. At the end of the 2021–22 season, FC Sliven won promotion to the Third League, after just one season since reforming. It was revealed that club legend Yordan Letchkov was the key man behind the success of the team once more, similarly to his financial backing of OFC Sliven 2000. After two seasons in the third level, FC Sliven was relegated to the A RFG Sliven for season 2024–25. ### Recent Seasons \| Season \| \| Pos. \| Pl. \| W \| D \| L \| GS \| GA \| P \| Cup \| Notes \| \| ------- \| ----- \| ---- \| --- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| -- \| --- \| -- \| ---- \| --------- \| \| 2005-06 \| B PFG \| 12 \| 26 \| 9 \| 4 \| 13 \| 22 \| 30 \| 31 \| 1/16 \| \| \| 2006-07 \| B PFG \| 12 \| 26 \| 4 \| 11 \| 11 \| 32 \| 52 \| 23 \| 1/8 \| \| \| 2007-08 \| B PFG \| 1 \| 26 \| 19 \| 3 \| 4 \| 63 \| 23 \| 60 \| 1/8 \| Promoted \| \| 2008-09 \| A PFG \| 12 \| 30 \| 8 \| 8 \| 14 \| 32 \| 40 \| 32 \| 1/8 \| \| \| 2009-10 \| A PFG \| 13 \| 30 \| 9 \| 5 \| 16 \| 29 \| 40 \| 32 \| 1/8 \| \| \| 2010-11 \| A PFG \| 16 \| 30 \| 4 \| 7 \| 19 \| 22 \| 52 \| 19 \| 1/16 \| Relegated \| \| 2011-12 \| B PFG \| 6 \| 27 \| 10 \| 6 \| 11 \| 29 \| 23 \| 36 \| 1/32 \| \| \| 2012-13 \| B PFG \| 14 \| 26 \| 0 \| 1 \| 25 \| 4 \| 75 \| -2 \| 1/22 \| Relegated \| \| 2013-14 \| V AFG \| 16 \| 32 \| 4 \| 0 \| 28 \| 33 \| 165 \| 12 \| \| \| ### European cup history \| Season \| Competition \| Round \| Country \| Club \| Home \| Away \| Aggregate \| \| ------- \| --------------- \| ----- \| ------- \| -------------- \| ---- \| ---- \| --------- \| \| 1984/85 \| UEFA Cup \| 1 \| \| FK Zeljeznicar \| 1-0 \| 1-5 \| 2-5 \| \| 1990/91 \| Cup Winners'Cup \| 1 \| Italy \| Juventus \| 0-2 \| 1-6 \| 1-8 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Colours and nicknames For the majority of their history FC Sliven have worn red and white colours. When the club was first founded in 1918, red was chosen to represent the blood of Bulgarian Voivodes and white was chosen to represent the freedom. After the bankruptcy of FC Sliven in 2000 the club changed its name to OFC Sliven 2000, its badge, and its colours to orange shirts with blue shorts. One of the nicknames of OFC Sliven 2000 is Voivodite which means "Slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force". It was chosen because the town Sliven is famous for its Bulgarian Haiduts who fought against the Ottoman Turks in the 19th century and is known as the "City of the 100 Voivodes", a Voivode being a leader of Haiduts. \| Kit 1970 \| Kit 1975 \| Kit 1988 \| Kit 1990 \| Kit 1991-93 \| Source: sliven-fc.com ## Current squad As of 18 June 2013 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. \| No. \| Pos. \| Nation \| Player \| \| --- \| ---- \| ------ \| -------------------- \| \| — \| GK \| BUL \| Georgi Kinchev \| \| — \| GK \| BUL \| Petar Debarliev \| \| — \| DF \| BUL \| Yavor Ivanov \| \| — \| DF \| BUL \| Ivan Todorov \| \| — \| DF \| BUL \| Emil Martinov \| \| — \| DF \| BUL \| Stoyan Marinov \| \| — \| DF \| BUL \| Mario Hadzhidimitrov \| \| — \| DF \| BUL \| Boyan Nikolov \| \| — \| MF \| BUL \| Milen Stoyanov \| \| — \| MF \| BUL \| Dobromir Dimitrov \| \| No. \| Pos. \| Nation \| Player \| \| --- \| ---- \| ------ \| -------------------- \| \| — \| MF \| BUL \| Mitko Mitkov \| \| — \| MF \| BUL \| Lachezar Lechkov \| \| — \| MF \| BUL \| Enver Hristov \| \| — \| MF \| BUL \| Georgi Kolev \| \| — \| MF \| BUL \| Plamen Budakov \| \| — \| MF \| BUL \| Petar Rusev \| \| — \| FW \| BUL \| Aleksandar Balezdrov \| \| — \| FW \| BUL \| Miroslav Mindev \| \| — \| FW \| BUL \| Tolyo Yordanov \| ## Famous players The following players included were either playing for their respective national teams or left good impression among the fans. - Yordan Letchkov - Nikolay Arabov - Valeri Valkov - Velian Parushev - Vasil Tinchev - Kosta Yanev - Christian Bosch - Zhivko Kelepov - Ivan Valchev - Vasil Santurov - Radia Doychev - Plamen Timnev - Ivan Stoyanov Note: For a complete list of Sliven players, see Category:FC Sliven players. ## Stadium The stadium Hadzhi Dimitar in Sliven (15,000 seats) was built in the 1950s. First big reconstructions were run in the period 1984 - 1989. Currently Hadzhi Dimitar is part of a big multifunctional sports compound, still under development - at completion featuring hotel, restaurant, 2 training grass pitches, tennis courts, swimming pool. The athletic track of Hadzhi Dimitar is meeting all requirements of IAAF for hosting international competitions. The stadium complex has the only training pitch with FieldTurf flooring in Bulgaria. The size of the official pitch is 105m x 68m. Record attendance of the stadium is 30,000 people.	enwiki/11863300	enwiki	11,863,300	FC Sliven	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sliven	2025-07-05T17:20:17Z	en	Q25474890	134,931	{{Short description\|Bulgarian football club}} {{Infobox football club \| clubname = Sliven \| image = \| image_size = \| fullname = Футболен клуб {{nowrap\|Сливен}}<br>{{small\|(Football club Sliven)}} \| nickname = ''Войводите'' ([[Voivode\|The Voivodes]]) \| founded = {{start date and age\|1914}} ''original club''<br>{{start date and age\|29 February 2000}} ''as OFC Sliven 2000''<br> {{start date and age\|2021}} ''as FC Sliven'' \| ground = [[Hadzhi Dimitar Stadium]],<br> [[Sliven]] \| capacity = 10,000 \| chairman = {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Yordan Letchkov]] \| manager = {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} Lachezar Doychev \| league = [[Third Amateur Football League (Bulgaria)\|Third League]] \| season = 2022-23 \| position = Southeast Third League, 18th \| website = http://www.sliven-fc.com \| pattern_la1 = \|pattern_b1=\|pattern_ra1= \| leftarm1 = FF8800\|body1=FF8800\|rightarm1=FF8800\|shorts1=436EEE\|socks1=FF8800 \| pattern_la2 = \|pattern_b2=\|pattern_ra2= \| leftarm2 = FFFFFF\|body2=FFFFFF\|rightarm2=FFFFFF\|shorts2=000000\|socks2=000000 }} '''FC Sliven''' (ФК Сливен) is a [[Bulgaria]]n [[football club]] from the city of [[Sliven]], currently playing in the [[Third Amateur Football League (Bulgaria)\|Third League]], the third level of Bulgarian football. The club's home ground is the [[Hadzhi Dimitar Stadium]], with a capacity of 15,000. Club colors are orange and blue. FC Sliven was founded in 1914. The team made several appearances in the Bulgarian top tier, starting from 1963, establishing itself as one of the strongest teams from Southeast Bulgaria. Sliven reached its peak in 1990, when the team managed to win the [[1989–90 Bulgarian Cup]], its only major trophy to date. This achievement qualified the team for the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] for that season, where Sliven faced Italian team [[Juventus F.C.\|Juventus]]. Financial problems started in the 1990s, which resulted in the team dropping down to the amateur leagues. The club was reformed in 2000 and managed to return to the A Group in 2008, before suffering relegation in 2011. Serious financial problems followed once more, which led to a new restructuring in 2021. ==Honours== '''[[Bulgarian A Football Group\|First League]]:''' * 6th place: [[A PFG 1982–83\|1983]], [[A PFG 1985–86\|1986]], [[A PFG 1991–92\|1992]] '''[[Bulgarian Cup]]:''' * '''Winners (1)''': [[1989–90 Bulgarian Cup\|1989–90]] ==History== ===The beginnings=== OFC Sliven 2000 was founded on February 29, 2000, after the bankruptcy of FC Sliven, but as it is the real representative club of the same-name town, it keeps the tradition started back in 1914 with the first local football club Sportist. Through the years the leading club in Sliven had different names - Asenovetz, DNA, General Zaimov, Mlada Gvardia etc. ===First Promotions and A Group Period=== After World War II, Sliven took part in [[Second Professional Football League (Bulgaria)\|B PFG]] for ten years before seeing its first promotion to [[First Professional Football League (Bulgaria)\|A PFG]] in season [[1963–64 A Group\|1963-1964]]. Up to 2008–09, the club has played 22 seasons at the highest level of Bulgarian football (including continuously from 1974 to 1993). In 1983-84 FC Sliven finished on 7th place in A PFG and qualified for the [[UEFA Europa League\|UEFA Cup]] for [[1984–85 UEFA Cup\|1984-85]] because of reaching the semi-finals in the Soviet Army Cup; the Cup winners Levski Sofia qualified for European Cup; the finalist was not allowed to play in European competitions; where they faced [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo]], winning the first leg 1–0 at home, but suffering a 1–5 defeat in the second leg. ===First major trophy and European return=== Sliven had its biggest success in 1990, winning the [[Bulgarian Cup]] against [[PFC CSKA Sofia\|CSKA Sofia]], with a score of 2–0. The goals were scored by [[Valeri Valkov]] and [[Yordan Letchkov]]. In the 1990-91 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\|Cup Winners Cup]], Sliven were drawn against former European champions [[Juventus F.C.\|Juventus]], losing both matches by scores of 0-2 and 1–6, respectively. ===Bankruptcy and rebirth=== Sliven could not celebrate the cup success for too long. Over the next few years, the club went into a deep crisis, and was relegated to the regional football groups, eventually culminating in [[bankruptcy]] and dissolution. The bankruptcy was largely attributed to the turbulent economic times in Bulgaria after the fall of the communist regime. Sliven was reborn in 2000 by establishing of the Municipal Football Club (OFC) Sliven 2000, led by club legend [[Yordan Letchkov]]. In 2005, the club finally earned promotion back to the second level of Bulgarian football, returning to professionalism. ===Back Among the Elite and Sudden Downfall=== In May 2008, Sliven were promoted to the top flight by winning the Eastern group of Bulgaria's second division. In their first year after returning to the elite, season [[2008–09 A Group\|2008-09]], OFC Sliven managed to finish in 12th place, thus avoiding relegation. The team managed to win eight games as well as drawing eight games, earning them 32 points. These results put them six points above [[OFC Vihren Sandanski\|Vihren Sandanski]], who were relegated. From the eight wins that Sliven achieved, five were from home games, as well six of the draws, while at away games, Sliven managed to win three games and draw twice. Among these wins, Sliven managed to beat Bulgarian powerhouse [[PFC CSKA Sofia\|CSKA Sofia]] 3–1 at home, as well as winning 3–1 against [[Botev Plovdiv]], a traditionally strong side in Bulgarian football. This first season in the elite was under the management of [[Georgi Dermendzhiev]], who would later successfully coach [[PFC Ludogorets Razgrad\|Ludogorets Razgrad]] and qualify the team two times for the [[UEFA Champions League\|UEFA Champions League group stage]]. Sliven's second season in the Bulgarian elite was under Serbian coach [[Dragoljub Simonović (footballer)\|Dragoljub Simonovic]], who replaced Dermendzhiev. Sliven again displayed some strong results, winning nine games in total, as well as drawing five games, for a total of 32 points. They finished five points above [[FC Lokomotiv Mezdra]], who were relegated. Sliven managed to win against [[PFC Levski Sofia\|Levski Sofia]] at home, one of Bulgaria's best teams. At home, Sliven won six games and drew three games, while away results included three wins and two draws. Sliven's [[2010–11 A Group\|third consecutive season in the top flight]] was less successful, however. [[Dimcho Nenov]] was appointed as coach for the 2010–11 season. The team finished in last place, with only 4 wins, 7 draws, and 19 losses. This only earned the team 19 points, 6 points behind the 14th place, which would have at least qualified them for the relegation playoffs. Sliven managed three home wins, and only one away win, against fellow relegated [[PFC Akademik Sofia\|Akademik Sofia]]. This relegation ended their three-year stay in the A PFG. After their relegation from the elite, Sliven were allocated to the East [[2011–12 B Group]]. The team largely struggled with their performance, mainly due to the fact that many top players left the club after they were relegated. Sliven finished sixth out of 10 teams, a mediocre performance. Things went from bad to worse for Sliven, however. The team began experiencing serious financial problems, which affected their results, but more importantly, their ability to play professional football. On February 26, 2013, the [[Bulgarian Football Union]] suspended Sliven's participation in the B Group, as the team could field at most seven senior players. This automatically relegated the team to the V AFG, the third tier of Bulgarian football. Sliven played in the third tier for three years, before being relegated to the Regional Amateur Leagues, the fourth tier of football. ===Unofficial successor and new beginning=== In 2021, an unofficial team from the city was created, called FC Sliven, and began competing in the fourth tier of Bulgarian football, the A RFG of Sliven province, for the 2020–21 season.<ref>{{cite web \| title = След пет годишна пауза, Сливен отново има отбор. \| url = https://www.sliven-fc.com/seasons.html \| publisher = sliven-fc.com \| language = bg}}</ref> The club is not considered a direct descendant of OFC Sliven 2000. Before the 2021–22 season, FC Sliven absorbed OFC Sliven, with the latter becoming the youth academy of the former. At the end of the 2021–22 season, FC Sliven won promotion to the [[Third Amateur Football League (Bulgaria)\|Third League]], after just one season since reforming. It was revealed that club legend [[Yordan Letchkov]] was the key man behind the success of the team once more, similarly to his financial backing of OFC Sliven 2000. After two seasons in the third level, FC Sliven was relegated to the A RFG Sliven for season 2024–25. ===Recent Seasons=== :{\|class="wikitable" ! Season ! ! Pos. ! Pl. ! W ! D ! L ! GS ! GA ! P ! [[Bulgarian Cup\|Cup]] ! Notes \|- \|[[2005–06 B PFG\|2005-06]] \|[[B PFG]] \|align=right \|'''12''' \|align=right\|26\|\|align=right\|9\|\|align=right\|4\|\|align=right\|13 \|align=right\|22\|\|align=right\|30\|\|align=right\|'''31''' \|\|1/16 \| \|- \|[[2006–07 B PFG\|2006-07]] \|[[B PFG]] \|align=right \|'''12''' \|align=right\|26\|\|align=right\|4\|\|align=right\|11\|\|align=right\|11 \|align=right\|32\|\|align=right\|52\|\|align=right\|'''23''' \|\|1/8 \| \|- \|[[2007–08 B PFG\|2007-08]] \|[[B PFG]] \|align=right bgcolor=lime\|'''1''' \|align=right\|26\|\|align=right\|19\|\|align=right\|3\|\|align=right\|4 \|align=right\|63\|\|align=right\|23\|\|align=right\|'''60''' \|\|1/8 \|Promoted \|- \|[[2008–09 A PFG\|2008-09]] \|[[A PFG]] \|align=right \|'''12''' \|align=right\|30\|\|align=right\|8\|\|align=right\|8\|\|align=right\|14 \|align=right\|32\|\|align=right\|40\|\|align=right\|'''32''' \|\|1/8 \| \|- \|[[2009–10 A PFG\|2009-10]] \|[[A PFG]] \|align=right \|'''13''' \|align=right\|30\|\|align=right\|9\|\|align=right\|5\|\|align=right\|16 \|align=right\|29\|\|align=right\|40\|\|align=right\|'''32''' \|\|1/8 \| \|- \|[[2010–11 A PFG\|2010-11]] \|[[A PFG]] \|align=right bgcolor=red\|'''16''' \|align=right\|30\|\|align=right\|4\|\|align=right\|7\|\|align=right\|19 \|align=right\|22\|\|align=right\|52\|\|align=right\|'''19''' \|\|1/16 \|Relegated \|- \|[[2011–12 B PFG\|2011-12]] \|[[B PFG]] \|align=right \|'''6''' \|align=right\|27\|\|align=right\|10\|\|align=right\|6\|\|align=right\|11 \|align=right\|29\|\|align=right\|23\|\|align=right\|'''36''' \|\|1/32 \| \|- \|[[2012–13 B PFG\|2012-13]] \|[[B PFG]] \|align=right bgcolor=red\|'''14''' \|align=right\|26\|\|align=right\|0\|\|align=right\|1\|\|align=right\|25 \|align=right\|4\|\|align=right\|75\|\|align=right\|'''-2''' \|\|1/22 \|Relegated \|- \|[[2013–14 V AFG\|2013-14]] \|[[V AFG]] \|align=right \|'''16''' \|align=right\|32\|\|align=right\|4\|\|align=right\|0\|\|align=right\|28 \|align=right\|33\|\|align=right\|165\|\|align=right\|'''12''' \|\| \| \|} ===European cup history=== {\| class="wikitable" ! Season ! Competition ! Round ! Country ! Club ! Home ! Away ! Aggregate \|- \|[[UEFA Cup 1984-85\|1984/85]] \|[[UEFA Cup]] \|1 \|[[File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg\|25px]] \|[[FK Željezničar Sarajevo\|FK Zeljeznicar]] \|1-0 \|1-5 \|2-5 \|- \|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1990-91\|1990/91]] \|[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\|Cup Winners'Cup]] \|1 \|{{flagicon\|Italy}} \|[[Juventus F.C.\|Juventus]] \|0-2 \|1-6 \|1-8 \|- \| \|- \|} ==Colours and nicknames== [[File:OFC Sliven old.png\|80px\|left\|thumb\|Logo of FC Sliven 1960-00]] For the majority of their history FC Sliven have worn red and white colours. When the club was first founded in 1918, red was chosen to represent the blood of Bulgarian [[Voivode]]s and white was chosen to represent the freedom. After the bankruptcy of FC Sliven in 2000 the club changed its name to OFC Sliven 2000, its badge, and its colours to orange shirts with blue shorts. One of the nicknames of OFC Sliven 2000 is ''Voivodite'' which means "[[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force". It was chosen because the town [[Sliven]] is famous for its Bulgarian [[Hajduk\|Haidut]]s who fought against the [[Ottoman Turks]] in the 19th century and is known as the "City of the 100 [[Voivode]]s", a Voivode being a leader of Haiduts. {{Fb kit header}} \|{{Football kit \|pattern_la=_whiteborder \|pattern_b=_vneckwhite \|pattern_ra=_whiteborder \|leftarm=FF2020 \|body=FF2020 \|rightarm=FF2020 \|shorts=FFFFFF \|socks=FF2020 \|title=Kit 1970}} \|{{Football kit \|pattern_la=_drkredhoop \|pattern_b=_redwhitevertical \|pattern_ra=_drkredhoop \|leftarm=FF8800 \|body=FF8800 \|rightarm=FF8800 \|shorts=FFFFFF \|socks=FF2020 \|title=Kit 1975}} \|{{Football kit \|pattern_la=_blackshoulders \|pattern_b=_vneckblack \|pattern_ra=_blackshoulders \|leftarm=FF8800 \|body=FF8800 \|rightarm=FF8800 \|shorts=436EEE \|socks=FF8800 \|title=Kit 1988}} \|{{Football kit \|pattern_la= \|pattern_b=_vneckwhite \|pattern_ra= \|leftarm=FF2020 \|body=FF2020 \|rightarm=FF2020 \|shorts=436EEE \|socks=FFFFFF \|title=Kit 1990}} \|{{Football kit \|pattern_la= \|pattern_b= \|pattern_ra= \|leftarm=FFFFFF \|body=FF2020 \|rightarm=FFFFFF \|shorts=FFFFFF \|socks=FF2020 \|title=Kit 1991-93}} {{Fb kit footer \|s=[http://www.sliven-fc.com/history.php sliven-fc.com] \|date=July 2012}} ==Current squad== ''{{As of\|2013\|6\|18}}'' {{Fs start}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Georgi Kinchev\|pos=GK}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Petar Debarliev\|pos=GK}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=[[Yavor Ivanov (footballer)\|Yavor Ivanov]]\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Ivan Todorov\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=[[Emil Martinov]]\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Stoyan Marinov\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Mario Hadzhidimitrov\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Boyan Nikolov\|pos=DF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Milen Stoyanov\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Dobromir Dimitrov\|pos=MF}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Mitko Mitkov\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Lachezar Lechkov\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Enver Hristov\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Georgi Kolev\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Plamen Budakov\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Petar Rusev\|pos=MF}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Aleksandar Balezdrov\|pos=FW}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=[[Miroslav Mindev]]\|pos=FW}} {{Fs player\|no=\|nat=BUL\|name=Tolyo Yordanov\|pos=FW}} {{Fs end}} ==Famous players== The following players included were either playing for their respective national teams or left good impression among the fans. {{div col\|colwidth=22em}} {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Yordan Letchkov]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Nikolay Arabov]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Valeri Valkov]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Veliyan Parushev\|Velian Parushev]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Vasil Tinchev]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Kosta Yanev]] {{flagicon\|Germany}} [[Christian Bosch]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Zhivko Kelepov]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Ivan Valchev]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Vasil Santurov]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Radia Doychev]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Plamen Timnev]] {{flagicon\|Bulgaria}} [[Ivan Stoyanov (footballer born 1983)\|Ivan Stoyanov]] {{div col end}} Note: ''For a complete list of Sliven players, see [[:Category:FC Sliven players]].'' ==Stadium== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sliven stadium.jpg\|200px\|right\|thumb\|Sliven playing with [[CSKA Sofia]] at the [[Hadzhi Dimitar Stadium]]]] --> The stadium Hadzhi Dimitar in Sliven (15,000 seats) was built in the 1950s. First big reconstructions were run in the period 1984 - 1989. Currently Hadzhi Dimitar is part of a big multifunctional sports compound, still under development - at completion featuring hotel, restaurant, 2 training grass pitches, tennis courts, swimming pool. The athletic track of Hadzhi Dimitar is meeting all requirements of IAAF for hosting international competitions. The stadium complex has the only training pitch with [[FieldTurf]] flooring in Bulgaria. The size of the official pitch is 105m x 68m. Record attendance of the stadium is 30,000 people. ==External links== [https://web.archive.org/web/20110201112853/http://ofcsliven2000.com/ Official website] (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081013175906/http://sliven-fc.com/stadium.html Hadzhi Dimitar Stadium] (archived) * [http://www.sliven-fc.com Fansite] {{BG V AFG}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Association football clubs established in 1964]] [[Category:Association football clubs established in 2000]] [[Category:Football clubs in Bulgaria\|Sliven]] [[Category:Sliven]] [[Category:2000 establishments in Bulgaria]] [[Category:Military association football clubs in Bulgaria]]	1,298,936,589	[{"title": "Sliven", "data": {"Full name": "\u0424\u0443\u0442\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043b\u0443\u0431 \u0421\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u00b7 (Football club Sliven)", "Nickname(s)": "\u0412\u043e\u0439\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 (The Voivodes)", "Founded": "1914 original club \u00b7 29 February 2000 as OFC Sliven 2000 \u00b7 2021 as FC Sliven", "Ground": "Hadzhi Dimitar Stadium, \u00b7 Sliven", "Capacity": "10,000", "Chairman": "Yordan Letchkov", "Manager": "Lachezar Doychev", "League": "Third League", "2022-23": "Southeast Third League, 18th", "Website": "http://www.sliven-fc.com", "Home colours": "Away colours"}}]	false
# Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (short story) "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" is a frequently anthologized short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. The story first appeared in the Fall 1966 edition of Epoch magazine. It was inspired by three Tucson, Arizona, murders committed by Charles Schmid, which were profiled in Life magazine in an article written by Don Moser on March 4, 1966. Oates said that she dedicated the story to Bob Dylan because she was inspired to write it after listening to his song "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue". The story was originally named "Death and the Maiden". ## Plot Connie is an attractive, self-conscious 15-year-old girl. She has a strained relationship with her mother, who is jealous of her youth and beauty. Her mother constantly compares her to her sister, who is plain and hard-working. Her father is fairly distant and busy with work. Connie enjoys going out with friends to the mall and "a drive-in restaurant where the older kids hung out". It is there, while enjoying the company of a boy, that she first sees Arnold Friend, a stranger in a gold convertible covered with cryptic writing. He says "Gonna get you, baby" to her, and she turns away from him. A while later, her family goes to a Sunday barbecue, leaving Connie home alone. Connie enjoys this time alone, listening to music and feeling happy with simply being alive. A car comes up on the driveway, and Connie comes down from her room to see who it is. It's Arnold Friend, who asks Connie to come along with him and a friend of his on a ride. Connie is initially unsure, and declines his offer. He insists that she actually does want to ride with them. He addresses her by name, and when she asks him how he knows it, he tells her he knows her family won't be home for a while, and that he has been asking around about her to other children. His friend merely listens to the music absentmindedly. Arnold tries to convince Connie to come out of her house but she is still unsure and slightly unsettled. She suddenly thinks to ask how old he is; he deflects the question, finally telling her he's only 18. However, she can see that he is probably closer to, and maybe older than, 30. She begins to be truly frightened, and tells them to leave, but Arnold insists they won't leave till she comes with them. He declares that he is her lover, to her shocked terror, and she threatens to call the police. He says if she does, he'll come into the house. She rushes to lock the door, but he tells her he could easily break it down. She tells the men that her father is coming, and Arnold threatens to hurt her family when they return unless she comes out to the car. Overwhelmed with emotion, Connie retreats inside the house. Though she picks up the phone to call for help, she is unable to bring herself to use it due to a strange "wailing" she hears. After Arnold continues gently, menacingly threatening her from outside the house, Connie accepts her fate and finally comes out, feeling nothing. ## Characters Connie: A beautiful girl who loves life. She is unsatisfied with her family, especially her mother, and seeks fulfillment elsewhere. She loves listening to music and is essentially a typical teenager. Arnold Friend: A mysterious figure who visits Connie while her family is not at home and continuously demands that Connie get in the car and go on a ride with him. He attempts to be smooth talking, yet his strange, performative and threatening behaviour make Connie uneasy and scared to be with him. Ellie: Arnold's friend who is very strange and sits in Arnold's car when they go to Connie's house. He listens to music and mostly stays back as Arnold tries to smooth talk his way to get Connie in the car with them. Connie's Mother: Was once very beautiful when she was younger and is now a frustrating figure in Connie's life. They often argue. June: The older sister of Connie, who is basically the opposite of her. She does everything that her family asks of her, and is doted on by their mother. ## Critical reception “Oates’s equation of sexual dominance and death clarifies the general theme in The Wheel of Love of biological determinism and the ongoing cycle of gender-related enslavement. The story’s title enhances this theme, suggesting that Connie’s present fate repeats that of her female ancestors and anticipates that of her female descendants.”—Literary critic Greg Johnson in Joyce Carol Oates: A Study in the Short Fiction (1994) Considerable academic analysis has been written about the story, with scholars divided on whether it is intended to be taken literally or as allegory. Several writers focus on the series of numbers written on Arnold's car, which he indicates are a code of some sort, but which is never explained: "Now, these numbers are a secret code, honey," Arnold Friend explained. He read off the numbers 33, 19, 17 and raised his eyebrows at her to see what she thought of that, but she didn't think much of it. Literary scholars have interpreted this series of numbers as different Biblical references (the title appears to have been taken from Judges 19:17), as an underlining of Friend's sexual deviancy, or as a reference to the ages of Friend and his victims. The narrative has also been viewed as an allegory for initiation into sexual adulthood, an encounter with the devil, a critique of modern youth's obsession with sexual themes in popular music, or as a dream sequence. ## Mythological and Romantic influences Literary critic Greg Johnson describes the story as a “symbolic dream-narrative” in which Oates enlists Christian allegories to dramatize the degradation of a teenage American girl by “a demonic male figure who represents the death of her spirit.” Oates also draws upon 19th century American romantic writers whose work was informed by Christian parables. Biographer Joanne V. Creighton notes the story’s allusion to the biblical parable of the Fall of man and its association to the loss of innocence in contemporary terms: Connie’s encounter with Arnold is not just a unique instance of how one girl’s experimental flirtation propels her too rapidly into the world of experience…but a particularly vivid instance of a universal experience: the loss of innocence. ### "Death and the Maiden" Oates and her literary critics have identified the character Arnold Friend with the fables surrounding Satan, common in Christian mythology. Calling an early draft of the story “Death and the Maiden,” Oates makes its source explicit: Like the medieval German engraving from which my title was taken, the story was minutely detailed yet clearly an allegory of the fatal attractions of death (and the devil).” While subsequent versions underwent changes in “tone…focus...and language,” this image served as a progenitor to the final work “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been.” ### Emily Dickinson and Nathaniel Hawthorne Oates borrows the allegorical figures in Emily Dickinson’s famous poem Because I could not stop for Death (first appearing under the title “The Chariot” in 1890). The opening verses of the poem read: Because I could not stop for Death He kindly stopped for me The Carriage held but just Ourselves And Immortality. Oates acknowledged her appropriation of the symbolic imagery for the story: “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been” defines itself as allegorical in its conclusion: Death and Death’s chariot (a funky souped-up convertible) have come for the Maiden.” Johnson writes: “Parodying the role of a gentleman caller, like the figure of Death in Emily Dickinson’s ‘Because I could not stop for Death’, Arnold reduces Connie to a zombie-like state of docile submission…” Oates “is essentially an American allegorist” whose literary antecedents can be traced back, in part, to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Terming “Where Are You Going” a “realistic allegory,” Oates acknowledges her debt to Hawthorne’s parables. Arnold Friend’s mocking observation that condemns Connie to her “permanent submission” is echoed in the title of the story: “The place where you came from ain’t there anymore, and where you had in mind to go is cancelled out.” ## Adaptations The story was loosely adapted into the 1985 film Smooth Talk, starring Laura Dern and Treat Williams. Oates wrote an essay about the adaptation, "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" and Smooth Talk: Short Story Into Film, in 1986. The story has also been cited as an inspiration for Rose McGowan's 2014 short film Dawn as well as The Blood Brothers' 2003 song "The Salesman, Denver Max". ## Footnotes 1. ↑ Moser, Don; Cohen, Richard M. (November 1967). The Pied Piper of Tucson by Don & Jerry Cohen Moser \| Kirkus Reviews. Penguin Publishing. ISBN 978-0453001243. 2. ↑ Oates, J.C. & Showalter, E. (1994). "Introduction". Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been. Rutgers University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-8135-2135-1. 3. ↑ Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been and Bob Dylan, January 11, 2011, archived from the original on December 21, 2021, retrieved April 24, 2018 4. 1 2 Oates, Joyce Carol (October 10, 2016). ""Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" and Smooth Talk: Short Story Into Film". Celestial Timepiece. Retrieved April 24, 2018. 5. ↑ Wegs, Joyce M (1975). “‘Don’t You Know Who I Am?’: The Grotesque in Oates’s ‘Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?’”. The Journal of Narrative Technique, vol. 5, no. 1, Department of English Language and Literature, Eastern Michigan University, p. 69. 6. ↑ Cruise, James (2005). “‘Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?’ And Cold War Hermeneutics”. South Central Review, vol. 22, no. 2, [South Central Modern Language Association, Johns Hopkins University Press], p. 109. 7. ↑ Hurley, D F (Summer 1991). "Impure Realism: Joyce Carol Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'". Studies in Short Fiction. 28 (3): 371. ProQuest 1297942472. 8. ↑ Hurley, C Harold (Winter 1987). "Cracking the Secret Code in Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'". Studies in Short Fiction. 24 (1): 62. ProQuest 1297940520. 9. 1 2 Johnson, 1994 p. 45 10. ↑ "Judges 19 and Arnold Friend's Enigmatic Code". April 20, 2017. 11. 1 2 Pinewski, David (Spring 1991). "Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'". Explicator. 49 (3): 195–196. doi:10.1080/00144940.1991.11484066. 12. ↑ Robson, Mark (Summer 1982). "Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'". The Explicator. 40 (4): 59–60. doi:10.1080/00144940.1982.11483609. 13. ↑ Hurley, C. Harold (Winter 1987). "Cracking the Secret Code in Oats's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been'". Studies in Short Fiction. 24 (1): 62–66. 14. ↑ Urbanski, Marie Mitchell Olesen (1978). "Existential Allegory: Joyce Carol Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'". Studies in Short Fiction. 15: 200–203. 15. ↑ Petry, Alice Hall (Spring 1988). "Who Is Ellie? Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'". Studies in Short Fiction. 25 (2): 155–157. 16. ↑ Rubin, Larry (Summer 1984). "Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'". Explicator. 42 (4): 57–59. doi:10.1080/00144940.1984.11483813. 17. ↑ Johnson, 1994 p. 44 18. ↑ Oates, 1988 in Johnson, 1994 p. 148-149 19. ↑ Creighton, 1979 p. 118 20. ↑ Johnson, 1994 p. 44: “Numerous commentators have noted Arnold Friend’s resemblance to the devil of Christian mythology and the story’s complex, often riddling symbolism.” 21. ↑ Oates, 1988, p. 149: Parenthetical remark in original. 22. 1 2 Oates, 1988 23. ↑ "Because I Could Not Stop For Death (479)". Poets.org. Academy of American Poetds. Retrieved July 12, 2025. 24. ↑ Johnson, 1994 p. 44-45: “Friend, as a figure of spiritual death, deduces Connie at an early, vulnerable stage of her sexual maturity, ensuring her permanent submission.” 25. ↑ Creighton, 1979 p. 118: “Connie is hopelessly initiated into evil...” 26. ↑ Johnson, 1994 p. 17 27. ↑ Oates, 1988: See Johnson, 1994 p. 149: The story “is Hawthornean, romantic, shading into parable.” 28. ↑ Johnson, 1994 p. 84: “Hawthorne…[has] strongly influenced Oates’s allegorical method.” 29. ↑ Romano, 1977: “[T]here's such a thing as superior and intelligent melodrama—such as Poe's and Hawthorne's. Joyce Carol Oates's melodrama is first‐rate, and…it makes sound psychological sense.” 30. ↑ Dickinson, P. (July 2008). "Riding in Cars with Boys: Reconsidering 'Smooth Talk'". Literature Film Quarterly. 36 (3): 202–214. 31. ↑ Selvin, Rachel. "A Closer Look At Rose McGowan's "Dawn"". www.refinery29.com. Retrieved March 26, 2019. Blog, 1More Film (October 11, 2014). "Rose McGowan's Dawn and the Problem of Short Films". 1More Film Blog. Retrieved March 26, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) 32. ↑ "Watch: Rose McGowan's Acclaimed Short, Dawn". ComingSoon.net. June 22, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2019. Teutsch, Matthew (April 18, 2017). "The Blood Brothers' "The Salesman, Denver Max" and Joyce Carol Oates". Interminable Rambling. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ## Sources - Joanne V. Creighton. 1979. Joyce Carol Oates. Twayne Publishers, New York. Warren G. French, editor. ISBN 0-8057-7212-X - Johnson, Greg. 1994. Joyce Carol Oates: A Study of the Short Fiction. Twayne’s studies in short fiction; no. 57. Twayne Publishers, New York. ISBN 0-8057-0857-X	enwiki/5934218	enwiki	5,934,218	Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (short story)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Are_You_Going,_Where_Have_You_Been%3F_(short_story)	2025-07-12T16:14:42Z	en	Q7993180	115,346	{{Short description\|Short story by Joyce Carol Oates}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox short story \| <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] --> \| name = Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? \| image = \| caption = First edition of collection \| author = [[Joyce Carol Oates]] \| country = United States \| language = English \| genre = [[Short story]] \| published_in = [[Epoch (American magazine)\|''Epoch'']] \| publisher = \| media_type = Print \| pub_date = [[1966 in literature\|1966]] \| preceded_by = \| followed_by = }} "'''Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'''" is a frequently anthologized short story written by [[Joyce Carol Oates]]. The story first appeared in the Fall 1966 edition of [[Epoch (American magazine)\|''Epoch'']] magazine. It was inspired by three [[Tucson, Arizona]], murders committed by [[Charles Schmid]], which were profiled in ''[[Life (magazine)\|Life]]'' magazine in an article written by Don Moser on March 4, 1966.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/don-jerry-cohen-moser/the-pied-piper-of-tucson/\|title=The Pied Piper of Tucson by Don & Jerry Cohen Moser {{!}} Kirkus Reviews\|isbn=978-0453001243\|language=en-us\|last1=Moser\|first1=Don\|last2=Cohen\|first2=Richard M.\|date=November 1967\|publisher=Penguin Publishing }}</ref> Oates said that she dedicated the story to [[Bob Dylan]] because she was inspired to write it after listening to his song "[[It's All Over Now, Baby Blue]]".<ref>{{cite book\|title=Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been\|author1=Oates, J.C.\|author2=Showalter, E. \|name-list-style=amp \|page=9\|year=1994\|chapter=Introduction\|publisher=Rutgers University Press\|isbn=0-8135-2135-1}}</ref><ref>{{Citation\|title=Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been and Bob Dylan\|date=2011-01-11\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bM1TrEYOaNc \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bM1TrEYOaNc \|archive-date=2021-12-21 \|url-status=live\|access-date=2018-04-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The story was originally named "Death and the Maiden".<ref name="Oates">{{Cite news\|url=https://celestialtimepiece.com/2016/10/10/where-are-you-going-where-have-you-been-and-smooth-talk-short-story-into-film/\|title="Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" and Smooth Talk: Short Story Into Film\|last=Oates\|first=Joyce Carol\|date=2016-10-10\|work=Celestial Timepiece\|access-date=2018-04-24\|language=en-US}}</ref> == Plot == Connie is an attractive, self-conscious 15-year-old girl. She has a strained relationship with her mother, who is jealous of her youth and beauty. Her mother constantly compares her to her sister, who is plain and hard-working. Her father is fairly distant and busy with work. Connie enjoys going out with friends to the mall and "a drive-in restaurant where the older kids hung out". It is there, while enjoying the company of a boy, that she first sees Arnold Friend, a stranger in a gold convertible covered with cryptic writing. He says "Gonna get you, baby" to her, and she turns away from him. A while later, her family goes to a Sunday barbecue, leaving Connie home alone. Connie enjoys this time alone, listening to music and feeling happy with simply being alive. A car comes up on the driveway, and Connie comes down from her room to see who it is. It's Arnold Friend, who asks Connie to come along with him and a friend of his on a ride. Connie is initially unsure, and declines his offer. He insists that she actually does want to ride with them. He addresses her by name, and when she asks him how he knows it, he tells her he knows her family won't be home for a while, and that he has been asking around about her to other children. His friend merely listens to the music absentmindedly. Arnold tries to convince Connie to come out of her house but she is still unsure and slightly unsettled. She suddenly thinks to ask how old he is; he deflects the question, finally telling her he's only 18. However, she can see that he is probably closer to, and maybe older than, 30. She begins to be truly frightened, and tells them to leave, but Arnold insists they won't leave till she comes with them. He declares that he is her lover, to her shocked terror, and she threatens to call the police. He says if she does, he'll come into the house. She rushes to lock the door, but he tells her he could easily break it down. She tells the men that her father is coming, and Arnold threatens to hurt her family when they return unless she comes out to the car. Overwhelmed with emotion, Connie retreats inside the house. Though she picks up the phone to call for help, she is unable to bring herself to use it due to a strange "wailing" she hears. After Arnold continues gently, menacingly threatening her from outside the house, Connie accepts her fate and finally comes out, feeling nothing.<ref>Wegs, Joyce M (1975). “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/30225993 ‘Don’t You Know Who I Am?’: The Grotesque in Oates’s ‘Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?’]”. The Journal of Narrative Technique, vol. 5, no. 1, Department of English Language and Literature, Eastern Michigan University, p. 69.</ref><ref>Cruise, James (2005). “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/40039873 ‘Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?’ And Cold War Hermeneutics]”. South Central Review, vol. 22, no. 2, [South Central Modern Language Association, Johns Hopkins University Press], p. 109.</ref> ==Characters== Connie: A beautiful girl who loves life. She is unsatisfied with her family, especially her mother, and seeks fulfillment elsewhere. She loves listening to music and is essentially a typical teenager. Arnold Friend: A mysterious figure who visits Connie while her family is not at home and continuously demands that Connie get in the car and go on a ride with him. He attempts to be smooth talking, yet his strange, performative and threatening behaviour make Connie uneasy and scared to be with him. Ellie: Arnold's friend who is very strange and sits in Arnold's car when they go to Connie's house. He listens to music and mostly stays back as Arnold tries to smooth talk his way to get Connie in the car with them. Connie's Mother: Was once very beautiful when she was younger and is now a frustrating figure in Connie's life. They often argue. June: The older sister of Connie, who is basically the opposite of her. She does everything that her family asks of her, and is doted on by their mother.<ref>{{cite journal \|id={{ProQuest\|1297942472}} \|last1=Hurley \|first1=D F \|title=Impure Realism: Joyce Carol Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?' \|journal=Studies in Short Fiction \|volume=28 \|issue=3 \|date=Summer 1991 \|page=371 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|id={{ProQuest\|1297940520}} \|last1=Hurley \|first1=C Harold \|title=Cracking the Secret Code in Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?' \|journal=Studies in Short Fiction \|volume=24 \|issue=1 \|date=Winter 1987 \|page=62 }}</ref> ==Critical reception== {{quote box\|width=30em\|bgcolor=cornsilk\|fontsize=100%\|salign=center\|quote=“Oates’s equation of sexual dominance and death clarifies the general theme in [[The Wheel of Love]] of biological determinism and the ongoing cycle of gender-related enslavement. The story’s title enhances this theme, suggesting that Connie’s present fate repeats that of her female ancestors and anticipates that of her female descendants.”—Literary critic Greg Johnson in ''Joyce Carol Oates: A Study in the Short Fiction'' (1994)<ref name="Johnson, 1994 p. 45">Johnson, 1994 p. 45</ref>}}Considerable academic analysis has been written about the story, with scholars divided on whether it is intended to be taken literally or as [[allegory]]. Several writers focus on the series of numbers written on Arnold's car, which he indicates are a code of some sort, but which is never explained: <blockquote>"Now, these numbers are a secret code, honey," Arnold Friend explained. He read off the numbers 33, 19, 17 and raised his eyebrows at her to see what she thought of that, but she didn't think much of it.</blockquote> Literary scholars have interpreted this series of numbers as different Biblical references (the title appears to have been taken from Judges 19:17<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://interminablerambling.com/2017/04/20/judges-19-and-arnold-friends-enigmatic-code/\|title = Judges 19 and Arnold Friend's Enigmatic Code\|date = 20 April 2017}}</ref>),<ref name=Pinewski>{{cite journal\|last1=Pinewski\|first1=David\|title=Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'\|journal=Explicator\|date=Spring 1991\|volume=49\|issue=3\|pages=195–196\|doi=10.1080/00144940.1991.11484066}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Robson\|first1=Mark\|title=Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'\|journal=The Explicator\|date=Summer 1982\|volume=40\|issue=4\|pages=59–60\|doi=10.1080/00144940.1982.11483609}}</ref> as an underlining of Friend's sexual deviancy,<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Hurley\|first1=C. Harold\|title=Cracking the Secret Code in Oats's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been'\|journal=Studies in Short Fiction\|date=Winter 1987\|volume=24\|issue=1\|pages=62–66}}</ref> or as a reference to the ages of Friend and his victims.<ref name="Pinewski"/> The narrative has also been viewed as an allegory for initiation into sexual adulthood,<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Urbanski\|first1=Marie Mitchell Olesen\|title=Existential Allegory: Joyce Carol Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'\|journal=Studies in Short Fiction\|date=1978\|volume=15\|pages=200–203}}</ref> an encounter with the devil, a critique of modern youth's obsession with sexual themes in popular music,<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Petry\|first1=Alice Hall\|title=Who Is Ellie? Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'\|journal=Studies in Short Fiction\|date=Spring 1988\|volume=25\|issue=2\|pages=155–157}}</ref> or as a dream sequence.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Rubin\|first1=Larry\|title=Oates's 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'\|journal=Explicator\|date=Summer 1984\|volume=42\|issue=4\|pages=57–59\|doi=10.1080/00144940.1984.11483813}}</ref> ==Mythological and Romantic influences== [[File:Gw11 0001031 20170619 001 Baldung Der Tod und das Maedchen.jpg\|thumb\|200px\| [[Hans Baldung]] (1484-1545), ''[[Death and the Maiden (Baldung)\|Death and the Maiden]]'', 1517. [[Kunstmuseum Basel]]]] Literary critic Greg Johnson describes the story as a “symbolic dream-narrative” in which Oates enlists Christian allegories to dramatize the degradation of a teenage American girl by “a demonic male figure who represents the death of her spirit.”<ref>Johnson, 1994 p. 44</ref> Oates also draws upon 19th century American romantic writers whose work was informed by Christian parables.<ref>Oates, 1988 in Johnson, 1994 p. 148-149</ref> Biographer [[Joanne V. Creighton]] notes the story’s allusion to the biblical parable of the [[Fall of man]] and its association to the loss of innocence in contemporary terms: {{blockquote \| Connie’s encounter with Arnold is not just a unique instance of how one girl’s experimental flirtation propels her too rapidly into the world of experience…but a particularly vivid instance of a universal experience: the loss of innocence.<ref>Creighton, 1979 p. 118</ref>}} ==="Death and the Maiden"=== Oates and her literary critics have identified the character Arnold Friend with the fables surrounding [[Satan]], common in [[Christian mythology]].<ref>Johnson, 1994 p. 44: “Numerous commentators have noted Arnold Friend’s resemblance to the devil of Christian mythology and the story’s complex, often riddling symbolism.”</ref> Calling an early draft of the story “Death and the Maiden,” Oates makes its source explicit: {{blockquote\| Like the medieval German engraving from which my title was taken, the story was minutely detailed yet clearly an allegory of the fatal attractions of death (and the devil).”<ref>Oates, 1988, p. 149: Parenthetical remark in original.</ref>}} While subsequent versions underwent changes in “tone…focus...and language,” this image served as a progenitor to the final work “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been.”<ref name="Oates, 1988">Oates, 1988</ref> ===Emily Dickinson and Nathaniel Hawthorne=== Oates borrows the allegorical figures in [[Emily Dickinson]]’s famous poem [[Because I could not stop for Death]] (first appearing under the title “The Chariot” in 1890). The opening verses of the poem read: ''Because I could not stop for Death''<br> ''He kindly stopped for me''<br> ''The Carriage held but just Ourselves''<br> ''And Immortality''.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Because I Could Not Stop For Death (479) \|url=https://poets.org/poem/because-i-could-not-stop-death-479 \|website=Poets.org \|publisher=Academy of American Poetds \|access-date=July 12, 2025}}</ref> Oates acknowledged her appropriation of the symbolic imagery for the story: {{blockquote\|“Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been” defines itself as allegorical in its conclusion: Death and Death’s chariot (a funky souped-up convertible) have come for the Maiden.”<ref name="Oates, 1988">Oates, 1988</ref>}} Johnson writes: “Parodying the role of a gentleman caller, like the figure of Death in Emily Dickinson’s ‘Because I could not stop for Death’, Arnold reduces Connie to a zombie-like state of docile submission…”<ref>Johnson, 1994 p. 44-45: “Friend, as a figure of spiritual death, deduces Connie at an early, vulnerable stage of her sexual maturity, ensuring her permanent submission.”</ref><ref>Creighton, 1979 p. 118: “Connie is hopelessly initiated into evil...”</ref> Oates “is essentially an American allegorist” whose literary antecedents can be traced back, in part, to [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]].<ref>Johnson, 1994 p. 17</ref> Terming “Where Are You Going” a “realistic allegory,” Oates acknowledges her debt to Hawthorne’s parables.<ref>Oates, 1988: See Johnson, 1994 p. 149: The story “is Hawthornean, romantic, shading into parable.”</ref><ref>Johnson, 1994 p. 84: “Hawthorne…[has] strongly influenced Oates’s allegorical method.”</ref><ref>Romano, 1977: “[T]here's such a thing as superior and intelligent melodrama—such as Poe's and Hawthorne's. Joyce Carol Oates's melodrama is first‐rate, and…it makes sound psychological sense.”</ref> Arnold Friend’s mocking observation that condemns Connie to her “permanent submission” is echoed in the title of the story: “The place where you came from ain’t there anymore, and where you had in mind to go is cancelled out.”<ref name="Johnson, 1994 p. 45">Johnson, 1994 p. 45</ref> ==Adaptations== The story was loosely adapted into the 1985 film ''[[Smooth Talk]]'', starring [[Laura Dern]] and [[Treat Williams]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Dickinson\|first1=P.\|title=Riding in Cars with Boys: Reconsidering 'Smooth Talk'\|journal=Literature Film Quarterly\|date=July 2008\|volume=36\|issue=3\|pages=202–214}}</ref> Oates wrote an essay about the adaptation, ''"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" and Smooth Talk: Short Story Into Film,'' in 1986.<ref name="Oates"/> The story has also been cited as an inspiration for [[Rose McGowan]]'s 2014 short film ''Dawn'' as well as [[The Blood Brothers (band)\|The Blood Brothers]]' 2003 song "[[...Burn, Piano Island, Burn\|The Salesman, Denver Max]]".<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2016/09/123703/rose-mcgowan-dawn-short-film\|title=A Closer Look At Rose McGowan's "Dawn"\|last=Selvin\|first=Rachel\|website=www.refinery29.com\|language=en\|access-date=2019-03-26}}<br>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.patheos.com/blogs/1morefilmblog/rose-mcgowans-dawn-and-the-problem-of-short-films/\|title=Rose McGowan's Dawn and the Problem of Short Films\|last=Blog\|first=1More Film\|date=2014-10-11\|website=1More Film Blog\|language=en\|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/horror/news/746401-watch-rose-mcgowans-acclaimed-short-dawn\|title=Watch: Rose McGowan's Acclaimed Short, Dawn\|date=2015-06-22\|website=ComingSoon.net\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-03-26}}<br>{{Cite web\|url=https://interminablerambling.wordpress.com/2017/04/18/4550/\|title=The Blood Brothers' "The Salesman, Denver Max" and Joyce Carol Oates\|last=Teutsch\|first=Matthew\|date=2017-04-18\|website=Interminable Rambling\|language=en\|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> == Footnotes == {{reflist}} == Sources == [[Joanne V. Creighton]]. 1979. ''Joyce Carol Oates''. ''[[Twayne Publishers]]'', New York. Warren G. French, editor. {{ISBN \| 0-8057-7212-X}} Johnson, Greg. 1994. ''Joyce Carol Oates: A Study of the Short Fiction''. Twayne’s studies in short fiction; no. 57. ''[[Twayne Publishers]]'', New York. {{ISBN \| 0-8057-0857-X}} ==External links== *[https://celestialtimepiece.com/2015/01/21/where-are-you-going-where-have-you-been/ Complete text] on Celestial Timepiece, an authorized Joyce Carol Oates Home Page {{Joyce Carol Oates}} [[Category:1966 short stories]] [[Category:American short stories]] [[Category:Works by Joyce Carol Oates]] [[Category:Works originally published in American magazines]] [[Category:Works originally published in literary magazines]] [[Category:Short stories adapted into films]] [[Category:Psychological horror]] [[Category:Horror short stories]] [[Category:Short stories by Joyce Carol Oates]] [[Category:Bob Dylan]]	1,300,160,229	[{"title": "\"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?\"", "data": {"Country": "United States", "Language": "English", "Genre(s)": "Short story"}}, {"title": "Publication", "data": {"Published in": "Epoch", "Media type": "Print", "Publication date": "1966"}}]	false
# Fear the Future Tour The Fear the Future Tour was an international concert tour by American singer St. Vincent, which supported her fifth studio album Masseduction (2017). The tour started on October 7, 2017, in Los Angeles, United States and concluded on February 26, 2018 in Tulsa, United States. The production was unique in that St. Vincent performed it as a one-woman show, appearing solo onstage for the entirety of the set with no backing band. The show featured only her live guitar and vocals with an instrumental track. ## Background After releasing her self-titled fourth studio album in 2014, Clark toured extensively during that year and 2015, entering on a hiatus of nearly two years thereafter. Even before any official announcement of the first single "New York" and the album Masseduction, on June 21, 2017, the singer announced the Fear the Future Tour, with a video titled "A Very Special Announcement" on YouTube and a press release containing the first dates in North America and Europe. On November 6, 2017, Clark announced a new North American leg for 2018, with mainly East Coast dates. ## Set list The following set list was obtained from the concert held on October 17, 2017, in London. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour. \| First act 1. "Marry Me" 2. "Now, Now" 3. "The Strangers" 4. "Actor Out of Work" 5. "Cruel" 6. "Cheeleader" 7. "Strange Mercy" 8. "Digital Witness" 9. "Rattlesnake" 10. "Birth in Reverse" \| Second act: Masseduction 1. "Hang on Me" 2. "Pills" 3. "Masseduction" 4. "Sugarboy" 5. "Los Ageless" 6. "Happy Birthday, Johnny" 7. "Savior" 8. "New York" 9. "Fear the Future" 10. "Young Lover" 11. "Dancing with a Ghost" 12. "Slow Disco" 13. "Smoking Section" \| ## Tour dates \| Date \| City \| Country \| Venue \| \| Leg 1 — North America \| Leg 1 — North America \| Leg 1 — North America \| Leg 1 — North America \| \| --------------------- \| --------------------- \| --------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| \| October 7, 2017 \| Los Angeles \| United States \| Paramount Pictures Studios \| \| Leg 2 — Europe \| \| \| \| \| October 17, 2017 \| London \| England \| O2 Academy Brixton \| \| October 18, 2017 \| Manchester \| England \| O2 Apollo Manchester \| \| October 20, 2017 \| Dublin \| Ireland \| Olympia Theatre \| \| October 23, 2017 \| Brussels \| Belgium \| Ancienne Belgique \| \| October 24, 2017 \| Paris \| France \| Le Trianon \| \| October 26, 2017 \| Berlin \| Germany \| Huxleys Neue Welt \| \| October 27, 2017 \| Utrecht \| Netherlands \| TivoliVredenburg \| \| Leg 3 — North America \| \| \| \| \| November 14, 2017 \| Detroit \| United States \| The Fillmore Detroit \| \| November 15, 2017 \| Indianapolis \| United States \| Egyptian Room \| \| November 17, 2017 \| Milwaukee \| United States \| Riverside Theater \| \| November 18, 2017 \| Saint Paul \| United States \| Palace Theatre \| \| November 19, 2017 \| Kansas City \| United States \| Uptown Theater \| \| November 20, 2017 \| St. Louis \| United States \| The Pageant \| \| November 21, 2017 \| Louisville \| United States \| The Kentucky Center \| \| November 22, 2017 \| Nashville \| United States \| Ryman Auditorium \| \| November 24, 2017 \| Knoxville \| United States \| Tennessee Theatre \| \| November 25, 2017 \| Durham \| United States \| Durham Performing Arts Center \| \| November 27, 2017 \| Washington, D.C. \| United States \| The Anthem \| \| November 28, 2017 \| Philadelphia \| United States \| Electric Factory \| \| November 30, 2017 \| Boston \| United States \| House of Blues \| \| December 1, 2017 \| Portland \| United States \| State Theatre \| \| December 2, 2017 \| Brooklyn \| United States \| Kings Theatre \| \| December 3, 2017 \| Brooklyn \| United States \| Kings Theatre \| \| December 17, 2017 \| Houston \| United States \| Downtown Houston Post Office \| \| January 9, 2018 \| Pittsburgh \| United States \| Stage AE \| \| January 10, 2018 \| Columbus \| United States \| Express Live! \| \| January 11, 2018 \| Cincinnati \| United States \| Taft Theatre \| \| January 12, 2018 \| Chicago \| United States \| Chicago Theatre \| \| January 13, 2018 \| Omaha \| United States \| Peter Kiewit Concert Hall \| \| January 15, 2018 \| Denver \| United States \| Fillmore Auditorium \| \| January 19, 2018 \| Seattle \| United States \| Moore Theatre \| \| January 20, 2018 \| Portland \| United States \| Keller Auditorium \| \| January 22, 2018 \| San Francisco \| United States \| Bill Graham Civic Auditorium \| \| January 25, 2018 \| Los Angeles \| United States \| Hollywood Palladium \| \| January 26, 2018 \| Phoenix \| United States \| The Van Buren \| \| January 27, 2018 \| San Diego \| United States \| The Observatory North Park \| \| February 15, 2018 \| Asheville \| United States \| Thomas Wolfe Auditorium \| \| February 17, 2018 \| Atlanta \| United States \| The Tabernacle \| \| February 19, 2018 \| New Orleans \| United States \| Civic Theatre \| \| February 20, 2018 \| Houston \| United States \| House of Blues \| \| February 22, 2018 \| Austin \| United States \| Moody Theater \| \| February 23, 2018 \| Austin \| United States \| Moody Theater \| \| February 24, 2018 \| Dallas \| United States \| The Bomb Factory \| \| February 26, 2018 \| Tulsa \| United States \| Cain's Ballroom \| Cancelled shows \| Date \| City \| Country \| Venue \| Reason \| \| ----------------- \| ----------- \| ------------- \| ------------------ \| ------------------------------------------- \| \| February 16, 2018 \| Chattanooga \| United States \| The Signal \| Unforeseen Production and Scheduling Issues \| \| February 18, 2018 \| Birmingham \| United States \| Iron City \| Unforeseen Production and Scheduling Issues \| \| March 4, 2018 \| Baltimore \| United States \| Hippodrome Theatre \| Unforeseen Production and Scheduling Issues \|	enwiki/67977033	enwiki	67,977,033	Fear the Future Tour	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_the_Future_Tour	2025-07-22T20:49:31Z	en	Q107395108	67,242	{{Short description\|2017–18 concert tour by St. Vincent}} {{Infobox concert \| concert_tour_name = Fear the Future Tour \| artist = [[St. Vincent (musician)\|St. Vincent]] \| image = January 2018 St. Vincent (24955542877).jpg \| image_size = 220px \| border = \| image_caption = St. Vincent performing during the tour \| album = ''[[Masseduction]]'' \| start_date = {{Start date\|2017\|10\|07}} \| end_date = {{End date\|2018\|02\|26}} \| number_of_shows = {{Plainlist \| * 38 in North America * 7 in Europe * 45 in total }} \| number_of_legs = 3 \| last_tour = Digital Witness Tour <br>(2014–15) \| this_tour = '''Fear the Future Tour''' <br>(2017–18) \| next_tour = [[I Am a Lot Like You! Tour]] <br>(2018–19) }} The '''Fear the Future Tour''' was an international concert tour by American singer [[St. Vincent (musician)\|St. Vincent]], which supported her fifth studio album ''[[Masseduction]]'' (2017). The tour started on October 7, 2017, in [[Los Angeles]], [[United States]] and concluded on February 26, 2018 in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma\|Tulsa]], [[United States]]. The production was unique in that St. Vincent performed it as a [[one-woman show]], appearing solo onstage for the entirety of the set with no backing band. The show featured only her live guitar and vocals with an instrumental track. <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/st-vincent-brixton-academy-divided-much-opinion-2151289\|title=St Vincent's London show was one of the most divisive gigs of the year\|author=Trendell, Andrew\|work=[[NME]]\|publisher=[[BandLab Technologies]]\|date=October 18, 2017\|access-date=June 22, 2021}}</ref> == Background == After releasing her [[St. Vincent (album)\|self-titled]] fourth studio album in 2014, Clark toured extensively during that year and 2015, entering on a hiatus of nearly two years thereafter. Even before any official announcement of the first single "[[New York (St. Vincent song)\|New York]]" and the album ''[[Masseduction]]'', on June 21, 2017, the singer announced the ''Fear the Future Tour'', with a video titled "A Very Special Announcement" on [[YouTube]] and a press release containing the first dates in [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://shorefire.com/releases/entry/st.-vincent-unveils-fear-the-future-tour/ \|title= St. Vincent Unveils Fear the Future Tour \|publisher= Shore Fire Media \|access-date= June 17, 2021 \|author= Shore Fire Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url= https://consequence.net/2017/06/st-vincent-announces-2017-fear-the-future-tour/ \|title= St. Vincent Announces 2017 Fear the Future Tour \|publisher= Consequence \|access-date= June 17, 2021 \|author= Geslani, Michelle\|date= 21 June 2017 }}</ref> On November 6, 2017, Clark announced a new North American leg for 2018, with mainly East Coast dates.<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.undertheradarmag.com/news/st._vincent_announces_new_2018_tour_dates/ \|title= St. Vincent Announces new 2018 Tour Dates \|publisher= Under the Radar \|access-date= June 17, 2021 \|author= Roberts, Christopher}}</ref> == Set list == The following set list was obtained from the concert held on October 17, 2017, in London.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/st-vincent-brixton-academy-divided-much-opinion-2151289\|title=St Vincent's London show was one of the most divisive gigs of the year\|author=Trendell, Andrew\|work=[[NME]]\|publisher=[[BandLab Technologies]]\|date=October 18, 2017\|access-date=June 22, 2021}}</ref> It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour. {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} '''First act''' # "Marry Me" # "Now, Now" # "The Strangers" # "[[Actor Out of Work]]" # "Cruel" # "Cheeleader" # "Strange Mercy" # "[[Digital Witness]]" # "Rattlesnake" # "[[Birth in Reverse]]" {{Col-break}} '''Second act: ''Masseduction''''' #<li value="11"> "Hang on Me" # "Pills" # "Masseduction" # "Sugarboy" # "[[Los Ageless]]" # "Happy Birthday, Johnny" # "Savior" # "[[New York (St. Vincent song)\|New York]]" # "Fear the Future" # "Young Lover" # "Dancing with a Ghost" # "Slow Disco" # "Smoking Section" {{Col-end}} == Tour dates == {\|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" \|+ List of concerts, showing date, city, country and venue \|- ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"\| Date ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"\| City ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"\| Country ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"\| Venue \|- ! colspan="4" \|Leg 1 — North America \|- \| October 7, 2017 \| [[Los Angeles]] \| [[United States]] \| [[Paramount Pictures\|Paramount Pictures Studios]] \|- ! colspan="4" \|Leg 2 — Europe \|- \| October 17, 2017 \| [[London]] \| rowspan="2"\| [[England]] \| [[Brixton Academy\|O<sub>2</sub> Academy Brixton]] \|- \| October 18, 2017 \| [[Manchester]] \| [[O2 Apollo Manchester\|O<sub>2</sub> Apollo Manchester]] \|- \| October 20, 2017 \| [[Dublin]] \| [[Ireland]] \| [[Olympia Theatre, Dublin\|Olympia Theatre]] \|- \| October 23, 2017 \| [[Brussels]] \| [[Belgium]] \| [[Ancienne Belgique]] \|- \| October 24, 2017 \| [[Paris]] \| [[France]] \| [[Le Trianon]] \|- \| October 26, 2017 \| [[Berlin]] \| [[Germany]] \| Huxleys Neue Welt \|- \| October 27, 2017 \| [[Utrecht]] \| [[Netherlands]] \| [[TivoliVredenburg]] \|- ! colspan="4" \|Leg 3 — North America \|- \| November 14, 2017 \| [[Detroit]] \| rowspan="37"\| United States \| [[The Fillmore Detroit]] \|- \| November 15, 2017 \| [[Indianapolis]] \| [[Old National Centre\|Egyptian Room]] \|- \| November 17, 2017 \| [[Milwaukee]] \| [[Riverside Theater (Milwaukee)\|Riverside Theater]] \|- \| November 18, 2017 \| [[Saint Paul, Minnesota\|Saint Paul]] \| [[Palace Theatre (St. Paul)\|Palace Theatre]] \|- \| November 19, 2017 \| [[Kansas City, Missouri\|Kansas City]] \| [[Uptown Theater (Kansas City, Missouri)\|Uptown Theater]] \|- \| November 20, 2017 \| [[St. Louis]] \| [[The Pageant]] \|- \| November 21, 2017 \| [[Louisville, Kentucky\|Louisville]] \| [[The Kentucky Center]] \|- \| November 22, 2017 \| [[Nashville]] \| [[Ryman Auditorium]] \|- \| November 24, 2017 \| [[Knoxville, Tennessee\|Knoxville]] \| [[Tennessee Theatre]] \|- \| November 25, 2017 \| [[Durham, North Carolina\|Durham]] \| [[Durham Performing Arts Center]] \|- \| November 27, 2017 \| [[Washington, D.C.]] \| [[The Anthem (music venue)\|The Anthem]] \|- \| November 28, 2017 \| [[Philadelphia]] \| [[Franklin Music Hall\|Electric Factory]] \|- \| November 30, 2017 \| [[Boston]] \| [[House of Blues]] \|- \| December 1, 2017 \| [[Portland, Maine\|Portland]] \| [[State Theatre (Portland, Maine)\|State Theatre]] \|- \| December 2, 2017 \| rowspan="2"\| [[Brooklyn, New York\|Brooklyn]] \| rowspan="2"\| [[Kings Theatre (Brooklyn)\|Kings Theatre]] \|- \| December 3, 2017 \|- \| December 17, 2017{{efn\|The concert on December 17, 2017, in Houston was a part of the [[Day for Night (festival)\|Day for Night]] festival.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/thom-yorke-st-vincent-nine-inch-nails-more-playing-day-for-night-2017/\|title=Thom Yorke, St. Vincent, Nine Inch Nails, More Playing Day for Night 2017\|author=Yoo, Noah\|work=[[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]\|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]\|date=September 20, 2017\|access-date=June 22, 2021}}</ref>}} \| [[Houston]] \| [[Downtown Houston Post Office]] \|- \| January 9, 2018 \| [[Pittsburgh]] \| [[Stage AE]] \|- \| January 10, 2018 \| [[Columbus, Ohio\|Columbus]] \| [[Express Live!]] \|- \| January 11, 2018 \| [[Cincinnati, Ohio\|Cincinnati]] \| [[Taft Theatre]] \|- \| January 12, 2018 \| [[Chicago]] \| [[Chicago Theatre]] \|- \| January 13, 2018 \| [[Omaha, Nebraska\|Omaha]] \| [[Holland Performing Arts Center\|Peter Kiewit Concert Hall]] \|- \| January 15, 2018 \| [[Denver]] \| [[Fillmore Auditorium (Denver)\|Fillmore Auditorium]] \|- \| January 19, 2018 \| [[Seattle]] \| [[Moore Theatre]] \|- \| January 20, 2018 \| [[Portland, Oregon\|Portland]] \| [[Keller Auditorium]] \|- \| January 22, 2018 \| [[San Francisco]] \| [[Bill Graham Civic Auditorium]] \|- \| January 25, 2018 \| Los Angeles \| [[Hollywood Palladium]] \|- \| January 26, 2018 \| [[Phoenix, Arizona\|Phoenix]] \| The Van Buren \|- \| January 27, 2018 \| [[San Diego]] \| The Observatory North Park \|- \| February 15, 2018 \| [[Asheville, North Carolina\|Asheville]] \| [[Harrah's Cherokee Center\|Thomas Wolfe Auditorium]] \|- \| February 17, 2018 \| [[Atlanta]] \| [[Tabernacle (concert hall)\|The Tabernacle]] \|- \| February 19, 2018 \| [[New Orleans]] \| [[Civic Theatre (New Orleans)\|Civic Theatre]] \|- \| February 20, 2018 \| Houston \| [[House of Blues]] \|- \| February 22, 2018 \| rowspan="2"\| [[Austin, Texas\|Austin]] \| rowspan="2"\| [[Block 21\| Moody Theater]] \|- \| February 23, 2018 \|- \| February 24, 2018 \| [[Dallas]] \| [[The Bomb Factory]] \|- \| February 26, 2018 \| [[Tulsa, Oklahoma\|Tulsa]] \| [[Cain's Ballroom]] \|} ;Cancelled shows {\|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" \|+ List of cancelled concerts, showing date, city, country, venue and reason \|- ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"\| Date ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"\| City ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"\| Country ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"\| Venue ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"\| Reason \|- \| February 16, 2018 \| [[Chattanooga, Tennessee\|Chattanooga]] \| rowspan="3"\| United States \| The Signal \| rowspan="3"\| Unforeseen Production and Scheduling Issues<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://shorefire.com/releases/entry/st.-vincent-fear-the-future-tour-2018 \|title= St. Vincent 'Fear the Future Tour' 2018 \|publisher= Shore Fire Media \|access-date= June 18, 2021 \|author= Shore Fire Media}}</ref> \|- \| February 18, 2018 \| [[Birmingham, Alabama\|Birmingham]] \| Iron City \|- \| March 4, 2018 \| [[Baltimore]] \| [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)\|Hippodrome Theatre]] \|} == Notes == {{noteslist}} == References == {{reflist}} {{St. Vincent}} [[Category:2017 concert tours]] [[Category:2018 concert tours]] [[Category:St. Vincent (musician) concert tours]] [[Category:Concert tours of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Concert tours of Ireland]] [[Category:Concert tours of Belgium]] [[Category:Concert tours of France]] [[Category:Concert tours of Germany]] [[Category:Concert tours of the Netherlands]] [[Category:Concert tours of the United States]]	1,301,994,847	[{"title": "Fear the Future Tour", "data": {"Associated album": "Masseduction", "Start date": "October 7, 2017", "End date": "February 26, 2018", "Legs": "3", "No. of shows": "- 38 in North America - 7 in Europe - 45 in total"}}, {"title": "St. Vincent", "data": {"Studio albums": "Marry Me Actor Strange Mercy Love This Giant (with David Byrne ) St. Vincent Masseduction Daddy's Home All Born Screaming", "Remix albums": "MassEducation Nina Kraviz Presents Masseduction Rewired Todos Nacen Gritando", "Soundtrack albums": "The Nowhere Inn", "EPs": "Ratsliveonnoevilstar Paris Is Burning 4AD Session Brass Tactics (with David Byrne)", "Singles": "\" Actor Out of Work \" \" Birth in Reverse \" \" Digital Witness \" \" Teenage Talk \" \" Under Neon Lights \" \" New York \" \" Los Ageless \" \" Pay Your Way in Pain \" \" Broken Man \"", "Tours": "Actor Tour Love This Giant Tour Fear the Future Tour I Am a Lot Like You! Tour", "Films": "XX The Nowhere Inn"}}]	false
# Le Sud-Ouest Le Sud-Ouest (French pronunciation: [lə syd wɛst], lit. 'The Southwest') is a borough (arrondissement) of the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ## Geography Le Sud-Ouest is an amalgam of several neighbourhoods with highly distinct histories and identities, mainly with working-class and industrial origins, grouped around the Lachine Canal. These include Saint-Henri, Little Burgundy, and Griffintown to the north of the canal, and Ville-Émard, Côte-Saint-Paul, and Pointe-Saint-Charles to the south. Located southwest of downtown Montreal (hence the name), the borough is bordered to the northwest by Côte-des-Neiges—Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, to the northeast by the Ville-Marie borough, to the south by the borough of Verdun, to the west by the borough of LaSalle and the town of Montreal West, and to the north by the city of Westmount. The Saint Lawrence River is located upon part of its eastern edge. ## History See History of Saint-Henri, History of Little Burgundy, History of Ville-Émard, History of Côte-Saint-Paul, and History of Pointe-Saint-Charles. Originally devoted to agriculture, the various municipalities and districts of the Sud-Ouest underwent rapid industrialization following the opening of the Lachine Canal in 1825, becoming the cradle of Canadian industry thanks to both the transportation and the water power offered by the canal. The Canadian National Railway and Grand Trunk Railway also came through Saint-Henri and Pointe-Saint-Charles. The area became a stronghold of the working class, often in difficult conditions such as those described in Gabrielle Roy's The Tin Flute, set in Saint-Henri. The areas of the borough had highly specific identities. The western part of the borough - Saint-Henri, Ville-Émard, and Côte-Saint-Paul - were chiefly French Canadian, while Pointe-Saint-Charles and Griffintown were considered the seat of Irish culture in Montreal, with street names such as Hibernia and St. Patrick testifying to it. Starting in 1887, a large English-speaking Black community arose in Little Burgundy, attracted from the United States, other parts of Canada, and the Caribbean by jobs in the railways whose stations lay nearby; the area became famed for musical figures such as Oscar Peterson. The city of Montreal annexed the town of Saint-Henri in 1905, Sainte-Cunégonde (Little Burgundy) in 1906, and Côte-Saint-Paul and Ville-Émard in 1910. However, with vessels constantly growing and finally exceeding the capacity of the canal, the coming of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1956 and the closure of the Lachine Canal in 1970 put an end to the area's industrial prosperity. Population fell sharply and conditions became still more difficult. Projects such as the Décarie Expressway, Turcot Interchange, Bonaventure Expressway, and Expo '67 destroyed entire neighbourhoods, such as Goose Village and part of Côte-Saint-Paul. However, community mobilization preserved the area's social fabric; in particular, the Pointe-Saint-Charles Community Clinic became the model for the CLSC system now used throughout the province. The reorganization of Montreal in 2002 following the municipal mergers saw the creation of the borough council system, and accordingly, the creation of the borough of Le Sud-Ouest. The borough council met in several temporary locations, including the Marie Uguay cultural centre in Ville-Émard, before the inauguration of the current borough hall in a repurposed factory in Saint-Henri. Today, Le Sud-Ouest is undergoing an economic and social renaissance, stimulated by the reclamation of the canal for recreation in 2002; businesses opened up and numerous factories were converted into lofts and condominiums. This revival is bringing its own pressures, however, as gentrification increases property taxes and costs of living on the many low-income residents and puts pressure on the availability of low-income housing. The pending reconstruction of the Turcot Interchange and its impact on local residents is a major political issue in the borough. ## Government ### Municipal The borough is divided into two municipal electoral districts: - Saint-Paul–Émard–Saint-Henri-Ouest - Saint-Henri-Est–Petite-Bourgogne–Pointe-Saint-Charles–Griffintown The composition of the borough council remained unchanged following the 2017 municipal election, and consists of the following councillors: \| District \| Position \| Name \| \| Party \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ----------------------------- \| ------------------ \| \| --------------- \| \| — \| Borough mayor City councillor \| Benoit Dorais \| \| Projet Montréal \| \| Saint-Henri-Est–Petite-Bourgogne– Pointe-Saint-Charles–Griffintown \| City councillor \| Craig Sauvé \| \| Projet Montréal \| \| Saint-Henri-Est–Petite-Bourgogne– Pointe-Saint-Charles–Griffintown \| Borough councillor \| Tan Shan Li \| \| Projet Montréal \| \| Saint-Paul–Émard–Saint-Henri-Ouest \| City councillor \| Alain Vaillancourt \| \| Projet Montréal \| \| Saint-Paul–Émard–Saint-Henri-Ouest \| Borough councillor \| Anne-Marie Sigouin \| \| Projet Montréal \| ### Provincial The bulk of the borough constitutes the provincial electoral district of Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne; the industrial and railway area in the northeast is in the district of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. ### Federal The borough is divided among the following federal ridings: - Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs (Saint-Henri, Pointe-Saint-Charles, Little Burgundy, Griffintown, part of Côte-Saint-Paul) - LaSalle—Émard—Verdun (Ville-Émard, part of Côte-Saint-Paul) ## Demographics Source: \| Language \| Population \| Percentage (%) \| \| --------------- \| ---------- \| -------------- \| \| French \| 42,620 \| 60% \| \| English \| 18,435 \| 26% \| \| Other languages \| 10,440 \| 14% \| \| Language \| Population \| Percentage (%) \| \| --------------- \| ---------- \| -------------- \| \| French \| 41,330 \| 56% \| \| English \| 14,270 \| 19% \| \| Other languages \| 18,210 \| 25% \| \| Ethnicity \| Population \| Percentage (%) \| \| ---------------------- \| ---------- \| -------------- \| \| Not a visible minority \| 55,080 \| 72.1% \| \| Visible minorities \| 21,305 \| 27.9% \| ## Infrastructure ### Transport The borough is served by the green and orange lines of the Montreal Metro, including Place-Saint-Henri, Lionel-Groulx, Charlevoix, Angrignon, Georges-Vanier, Monk, and Jolicoeur stations. The borough is traversed and partly delimited by Quebec Autoroutes 15 (Décarie Aut.) and 20 (Ville-Marie Aut.); Autoroute 10 (Bonaventure Aut.) also passes through it. The Montreal ends of the Champlain Bridge and Victoria Bridge lie in Le Sud-Ouest, as does the Turcot Interchange (autoroutes 15 and 20), Quebec's largest highway interchange. The CN rail lines exiting Central Station pass through the borough. Major thoroughfares include Notre Dame St., Laurendeau St., St. Patrick St., La Vérendrye Blvd., De l'Église St., Monk Blvd., Centre St., Charlevoix St., Wellington St., Atwater Ave., and Guy St. The Lachine Canal is crossed by the Boul. Monk, Rue Charlevoix, Rue des Seigneurs, and Rue Wellington bridges and by the Saint Rémi and Atwater tunnels. Bicycle paths run along the Lachine Canal, through the Parc du Premier-Chemin-de-Fer and Rue Lionel-Groulx, and through Pointe-Saint-Charles. Pedestrian- and cyclist-only bridges across the canal are located at the Saint-Gabriel Locks, the Atwater Market, Gédéon de Catalogne Park (rue Beaudoin), and Rue de l'Église. ### Culture and recreation The two largest green spaces in the borough are the Lachine Canal and its recreational facilities (including the Lachine Canal National Historic Site of Canada), and Angrignon Park in Ville-Émard. Other important parks include Ignace Bourget Park (Ville-Émard), Sir George-Étienne Cartier Square and Saint-Henri Park (Saint-Henri), Vinet Park and Oscar Peterson Park (Little Burgundy), and Saint-Gabriel Park, Marguerite Bourgeoys Park, and Le Ber Park (Pointe-Saint-Charles). The borough boasts numerous historic buildings, such as the Maison Saint-Gabriel (built in 1698), the former Negro Community Centre, the Atwater Market, Union United Church, Corona Theatre, the Atwater pumping station, the Saint-Henri fire hall, and the area's churches. In Saint-Henri, the Musée des ondes Emile Berliner tells the story of the radio and phonograph industry in the historic RCA Victor building. The borough's community centres include the Centre Saint-Zotique, the Centre d'éducation populaire (CEDA), Tyndale-St. George's Community Centre, Maison Saint-Charles, and Centre Monseigneur-Pigeon. It is served by four libraries: Marie-Uguay, Saint-Henri, Georges-Vanier, and Saint-Charles. Sporting facilities include the Complexe récréatif Gadbois, one of the largest on the island, as well as the Piscine Émard, Piscine Saint-Henri, Centre sportif de la Petite-Bourgogne, and Piscine Saint-Charles. ### Institutions The territory of Le Sud-Ouest is served by the Centre de santé et des services sociaux du Sud-Ouest–Verdun, which operates the CLSCs Saint-Henri and Ville-Émard–Côte-Saint-Paul. The Clinique communautaire Pointe-Saint-Charles, though it inspired the CLSC system and is the provider of CLSC services for Pointe-Saint-Charles, continues to operate independently of the CLSC system. The nearest hospitals are the Hôpital de Verdun, Hôpital de LaSalle and the McGill University Health Centre superhospital is immediately northwest of the borough. ### Centre Sportif de la Petite-Bourgogne The Little Burgundy Sports Center features a multitude of activities and spaces to accommodate a large audience. This large facility is very much involved in community life and contributes to the dynamism of Little Burgundy and the Southwest district. Its elegant and contemporary architecture makes it a true landmark in this part of Montreal. Opened in 1997, this beautiful building was built at a cost of $8.6 million by neighborhood residents striving to overcome the lack of activities and sports facilities in the area. Its funding was arranged by three parties: the federal and provincial governments have contributed $4 million and the City of Montreal invested $4.6 million. During the opening, the mayor, Pierre Bourque, officially transferred the facility and equipment management to the Little Burgundy Sports Center Corporation, chaired at the time by Mrs. Léonie Charles. Managed independently, the Little Burgundy Sport Center is represented by the board of directors and a management team that works in partnership with the South West district, City of Montreal. ### Commerce Major commercial streets include Boulevard Monk (Ville-Émard), Avenue de l'Église (Côte Saint-Paul), Rue du Centre (Pointe-Saint-Charles), and Rue Notre-Dame (Saint-Henri and Little Burgundy). Rue Notre-Dame in Little Burgundy was once notable as a centre for antiques dealers. The Atwater Market, is located beside the Lachine Canal. Joe Beef Restaurant is on Notre Dame Street West in Little Burgundy. ## Education The Commission scolaire de Montréal (CSDM) operates Francophone public schools. The English Montreal School Board (EMSB) operates Anglophone public schools. The Montreal Public Libraries Network operates four libraries: Réjean-Ducharme, Marie-Uguay, Saint-Charles, and Saint-Henri. The borough is home to the École de technologie supérieure technical university. ### Bibliothèque Réjean-Ducharme This library, more than 100 years old, was the first French-language public library erected in Canada and is the oldest branch still in operation in the city. It was forced to close in 1918 after the First World War for budget reasons, but in 1947, thanks to the determination of Georges Vanier, it reopened as the Workman library.	enwiki/1827515	enwiki	1,827,515	Le Sud-Ouest	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Sud-Ouest	2025-08-10T06:37:33Z	en	Q1628875	143,629	{{Other uses\|Sud-Ouest (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox settlement \|name = Le Sud-Ouest \|settlement_type = [[Boroughs of Montreal\|Borough]] of [[Montreal]] \|official_name = \|other_name = \|nickname = \|motto = \|image_blank_emblem = Logosudouest.png \|blank_emblem_size = 175px \|image_skyline = Mairie arrondissement Sud-Ouest.jpg \|imagesize = 250px \|image_caption = The borough hall of Le Sud-Ouest in Saint-Henri. In line with the area's industrial heritage, the building is a converted factory. \|image_flag = \|image_seal = \|image_map = Carte localisation Montréal - Le Sud-Ouest.svg \|mapsize = 250px \|map_caption = Location on the Island of Montreal. <br /> (Dark grey areas indicate demerged municipalities). \|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world\|Country]] \|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Canada\|Province]] \|subdivision_type2 = [[List of Quebec regions\|Region]] \|subdivision_name = {{CAN}} \|subdivision_name1 = {{QC}} \|subdivision_name2 = [[Montréal (region)\|Montreal]] (06) \|seat_type =Electoral Districts <br />[[List of Canadian federal electoral districts\|Federal]] \|seat = [[LaSalle—Émard—Verdun]]<br />[[Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs]] \|parts_type =[[List of Quebec provincial electoral districts\|Provincial]] \|parts =[[Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne]] \|government_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.mamrot.gouv.qc.ca/repertoire-des-municipalites/fiche/arrondissement/REM20/ \|title=Ministère des Affaires Municipales et Régions: Le Sud-Ouest (Montreal) \|access-date=2012-03-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106201504/http://www.mamrot.gouv.qc.ca/repertoire-des-municipalites/fiche/arrondissement/REM20/ \|archive-date=2013-01-06 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=1394 Parliament of Canada Federal Riding History: JEANNE-LE BER (Quebec)]<br />[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=911 Parliament of Canada Federal Riding History: LASALLE--ÉMARD (Quebec)]</ref><ref>[http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/en/resultats_gen.asp?bsq=Saint-Henri-Sainte-Anne&section=resultats_gen&even='2008'&mode='n3'#resul Chief Electoral Officer of Québec - 40th General Election Riding Results: SAINT-HENRI--SAINT-ANNE]{{Dead link\|date=February 2020 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}<br />[http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/en/resultats_gen.asp?bsq=Notre-Dame-de-Grâce&section=resultats_gen&even='2008'&mode='n3'#resul Chief Electoral Officer of Québec - 40th General Election Riding Results: NOTRE-DAME-DE-GRÂCE]{{dead link\|date=December 2017 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> \|government_type = Borough \|leader_title = [[Mayor]] \|leader_name = [[Benoit Dorais]] [[Projet Montréal\|(PM)]] \|leader_title1 = Federal [[House of Commons of Canada\|MP]](s) \|leader_name1 =[[Louis-Philippe Sauvé]] ([[Bloc Québécois\|BQ]])<br />[[Marc Miller (politician)\|Marc Miller]] ([[Liberal Party of Canada\|LPC]]) \|leader_title2 = Quebec [[National Assembly of Quebec\|MNA]](s) \|leader_name2 =[[Guillaume Cliche-Rivard]] ([[Québec Solidaire\|QS]]) \|established_title = \|established_date = \|established_title2 = \|established_date2 = \|established_title3 = Created \|established_date3 = January 1, 2002 \|area_footnotes = <ref name="ville.montreal.qc.ca"/> \|area_total_km2 = 15.7 \|area_total_sq_mi = \|area_land_km2 = \|area_land_sq_mi = \|area_water_km2 = \|area_water_sq_mi = \|area_water_percent = \|area_urban_km2 = \|area_urban_sq_mi = \|area_metro_km2 = \|area_metro_sq_mi = \|population_as_of = [[Canada 2016 Census\|2016]] \|population_footnotes = <ref name="ville.montreal.qc.ca"/> \|population_total = 78,151 \|population_density_km2 = 4,984.1 \| population_blank2_title = Dwellings \| population_blank2 = 40,900 \|population_metro = \|population_density_metro_km2 = \|population_density_metro_sq_mi = \|population_urban = \|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone\|EST]] \|utc_offset = -5 \|timezone_DST = EDT \|utc_offset_DST = -4 \|coordinates = \|elevation_m = \|elevation_ft = \|postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code\|Postal code(s)]] \|postal_code = [[List of H postal codes of Canada\|H3C, H4C, H4E, H3J, H3K]] \|area_codes = [[Area code 514/438\|(514) and (438)]] \|blank_name = Access Routes<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.quebec511.gouv.qc.ca/fr/carte_routiere/\|title=Carte routière officielle du Québec \| Québec 511\|website=www.quebec511.gouv.qc.ca}}</ref> <br /> {{jct\|state=QC\|A\|10}} <br /> {{jct\|state=QC\|A\|15}} \|blank_info = <br /> '''{{jct\|state=QC\|A\|20}}''' \|website = https://montreal.ca/le-sud-ouest \|footnotes = }} '''Le Sud-Ouest''' ({{IPA\|fr\|lə syd wɛst}}, {{lit\|The Southwest}}) is a [[Montreal borough\|borough]] (''[[arrondissement]]'') of the city of [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada. ==Geography== [[Image:Lachine-canal.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A lock on the Lachine Canal between Petite-Bourgogne and Pointe-Saint-Charles.]] Le Sud-Ouest is an amalgam of several neighbourhoods with highly distinct histories and identities, mainly with working-class and industrial origins, grouped around the [[Lachine Canal]]. These include [[Saint-Henri (Montreal)\|Saint-Henri]], [[Little Burgundy]], and [[Griffintown]] to the north of the canal, and [[Ville-Émard]], [[Côte-Saint-Paul]], and [[Pointe-Saint-Charles]] to the south. Located southwest of downtown Montreal (hence the name), the borough is bordered to the northwest by [[Côte-des-Neiges—Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]], to the northeast by the [[Ville-Marie (Montreal)\|Ville-Marie]] borough, to the south by the borough of [[Verdun, Quebec\|Verdun]], to the west by the borough of [[LaSalle, Quebec\|LaSalle]] and the town of [[Montreal West, Quebec\|Montreal West]], and to the north by the city of [[Westmount, Quebec\|Westmount]]. The [[Saint Lawrence River]] is located upon part of its eastern edge. ==History== :''See [[Saint-Henri#History\|History of Saint-Henri]], [[Little Burgundy#History\|History of Little Burgundy]], [[Ville-Émard#History\|History of Ville-Émard]], [[Côte-Saint-Paul#History\|History of Côte-Saint-Paul]], and [[Pointe-Saint-Charles#History\|History of Pointe-Saint-Charles]]. Originally devoted to agriculture, the various municipalities and districts of the Sud-Ouest underwent rapid industrialization following the opening of the Lachine Canal in 1825, becoming the cradle of Canadian industry thanks to both the transportation and the water power offered by the canal. The [[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Grand Trunk Railway]] also came through Saint-Henri and Pointe-Saint-Charles.<ref name="histoire-arrt">[http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=81,2339672&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL "Histoire."] Arrondissement du Sud-Ouest. Ville de Montréal. Accessed July 4, 2011.</ref> The area became a stronghold of the working class, often in difficult conditions such as those described in [[Gabrielle Roy]]'s ''[[The Tin Flute]]'', set in Saint-Henri. [[Image:Victoriatown Big Black Rock.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Monument to Irish immigrants in Pointe-Saint-Charles.]] The areas of the borough had highly specific identities. The western part of the borough - Saint-Henri, Ville-Émard, and Côte-Saint-Paul - were chiefly French Canadian, while Pointe-Saint-Charles and Griffintown were considered the seat of Irish culture in Montreal, with street names such as Hibernia and St. Patrick testifying to it. Starting in 1887, a large English-speaking [[Black Canadian\|Black]] community arose in Little Burgundy, attracted from the United States, other parts of Canada, and the Caribbean by jobs in the railways whose stations lay nearby; the area became famed for musical figures such as [[Oscar Peterson]].<ref name="burgundy">[http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/mellin/arch671/winter2001/marcan/drm/html/littleburgundy.htm "Little Burgundy."] McGill Faculty of Architecture. Accessed July 4, 2011.</ref> The city of Montreal annexed the town of Saint-Henri in 1905,<ref name="sqsirgecartier">[http://patrimoine.ville.montreal.qc.ca/inventaire/fiche_zone.php?affichage=fiche&civique=&voie=0&est_ouest=&appellation=&arrondissement=9&protection=0&batiment=oui&zone=oui&lignes=25&type_requete=simple&id=1169 "Fiche du secteur: Square Sir-George-Étienne-Cartier."] Grand répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Montréal. Accessed 4 July 2011.</ref> Sainte-Cunégonde (Little Burgundy) in 1906,<ref name="coursol">[http://patrimoine.ville.montreal.qc.ca/inventaire/fiche_zone.php?affichage=fiche&civique=&voie=0&est_ouest=&appellation=&arrondissement=9&protection=0&batiment=oui&zone=oui&lignes=25&type_requete=simple&id=1167 "Fiche du secteur: Coursol."] Grand répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Montréal. Accessed 4 July 2011.</ref> and Côte-Saint-Paul and Ville-Émard in 1910.<ref name="cotestpaul">[http://patrimoine.ville.montreal.qc.ca/inventaire/fiche_zone.php?affichage=fiche&civique=&voie=0&est_ouest=&appellation=&arrondissement=9&protection=0&batiment=oui&zone=oui&lignes=25&type_requete=simple&id=1060 "Fiche du secteur: Côte-Saint-Paul."] Grand répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Montréal. Accessed 4 July 2011.</ref><ref name="villeemard-histoire">[http://ville-emard.com/pages/histoire/histoire.html "L'Histoire du quartier en quelques mots."] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114100406/http://ville-emard.com/pages/histoire/histoire.html \|date=2008-11-14 }} ville-emard.com. Accessed 4 July 2011.</ref> However, with vessels constantly growing and finally exceeding the capacity of the canal, the coming of the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] in 1956 and the closure of the Lachine Canal in 1970 put an end to the area's industrial prosperity. Population fell sharply and conditions became still more difficult. Projects such as the [[Décarie Expressway]], [[Turcot Interchange]], [[Bonaventure Expressway]], and [[Expo '67]] destroyed entire neighbourhoods, such as [[Goose Village]] and part of Côte-Saint-Paul.<ref name="cotestpaul" /> However, community mobilization preserved the area's social fabric;<ref name="histoire-arrt" /> in particular, the Pointe-Saint-Charles Community Clinic became the model for the [[CLSC]] system now used throughout the province. The [[reorganization of Montreal]] in 2002 following the municipal mergers saw the creation of the borough council system, and accordingly, the creation of the borough of Le Sud-Ouest. The borough council met in several temporary locations, including the Marie Uguay cultural centre in Ville-Émard, before the inauguration of the current borough hall in a repurposed factory in Saint-Henri.<ref>[http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=81,6499575&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL "Un peu d'histoire."] Arrondissement du Sud-Ouest. Ville de Montréal. Accessed 4 July 2011.</ref> Today, Le Sud-Ouest is undergoing an economic and social renaissance, stimulated by the reclamation of the canal for recreation in 2002; businesses opened up and numerous factories were converted into lofts and condominiums.<ref name="histoire-arrt" /> This revival is bringing its own pressures, however, as gentrification increases property taxes and costs of living on the many low-income residents and puts pressure on the availability of low-income housing. The pending reconstruction of the Turcot Interchange and its impact on local residents is a major political issue in the borough. ==Government== ===Municipal=== The borough is divided into two municipal electoral districts: [[Côte-Saint-Paul\|Saint-Paul]]–[[Ville-Émard\|Émard]]–[[Saint-Henri]]-Ouest [[Saint-Henri]]-Est–[[Little Burgundy\|Petite-Bourgogne]]–[[Pointe-Saint-Charles]]–[[Griffintown]] The composition of the borough council remained unchanged following the [[2017 Montreal municipal election\|2017 municipal election]], and consists of the following councillors: {\| class="wikitable" border="1" ! District ! Position ! Name ! width="30px" \|   ! Party \|- \| — \| Borough mayor<br />[[Montreal City Council\|City councillor]] \| [[Benoit Dorais]] \| {{Canadian party colour\|MTL\|Projet\|background}} \|   \| [[Projet Montréal]] \|- \| rowspan=2 \| Saint-Henri-Est–Petite-Bourgogne–<br />Pointe-Saint-Charles–Griffintown \| City councillor \| [[Craig Sauvé]] \| {{Canadian party colour\|MTL\|Projet\|background}} \|   \| [[Projet Montréal]] \|- \| Borough councillor \| [[Tan Shan Li]] \| {{Canadian party colour\|MTL\|Projet\|background}} \|   \| [[Projet Montréal]] \|- \| rowspan=2 \| Saint-Paul–Émard–Saint-Henri-Ouest \| City councillor \| [[Alain Vaillancourt]] \| {{Canadian party colour\|MTL\|Projet\|background}} \|   \| [[Projet Montréal]] \|- \| Borough councillor \| [[Anne-Marie Sigouin]] \| {{Canadian party colour\|MTL\|Projet\|background}} \|   \| [[Projet Montréal]] \|} ===Provincial=== The bulk of the borough constitutes the provincial electoral district of [[Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne]]; the industrial and railway area in the northeast is in the district of [[Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (provincial electoral district)\|Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]]. ===Federal=== The borough is divided among the following federal ridings: [[Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs]] (Saint-Henri, Pointe-Saint-Charles, Little Burgundy, Griffintown, part of Côte-Saint-Paul) [[LaSalle—Émard—Verdun]] (Ville-Émard, part of Côte-Saint-Paul) ==Demographics== Source:<ref name="ville.montreal.qc.ca">[http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATS_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/PROFIL_SOCIOD%C9MO_SUD-OUEST%202016.PDF Profile of the region] ville.montreal.qc.ca</ref> {{Historical populations \|title = Historical populations \|type = Canada \|align = right \|width = \|state = Quebec \|shading = \|percentages = \|footnote = \|1966\|111906 \|1971\|95675 \|1976\|78277 \|1981\|68911 \|1986\|68180 \|1991\|67929 \|[[Canada 1996 Census\|1996]]\|66695 \|[[Canada 2001 Census\|2001]]\|66474 \|[[Canada 2006 Census\|2006]]\|69860 \|[[Canada 2011 Census\|2011]]\|71546 \|[[Canada 2016 Census\|2016]]\|78151 \|[[Canada 2021 Census\|2021]]\|86,530 }} {\| class="wikitable" \|- \|+'''Home language''' ([[Canada 2016 Census\|2016]]) ! Language ! Population ! Percentage (%) \|- \| [[French language\|French]] \| 42,620 \| 60% \|- \| [[English language\|English]] \| 18,435 \| 26% \|- \| Other languages \| 10,440 \| 14% \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|- \|+'''Mother tongue''' ([[Canada 2016 Census\|2016]]) ! Language ! Population ! Percentage (%) \|- \| [[French language\|French]] \| 41,330 \| 56% \|- \| [[English language\|English]] \| 14,270 \| 19% \|- \| Other languages \| 18,210 \| 25% \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|- \|+'''Visible Minorities''' ([[Canada 2016 Census\|2016]]) ! Ethnicity ! Population ! Percentage (%) \|- \| Not a visible minority \| 55,080 \| 72.1% \|- \| [[Visible minorities]] \| 21,305 \| 27.9% \|} ==Infrastructure== [[Image:Place-Saint-Henri 32.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Place-Saint-Henri metro station.]] ===Transport=== The borough is served by the [[Line 1 Green (Montreal Metro)\|green]] and [[Line 2 Orange (Montreal Metro)\|orange]] lines of the [[Montreal Metro]], including [[Place-Saint-Henri (Montreal Metro)\|Place-Saint-Henri]], [[Lionel-Groulx (Montreal Metro)\|Lionel-Groulx]], [[Charlevoix (Montreal Metro)\|Charlevoix]], [[Angrignon (Montreal Metro)\|Angrignon]], [[Georges-Vanier (Montreal Metro)\|Georges-Vanier]], [[Monk (Montreal Metro)\|Monk]], and [[Jolicoeur (Montreal Metro)\|Jolicoeur]] stations. The borough is traversed and partly delimited by [[Autoroute (Quebec)\|Quebec Autoroutes]] [[Quebec Autoroute 15\|15]] (Décarie Aut.) and [[Quebec Autoroute 20\|20]] (Ville-Marie Aut.); [[Quebec Autoroute 10\|Autoroute 10]] (Bonaventure Aut.) also passes through it. The Montreal ends of the [[Champlain Bridge (Montreal)\|Champlain Bridge]] and [[Victoria Bridge, Montreal\|Victoria Bridge]] lie in Le Sud-Ouest, as does the Turcot Interchange (autoroutes 15 and 20), Quebec's largest highway interchange. The [[Canadian National Railway\|CN]] rail lines exiting [[Central Station (Montreal)\|Central Station]] pass through the borough. Major thoroughfares include Notre Dame St., Laurendeau St., St. Patrick St., La Vérendrye Blvd., De l'Église St., Monk Blvd., Centre St., Charlevoix St., Wellington St., [[Atwater Avenue\|Atwater Ave.]], and [[Guy Street\|Guy St.]] The [[Lachine Canal]] is crossed by the Boul. Monk, Rue Charlevoix, Rue des Seigneurs, and Rue Wellington bridges and by the Saint Rémi and Atwater tunnels. Bicycle paths run along the Lachine Canal, through the Parc du Premier-Chemin-de-Fer and Rue Lionel-Groulx, and through Pointe-Saint-Charles. Pedestrian- and cyclist-only bridges across the canal are located at the Saint-Gabriel Locks, the Atwater Market, Gédéon de Catalogne Park (rue Beaudoin), and Rue de l'Église. ===Culture and recreation=== The two largest green spaces in the borough are the [[Lachine Canal]] and its recreational facilities (including the [[Lachine Canal National Historic Site of Canada]]), and [[Angrignon Park]] in [[Ville-Émard]]. Other important parks include [[Ignace Bourget Park]] (Ville-Émard), [[Sir George-Étienne Cartier Square]] and [[Saint-Henri Park]] (Saint-Henri), [[Vinet Park]] and [[Oscar Peterson Park]] (Little Burgundy), and [[Saint-Gabriel Park]], [[Marguerite Bourgeoys Park]], and [[Le Ber Park]] (Pointe-Saint-Charles). The borough boasts numerous historic buildings, such as the [[Maison Saint-Gabriel]] (built in 1698), the former Negro Community Centre, the [[Atwater Market]], [[Union United Church]], [[Corona Theatre]], the [[Atwater pumping station]], the Saint-Henri fire hall, and the area's churches. In Saint-Henri, the [[Musée des ondes Emile Berliner]] tells the story of the radio and phonograph industry in the historic RCA Victor building. [[File:Berliner Gramophone display.jpg\|thumb\|alt=Gramophone display at the Musée des ondes Emile Berliner\|The [[Musée des ondes Emile Berliner]] shows gramophones produced in Saint Henri]] The borough's community centres include the Centre Saint-Zotique, the Centre d'éducation populaire (CEDA), Tyndale-St. George's Community Centre, Maison Saint-Charles, and Centre Monseigneur-Pigeon. It is served by four libraries: Marie-Uguay, Saint-Henri, Georges-Vanier, and Saint-Charles. Sporting facilities include the Complexe récréatif Gadbois, one of the largest on the island, as well as the Piscine Émard, Piscine Saint-Henri, Centre sportif de la Petite-Bourgogne, and Piscine Saint-Charles. ===Institutions=== The territory of Le Sud-Ouest is served by the Centre de santé et des services sociaux du Sud-Ouest–Verdun, which operates the [[CLSC]]s Saint-Henri and Ville-Émard–Côte-Saint-Paul.<ref>[http://www.sov.qc.ca/ Centre de santé et des services sociaux du Sud-Ouest–Verdun.] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831083250/http://www.sov.qc.ca/ \|date=2012-08-31 }} Accessed July 4, 2011.</ref> The Clinique communautaire Pointe-Saint-Charles, though it inspired the CLSC system and is the provider of CLSC services for Pointe-Saint-Charles, continues to operate independently of the CLSC system. The nearest hospitals are the Hôpital de Verdun, Hôpital de LaSalle and the [[McGill University Health Centre]] superhospital is immediately northwest of the borough. ===Centre Sportif de la Petite-Bourgogne=== The Little Burgundy Sports Center features a multitude of activities and spaces to accommodate a large audience. This large facility is very much involved in community life and contributes to the dynamism of Little Burgundy and the Southwest district. Its elegant and contemporary architecture makes it a true landmark in this part of Montreal. Opened in 1997, this beautiful building was built at a cost of $8.6 million by neighborhood residents striving to overcome the lack of activities and sports facilities in the area. Its funding was arranged by three parties: the federal and provincial governments have contributed $4 million and the City of Montreal invested $4.6 million. During the opening, the mayor, Pierre Bourque, officially transferred the facility and equipment management to the Little Burgundy Sports Center Corporation, chaired at the time by Mrs. Léonie Charles. Managed independently, the Little Burgundy Sport Center is represented by the board of directors and a management team that works in partnership with the South West district, City of Montreal. ===Commerce=== [[Image:AtwaterMarket.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|right\|The Atwater Market, in the Saint-Henri neighbourhood.]] Major commercial streets include Boulevard Monk (Ville-Émard), Avenue de l'Église (Côte Saint-Paul), Rue du Centre (Pointe-Saint-Charles), and Rue Notre-Dame (Saint-Henri and Little Burgundy). Rue Notre-Dame in Little Burgundy was once notable as a centre for antiques dealers. The [[Atwater Market]], is located beside the Lachine Canal. [[Joe Beef (restaurant)\|Joe Beef Restaurant]] is on [[Notre-Dame Street\|Notre Dame Street West]] in Little Burgundy. ==Education== [[File:Bibliotheque Saint-Henri.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Saint-Henri Library]] The ''[[Commission scolaire de Montréal]]'' (CSDM) operates Francophone public schools. The [[English Montreal School Board]] (EMSB) operates Anglophone public schools. The [[Montreal Public Libraries Network]] operates four libraries: Réjean-Ducharme,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Montréal \|first=Ville de \|title=Bibliothèque Réjean-Ducharme \|url=https://montreal.ca/en/places/bibliotheque-rejean-ducharme \|access-date=2023-11-28 \|website=montreal.ca \|language=en}}</ref> Marie-Uguay, Saint-Charles, and Saint-Henri.<ref>"[http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=4276,6695558&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL Les bibliothèques par arrondissement]." [[Montreal Public Libraries Network]]. Retrieved on December 7, 2014.</ref> The borough is home to the [[École de technologie supérieure]] technical university. ===Bibliothèque Réjean-Ducharme=== This library, more than 100 years old, was the first French-language public library erected in Canada and is the oldest branch still in operation in the city. It was forced to close in 1918 after the First World War for budget reasons, but in 1947, thanks to the determination of Georges Vanier, it reopened as the Workman library. ==See also== {{commons category\|Le Sud-Ouest}} * [[Boroughs of Montreal#List of Montreal boroughs\|Boroughs of Montreal]] * [[Districts of Montreal]] * [[Griffintown]] * [[Municipal reorganization in Quebec]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{wikivoyage inline\|Montreal/South West\|Montreal South West}} * City of Montreal. [http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/url/page/arr_so_fr/accueil Le Sud-Ouest] (in [[French language\|French]]) * IMTL. [http://www.imtl.org/montreal/search.php?kind=1&vsearch=1&name=&floor=&floormax=&location=&borough=11&year=&yearmax=&subType=0&architect=&sub=Rechercher&TYPE=&interval=10&resume=2&sortBy=YEAR&sortType=DESC Historical buildings and skyscrapers in Sud-Ouest borough] {{Geographic Location (8-way) \| Centre = Le Sud-Ouest \| North = [[Image:Flag of Montreal.svg\|25px]] [[Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]] ([[Montreal]]) \| Northeast = [[Westmount, Quebec\|Westmount]] \| East = [[Image:Flag of Montreal.svg\|25px]] [[Ville-Marie, Montreal\|Ville-Marie]] ([[Montreal]]) \| Southeast = \| South = [[Image:Flag of Montreal.svg\|25px]] [[Verdun (Montreal)\|Verdun]] ([[Montreal]]) \| Southwest = \| West = [[Image:Flag of Montreal.svg\|25px]] [[LaSalle (Montreal)\|LaSalle]] ([[Montreal]]) \| Northwest = [[Montreal West, Quebec\|Montreal West]] }} {{MontrealNeighbourhoods}} {{coord\|45\|27\|21\|N\|73\|35\|33\|W\|region:CA-QC_type:city_scale:30000\|display=title\|name=Le Sud-Ouest}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sud-Ouest, Le}} [[Category:Le Sud-Ouest\| ]] [[Category:Boroughs of Montreal]] [[Category:Irish-Canadian culture in Montreal]] [[Category:Gentrification in Canada]]	1,305,129,702	[{"title": "Le Sud-Ouest", "data": {"Country": "Canada", "Province": "Quebec", "Region": "Montreal (06)", "Created": "January 1, 2002", "Electoral Districts \u00b7 Federal": "LaSalle\u2014\u00c9mard\u2014Verdun \u00b7 Ville-Marie\u2014Le Sud-Ouest\u2014\u00cele-des-S\u0153urs", "Provincial": "Saint-Henri\u2013Sainte-Anne"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Type": "Borough", "\u2022 Mayor": "Benoit Dorais (PM)", "\u2022 Federal MP(s)": "Louis-Philippe Sauv\u00e9 (BQ) \u00b7 Marc Miller (LPC)", "\u2022 Quebec MNA(s)": "Guillaume Cliche-Rivard (QS)"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "15.7 km2 (6.1 sq mi)"}}, {"title": "Population (2016)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "78,151", "\u2022 Density": "4,984.1/km2 (12,909/sq mi)", "\u2022 Dwellings": "40,900", "Time zone": "UTC-5 (EST)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC-4 (EDT)", "Postal code(s)": "H3C, H4C, H4E, H3J, H3K", "Area codes": "(514) and (438)", "Access Routes \u00b7 A-10 \u00b7 A-15": "\u00b7 A-20", "Website": "https://montreal.ca/le-sud-ouest"}}, {"title": "Historical populations", "data": {"Year": "Pop. \u00b7 \u00b1%", "1966": "111,906 \u00b7 \u2014", "1971": "95,675 \u00b7 \u221214.5%", "1976": "78,277 \u00b7 \u221218.2%", "1981": "68,911 \u00b7 \u221212.0%", "1986": "68,180 \u00b7 \u22121.1%", "1991": "67,929 \u00b7 \u22120.4%", "1996": "66,695 \u00b7 \u22121.8%", "2001": "66,474 \u00b7 \u22120.3%", "2006": "69,860 \u00b7 +5.1%", "2011": "71,546 \u00b7 +2.4%", "2016": "78,151 \u00b7 +9.2%", "2021": "86,530 \u00b7 +10.7%"}}]	false
# Raspberry Wind Raspberry Wind (ラズベリーの風, Rasuberī no Kaze) is the fourth studio album by Japanese singer Yōko Oginome. Released through Victor Entertainment on April 21, 1986, the album marked Oginome's transition from idol-based kayōkyoku to dance-pop and city pop, following the success of her 1985 single "Dancing Hero (Eat You Up)". It includes the hit single "Flamingo in Paradise", as well as the Bari Bari Densetsu theme song "Slope ni Tenki Ame". The CD release includes the English version of "Dancing Hero" as an exclusive track. It was reissued on March 24, 2010 with five bonus tracks as part of Oginome's 25th anniversary celebration. The album peaked at No. 4 on Oricon's albums chart and sold over 109,000 copies. ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Lyrics \| Music \| Arrangement \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------- \| --------------------------- \| ---------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Namida wa Speed Yurasukara" (Namida wa Supīdo Yurasukara (涙はスピード揺らすから; "Because Tears Shake Speed")) \| Keiko Asō \| Yoshiyuki Ōsawa \| Motoki Funayama \| 4:02 \| \| 2. \| "Flamingo in Paradise (Album Version)" (Furamingo in Paradaisu (Arubamu Bājon) (フラミンゴ in パラダイス（アルバム・バージョン）) \| Masao Urino \| Nobody \| Funayama \| 3:57 \| \| 3. \| "1-2-3, Let Me Dance" (Wan Tsū Surī, Retto Mī Dansu (1・2・3, レット・ミー・ダンス) \| Fumiko Okada \| Masamichi Sugi \| Nobuyuki Shimizu \| 3:43 \| \| 4. \| "Tasogare no Neighborhood" (Tasogare no Neibāfūdo (黄昏のネイバーフッド; "Twilight Neighborhood")) \| Masumi Kawamura \| Kiyonori Matsuo \| Ryōmei Shirai \| 3:22 \| \| 5. \| "Slope ni Tenki Ame" (Surōpu ni Tenki Ame (スロープに天気雨; "Rainy Weather on the Slope")) \| Asō \| Masayoshi Takanaka \| Takanaka \| 4:23 \| \| 6. \| "Dancing Hero (Eat You Up) -Special English Version-" (Danshingu Hīrō (Īto Yū Appu) (ダンシング・ヒーロー (Eat You Up) -Special English Version-) \| Marco Bruno \| Angeline Kyte Anthony Baker \| Kōji Makaino \| 3:45 \| \| 7. \| "Lazy Dance" \| Kawamura \| Toshinobu Kubota \| Shimizu \| 4:32 \| \| 8. \| "Beach Boys wo Tomenai de" (Bīchi Bōizu wo Tomenai de (ビーチボーイズを止めないで; "Don't Stop the Beach Boys")) \| Urino \| Tetsuji Hayashi \| Funayama \| 3:51 \| \| 9. \| "Namida Shika Mienai" ((涙しか見えない; "I Can Only See Tears")) \| Reiko Yukawa \| Hayashi \| Masaaki Ōmura \| 4:21 \| \| 10. \| "Mayonaka no Stranger" (Mayonaka no Sutorenjā (真夜中のストレンジャー; "Midnight Stranger")) \| Yukawa \| Nobody \| Hiroshi Shinkawa \| 3:51 \| \| 11. \| "Natsu no Stage Light" (Natsu no Sutēji Raito (夏のステージ・ライト; "Summer Stage Lights")) \| Yukawa \| Ōsawa \| Shinkawa \| 4:39 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 44:26 \| - Track 6 not included in the LP and cassette releases. \| No. \| Title \| Lyrics \| Music \| Arrangement \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ----------------- \| --------------- \| ------------------------------------ \| ------ \| \| 12. \| "Dancing Hero (Eat You Up)" (Danshingu Hīrō (Īto Yū Appu) (ダンシング・ヒーロー (Eat You Up)) \| Hitoshi Shinohara \| Kyte Baker \| Makaino \| 3:49 \| \| 13. \| "Zenmaijikake no Suiyōbi" ((ぜんまいじかけの水曜日; "Mainspring Wednesday")) \| Yasushi Akimoto \| Kazuhiko Matsuo \| Mitsuo Hagita \| 4:10 \| \| 14. \| "Flamingo in Paradise (Single Version)" (Furamingo in Paradaisu (Shinguru Bājon) (フラミンゴ in パラダイス（シングル・バージョン）) \| Urino \| Nobody \| Funayama \| 3:55 \| \| 15. \| "Dancing Hero (Eat You Up) -'70 Mirror Ball Mix-" ((ダンシング・ヒーロー (Eat You Up) -'70 mirror ball mix-) \| Shinohara \| Kyte Baker \| Makaino Paradise Groove Productions \| 5:08 \| \| 16. \| "Flamingo in Paradise -What's 'Paradise' Mix-" ((フラミンゴ in パラダイス -what's "PARADISE" mix-) \| Urino \| Nobody \| Funayama Paradise Groove Productions \| 5:23 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 22:27 \| ## Charts \| Chart (1986) \| Peak position \| \| ------------------------ \| ------------- \| \| Japanese Albums (Oricon) \| 4 \|	enwiki/65475969	enwiki	65,475,969	Raspberry Wind	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Wind	2025-08-12T11:22:32Z	en	Q11347040	76,206	{{Infobox album \| name = Raspberry Wind \| type = studio \| artist = [[Yōko Oginome]] \| cover = Yoko Oginome - Raspberry Wind.jpg \| alt = \| language = {{hlist\|Japanese\|English}} \| released = {{Start date\|1986\|04\|21}} \| recorded = 1986 \| studio = \| genre = {{hlist\|[[J-pop]]\|[[dance-pop]]\|[[teen pop]]\|[[city pop]]}} \| length = 40:41 <small>(LP/cassette)</small><br/>44:26 <small>(CD)</small> \| label = [[JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment\|Victor]] \| producer = \| prev_title = [[The Best (Yōko Oginome album)\|Yōko Oginome: The Best]] \| prev_year = 1985 \| next_title = [[Heartbeat Express\|Heartbeat Express: Sōshun Monogatari Memorial Album]] \| next_year = 1986 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = Raspberry Wind \| type = studio \| single1 = [[Flamingo in Paradise]] \| single1date = {{Start date\|1986\|03\|26}} }} }} {{nihongo4\|'''''Raspberry Wind'''''\|ラズベリーの風\|Rasuberī no Kaze}} is the fourth studio album by Japanese singer [[Yōko Oginome]]. Released through [[JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment\|Victor Entertainment]] on April 21, 1986, the album marked Oginome's transition from idol-based [[kayōkyoku]] to [[dance-pop]] and [[city pop]], following the success of her 1985 single "[[Dancing Hero (Eat You Up)]]". It includes the hit single "[[Flamingo in Paradise]]", as well as the ''[[Bari Bari Densetsu]]'' theme song "Slope ni Tenki Ame". The [[Compact disc\|CD]] release includes the English version of "Dancing Hero" as an exclusive track. It was reissued on March 24, 2010 with five bonus tracks as part of Oginome's 25th anniversary celebration.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.oginome.com/web/02_disco/index.html \|title=Album Discography \|website=Yōko Oginome Official Website \|accessdate=2020-10-02 \|archive-date=2014-09-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924204157/http://www.oginome.com/web/02_disco/index.html \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/goods/detail/175983 \|title=ラズベリーの風+5 {{!}} 荻野目洋子 \|publisher=[[Billboard Japan]] \|accessdate=2020-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.stereo-records.com/detail.php?itemCd=84392 \|title=荻野目洋子 / ラズベリーの風 \|website=Stereo Records \|accessdate=2020-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://hogemal.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-798.html \|title=荻野目洋子『ラズベリーの風』1986 \|author=Hogerogu \|publisher=[[FC2 (portal)\|FC2]] \|date=2019-08-25 \|accessdate=2020-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://vgmdb.net/album/93449 \|title=Raspberry Wind / Yoko Oginome \|website=VGMdb \|accessdate=2020-10-02}}</ref> The album peaked at No. 4 on [[Oricon]]'s albums chart and sold over 109,000 copies.<ref name="Oricon">{{cite web \|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/196228/products/859231/1/ \|title=ラズベリーの風 {{!}} 荻野目洋子 \|publisher=[[Oricon]] \|accessdate=2020-10-02}}</ref><ref name="Yamachan">{{cite web \|url=http://www7a.biglobe.ne.jp/~yamag/album/al_oginome.html \|title=荻野目洋子 \|website=Yamachan Land \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814070230/http://www7a.biglobe.ne.jp/~yamag/album/al_oginome.html \|language=Japanese \|access-date=2021-06-23\|archive-date=2011-08-14 }}</ref> == Track listing == {{Track listing \| headline = CD \| extra_column = Arrangement \| total_length = 44:26 \| title1 = Namida wa Speed Yurasukara \| note1 = {{nihongo4\|\|涙はスピード揺らすから\|Namida wa Supīdo Yurasukara\|"Because Tears Shake Speed"}} \| lyrics1 = Keiko Asō \| music1 = Yoshiyuki Ōsawa \| extra1 = Motoki Funayama \| length1 = 4:02 \| title2 = [[Flamingo in Paradise]] (Album Version) \| note2 = {{nihongo4\|\|フラミンゴ in パラダイス（アルバム・バージョン）\|Furamingo in Paradaisu (Arubamu Bājon)}} \| lyrics2 = [[Masao Urino]] \| music2 = Nobody \| extra2 = Funayama \| length2 = 3:57 \| title3 = 1-2-3, Let Me Dance \| note3 = {{nihongo4\|\|1・2・3, レット・ミー・ダンス\|Wan Tsū Surī, Retto Mī Dansu}} \| lyrics3 = Fumiko Okada \| music3 = Masamichi Sugi \| extra3 = Nobuyuki Shimizu \| length3 = 3:43 \| title4 = Tasogare no Neighborhood \| note4 = {{nihongo4\|\|黄昏のネイバーフッド\|Tasogare no Neibāfūdo\|"Twilight Neighborhood"}} \| lyrics4 = Masumi Kawamura \| music4 = Kiyonori Matsuo \| extra4 = Ryōmei Shirai \| length4 = 3:22 \| title5 = Slope ni Tenki Ame \| note5 = {{nihongo4\|\|スロープに天気雨\|Surōpu ni Tenki Ame\|"Rainy Weather on the Slope"}} \| lyrics5 = Asō \| music5 = [[Masayoshi Takanaka]] \| extra5 = Takanaka \| length5 = 4:23 \| title6 = [[Dancing Hero (Eat You Up)]] -Special English Version- \| note6 = {{nihongo4\|\|ダンシング・ヒーロー (Eat You Up) -Special English Version-\|Danshingu Hīrō (Īto Yū Appu)}} \| lyrics6 = Marco Bruno \| music6 = {{hlist\|[[Angie Gold\|Angeline Kyte]]\|Anthony Baker}} \| extra6 = [[Kōji Makaino]] \| length6 = 3:45 \| title7 = Lazy Dance \| lyrics7 = Kawamura \| music7 = [[Toshinobu Kubota]] \| extra7 = Shimizu \| length7 = 4:32 \| title8 = Beach Boys wo Tomenai de \| note8 = {{nihongo4\|\|ビーチボーイズを止めないで\|Bīchi Bōizu wo Tomenai de\|"Don't Stop the Beach Boys"}} \| lyrics8 = Urino \| music8 = Tetsuji Hayashi \| extra8 = Funayama \| length8 = 3:51 \| title9 = Namida Shika Mienai \| note9 = {{nihongo4\|\|涙しか見えない\|\|"I Can Only See Tears"}} \| lyrics9 = Reiko Yukawa \| music9 = Hayashi \| extra9 = Masaaki Ōmura \| length9 = 4:21 \| title10 = Mayonaka no Stranger \| note10 = {{nihongo4\|\|真夜中のストレンジャー\|Mayonaka no Sutorenjā\|"Midnight Stranger"}} \| lyrics10 = Yukawa \| music10 = Nobody \| extra10 = Hiroshi Shinkawa \| length10 = 3:51 \| title11 = Natsu no Stage Light \| note11 = {{nihongo4\|\|夏のステージ・ライト\|Natsu no Sutēji Raito\|"Summer Stage Lights"}} \| lyrics11 = Yukawa \| music11 = Ōsawa \| extra11 = Shinkawa \| length11 = 4:39 }} * Track 6 not included in the [[LP record\|LP]] and [[Cassette tape\|cassette]] releases. {{Track listing \| headline = 2010 bonus tracks \| extra_column = Arrangement \| total_length = 22:27 \| title12 = Dancing Hero (Eat You Up) \| note12 = {{nihongo4\|\|ダンシング・ヒーロー (Eat You Up)\|Danshingu Hīrō (Īto Yū Appu)}} \| lyrics12 = Hitoshi Shinohara \| music12 = {{hlist\|Kyte\|Baker}} \| extra12 = Makaino \| length12 = 3:49 \| title13 = Zenmaijikake no Suiyōbi \| note13 = {{nihongo4\|\|ぜんまいじかけの水曜日\|\|"Mainspring Wednesday"}} \| lyrics13 = [[Yasushi Akimoto]] \| music13 = Kazuhiko Matsuo \| extra13 = Mitsuo Hagita \| length13 = 4:10 \| title14 = Flamingo in Paradise (Single Version) \| note14 = {{nihongo4\|\|フラミンゴ in パラダイス（シングル・バージョン）\|Furamingo in Paradaisu (Shinguru Bājon)}} \| lyrics14 = Urino \| music14 = Nobody \| extra14 = Funayama \| length14 = 3:55 \| title15 = Dancing Hero (Eat You Up) -'70 Mirror Ball Mix- \| note15 = {{nihongo4\|\|ダンシング・ヒーロー (Eat You Up) -'70 mirror ball mix-}} \| lyrics15 = Shinohara \| music15 = {{hlist\|Kyte\|Baker}} \| extra15 = {{hlist\|Makaino\|Paradise Groove Productions}} \| length15 = 5:08 \| title16 = Flamingo in Paradise -What's 'Paradise' Mix- \| note16 = {{nihongo4\|\|フラミンゴ in パラダイス -what's "PARADISE" mix-}} \| lyrics16 = Urino \| music16 = Nobody \| extra16 = {{hlist\|Funayama\|Paradise Groove Productions}} \| length16 = 5:23 }} ==Charts== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col"\| Chart (1986) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br /> position \|- ! scope="row"\| Japanese Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref name="Oricon"/> \| 4 \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{Official website\|https://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/-/Discography/A000306/VICL-70054.html}} * {{MusicBrainz release group\|mbid=0ad13a78-0ec5-4c3d-8dec-5476202230dc\|name=Raspberry Wind}} * {{Discogs master\|master=945596\|name=Raspberry Wind\|type=album}} {{Yoko Oginome}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1986 albums]] [[Category:Yōko Oginome albums]] [[Category:1980s Japanese-language albums]] [[Category:Victor Entertainment albums]]	1,305,495,631	[{"title": "Studio album by Y\u014dko Oginome", "data": {"Released": "April 21, 1986", "Recorded": "1986", "Genre": "J-pop dance-pop teen pop city pop", "Length": "40:41 (LP/cassette) \u00b7 44:26 (CD)", "Language": "Japanese English", "Label": "Victor"}}, {"title": "Y\u014dko Oginome chronology", "data": {"Y\u014dko Oginome: The Best \u00b7 (1985)": "Raspberry Wind \u00b7 (1986) \u00b7 Heartbeat Express: S\u014dshun Monogatari Memorial Album \u00b7 (1986)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Raspberry Wind", "data": {"Singles from Raspberry Wind": "1. \"Flamingo in Paradise\" \u00b7 Released: March 26, 1986"}}, {"title": "Y\u014dko Oginome", "data": {"Studio albums": "Teens Romance Freesia no Ame Kaigara Terrace Raspberry Wind Non-Stopper: Y\u014dko Oginome \"The Beat\" Special Route 246 Connexion CD-Rider Verge of Love Verge of Love (Japanese Version) Fair Tension Knock on My Door Trust Me Ry\u016bk\u014d Kashu Nudist Scandal Chains", "Mini albums": "Heartbeat Express: S\u014dshun Monogatari Memorial Album", "Cover albums": "Voice Nova Songs & Voice Dear Pop Singer", "Compilations": "Y\u014dko Oginome: The Best Pop Groover: The Best '91 Oginome Collection History Golden Best", "Box sets": "Super Groover the Box: The Perfect Singles", "Remix albums": "New Take: Best Collections '92 Best Hits Non Stop Clubmix", "Collaboration albums": "De-Luxe", "Singles": "\" Mirai K\u014dkai (Sailing) \" \" Sayonara kara Hajimaru Monogatari \" \" December Memory \" \" Mukokuseki Romance \" \" Koishite Caribbean \" \" Kokoro no Mama ni (I'm Just a Lady) \" \" Dancing Hero (Eat You Up) \" \" Flamingo in Paradise \" \" Dance Beat wa Yoake made \" \" Roppongi Junj\u014dha \" \" Wangan Taiy\u014dzoku \" \" Sayonara no Kajitsutachi \" \" Kitakaze no Carol \" \" Stranger Tonight \" \" Stardust Dream \" \" Dear (Cobalt no Kanata e) \" \" Verge of Love \" \" Sh\u014dnan Heartbreak \" \" You're My Life \" \" Gallery \" \" Sh\u014dnen no Hitomi ni... \" \" Bijo to Yaj\u016b \" \" Nee \" \" Steal Your Love \" \" Coffee Rumba \" \" Romantic ni Aishite \" \" Yumemiru Planet \" \" Tokyo Girl (Club Mix Version) \" \" Romance \" \" Passages of Time (Hot New Version) \" \" Mystery in Love \" \" Ky\u014d kara Hajime y\u014d \" \" Koi no Hallelujah \" \" Shiawase e no Jikan \" \" Ashita wa Hareru! \" \" Look Up to the Sky \" \" Make It on My Own \" \" From My Garden \" \" We'll Be Together \" \" Feeling \" \" Love \" \" Mushi no Tsubuyaki \" \" Let's Shake \"", "Videos": "30th Anniversary Live Dear Pop Singer", "Related articles": "Rising Production Masao Urino"}}]	false
# Stuart Mossman Stuart Mossman (May 13, 1942 – March 2, 1999) was an American guitar maker, entertainer and entrepreneur who built 6,000 guitars from 1968 to 1984 that were played by several professional guitarists, including John Denver, Eric Clapton, Albert Lee, Doc Watson, Hank Snow, Cat Stevens and Merle Travis. Mossman's work is seen as the foundation for today's generations of Luthiers who build guitars from fine tone woods. ## Background Mossman was born in Hinsdale, Illinois, on May 13, 1942. He began making nylon-string guitars in 1961 and spent several years designing 40 to 50 prototypes in his garage in Winfield, Kansas. Mossman took his first steel-string flat top to legendary acoustic singer-songwriter Doc Watson and asked for his "brutal" opinion. Watson gave it to him, and Mossman took his advice and applied it to his next design. He took another guitar to Watson at the 1969 Philadelphia Folk Festival, where, this time, the guitarist used it on stage, and reportedly told Mossman it was the "second best guitar he'd ever played." In 1970 Mossman moved his operations to Strother Field just outside Winfield and it was there that he established S.L. Mossman Guitars. Using old-world building techniques, top-quality woods, and a proprietary bracing structure, Mossman guitars entered series production in the early 1970s. ## S.L. Mossman Guitars Mossman felt that the boom in folk music during the 1960s/70s pushed a popular demand for acoustic instruments. While Gibson, Martin and Guild were increasing production, imports from the Pacific rim countries were beginning to exploit the lower end of the market. He had a strong disdain towards the use of plywood and insisted on solid-wood construction for the production of his guitars. In an early catalog for Mossman guitars he stated: "The vile abomination is currently being perpetrated on the unsuspecting guitar-playing public on a grand scale. There are so many of these plywood things on the market at this writing that there is a possibility you may not have even heard a real guitar. We at Mossman considered plywood briefly one day, and unanimously decided that plywood makes the best cement forms available. We do not now, nor will we ever, stoop to the level of plywood construction and we apologize for our contemporaries who have lowered the station of our craft by using laminated backs and sides." Since the Mossman shop was small enough for Mossman to oversee every model, he was able to offer a variety of custom options for his customers which included: an extra-wide neck, 12 strings and custom inlay and engravings. Also, customers were able to order a specific type of voicing for their guitars described in the catalog as "overbalanced bass, overbalanced treble, or balanced bass and treble." One of the unique features on the Mossman guitars are their thin neck arrangements, which were carved by a worker at the factory who played banjo and preferred the feel and playability of "lower-profile necks." Despite the fact that he lost a lot of business in comparison to competing companies like Martin Guitars, who also used high-quality tone woods and manufactured over 20 times the number of guitars Mossman did daily, Mossman never wanted to produce guitars on a mass scale. The company gained notable recognition by 1974 and was producing up to eight to ten guitars a day, each one personally inspected by Mossman himself. "I Personally inspected each guitar we made before shipment. Eight to ten per day is as many as we would ever want to make because it would be difficult to personally inspect more than that amount. ## Guitar models Tennessee Flat Top- Honduras mahogany back and sides, Sitka spruce top, Mahogany neck, Ivoroid binding around box, Rosewood fingerboard with mother of pearl dot inlay, Rosewood bridge, Rosewood peghead overlay, Ebony bridge pins with ivoroid dots, Herringbone back center marquetry, Nickel plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Rosewood butt inlay, Rosewood heel cap, Ivory nut and saddle. Suggested retail $350 (1972) . Flint Hills- East Indian rosewood back and sides, Sitka spruce top, Mahogany neck, Ivoroid binding around box, Ebony fingerboard with abalone snowflake inlay, Ebony bridge pins, Ebony bridge pins with mother of pearl dots, Rosewood peghead overlay, Nickel plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Marquis herringbone back center inlay, Rosewood butt inlay, Rosewood heel cap,Ivory nut and saddle. Suggested retail $450 (1972). Great Plains- Brazilian rosewood back and sides, Select spruce top, Mahogany neck, Ivoroid binding around box, Ebony fingerboard with abalone snowflake inlay, Ebony bridge pins, Ebony bridge pins with mother of pearl dots, Rosewood peghead overlay, Nickel plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Marquis herringbone back center inlay, Rosewood butt inlay, Rosewood heel cap, Ivory nut and saddle. Suggested retail $525 (1972). Golden Era- Brazilian rosewood back and sides,German spruce top, Ivoroid binding around box, Mahogany neck, Abalone inlay around top and sound hole, Abalone vine inlay on fingerboard, Ebony fingerboard, Rosewood peghead overlay, Ebony bridge, Ivory bridge pins with abalone dots, Abalone back strip inlay, Gold plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Ebony butt inlay, Ebony heel cap, Ivoroid bound fingerboard, Ivoroid bound peghead, Ivory nut, Ivory saddle, and an intricate abalone vine inlay up the length of the fingerboard. Suggested Retailed $875(1972). Golden Era Custom- This was Mossman's top line instrument and it featured select Brazilian rosewood back and sides, German spruce top, Ivoroid binding around box, Walnut neck, Abalone inlay around top and sound hole, Abalone floral inlay on fingerboard, Ebony fingerboard, Walnut burl peghead overlay, Ebony bridge, Ivory bridge pins with abalone dots, Abalone back strip inlay, Gold plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Ebony butt inlay, Ebony heel cap, Ivoroid bound fingerboard, Ivoroid bound peghead,Ivory nut and saddle. SPECIFICATIONS All Mossman guitars include the following features: Light weight spruce struts and braces, Adjustable steel truss rod in neck, Rotomatic tuning pegs (12:1 ratio), Rosewood or ebony wedge butt inlay, Ivoroid position dot markers on edge of fingerboard;(Ebony dots on models with ivoroid bound fingerboard), Nickel-silver frets, Satin laquer finish hand rubbed to a deep gloss, Ivoroid binding around box Ivory nut and saddle. Tender loving care Variations and special models such as left-handed and 12-string guitars, custom inlay, and engraving are made on special order only. Prices on request. Herringbone inlay available around sound hole and face of guitar Herringbone back center inlay on Tennessee Flat Top Marquis herringbone back center inlay on Flint Hills model. Abalone back inlay strip on Golden Era. Each Mossman guitar is individually voiced for maximum response and sonority by master craftsmen during the final stages of assembly. We recognize the fact that different styles of music may require slightly different voicings. The bluegrass musician will undoubtedly want an overbalanced bass, where the blues musician may want a more delicate treble response. We assume that anyone who needs an instrument of Mossman's quality is not an average guitarist, but one with specific ideas in rogard to the tone balance that he desires for his own individual style. If he wishes to fulfill these wants, he must usually take his instrument to a competent- repairman, who will remove the back and revoice the instrument to the owner's specific needs. We think that this is ridiculous. As a special service, Mossman voices all models according to the needs of the individual guitar stylist. The following types of voicings are available: 1. Overbalanced bass: Recommended for country rhythm and bluegrass. This is for the guitarist who plays in string bands and who desires en extra strong bass for runs and a ringing treble for rhythm. 2. Overbalanced treble: Recommended for the blues, folk, and country finger picker. This is characterized by an extremely sensitive and delicate response on the treble strings. 3. Balanced bass and treble: Recommended for the eclectic guitar stylist. If you play a little of everything, this is the one for you, Bass and treble are equally sustained and equally impressive. A balanced guitar is often ideal for the solo musician. Whatever you are looking for, Mossman has a guitar voiced especially for your individual needs. Simply specify on your order which voicing you prefer. It's all part of our plan to give you the instrument you want ## Factory Fire In 1975 a fire erupted in the finishing area, which contained a number of flammable chemicals, resulting in the loss of one of the company's buildings that was used for manufacturing and the assembly line. No injuries or deaths were sustained during the course of the fire, and only a few guitars were incinerated; however, the complete supply of rare Brazilian rosewood was destroyed. Fortunately, Mossman had secured a $400,000 loan from a government-backed Small Business Administration before the fire, so the money was used to rebuild and expand the production facilities. ## C.G. Conn Company The same year of the company fire Mossman initiated a deal with the C.G. Conn Company and produced 1,200 guitars for dealer set for distribution. The guitars were stored in a warehouse in Nevada, which had minimal controls for heat and humidity and the solid wood of the Mossman guitars were repeatedly 'heated during the day and frozen at night' causing the finish on the guitars to suffer cracks and breaks. Responsibility and compensation for the loss of guitars was disputed between Mossman and Conn. Conn withheld payment for the instruments already purchased and this initiated a lawsuit between the two companies. Ultimately the lawsuit settled the dispute and the financial costs of the matter forced Mossman to fire most of his staff. By the late 70s Mossman guitars had but only a few employees producing a modest number of instruments a month. Subsequently, the model line was downsized as well and this resulted in heavy financial losses for the company. ## Health concerns In 1983 Mossman decided to sell the company after suffering from serious respiratory problems. Mossman began to feel that his breathing was being affected by years of inhaling 'sawdust, lacquer fumes and ablaone shell fragments'. In a press release issued by the guitar publication, Frets, Mossman stated: It is with a great deal of sadness that I must write this letter, for it closes a chapter of nearly 20 years in my guitar making life. Unfortunately, due to carelessness in the early years regarding safety precautions in the finish room (for the first five years, I didn't even wear a mask), I have developed sensitivity to glues and lacquers, and my doctor has recommended that I pursue other interests. I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for your support-not only for my efforts, but on behalf of many other small companies-and to express my sincere appreciation to your readers for electing me 'Best Luthier' once and 'Runner Up' several times. Working for awards is not why one strives for higher achievement, but they are a delightful acknowledgment. I would also like to make special thanks to both Dan Crary and John Denver for their use of our instruments and the personal interest in us-a kindness that cannot be replaced. And last and most important, I would like to thank the owners of Mossman guitars everywhere. Without them, I could never have turned a dream into reality. It is my hope that the collectors' items they own give them years of joy. One of Mossman's employees, Scott Baxendale, offered to buy the Mossman name, inventory and equipment to continue the production of Mossman guitars. Before turning over the company to Baxendale, however, Mossman designed 25 guitars using the finest wood that had been set aside for years. These "final 25" have become a tale of popular folklore as Mossman dedicated a lifetime of experience and the most selective woods to create the instruments. After Mossman signed over the rights to his company, Baxendale owned and operated S.L. Mossman guitars until it was sold to John Kinsey and Bob Casey in 1989. The company relocated to Sulphur Springs, Texas, where it continues to manufacture top-of-the-line custom-made guitars today. 'We bought the company because of the history and reputation that Mossman had established and because we felt it was a real opportunity," stated Kinsey. ## Death Mossman spent the remaining years after his retirement at his home in Winfield, Kansas, with his wife and two daughters. Mossman frequently volunteered and performed at festivals and elementary schools, influencing younger audiences towards folk and bluegrass music. Mossman died on March 2, 1999, from cardiac arrest. He was 56 years old. His work and legacy continue to be recognized today through his guitars, musical contributions and appearances in films. ## Walnut Valley Music Festival Mossman is attributed as one of the founding members of the Walnut Valley Music Festival in Winfield, Kansas. The festival hosts a variety of contests, art and musical performances that celebrates the diversity and art of bluegrass and folk music. Some notable performers who have frequented the festival are Jimmy Driftwood, Art Eskeridge, Glenda Bickell, Mance Lipscomb, Johnny Vandiver & Jo Wright, Harry Weldon, Poor Bill Miller, Doc Watson, Merle Watson, Charles Cloud, Shannon Singers, Very & Ray, Pat and Victoria Garvey and the Revelators. ## Filmography The actors David, Keith and Robert Carradine all owned and adored Mossman guitars and even found Mossman cameo roles in their films such as Cloud Dancer, The Long Riders and the television movie Murder Ordained. Keith Carradine's Oscar- and Golden Globe-winning song, "I'm Easy", which appeared in the 1975 Robert Altman film, Nashville was performed on his custom-made S.L. Mossman guitar. The same guitar was featured throughout the film as Carradine's character, who is a renowned folk singer, performs with it. ## Stuart Mossman: A Modern Stradivari Stuart Mossman: A Modern Stradivari, directed by Barry Brown, premiered at the 25th Santa Barbara International Film Festival, in February 2010 to a sold out audience. In attendance at the screening were Mossman's wife, and his daughters who thanked the director and audience for the interests and support for their father. The film also screened at the Tallgrass Film Festival in Wichita in October 2010. The documentary chronicles Mossman's life through testimonials from Mossman's employees, fans, and friends who recount his work, influence and their time shared with the luthier. One scene in the film showcases the world's largest collective of Mossman guitar players gathered at the Smithsonian Memorial to Mossman, in Winfield, Kansas which commemorates his contribution to the guitar and music industries. The film features the Carradine brothers, David, Keith and Bobby performing on their custom-built Mossman guitars, they all divulge stories of how they became supporters of Mossman and his art. "The story is spoken by those who lived it, directly to the audience with unfiltered emotion-told with purposeful simplicity." Mossman had appeared with David Carradine in Cloud Dancer (1980), which Brown also directed, and with all three of the Carradine brothers mentioned in The Long Riders (1980). The film is also noted as David Carradine's final onscreen performance and the end of the movie attributes to both him and Mossman as Carradine's brother Bobby and his son perform on their Mossman guitars at David Carradine's gravesite.	enwiki/27200702	enwiki	27,200,702	Stuart Mossman	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Mossman	2025-08-15T12:18:30Z	en	Q16014459	71,029	{{Use mdy dates\|date=July 2020}} {{More citations needed\|date=January 2010}} {{Infobox musical artist \| name = Stuart Mossman \| birth_name = Stuart L. Mossman \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1942\|5\|13}} \| birth_place = [[Hinsdale, Illinois]] \| death_date = {{death date and age\|1999\|3\|2\|1942\|5\|13}} \| death_place = [[Winfield, Kansas]] \| occupation = [[Guitar Makers]], singer-songwriter, entrepreneur \| years_active = 1968–1984 Business = [[S. L. Mossman Guitars]] }} '''Stuart Mossman''' (May 13, 1942 – March 2, 1999) was an American guitar maker, entertainer and entrepreneur who built 6,000 guitars from 1968 to 1984 that were played by several professional guitarists, including [[John Denver]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Albert Lee]], [[Doc Watson]], [[Hank Snow]], [[Cat Stevens]] and [[Merle Travis]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/05/arts/stuart-mossman-56-guitar-maker-to-stars.html?pagewanted=1?pagewanted=1 "Stuart Mossman, 56, Guitar Maker to Stars"] March 3, 1999, The New York Times.</ref><ref name=gp>[http://www.guitarplayer.com/article/sl-mossman-story/sep-05/13232 "The S.L. Mossman Story"], guitarplayer.com</ref> Mossman's work is seen as the foundation for today's generations of [[Luthiers]] who build guitars from fine tone woods.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.independent.com/ \|title=Home \|website=independent.com}}</ref> ==Background== Mossman was born in Hinsdale, Illinois, on May 13, 1942. He began making nylon-string guitars in 1961 and spent several years designing 40 to 50 prototypes in his garage in Winfield, Kansas.<ref name="MG">{{Cite web \| url=http://www.hylander.com/mossmancats.html \| title=Mossman Catalogue}}</ref> Mossman took his first steel-string flat top to legendary acoustic singer-songwriter Doc Watson and asked for his "brutal" opinion. Watson gave it to him, and Mossman took his advice and applied it to his next design. He took another guitar to Watson at the 1969 Philadelphia Folk Festival, where, this time, the guitarist used it on stage, and reportedly told Mossman it was the "second best guitar he'd ever played."<ref name=gp/> In 1970 Mossman moved his operations to Strother Field just outside Winfield and it was there that he established S.L. Mossman Guitars. Using old-world building techniques, top-quality woods, and a proprietary bracing structure, Mossman guitars entered series production in the early 1970s.<ref name=MG/> ==S.L. Mossman Guitars== Mossman felt that the boom in folk music during the 1960s/70s pushed a popular demand for acoustic instruments. While Gibson, Martin and Guild were increasing production, imports from the Pacific rim countries were beginning to exploit the lower end of the market.<ref name=MG/> He had a strong disdain towards the use of plywood and insisted on solid-wood construction for the production of his guitars. In an early catalog for Mossman guitars he stated: "The vile abomination is currently being perpetrated on the unsuspecting guitar-playing public on a grand scale. There are so many of these plywood things on the market at this writing that there is a possibility you may not have even heard a real guitar. We at Mossman considered plywood briefly one day, and unanimously decided that plywood makes the best cement forms available. We do not now, nor will we ever, stoop to the level of plywood construction and we apologize for our contemporaries who have lowered the station of our craft by using laminated backs and sides."<ref name="MG" /> Since the Mossman shop was small enough for Mossman to oversee every model, he was able to offer a variety of custom options for his customers which included: an extra-wide neck, 12 strings and custom inlay and engravings. Also, customers were able to order a specific type of voicing for their guitars described in the catalog as "overbalanced bass, overbalanced treble, or balanced bass and treble."<ref name=MG/> One of the unique features on the Mossman guitars are their thin neck arrangements, which were carved by a worker at the factory who played banjo and preferred the feel and playability of "lower-profile necks."<ref name=MG/> Despite the fact that he lost a lot of business in comparison to competing companies like [[Martin Guitars]], who also used high-quality tone woods and manufactured over 20 times the number of guitars Mossman did daily,<ref name="mossman-guitars.com">{{Cite web \| url=http://www.mossman-guitars.com/History101.htm \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712115123/http://www.mossman-guitars.com/History101.htm \| archive-date=2012-07-12 \| title=History of Mossman Guitars}}</ref> Mossman never wanted to produce guitars on a mass scale. The company gained notable recognition by 1974 and was producing up to eight to ten guitars a day, each one personally inspected by Mossman himself. "I Personally inspected each guitar we made before shipment. Eight to ten per day is as many as we would ever want to make because it would be difficult to personally inspect more than that amount.''<ref name="mossman-guitars.com"/> ==Guitar models== [[File:1976 Mossman Golden Era.webp\|alt=1976 Mossman Golden Era\|thumb\|1976 Mossman Golden Era]] [[File:Dan_Crary_(bluegrass_guitarist)_1981_Cambridge_Folk_Festival,_UK_(photograph_by_Tony_Rees).jpg\|thumb\|[[Dan Crary]] photographed in 1981 with his Mossman Great Plains model guitar]] [[File:Chris Moreton (U.K. bluegrass guitarist) on stage at Edale Festival, 1984 (Tony Rees photograph).jpg\|thumb\|Chris Moreton (U.K. bluegrass guitarist) on stage at Edale Festival, 1984 with his Mossman Golden Era guitar]] '''Tennessee Flat Top'''- Honduras mahogany back and sides, Sitka spruce top, Mahogany neck, Ivoroid binding around box, Rosewood fingerboard with mother of pearl dot inlay, Rosewood bridge, Rosewood peghead overlay, Ebony bridge pins with ivoroid dots, Herringbone back center marquetry, Nickel plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Rosewood butt inlay, Rosewood heel cap, Ivory nut and saddle. Suggested retail $350 (1972) .<ref name="MG" /> '''Flint Hills'''- East Indian rosewood back and sides, Sitka spruce top, Mahogany neck, Ivoroid binding around box, Ebony fingerboard with abalone snowflake inlay, Ebony bridge pins, Ebony bridge pins with mother of pearl dots, Rosewood peghead overlay, Nickel plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Marquis herringbone back center inlay, Rosewood butt inlay, Rosewood heel cap,Ivory nut and saddle. Suggested retail $450 (1972).<ref name="MG" /> '''Great Plains'''- Brazilian rosewood back and sides, Select spruce top, Mahogany neck, Ivoroid binding around box, Ebony fingerboard with abalone snowflake inlay, Ebony bridge pins, Ebony bridge pins with mother of pearl dots, Rosewood peghead overlay, Nickel plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Marquis herringbone back center inlay, Rosewood butt inlay, Rosewood heel cap, Ivory nut and saddle. Suggested retail $525 (1972).<ref name="MG" /> '''Golden Era'''- Brazilian rosewood back and sides,German spruce top, Ivoroid binding around box, Mahogany neck, Abalone inlay around top and sound hole, Abalone vine inlay on fingerboard, Ebony fingerboard, Rosewood peghead overlay, Ebony bridge, Ivory bridge pins with abalone dots, Abalone back strip inlay, Gold plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Ebony butt inlay, Ebony heel cap, Ivoroid bound fingerboard, Ivoroid bound peghead, Ivory nut, Ivory saddle, and an intricate abalone vine inlay up the length of the fingerboard. Suggested Retailed $875(1972).<ref name="MG" /> '''Golden Era Custom-''' This was Mossman's top line instrument and it featured select Brazilian rosewood back and sides, German spruce top, Ivoroid binding around box, Walnut neck, Abalone inlay around top and sound hole, Abalone floral inlay on fingerboard, Ebony fingerboard, Walnut burl peghead overlay, Ebony bridge, Ivory bridge pins with abalone dots, Abalone back strip inlay, Gold plated rotomatic tuning pegs, Ebony butt inlay, Ebony heel cap, Ivoroid bound fingerboard, Ivoroid bound peghead,Ivory nut and saddle.<ref name="MG" /> '''SPECIFICATIONS''' All Mossman guitars include the following features: Light weight spruce struts and braces, Adjustable steel truss rod in neck, Rotomatic tuning pegs (12:1 ratio), Rosewood or ebony wedge butt inlay, Ivoroid position dot markers on edge of fingerboard;(Ebony dots on models with ivoroid bound fingerboard), Nickel-silver frets, Satin laquer finish hand rubbed to a deep gloss, Ivoroid binding around box Ivory nut and saddle. Tender loving care Variations and special models such as left-handed and 12-string guitars, custom inlay, and engraving are made on special order only. Prices on request. Herringbone inlay available around sound hole and face of guitar Herringbone back center inlay on Tennessee Flat Top Marquis herringbone back center inlay on Flint Hills model. Abalone back inlay strip on Golden Era.<ref name="MG" /> Each Mossman guitar is individually voiced for maximum response and sonority by master craftsmen during the final stages of assembly. We recognize the fact that different styles of music may require slightly different voicings. The bluegrass musician will undoubtedly want an overbalanced bass, where the blues musician may want a more delicate treble response. We assume that anyone who needs an instrument of Mossman's quality is not an average guitarist, but one with specific ideas in rogard to the tone balance that he desires for his own individual style. If he wishes to fulfill these wants, he must usually take his instrument to a competent- repairman, who will remove the back and revoice the instrument to the owner's specific needs. We think that this is ridiculous. As a special service, Mossman voices all models according to the needs of the individual guitar stylist. The following types of voicings are available: 1. Overbalanced bass: Recommended for country rhythm and bluegrass. This is for the guitarist who plays in string bands and who desires en extra strong bass for runs and a ringing treble for rhythm. 2. Overbalanced treble: Recommended for the blues, folk, and country finger picker. This is characterized by an extremely sensitive and delicate response on the treble strings. 3. Balanced bass and treble: Recommended for the eclectic guitar stylist. If you play a little of everything, this is the one for you, Bass and treble are equally sustained and equally impressive. A balanced guitar is often ideal for the solo musician. Whatever you are looking for, Mossman has a guitar voiced especially for your individual needs. Simply specify on your order which voicing you prefer. It's all part of our plan to give you the instrument you want ==Factory Fire== In 1975 a fire erupted in the finishing area, which contained a number of flammable chemicals, resulting in the loss of one of the company's buildings that was used for manufacturing and the assembly line. No injuries or deaths were sustained during the course of the fire, and only a few guitars were incinerated; however, the complete supply of rare Brazilian rosewood was destroyed. Fortunately, Mossman had secured a $400,000 loan from a government-backed Small Business Administration before the fire, so the money was used to rebuild and expand the production facilities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=Shoaf \|first=Eric C. \|date=2003-09-03 \|title=Mossman Guitars {{!}} Vintage Guitar® magazine \|url=https://www.vintageguitar.com/1922/mossman-guitars/ \|access-date=2023-12-08 \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==C.G. Conn Company== The same year of the company fire Mossman initiated a deal with the C.G. Conn Company and produced 1,200 guitars for dealer set for distribution. The guitars were stored in a warehouse in Nevada, which had minimal controls for heat and humidity and the solid wood of the Mossman guitars were repeatedly 'heated during the day and frozen at night' causing the finish on the guitars to suffer cracks and breaks.<ref name=":0" /> Responsibility and compensation for the loss of guitars was disputed between Mossman and Conn. Conn withheld payment for the instruments already purchased and this initiated a lawsuit between the two companies. Ultimately the lawsuit settled the dispute and the financial costs of the matter forced Mossman to fire most of his staff. By the late 70s Mossman guitars had but only a few employees producing a modest number of instruments a month.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, the model line was downsized as well and this resulted in heavy financial losses for the company. ==Health concerns== In 1983 Mossman decided to sell the company after suffering from serious respiratory problems. Mossman began to feel that his breathing was being affected by years of inhaling 'sawdust, lacquer fumes and ablaone shell fragments'.<ref name=":0" /> In a press release issued by the guitar publication, ''Frets'', Mossman stated: <blockquote>It is with a great deal of sadness that I must write this letter, for it closes a chapter of nearly 20 years in my guitar making life. Unfortunately, due to carelessness in the early years regarding safety precautions in the finish room (for the first five years, I didn't even wear a mask), I have developed sensitivity to glues and lacquers, and my doctor has recommended that I pursue other interests. I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for your support-not only for my efforts, but on behalf of many other small companies-and to express my sincere appreciation to your readers for electing me 'Best Luthier' once and 'Runner Up' several times. Working for awards is not why one strives for higher achievement, but they are a delightful acknowledgment. I would also like to make special thanks to both Dan Crary and John Denver for their use of our instruments and the personal interest in us-a kindness that cannot be replaced. And last and most important, I would like to thank the owners of Mossman guitars everywhere. Without them, I could never have turned a dream into reality. It is my hope that the collectors' items they own give them years of joy.</blockquote><ref name=":0" /> One of Mossman's employees, [[Scott Baxendale]], offered to buy the Mossman name, inventory and equipment to continue the production of Mossman guitars. Before turning over the company to Baxendale, however, Mossman designed 25 guitars using the finest wood that had been set aside for years. These "final 25"<ref name=":0" /> have become a tale of popular folklore as Mossman dedicated a lifetime of experience and the most selective woods to create the instruments. After Mossman signed over the rights to his company, Baxendale owned and operated S.L. Mossman guitars until it was sold to John Kinsey and Bob Casey in 1989. The company relocated to Sulphur Springs, Texas, where it continues to manufacture top-of-the-line custom-made guitars today. 'We bought the company because of the history and reputation that Mossman had established and because we felt it was a real opportunity," stated Kinsey.<ref name=":0" /> ==Death== Mossman spent the remaining years after his retirement at his home in Winfield, Kansas, with his wife and two daughters. Mossman frequently volunteered and performed at festivals and elementary schools, influencing younger audiences towards folk and bluegrass music. Mossman died on March 2, 1999, from cardiac arrest. He was 56 years old. His work and legacy continue to be recognized today through his guitars, musical contributions and appearances in films. ==Walnut Valley Music Festival== Mossman is attributed as one of the founding members of the [[Walnut Valley Music Festival]] in Winfield, Kansas. The festival hosts a variety of contests, art and musical performances that celebrates the diversity and art of bluegrass and folk music. Some notable performers who have frequented the festival are Jimmy Driftwood, Art Eskeridge, Glenda Bickell, Mance Lipscomb, Johnny Vandiver & Jo Wright, Harry Weldon, Poor Bill Miller, Doc Watson, Merle Watson, Charles Cloud, Shannon Singers, Very & Ray, Pat and Victoria Garvey and the Revelators. ==Filmography== The actors David, Keith and Robert Carradine all owned and adored Mossman guitars and even found Mossman cameo roles in their films such as [[Cloud Dancer]], [[The Long Riders]] and the television movie [[Murder Ordained]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/05/arts/stuart-mossman-56-guitar-maker-to-stars.html\|title=Stuart Mossman, 56, Guitar Maker to Stars\|newspaper=The New York Times\|date=March 5, 1999}}</ref> Keith Carradine's Oscar- and Golden Globe-winning song, "I'm Easy", which appeared in the 1975 [[Robert Altman]] film, [[Nashville (film)\|Nashville]] was performed on his custom-made S.L. Mossman guitar. The same guitar was featured throughout the film as Carradine's character, who is a renowned folk singer, performs with it. ==Stuart Mossman: A Modern Stradivari== ''Stuart Mossman: A Modern Stradivari'', directed by [[Barry Brown (director)\|Barry Brown]], premiered at the 25th Santa Barbara International Film Festival, in February 2010<ref>Brooks, Brian.[http://www.indiewire.com/article/premieres_lessons_men_celebritage_heading_to_25th_santa_barbara_film_festiv/ Premieres, “Lessons,” “Men” & Celebritage Heading to 25th Santa Barbara Film Festival] IndieWire. January 22, 2010.</ref> to a sold out audience.{{Citation needed\|reason=June,2010\|date=July 2010}} In attendance at the screening were Mossman's wife, and his daughters who thanked the director and audience for the interests and support for their father.{{Citation needed\|reason=June,2010\|date=July 2010}} The film also screened at the Tallgrass Film Festival in Wichita in October 2010. The documentary chronicles Mossman's life through testimonials from Mossman's employees, fans, and friends who recount his work, influence and their time shared with the [[luthier]]. One scene in the film showcases the world's largest collective of Mossman guitar players gathered at the Smithsonian Memorial to Mossman, in Winfield, Kansas which commemorates his contribution to the guitar and music industries.{{Citation needed\|reason=June,2010\|date=July 2010}} The film features the Carradine brothers, [[David Carradine\|David]], [[Keith Carradine\|Keith]] and [[Robert Carradine\|Bobby]] performing on their custom-built Mossman guitars, they all divulge stories of how they became supporters of Mossman and his art.<ref name="Santa_B_Indi">''[http://www.independent.com/movies/777/ The Legend of Stuart Mossman] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812112706/http://www.independent.com/movies/777/ \|date=August 12, 2010}}''. Santa Barbara Independent. Accessed June 1, 2010</ref> "The story is spoken by those who lived it, directly to the audience with unfiltered emotion-told with purposeful simplicity."<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1592882/ \| title=Stuart Mossman: A Modern Stradivari \| website=www.imdb.com}}</ref> Mossman had appeared with David Carradine in ''Cloud Dancer'' (1980), which Brown also directed, and with all three of the Carradine brothers mentioned in ''The Long Riders'' (1980).<ref name= "Santa_B_Indi" /> The film is also noted as David Carradine's final onscreen performance<ref name= "Santa_B_Indi" /> and the end of the movie attributes to both him and Mossman as Carradine's brother Bobby and his son perform on their Mossman guitars at David Carradine's gravesite. ==References== {{Reflist\|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.mossman-guitars.com/ Mossman Guitars Official Website] * {{IMDb title\|qid=Q129102283\|title=The Legend of Stuart Mossman: A Modern Stradivari}} * [https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/scott-baxendale Scott Baxendale] NAMM Oral History Interview (2003) * [https://stumossmanguitars.blogspot.com/2007/09/winfield-public-library-and-walnut.html Mossman Blogspot] * [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1592882/ The Legend of Stuart Mossman] * {{Cite web \| url=http://www.guitarbench.com/guitar-database/mossman-guitars-identification-registry/ \| title=Mossman Guitars- Identification & Registry \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225160737/http://www.guitarbench.com/guitar-database/mossman-guitars-identification-registry/ \| archive-date=2020-02-25}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mossman, Stuart}} [[Category:Guitar makers]] [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:1999 deaths]]	1,306,016,999	[{"title": "Stuart Mossman", "data": {"Birth name": "Stuart L. Mossman", "Born": "May 13, 1942 \u00b7 Hinsdale, Illinois", "Died": "March 2, 1999 (aged 56) \u00b7 Winfield, Kansas", "Occupation(s)": "Guitar Makers, singer-songwriter, entrepreneur", "Years active": "1968\u20131984 Business = S. L. Mossman Guitars"}}]	false
# Bass Down Low "Bass Down Low" is the debut solo single by American musician Dev. Written alongside producers The Cataracs, the song was released on November 16, 2010 through Universal Motown as the lead single from Dev's debut studio album, The Night the Sun Came Up (2011). Initially, the song was made for The Cataracs with Dev as the featured act, but she was made the main artist as they believed it would be a suitable follow-up to Far East Movement's "Like a G6", which Dev and The Cataracs appeared on. British rapper Tinie Tempah was featured on an official remix of "Bass Down Low" that was made for the song's release in the United Kingdom. Musically, "Bass Down Low" is an electro song with skittering synths and the lyrics speak of different forms of debauchery. The song was met with positive reviews from critics. "Bass Down Low" performed moderately, peaking at number sixty one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Top Heatseekers chart. Outside of the United States, "Bass Down Low" peaked within the top ten of the charts in the United Kingdom, and the top 40 of the charts in Canada and the Republic of Ireland. The accompanying music video for "Bass Down Low" takes place in an underground club. The clip was directed by Ethan Lader who took inspiration from fashion and the film Fight Club. ## Background In 2008, Dev recorded two songs using the software GarageBand on her MacBook that a friend posted onto her Myspace page. Production duo The Cataracs, consisting of Niles Hollowell-Dhar and David Singer-Vine, came across the songs and asked Dev to come to Berkeley, California to produce music with them. Six months later, the first song they made together, "2night", gained exposure on the television channel MTVU and local radio channels, which resulted in a debut on the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart. In 2009, Dev signed with Indie-Pop Records and moved to a loft in Los Angeles, California to begin working on her debut album. The Cataracs eventually made the beat for a song called "Booty Bounce". Afterwards, a hook was written for the song and The Cataracs suggested to interpolate it into a track they were making for Far East Movement. Dev agreed to what would become "Like a G6", and later said, "It ended up being a massive song and gave me so much experience and opportunity and it was absolutely beautiful. Thank god I agreed to that!" The song was released in April 2010 and reached the top ten on several charts worldwide, including the United States, where it reached the top position and sold over three million copies. In August 2010, Dev issued a viral music video for "Booty Bounce" and subsequently signed a record deal with Universal Republic two months later. ## Writing and release "Bass Down Low" was written by Dev alongside the production duo The Cataracs. The duo also produced the song, and recorded it at The Indie-Pop Sweat Shop. It was later mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios and mastered by Tom Coyne at Sterling Sound in New York City. The song was originally conceived with Dev as a featured act, but she was later made the main artist as they believed it represented her. Dev described "Bass Down Low" as "sassy and fun" and considered it a great follow-up to "Like a G6". In an interview with teen magazine Seventeen, she spoke of the song's conception, stating: "We'd been in the studio writing some really bossy, fun stuff. We've got a studio in the loft that we live in together, so it was made in there. We were just kind of kickin' it and it came. There's one version where The Cataracs are just rapping on it, which I love as well." "Bass Down Low" was sent for rhythmic airplay in the United States on November 16, 2010, one month after Dev signed her record deal with Universal Republic. It was later released digitally on December 6, 2010, and sent for mainstream airplay on January 11, 2011. An alternate version with The Cataracs as the main artists was released in a remix extended play (EP) on March 29, 2011. For the single's UK release, the track was remixed with guest vocals from British rapper Tinie Tempah. The remix was released as part of a digital EP on April 23, 2011. In an interview with Digital Spy in July 2011, Dev spoke about collaborating with Tempah, stating, "We actually did the duet over the internet as we're both really busy and it was through the management that I was introduced to him, but he buffed up my track pretty good! I haven't caught him live yet, but I've managed to see him on a couple of late night chatshows and he's doing an amazing job out there." The remix was released outside the UK on May 23, 2011, labeled "The U.K. Mix". ## Composition "Bass Down Low" is an electro song with skittering synths and a pulsating electro hop groove. Dev utilizes her sing-talk vocal style throughout the song, but also uses her singing voice near the end. In the song's hook, she sing-talks in a "deadpan" delivery while remarking that "If you wanna get with me, there's some things you gotta know / I like my beats fast and my bass down low." According to Scott Shetler of AOL Radio, Dev entices listeners with lines such as, "Straight buzzin' Robotussin / Wanna get ya mitts in my oven? / Wanna get a lick of this lovin'?" The song includes a shout-out to The Black Eyed Peas while The Cataracs sing about a sexual promise: "giving you that Black Eyed Peas – you know, that 'Boom Boom Pow'". Lyrically, the song speaks of various forms of debauchery, such as taking shots. ## Critical reception Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic recognized "Bass Down Low" as one of December 2010's best singles, placing it as number four on his "December's 10 best singles" list. He wrote, "The Black Eyed Peas may be the ones who earn the shout-out here. But every other element of 'Bass Down Low' feels custom-made for squeezing 15 extra minutes off that 'Tik Tok' clock." Masley praised the spoken-word intro, the song's electropop groove and Dev's "Valley Girl swagger" vocals. Masley concluded his review by writing that the song sounds "a whole lot" like Far East Movement's "Like a G6". About.com critic Ron Slomowicz wrote a positive review of the song and called it a "slinky, sleazy, sexy affair". Slomowicz wrote, "Dev proves she's got the cahones to challenge anyone on the scene with vulgar and seductive lyrics and a crazy hot beat provided by The Cataracs... With any justice, this track will dominate in 2011." While reviewing The Night the Sun Came Up, Jamie Horne of The Border Mail said that "Bass Down Low" and "In My Trunk" are "certainly Black Eyed Peas-esque but Dev... is no clone." ## Chart performance In the United States, "Bass Down Low" debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on the issue dated December 25, 2010. The following week, it rose to number 74 but fell off the chart afterwards. On the issue dated January 15, 2011, the song re-entered the chart at number 99. It ascended for the next four weeks and reached its peak of number 61 on the issue dated February 12, 2011. The song also spent three non-consecutive weeks at number two on the Top Heatseekers chart. To date, the song has sold 443,000 downloads in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan. In Canada, "Bass Down Low" debuted at number 49 on the Canadian Hot 100 on the issue dated January 1, 2011 and was the week's highest new entry. The song later acquired its peak of number 35 on the issue dated February 12, 2011 and spent a total of 16 weeks on the chart. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 66 on the UK Singles Chart on May 1, 2011 – for the week ending date May 7, 2011. After having ascended on the chart for five weeks, the song peaked at number ten on June 12, 2011 – for the week ending date June 18, 2011 – becoming Dev's second top ten song in Britain following "Like a G6", her 2010 collaboration with Far East Movement. In the Republic of Ireland, the song peaked at number 28 on the Irish Singles Chart. ## Music video The music video for "Bass Down Low" was directed by Ethan Lader and shot in a warehouse in downtown Los Angeles, California. Lader had previously directed the video for Dev's promotional single "Booty Bounce" (2010). The inspiration behind the "Bass Down Low" clip was "Fight Club meets high fashion", with Lader describing the approach as "sexiness, but it's effortless". The shoot marked the first time Dev worked with extras. She explained that she wanted the video to have an organic party energy. The video had its premiere on the music video site Vevo on December 2, 2010, and was later made available for digital download on the iTunes Store on December 7. The video takes place at a party in an underground club where Dev gives out signals to the crowd when to dance. It also includes scenes of Dev and several other women standing against a wall while thrusting their chests out. The scenes are interspersed with shots of things being broken and a scrolling shot of people standing still like statues. Ron Slomowicz of About.com positively reviewed the video, calling it "pretty simple but fun". ## Track listings \| - Digital download 1. "Bass Down Low" – 3:31 - Digital EP – The Remixes 1. "Bass Down Low" – 3:30 2. "Bass Down Low" (Static Revenger Remix) – 5:43 3. "Bass Down Low" (Proper Villains Remix) – 3:18 4. "Bass Down Low" (5K Remix Club) – 5:52 5. "Bass Down Low" (Performed by The Cataracs) – 3:37 \| - UK digital EP 1. "Bass Down Low" (Edited Version) – 3:28 2. "Bass Down Low" (Tinie Tempah Remix) (Clean) – 3:28 3. "Bass Down Low" (Tinie Tempah Remix) (Explicit) – 3:29 4. "Bass Down Low" (Static Revenger Remix) – 5:43 5. "Bass Down Low" (5K Remix Club) – 5:52 6. "Bass Down Low" (Music video) – 3:37 - The U.K. Mix 1. "Bass Down Low" (The U.K. Mix) (featuring Tinie Tempah) – 3:28 \| ## Credits and personnel Recording - Recorded at The Indie-Pop Sweat Shop Personnel - Songwriting – Devin Tailes, Niles Hollowell-Dhar, David Singer-Vine - Production – Niles Hollowell-Dhar - Recording – The Cataracs - Mixing – Manny Marroquin - Mastering – Tom Coyne Credits adapted from The Night the Sun Came Up liner notes. ## Charts and certifications \| Chart (2010–11) \| Peak position \| \| ------------------------------------------ \| ------------- \| \| Australia (ARIA) \| 66 \| \| Australia Urban (ARIA) \| 24 \| \| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) \| 8 \| \| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) \| 35 \| \| Ireland (IRMA) \| 28 \| \| Netherlands (Single Top 100) \| 92 \| \| Scotland (OCC) \| 18 \| \| UK Singles (OCC) \| 10 \| \| US Billboard Hot 100 \| 61 \| \| US Pop Airplay (Billboard) \| 35 \| \| US Heatseekers Songs (Billboard) \| 2 \| \| Chart (2011) \| Position \| \| ---------------- \| -------- \| \| UK Singles (OCC) \| 99 \| \| Region \| Certification \| Certified units/sales \| \| ------------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| \| United Kingdom (BPI) \| Silver \| 200,000^ \| \| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. \| \| \| ## Radio add dates and release history \| Region \| Date \| Format \| \| -------------- \| ----------------- \| ---------------- \| \| United States \| November 16, 2010 \| Rhythmic radio \| \| Australia \| December 6, 2010 \| Digital download \| \| New Zealand \| December 6, 2010 \| Digital download \| \| United States \| December 7, 2010 \| Digital download \| \| United States \| January 11, 2011 \| Mainstream radio \| \| United States \| March 29, 2011 \| Digital remix EP \| \| Germany \| April 22, 2011 \| Digital download \| \| United Kingdom \| April 24, 2011 \| Digital EP \| \| United States \| May 23, 2011 \| Remix download \|	enwiki/30013888	enwiki	30,013,888	Bass Down Low	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_Down_Low	2025-08-15T08:38:39Z	en	Q791223	211,368	{{short description\|2010 single by Dev}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox song \| name = Bass Down Low \| cover = Dev - Bass Down Low.jpg \| alt = \| type = single \| artist = [[Dev (singer)\|Dev]] featuring [[The Cataracs]] \| album = [[The Night the Sun Came Up]] \| released = {{Start date\|2010\|11\|16}} \| recorded = \| studio = \| venue = \| genre = [[Electro (music)\|Electro]] \| length = {{duration\|m=3\|s=30}} \| label = [[Universal Motown Records\|Universal Motown]] \| writer = Devin Tailes, [[The Cataracs\|Niles Hollowell-Dhar, David Singer-Vine]] \| producer = [[The Cataracs]] \| prev_title = \| prev_year = \| next_title = \| next_year = \| misc = {{Extra chronology \| artist = [[Dev (singer)\|Dev]] \| type = single \| prev_title = [[Like a G6]] \| prev_year = 2010 \| title = Bass Down Low \| year = 2010 \| next_title = [[Backseat (song)\|Backseat]] \| next_year = 2011 }} {{Extra chronology \| artist = [[The Cataracs]] \| type = single \| prev_title = [[Like a G6]] \| prev_year = 2010 \| title = Bass Down Low \| year = 2010 \| next_title = [[Backseat (song)\|Backseat]] \| next_year = 2011 }} }} "'''Bass Down Low'''" is the debut solo single by American musician [[Dev (singer)\|Dev]]. Written alongside producers [[The Cataracs]], the song was released on November 16, 2010 through [[Universal Motown Records\|Universal Motown]] as the [[lead single]] from Dev's debut studio album, ''[[The Night the Sun Came Up]]'' (2011). Initially, the song was made for The Cataracs with Dev as the featured act, but she was made the main artist as they believed it would be a suitable follow-up to [[Far East Movement]]'s "[[Like a G6]]", which Dev and The Cataracs appeared on. British rapper [[Tinie Tempah]] was featured on an official remix of "Bass Down Low" that was made for the song's release in the United Kingdom. Musically, "Bass Down Low" is an [[Electro (music)\|electro]] song with skittering synths and the lyrics speak of different forms of [[wiktionary:debauchery\|debauchery]]. The song was met with positive reviews from critics. "Bass Down Low" performed moderately, peaking at number sixty one on the [[Billboard Hot 100\|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and number two on the [[Top Heatseekers]] chart. Outside of the United States, "Bass Down Low" peaked within the top ten of the charts in the United Kingdom, and the top 40 of the charts in Canada and the Republic of Ireland. The accompanying music video for "Bass Down Low" takes place in an underground club. The clip was directed by Ethan Lader who took inspiration from fashion and the film ''[[Fight Club]]''. ==Background== In 2008, Dev recorded two songs using the software [[GarageBand]] on her [[MacBook]] that a friend posted onto her [[Myspace]] page.<ref name="Meet Dev">{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/thread-count/meet-dev-stylish-like-a-g6-singer-flies-solo-20110824\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920080640/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/thread-count/meet-dev-stylish-like-a-g6-singer-flies-solo-20110824\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=September 20, 2011\|title=Meet Dev: Stylish "Like a G6" Singer Flies Solo\|last=Nika\|first=Colleen\|date=August 24, 2011\|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]\|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Fenuxe">{{cite web\|url=http://www.fenuxe.com/2011/09/22/the-fenuxe-interview-dev/\|title=Dancing in the Dark with Dev\|date=September 22, 2011\|last=Montgomery\|first=Malcolm\|access-date=September 27, 2011\|work=[[FENUXE]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401133818/http://www.fenuxe.com/2011/09/22/the-fenuxe-interview-dev/\|archive-date=April 1, 2012\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Production duo [[The Cataracs]], consisting of Niles Hollowell-Dhar and David Singer-Vine, came across the songs and asked Dev to come to Berkeley, California to produce music with them.<ref name="The Record">{{cite news\|url=http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100723/A_LIFE/7230302/-1/a_life\|title=Manteca native inspired on tour by Cataracs\|first=Tony\|last=Sauro\|date=July 23, 2010\|work=[[The Record (Stockton)\|The Record]]\|location=Stockton, California\|access-date=September 27, 2011\|archive-date=April 6, 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406083322/http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100723/A_LIFE/7230302/-1/a_life\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Six months later, the first song they made together, "2night", gained exposure on the television channel [[MTVU]] and local radio channels, which resulted in a debut on the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Airplay]] chart.<ref name="The Record"/> In 2009, Dev signed with Indie-Pop Records and moved to a loft in Los Angeles, California to begin working on her debut album.<ref name="Bulletin">{{cite news\|url=http://www.mantecabulletin.com/archives/2714/\|title=Dev taking her singing on a spin around California\|date=April 1, 2009\|work=[[Manteca Bulletin]]\|last=Campbell\|first=Jason\|access-date=September 27, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328124428/http://www.mantecabulletin.com/archives/2714/\|archive-date=March 28, 2012\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Cataracs eventually made the beat for a song called "[[Booty Bounce (Dev song)\|Booty Bounce]]".<ref name="Idolator interview"/> Afterwards, a [[hook (music)\|hook]] was written for the song and The Cataracs suggested to interpolate it into a track they were making for [[Far East Movement]]. Dev agreed to what would become "[[Like a G6]]", and later said, "It ended up being a massive song and gave me so much experience and opportunity and it was absolutely beautiful. Thank god I agreed to that!"<ref name="Idolator interview">{{cite web\|url=http://idolator.com/5978471/dev-the-idolator-interview\|title=Dev: The Idolator Interview\|work=[[Idolator (website)\|Idolator]]\|last=Bain\|first=Becky\|date=August 18, 2011\|access-date=September 30, 2011\|archive-date=July 9, 2012\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709160852/http://idolator.com/5978471/dev-the-idolator-interview\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song was released in April 2010 and reached the top ten on several charts worldwide,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Far++East+Movement+feat.+Cataracs+%26+Dev&titel=Like+A+G6&cat=s\|title=Far East Movement feat. The Cataracs & Dev – Like a G6\|work=Ultratop\|publisher=Hitparade.ch / Hung Medien\|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> including the United States, where it reached the top position and sold over three million copies.<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/73275/week-ending-jan-9-2011-songs-another-taboo-falls/\| title = Week Ending Jan. 9, 2011: Songs: Another Taboo Falls\| date = January 9, 2011\| first = Paul\| last = Grein\| work = Chart Watch\| publisher = [[Yahoo!\|Yahoo! Inc]]\| access-date = September 30, 2011}}</ref> In August 2010, Dev issued a viral music video for "Booty Bounce" and subsequently signed a record deal with [[Universal Republic]] two months later.<ref name="Yahoo">{{cite web\|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/thenewnow/17170/pop-rap-newcomer-dev-feels-so-fly-like-a-g6/\|title=Pop Rap Newcomer Dev 'Feels So Fly Like A G6'\|date=November 10, 2010\|work=The New Now\|publisher=Yahoo! Inc\|last=Johnson, Jr.\|first=Billy\|access-date=September 30, 2011\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719212138/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/thenewnow/17170/pop-rap-newcomer-dev-feels-so-fly-like-a-g6\|archive-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> ==Writing and release== "Bass Down Low" was written by Dev alongside the production duo The Cataracs. The duo also produced the song, and recorded it at The Indie-Pop Sweat Shop.<ref name="liner"/> It was later [[audio mixing (recorded music)\|mixed]] by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios and [[audio mastering\|mastered]] by [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)\|Tom Coyne]] at Sterling Sound in New York City.<ref name="liner">{{cite AV media notes\| title =The Night the Sun Came Up\| title-link = The Night the Sun Came Up\| others = Dev\| year = 2011\| page = 2\| type = booklet\| publisher = [[Universal Republic Records\|Universal Republic]]\| id = 2781052}}</ref> The song was originally conceived with Dev as a featured act, but she was later made the main artist as they believed it represented her.<ref name="artistdirect">{{cite web\|url=http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/dev-talks-booty-bounce-bass-down-low-hip-hop-and-more/8167377\|title=Dev Talks "Booty Bounce", "Bass Down Low", Hip Hop and More\|date=November 18, 2010\|work=[[Artistdirect]]\|publisher=Rogue Digital\|last=Sciarretto\|first=Amy\|access-date=October 22, 2011\|archive-date=December 24, 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224215115/http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/dev-talks-booty-bounce-bass-down-low-hip-hop-and-more/8167377\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dev described "Bass Down Low" as "sassy and fun" and considered it a great follow-up to "Like a G6".<ref name="artistdirect"/> In an interview with teen magazine ''[[Seventeen (American magazine)\|Seventeen]]'', she spoke of the song's conception, stating: "We'd been in the studio writing some really bossy, fun stuff. We've got a studio in the loft that we live in together, so it was made in there. We were just kind of kickin' it and it came. There's one version where The Cataracs are just rapping on it, which I love as well."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.seventeen.com/cosmogirl/dev-interview\|title=Interview with Singer Dev – Q&A with "Like a G6" Singer\|work=[[Seventeen (American magazine)\|Seventeen]]\|date=March 14, 2011\|access-date=October 22, 2011\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110330103138/https://www.seventeen.com/cosmogirl/dev-interview\|archive-date=March 30, 2011\|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Bass Down Low" was sent for [[rhythmic contemporary\|rhythmic]] airplay in the United States on November 16, 2010,<ref name="Rhythmic">{{cite web\|url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239\|title=Airplay Archive\|work=[[FMQB]]\|publisher=Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report, Inc. / Mediaspan Online Services\|access-date=October 2, 2011\|archive-date=January 1, 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101161507/http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239\|url-status=dead}}</ref> one month after Dev signed her record deal with Universal Republic.<ref name="Yahoo"/> It was later released digitally on December 6, 2010,<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/bass-down-low-feat-the-cataracs-single/1445312920\|title=Bass Down Low (feat. The Cataracs) – Single by Dev\|work=[[iTunes Store]] (Australia)\|date=January 2010 \|publisher=[[Apple, Inc]]\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> and sent for [[contemporary hit radio\|mainstream]] airplay on January 11, 2011.<ref name="Mainstream">{{cite web \|url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases \|title=Top 40/Mainstream – Future Releases \|publisher=Allaccess \|access-date=October 22, 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229031916/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases \|archive-date=December 29, 2010 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> An alternate version with The Cataracs as the main artists was released in a remix [[extended play]] (EP) on March 29, 2011.<ref name="remix ep">{{cite web\|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bass-down-low-the-remixes-ep/id427264668\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408131707/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bass-down-low-the-remixes-ep/id427264668\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=April 8, 2011\|title=Bass Down Low (The Remixes) – EP by Dev\|work=iTunes Store (United States)\|publisher=Apple, Inc\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> For the single's UK release, the track was remixed with guest vocals from British rapper [[Tinie Tempah]]. The remix was released as part of a digital EP on April 23, 2011.<ref name="UK digital">{{cite web\|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bass-down-low-remixes-feat/id432053340\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429022802/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bass-down-low-remixes-feat/id432053340\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=April 29, 2011\|title=Bass Down Love (Remixes) – EP by Dev\|work=iTunes Store (United Kingdom)\|publisher=Apple, Inc\|access-date=October 2, 2011}}</ref> In an interview with [[Digital Spy]] in July 2011, Dev spoke about collaborating with Tempah, stating, "We actually did the duet over the internet as we're both really busy and it was through the management that I was introduced to him, but he buffed up my track pretty good! I haven't caught him live yet, but I've managed to see him on a couple of late night chatshows and he's doing an amazing job out there."<ref name="Digital Spy">{{cite web\|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/interviews/a326463/dev-interview-i-have-a-weird-as-hell-voice.html\|title=Dev interview: 'I have a weird-as-hell voice'\|last=Corner\|first=Lewis\|work=[[Digital Spy]] \|date=July 20, 2011\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> The remix was released outside the UK on May 23, 2011, labeled "The U.K. Mix".<ref name="UK Mix">{{cite web\|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bass-down-low-the-u.k.-mix/id437594754\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113140959/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bass-down-low-the-u.k.-mix/id437594754\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=November 13, 2012\|title=Bass Down Low (The U.K. Mix) <nowiki>[</nowiki>feat. Tinie Tempah<nowiki>]</nowiki> – Single by Dev\|work=iTunes Store (United States)\|publisher=Apple, Inc\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> ==Composition== {{listen \| filename = Dev - Bass Down Low.ogg \| pos = right \| title = "Bass Down Low" \| description = A sample of "Bass Down Low", featuring skittering synths and a pulsating electro-hop groove.<ref name="AOL"/><ref name="Arizona"/> \| format = [[Ogg]] }} "Bass Down Low" is an [[Electro music\|electro]] song with skittering synths and a pulsating [[electro hop]] groove.<ref name="AOL"/><ref name="Arizona"/> Dev utilizes her sing-talk vocal style throughout the song, but also uses her singing voice near the end.<ref name="AOL">{{cite web\|url=http://www.aolradioblog.com/2011/02/15/dev-bass-down-low-the-cataracs/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220134007/http://www.aolradioblog.com/2011/02/15/dev-bass-down-low-the-cataracs\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=February 20, 2011\|title=Dev, 'Bass Down Low' Feat. the Cataracs – New Song\|last=Shetler\|first=Scott\|date=February 15, 2011\|work=[[AOL\|AOL Radio]]\|publisher=[[AOL\|AOL, Inc]]\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref><ref name="About"/> In the song's [[hook (music)\|hook]], she sing-talks in a "[[deadpan]]" delivery while remarking that "If you wanna get with me, there's some things you gotta know / I like my beats fast and my bass down low."<ref name="AOL"/><ref name="Arizona"/> According to Scott Shetler of [[AOL\|AOL Radio]], Dev entices listeners with lines such as, "Straight buzzin' [[Robitussin\|Robotussin]] / Wanna get ya mitts in my oven? / Wanna get a lick of this lovin'?"<ref name="AOL"/> The song includes a shout-out to [[The Black Eyed Peas]] while The Cataracs sing about a sexual promise: "giving you that Black Eyed Peas – you know, that '[[Boom Boom Pow]]'".<ref name="Arizona"/> Lyrically, the song speaks of various forms of [[wiktionary:debauchery\|debauchery]], such as taking [[shooter (mixed drink)\|shots]].<ref name="Idolator">{{cite web\|url=http://idolator.com/5713931/dev-wants-the-bass-down-low-on-her-new-dance-single\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714012958/http://idolator.com/5713931/dev-wants-the-bass-down-low-on-her-new-dance-single\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=July 14, 2012\|title=Dev Wants The "Bass Down Low" On Her New Dance Single\|work=[[Idolator (website)\|Idolator]]\|publisher=[[Buzz Media]]\|date=December 9, 2010\|first=Becky\|last=Bein\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> ==Critical reception== Ed Masley of ''[[The Arizona Republic]]'' recognized "Bass Down Low" as one of December 2010's best singles, placing it as number four on his "December's 10 best singles" list.<ref name="Arizona"/> He wrote, "The Black Eyed Peas may be the ones who earn the shout-out here. But every other element of 'Bass Down Low' feels custom-made for squeezing 15 extra minutes off that 'Tik Tok' clock."<ref name="Arizona">{{cite news\|url=http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/music/articles/2010/12/28/20101228december-best-singles-lil-wayne-gorillaz.html?page=4\|title=December's 10 best singles: Lil Wayne, Gorillaz\|last=Masley\|first=Ed\|work=[[The Arizona Republic]] \|date=December 28, 2010\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> Masley praised the spoken-word intro, the song's electropop groove and Dev's "Valley Girl swagger" vocals.<ref name="Arizona"/> Masley concluded his review by writing that the song sounds "a whole lot" like Far East Movement's "Like a G6".<ref name="Arizona"/> [[About.com]] critic Ron Slomowicz wrote a positive review of the song and called it a "slinky, sleazy, sexy affair".<ref name="About"/> Slomowicz wrote, "Dev proves she's got the cahones to challenge anyone on the scene with vulgar and seductive lyrics and a crazy hot beat provided by The Cataracs... With any justice, this track will dominate in 2011."<ref name="About">{{cite web\|url=http://dancemusic.about.com/b/2011/03/03/song-of-the-day-dev-feat-the-cataracs-bass-down-low.htm\|title=Song of the Day: Dev feat. The Cataracs – "Bass Down Low"\|last=Slomowicz\|first=Ron\|work=[[About.com]]\|date=March 3, 2011\|access-date=October 22, 2011\|archive-date=April 2, 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402220540/http://dancemusic.about.com/b/2011/03/03/song-of-the-day-dev-feat-the-cataracs-bass-down-low.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref> While reviewing ''The Night the Sun Came Up'', Jamie Horne of ''[[The Border Mail]]'' said that "Bass Down Low" and "In My Trunk" are "certainly Black Eyed Peas-esque but Dev... is no clone."<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.bordermail.com.au/blogs/music-reviews/dev-the-night-the-sun-came-up-universal/2324560.aspx\|title=Dev – The Night the Sun Came Up\|work=[[The Border Mail]] \|last=Horne\|first=Jamie\|date=October 14, 2011\|access-date=December 4, 2011}}</ref> ==Chart performance== In the United States, "Bass Down Low" debuted at number 94 on the [[Billboard Hot 100\|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart on the issue dated December 25, 2010.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2010-12-25/hot-100?order=gainer\|title=Hot 100 – Week of December 25, 2010\|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref> The following week, it rose to number 74 but fell off the chart afterwards. On the issue dated January 15, 2011, the song re-entered the chart at number 99.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2011-01-15/hot-100?order=gainer\|title=Hot 100 – Week of January 15, 2011\|magazine=Billboard \|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref> It ascended for the next four weeks and reached its peak of number 61 on the issue dated February 12, 2011.<ref name="sc_Billboardhot100_Dev"/> The song also spent three non-consecutive weeks at number two on the [[Top Heatseekers]] chart.<ref name="Billboard bass">{{cite magazine\|url={{BillboardURLbyName\|artist=dev\|chart=all}}\|title=Dev – Bass Down Low\|magazine=Billboard \|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref> To date, the song has sold 443,000 downloads in the US, according to [[Nielsen SoundScan]].<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/photos/live/471949/dev-and-the-cataracs-join-ushers-omg-tour\|title=Dev and the Cataracs Join Usher's OMG Tour\|last=Lipshutz\|first=Jason\|date=April 21, 2011\|magazine=Billboard \|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> In Canada, "Bass Down Low" debuted at number 49 on the [[Canadian Hot 100]] on the issue dated January 1, 2011 and was the week's highest new entry.<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2011-01-01/canadian-hot-100?order=gainer\|title=Canadian Hot 100 – Week of January 1, 2011\|magazine=Billboard \|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref> The song later acquired its peak of number 35 on the issue dated February 12, 2011 and spent a total of 16 weeks on the chart.<ref name="Billboard bass"/> In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 66 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] on May 1, 2011 – for the week ending date May 7, 2011.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Bass%20Down%20Low%20Ft%20The%20Cataracs\|title=The Official Charts Company – Dev – Bass Down Low Ft The Cataracs\|work=[[Official Charts Company]]\|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref> After having ascended on the chart for five weeks, the song peaked at number ten on June 12, 2011 – for the week ending date June 18, 2011 – becoming Dev's second top ten song in Britain following "Like a G6", her 2010 collaboration with [[Far East Movement]].<ref name="sc_UK_Dev"/> In the Republic of Ireland, the song peaked at number 28 on the [[Irish Singles Chart]].<ref name="IrelandChart"/> ==Music video== [[File:Bass down low 3.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|The music video includes scrolling shots in which all the party goers but Dev (''middle'') are standing completely still]] The music video for "Bass Down Low" was directed by Ethan Lader and shot in a warehouse in downtown Los Angeles, California.<ref name="behind">{{cite web\| title= Bass Down Low (Behind The Scenes)\| url= http://www.vevo.com/watch/dev/bass-down-low-behind-the-scenes/USUV71002968\| publisher = [[Vevo]]\| access-date = October 22, 2011}}</ref><ref name="behind Dev">{{cite web\|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/dev/bass-down-low-interview-pt-4-vevo-lift/USUV71101563\|title=Dev – Bass Down Low: Interview, Pt. 4\|publisher=Vevo\|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref> Lader had previously directed the video for Dev's promotional single "[[Booty Bounce (Dev song)\|Booty Bounce]]" (2010).<ref name="Yahoo"/> The inspiration behind the "Bass Down Low" clip was "''[[Fight Club (film)\|Fight Club]]'' meets high fashion", with Lader describing the approach as "sexiness, but it's effortless".<ref name="behind"/> The shoot marked the first time Dev worked with extras.<ref name="behind Dev"/> She explained that she wanted the video to have an organic party energy.<ref name="behind Dev"/> The video had its premiere on the music video site [[Vevo]] on December 2, 2010,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/dev/bass-down-low-explicit/USUV71002756\|title=Bass Down Low (Explicit)\|publisher=Vevo\|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref> and was later made available for digital download on the [[iTunes Store]] on December 7.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/us/music-video/bass-down-low/407690865\|title=Bass Down Low by Dev & The Cataracs\|work=iTunes Store (United States)\|date=January 2010 \|publisher=Apple, Inc\|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref> The video takes place at a party in an underground club where Dev gives out signals to the crowd when to dance.<ref name="About"/><ref name="Idolator"/> It also includes scenes of Dev and several other women standing against a wall while thrusting their chests out.<ref name="About"/><ref name="Idolator"/> The scenes are interspersed with shots of things being broken and a scrolling shot of people standing still like statues.<ref name="About"/> Ron Slomowicz of About.com positively reviewed the video, calling it "pretty simple but fun".<ref name="About"/> ==Track listings== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''Digital download'''<ref name="iTunes"/> #"Bass Down Low" – 3:31 '''Digital EP – The Remixes'''<ref name="remix ep"/> #"Bass Down Low" – 3:30 #"Bass Down Low" ([[Static Revenger]] Remix) – 5:43 #"Bass Down Low" (Proper Villains Remix) – 3:18 #"Bass Down Low" (5K Remix Club) – 5:52 #"Bass Down Low" (Performed by The Cataracs) – 3:37 {{col-2}} '''UK digital EP'''<ref name="UK digital"/> #"Bass Down Low" (Edited Version) – 3:28 #"Bass Down Low" ([[Tinie Tempah]] Remix) (Clean) – 3:28 #"Bass Down Low" (Tinie Tempah Remix) (Explicit) – 3:29 #"Bass Down Low" (Static Revenger Remix) – 5:43 #"Bass Down Low" (5K Remix Club) – 5:52 #"Bass Down Low" (Music video) – 3:37 '''The U.K. Mix'''<ref name="UK Mix"/> #"Bass Down Low" (The U.K. Mix) (featuring Tinie Tempah) – 3:28 {{col-end}} ==Credits and personnel== ;Recording Recorded at The Indie-Pop Sweat Shop ;Personnel [[songwriter\|Songwriting]] – [[Dev (singer)\|Devin Tailes]], Niles Hollowell-Dhar, David Singer-Vine [[music producer\|Production]] – Niles Hollowell-Dhar [[Sound recording and reproduction\|Recording]] – [[The Cataracs]] [[audio mixing (recorded music)\|Mixing]] – Manny Marroquin [[audio mastering\|Mastering]] – [[Tom Coyne (music engineer)\|Tom Coyne]] Credits adapted from ''The Night the Sun Came Up'' liner notes.<ref name="liner"/> ==Charts and certifications== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" \|- ! scope="col"\| Chart (2010–11) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br />position \|- ! scope="row"\|Australia ([[ARIA Charts\|ARIA]])<ref name="ARIA">{{cite web\|title=ARIA Report – Week Commencing 21st March 2011\|url=http://www.aria.com.au/Issue1099.pdf\|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110530060600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20110530-1606/Issue1099.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2011-05-30\|publisher=[[ARIA Charts]]\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref> \| style="text-align:center;"\|66 \|- ! scope="row"\|Australia Urban ([[ARIA Charts\|ARIA]])<ref name="ARIA Urban">{{cite web\|title=ARIA Report – Week Commencing 14th March 2011\|url=http://www.aria.com.au/Issue1098.pdf\|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110530060600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20110530-1606/Issue1098.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2011-05-30\|publisher=ARIA Charts\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}}</ref> \| style="text-align:center;"\|24 \|- ! scope="row"{{singlechart\|Flanders Tip\|8\|artist=Dev\|song=Bass Down Low\|access-date=October 22, 2011}} \|- ! scope="row"{{singlechart\|Canada\|35\|artist=Dev\|artistid=347970\|access-date=October 22, 2011}} \|- ! scope="row"{{singlechart\|Ireland2\|28\|artist=Dev\|song=Bass Down Low\|access-date=January 15, 2020\|refname=IrelandChart}} \|- ! scope="row"{{singlechart\|Dutch100\|92\|artist=Dev\|song=Bass Down Low\|access-date=October 22, 2011}} \|- ! scope="row"{{singlechart\|Scotland\|18\|artist=Dev\|song=Bass Down Low\|date=2011-06-18\|access-date=October 22, 2011}} \|- ! scope="row"{{singlechart\|UK\|10\|artist=Dev\|song=Bass Down Low\|date=2011-06-18\|access-date=October 22, 2011}} \|- ! scope="row"{{singlechart\|Billboardhot100\|61\|artist=Dev\|artistid=347970\|access-date=October 22, 2011}} \|- ! scope="row"{{singlechart\|Billboardpopsongs\|35\|artist=Dev\|artistid=347970\|access-date=October 22, 2011}} \|- !scope="row"\|US [[Heatseekers Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]])''<ref name="billboard current">{{cite magazine\|url={{BillboardURLbyName\|artist=dev\|chart=all}}\|title=In the Dark – Dev\|magazine=Billboard \|access-date=October 21, 2011}}</ref> \| style="text-align:center;"\|2 \|} {{col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col"\| Chart (2011) ! scope="col"\| Position \|- ! scope="row"\| UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20110109/37501/\|title=End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2011\|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]\|access-date=August 30, 2022}}</ref> \| 99 \|} ===Certifications=== {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry\|type=single\|region=United Kingdom\|artist=Dev\|title=Bass Down Low\|award=Silver\|relyear=2011\|certyear=2012\|id=8833-2597-1\|access-date=August 30, 2022}} {{Certification Table Bottom\|nosales=true}} {{col-end}} ==Radio add dates and release history== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" \|- !scope="col"\| Region !scope="col"\| Date !scope="col"\| Format \|- !scope="row"\| United States<ref name="Rhythmic"/> \| November 16, 2010 \| [[Rhythmic contemporary\|Rhythmic radio]] \|- !scope="row"\| Australia<ref name="iTunes"/> \| rowspan="2"\| December 6, 2010 \| rowspan="3"\| Digital download \|- !scope="row"\| New Zealand<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/bass-down-low-feat-the-cataracs/405414642\|title=Bass Down Low (feat. The Cataracs) – Single by Dev\|work=iTunes Store (New Zealand)\|date=January 2010 \|publisher=Apple, Inc\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> \|- !scope="row" rowspan="3"\| United States<ref name="Mainstream"/><ref name="remix ep"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bass-down-low-feat-the-cataracs/406053852\|title=Bass Down Low (feat. The Cataracs) – Single by Dev\|work=iTunes Store (United States)\|date=January 2010 \|publisher=Apple, Inc\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> \| December 7, 2010 \|- \| January 11, 2011 \|[[Contemporary hit radio\|Mainstream radio]] \|- \| March 29, 2011 \| Digital remix [[Extended play\|EP]] \|- !scope="row"\| Germany<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B004ITQEMM/\|title=Bass Down Low <nowiki>[</nowiki>Explicit<nowiki>]</nowiki>: Dev\|publisher=[[Amazon.de]]\|access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref> \| April 22, 2011 \| Digital download \|- !scope="row"\| United Kingdom<ref name="UK digital"/> \| April 24, 2011 \| Digital EP \|- !scope="row"\| United States<ref name="UK Mix"/> \| May 23, 2011 \| Remix download \|} ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} ==External links== *{{Youtube\|OOAMfUJ3tsc\|Official music video (Vevo)}} {{Dev}} {{The Cataracs}} {{good article}} {{authority control}} [[Category:2010 debut singles]] [[Category:Dev (singer) songs]] [[Category:The Cataracs songs]] [[Category:Song recordings produced by the Cataracs]] [[Category:2010 songs]] [[Category:Songs written by David Singer-Vine]] [[Category:Songs written by Kshmr]] [[Category:Universal Republic Records singles]] [[Category:Songs written by Dev (singer)]]	1,305,993,383	[{"title": "from the album The Night the Sun Came Up", "data": {"Released": "November 16, 2010", "Genre": "Electro", "Length": "3:30", "Label": "Universal Motown", "Songwriter(s)": "Devin Tailes, Niles Hollowell-Dhar, David Singer-Vine", "Producer(s)": "The Cataracs"}}, {"title": "Dev singles chronology", "data": {"\"Like a G6\" \u00b7 (2010)": "\"Bass Down Low\" \u00b7 (2010) \u00b7 \"Backseat\" \u00b7 (2011)"}}, {"title": "The Cataracs singles chronology", "data": {"\"Like a G6\" \u00b7 (2010)": "\"Bass Down Low\" \u00b7 (2010) \u00b7 \"Backseat\" \u00b7 (2011)"}}, {"title": "Dev", "data": {"Studio albums": "The Night the Sun Came Up", "Extended plays": "Bittersweet July Bittersweet July, Pt. 2", "Singles": "\" Bass Down Low \" \" In the Dark \" \" Naked \" \" Kiss It \" \" Honey Dip \" \" Parade \"", "Featured singles": "\" Like a G6 \" \" Backseat \" \" Top of the World \" \" She Makes Me Wanna \" \" Hey Hey Hey (Pop Another Bottle) \" \" Hotter Than Fire \"", "Promotional singles": "\"Take Her from You\"", "Associated acts": "The Cataracs Far East Movement", "Related articles": "Universal Republic"}}, {"title": "The Cataracs", "data": {"Singles": "\" Top of the World \" \" All You \"", "Featured singles": "\" Like a G6 \" \" Bass Down Low \" \" Backseat \"", "Related articles": "Discography Production discography Dev"}}]	false
# Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress The Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress was an award given annually by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association. It was first introduced in 1975 to reward the best performance by a leading actress. In 2022, it was announced that the four acting categories would be retired and replaced with two gender neutral categories, with both Best Actor and Best Actress merging into the Best Lead Performance category. ## Winners ### 1970s \| Year \| Winner \| Film \| Role \| \| ---- \| --------------- \| ---------------------------------- \| ------------------ \| \| 1975 \| Florinda Bolkan \| A Brief Vacation \| Clara Mataro \| \| 1976 \| Liv Ullmann \| Face to Face (Ansikte mot ansikte) \| Dr. Jenny Isaksson \| \| 1977 \| Shelley Duvall \| 3 Women \| Mildred Lammoreaux \| \| 1978 \| Jane Fonda \| California Suite \| Hannah Warren \| \| 1978 \| Jane Fonda \| Comes a Horseman \| Ella Connors \| \| 1978 \| Jane Fonda \| Coming Home \| Sally Hyde \| \| 1979 \| Sally Field \| Norma Rae \| Norma Rae Webster \| ### 1980s \| Year \| Winner(s) \| Film \| Role \| \| ---- \| ----------------- \| ----------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| \| 1980 \| Sissy Spacek \| Coal Miner's Daughter \| Loretta Webb/Lynn \| \| 1981 \| Meryl Streep \| The French Lieutenant's Woman \| Sarah Woodruff / Anna \| \| 1982 \| Meryl Streep \| Sophie's Choice \| Zofia "Sophie" Zawistowski \| \| 1983 \| Shirley MacLaine \| Terms of Endearment \| Aurora Greenway \| \| 1984 \| Kathleen Turner \| Crimes of Passion \| Joanna Crane / China Blue \| \| 1984 \| Kathleen Turner \| Romancing the Stone \| Joan Wilder \| \| 1985 \| Meryl Streep \| Out of Africa \| Karen Blixen \| \| 1986 \| Sandrine Bonnaire \| Vagabond (Sans toit ni loi) \| Mona Bergeron \| \| 1987 \| Holly Hunter \| Broadcast News \| Jane Craig \| \| 1987 \| Sally Kirkland \| Anna \| Anna \| \| 1988 \| Christine Lahti \| Running on Empty \| Annie Pope / Cynthia Manfield \| \| 1989 \| Andie MacDowell \| Sex, Lies, and Videotape \| Ann Bishop Mullany \| \| 1989 \| Michelle Pfeiffer \| The Fabulous Baker Boys \| Susie Diamond \| ### 1990s \| Year \| Winner(s) \| Film \| Role \| \| ---- \| -------------------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------- \| \| 1990 \| Anjelica Huston \| The Grifters \| Lilly Dillon \| \| 1990 \| Anjelica Huston \| The Witches \| Miss Eva Ernst / The Grand High Witch \| \| 1991 \| Mercedes Ruehl \| The Fisher King \| Anne Napolitano \| \| 1992 \| Emma Thompson \| Howards End \| Margaret Schlegel \| \| 1993 \| Holly Hunter \| The Piano \| Ada McGrath \| \| 1994 \| Jessica Lange \| Blue Sky \| Carly Marshall \| \| 1995 \| Elisabeth Shue \| Leaving Las Vegas \| Sera \| \| 1996 \| Brenda Blethyn \| Secrets & Lies \| Cynthia Rose Purley \| \| 1997 \| Helena Bonham Carter \| The Wings of the Dove \| Kate Croy \| \| 1998 \| Fernanda Montenegro \| Central Station (Central do Brasil) \| Isadora "Dora" Teixeira \| \| 1998 \| Ally Sheedy \| High Art \| Lucy Berliner \| \| 1999 \| Hilary Swank \| Boys Don't Cry \| Brandon Teena \| ### 2000s \| Year \| Winner \| Film \| Role \| \| ---- \| ---------------- \| ------------------------ \| --------------------- \| \| 2000 \| Julia Roberts \| Erin Brockovich \| Erin Brockovich \| \| 2001 \| Sissy Spacek \| In the Bedroom \| Ruth Fowler \| \| 2002 \| Julianne Moore \| Far from Heaven \| Cathy Whitaker \| \| 2002 \| Julianne Moore \| The Hours \| Laura McGrath Brown \| \| 2003 \| Naomi Watts \| 21 Grams \| Cristina Peck \| \| 2004 \| Imelda Staunton \| Vera Drake \| Vera Drake \| \| 2005 \| Vera Farmiga \| Down to the Bone \| Irene Morrison \| \| 2006 \| Helen Mirren \| The Queen \| Queen Elizabeth II \| \| 2007 \| Marion Cotillard \| La Vie en Rose (La môme) \| Édith Piaf \| \| 2008 \| Sally Hawkins \| Happy-Go-Lucky \| Pauline "Poppy" Cross \| \| 2009 \| Yolande Moreau \| Séraphine \| Séraphine Louis \| ### 2010s \| Year \| Winner(s) \| Film \| Role \| \| ---- \| ------------------- \| -------------------------- \| -------------------------- \| \| 2010 \| Kim Hye-ja \| Mother \| Mother \| \| 2011 \| Yoon Jeong-hee \| Poetry \| Yang Mi-ja \| \| 2012 \| Jennifer Lawrence \| Silver Linings Playbook \| Tiffany Maxwell \| \| 2012 \| Emmanuelle Riva \| Amour \| Anne Laurent \| \| 2013 \| Cate Blanchett \| Blue Jasmine \| Jeanette "Jasmine" Francis \| \| 2013 \| Adèle Exarchopoulos \| Blue Is the Warmest Colour \| Adèle \| \| 2014 \| Patricia Arquette \| Boyhood \| Olivia Evans \| \| 2015 \| Charlotte Rampling \| 45 Years \| Kate Mercer \| \| 2016 \| Isabelle Huppert \| Elle \| Michèle Leblanc \| \| 2016 \| Isabelle Huppert \| Things to Come \| Nathalie Chazeaux \| \| 2017 \| Sally Hawkins \| The Shape of Water \| Elisa Esposito \| \| 2018 \| Olivia Colman \| The Favourite \| Queen Anne \| \| 2019 \| Mary Kay Place \| Diane \| Diane \| ### 2020s \| Year \| Winner(s) \| Film \| Role \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| --------------------- \| ---------------- \| \| 2020 \| Carey Mulligan \| Promising Young Woman \| Cassandra Thomas \| \| 2021 \| Penélope Cruz \| Parallel Mothers \| Janis Martinez \| ## Multiple Winners 3 wins - Meryl Streep (1981, 1982, 1985) 2 wins - Sally Hawkins (2008, 2017) - Holly Hunter (1987, 1993) - Sissy Spacek (1980, 2001)	enwiki/8487685	enwiki	8,487,685	Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Actress	2025-08-17T11:40:00Z	en	Q501273	74,017	{{Infobox award \| name = Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress \| image = \| image_upright = 0.7 \| caption = Last recipient: [[Penélope Cruz]] \| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role \| presenter = [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]] \| country = [[United States]] \| year = [[Florinda Bolkan]] <br /> ''[[A Brief Vacation]]'' ([[1975 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards\|1975]]) \| year2 = [[Penélope Cruz]] <br /> ''[[Parallel Mothers]]'' ([[2021 in film\|2021]]) \| website = {{url\|lafca.net}} }} The '''Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress''' was an award given annually by the [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]. It was first introduced in 1975 to reward the best performance by a [[Leading actor\|leading actress]]. In 2022, it was announced that the four acting categories would be retired and replaced with two [[Gender neutrality\|gender neutral]] categories, with both [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor\|Best Actor]] and Best Actress merging into the [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Lead Performance\|Best Lead Performance]] category.<ref>{{cite tweet\|number=1580212765276315648\|title=For this year's awards vote, LAFCA will also introduce gender-neutral acting categories, with two awards for Best Lead Performance and two awards for Best Supporting Performance. Our voting meeting will take place on December 11, 2022.\|author-link=Los Angeles Film Critics Association\|user=LAFilmCritics\|date=October 12, 2022\|access-date=December 12, 2022\|link=https://twitter.com/LAFilmCritics/status/1580212765276315648\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208235353/https://twitter.com/LAFilmCritics/status/1580212765276315648\|archive-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref> ==Winners== ===1970s=== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:95%;" cellpadding="5" \|- ! style="width:100px;"\|'''Year''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Winner''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Film''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Role''' \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1975 \|\| '''[[Florinda Bolkan]]''' \|\| ''[[A Brief Vacation]]'' \|\| Clara Mataro \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1976 \|\| '''[[Liv Ullmann]]''' \|\| ''[[Face to Face (1976 film)\|Face to Face (Ansikte mot ansikte)]]'' \|\| Dr. Jenny Isaksson \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1977 \|\| '''[[Shelley Duvall]]''' \|\| ''[[3 Women (film)\|3 Women]]'' \|\| Mildred Lammoreaux \|- \|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"\| 1978 \|\| rowspan="3" \| '''[[Jane Fonda]]''' \|\| ''[[California Suite (film)\|California Suite]]'' \|\| Hannah Warren \|- \|''[[Comes a Horseman]]'' \|\| Ella Connors \|- \|''[[Coming Home (1978 film)\|Coming Home]]'' \|\| Sally Hyde \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1979 \|\| '''[[Sally Field]]''' \|\| ''[[Norma Rae]]'' \|\| Norma Rae Webster \|} ===1980s=== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:95%;" cellpadding="5" \|- ! style="width:100px;"\|'''Year''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Winner(s)''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Film''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Role''' \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1980 \|\| '''[[Sissy Spacek]]''' \|\| ''[[Coal Miner's Daughter (film)\|Coal Miner's Daughter]]'' \|\| Loretta Webb/Lynn \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1981 \|\| rowspan="2"\| '''[[Meryl Streep]]''' \|\| ''[[The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)\|The French Lieutenant's Woman]]'' \|\| Sarah Woodruff / Anna \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1982 \|\| ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)\|Sophie's Choice]]'' \|\| Zofia "Sophie" Zawistowski \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1983 \|\| '''[[Shirley MacLaine]]''' \|\| ''[[Terms of Endearment]]'' \|\| Aurora Greenway \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| 1984 \|\| rowspan="2"\| '''[[Kathleen Turner]]''' \|\| ''[[Crimes of Passion (1984 film)\|Crimes of Passion]]'' \|\| Joanna Crane / China Blue \|- \|''[[Romancing the Stone]]'' \|\| Joan Wilder \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1985 \|\| '''[[Meryl Streep]]''' \|\| ''[[Out of Africa (film)\|Out of Africa]]'' \|\| [[Karen Blixen]] \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1986 \|\| '''[[Sandrine Bonnaire]]''' \|\| ''[[Vagabond (1985 film)\|Vagabond (Sans toit ni loi)]]'' \|\| Mona Bergeron \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| 1987 \|\| '''[[Holly Hunter]]''' \|\| ''[[Broadcast News (film)\|Broadcast News]]'' \|\| Jane Craig \|- \|'''[[Sally Kirkland]]''' \|\| ''[[Anna (1987 film)\|Anna]]'' \|\| Anna \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1988 \|\| '''[[Christine Lahti]]''' \|\| ''[[Running on Empty (1988 film)\|Running on Empty]]'' \|\| Annie Pope / Cynthia Manfield \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| 1989 \|\| '''[[Andie MacDowell]]''' \|\| ''[[Sex, Lies, and Videotape]]'' \|\| Ann Bishop Mullany \|- \|'''[[Michelle Pfeiffer]]''' \|\| ''[[The Fabulous Baker Boys]]'' \|\| [[Susie Diamond]] \|} ===1990s=== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:95%;" cellpadding="5" \|- ! style="width:100px;"\|'''Year''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Winner(s)''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Film''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Role''' \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| 1990 \|\| rowspan="2" \| '''[[Anjelica Huston]]''' \|\| ''[[The Grifters (film)\|The Grifters]]'' \|\| Lilly Dillon \|- \|''[[The Witches (1990 film)\|The Witches]]'' \|\| [[Grand High Witch\|Miss Eva Ernst / The Grand High Witch]] \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1991 \|\| '''[[Mercedes Ruehl]]''' \|\| ''[[The Fisher King]]'' \|\| Anne Napolitano \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1992 \|\| '''[[Emma Thompson]]''' \|\| ''[[Howards End (film)\|Howards End]]'' \|\| Margaret Schlegel \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1993 \|\| '''[[Holly Hunter]]''' \|\| ''[[The Piano]]'' \|\| Ada McGrath \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1994 \|\| '''[[Jessica Lange]]''' \|\| ''[[Blue Sky (1994 film)\|Blue Sky]]'' \|\| Carly Marshall \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1995 \|\| '''[[Elisabeth Shue]]''' \|\| ''[[Leaving Las Vegas]]'' \|\| Sera \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1996 \|\| '''[[Brenda Blethyn]]''' \|\| ''[[Secrets & Lies (film)\|Secrets & Lies]]'' \|\| Cynthia Rose Purley \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1997 \|\| '''[[Helena Bonham Carter]]''' \|\| ''[[The Wings of the Dove (1997 film)\|The Wings of the Dove]]'' \|\| Kate Croy \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| 1998 \|\| '''[[Fernanda Montenegro]]''' \|\| ''[[Central Station (film)\|Central Station (Central do Brasil)]]'' \|\| Isadora "Dora" Teixeira \|- \| '''[[Ally Sheedy]]''' \|\| ''[[High Art]]'' \|\| Lucy Berliner \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 1999 \|\| '''[[Hilary Swank]]''' \|\| ''[[Boys Don't Cry (1999 film)\|Boys Don't Cry]]'' \|\| [[Brandon Teena]] \|} ===2000s=== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:95%;" cellpadding="5" \|- ! style="width:100px;"\|'''Year''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Winner''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Film''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Role''' \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2000 \|\| '''[[Julia Roberts]]''' \|\| ''[[Erin Brockovich (film)\|Erin Brockovich]]'' \|\| [[Erin Brockovich]] \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2001 \|\| '''[[Sissy Spacek]]''' \|\| ''[[In the Bedroom]]'' \|\| Ruth Fowler \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| 2002 \|\| rowspan="2" \| '''[[Julianne Moore]]''' \|\| ''[[Far from Heaven]]'' \|\| Cathy Whitaker \|- \| ''[[The Hours (film)\|The Hours]]'' \|\| Laura McGrath Brown \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2003 \|\| '''[[Naomi Watts]]''' \|\| ''[[21 Grams]]'' \|\| Cristina Peck \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2004 \|\| '''[[Imelda Staunton]]''' \|\| ''[[Vera Drake]]'' \|\| Vera Drake \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2005 \|\| '''[[Vera Farmiga]]''' \|\| ''[[Down to the Bone (film)\|Down to the Bone]]'' \|\| Irene Morrison \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2006 \|\| '''[[Helen Mirren]]''' \|\| ''[[The Queen (2006 film)\|The Queen]]'' \|\| [[Elizabeth II\|Queen Elizabeth II]] \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2007 \|\| '''[[Marion Cotillard]]''' \|\| ''[[La Vie en rose (film)\|La Vie en Rose (La môme)]]'' \|\| [[Édith Piaf]] \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2008 \|\| '''[[Sally Hawkins]]''' \|\| ''[[Happy-Go-Lucky (2008 film)\|Happy-Go-Lucky]]'' \|\| Pauline "Poppy" Cross \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2009 \|\| '''[[Yolande Moreau]]''' \|\| ''[[Séraphine (film)\|Séraphine]]'' \|\| [[Séraphine Louis]] \|} ===2010s=== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:95%;" cellpadding="5" \|- ! style="width:100px;"\|'''Year''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Winner(s)''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Film''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Role''' \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2010 \|\| '''[[Kim Hye-ja]]''' \|\| ''[[Mother (2009 film)\|Mother]]'' \|\| Mother \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2011 \|\| '''[[Yoon Jeong-hee]]''' \|\| ''[[Poetry (film)\|Poetry]]'' \|\| Yang Mi-ja \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| 2012 \|\| '''[[Jennifer Lawrence]]''' \|\| ''[[Silver Linings Playbook]]'' \|\| Tiffany Maxwell \|- \| '''[[Emmanuelle Riva]]''' \|\| ''[[Amour (2012 film)\|Amour]]'' \|\| Anne Laurent \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"\| 2013 \|\| '''[[Cate Blanchett]]''' \|\| ''[[Blue Jasmine]]'' \|\| Jeanette "Jasmine" Francis \|- \| '''[[Adèle Exarchopoulos]]''' \|\| ''[[Blue Is the Warmest Colour]]'' \|\| Adèle \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2014 \|\| '''[[Patricia Arquette]]''' \|\| ''[[Boyhood (2014 film)\|Boyhood]]'' \|\| Olivia Evans \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2015 \|\| '''[[Charlotte Rampling]]''' \|\| ''[[45 Years]]'' \|\| Kate Mercer \|- \|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" \| 2016 \|\| rowspan="2" \| '''[[Isabelle Huppert]]''' \|\| ''[[Elle (film)\|Elle]]'' \|\| Michèle Leblanc \|- \|''[[Things to Come (2016 film)\|Things to Come]]'' \|\| Nathalie Chazeaux \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2017 \|\| '''[[Sally Hawkins]]''' \|\| ''[[The Shape of Water]]'' \|\| Elisa Esposito \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2018 \|\| '''[[Olivia Colman]]''' \|\| ''[[The Favourite]]'' \|\| [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain\|Queen Anne]]<ref>[https://www.indiewire.com/2018/12/los-angeles-film-critics-association-2018-awards-winners-1202026715/#! Los Angeles Film Critics Association 2018 Winners\|IndieWire]</ref> \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2019 \|\| '''[[Mary Kay Place]]''' \|\| ''[[Diane (2018 film)\|Diane]]'' \|\| Diane<ref>[https://deadline.com/2019/12/los-angeles-film-critics-2019-winners-awards-list-1202803600/ Los Angeles Film Critics Awards 2019 Winners — Full List — Deadline]</ref> \|} ===2020s=== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:95%;" cellpadding="5" \|- ! style="width:100px;"\|'''Year''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Winner(s)''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Film''' ! style="width:300px;"\|'''Role''' \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2020 \|\| '''[[Carey Mulligan]]''' \|\| ''[[Promising Young Woman]]'' \|\| Cassandra Thomas<ref>[https://variety.com/2020/film/awards/lafca-winners-2020-1234867257/#! 'Small Axe' Wins LAFCA Best Picture Despite Not Submitted for Oscars - Variety]</ref> \|- \|style="text-align:center;"\| 2021 \|\| '''[[Penélope Cruz]]''' \|\| ''[[Parallel Mothers]]'' \|\| Janis Martinez<ref>[https://variety.com/2021/film/news/lafca-winners-list-2021-1235137273/ Los Angeles Film Critics 2021 Winners List - Variety]</ref> \|} ==Multiple Winners== ;3 wins [[Meryl Streep]] (1981, 1982, 1985) ;2 wins [[Sally Hawkins]] (2008, 2017) * [[Holly Hunter]] (1987, 1993) * [[Sissy Spacek]] (1980, 2001) ==See also== * [[National Board of Review Award for Best Actress]] * [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress]] * [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress}} {{LAFCA Awards Chron}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award For Best Actress}} [[Category:Awards disestablished in 2021]] [[Category:Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards\|A]] [[Category:Film awards for lead actress]]	1,306,375,495	[{"title": "Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress", "data": {"Awarded for": "Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role", "Country": "United States", "Presented by": "Los Angeles Film Critics Association", "First award": "Florinda Bolkan \u00b7 A Brief Vacation (1975)", "Final award": "Pen\u00e9lope Cruz \u00b7 Parallel Mothers (2021)", "Website": "lafca.net"}}]	false
# Pencilmation Pencilmation is an American flash animated comedy web series on YouTube created by Ross Bollinger. The series follows the endless struggle between creator and creation as pencil-drawn stick figures and doodles come to life and grapple against the torment of their animator's pencil and his arsenal of other drawing implements. The cartoon can be recognized by its trademark ruled paper backdrop, traditional frame-by-frame animation technique, inclusion of pencils and other drawing material, energetic music, classic cartoonish sound effects, simplistic character designs, and a mix of slapstick, situational comedy, meta, and doodle-based humor. As of December 2021, Pencilmation is the 260th most subscribed channel, the 225th most viewed channel, the 104th most subscribed channel from the US, the 15th most subscribed channel in the Film category, and the largest (most subscribed and most viewed) 2D Animation-focused original creator channel on all of YouTube. ## History At age 16, after being inspired from watching the Daffy Duck cartoon Duck Amuck, Bollinger created the first Pencilmation cartoon in Macromedia Flash and uploaded it to Newgrounds.com. Bollinger worked alone and was responsible for every aspect of creating the cartoon, including writing, drawing, animating, sound designing, composing, and voice acting, a trend that would more or less continue for the first few dozen Pencilmation episodes. ### 2004–2008: Beginnings On June 4, 2004, Bollinger uploaded the very first Pencilmation cartoon onto Newgrounds. It was received with high praise and would end up being awarded a Daily Feature from the site. One year later, on October 31, 2005, Bollinger would upload the second installment, "Pencilmation #2". This too was well-received and ended up winning a Frontpaged award along with other accolades. Between 2004 and 2006, Bollinger would upload onto Newgrounds these first two episodes of Pencilmation, two installments of the short-lived sister series Infinity Snail which takes place in the same Pencilmation universe, two installments of the short-lived dialogue-based Generic Brand Cartoons, and a one-off titled A Sad Swim. His work was introduced to a nationwide audience when it was used on The CW series Online Nation. ### 2009–2011: Early YouTube era After a 3-year hiatus, Bollinger returned to his Pencilmation series, uploading all previous episodes onto his new YouTube channel and producing a total of ten new episodes during 2009. In April 2010, "Pencilmation #10", Hook, Line and Stinker, won 1st Place in Animation at the 31st College Television Awards hosted by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Foundation. ### 2011–2012: Hank Hanky period After the release of "Pencilmation #19", Bollinger branched out to other projects. A four-part sister series titled Mythtory of the World was created. Also during this time, Hank Hanky, a figure who had been featured in a number of Pencilmation episodes and came to overshadow the original Pencilmation lead figure, was highly emphasized. The recognizable style of pencils drawing dialogue-absent doodles coming to life on a ruled paper background was dropped in favor of more traditional methods and having Hank speak. A few segments dubbed "The Hank Hanky Show" were produced, where viewers (mostly children) called a toll-free number to leave voice messages for Hank to answer. During this time, Bollinger drastically changed the layout of his official Pencilmation site and that of the Pencilmation Facebook page, pretending he was Hank taking over the program. ### 2012–2014: Return to form At the start of Pencilmation's Season 2 in mid-2012, Pencilmation #20 was produced. Following these new episodes, Hank Hanky and all non-Pencilmation material was soon phased out, with few exceptions down the road. ### 2014–2017: Early collaborative period For the first 36 episodes of Pencilmation, barring music and occasional animation assistance, Bollinger did all of the work solely by himself. From "Pencilmation #37" onward, a trend began that saw Bollinger delegating more and more responsibilities to other creatives, whether it be with the writing, animation, sound designing, composing, or voice acting. Bollinger would stay on as director and executive producer, and then eventually just executive producer and occasional writer. ### 2017–2018: Early production team period By this period, Pencilmation had become a well-oiled machine, each intricate process handled by several hands, the animation style becoming much more extravagant and sophisticated. Several new episodes were being produced every week, a process that once took Bollinger several weeks per episode by himself. A regular cast of recurring characters had been established. ### 2018–present: Rise in popularity In 2019, Pencilmation was featured in YouTube's annual YouTube Rewind, being acknowledged as the third most viewed creator channel of the year with 2.8 billion views. Between 2018 and 2020, Pencilmation's subscriber count exploded from a little more than 1 million to over 18 million, the channel views count from tens of millions to over 9 billion. This was largely in part due to YouTube's internal algorithm promoting videos on its YouTube Kids platform, as well as considerable exposure from being included as a part of the 2019 YouTube Rewind video recap. By the end of 2020, Bollinger and company had produced the 500th episode of Pencilmation. Today, Pencilmation is still helmed by Bollinger and employs a global, remote team of hundreds of artists, writers, and production staff. ## Episodes \| Season \| Episodes \| Originally aired \| Originally aired \| \| Season \| Episodes \| First aired \| Last aired \| \| ------ \| ---------------------- \| ------------------ \| ------------------ \| \| 1 \| 19 \| June 14, 2009 \| July 9, 2011 \| \| 2 \| 10+1 Christmas special \| May 26, 2012 \| December 17, 2012 \| \| 3 \| 9 \| January 25, 2013 \| December 17, 2014 \| \| 4 \| 11 \| January 16, 2015 \| March 11, 2016 \| \| 5 \| 8 \| March 26, 2016 \| August 19, 2016 \| \| 6 \| 11 \| September 2, 2016 \| November 30, 2016 \| \| 7 \| 23 \| December 7, 2016 \| March 28, 2017 \| \| 8 \| 15 \| March 31, 2017 \| May 19, 2017 \| \| 9 \| 14 \| May 23, 2017 \| July 7, 2017 \| \| 10 \| 17 \| July 11, 2017 \| September 12, 2017 \| \| 11 \| 23 \| September 8, 2017 \| December 1, 2017 \| \| 12 \| 21 \| December 5, 2017 \| February 13, 2018 \| \| 13 \| 22 \| February 16, 2018 \| May 1, 2018 \| \| 14 \| 20 \| May 4, 2018 \| July 17, 2018 \| \| 15 \| 21 \| July 19, 2018 \| September 11, 2018 \| \| 16 \| 21 \| September 13, 2018 \| November 17, 2018 \| \| 17 \| 26 \| November 20, 2018 \| January 31, 2019 \| \| 18 \| 25 \| February 2, 2019 \| March 30, 2019 \| \| 19 \| 25 \| April 2, 2019 \| June 13, 2019 \| \| 20 \| 25 \| June 15, 2019 \| August 31, 2019 \| \| 21 \| 26 \| September 3, 2019 \| November 30, 2019 \| \| 22 \| 27 \| December 3, 2019 \| March 3, 2020 \| \| 23 \| 25 \| March 7, 2020 \| May 30, 2020 \| \| 24 \| 25 \| June 2, 2020 \| August 25, 2020 \| \| 25 \| 26 \| August 29, 2020 \| December 12, 2020 \| \| 26 \| 26 \| December 15, 2020 \| April 10, 2021 \| \| 27 \| 27 \| April 13, 2021 \| July 17, 2021 \| \| 28 \| 23 \| July 20, 2021 \| October 5, 2021 \| \| 29 \| 29 \| October 9, 2021 \| January 15, 2022 \| \| 30 \| 24 \| January 18, 2022 \| April 5, 2022 \| \| 31 \| 25 \| April 9, 2022 \| July 2, 2022 \| \| 32 \| 25 \| July 5, 2022 \| September 27, 2022 \| \| 33 \| 27 \| October 1, 2022 \| December 27, 2022 \| \| 34 \| 20 \| January 7, 2023 \| May 20, 2023 \| ## Characters ### Main cast - Pencilmate (voiced by Joe Porter, Ross Bollinger, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant) is the main protagonist throughout the series. Color: blue. The tormented yet tenacious leader of the Pencilmation gang. - Pencilmiss (voiced by Kesh Mesha, Ama Bollinger, Daphne Garrington, and Katie Snyder) is the secondary protagonist throughout the series. Color: pink. The assertive, smart, and sweet character with a bit of a silly side. She is Pencilmate's romantic companion. - The Pencil draws both the characters and the world itself, as they are very mischievous and are typically the one behind the antics the gang goes through. - Mini-Pencilmate AKA Mini P and/or Mini Mate (voiced by Joe Porter, Ross Bollinger, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant) is the hyper and mischievous young neighborhood boy who pals around with Pencilmate and crew. Color: yellow. He is constantly finding himself in trouble. - Tall Guy AKA Orange Guy (voiced by Joe Porter, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant). Color: orange. The high-strung but friendly member of the ensemble. - Big Guy AKA Big Red Block and/or Red Box Guy (voiced by Joe Porter, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant). Color: red. The strong yet sometimes cowardly gentle giant of the group. - Granny (voiced by Kesh Mesha, Ama Bollinger, and Daphne Garrington). Color: green. The sneaky and beguiling wise elder of the crew. - Lil' Miss (voiced by Kesh Mesha, Ama Bollinger, and Daphne Garrington). Color: purple. The cute, caring little neighborhood girl whom Pencilmate and Pencilmiss look out after. - Tiny Pencilmate AKA Tiny P and/or Tiny Mate (voiced by Joe Porter, Ross Bollinger, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant). Color: brown. The antagonist of the series who was defeated in "Bad Sportsmanship". ### Other characters - Infinity Snail is the mute gastropod drifter whose inexplicable luck finds him saving the day through the power of coincidence. - Hank Hanky (voiced by Ross Bollinger and Joe Porter) is the thick-browed, overalls-wearing little rambunctious loudmouth who loves stealing the show and speaking his mind. Starred in The Hank Hanky Show where callers would ask Hank for advice with their personal problems.	enwiki/65857892	enwiki	65,857,892	Pencilmation	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencilmation	2025-08-20T23:29:51Z	en	Q107304859	123,942	{{short description\|American flash animated web series}} {{Infobox YouTube personality \| channel_handle = Pencilmation \| logo = \| years_active = 2009–present \| genre = {{Hlist\|Film\|animation\|comedy}} \| subscribers = 1.5 million \| views = 1.5 billion \| silver_button = y \| silver_year = 2015 \| gold_button = y \| gold_year = 2017 \| diamond_button = y \| diamond_year = 2019 \| stats_update = January 17, 2023 }} '''Pencilmation''' is an American [[Flash animation\|flash animated]] [[comedy]] [[web series]] on [[YouTube]] created by Ross Bollinger.<ref name=":2">{{cite web\|last=Zahed\|first=Ramin\|date=March 12, 2021\|title='Pencilmation' Creator Ross Bollinger Sharpens His Next Big Toon 'Gil Next Door'\|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/animated-people/pencilmation-creator-ross-bollinger-prepares-his-next-big-toon/\|access-date=June 10, 2021\|website=Animation Magazine}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web\|last=Zachary\|first=Brandon\|date=April 26, 2021\|title=Pencilmation Creator Ross Bollinger Dives Into His Animation Inspirations\|url=https://www.cbr.com/pencilmation-youtube-series-ross-bollinger-interview/\|access-date=June 10, 2021\|website=Comic Book Resources}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web\|last=Kornelis\|first=Chris\|date=June 9, 2021\|title=How 'Pencilmation' Became a YouTube Sensation\|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/how-pencilmation-became-a-youtube-sensation-11623258834\|access-date=June 10, 2021\|website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web\|last=Miller\|first=Pat\|date=June 10, 2009\|title='Pencilmation' Abuses Cartoons For Our Pleasure\|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2009/06/10/pencilmation-abuses-cartoons-for-our-pleasure/\|access-date=December 19, 2020\|website=Tubefilter}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web\|last=Beck\|first=Jerry\|date=December 4, 2011\|title="Pencilmation" by Ross Bollinger\|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/shorts/pencilmation-by-ross-bollinger-53550.html\|access-date=December 9, 2020\|website=Cartoon Brew}}</ref> The series follows the endless struggle between creator and creation as [[pencil]]-drawn [[stick figures]] and [[doodle]]s come to life and grapple against the torment of their animator's pencil and his arsenal of other drawing implements. The cartoon can be recognized by its trademark [[ruled paper]] backdrop, traditional frame-by-frame animation technique,<ref name=":3"/> inclusion of pencils and other drawing material, energetic music, classic cartoonish sound effects, simplistic character designs, and a mix of [[slapstick]], [[situational comedy]], meta, and doodle-based humor. As of December 2021, Pencilmation is the 260th most subscribed channel, the 225th most viewed channel, the 104th most subscribed channel from the US, the 15th most subscribed channel in the Film category, and the largest (most subscribed and most viewed) 2D Animation-focused original creator channel on all of YouTube.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":7">{{cite web\|title=Pencilmation\|url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/user/rossbollinger\|access-date=December 9, 2020\|website=Social Blade}}</ref> == History == At age 16, after being inspired from watching the [[Daffy Duck]] cartoon ''[[Duck Amuck]]'',<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":8">{{cite web \|last=Dudok de Wit \|first=Alex \|author-link=Alex Dudok de Wit \|date=December 2, 2020\|title=The Animation That Changed Me: Ross Bollinger on 'Duck Amuck'\|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/the-animation-that-changed-me/the-animation-that-changed-me-ross-bollinger-on-duck-amuck-199296.html\|access-date=December 9, 2020\|website=Cartoon Brew}}</ref> Bollinger created the first ''Pencilmation'' cartoon in [[Adobe Animate\|Macromedia Flash]] and uploaded it to [[Newgrounds.com]]. Bollinger worked alone and was responsible for every aspect of creating the cartoon, including writing, drawing, animating, sound designing, composing, and voice acting, a trend that would more or less continue for the first few dozen ''Pencilmation'' episodes. === 2004–2008: Beginnings === On June 4, 2004, Bollinger uploaded the very first ''Pencilmation'' cartoon onto [[Newgrounds]].<ref name=":9">{{cite web \|title=Pencilmation #1\|url=https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/172844 \|last=captainmcross\|date=June 4, 2004 \|website=Newgrounds \|access-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref> It was received with high praise and would end up being awarded a Daily Feature from the site. One year later, on October 31, 2005, Bollinger would upload the second installment, "Pencilmation #2".<ref name=":10">{{cite web \|title=Pencilmation #2\|url=https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/275345 \|last=captainmcross\|date=October 31, 2005 \|website=Newgrounds \|access-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref> This too was well-received and ended up winning a Frontpaged award along with other accolades. Between 2004 and 2006, Bollinger would upload onto Newgrounds these first two episodes of ''Pencilmation'', two installments of the short-lived sister series ''Infinity Snail'' which takes place in the same ''Pencilmation'' universe, two installments of the short-lived dialogue-based ''Generic Brand Cartoons'', and a one-off titled ''A Sad Swim''. His work was introduced to a nationwide audience when it was used on The CW series [[Online Nation]]. === 2009–2011: Early YouTube era === After a 3-year hiatus, Bollinger returned to his ''Pencilmation'' series, uploading all previous episodes onto his new YouTube channel and producing a total of ten new episodes during 2009. In April 2010, "Pencilmation #10", ''Hook, Line and Stinker'', won 1st Place in Animation at the 31st College Television Awards hosted by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Foundation.<ref name=":11">{{cite web\|last=Emmys.com Staff\|date=April 2010\|title=College Television Awards\|url=https://www.emmys.com/content/college-television-awards\|access-date=December 9, 2020\|website=Emmys}}</ref> === 2011–2012: Hank Hanky period === After the release of "Pencilmation #19", Bollinger branched out to other projects. A four-part sister series titled ''Mythtory of the World'' was created. Also during this time, Hank Hanky, a figure who had been featured in a number of ''Pencilmation'' episodes and came to overshadow the original ''Pencilmation'' lead figure, was highly emphasized. The recognizable style of pencils drawing dialogue-absent doodles coming to life on a ruled paper background was dropped in favor of more traditional methods and having Hank speak. A few segments dubbed "The Hank Hanky Show" were produced, where viewers (mostly children) called a toll-free number to leave voice messages for Hank to answer. During this time, Bollinger drastically changed the layout of his official Pencilmation site and that of the Pencilmation Facebook page, pretending he was Hank taking over the program.<ref name=":12">{{cite web\|last=Young Writers Workshop Staff\|date=May 2012\|title=Ross Bollinger (Alumnus, 2002-2004)\|url=https://www.theyoungwriters.org/artists/ross-bollinger\|access-date=December 9, 2020\|website=Young Writers Workshop}}</ref> === 2012–2014: Return to form === At the start of ''Pencilmation''<nowiki/>'s Season 2 in mid-2012, Pencilmation #20 was produced. Following these new episodes, Hank Hanky and all non-Pencilmation material was soon phased out, with few exceptions down the road. === 2014–2017: Early collaborative period === For the first 36 episodes of ''Pencilmation'', barring music and occasional animation assistance, Bollinger did all of the work solely by himself. From "Pencilmation #37" onward, a trend began that saw Bollinger delegating more and more responsibilities to other creatives, whether it be with the writing, animation, sound designing, composing, or voice acting. Bollinger would stay on as director and executive producer, and then eventually just executive producer and occasional writer. === 2017–2018: Early production team period === By this period, ''Pencilmation'' had become a well-oiled machine, each intricate process handled by several hands, the animation style becoming much more extravagant and sophisticated. Several new episodes were being produced every week, a process that once took Bollinger several weeks per episode by himself. A regular cast of recurring characters had been established. === 2018–present: Rise in popularity === In 2019, ''Pencilmation'' was featured in YouTube's annual [[YouTube Rewind]], being acknowledged as the third most viewed creator channel of the year with 2.8 billion views.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":13">{{cite web \|title=YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record {{!}} #YouTubeRewind\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lAe1cqCOXo\|last=YouTube\|date=December 5, 2019 \|website=YouTube \|access-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite web\|last=Lawler \|first=Richard\|date=December 5, 2019\|title=YouTube Rewind 2019 charts put 'Minecraft,' PewDiePie at the top\|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019-12-05-youtube-rewind-2019.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAI3G1j354uZTIe-BaxpIsYsHBF-36neq_d3S9NgRNX57dbV2f8lN0MNjZy6VUrgPkpm0bskZ30l3ApKuhr44qjDNjujyQToWLNrFyOySrhPOW6_I2-0O6QyM0f9B2_SVKm-U-uimCyPFIdNhidGPOjFfXmVfj-SlmvHV9kATzMH5\|access-date=December 19, 2020\|website=Engadget}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{cite web\|last=Business Insider India Staff \|date=December 6, 2019\|title=The most-viewed creators on YouTube in 2019 include PewDiePie, David Dobrik, and some of your favorite gamers\|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/slideshows/miscellaneous/the-most-viewed-creators-on-youtube-in-2019-include-pewdiepie-david-dobrik-and-some-of-your-favorite-gamers/slidelist/72404087.cms#slideid=72404103\|access-date=December 19, 2020\|website=Business Insider India}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{cite web\|last=Woodcock\|first=Zara \|date=December 5, 2019\|title=PewDiePie crowned most watched and most-subscribed YouTuber of the year\|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/05/pewdiepie-crowned-watched-subscribed-youtuber-year-11279399/\|access-date=December 19, 2020\|website=Metro}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{cite web\|last=Doménech \|first=Emilio \|date=December 5, 2019\|title=QUIÉNES SON LOS 10 CREADORES DE YOUTUBE MÁS VISTOS DEL 2019\|url=https://www.revistavanityfair.es/cultura/entretenimiento/articulos/quienes-10-creadores-youtube-mas-vistos-2019/42171\|access-date=December 19, 2020\|website=Vanity Fair España}}</ref> Between 2018 and 2020, Pencilmation's subscriber count exploded from a little more than 1 million to over 18 million,<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":18">{{cite web \|title=Most Popular Animation Channels {{!}} Most Subscribed Animator [ 2012 - 2020 ]\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Umpwi82ZkZo&feature=youtu.be \|last=Datalented - Most Popular Data\|date=May 21, 2020 \|website=YouTube \|access-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref> the channel views count from tens of millions to over 9 billion. This was largely in part due to YouTube's internal algorithm promoting videos on its [[YouTube Kids]] platform, as well as considerable exposure from being included as a part of the 2019 [[YouTube Rewind]] video recap. By the end of 2020, Bollinger and company had produced the 500th episode of ''Pencilmation''. Today, ''Pencilmation'' is still helmed by Bollinger and employs a global, remote team of hundreds of artists, writers, and production staff.<ref name=":4"/> == Episodes == {\| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" \|Season ! rowspan="2" \|Episodes ! colspan="2" \|Originally aired \|- !First aired !Last aired \|- \|1 \|19 \|{{Start date and age\|2009\|6\|14}} \|{{Start date and age\|2011\|7\|9}} \|- \|2 \|10+1 Christmas special \|{{Start date and age\|2012\|5\|26}} \|{{Start date and age\|2012\|12\|17}} \|- \|3 \|9 \|{{Start date and age\|2013\|1\|25}} \|{{Start date and age\|2014\|12\|17}} \|- \|4 \|11 \|{{Start date and age\|2015\|1\|16}} \|{{Start date and age\|2016\|3\|11}} \|- \|5 \|8 \|{{Start date and age\|2016\|3\|26}} \|{{Start date and age\|2016\|8\|19}} \|- \|6 \|11 \|{{Start date and age\|2016\|9\|2}} \|{{Start date and age\|2016\|11\|30}} \|- \|7 \|23 \|{{Start date and age\|2016\|12\|7}} \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|3\|28}} \|- \|8 \|15 \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|3\|31}} \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|5\|19}} \|- \|9 \|14 \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|5\|23}} \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|7\|7}} \|- \|10 \|17 \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|7\|11}} \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|9\|12}} \|- \|11 \|23 \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|9\|8}} \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|12\|1}} \|- \|12 \|21 \|{{Start date and age\|2017\|12\|5}} \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|2\|13}} \|- \|13 \|22 \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|2\|16}} \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|5\|1}} \|- \|14 \|20 \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|5\|4}} \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|7\|17}} \|- \|15 \|21 \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|7\|19}} \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|9\|11}} \|- \|16 \|21 \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|9\|13}} \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|11\|17}} \|- \|17 \|26 \|{{Start date and age\|2018\|11\|20}} \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|1\|31}} \|- \|18 \|25 \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|2\|2}} \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|3\|30}} \|- \|19 \|25 \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|4\|2}} \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|6\|13}} \|- \|20 \|25 \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|6\|15}} \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|8\|31}} \|- \|21 \|26 \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|9\|3}} \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|11\|30}} \|- \|22 \|27 \|{{Start date and age\|2019\|12\|3}} \|{{Start date and age\|2020\|3\|3}} \|- \|23 \|25 \|{{Start date and age\|2020\|3\|7}} \|{{Start date and age\|2020\|5\|30}} \|- \|24 \|25 \|{{Start date and age\|2020\|6\|2}} \|{{Start date and age\|2020\|8\|25}} \|- \|25 \|26 \|{{Start date and age\|2020\|8\|29}} \|{{Start date and age\|2020\|12\|12}} \|- \|26 \|26 \|{{Start date and age\|2020\|12\|15}} \|{{Start date and age\|2021\|4\|10}} \|- \|27 \|27 \|{{Start date and age\|2021\|4\|13}} \|{{Start date and age\|2021\|7\|17}} \|- \|28 \|23 \|{{Start date and age\|2021\|7\|20}} \|{{Start date and age\|2021\|10\|5}} \|- \|29 \|29 \|{{Start date and age\|2021\|10\|9}} \|{{Start date and age\|2022\|1\|15}} \|- \|30 \|24 \|{{Start date and age\|2022\|1\|18}} \|{{Start date and age\|2022\|4\|5}} \|- \|31 \|25 \|{{Start date and age\|2022\|4\|9}} \|{{Start date and age\|2022\|7\|2}} \|- \|32 \|25 \|{{Start date and age\|2022\|7\|5}} \|{{Start date and age\|2022\|9\|27}} \|- \|33 \|27 \|{{Start date and age\|2022\|10\|1}} \|{{Start date and age\|2022\|12\|27}} \|- \|34 \|20 \|{{Start date and age\|2023\|1\|7}} \|{{Start date and age\|2023\|5\|20}} \|} ==Characters== ===Main cast=== '''Pencilmate''' (voiced by Joe Porter, Ross Bollinger, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant) is the main protagonist throughout the series. Color: blue. The tormented yet tenacious leader of the Pencilmation gang. '''Pencilmiss''' (voiced by Kesh Mesha, Ama Bollinger, Daphne Garrington, and Katie Snyder) is the secondary protagonist throughout the series. Color: pink. The assertive, smart, and sweet character with a bit of a silly side. She is Pencilmate's romantic companion. '''The Pencil''' draws both the characters and the world itself, as they are very mischievous and are typically the one behind the antics the gang goes through. '''Mini-Pencilmate''' AKA Mini P and/or Mini Mate (voiced by Joe Porter, Ross Bollinger, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant) is the hyper and mischievous young neighborhood boy who pals around with Pencilmate and crew. Color: yellow. He is constantly finding himself in trouble. '''Tall Guy''' AKA Orange Guy (voiced by Joe Porter, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant). Color: orange. The high-strung but friendly member of the ensemble. '''Big Guy''' AKA Big Red Block and/or Red Box Guy (voiced by Joe Porter, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant). Color: red. The strong yet sometimes cowardly gentle giant of the group. '''Granny''' (voiced by Kesh Mesha, Ama Bollinger, and Daphne Garrington). Color: green. The sneaky and beguiling wise elder of the crew. '''Lil' Miss''' (voiced by Kesh Mesha, Ama Bollinger, and Daphne Garrington). Color: purple. The cute, caring little neighborhood girl whom Pencilmate and Pencilmiss look out after. '''Tiny Pencilmate''' AKA Tiny P and/or Tiny Mate (voiced by Joe Porter, Ross Bollinger, Oswald Garrington, and Leif Grant). Color: brown. The antagonist of the series who was defeated in "Bad Sportsmanship". ===Other characters === '''Infinity Snail''' is the mute gastropod drifter whose inexplicable luck finds him saving the day through the power of coincidence. '''Hank Hanky''' (voiced by Ross Bollinger and Joe Porter) is the thick-browed, overalls-wearing little rambunctious loudmouth who loves stealing the show and speaking his mind. Starred in The Hank Hanky Show where callers would ask Hank for advice with their personal problems. == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Official website\|https://www.pencilmation.com/}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pencilmation}} [[Category:2000s YouTube series]] [[Category:2004 web series debuts]] [[Category:2023 web series endings]] [[Category:2004 drawings]] [[Category:2010s YouTube series]] [[Category:2020s YouTube series]] [[Category:American animated web series]] [[Category:American comedy web series]] [[Category:Flash cartoons]] [[Category:Animated television series without speech]]	1,307,001,096	[{"title": "YouTube information", "data": {"Channel": "Pencilmation", "Years active": "2009\u2013present", "Genres": "Film animation comedy", "Subscribers": "1.5 million", "Views": "1.5 billion", "Silver Play Button": "100,000 subscribers \u00b7 2015", "Gold Play Button": "1,000,000 subscribers \u00b7 2017", "Diamond Play Button": "10,000,000 subscribers \u00b7 2019"}}]	false
# Gasoline pump A gasoline pump or fuel dispenser is a machine at a filling station that is used to pump gasoline (petrol), diesel, or other types of liquid fuel into vehicles. Gasoline pumps are also known as bowsers or petrol bowsers (in Australia and South Africa), petrol pumps (in Commonwealth countries), or gas pumps (in North America). ## History The first gasoline pump was invented and sold by Sylvanus Bowser in Fort Wayne, Indiana, on September 5, 1885, pre-dating the automobile industry- It was commonly used to dispense the kerosene used in lamps and stoves. He later improved upon the pump by adding safety measures, and by adding a hose to directly dispense fuel into automobiles. For a while, the term bowser was used to refer to a vertical gasoline pump. In the United States this term is now only used for trucks that carry and dispense fuel to large aircraft at airports, but it is still used sometimes in Australia and New Zealand. The first gasoline pump was patented by Norwegian John J. Tokheim in 1901. The Tokheim pump was named after him. Fuel retail industry giant OPW (a Dover company) acquired Tokheim in 2016. Many early gasoline pumps had a calibrated glass cylinder on top. The desired quantity of fuel was pumped up into the cylinder as indicated by the calibration. Then the pumping was stopped and the gasoline was let out into the customer's tank by gravity. When metering pumps came into use, a small glass globe with a turbine inside replaced the measuring cylinder to show the customer that gasoline really was flowing into the tank. The first measured gas pump, commercially produced by Gilbarco in 1911, lacked this globe, with customers having to rely on the gas station owner to have calibrated it accurately. ## Design A modern gasoline pump is divided into two main parts – an electronic "head" containing an embedded computer to control the action of the pump, drive the pump's displays, and communicate to an indoor sales system; and a mechanical section which (in a self-contained unit) has an electric motor, pumping unit, meters, pulsers and valves to physically pump and control the fuel flow. In some cases the actual pump may be sealed and immersed inside the fuel tanks on a site, in which case it is known as a submersible pump. In general, submersible solutions in Europe are installed in hotter countries, where suction pumps may have problems overcoming cavitation with warm fuels or when the distance from tank to pump is longer than a suction pump can manage. In modern pumps, the major variations are in the number of hoses or grades they can dispense, the physical shape, and additional hardware for services such as pay at the pump and attendant tag readers. Light passenger vehicles pump up to about 50 litres (13 US gallons) per minute (the United States limits this to 10 US gallons [38 litres] per minute); pumps serving trucks and other large vehicles have a higher flow rate, up to 130 litres (34 US gallons) per minute in the UK and 40 US gallons (150 litres) in the US. This flow rate is based on the diameter of the vehicle's fuel filling pipe, which limits flow to these amounts. Airline refueling can reach 1,000 US gallons (3,800 litres) per minute. Higher flow rates may overload the vapor recovery system in vehicles equipped with enhanced evaporative emissions controls (required since 1996 in the US), causing excess vapor emissions, and may present a safety hazard. Historically, gasoline pumps had a very wide range of designs to solve the mechanical problems of pumping, reliable measurement, safety, and aesthetics. This has led to some popularity in collecting antique dispensers, especially in the US. ### Fuel nozzles Nozzles are attached to the pump with flexible hoses, so they can reach the vehicle's filler inlet. The hoses are robust to survive heavy wear and tear, including exposure to weather and being driven over, and are often attached using heavy spring or coil arrangements to provide additional strength. A breakaway valve is also fitted to the hose so that the nozzle and hose will detach and fuel flow will stop if a motorist drives off with the nozzle still in the filler. Nozzles are usually color-coded to indicate which grade of fuel they dispense, but the color-coding differs between countries and even retailers. For example, a black hose and handle in the majority of Europe indicate that the fuel dispensed is diesel, and a green dispenser indicates unleaded fuel; the reverse is common in the US, with green for diesel, yellow for E85, and black, red, white, and blue for other gasoline grades, which vary by gas station. #### Misfueling Some nozzles are designed to prevent the motorist selecting the wrong fuel. The nozzle on diesel pumps is supposed to be larger so that it cannot fit into the filler pipe on a vehicle tank designed for gasoline. However, the larger diameter diesel nozzles are not an actual requirement, and many diesel pumps have been fitted with standard gasoline nozzles. Also, the nozzle for leaded gasoline is wider than for unleaded, and the fill pipe on vehicles designed for unleaded-only was made narrower to prevent misfueling. Some diesel fuel tanks are designed to prevent the wrong type of nozzle from being used. ### Blending In some countries, pumps can mix two fuel products together before dispensing; this is referred to as blending or mixing. Typical usages are in a "mix" pump to add oil to petrol for two-stroke motorcycles, to produce an intermediate octane rating from separate high and low octane fuels, or to blend hydrogen and compressed natural gas (HCNG). Retailers benefit by offering three grades of fuel while having to stock only two. This frees up both working capital and tank capacity and improves fuel turnover. ### Flow measurement The equipment must accurately measure the amount of fuel pumped. Flow measurement is almost always done by a 4 stroke piston meter connected to an electronic encoder. In older gasoline pumps, the meter is physically coupled to reeled numerical displays (moving wheels or cylinders with numbers on the side), while newer pumps turn the meter's movement into electrical pulses using a rotary encoder. ### Metrology #### Gasoline Gasoline is difficult to sell in a fair and consistent manner by volumetric units. It expands and contracts significantly as its temperature changes. Its coefficient of thermal expansion at 20 °C is about 4.5 times that of water. In the US, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) specifies the accuracy of the measurements in Handbook 44, though states set their own legal standards. The standard accuracy is 0.3%, meaning that a 10-US-gallon (37.9 L) purchase may actually deliver between 9.97 and 10.03 US gal (37.7 and 38.0 L). The reference temperature for gasoline volume measurement is 60 °F or 15 °C. Ten gallons of gasoline at that temperature expands to about 10.15 US gal (38.4 L) at 85 °F (29 °C) and contracts to about 9.83 US gal (37.2 L) at 30 °F (−1 °C). Each of the three volumes represents the same theoretical amount of energy. In one sense, a given volume of gasoline purchased at 30 °F has about 3.2% more potential energy than the same volume purchased at 85 °F. Most gasoline is stored in tanks underneath the filling station. Modern tanks are non-metallic and sealed to stop leaks. Some have double walls or other structures that provide a side benefit of thermal insulation while pursuing the main goal of keeping gasoline out of the soil around the tank. So while the air temperature can easily vary between 30 and 85 °F (−1 and 29 °C), the gasoline warms or cools much more slowly, especially underground, as deep soil temperature tends to remain in a narrow range throughout the year, regardless of air temperature. Temperature compensation is common at the wholesale level in the United States and most other countries. At the retail level, Canada has converted to automatic temperature compensation, and the UK is converting, but the United States has not converted. Automatic temperature compensation, known as Standard Temperature Accounting in the UK, may add a tiny amount of additional uncertainty to the measurement of about 0.1%. There are far fewer retail outlets for gasoline in the US today than there were in 1980. Larger outlets sell gasoline rapidly, as much as 30,000 US gal (110,000 L) in a single day, even in remote places. Most finished product gasoline is delivered in 8,000- to 16,000-gallon tank trucks, so two deliveries in a 24-hour period are common. Gasoline spends so little time in the retail sales system that its temperature at the point of sale does not vary significantly from winter to summer or by region. Canada has lower overall population densities and geographically larger gasoline distribution systems, compared with the United States. Temperature compensation at the retail level improves the fairness under those conditions. In the United States, each state has its own Department of Weights and Measure, with the authority to perform all testing and certification, issuing fines for non-compliance. For example, in 2007 Arizona found that 9% of all pumps were off by at least 2.5% (the threshold for fines), evenly split between overcounting and undercounting fuel. In many jurisdictions, regular required inspections are conducted to ensure the accuracy of gasoline pumps. For example, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services conducts regular tests of calibration and fuel quality at individual dispensers. The department also conducts random undercover inspections using specially designed vehicles that can check the accuracy of the dispensers. The department issues correction required notices to stations with pumps found to be inaccurate. Most other US states conduct similar inspections. In Canada, inspections are regularly conducted by the federal government agency Measurement Canada. Inspection dates and test results are required, by law, to be displayed to consumers on a sticker on gasoline pumps. Under the 2011 Fairness at the Pumps Act, a vendor with a modified or poorly maintained dispenser can be fined up to $50,000. However, virtually all pumps that fail inspection in Canada do so for general calibration errors caused by use over time. Intentional modification for the purpose of deceiving consumers is extremely rare, as are prosecutions. #### Hydrogen Hydrogen fuel dispensers in use on hydrogen stations dispense by the kilogram. In the US, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) specifies in Handbook 44 that the tolerance of the measurements is to be 2.0%. Worldwide regulations are discussed under OIML R 139 (compressed hydrogen). Hydrogen pumps may be regulated under terms drawn from an industry technical standard, SAE J2601. ### Communications components Technology for communicating with gasoline pumps from a point of sale or other controller varies widely, involving a variety of hardware (RS-485, RS-422, current loop, and others) and proprietary software protocols. In the past, this gave pump manufacturers vendor lock-in for their own point-of-sale systems, since only they understood the protocols. An effort to standardize in the 1990s resulted in the International Forecourt Standards Forum, which has had considerable success in Europe, but less elsewhere. By October 2017, all US gasoline pumps with credit card readers had to support EMV payment. A year before this rule came into force, a third of 750,000 pumps needed upgrading at a cost of $6,000 to $17,000 each plus the cost of new EPOS hardware and software. With some software not expected to be ready, some fleet cards not having chip technology available in time, not enough technicians for the installations, and many businesses unable to afford the upgrade, it was predicted the conversion would take until 2021. ### Automatic cut-off The shut-off valve was invented in Olean, New York, in 1939 by Richard C. Corson. At a loading dock at the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Corson observed a worker filling a barrel with gasoline and thought it inefficient. The sound of a toilet flushing later gave him the idea for a "butterfly float." After developing a prototype with his assistant, Paul Wenke, Corson gave the suggestion to the company who later filed for a patent in his name. The initial intent of the device was to "allow a person to fill more than one barrel [of gasoline] at the same time." This mechanism eventually developed into the modern gasoline pump cut-off valve. Most modern pumps have an automatic cut-off feature that stops the flow when the tank is full. This is done with an auxiliary sensing tube running from just inside the mouth of the nozzle to a Venturi pump in the pump handle. A mechanical valve in the pump handle detects a change of pressure and closes, preventing the flow of fuel. ### Other components A modern fuel pump will often contain control equipment for the vapor recovery system, which prevents gasoline vapor from escaping to the air. In the UK, for example, any new forecourt with a predicted throughput in excess of 500 m3 per month is required to have active vapor recovery installed. ### Early designs - Restored petrol bowser, Gundagai, Australia - Fuel pump in Vienna, Austria. - A 1991 photograph of a fuel pump in Ömossa village, Kristinestad, Finland. - Antique fuel pump in Quillan, France. - Antique diesel fuel pump located at Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum, Konz, Germany. - Display of various antique fuel pumps at Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany. - Display of various antique fuel pumps at Retro Classics 2018 in Stuttgart, Germany. - Old Soviet Union fuel pumps. - Gasoline pumps once used at the historic Morcomb's Service Station in Glendale, Arizona. Included is a 1918 Visi Bowl pump (left) - Antique "Mobilgas" pumps, manufactured by Tokheim, located in Wilton, Connecticut. - Antique gasoline pump from Savannah, Georgia. - Two types of Shell gasoline pumps at Soulsby Service Station in Mount Olive, Illinois. - Four old-fashioned gasoline pumps at the 2012 Greater Milwaukee Auto Show. - Wayne pump from 1923 in BP livery, at the Science Museum, London - Union Motor Spirit Company petrol bowsers, Sydney, Australia, 1932-1935 ## Regulation Since gasoline pumps are the focal point of distributing fuel to the general public, and fuel is a hazardous substance, they are subject to stringent requirements regarding safety, accuracy and security. The exact details differ between jurisdictions and can depend to some extent on politics. For example, in countries fighting corruption, such as Mexico, gasoline pumps may be more stringently monitored by government officials, to detect attempts to defraud customers. Typically, individual pumps must be certified for operation after installation by a weights and measures inspector, who tests that the pump displays the same amount that it dispenses. In Taiwan, continuous fuel flow is not allowed for self service pumps; the driver must grip the nozzle until the desired amount of fuel has been delivered or until the shutoff switch is triggered. This is also the case in Australia and the UK. 《Chinese Fuel Dispenser Verification Regulation: Key Overview》 JJG 443-2023 Key Technical Requirements (1) Metrological Performance Maximum Allowable Error: ±0.30% for volume measurement. Repeatability: ≤0.10% across all flow rates. Payment Accuracy: Error between displayed amount and actual volume × price must be ≤ minimum payment variable . (2) Structural and Safety Features Anti-Tampering: Mandatory self-locking function to disable dispensing if pulse rate or volume anomalies are detected. Component Consistency: Flow measurement transducers, encoders, and control boards must match type-approval documentation. Software Identification: Displays or outputs software version identifiers for traceability . (3) New Structural Mandates Separate Flow Paths: No shared flow measurement transducers for multiple hoses. Explosion-Proof Design: Required for hazardous environments .	enwiki/30857705	enwiki	30,857,705	Gasoline pump	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_pump	2025-08-20T23:30:12Z	en	Q147366	150,570	{{For\|the automobile component\|Fuel pump}} {{Use American English\|date=March 2021}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2021}} [[File:WaynePump-sm.jpg\|thumb\|right\|A pump, manufactured by [[Dresser Industries\|Dresser Wayne]], in [[Greece]].]] [[File:Fuel dispenser in use.jpg\|thumb\|A dispenser being used at a BP [[filling station\|gas station]] in [[Wisconsin]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/SmallBusiness/Resources/GasStations.html\|title=Gas Stations - Wisconsin DNR\|website=dnr.wi.gov\|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref>]] A '''gasoline pump''' or '''fuel dispenser''' is a machine at a [[filling station]] that is used to [[pump]] [[gasoline]] (petrol), [[diesel fuel\|diesel]], or other types of liquid [[fuel]] into vehicles. Gasoline pumps are also known as <!--alpha by location-->'''bowsers''' or '''petrol bowsers''' (in [[Australia]] and [[South Africa]]),<ref>{{cite journal \|journal=Ozwords \|url=http://andc.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/ozwords_oct05.pdf \|publisher=Australian National Dictionary Centre \|date=October 2005 \|author=Mark Gwynn \|title=When people become words \|quote=But one doesn’t have to be an Australian to enter the Australian lexicon — take bowser 'petrol pump' (in Australia), which is [[namesake\|named after]] a company established by U.S. inventor and entrepreneur [[Sylvanus Bowser\|S.F. Bowser]]. \|access-date=2013-07-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409200400/http://andc.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/ozwords_oct05.pdf \|archive-date=2011-04-09 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/rrppsas669/ \|title=Regulations Regarding Petroleum Products Specifications and Standards \|date=2019-10-09 \|access-date=2023-09-06 \|publisher=Southern African Legal Information Institute}}{{Short description\|Machine at a filling station that is used to pump fuels}}</ref> '''petrol pumps''' (in [[Commonwealth of nations\|Commonwealth]] countries), or '''gas pumps''' (in [[North America]]). == History == The first gasoline pump was invented and sold by [[Sylvanus Bowser]] in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]], on September 5, 1885,<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Alfred \|first=Randy \|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/09/dayintech_0905 \|title=Sept. 5, 1885: Pay at the Pump \|magazine=Wired \|date=2008-10-01 \|access-date=2011-12-10}}</ref> pre-dating the [[automobile]] industry- It was commonly used to dispense the [[kerosene]] used in [[kerosene lamp\|lamp]]s and [[Primus stove\|stove]]s. He later improved upon the pump by adding safety measures, and by adding a hose to directly dispense fuel into automobiles. For a while,{{vague\|date=April 2021}}{{when\|date=April 2021}} the term ''bowser'' was used to refer to a vertical gasoline pump. In the United States this term is now only used for trucks that carry and dispense fuel to large aircraft at airports,{{Citation needed\|date=April 2021}} but it is still used sometimes in Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259495986 \|title=Fuel for thought \|newspaper=[[Air Force (newspaper)\|Air Force]] \|volume=46 \|issue=21 \|date=18 November 2004 \|access-date=21 February 2022 \|page=4 \|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The first gasoline pump was patented by Norwegian John J. Tokheim in 1901. The Tokheim pump was named after him. Fuel retail industry giant OPW (a Dover company) acquired Tokheim in 2016.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2021}} Many early gasoline pumps had a calibrated glass cylinder on top. The desired quantity of fuel was pumped up into the cylinder as indicated by the calibration. Then the pumping was stopped and the gasoline was let out into the customer's tank by gravity. When metering pumps came into use, a small glass globe with a turbine inside replaced the measuring cylinder to show the customer that gasoline really was flowing into the tank.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2021}} The first measured gas pump, commercially produced by [[Gilbarco]] in 1911, lacked this globe, with customers having to rely on the gas station owner to have calibrated it accurately.<ref name="companyhistory">{{cite web\|archive-date=May 30, 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530131827/https://www.gilbarco.com/us/company-history\|url=https://www.gilbarco.com/us/company-history\|title=Company History\|publisher=Gilbarco Veeder-Root\|year=2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|publisher=Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation\|url=https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/92008/#slide=gs-213001\|access-date=May 30, 2023\|quote=Gas pumps provide drivers with an easy way to put gasoline in their cars. This gas pump, made by Gilbert and Barker Manufacturing Company, dates from about 1915. Gilbert and Barker introduced the first measuring gas pump in 1911. Customers, however, could not see the gasoline. They had to rely on the pump's accuracy and the gas station owner's honesty.\|title=Manual Crank Gasoline Pump, circa 1915}}</ref> == Design == [[File:Hydrogen station pump.jpg\|thumb\|[[Hydrogen station]] pump at a [[shell plc\|Shell]] station]] [[File:Fuel Dispenser.jpg\|thumb\|A four pump dispenser at a petrol station in Finland. The dispenser shown here dispenses 95E10 and 98E5 petrol; diesel as well as low tax [[fuel oil]] dyed with [[Solvent Yellow 124]] (indicated as "Polttoöljy"/"Brännolja"/"MPÖ"; primarily intended for non-road vehicles such as those used in the agricultural and construction sectors)]] A modern gasoline pump is divided into two main parts – an electronic "head" containing an [[embedded computer]] to control the action of the pump, drive the pump's displays, and communicate to an indoor sales system; and a mechanical section which (in a self-contained unit) has an electric motor, pumping unit, meters, pulsers and valves to physically pump and control the fuel flow. In some cases the actual pump may be sealed and immersed inside the fuel tanks on a site, in which case it is known as a [[submersible pump]]. In general, submersible solutions in Europe are installed in hotter countries, where suction pumps may have problems overcoming [[cavitation]] with warm fuels or when the distance from tank to pump is longer than a suction pump can manage. In modern pumps, the major variations are in the number of hoses or grades they can dispense, the physical shape, and additional hardware for services such as [[pay at the pump]] and attendant tag readers. Light passenger vehicles pump up to about {{convert\|50\|L\|USgal\|abbr=off\|lk=on}} per minute<ref name="ukcert">{{cite web \|title=Certificate Pursuant to section 12 of the Weights and Measures Act 1985 \|date=12 January 2018 \|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/296219/UK-2780-revision-3.pdf}}</ref> (the United States limits this to {{convert\|10\|USgal\|L\|abbr=off\|disp=sqbr}} per minute<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/ld-hwy/evap/spitback.txt \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731141527/http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/ld-hwy/evap/spitback.txt \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=31 July 2012 \|title=The EPA 10 gallon per minute fuel dispensing limit \|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \|date=1997-09-24 \|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>); pumps serving trucks and other large vehicles have a higher flow rate, up to {{convert\|130\|L\|USgal\|abbr=off}} per minute in the UK<ref name="ukcert" /> and {{convert\|40\|USgal\|L\|abbr=off}} in the US. This flow rate is based on the diameter of the vehicle's fuel filling pipe, which limits flow to these amounts. Airline refueling can reach {{convert\|1000\|USgal\|L\|abbr=off}} per minute.<ref>{{cite web \|title=How Large Aircraft Fuel Up \|last=Austerman \|first=Gary \|date=May 1997 \|publisher=Petroleum Equipment & Technology Archive \|url=http://www.petrolplaza.com/technology/articles/MiZlbiYxMDIxMyYmMSYyJiY%3D}}</ref> Higher flow rates may overload the vapor recovery system in vehicles equipped with enhanced evaporative emissions controls<ref>{{cite web \|title=California Refueling Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 1998 Through 2000 Model Motor Vehicles \|date=August 5, 1999 \|url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/evap/orvr00.pdf\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030430161931/http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/evap/orvr00.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=30 April 2003}}</ref> (required since 1996 in the US), causing excess vapor emissions, and may present a safety hazard. Historically, gasoline pumps had a very wide range of designs to solve the mechanical problems of pumping, reliable measurement, safety, and aesthetics. This has led to some popularity in collecting antique dispensers, especially in the US.<ref>{{cite news\| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/automobiles/collectibles/05PETRO.html?fta=y \| work=The New York Times \| title=Filling Up the Backyard With a Gas Station \| first=Dave \| last=Caldwell \| date=October 5, 2008 \| access-date=May 3, 2010}}</ref> === Fuel nozzles === [[Nozzle]]s are attached to the pump with flexible [[hose]]s, so they can reach the vehicle's filler inlet. The hoses are robust to survive heavy wear and tear, including exposure to weather and being driven over, and are often attached using heavy spring or coil arrangements to provide additional strength. A breakaway valve is also fitted to the hose so that the nozzle and hose will detach and fuel flow will stop if a motorist drives off with the nozzle still in the filler. Nozzles are usually color-coded to indicate which grade of fuel they dispense, but the color-coding differs between countries and even retailers. For example, a <span style=background-color:white;color:black>black</span> hose and handle in the majority of Europe indicate that the fuel dispensed is diesel, and a <span style=color:limegreen>green</span> dispenser indicates unleaded fuel; the reverse is common in the [[United States\|US]], with <span style=color:limegreen>green</span> for diesel, <span style=color:yellow>yellow</span> for [[E85]], and <span style=background-color:white;color:black>black</span>, <span style=color:red>red</span>, '''<span style=background-color:black;color:white>white</span>''', and <span style=color:blue>blue</span> for other gasoline grades, which vary by gas station.<ref>[https://aochenggroup.com/news/what-do-different-colors-gas-pump-mean/ What Do The Different Colors At The Gas Pump Mean?], AOCHENG, Jun 27, 2025</ref> ====Misfueling==== Some nozzles are designed to prevent the motorist selecting the wrong fuel. The nozzle on diesel pumps is supposed to be larger so that it cannot fit into the filler pipe on a vehicle tank designed for gasoline. However, the larger diameter diesel nozzles are not an actual requirement, and many diesel pumps have been fitted with standard gasoline nozzles. Also, the nozzle for leaded gasoline is wider than for unleaded, and the fill pipe on vehicles designed for unleaded-only was made narrower to prevent misfueling. Some diesel fuel tanks are designed to prevent the wrong type of nozzle from being used. === Blending === In some countries, pumps can mix two fuel products together before dispensing; this is referred to as blending or mixing. Typical usages are in a "mix" pump to add oil to petrol for [[two-stroke cycle\|two-stroke]] [[motorcycle]]s, to produce an intermediate [[octane rating]] from separate high and low octane fuels, or to blend [[hydrogen]] and [[compressed natural gas]] ([[HCNG]]). Retailers benefit by offering three grades of fuel while having to stock only two. This frees up both working capital and tank capacity and improves fuel turnover. [[File:Gas pump display, Jacksonville, FL.jpg\|thumbnail\|right\|A pump display in [[Jacksonville]], [[Florida]]]] === Flow measurement === The equipment must accurately measure the amount of fuel pumped. [[Flow measurement]] is almost always done by a 4 stroke piston meter connected to an electronic encoder.<ref name="ukcert" /> In older gasoline pumps, the meter is physically coupled to reeled numerical displays (moving wheels or cylinders with numbers on the side), while newer pumps turn the meter's movement into electrical pulses using a [[rotary encoder]]. === Metrology === ==== Gasoline ==== {{anchor\|The Metrology of Gasoline}} Gasoline is difficult to sell in a fair and consistent manner by volumetric units. It expands and contracts significantly as its temperature changes. Its [[coefficient of thermal expansion]] at 20 °C is about 4.5 times that of water. In the US, the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) specifies the accuracy of the measurements in Handbook 44,<ref name="hb44">{{cite web \|title=Handbook 44 \|date=20 November 2014 \|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology \|url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/hb44.cfm \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602065320/http://nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/hb44-15-web-final.pdf \|archive-date=2 June 2015}} <!-- What a mess. As of January 15, 2025, the URL automatically redirects to [https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/nist-handbook-133-2020-edition NIST Handbook 133 - 2020 Edition]. The Archived version of Handbook 44 and the current version of Handbook 133 are both downloadable as PDFs. Neither of the PDFs say anything about a gasoline accuracy standard of 0.3%, or if they do, someone should specify the page and the calculation that leads to 0.3%. --></ref>{{failed verification\|date=January 2024}} though states set their own legal standards. The standard accuracy is 0.3%, meaning that a {{convert\|10\|usgal\|L\|1\|adj=on}} purchase may actually deliver between {{convert\|9.97\|and\|10.03\|usgal\|L\|1\|abbr=on}}. The reference temperature for gasoline volume measurement is 60 °F or 15 °C.<ref name="sta" /> Ten gallons of gasoline at that temperature expands to about {{convert\|10.15\|usgal\|L\|1\|abbr=on}} at {{convert\|85\|°F\|°C}} and contracts to about {{convert\|9.83\|usgal\|L\|1\|abbr=on}} at {{convert\|30\|°F\|°C}}. Each of the three volumes represents the same theoretical amount of energy. In one sense, a given volume of gasoline purchased at 30 °F has about 3.2% more potential energy than the same volume purchased at 85 °F. Most gasoline is stored in tanks underneath the [[filling station]]. Modern tanks are non-metallic and sealed to stop leaks. Some have double walls or other structures that provide a side benefit of thermal insulation while pursuing the main goal of keeping gasoline out of the soil around the tank. So while the air temperature can easily vary between {{convert\|30\|and\|85\|°F\|}}, the gasoline warms or cools much more slowly, especially underground, as deep soil temperature tends to remain in a narrow range throughout the year, regardless of air temperature. Temperature compensation is common at the wholesale level in the United States and most other countries. At the retail level, Canada has converted to automatic temperature compensation, and the UK is converting, but the United States has not converted. Automatic temperature compensation, known as Standard Temperature Accounting in the UK, may add a tiny amount of additional uncertainty to the measurement of about 0.1%.<ref name="sta">{{cite web \|title=STA Guidance \|date=Feb 2016 \|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/504706/STA_Guidance_Feb_2016_version_11.pdf}}</ref> There are far fewer retail outlets for gasoline in the US today than there were in 1980. Larger outlets sell gasoline rapidly, as much as {{convert\|30000\|usgal\|L\|sigfig=2\|abbr=on}} in a single day, even in remote places. Most finished product gasoline is delivered in 8,000- to 16,000-gallon [[tank trucks]], so two deliveries in a 24-hour period are common. Gasoline spends so little time in the retail sales system that its temperature at the point of sale does not vary significantly from winter to summer or by region. Canada has lower overall population densities and geographically larger gasoline distribution systems, compared with the United States. Temperature compensation at the retail level improves the fairness under those conditions. In the United States, each state has its own Department of Weights and Measure, with the authority to perform all testing and certification, issuing fines for non-compliance. For example, in 2007 Arizona found that 9% of all pumps were off by at least 2.5% (the threshold for fines), evenly split between overcounting and undercounting fuel.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2008/07/01/20080701biz-gaspumps0630.html?nclick_check=1\|title = Help Center - the Arizona Republic}}</ref> [[File:Florida Department of Agriculture Petroleum Inspection (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|A state petroleum inspector visiting a [[Mobil]] station in [[Port Charlotte, Florida]]]] In many jurisdictions, regular required inspections are conducted to ensure the accuracy of gasoline pumps. For example, the [[Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services]] conducts regular tests of calibration and fuel quality at individual dispensers. The department also conducts random undercover inspections using specially designed vehicles that can check the accuracy of the dispensers. The department issues correction required notices to stations with pumps found to be inaccurate.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/standard/petro/index.html\|title=Bureau of Petroleum Inspection\|access-date=2011-12-10\|publisher=Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202102912/http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/standard/petro/index.html\|archive-date=2010-12-02\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most other US states conduct similar inspections. In Canada, inspections are regularly conducted by the federal government agency [[Measurement Canada]]. Inspection dates and test results are required, by law, to be displayed to consumers on a sticker on gasoline pumps. Under the 2011 Fairness at the Pumps Act, a vendor with a modified or poorly maintained dispenser can be fined up to $50,000. However, virtually all pumps that fail inspection in Canada do so for general calibration errors caused by use over time. Intentional modification for the purpose of deceiving consumers is extremely rare, as are prosecutions.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/politics/four-years-later-not-a-single-penny-of-fines-under-gas-pumps-law\|title=Four years later, not a penny of fines under gas-pumps law\|last1=McGregor\|first1=Glen\|website=Ottawa Citizen \|date=2015-05-14\|language=en\|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref> ==== Hydrogen ==== {{anchor\|The Metrology of Hydrogen}} [[Hydrogen fuel]] dispensers<ref>[http://www.sae.org/servlets/pressRoom?OBJECT_TYPE=PressReleases&PAGE=showRelease&RELEASE_ID=2620 SAE International publishes new standard, SAE J2601, to establish worldwide basis for H2 fueling of fuel cell electric vehicles]</ref> in use on [[hydrogen stations]] dispense by the kilogram.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25413866 LA gas station gets hydrogen fuel pump]</ref> In the US, the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) specifies in Handbook 44 that the tolerance of the measurements is to be 2.0%.<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/pml/div685/hydrogen-meter-072114.cfm Fill er up- NIST develops prototype meter test for hydrogen refueling stations]</ref> Worldwide regulations are discussed under [[International Organization of Legal Metrology\|OIML]] R 139 ([[compressed hydrogen]]).<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/06-bod-appb-amc-09-pub15-final.pdf Report on the activities of the OIML and regional legal metrology organizations]</ref> Hydrogen pumps may be regulated under terms drawn from an industry technical standard, [[Society of Automotive Engineers\|SAE]] J2601.<ref>[http://www.sae.org/servlets/pressRoom?OBJECT_TYPE=PressReleases&PAGE=showRelease&RELEASE_ID=2620 SAE International Publishes New standard, SAE J2601, to Establish Worldwide Basis for H2 Fueling of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles]</ref> ===Communications components=== Technology for communicating with gasoline pumps from a [[point of sale]] or other controller varies widely, involving a variety of hardware ([[RS-485]], [[RS-422]], [[current loop]], and others) and proprietary software protocols. In the past, this gave pump manufacturers [[vendor lock-in]] for their own point-of-sale systems, since only they understood the protocols.<ref>[http://www.ifsf.org/Software/IFSF%20Management%20Intro%20-%20V3.01.pdf IFSF Management Intro, sec 1.1 Background history] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824121152/http://www.ifsf.org/Software/IFSF%20Management%20Intro%20-%20V3.01.pdf \|date=August 24, 2005 }}</ref> An effort to standardize in the 1990s resulted in the [[International Forecourt Standards Forum]], which has had considerable success in Europe, but less elsewhere. By October 2017, all US gasoline pumps with credit card readers had to support [[EMV]] payment. A year before this rule came into force, a third of 750,000 pumps needed upgrading at a cost of $6,000 to $17,000 each<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.kompareit.com/business/retail-convert-gas-pump-terminals-to-emv.html\|website=kompareit.com\|access-date=September 23, 2020\|last=Smith\|first=Ashley\|title=How Much Does It Cost to Convert My Gas Pump Terminals to Be EMV Chip Ready?}}</ref> plus the cost of new EPOS hardware and software. With some software not expected to be ready, some [[Fuel card\|fleet cards]] not having [[Smart card\|chip technology]] available in time, not enough technicians for the installations, and many businesses unable to afford the upgrade, it was predicted the conversion would take until 2021.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-gas-station-chip-card-upgrade-20161031-story.html\|title=For gas-station operators, chip card upgrade is a pain in the pump\|last=Kharif\|first=Olga\|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]\|via=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]\|date=October 31, 2016\|access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref> === Automatic cut-off === {{anchor\|Automatic cut-off in gasoline pumps}} The shut-off valve was invented in [[Olean, New York]], in 1939 by Richard C. Corson. At a loading dock at the [[Socony-Vacuum Oil Company]], Corson observed a worker filling a barrel with gasoline and thought it inefficient. The sound of a toilet flushing later gave him the idea for a "butterfly float." After developing a prototype with his assistant, Paul Wenke, Corson gave the suggestion to the company who later filed for a patent in his name. The initial intent of the device was to "allow a person to fill more than one barrel [of gasoline] at the same time."<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2316934 \|title=Patent US2316934 - Barrel Filler\|access-date=2011-12-10}}</ref> This mechanism eventually developed into the modern gasoline pump cut-off valve.<ref>{{cite news\| last=Sampson\|first=Julia \|title=Did you know? Gas Pump shut-off valve was invented in Olean \|newspaper=Olean Times Herald \|date=April 26, 2010 }}</ref> Most modern pumps have an automatic cut-off feature that stops the flow when the tank is full. This is done with an auxiliary sensing tube running from just inside the mouth of the nozzle to a [[Venturi pump]] in the pump handle. A mechanical valve in the pump handle detects a change of pressure and closes, preventing the flow of fuel.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.pa.msu.edu/sciencet/ask_st/122591.html \|title=12/25/1991 How does a gas pump shut off automatically when the gas tank is full? \|publisher=Pa.msu.edu \|access-date=2011-12-10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028121633/http://www.pa.msu.edu/sciencet/ask_st/122591.html \|archive-date=2011-10-28 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last=Plueddeman \|first=Charles \|url=http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1116074&topart=hybrids \|title=Unraveling Automotive Mysteries \|publisher=Editorial.autos.msn.com \|access-date=2011-12-10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531122031/http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1116074 \|archive-date=2012-05-31 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> === Other components === A modern fuel pump will often contain control equipment for the [[vapor recovery]] system, which prevents gasoline vapor from escaping to the air. In the UK, for example, any new forecourt with a predicted throughput in excess of 500 m<sup>3</sup> per month is required to have active vapor recovery installed. ===Early designs=== <gallery> File:Petrol bowser Gundagai.jpg\|Restored petrol bowser, [[Gundagai]], Australia File:Zapfsäule BP Wien.jpg\|Fuel pump in [[Vienna]], Austria. File:Ömossa 31.jpg\|A 1991 photograph of a fuel pump in [[Ömossa]] village, [[Kristinestad]], [[Finland]]. File:Petrol Pump, Quillan, France.jpg\|Antique fuel pump in [[Quillan]], [[France]]. File:Historische Zapfsaeule.jpg\|Antique [[diesel fuel]] pump located at [[Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum]], [[Konz]], Germany. File:Verschiedene Zapfsäulen Deutsches Museum.jpg\|Display of various antique fuel pumps at [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]], Germany. File:Alte Zapfsäulen 1X7A7980.jpg\|Display of various antique fuel pumps at Retro Classics 2018 in [[Stuttgart]], Germany. File:Old-Gas-Pumps.jpg\|Old [[Soviet Union]] fuel pumps. File:G-Morcomb's Service Station Gas Pumps.jpg\|Gasoline pumps once used at the historic Morcomb's Service Station in [[Glendale, Arizona]]. Included is a 1918 Visi Bowl pump (left) File:MobilgasPumpsAntique09162007.JPG\|Antique "[[Mobil]]gas" pumps, manufactured by [[Tokheim]], located in [[Wilton, Connecticut]]. File:Savannah Georgia gas pump.jpg\|Antique gasoline pump from [[Savannah, Georgia]]. File:SoulsbyServiceStation MtOliveIL.jpg\|Two types of [[Royal Dutch Shell\|Shell]] gasoline pumps at Soulsby Service Station in [[Mount Olive, Illinois]]. File:Old Gas Pumps at 2012 GMAS.jpg\|Four old-fashioned gasoline pumps at the 2012 Greater Milwaukee Auto Show. File:Wayne petrol pump, 1923, in 'BP' livery - Science Museum, London.jpg\|Wayne pump from 1923 in BP livery, at the Science Museum, London File:Petrol bowsers, 1932-1935 slnsw.jpg\|Union Motor Spirit Company petrol bowsers, Sydney, Australia, 1932-1935 </gallery> == Regulation == {{anchor\|Regulations}} Since gasoline pumps are the focal point of distributing fuel to the general public, and fuel is a hazardous substance, they are subject to stringent requirements regarding safety, accuracy and security. The exact details differ between jurisdictions and can depend to some extent on politics. For example, in countries fighting corruption, such as Mexico,<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jun-13-fi-stickup13-story.html \|first1=Marla \|last1=Dickerson \|first2=Carlos \|last2=Martinez \|title=Not Quite Measuring Up at Mexico's Gas Pumps \|newspaper=Los Angeles Times \|date=2006-06-13 \|access-date=2011-12-10}}</ref> gasoline pumps may be more stringently monitored by government officials, to detect attempts to defraud customers. Typically, individual pumps must be certified for operation after installation by a [[weights and measures]] inspector, who tests that the pump displays the same amount that it dispenses. In Taiwan, continuous fuel flow is not allowed for self service pumps; the driver must grip the nozzle until the desired amount of fuel has been delivered or until the shutoff switch is triggered. This is also the case in Australia and the UK.<ref>{{cite web \|title=QLD: Safety alert issued over fuel dispensing nozzle latches \|url=https://www.aihs.org.au/news-and-publications/news/qld-safety-alert-issued-over-fuel-dispensing-nozzle-latches \|website=AIHS \|access-date=20 February 2022 \|date=22 November 2016}}</ref> {{Citation needed\|reason=Need similar citation for Taiwan, UK\|date=February 2022}} 《Chinese Fuel Dispenser Verification Regulation: Key Overview》 JJG 443-2023 Key Technical Requirements (1) Metrological Performance Maximum Allowable Error: ±0.30% for volume measurement. Repeatability: ≤0.10% across all flow rates. Payment Accuracy: Error between displayed amount and actual volume × price must be ≤ minimum payment variable . (2) Structural and Safety Features Anti-Tampering: Mandatory self-locking function to disable dispensing if pulse rate or volume anomalies are detected. Component Consistency: Flow measurement transducers, encoders, and control boards must match type-approval documentation. Software Identification: Displays or outputs software version identifiers for traceability . (3) New Structural Mandates Separate Flow Paths: No shared flow measurement transducers for multiple hoses. Explosion-Proof Design: Required for hazardous environments .<ref>{{cite web \|title=Chinese Fuel Dispenser Verification Regulation \|url=https://www.cnruijia.com/article-details/-chinese-fuel-dispenser-verification-regulation/ \|website=AIHS \|date=2024-04-12 \|access-date=2025-05-06}}</ref> == See also == [[File:Fuel tank pictogram on 50 ccm scooter.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|The [[pictogram]] of a gasoline pump is used internationally as a symbol on fuel gauges of vehicles, here on a 50 ccm Chinese-made [[Scooter (motorcycle)\|scooter]] from 2008]] * [[Fast fuel system]] * [[Electric car charger]] * [[Cascade storage system]] * [[HCNG dispenser]] * [[Fisogni Museum]] * [[Big Pump]] == References == {{Reflist\|colwidth=30em}} == External links == {{Commons category\|Petrol pumps}} * [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_263.html How does a gas pump know to shut itself off?] from ''The Straight Dope'' {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pumps]] [[Category:Petroleum infrastructure]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Filling stations]] [[Category:19th-century inventions]]	1,307,001,134	[]	false
# Our Lady of Victory Church (Inuvik) Our Lady of Victory Church, often called the Igloo Church, is located on Mackenzie Road in downtown Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. It serves a Catholic parish of the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith. It was established in the mid-1950s, around the time Inuvik was being built; the church was opened and consecrated in 1960 after two years of construction. Brother Maurice Larocque, a Catholic missionary to the Arctic who had previously been a carpenter, designed the church despite a lack of any formal architectural training, sketching it on two sheets of plywood that are prominently displayed in the building's upper storeys. The round shape, which is painted to mimic an igloo, was chosen to mitigate possible structural damage that might be caused by frost heave. Its unique structural system, "a dome within a dome", further protects the church with a foundation consisting of a bowl-shaped concrete slab on a gravel bed atop the permafrost and, in the building itself, an intricate system of wooden arches to support the load. It is the only major building in Inuvik that does not rest on pilings. Wood for the church was floated down the Mackenzie River from Fort Smith, nearly 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) away. Construction was completed without a building permit as the federal government officials in Ottawa who would have issued one could not understand Larocque's blueprints and sent them back to Inuvik. Today the church is the town's best-known landmark and its most-photographed building. Travel writer Robin Esrock describes it as "a church that doesn't look like any other church on Earth." The interior is decorated with paintings by Inuk artist Mona Thrasher. In the summer months the parish gives tours. ## Building and grounds Our Lady of Victory is located on a lot at the eastern corner of the intersection of Mackenzie and Kingmingya roads in the centre of Inuvik. The surrounding neighbourhood is dominated by residential and commercial developments on similarly large lots, most no taller than two storeys and flat-roofed with thick walls and aluminum siding. Two blocks to the southeast is MacKenzie Square, Inuvik's main park. The terrain rises gently towards the hills northeast of Inuvik from the east channel of the Mackenzie River delta 400 metres (1,300 ft) to the southeast; the church is located at roughly 20 metres (66 ft) above sea level. The church is set amid a lawn; a chainlink fence runs along the sidewalks at the southern and western sides of the lot; the latter has some evergreens and shrubs native to the area planted along the inside. On the northern side a utilidor, a narrow above-ground tunnel carrying gas and water lines, marks the rear line of the property. A short asphalt walkway, lined with white stones, leads from Mackenzie to the church's main entrance pavilion. It is joined by a narrower one, similarly treated, that comes in from the east, connecting to the unpaved parking lot the church shares with the commercial building next door. Surrounding the church is a planting bed, also lined with white stone. The church's sign stands in its lawn to the south; a stone marker protesting legalized abortion is in the western quadrant. Two mature black spruce grow to the height of the pavilion roof on its north side; another one grows at the end of the row of shrubs along the utilidor at the east corner of the lot. ### Exterior The church building itself is a circular timber frame structure 23 metres (75 ft) in diameter on a foundation of a reinforced concrete basement on a bowl-shaped concrete slab that itself sits on a metre-thick (3 ft) gravel bed atop the permafrost that is generally found at 2 metres (6 ft) underground at Inuvik's latitude. Its walls are faced in wood siding with large painted rectangular grooves creating an ashlar pattern. Secondary entrances project from the north and west sides of the building. Fenestration otherwise consists of small lancet windows flanked by narrower ones, set with stained glass; there are three bays of these between the rear and front entrances and two between the rear entrances. At the roofline is a cornice of laminated 5.1-by-25.4-centimetre (2 by 10 in) lumber. Affixed to it on the bays flanking the front entrance are wooden capital letters spelling out John 1:14: "And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us." Between the front and back two wooden corbels straddle the roofline, with a single one between the rear entrances. The domed roof is sheathed in diamond-shaped aluminum scales. Ribs delineate each of the building's bays. At the centre of the dome is a round 6.1-metre-wide (20 ft) cupola, set with very narrow stained glass windows divided by projecting wooden strips. Two loudspeaker megaphones project from its east and west sides. Atop its similarly treated domed aluminum roof is a 2.7-metre-high (9 ft) wooden blue cross. It has light bulbs and is illuminated, along with the cupola interior, during the winter months. Open wooden steps lead up from the front walkway to the front-gabled entrance pavilion. The main entrance, on a slightly projecting middle section with a gabled top that rises slightly higher, is topped by a Gothic arched transom set with tinted glass divided by two mullions curving outwards. It is flanked near its point by two modern light fixtures. In the entablature above it is a wooden "IHS" Christogram from the middle of which rises the vertical line of a wooden cross at the gable apex. On either side of the entrance section are recessed narrow Gothic arched windows in molded surrounds set with tinted glass, one horizontal mullion at centre and two curved ones curving inward from the edges, in contrast to those on the entrance transom. On each side of the pavilion is a similarly treated, narrower window. At the roofline of the entrance pavilion is a plain frieze; above it on either side of the entrance projection are louvered vents. At the eaves of the roof a flap of wood hangs down, broad near the bottom and narrow at the top, following the surround of the vents beneath. Behind the pavilion is a more gently pitched engaged gabled face with vertica battens. The northern entrance has a similar pavilion with an intertwined, stylized "AM" in the place of the Christogram, and no cross. At the northeast a smaller wooden-sided utilidor connects to the municipal one behind it. The northeast entrance pavilion has a different wooden decoration on its entablature. ### Interior All three entrances use heavy, opaque, modern metal doors. On the inside, the sanctuary has curved rows of wooden pews on a hardwood floor divided by a central aisle that offers seating for 350. Laminated wooden buttresses flank all the windows; in between them are the painted Stations of the Cross. Every third buttress is heavier and thicker. The walls are finished in shiplap below the windowsill level; above that a chair rail sets off a finish of grooved rectangles similar to those on the exterior. At the northeast end the altar and baptismal font sit on a dais. Behind the altar is a round-arched alcove faced in shiplap below the springline; above it are the same block motif as the interior and exterior walls. Two small statues of Christ sit on pedestals fronting either side. On the back of the alcove is a crucifix with a sunburst pattern above. The larger buttresses support the 12 main laminated wooden ceiling vaults, which widen to 3.0 metres (10 ft) at their uppermost. Between them is the same block pattern. They meet at a central rosette below the cupola, bordered by small windows that let natural light in. A ceiling fan hangs nearby. Wooden stairs from behind the altar lead up to the cupola from the sanctuary, which has an aluminum ceiling. ## History Planning for the church began as the Canadian government was building Inuvik itself in the late 1950s, as an administrative centre for the Mackenzie Delta region to replace Aklavik, located more centrally in the delta, which was becoming more and more vulnerable to flooding as it grew. In 1955 The Rev. Joseph Adam, Roman Catholic pastor to the townsite under construction, began looking for an architect to design a church for the local congregation. Brother Maurice Larocque, a Quebec-born missionary with the Church's Oblate Order, took the commission. Larocque had worked in the Canadian North since 1930. Before becoming a missionary, he had worked as a carpenter, an experience that had led to him designing various buildings for the distant communities he worked in despite his lack of formal architectural training. For the new townsite on the delta, he sought to design a church which would reflect the local culture. The environment put some constraints on a potential design. Inuvik is 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of the Arctic Circle; at that latitude in North America, permafrost is only 2 metres (6 ft) below ground. Thus, most buildings in the area then and now are built on pilings anchored in the permafrost, elevating them slightly above ground. But that solution would not work for a conventional church due to the possibility of frost heave should the underlying permafrost melt partially. "If we build a church with a steeple and the pilings start to heave, it's going to fall down," Adam told a newspaper later. To deal with that problem, Adam and Larocque decided on a circular building. "If it settles six inches on one side," he told the paper, "it won't show—and we can always jack it up to make it level again." To fulfill Larocque's intent to design a church that reflected the local culture, it would be designed and decorated to emulate an igloo. The circular shape would not by itself mitigate the possible effects of frost heave. To further secure the building, Larocque devised a unique structural system: The church would have a reinforced concrete basement, built on a gently bowl-shaped concrete slab which itself would have a gravel bed between it and the permafrost as insulation, to prevent heat from the building from melting the permafrost. Despite Larocque's lack of training, "he knows more about architecture than many architects," Adam said. Larocque had sketched out his plans on two pieces of plywood, which are part of the church's structure today, visible on the stairs to the cupola. To clear the building for construction and get a building permit, formal blueprints had to be sent to officials with the federal government in Ottawa. Larocque drew some up and sent them, only to have the officials send them back when they were unable to comprehend them. Work finally began during summer 1958. Gravel for the foundation was quarried at Point Separation, the head of the Mackenzie delta, 130 kilometres (80 mi) south of the growing townsite still known only as East 3, and shipped downriver by barge to the construction site. After it was laid into the freshly excavated pit, concrete was poured over it and shaped into the bowl. Once this had set, lumber that had been similarly floated 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) down the Mackenzie from Fort Smith near the territorial border with Alberta, the exterior walls were built on it and by the end of the area's short summer they and the first floor had been completed. Larocque spent the long winter in a nearby workshop, carefully supervising the assembly of the arches that were to form the domed roof. The 12 main arches were supplemented by 24 secondary ones and 72 smaller arches. His work also aroused some interest from Ottawa since the blueprints had failed to earn a permit, and more generally because he was not a registered architect. When they heard construction had begun nonetheless, they tried to have the work stopped. Bishop Paul Piché hired an engineering consultant to visit the building, who told him it was sturdy enough to last another 200 years. In spring 1959 work on the structure continued, with many of the new town's residents volunteering their labour. The arches built over the winter were lifted into place and the exterior completed. On the inside, following the Oblate Order's reputation for making use of scrap material to minimize costs on construction projects, the shafts of used hockey sticks were used to floor a walkway in the cupola. By winter the roof was in place, clad in reflective aluminum to make it look more like ice blocks. Larocque set himself to the church's decorative touches. To create the appearance of stained glass in the windows, an old French technique was used. The pattern was drawn and painted on translucent paper, then sandwiched between glass. Larocque created the alcove behind the altar and its crucifix himself. Adam commissioned Mona Sharer, a 17-year-old deaf-mute Inuk woman who had shown talent as an artist at a Catholic school in Aklavik, to paint the Stations of the Cross on the inside walls. She started in January 1960 and completed the work in two months, along with some other paintings of scenes from the life of Christ. Later that year the church was formally consecrated and dedicated to the Virgin Mary by Paul Piché, bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Mackenzie (later elevated to the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith). Eventually, East 3 was named Inuvik and became the administrative centre the government wanted, as well as a hub for oil and gas exploration in the Canadian Arctic. In the late 1970s the Dempster Highway was completed, linking Inuvik to the rest of the North American road network, and that brought summertime tourists to Inuvik. Many took photos of the church as mementoes of their visit, and it soon became the most photographed building in town. "A trip north of the Arctic Circle is not complete without a photo in front of the Igloo Church," says the town's website. "[It is] Inuvik's pride and joy." The church began offering tours in the summer months. The building encountered no major issues until 2013. In May, it was reported that its heating costs had doubled from the previous winter, to $3,400, after it changed its fuel to synthetic natural gas from the traditional kind. The parish council considered several options. Chairman Doug Robertson told Northern News Services that the church was looking at applying for grants for green retrofitting. It was considering also replacing the boiler, since it could not change the heating system overall. When built, the church had used a radiant heating system. It was cheaper than the modern forced-air heating, but unlike that could not be switched off when the church was not in use as it would take too long to warm the building up. It was also necessary to keep the building warm during the bitterly cold Arctic winters to prevent structural issues from developing, and to protect the interior artwork. That summer volunteers helped reinsulate the church's wall. During winter 2013–14 the church also worked to reduce its fuel consumption from 135 gigajoules (38,000 kWh) to 80 (22,000 kWh). That led to some cost reductions, but the church was still looking for additional funding, hopefully through selling advertising to local businesses in community calendars. ## Services The church holds Mass on Sunday mornings and weekday afternoons Tuesdays through Fridays. Those services may, however, be canceled if the priest is traveling to minister to other Catholics in the delta region. Catholics seeking absolution can do so a half hour before Mass, by appointment, or even if the priest is available at the rectory. At Christmas the church holds a concert where carols are sung in the local First Nations language of Gwich'in and the Inuvialuktun dialect of Inuktitut, the Inuit language, as well as English. In recent years a choir made up of Filipino immigrants to the area has joined in, singing in Tagalog.	enwiki/27874384	enwiki	27,874,384	Our Lady of Victory Church (Inuvik)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory_Church_(Inuvik)	2025-03-09T20:03:27Z	en	Q4504907	176,351	{{redirect\|Igloo Church\|the Anglican "Igloo Cathedral" in Iqaluit\|St. Jude's Cathedral (Iqaluit)}} {{short description\|Catholic "Igloo Church" in Canadian Arctic}} {{Infobox religious building \| name = Our Lady Of Victory Church \| image = Front view of Our Lady of Victory Church, Inuvik, NT.jpg \| image_size = 300 \| alt = A one-story round building whose walls are white with large blue rectangles topped by a silvery dome with a blue cross and cupola at the center. From the camera a paved walk leads to blue wooden steps going up to its entrance, topped by wooden blue "IHS" letters. A aign in the yard at right says "Our Lady of Victory Church". \| caption = West (front) view, 2015 \| map_type = Canada \| map_size = \| map_alt = A yellow map of Canada, showing provincial and territorial booundaries, with a red dot in the northwestern section of the Northwest Territories \| map_relief = \| map_caption = Location of Inuvik within Canada \| location = [[Inuvik]], [[Northwest Territories\|NT]], [[Canada]] \| coordinates = {{coord\|68.35799\|-133.72220\|region:CA-NT_\|display=inline,title}} \| coordinates_footnotes = \| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] \| consecration_year = 1960 \| organisational_status = <!-- or \| organizational_status = --> \| functional_status = \| heritage_designation = \| ownership = \| governing_body = \| leadership = The Rev. Jon Hansen, [[Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer\|C.Ss.R]], pastor \| architect = Maurice Larocque \| architecture_type = \| architecture_style = \| founded_by = \| creator = \| funded_by = \| general_contractor = \| established = \| groundbreaking = 1958 \| year_completed = 1960 \| construction_cost = \| facade_direction = south \| capacity = 350<ref name="Construction AP article">{{cite news\|title=Brother LaRocque Designs Arctic Igloo-Shaped Church\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19600305&id=_rg0AAAAIBAJ&pg=950,600414\|newspaper=New London, Conn., [[Evening Day]] \|agency=[[Associated Press]]\|date=May 5, 1960\|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref> \| length = \| width = {{convert\|75\|ft\|m\|disp=flip}}<ref name="Construction AP article" /> \| width_nave = \| interior_area = \| height_max = {{convert\|62\|ft\|m\|disp=flip}}<ref name="Construction AP article" /> \| dome_quantity = 1 \| dome_height_inner = \| dome_height_outer = {{convert\|16\|m}}<ref name="Church interior ceiling video">{{cite AV media \|people=Hansen, Jon\|date=August 26, 2015\|title=Our Lady of Victory\|medium=Internet video\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MkgELX9CbQ \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/3MkgELX9CbQ \|archive-date=2021-12-15 \|url-status=live\|access-date=August 28, 2016\|time=2:56 \|via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> \| dome_dia_outer = \| dome_dia_inner = \| site_area = \| shrine_quantity = \| inscriptions = \| materials = [[Reinforced concrete]], wood, [[aluminum]]<ref name="Construction AP article" /> \| elevation_m = 20 \| elevation_footnotes =<ref name="National Atlas of Canada">{{cite map\|title =National Atlas of Canada\|url =http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/toporama/en/index.html?id=map1&extent=-1456922.4898030297,2565287.3352322513,-1455017.485993022,2566239.837137255&legend=762eb7ed-0001-242f-6fcf-af08f5605eb1,0,0,1;e5511402-0002-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,0,0.7;cc7fde4c-0003-1cf2-8358-7ca86eefb13c,0,0,1;762eb7ed-cccc-242f-6fcf-af08f5605eb1,0,1,1;8a57b0ba-c004-f03d-7cd4-b3d9b35a8b83,0,0,1;4118b52e-66fe-6b4d-b826-a8f309338f76,0,0,1;e5511402-0029-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7dg,0,0,1;e5511402-0029-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0028-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,0,1;e5511402-0628-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0528-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0005-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,0,1;e5511402-0027-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0026-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0025-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0021-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,1,1;e5511402-0023-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0022-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0018-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,1,1;e5511402-0020-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0019-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0014-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,1,1;e5511402-0017-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0016-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0015-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0010-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,1,1;e5511402-0013-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0012-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0011-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7de,0,1,1;e5511402-0011-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0009-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0007-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0004-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1 \|scale =1:6,000 \|publisher = [[Government of Canada]] \|access-date =August 26, 2016}}</ref> \|website= {{url\|http://www.olvinuvik.com/}} }} '''Our Lady of Victory Church''', often called the '''Igloo Church''', is located on Mackenzie Road in downtown [[Inuvik]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]]. It serves a [[Catholic Church\|Catholic]] [[parish]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith\|Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith]].<ref name="diocese">{{cite web\|url=http://www.dioceseofmackenzie.com/nt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=53\|title=Parishes and Missions\|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith]]\|access-date=2010-07-01\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211020413/http://www.dioceseofmackenzie.com/nt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=53\|archive-date=2010-12-11}}</ref> It was established in the mid-1950s, around the time Inuvik was being built; the church was opened and [[consecration\|consecrated]] in 1960 after two years of construction. Brother Maurice Larocque, a Catholic [[missionary]] to the [[Canadian Arctic\|Arctic]] who had previously been a carpenter, designed the church despite a lack of any formal architectural training, sketching it on two sheets of plywood that are prominently displayed in the building's upper storeys. The round shape, which is painted to mimic an [[igloo]], was chosen to mitigate possible structural damage that might be caused by [[frost heave]]. Its unique [[structural system]], "a dome within a dome",<ref name="Our Lady of Victory at 1:50">''Our Lady of Victory'', at 1:50</ref> further protects the church with a [[foundation (architecture)\|foundation]] consisting of a bowl-shaped concrete slab on a gravel bed atop the [[permafrost]] and, in the building itself, an intricate system of wooden arches to support the load.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> It is the only major building in Inuvik that does not rest on [[Deep foundation#Adfreeze piles\|pilings]].<ref name="Church history video">{{cite AV media \|people=Ulasovetz, Roger\|date=January 24, 2011\|title=Igloo Church – Inuvik\|medium=Internet video\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6D3LWs2JY4 \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/N6D3LWs2JY4 \|archive-date=2021-12-15 \|url-status=live\|access-date=August 26, 2016\|via=YouTube \|time=6:40}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Wood for the church was floated down the [[Mackenzie River]] from [[Fort Smith, Northwest Territories\|Fort Smith]], nearly {{convert\|2000\|km}} away.{{sfn\|Esrock\|2016\|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G5sHCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70 70]}} Construction was completed without a [[building permit]] as the [[Government of Canada\|federal government]] officials in [[Ottawa]] who would have issued one could not understand Larocque's blueprints and sent them back to Inuvik.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> Today the church is the town's best-known landmark and its most-photographed building.{{sfn\|Sorense\|Williams\|2010\|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx_7R24wRMgC&pg=PT1802 802]}} Travel writer [[Robin Esrock]] describes it as "a church that doesn't look like any other church on Earth."{{sfn\|Esrock\|2016\|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G5sHCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70 70]}} The interior is decorated with paintings by [[Inuit\|Inuk]] artist Mona Thrasher.{{sfn\|Hempstead\|2010\|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vw7WX_aPgxgC&dq=Our+Lady+Of+Victory+Church+%28Inuvik%29&pg=PA60 60]}} In the summer months the parish gives tours.<ref name="Church website virtual tour">{{cite web\|title=Virtual Tour\|date=26 August 2015 \|url=https://olvinuvik.com/virtual-tour/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131120448/http://olvinuvik.com/virtual-tour/\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=January 31, 2016\|publisher=Our Lady of Victory Church\|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref> ==Building and grounds== Our Lady of Victory is located on a [[land lot\|lot]] at the eastern corner of the intersection of Mackenzie and Kingmingya roads in the centre of Inuvik. The surrounding neighbourhood is dominated by residential and commercial developments on similarly large lots, most no taller than two storeys and flat-roofed with thick walls and [[aluminum siding]]. Two [[city block\|blocks]] to the southeast is MacKenzie Square, Inuvik's main park.<ref name="ACME Mapper">{{cite map\|title=ACME Mapper\|url =http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=68.35799,-133.7222&z=15&t=H\|publisher=[[Jef Poskanzer\|ACME Laboratories]]\|cartography=[[Google Maps]]\|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref> The terrain rises gently towards the hills northeast of Inuvik from the east channel of the [[Mackenzie River]] [[River delta\|delta]] {{convert\|400\|m}} to the southeast; the church is located at roughly {{convert\|20\|m}} above sea level.<ref name="National Atlas of Canada" /> The church is set amid a lawn; a [[Chain-link fencing\|chainlink fence]] runs along the sidewalks at the southern and western sides of the lot; the latter has some evergreens and shrubs native to the area planted along the inside. On the northern side a [[Utility tunnel#Arctic towns\|utilidor]], a narrow above-ground tunnel carrying gas and water lines, marks the rear line of the property.<ref name="ACME Mapper Street View">{{cite map\|title=ACME Mapper\|url =http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=68.35799,-133.7222&z=15&t=H\|publisher=ACME Laboratories\|cartography=[[Google Maps]]\|access-date=August 26, 2016}}, viewed in Street View mode.</ref> A short asphalt walkway, lined with white stones, leads from Mackenzie to the church's main entrance [[pavilion (architecture)\|pavilion]]. It is joined by a narrower one, similarly treated, that comes in from the east, connecting to the unpaved parking lot the church shares with the commercial building next door. Surrounding the church is a planting bed, also lined with white stone. The church's sign stands in its lawn to the south; a stone marker [[Catholic Church and abortion politics\|protesting legalized]] [[Abortion in Canada\|abortion]] is in the western quadrant. Two mature [[picea mariana\|black spruce]] grow to the height of the pavilion roof on its north side;<ref name="see photo">See accompanying photo</ref> another one grows at the end of the row of shrubs along the utilidor at the east corner of the lot.<ref name="ACME Mapper Street View" /> ===Exterior=== The church building itself is a circular [[timber framing\|timber frame]] structure {{convert\|75\|ft\|m\|disp=flip}} in diameter on a [[foundation (architecture)\|foundation]] of a [[reinforced concrete]] [[basement]] on a bowl-shaped concrete slab that itself sits on a metre-thick (3 ft) gravel bed atop the [[permafrost]] that is generally found at 2 metres (6 ft) underground at Inuvik's latitude.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> Its walls are faced in wood siding with large painted rectangular grooves creating an [[ashlar]] pattern. Secondary entrances project from the north and west sides of the building. [[Fenestration (architecture)\|Fenestration]] otherwise consists of small [[lancet window]]s flanked by narrower ones, set with [[stained glass]]; there are three [[bay (architecture)\|bays]] of these between the rear and front entrances and two between the rear entrances.<ref name="ACME Mapper Street View" /> [[File:Our Lady of Victory - Igloo-Shaped Church - Inuvik - Northwest Territories - Canada - 01.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Church from northwest]] At the roofline is a [[cornice (architecture)\|cornice]] of [[lamination\|laminated]] {{convert\|2\|by\|10\|inch\|cm\|adj=on\|disp=flip}} lumber. Affixed to it on the bays flanking the front entrance are wooden capital letters spelling out [[Gospel of John\|John]] 1:14: "''And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us.''"<ref name="Construction AP article" /> Between the front and back two wooden [[corbel]]s straddle the roofline, with a single one between the rear entrances.<ref name="ACME Mapper Street View" /> The domed roof is sheathed in diamond-shaped [[aluminum]] scales. Ribs delineate each of the building's bays. At the centre of the dome is a round {{convert\|20\|ft\|m\|adj=mid\|-wide\|disp=flip}} [[cupola]], set with very narrow stained glass windows divided by projecting wooden strips. Two loudspeaker megaphones project from its east and west sides. Atop its similarly treated domed aluminum roof is a {{convert\|9\|ft\|m\|adj=mid\|-high\|disp=flip}}<ref name="Church interior ceiling video" /> wooden blue [[Christian cross\|cross]].<ref name="see photo" /> It has light bulbs and is illuminated, along with the cupola interior, during the winter months.<ref name="Our Lady of Victory 10:25">''Our Lady of Victory'', at 10L25</ref>{{efn\|By early November, Inuvik gets less than five hours of sun a day. [[Polar night]], when the sun never rises, starts December 6 and lasts until January 10. The days begin to get longer than five hours again in February.<ref name="Inuvik sun graph">{{cite web\|title=Yearly sun graph for Inuvik\|url=http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/canada/inuvik\|publisher=timeanddate.com\|date=1995–2016\|access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref>}} Open wooden steps lead up from the front walkway to the front-[[gable]]d entrance pavilion. The main entrance, on a slightly projecting middle section with a gabled top that rises slightly higher, is topped by a [[Ogive#Architecture\|Gothic arched]] [[transom (architecture)\|transom]] set with tinted glass divided by two [[mullion]]s curving outwards. It is flanked near its point by two modern light fixtures. In the [[entablature]] above it is a wooden "IHS" [[Christogram]] from the middle of which rises the vertical line of a wooden cross at the gable apex.<ref name="see photo" /> On either side of the entrance section are recessed narrow Gothic arched windows in [[molding (decorative)\|molded]] surrounds set with tinted glass, one horizontal mullion at centre and two curved ones curving inward from the edges, in contrast to those on the entrance transom.<ref name="see photo" /> On each side of the pavilion is a similarly treated, narrower window.<ref name="ACME Mapper Street View" /> At the roofline of the entrance pavilion is a plain [[frieze]]; above it on either side of the entrance projection are [[louver]]ed vents. At the [[eave]]s of the roof a flap of wood hangs down, broad near the bottom and narrow at the top, following the surround of the vents beneath. Behind the pavilion is a more gently pitched engaged gabled face with vertica [[batten]]s.<ref name="see photo" /> The northern entrance has a similar pavilion with an intertwined, stylized "AM" in the place of the Christogram, and no cross. At the northeast a smaller wooden-sided utilidor connects to the municipal one behind it.<ref name="ACME Mapper Street View" /> The northeast entrance pavilion has a different wooden decoration on its entablature.<ref name="View from southeast">{{cite web\|title=Inuvik Igloo Church\|url=http://www.explorenorth.com/nwt/images/inuvik-igloo_church.html\|publisher=Explore North\|date=2011\|access-date=August 27, 2015}}</ref> ===Interior=== [[File:Interior of Our Lady of Victory - Igloo-Shaped Church - Inuvik - Northwest Territories - Canada - 01.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Interior, showing ceiling, 2013\|alt=Wooden pews under a domed white ceiling with regular wooden vaults. Paintings and windows alternate along the walls]] All three entrances use heavy, opaque, modern metal doors. On the inside, the sanctuary has curved rows of wooden [[pew]]s on a hardwood floor divided by a central aisle that offers seating for 350.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> Laminated wooden [[buttress]]es flank all the windows; in between them are the painted [[Stations of the Cross]]. Every third buttress is heavier and thicker. The walls are finished in [[shiplap]]<ref name="Construction AP article" /> below the windowsill level; above that a [[chair rail]] sets off a finish of grooved rectangles similar to those on the exterior.<ref name="see photo" /> At the northeast end the altar and [[baptismal font]] sit on a [[dais]]. Behind the altar is a round-arched alcove faced in shiplap below the springline; above it are the same block motif as the interior and exterior walls. Two small statues of Christ sit on pedestals fronting either side. On the back of the alcove is a crucifix with a sunburst pattern above.<ref name="see photo" /> The larger buttresses support the 12 main laminated wooden ceiling [[Vault (architecture)\|vaults]], which widen to {{convert\|10\|ft\|m\|disp=flip}} at their uppermost.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> Between them is the same block pattern. They meet at a central [[rosette (design)\|rosette]] below the cupola, bordered by small windows that let natural light in. A [[ceiling fan]] hangs nearby.<ref name="see photo" /> Wooden stairs from behind the altar lead up to the cupola from the sanctuary, which has an aluminum ceiling.<ref name="Church upper ceiling video 10:40">''Our Lady of Victory'', at 10:40.</ref> ==History== Planning for the church began as the Canadian government was building Inuvik itself in the late 1950s, as an administrative centre for the Mackenzie Delta region to replace [[Aklavik]], located more centrally in the delta, which was becoming more and more vulnerable to flooding as it grew. In 1955 The Rev. Joseph Adam, [[Roman Catholic]] pastor to the townsite under construction, began looking for an architect to design a church for the local congregation. Brother Maurice Larocque, a [[Quebec]]-born [[missionary]] with the Church's [[Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate\|Oblate Order]], took the commission.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> Larocque had worked in the [[Northern Canada\|Canadian North]] since 1930. Before becoming a missionary, he had worked as a carpenter, an experience that had led to him designing various buildings for the distant communities he worked in despite his lack of formal architectural training. For the new townsite on the delta, he sought to design a church which would reflect the local culture.<ref name="Construction AP article" />{{sfn\|Esrock\|2016\|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G5sHCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70 70]}} The environment put some constraints on a potential design.{{sfn\|Donaldson\|2006\|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iaSmHKLRE8MC&pg=PA270 270]}} Inuvik is {{convert\|200\|km}} north of the [[Arctic Circle]]; at that latitude in North America, [[permafrost]] is only 2 metres (6 ft) below ground. Thus, most buildings in the area then and now are built on [[Deep foundation#Adfreeze piles\|pilings]] anchored in the permafrost, elevating them slightly above ground. But that solution would not work for a conventional church due to the possibility of [[frost heave]] should the underlying permafrost melt partially. "If we build a church with a [[Steeple (architecture)\|steeple]] and the pilings start to heave, it's going to fall down," Adam told a newspaper later.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> To deal with that problem, Adam and Larocque decided on a circular building. "If it settles six inches{{efn\|{{convert\|6\|in\|cm\|disp=output only}}}} on one side," he told the paper, "it won't show—and we can always jack it up to make it level again." To fulfill Larocque's intent to design a church that reflected the local culture, it would be designed and decorated to emulate an [[igloo]].<ref name="Construction AP article" /> The circular shape would not by itself mitigate the possible effects of frost heave. To further secure the building, Larocque devised a unique [[structural system]]: The church would have a [[reinforced concrete]] [[basement]], built on a gently bowl-shaped concrete slab which itself would have a gravel bed between it and the permafrost as [[Building insulation\|insulation]], to prevent heat from the building from melting the permafrost. Despite Larocque's lack of training, "he knows more about architecture than many architects," Adam said.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> Larocque had sketched out his plans on two pieces of [[plywood]], which are part of the church's structure today, visible on the stairs to the cupola.<ref name="Igloo Church video 6:10">''Igloo Church – Inuvik'', at 6:10</ref><ref name="Our Lady of Victory at 2:35">''Our Lady of Victory'', at 2:35</ref> To clear the building for construction and get a [[building permit]], formal blueprints had to be sent to officials with the [[Government of Canada\|federal government]] in [[Ottawa]]. Larocque drew some up and sent them, only to have the officials send them back when they were unable to comprehend them.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> Work finally began during summer 1958. Gravel for the [[foundation (architecture)\|foundation]] was quarried at Point Separation, the head of the Mackenzie delta, {{convert\|80\|mi\|km\|disp=flip}} south of the growing townsite still known only as East 3, and shipped downriver by barge to the construction site. After it was laid into the freshly excavated pit, concrete was poured over it and shaped into the bowl. Once this had set, lumber that had been similarly floated {{convert\|1200\|mi\|km\|disp=flip}} down the Mackenzie from [[Fort Smith, Northwest Territories\|Fort Smith]] near the territorial border with [[Alberta]], the exterior walls were built on it and by the end of the area's short summer they and the first floor had been completed.<ref name="Igloo Church video 6:40">''Igloo Church – Inuvik'', at 6:40</ref> [[File:Interior Vaulting of Our Lady of Victory - Igloo-Shaped Church - Inuvik - Northwest Territories - Canada - 01.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Structural timber inside the ceiling\|alt=A wooden stairway surrounded by a complicated wooden structural system, rising under a curved wooden ceiling to a distant lit area, illuminated by a bare light bulb]] Larocque spent the long winter in a nearby workshop, carefully supervising the assembly of the arches that were to form the domed roof. The 12 main arches were supplemented by 24 secondary ones and 72 smaller arches.{{efn\|According to a video on the church's website, a structural engineer who toured the church in the late 2000s speculated that there was about 50% more lumber than necessary.<ref name="Our Lady of Victory at 3:55">''Our Lady of Victory'', at 3:55</ref>}} His work also aroused some interest from Ottawa since the blueprints had failed to earn a permit, and more generally because he was not a registered architect. When they heard construction had begun nonetheless, they tried to have the work stopped. Bishop Paul Piché hired an engineering consultant to visit the building, who told him it was sturdy enough to last another 200 years.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> In spring 1959 work on the structure continued, with many of the new town's residents volunteering their labour. The arches built over the winter were lifted into place and the exterior completed. On the inside, following the Oblate Order's reputation for making use of scrap material to minimize costs on construction projects, the shafts of used [[hockey stick]]s were used to floor a walkway in the cupola.<ref name="Our Lady of Victory 8:15">''Our Lady of Victory'', at 8:15</ref> By winter the roof was in place, clad in reflective aluminum to make it look more like ice blocks.<ref name="Construction AP article" /> Larocque set himself to the church's decorative touches. To create the appearance of [[stained glass]] in the windows, an old French technique was used. The pattern was drawn and painted on translucent paper, then sandwiched between glass. Larocque created the alcove behind the altar and its crucifix himself. Adam commissioned Mona Sharer, a 17-year-old deaf-mute [[Inuit\|Inuk]] woman who had shown talent as an artist at a Catholic school in [[Aklavik]], to paint the [[Stations of the Cross]] on the inside walls. She started in January 1960 and completed the work in two months, along with some other paintings of scenes from the life of Christ.<ref name="Sharer obit">{{cite news\|last=Sachs\|first=Danielle\|title=A bright spirit\|url=http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2013-04/apr5_13mona.html\|newspaper=[[Northern News Services]]\|date=April 5, 2013\|access-date=August 29, 2016}}</ref> Later that year the church was formally [[consecration\|consecrated]] and dedicated to the [[Virgin Mary]] by Paul Piché, bishop of the [[Apostolic Vicariate of Mackenzie]] (later elevated to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith\|Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith]]).<ref name="consecration date">{{Cite sign \|title=Our Lady of Victory Roman Catholic Church\|type=Sign outside church \|publisher=Our Lady of Victory Church\|location=[[Inuvik]]}}</ref> Eventually, East 3 was named Inuvik and became the administrative centre the government wanted, as well as a hub for oil and gas exploration in the Canadian Arctic. In the late 1970s the [[Dempster Highway]] was completed, linking Inuvik to the rest of the North American road network, and that brought summertime tourists to Inuvik. Many took photos of the church as mementoes of their visit, and it soon became the most photographed building in town.{{sfn\|Esrock\|2016\|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G5sHCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70 70]}}{{sfn\|Sorense\|Williams\|2010\|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx_7R24wRMgC&pg=PT1802 802]}} "A trip north of the Arctic Circle is not complete without a photo in front of the Igloo Church," says the town's website. "[It is] Inuvik's pride and joy." The church began offering tours in the summer months.<ref name="Town webpage">{{cite web\|title=Igloo Church\|url=http://www.inuvik.ca/en/discovering-inuvik/Igloo-Church.asp\|publisher=Town of Inuvik\|access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> The building encountered no major issues until 2013. In May, it was reported that its heating costs had doubled from the previous winter, to [[Canadian dollar\|$]]3,400, after it changed its fuel to [[Substitute natural gas\|synthetic natural gas]] from the traditional kind. The parish council considered several options.<ref name="2013 heating issue">{{cite news\|last=Giilck\|first=Shawn\|title=Church struggles with heating costs\|url=http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2013-05/may9_13gas1.html\|newspaper=[[Northern News Services]]\|date=May 9, 2013\|access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> Chairman Doug Robertson told ''[[Northern News Services]]'' that the church was looking at applying for grants for [[green retrofit]]ting. It was considering also replacing the [[boiler]], since it could not change the heating system overall. When built, the church had used a [[radiant heat]]ing system. It was cheaper than the modern [[forced-air]] heating, but unlike that could not be switched off when the church was not in use as it would take too long to warm the building up. It was also necessary to keep the building warm during the bitterly cold Arctic winters to prevent structural issues from developing, and to protect the interior artwork.<ref name="2013 heating issue" /> That summer volunteers helped reinsulate the church's wall. During winter 2013–14 the church also worked to reduce its fuel consumption from {{convert\|135\|GJ}} to 80 ({{convert\|80\|GJ\|disp=output only}}). That led to some cost reductions, but the church was still looking for additional funding, hopefully through selling advertising to local businesses in community calendars.<ref name="Northern Journal article">{{cite news\|last=Heiberg-Harrison\|first=Nathalie\|title=Inuvik's iconic Igloo Church could close doors\|url=https://norj.ca/2014/03/inuviks-iconic-igloo-church-could-close-doors/\|newspaper=[[Northern Journal]]\|date=March 24, 2014\|access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> ==Services== The church holds [[Mass (Catholic Church)\|Mass]] on Sunday mornings and weekday afternoons Tuesdays through Fridays. Those services may, however, be canceled if the priest is traveling to minister to other Catholics in the delta region. Catholics seeking [[Sacrament of Reconciliation\|absolution]] can do so a half hour before Mass, by appointment, or even if the priest is available at the [[rectory]].<ref name="Church website calendar">{{cite web\|title=Holy Week Services\|url=https://olvinuvik.com/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110144801/http://olvinuvik.com/\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=January 10, 2016\|publisher=Our Lady of Victory Church\|date=March 22, 2016 \|access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> At [[Christmas in Canada\|Christmas]] the church holds a concert where [[Christmas carol\|carols]] are sung in the local [[First Nations in Canada\|First Nations]] language of [[Gwich'in language\|Gwich'in]] and the [[Inuvialuktun]] [[dialect]] of [[Inuktitut language\|Inuktitut]], the [[Inuit]] language, as well as English. In recent years a choir made up of [[Filipino people\|Filipino]] immigrants to the area has joined in, singing in [[Tagalog language\|Tagalog]].{{sfn\|Esrock\|2016\|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G5sHCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70 70]}} ==See also== {{portal\|Architecture\|Catholicism\|Canada}} [[List of Catholic churches in Canada]] [[List of round churches]] [[Midnight Sun Mosque]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist\|group=lower-alpha}} ===Citations=== {{reflist\|30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{cite book\|last1=Donaldson\|first1=John\|title=A Canoe Quest in the Wake of Canada's Prince of Explorers: One Day at a Time\|date=2006\|publisher=Artful Codger Press \|location=Kingston, Ontario \|isbn=9780973616187\|page=270\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaSmHKLRE8MC&pg=PA270\|access-date=August 30, 2016\|quote=The building of Our Lady of Victory Church epitomized the architectural challenges to be overcome in the high Arctic }} {{cite book\|last1=Esrock\|first1=Robin\|author-link=Robin Esrock\|title=The Great Northern Canada Bucket List: One-of-a-Kind Travel Experiences\|date=2016\|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada\|publisher=[[Dundurn Press]]\|isbn=9781459730540\|page=70\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5sHCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70\|access-date=August 26, 2016 }} {{cite book\|last=Hempstead\|first=Andrew\|title=Moon Spotlight: The Yukon & Northwest Territories\|location=Berkeley, California\|publisher=Avalon Travel Publishing\|isbn=978-1598805550\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw7WX_aPgxgC&q=Our+Lady+Of+Victory+Church+%28Inuvik%29&pg=PA60\|access-date=10 August 2012\|page=60\|chapter=Western Arctic\|date=25 May 2010 }} {{cite book\|last1=Sorense\|first1=AnnElise\|last2=Williams\|first2=Christian\|title=The Rough Guide to Canada\|date=2010\|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]\|isbn=9781405387453\|page=802\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx_7R24wRMgC&pg=PT1802\|location=London\|access-date=August 28, 2016 }} ==External links== {{commons category\|Our Lady Of Victory Church (Inuvik)}} {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160110144801/http://olvinuvik.com/ Church website]}} [[Category:Roman Catholic churches in the Northwest Territories]] [[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1960]] [[Category:Inuvik]] [[Category:Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Grouard–McLennan]] [[Category:Church buildings with domes]] [[Category:Round churches]] [[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Canada]]	1,279,654,604	[{"title": "Religion", "data": {"Affiliation": "Roman Catholic", "Leadership": "The Rev. Jon Hansen, C.Ss.R, pastor", "Year consecrated": "1960"}}, {"title": "Location", "data": {"Location": ["Inuvik, NT, Canada", "Location of Inuvik within Canada"], "Geographic coordinates": "68\u00b021\u203229\u2033N 133\u00b043\u203220\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff68.35799\u00b0N 133.72220\u00b0W"}}, {"title": "Architecture", "data": {"Architect(s)": "Maurice Larocque", "Groundbreaking": "1958", "Completed": "1960"}}, {"title": "Specifications", "data": {"Direction of fa\u00e7ade": "south", "Capacity": "350", "Width": "23 metres (75 ft)", "Height (max)": "19 metres (62 ft)", "Dome(s)": "1", "Dome height (outer)": "16 metres (52 ft)", "Materials": "Reinforced concrete, wood, aluminum", "Elevation": "20 m (66 ft)"}}, {"title": "Website", "data": {"Website": "www.olvinuvik.com"}}]	false
# Nashad Nashad (Urdu: ناشاد; 11 July 1923 – 14 January 1981) was a film composer and music director of Indian and Pakistani film industry. He composed music for Hindi films in the 1940s and 1950s, credited on-screen under the names Nashad and then later migrated to Pakistan in 1964. ## Early life and career Shaukat Ali Hashmi was born in Delhi, British India, on 11 July 1923. He received his early academic education in a local high school in Delhi. His father, Ghulam Hussain Khan, was a tabla player. So Shaukat Ali Nashad and his father first worked with the music composer Ghulam Haider. He also learned to play the flute. Then he moved to Bombay in the early 1940s. He composed under several names before finally settling for Nashad. Film director Nakshab Jarchavi changed Shaukat Ali's name to Nashad for his film Naghma (1953). He made his music debut under the name Shaukat Dehalvi in the 1947 action film Dildaar. The director was Shiv Raj, and it had lyrics by C.M. Muneer. The cast consisted of Sagina, Yashonat, Dev Radha and Deepak. He composed as Shaukat Ali for the 1948 film Jeene Do. Made under the banner of J. Hind Chitra, its director was A. F. Keeka and K. A. Majeed, and the cast included Monica Devi, Panalal, Harish, Ratan Piya, Laila Gupta and Shanta Kanwar. He used his real name Shaukat Ali to compose for the 1948 film Payal. In 1948, he also composed songs for film Toote Taare (1948) as Shaukat Dehalvi. Released under the banner of Sheikh Mukhtar's film production unit called "Omar Khayyam films", the director was Harish, and the cast included Shamim Banu and Motilal. In this film, he composed Mughal Empereor Bahadur Shah Zafar's famous ghazal "Na Kisi Ki Aankh Ka Noor Hoon" which became very popular throughout India and Pakistan. In 1949, he composed music for actor-director Yakub's film, Aiye. The film starred Yaqub and Sulochna Chatterji. In 1949, Nashad using the name Shaukat Ali Haideri composed songs for the film "Dada". The director was Harish, and it was released under the banner of "Omar Khayyam films", the cast included Sheikh Mukhtar, Begum Para, Munawwar Sultana, Shyam, Murad, Mukri, and Gullu. It was released in Jubilee cinema, Karachi. He was also known as Shaukat Dehalvi for some time. ## Difference between Nashad and Naushad In 1953, film director, Nakshab Jarachavi, had Shaukat Ali change his name to Nashad, which he retained for the rest of his life. The story behind the name change has been written in the book "Naushad: Zarra Jo Aaftaab Bana" (Penguin). The film director initially approached Naushad Ali for composing the music for his film. When Naushad Ali refused, the irate director Nakshab Jarchavi then had Shaukat Ali change his name to Nashad, to make it sound like Naushad. Nashad then composed for Jarchavi's 1953 film Naghma, starring Nadira and Ashok Kumar. ## Interview from 1955 In August 1955, Nashad talked at length in an interview as to how composing film songs for Indian Film Industry was done back in those days. He said that when he was hired as a film music composer, his 'first job' usually was to sit with the film director and determine the musical situations in the upcoming film. After these discussions and back-and-forth suggestions, he would start composing the melodies to match with the mood of those situations in the film. Once the tune of the film song is agreed upon, then the lyricist writes the words of the approved tune. In this interview, Nashad described just one method of composing film melodies. As we know, people in the film industry sometimes also use just the opposite method of composing film songs – for example in Pakistan, the eminent poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz had written his famous nazm, Mujh Se Pehli Si Mohabbat Mere Mehboob Na Maang without having the foggiest idea that it would be later used in a 1962 Pakistani film Qaidi and then would go on to become hugely popular among the public. Of course some of the credit should also go to the music director Rasheed Attre and his son Wajahat Attre who worked very hard to come up with the final song composition (per Wajahat Attre's interview years later) and no doubt the singer Noor Jehan. ## Later career Nashad wrote and composed the song "Mohabbat Zindagi Hai" for the Pakistani film Tum Salamat Raho (1974). It had two versions included in the movie, a male version by ghazal singer, Mehdi Hassan, and female version by Noor Jehan. Lyrics were penned by Masroor Anwar. The two songs were accompanies by music videos, both picturised on Waheed Murad & Asiya. The male version was shot in a garden and was featured first in the film. It begins with Asiya accepting her love for Waheed and Waheed promising not to deceive her love. Then Waheed sings the song whilst romancing Asiya. It ends with them walking away united. The female version was featured later in the movie and was shot in a mountain valley. It begins with Asiya promising to Waheed that she will marry only him and she is only his. Then she sings the song whilst romancing Waheed. It ends with Mohammad Ali catching them red-handed, romancing. The song, especially the male version, became a rage and is recognised as a classic today. It is also considered one of the best songs sung by Mehdi Hassan. ## Filmography ### In India Nashad's films in India include: - Dildaar] (1947)[6] - Toote Taare (1948)[6][1] - Suhagi (1948) - Jeene Do (1948)[6] - Dada (1949) - Aiye (1949)[6] - Ram Bharose (1951) - Gazab (1951) - Naghma (1953)[2] - Char Chand (1953) cast: Shyama and Suresh - Darwaza (1954) director: Shahid Lateef, husband of writer Ismat Chughtai, cast: Shyama, Chandrashekhar. He introduced singer Suman Kalyanpur for the first time in this film.[6] - Shahzada (1955) - Subse Bada Rupaiya (1955) director: P. L. Santoshi, cast: Shashikala and Agha, music: Nashad and O. P. Nayyar. - Shehzada (1955), director: Mohan Sinha, cast: Sheela Ramani and Ajit, music: Nashad and S. Mohinder[6] - Jawab (1955), - Baradari (film) (1955) director: K. Amarnath, lyrics: Khumar Barabanki, cast: Geeta Bali, Ajith, Chandrashekhar and Pran. This film had some hit songs "Bhula Nahin Dena Ji Bhula Nahin Dena, Zamana Kharab Hai, Bhula Nahin Dena" by Lata Mangeshkar and Mohammed Rafi, and "Tasveer Banata Hoon Tasveer Nahin Banti" by Talat Mehmood. Nashad himself sang a song in this film.[1][2] - Awara Shehzadi, Director, Pyarelal, cast: Meena Shori and Diljeet, music: Nashad and Jimmi. - Jallad (1956) cast: Veena, Munawwar Sultana and Nasir Khan. - Bada Bhai (1957) cast: Kamini Kaushal and Ajit. - Zindagi Ya Toofan (1958) cast: Nutan and Pradeep Kumar - Mehfil cast: Rehana and Diljeet. - Hathkari (1958) cast: Shakila and Moti Lal. - Zara Bachh Ke (1958) cast: Nanda and Suresh. - Qatil (1960) cast: Chitra and Prem Nath. - Flight To Assam (1961) cast: Shakila and Ranjan. - Pyar Ki Dastaan (1961) cast: Anita Guha and Suresh Kumar - Rooplekha (1962) cast: Wajeeh Chaudhari and Mahipal. - Maya Mahal (1963) cast: Helen and Mahipal - Main Hoon Jadugar (1965) - Flying man (1965) Nashad's last film in India as a music composer[1] ### In Pakistan He migrated to Pakistan and debuted as a composer in the 1964 film Maikhana, directed by Nakhshab Jarachavi, its scriptwriter was Agha Nasir. Nashad had worked with Master Ghulam Haider, Nisar Bazmi, Naushad early in his film career as their assistant to learn from them. He is given credit for first introducing Runa Laila to the Pakistani film industry from Karachi. ### Popular songs Some of the songs he composed, as an independent music director, are listed below: - Jaan Keh Kar Jo Bulaaya Tau Bura Maan Gaye sung by Saleem Raza from the 1964 film Maikhana[3] - "Phir Subah Hogi" sung by Masood Rana from the 1966 film Phir Subah Hogi[8] - "Pyar Hota Nahi Zindagi Ke" sung by Runa Laila from the 1966 film Phir Subah Hogi - "Daiya Re Daiya Re Kaanta Chubhah" a duet by Runa Laila and Masood Rana from the 1966 film Phir Subah Hogi - "Chali Ho Chali Ho Tum Kahan Dilruba" a duet by Runa Laila and Ahmed Rushdi from the 1966 film Hum Dono - "Unki Nazron Se Muhabbat Ka Jo Paigham Mila" sung by Runa Laila from the 1966 film Hum Dono[3] - "Marna Bhi Nahi Aata" sung by Runa Laila from the 1966 film Hum Dono - "Masoom Sa Chehra Hai Hum Jis Kay Hain Deewane" Singers Ahmed Rushdi & Runa Laila. - "Zakhm-e-dil Chhupa Ke Royein Ge, Tujh Ko Aazma Kay Royein Ge". Singer, Naseem Begum, the film Rishta hai pyar ka (1967) - "Bari Meherbani, Bari Hai Inayat" Singer Masood Rana, film Rishta hai pyar ka (1967)[7] - "Lay Aayee Phir Kahan Per Qismat Hamay Kahan Se." Singer Noor Jehan, director Qamar Zaidi's film Salgira (1969)[9][3] - "Lazzat-e-souz-e-jigar Pooch Lay Parwane Se" Duet by Ahmed Rushdi and Runa Laila, music by Nashad, film Salgira (1969)[8] - "Tere Wade Se Meri Zindagi Saji" Duet, Ahmed Rushdi – Irene Perveen - "Gori Ke Sar pe Saj Ke, Sehray Ke Phool Kahenge" Singer, Ahmed Rushdi. Director Iqbal Yusuf's 1969 film Tum Mile Pyar Mila (1969)[8][2] - "Aap Ko Bhool Jaayein Hum Itne Toh Bewafa Naheen" Singers Mehdi Hassan & Noor Jehan, film Tum mile pyar mila (1969)[3] - "Mujhe kar dain na deewana tere andaz mastana" Sung by Mehdi Hassan, lyrics by Taslim Fazli, film "Naya Raasta (1973)"[2] - "Aisa pyaar karne wala meri jaan tujhe dhoonde na mile ga" Sung by Mehdi Hassan, lyrics by Masroor Anwar, film "Milan" (1978)[8][2] - Woh kehtay thay hum se mulaqaat karo Sung by Afshan, lyrics by Taslim Fazli, Film Naya Rasta (1973)[8] - Zindagi Mein Tau Sabhi Pyar Kiya Karte Hain Sung by Mehdi Hassan, lyrics by Qateel Shifai, Film Azmat (1973)[3] ## Personal life He married an Indian Muslim woman when he was living there. He had eight sons and seven daughters. His oldest son, Wajid Ali Nashad, was a music composer in Pakistan who died in 2008. His son Shahid Ali Nashad is a composer. Akbar Ali Nashad is also a composer and arranger. His other son, Imran Ali Nashad is a singer. Arshad Ali Nashad moved to the United States. Ahmad Ali Nashad is a cricketer. Ajmal Ali Nashad is a 'supervisor' in some company. Singer Ameer Ali (Choorian 1998 Film Fame) is also a son of Shaukat Ali Nashad. He is a film playback singer. He has performed in many live shows on stage also. Lately, Ameer Ali Nashad has made his own Audio Studio. His super-hit film song is 'Karan Mein Nazara Jadon Ohdi Tasweer Da' in film Choorian (1998 film). ## Notable films - Naghma (1953)[2] - Bara Dari (1955)[2] - Zindagi Ya Toofan (1958)[2] - Maikhana (1964)[8] - Phir Subah Hogi (1966) - Hum Dono (1966) - Rishta Hai Pyar Ka (1967)[7] - Tum Mile Pyar Mila (1969) - Salgira (1969)[9] - Chand Suraj (1970)[2] - Sapera (1970) - Afshan (1971) - Rim Jhim (1971) - Baharo Phool Barsao (1972)[2] - Ek Raat (1972) - Azmat (1973) - Insaan aur Gadha (1973) - Naya Rasta (1973) - Deedar (1974) - Zeenat (1975)[2] - Palki (1975) - Milan (1978) ## Awards and recognition - Nigar Award for Best Music Composer in Maikhana (1964 film)[11][2] - Nigar Award for Best Music Composer in Salgira (1969 film)[11][2] ## Death Nashad died on 3 January 1981 at age 57. He composed film music for over 60 films during his career. Among his survivors were eight sons and seven daughters. Many of his sons followed him into the music industry.	enwiki/16124951	enwiki	16,124,951	Nashad	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashad	2025-04-22T16:15:11Z	en	Q6966828	94,297	{{Short description\|Indian/Pakistani film musician}} {{about\|the Indian/Pakistani film musician\|the Indian film musician\|Naushad\|the Pakistani cricketer\|Naushad Ali (cricketer)}} {{Use Pakistani English\|date=December 2021}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox person \| name = Nashad ناشاد \| caption = music \| birth_name = Shaukat Ali Hashmi \| birth_date = {{birth date\|df=y\|1923\|07\|11}} \| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British India]] \| death_date = {{death date and age \|df=y\|1981\|01\|03\|1923\|07\|11}} \| occupation = [[Film]] [[Composer]], [[film]] [[music director]] \| years_active = 1947–1981 \| relatives = [[Wajid Nashad]] (son) (also a music director) \| awards = 2 [[Nigar Award]]s in 1964 and 1969 }} '''Nashad''' ({{langx\|ur\|{{Nastaliq\|ناشاد}}}}; 11{{nbsp}}July 1923{{snd}}14{{nbsp}}January 1981) was a [[film]] [[composer]] and music director of Indian and [[Pakistani film industry]]. He composed music for [[Hindi]] films in the 1940s and 1950s, credited on-screen under the names '''Nashad''' and then later migrated to [[Pakistan]] in 1964. ==Early life and career== Shaukat Ali Hashmi was born in [[Delhi]], [[British India]], on 11 July 1923.<ref name=pakmag2>{{cite web\|url=http://pakfilms.net/artists/details.php?pid=2682\|url-status=dead\|title=Profile of Nashad\|website=Pakistan Film Magazine website\|archive-date=22 June 2017\|access-date=6 August 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622125744/http://pakfilms.net/artists/details.php?pid=2682}}</ref><ref name=cinemaazi/> He received his early academic education in a local high school in Delhi. His father, Ghulam Hussain Khan, was a tabla player. So Shaukat Ali Nashad and his father first worked with the music composer [[Ghulam Haider (composer)\|Ghulam Haider]].<ref name=RadioPakistan/> He also learned to play the flute. Then he moved to Bombay in the early 1940s. He composed under several names before finally settling for Nashad. Film director Nakshab Jarchavi changed Shaukat Ali's name to Nashad for his film ''Naghma'' (1953). He made his music debut under the name Shaukat Dehalvi in the 1947 action film ''Dildaar''. The director was Shiv Raj, and it had lyrics by C.M. Muneer. The cast consisted of Sagina, Yashonat, Dev Radha and Deepak.<ref name=cinemaazi/> He composed as Shaukat Ali for the 1948 film ''Jeene Do''. Made under the banner of J. Hind Chitra, its director was A. F. Keeka and K. A. Majeed, and the cast included Monica Devi, Panalal, Harish, Ratan Piya, Laila Gupta and Shanta Kanwar. He used his real name Shaukat Ali to compose for the 1948 film ''Payal''.<ref name=cinemaazi/> In 1948, he also composed songs for film '''Toote Taare (1948)''' as Shaukat Dehalvi. Released under the banner of [[Sheikh Mukhtar]]'s film production unit called "Omar Khayyam films", the director was Harish, and the cast included ''Shamim Banu'' and [[Motilal (actor)\|Motilal]]. In this film, he composed Mughal Empereor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]'s famous ghazal "Na Kisi Ki Aankh Ka Noor Hoon" which became very popular throughout India and Pakistan. In 1949, he composed music for actor-director [[Yakub (actor)\|Yakub]]'s film, ''[[Aiye]]''. The film starred [[Yaqub]] and ''Sulochna Chatterji''.<ref name=cinemaazi/> In 1949, Nashad using the name Shaukat Ali Haideri composed songs for the film "[[Dada]]". The director was Harish, and it was released under the banner of "Omar Khayyam films", the cast included Sheikh Mukhtar, ''Begum Para'', [[Munawwar Sultana]], Shyam, [[Murad (actor)\|Murad]], [[Mukri]], and Gullu. It was released in Jubilee cinema, [[Karachi]]. He was also known as Shaukat Dehalvi for some time.<ref name=cinemaazi/> ==Difference between Nashad and Naushad== In 1953, film director, Nakshab Jarachavi, had Shaukat Ali change his name to Nashad, which he retained for the rest of his life. The story behind the name change has been written in the book "Naushad: Zarra Jo Aaftaab Bana" (Penguin). The film director initially approached [[Naushad\|Naushad Ali]] for composing the music for his film. When Naushad Ali refused, the irate director Nakshab Jarchavi then had Shaukat Ali change his name to Nashad, to make it sound like Naushad. Nashad then composed for Jarchavi's 1953 film ''Naghma'', starring [[Nadira (Indian actress)\|Nadira]] and [[Ashok Kumar]].<ref name=pakmag2/><ref name=cinemaazi>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/nashad\|title=Nashad - Music Director - Profile\|url-status=dead\|website=Cinemaazi.com website\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816161436/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/nashad\|archive-date=16 August 2022 \|access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> ==Interview from 1955== In August 1955, Nashad talked at length in an interview as to how composing film songs for [[Indian Film Industry]] was done back in those days. He said that when he was hired as a film music composer, his 'first job' usually was to sit with the film director and determine the musical situations in the upcoming film. After these discussions and back-and-forth suggestions, he would start composing the melodies to match with the mood of those situations in the film. Once the tune of the film song is agreed upon, then the lyricist writes the words of the approved tune.<ref name=cineplot>{{cite web\|url=http://cineplot.com/music/i-believe-in-popular-film-music-shaukat-dehalvi-nashad/ \|url-status=dead\|archive-date=22 June 2011\|access-date=6 August 2023\|title=I believe in Popular Film Music.. Shaukat Dehalvi Nashad's interview in August 1955\|website=Cineplot Music website\|date=24 October 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622210049/http://cineplot.com/music/i-believe-in-popular-film-music-shaukat-dehalvi-nashad/}}</ref> In this interview, Nashad described just one method of composing film melodies. As we know, people in the film industry sometimes also use just the opposite method of composing film songs – for example in [[Pakistan]], the eminent poet [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]] had written his famous [[nazm]], ''[[Mujh Se Pehli Si Mohabbat Mere Mehboob Na Maang]]'' without having the foggiest idea that it would be later used in a 1962 Pakistani film ''Qaidi'' and then would go on to become hugely popular among the public. Of course some of the credit should also go to the music director [[Rasheed Attre]] and his son [[Wajahat Attre]] who worked very hard to come up with the final song composition (per Wajahat Attre's interview years later) and no doubt the singer [[Noor Jehan]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1174067 \|title=Did Noor Jehan take away 'Mujh Se Pehli Si Muhabbat' from Faiz Ahmad Faiz?\|author=Manish Gaekwad\|date=19 October 2015\|publisher=Dawn newspaper\|access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> ==Later career== Nashad wrote and composed the song "Mohabbat Zindagi Hai" for the [[Cinema of Pakistan\|Pakistani film]] ''Tum Salamat Raho'' (1974). It had two versions included in the movie, a male version by ghazal singer, [[Mehdi Hassan]], and female version by [[Noor Jehan]]. Lyrics were penned by Masroor Anwar. The two songs were accompanies by music videos, both picturised on [[Waheed Murad]] & Asiya. The male version was shot in a garden and was featured first in the film. It begins with Asiya accepting her love for Waheed and Waheed promising not to deceive her love. Then Waheed sings the song whilst romancing Asiya. It ends with them walking away united. The female version was featured later in the movie and was shot in a mountain valley. It begins with Asiya promising to Waheed that she will marry only him and she is only his. Then she sings the song whilst romancing Waheed. It ends with [[Mohammad Ali (actor)\|Mohammad Ali]] catching them red-handed, romancing. The song, especially the male version, became a rage and is recognised as a classic today.{{cn\|date=April 2019}} It is also considered one of the best songs sung by Mehdi Hassan.{{cn\|date=April 2019}} ==Filmography== === In India=== Nashad's films in India include: * '' Dildaar]'' (1947)<ref name=MuVyz/> * ''Toote Taare'' (1948)<ref name=MuVyz/><ref name=pakmag2/> * ''[[Suhagi]]'' (1948) * ''Jeene Do'' (1948)<ref name=MuVyz/> * ''[[Dada]]'' (1949) * ''[[Aiye]]'' (1949)<ref name=MuVyz/> * ''[[Ram Bharose]]'' (1951) * ''[[Gazab]]'' (1951) * ''Naghma'' (1953)<ref name=cinemaazi/> * ''Char Chand'' (1953) cast: [[Shyama (Hindi actress)\|Shyama]] and [[Suresh (Hindi actor)\|Suresh]] * ''[[Darwaza]]'' (1954) director: [[Shahid Lateef]], husband of writer [[Ismat Chughtai]], cast: [[Shyama (Hindi actress)\|Shyama]], [[Chandrashekhar]]. He introduced singer [[Suman Kalyanpur]] for the first time in this film.<ref name=MuVyz>[http://muvyz.com/people/yd588053/Filmography/Musician/2/#Filmography Filmography of Nashad on MuVyz.com website] Retrieved 14 June 2019</ref> * ''Shahzada'' (1955) * ''Subse Bada Rupaiya'' (1955) director: P. L. Santoshi, cast: Shashikala and Agha, music: Nashad and O. P. Nayyar. * ''Shehzada'' (1955), director: Mohan Sinha, cast: Sheela Ramani and Ajit, music: Nashad and S. Mohinder<ref name=MuVyz/> * ''Jawab'' (1955), * ''Baradari (film)'' (1955) director: [[K. Amarnath]], lyrics: [[Khumar Barabankvi\|Khumar Barabanki]], cast: [[Geeta Bali]], [[Ajit (given name)\|Ajit]]h, Chandrashekhar and [[Pran (actor)\|Pran]]. This film had some hit songs "Bhula Nahin Dena Ji Bhula Nahin Dena, Zamana Kharab Hai, Bhula Nahin Dena" by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Mohammed Rafi]], and "Tasveer Banata Hoon Tasveer Nahin Banti" by [[Talat Mehmood]]. Nashad himself sang a song in this film.<ref name=pakmag2/><ref name=cinemaazi/> * ''Awara Shehzadi'', Director, Pyarelal, cast: Meena Shori and Diljeet, music: Nashad and Jimmi. * ''[[Jallad]]'' (1956) cast: Veena, [[Munawwar Sultana]] and Nasir Khan. * ''Bada Bhai'' (1957) cast: Kamini Kaushal and Ajit. * ''Zindagi Ya Toofan'' (1958) cast: [[Nutan]] and [[Pradeep Kumar]] * ''[[Mehfil]]'' cast: Rehana and Diljeet. * ''Hathkari'' (1958) cast: Shakila and Moti Lal. * ''Zara Bachh Ke'' (1958) cast: Nanda and Suresh. * ''Qatil'' (1960) cast: Chitra and [[Prem Nath]]. * ''Flight To Assam'' (1961) cast: Shakila and Ranjan. * ''Pyar Ki Dastaan'' (1961) cast: Anita Guha and Suresh Kumar * ''Rooplekha'' (1962) cast: Wajeeh Chaudhari and Mahipal. * ''Maya Mahal'' (1963) cast: Helen and Mahipal * ''Main Hoon Jadugar'' (1965) * ''Flying man'' (1965) Nashad's last film in India as a music composer<ref name=pakmag2/> ===In Pakistan=== He migrated to Pakistan and debuted as a composer in the 1964 film ''Maikhana'', directed by ''Nakhshab Jarachavi'', its scriptwriter was [[Agha Nasir]].<ref name=cinemaazi/> Nashad had worked with Master [[Ghulam Haider (composer)\|Ghulam Haider]], [[Nisar Bazmi]], [[Naushad]] early in his film career as their assistant to learn from them. He is given credit for first introducing [[Runa Laila]] to the [[Pakistani film industry]] from Karachi.<ref name=Dawn>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1065380 Dawn - Features; 15 December 2003 (scroll down to 'Those were the days' to read about Nashad)] Dawn newspaper, Published 15 December 2003, Retrieved 5 March 2024</ref><ref name=RadioPakistan/> ===Popular songs=== Some of the songs he composed, as an independent music director, are listed below: * ''Jaan Keh Kar Jo Bulaaya Tau Bura Maan Gaye'' sung by [[Saleem Raza (singer)\|Saleem Raza]] from the 1964 film ''Maikhana''<ref name=RadioPakistan/> * "Phir Subah Hogi" sung by [[Masood Rana]] from the 1966 film ''Phir Subah Hogi''<ref name=pakmag/> * "Pyar Hota Nahi Zindagi Ke" sung by [[Runa Laila]] from the 1966 film ''Phir Subah Hogi'' * "Daiya Re Daiya Re Kaanta Chubhah" a duet by [[Runa Laila]] and [[Masood Rana]] from the 1966 film ''Phir Subah Hogi'' * "Chali Ho Chali Ho Tum Kahan Dilruba" a duet by [[Runa Laila]] and [[Ahmed Rushdi]] from the 1966 film ''Hum Dono'' * "Unki Nazron Se Muhabbat Ka Jo Paigham Mila" sung by [[Runa Laila]] from the 1966 film ''Hum Dono''<ref name=RadioPakistan>{{cite web\|url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/03-01-2024/death-anniversary-of-music-composer-shaukat-ali-nashad-being-observed-today\|archive-date=3 January 2024\|title=Death anniversary of music composer Shaukat Ali Nashad being observed today\|website=Radio Pakistan website\|url-status=dead\|access-date=5 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094411/https://www.radio.gov.pk/03-01-2024/death-anniversary-of-music-composer-shaukat-ali-nashad-being-observed-today}}</ref> * "Marna Bhi Nahi Aata" sung by [[Runa Laila]] from the 1966 film ''Hum Dono'' * "Masoom Sa Chehra Hai Hum Jis Kay Hain Deewane" Singers [[Ahmed Rushdi]] & [[Runa Laila]]. * "Zakhm-e-dil Chhupa Ke Royein Ge, Tujh Ko Aazma Kay Royein Ge". Singer, [[Naseem Begum]], the film ''[[Rishta hai pyar ka]]'' (1967) * "Bari Meherbani, Bari Hai Inayat" Singer [[Masood Rana]], film ''[[Rishta hai pyar ka]]'' (1967)<ref name=Dawn/> * "Lay Aayee Phir Kahan Per Qismat Hamay Kahan Se." Singer [[Noor Jehan]], director Qamar Zaidi's film ''[[Salgirah (1969 film)\|Salgira]]'' (1969)<ref name=DailyTimes/><ref name=RadioPakistan/> * "Lazzat-e-souz-e-jigar Pooch Lay Parwane Se" Duet by [[Ahmed Rushdi]] and [[Runa Laila]], music by Nashad, film Salgira (1969)<ref name=pakmag>{{cite web\|url=http://pakfilms.net/musicians/Nashad.php \|archive-date=28 April 2017\|title=Nashad - 253 songs in 68 films \|website=Pakistan Film Magazine website\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428045752/http://pakfilms.net/musicians/Nashad.php\|access-date=6 August 2023\|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Tere Wade Se Meri Zindagi Saji" Duet, [[Ahmed Rushdi]] – [[Irene Perveen]] * "Gori Ke Sar pe Saj Ke, Sehray Ke Phool Kahenge" Singer, [[Ahmed Rushdi]]. Director Iqbal Yusuf's 1969 film ''Tum Mile Pyar Mila'' (1969)<ref name=pakmag/><ref name=cinemaazi/> * "Aap Ko Bhool Jaayein Hum Itne Toh Bewafa Naheen" Singers [[Mehdi Hassan]] & [[Noor Jehan]], film ''Tum mile pyar mila'' (1969)<ref name=RadioPakistan/> * "Mujhe kar dain na deewana tere andaz mastana" Sung by [[Mehdi Hassan]], lyrics by Taslim Fazli, film "Naya Raasta (1973)"<ref name=cinemaazi/> * "Aisa pyaar karne wala meri jaan tujhe dhoonde na mile ga" Sung by [[Mehdi Hassan]], lyrics by Masroor Anwar, film "Milan" (1978)<ref name=pakmag/><ref name=cinemaazi/> * ''Woh kehtay thay hum se mulaqaat karo'' Sung by Afshan, lyrics by Taslim Fazli, Film ''Naya Rasta (1973)''<ref name=pakmag/> * ''Zindagi Mein Tau Sabhi Pyar Kiya Karte Hain'' Sung by Mehdi Hassan, lyrics by [[Qateel Shifai]], Film ''Azmat'' (1973)<ref name=RadioPakistan/> ==Personal life== He married an Indian Muslim woman when he was living there. He had eight sons and seven daughters. His oldest son, [[Wajid Ali Nashad]], was a music composer in Pakistan who died in 2008.<ref name=Dawn1>[https://www.dawn.com/news/308162/musician-wajid-nashad-dies, Musician Wajid Nashad dies] Dawn newspaper, Published 20 June 2008, Retrieved 5 March 2024</ref> His son Shahid Ali Nashad is a composer. Akbar Ali Nashad is also a composer and arranger. His other son, Imran Ali Nashad is a singer. Arshad Ali Nashad moved to the United States. Ahmad Ali Nashad is a cricketer. Ajmal Ali Nashad is a 'supervisor' in some company. Singer ''Ameer Ali'' (Choorian 1998 Film Fame) is also a son of Shaukat Ali Nashad. He is a film playback singer.<ref name=Dawn1/> He has performed in many live shows on stage also. Lately, Ameer Ali Nashad has made his own Audio Studio. His super-hit film song is 'Karan Mein Nazara Jadon Ohdi Tasweer Da' in film [[Choorian (1998 film)]]. ==Notable films== * ''Naghma'' (1953)<ref name=cinemaazi/> * ''Bara Dari'' (1955)<ref name=cinemaazi/> * ''Zindagi Ya Toofan'' (1958)<ref name=cinemaazi/> * ''Maikhana'' (1964)<ref name=pakmag/> * ''Phir Subah Hogi'' (1966) * ''Hum Dono'' (1966) * ''[[Rishta Hai Pyar Ka]]'' (1967)<ref name=Dawn/> * ''Tum Mile Pyar Mila'' (1969) * ''[[Salgira (1969 film)\|Salgira]]'' (1969)<ref name=DailyTimes>[https://dailytimes.com.pk/51947/lok-virsa-organises-screening-of-film-salgirah/ Lok Virsa organises screening of film "Saligirah"] Daily Times newspaper, Published 15 October 2016, Retrieved 5 March 2024</ref> * ''Chand Suraj'' (1970)<ref name=cinemaazi/> * ''Sapera'' (1970) * ''Afshan'' (1971) * ''Rim Jhim'' (1971) * ''[[Baharo Phool Barsao]]'' (1972)<ref name=cinemaazi/> * ''Ek Raat'' (1972) * ''Azmat'' (1973) * ''Insaan aur Gadha'' (1973) * ''Naya Rasta'' (1973) * ''Deedar'' (1974) * ''[[Zeenat (1975 film)\|Zeenat]]'' (1975)<ref name=cinemaazi/> * ''Palki'' (1975) * ''Milan'' (1978) ==Awards and recognition== [[Nigar Award]] for Best Music Composer in ''Maikhana'' (1964 film)<ref name=hot>{{cite web\|url=http://www.thehotspotonline.com/moviespot/bolly/Lollywood/NigarAwards.htm \|date=17 June 2002\|archive-date=24 July 2008\|title=The Nigar Awards (1957 - 1971)\|website=The Hot Spot Online website\|access-date=20 December 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022517/http://www.thehotspotonline.com/moviespot/bolly/Lollywood/NigarAwards.htm}}</ref><ref name=cinemaazi/> [[Nigar Award]] for Best Music Composer in [[Salgirah (1969 film)\|Salgira]] (1969 film)<ref name=hot/><ref name=cinemaazi/> ==Death== Nashad died on 3 January 1981 at age 57.<ref name=RadioPakistan/> He composed film music for over 60 films during his career. Among his survivors were eight sons and seven daughters. Many of his sons followed him into the music industry.<ref name=pakmag2/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{IMDb name\|3142754}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nashad}} [[Category:1923 births]] [[Category:1981 deaths]] [[Category:Indian film score composers]] [[Category:Pakistani composers]] [[Category:20th-century composers]] [[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]] [[Category:Nigar Award winners]] [[Category:Pakistani musicians]] [[Category:Pakistani film score composers]] [[Category:Musicians from Delhi]] [[Category:Hindi film score composers]]	1,286,885,251	[{"title": "Nashad \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062f", "data": {"Born": "Shaukat Ali Hashmi \u00b7 11 July 1923 \u00b7 Delhi, British India", "Died": "3 January 1981 (aged 57)", "Occupation(s)": "Film Composer, film music director", "Years active": "1947\u20131981", "Relatives": "Wajid Nashad (son) (also a music director)", "Awards": "2 Nigar Awards in 1964 and 1969"}}]	false
# 2012 Pennsylvania Senate election The 2012 elections for the Pennsylvania State Senate were held on November 6, 2012, with all odd-numbered districts being contested. The primary elections were held on April 24, 2012. The term of office for those elected in 2012 began when the Senate convened in January 2013. Pennsylvania State Senators are elected to four-year terms, with 25 of the 50 seats contested every two years. ## Overview \| Affiliation \| Affiliation \| Members \| \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ------- \| \| \| Democratic \| 23 \| \| \| Republican \| 27 \| \| Total \| Total \| 50 \| ## Predictions \| Source \| Ranking \| As of \| \| --------- \| -------- \| ---------------- \| \| Governing \| Likely R \| October 24, 2012 \| ## General election \| District \| Party \| Party \| Incumbent \| Status \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| -------- \| ----- \| ---------- \| --------------- \| ---------- \| ----------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------ \| ------- \| ------ \| \| 1 \| \| Democratic \| Larry Farnese \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| Larry Farnese \| 95,612 \| 82.40 \| \| 1 \| \| Democratic \| Larry Farnese \| Re-elected \| Republican \| Al Gambone \| 20,421 \| 17.60 \| \| \| 3 \| \| Democratic \| Shirley Kitchen \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| Shirley Kitchen \| 101,151 \| 100.00 \| \| 5 \| \| Democratic \| Mike Stack \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| Mike Stack \| 65,587 \| 71.65 \| \| 5 \| \| Democratic \| Mike Stack \| Re-elected \| Republican \| Mike Tomlinson \| 25,954 \| 28.35 \| \| \| 7 \| \| Democratic \| Vincent Hughes \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| Vincent Hughes \| 105,146 \| 100.00 \| \| 9 \| \| Republican \| Dominic Pileggi \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Dominic Pileggi \| 73,003 \| 55.40 \| \| 9 \| \| Republican \| Dominic Pileggi \| Re-elected \| Democratic \| Pat Worrell \| 58,769 \| 44.60 \| \| \| 11 \| \| Democratic \| Judy Schwank \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| Judy Schwank \| 63,796 \| 64.37 \| \| 11 \| \| Democratic \| Judy Schwank \| Re-elected \| Republican \| Karen Mogel \| 35,318 \| 35.63 \| \| \| 13 \| \| Republican \| Lloyd Smucker \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Lloyd Smucker \| 64,153 \| 55.72 \| \| 13 \| \| Republican \| Lloyd Smucker \| Re-elected \| Democratic \| Tom O'Brien \| 50,981 \| 44.28 \| \| \| 15 \| \| Republican \| Jeff Piccola \| Retired \| \| Democratic \| Rob Teplitz \| 61,139 \| 51.53 \| \| 15 \| \| Republican \| Jeff Piccola \| Retired \| Republican \| John McNally \| 57,504 \| 48.47 \| \| \| 17 \| \| Democratic \| Daylin Leach \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| Daylin Leach \| 78,508 \| 63.20 \| \| 17 \| \| Democratic \| Daylin Leach \| Re-elected \| Republican \| Charles Gehret \| 45,707 \| 36.80 \| \| \| 19 \| \| Democratic \| Andy Dinniman \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| Andy Dinniman \| 83,589 \| 57.45 \| \| 19 \| \| Democratic \| Andy Dinniman \| Re-elected \| Republican \| Chris Amentas \| 61,914 \| 42.55 \| \| \| 21 \| \| Republican \| Mary Jo White \| Retired \| \| Republican \| Scott Hutchinson \| 75,905 \| 100.00 \| \| 23 \| \| Republican \| Gene Yaw \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Gene Yaw \| 66,277 \| 69.73 \| \| 23 \| \| Republican \| Gene Yaw \| Re-elected \| Democratic \| Luana Cleveland \| 28,771 \| 30.27 \| \| \| 25 \| \| Republican \| Joe Scarnati \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Joseph B. Scarnati \| 75,096 \| 100.00 \| \| 27 \| \| Republican \| John Gordner \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| John Gordner \| 75,667 \| 100.00 \| \| 29 \| \| Republican \| Dave Argall \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Dave Argall \| 56,837 \| 56.16 \| \| 29 \| \| Republican \| Dave Argall \| Re-elected \| Democratic \| Tim Seip \| 44,365 \| 43.84 \| \| \| 31 \| \| Republican \| Pat Vance \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Pat Vance \| 123,096 \| 100.00 \| \| 33 \| \| Republican \| Rich Alloway \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Rich Alloway \| 81,503 \| 70.74 \| \| 33 \| \| Republican \| Rich Alloway \| Re-elected \| Democratic \| Bruce Neylon \| 33,716 \| 29.26 \| \| \| 35 \| \| Democratic \| John Wozniak \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| John Wozniak \| 46,637 \| 50.98 \| \| 35 \| \| Democratic \| John Wozniak \| Re-elected \| Republican \| Tim Houser \| 44,844 \| 49.02 \| \| \| 37 \| \| Republican \| John Pippy \| Retired \| \| Democratic \| Matthew H. Smith \| 70,883 \| 52.61 \| \| 37 \| \| Republican \| John Pippy \| Retired \| Republican \| Dakshinamurthy Raja \| 63,854 \| 47.39 \| \| \| 39 \| \| Republican \| Kim Ward \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Kim Ward \| 92,984 \| 86.96 \| \| 39 \| \| Republican \| Kim Ward \| Re-elected \| Independent \| Ron Gazze \| 13,946 \| 13.04 \| \| \| 41 \| \| Republican \| Don White \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Don White \| 82,761 \| 100.00 \| \| 43 \| \| Democratic \| Jay Costa \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| Jay Costa \| 94,779 \| 100.00 \| \| 45 \| \| Democratic \| Jim Brewster \| Re-elected \| \| Democratic \| Jim Brewster \| 72,189 \| 100.00 \| \| 47 \| \| Republican \| Elder Vogel \| Re-elected \| \| Republican \| Elder Vogel \| 57,613 \| 57.06 \| \| 47 \| \| Republican \| Elder Vogel \| Re-elected \| Democratic \| Kim Villella \| 43,348 \| 42.94 \| \| \| 49 \| \| Republican \| Jane Earll \| Retired \| \| Democratic \| Sean Wiley \| 60,921 \| 60.01 \| \| 49 \| \| Republican \| Jane Earll \| Retired \| Republican \| Janet Anderson \| 40,592 \| 39.99 \| \| Source: Pennsylvania Department of State	enwiki/37481018	enwiki	37,481,018	2012 Pennsylvania Senate election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Pennsylvania_Senate_election	2025-03-01T06:06:25Z	en	Q7164175	272,341	{{Short description\|none}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2023}} {{Infobox election \|election_name = 2012 Pennsylvania Senate election \|country = Pennsylvania \|type = legislative \|ongoing = no \|previous_election = 2010 Pennsylvania Senate election \|previous_year = 2010 \|next_election = 2014 Pennsylvania Senate election \|next_year = 2014 \|seats_for_election= All odd-numbered seats in the [[Pennsylvania State Senate]] \|majority_seats = 26 \|election_date = November 6, 2012 \|turnout = \|image1 = [[File:Joe Scarnati.jpg\|160x180px]] \|leader1 = [[Joe Scarnati]] \|party1 = Republican Party (United States) \|leaders_seat1 = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 25\|25th district]] \|seats_before1 = '''30''' \|seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 3 \|seats1 = 12 \|seats_after1 = '''27''' \|popular_vote1 = \|percentage1 = \|image2 = [[File:Jay Costa 2018.png\|160x180px]] \|leader2 = [[Jay Costa]] \|party2 = Democratic Party (United States) \|leaders_seat2 = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 43\|43rd District]] \|seats_before2 = 20 \|seat_change2 = {{increase}} 3 \|seats2 = '''13''' \|seats_after2 = 23 \|popular_vote2 = \|percentage2 = \|map_image = PAStateSenate2012.svg \|map_size = 350px \|map_caption = '''Results''' <br/>{{legend0\|#0671B0\|Democratic gain}} <br/>{{legend0\|#92C5DE\|Democratic hold}} {{legend0\|#F48882\|Republican hold}}<br/> {{legend0\|#d3d3d3\|No election}} }} {{ElectionsPA}} The '''2012 elections for the [[Pennsylvania State Senate]]''' were held on November 6, 2012, with all odd-numbered districts being contested.<ref name=results>{{cite web\|title=2012 General Election - Senator in the General Assembly\|url=http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&ElectionID=53&OfficeID=12\|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of State\|access-date=29 October 2012\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116132846/http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&ElectionID=53&OfficeID=12\|archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> The [[Partisan primary\|primary election]]s were held on April 24, 2012.<ref>{{cite web\|title=2012 General Primary - Senator in the General Assembly\|url=http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&ElectionID=45&OfficeID=12\|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of State\|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> The term of office for those elected in 2012 began when the Senate convened in January 2013. Pennsylvania State Senators are elected to four-year terms, with 25 of the 50 seats contested every two years.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1968, Article II\|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania_1874/Article_2\|publisher=Duquesne University\|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> ==Overview== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! colspan="2" \| Affiliation ! Members \|- \| style="background-color:{{party color\|Democratic Party (United States)}}" \| \| [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic]] \| 23 \|- \| style="background-color:{{party color\|Republican Party (United States)}}" \| \| [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]] \| 27 \|- ! colspan="2" \| Total ! 50 \|} ==Predictions== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Source !Ranking !As of \|- \| align=left \| [[Governing (magazine)\|Governing]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=Daigneau \|first=Elizabeth \|last2=Jacobson \|first2=Louis \|date=2012-10-23 \|title=The Latest Chamber-by-Chamber Analysis of the 2012 State Legislative Elections \|url=https://www.governing.com/archive/gov-latest-chamber-by-chamber-analysis-2012-state-legislative-elections.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195701/https://www.governing.com/archive/gov-latest-chamber-by-chamber-analysis-2012-state-legislative-elections.html \|archive-date=February 24, 2021 \|access-date=2024-07-13 \|website=Governing \|language=en}}</ref> <!--Sab-->\| {{USRaceRating\|Likely\|R}} \| October 24, 2012 \|} ==General election== {{Election box inline begin no change \| type = District }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 1\|1]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Larry Farnese]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Larry Farnese]]''' \| votes = '''95,612''' \| percentage = '''82.40''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = Al Gambone \| votes = 20,421 \| percentage = 17.60 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 3\|3]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Shirley Kitchen]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 1 }} {{Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Shirley Kitchen]]''' \| votes = '''101,151''' \| percentage = '''100.00''' }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 5\|5]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Michael J. Stack III\|Mike Stack]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Michael J. Stack III\|Mike Stack]]''' \| votes = '''65,587''' \| percentage = '''71.65''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = Mike Tomlinson \| votes = 25,954 \| percentage = 28.35 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 7\|7]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Vincent Hughes]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 1 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Vincent Hughes]]''' \| votes = '''105,146''' \| percentage = '''100.00''' }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 9\|9]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Dominic Pileggi]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Dominic Pileggi]]''' \| votes = '''73,003''' \| percentage = '''55.40''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = Pat Worrell \| votes = 58,769 \| percentage = 44.60 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 11\|11]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Judy Schwank]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Judy Schwank]]''' \| votes = '''63,796''' \| percentage = '''64.37''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = Karen Mogel \| votes = 35,318 \| percentage = 35.63 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 13\|13]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Lloyd Smucker]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Lloyd Smucker]]''' \| votes = '''64,153''' \| percentage = '''55.72''' }} {{Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = Tom O'Brien \| votes = 50,981 \| percentage = 44.28 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 15\|15]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Jeffrey Piccola\|Jeff Piccola]] \| status = Retired \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''''[[Rob Teplitz]]''''' \| votes = '''61,139''' \| percentage = '''51.53''' \| shift = Democratic }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = John McNally \| votes = 57,504 \| percentage = 48.47 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 17\|17]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Daylin Leach]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Daylin Leach]]''' \| votes = '''78,508''' \| percentage = '''63.20''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = Charles Gehret \| votes = 45,707 \| percentage = 36.80 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 19\|19]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Andy Dinniman]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Andy Dinniman]]''' \| votes = '''83,589''' \| percentage = '''57.45''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = Chris Amentas \| votes = 61,914 \| percentage = 42.55 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 21\|21]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Mary Jo White (Pennsylvania politician)\|Mary Jo White]] \| status = Retired \| candidates = 1 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''''[[Scott Hutchinson]]''''' \| votes = '''75,905''' \| percentage = '''100.00''' }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 23\|23]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Gene Yaw]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Gene Yaw]]''' \| votes = '''66,277''' \| percentage = '''69.73''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = Luana Cleveland \| votes = 28,771 \| percentage = 30.27 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 25\|25]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Joe Scarnati]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 1 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Joseph B. Scarnati]]''' \| votes = '''75,096''' \| percentage = '''100.00''' }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 27\|27]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[John Gordner]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 1 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[John Gordner]]''' \| votes = '''75,667''' \| percentage = '''100.00''' }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 29\|29]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Dave Argall]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Dave Argall]]''' \| votes = '''56,837''' \| percentage = '''56.16''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = [[Tim Seip]] \| votes = 44,365 \| percentage = 43.84 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 31\|31]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Pat Vance]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 1 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Pat Vance]]''' \| votes = '''123,096''' \| percentage = '''100.00''' }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 33\|33]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Rich Alloway]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Rich Alloway]]''' \| votes = '''81,503''' \| percentage = '''70.74''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = Bruce Neylon \| votes = 33,716 \| percentage = 29.26 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 35\|35]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[John N. Wozniak\|John Wozniak]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[John N. Wozniak\|John Wozniak]]''' \| votes = '''46,637''' \| percentage = '''50.98''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = Tim Houser \| votes = 44,844 \| percentage = 49.02 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 37\|37]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[John Pippy]] \| status = Retired \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''''[[Matthew H. Smith]]''''' \| votes = '''70,883''' \| percentage = '''52.61''' \| shift = Democratic }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = Dakshinamurthy Raja \| votes = 63,854 \| percentage = 47.39 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 39\|39]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Kim Ward]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Kim Ward]]''' \| votes = '''92,984''' \| percentage = '''86.96''' }} {{Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Independent (politician) \| candidate = Ron Gazze \| votes = 13,946 \| percentage = 13.04 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 41\|41]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Donald C. White\|Don White]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 1 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Donald C. White\|Don White]]''' \| votes = '''82,761''' \| percentage = '''100.00''' }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 43\|43]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Jay Costa]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 1 }} {{Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Jay Costa]]''' \| votes = '''94,779''' \| percentage = '''100.00''' }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 45\|45]] \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Jim Brewster]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 1 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Jim Brewster]]''' \| votes = '''72,189''' \| percentage = '''100.00''' }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 47\|47]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Elder Vogel]] \| status = Re-elected \| candidates = 2 }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = '''[[Elder Vogel]]''' \| votes = '''57,613''' \| percentage = '''57.06''' }} {{ Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = Kim Villella \| votes = 43,348 \| percentage = 42.94 }} {{Election box inline incumbent \| race = [[Pennsylvania Senate, District 49\|49]] \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| incumbent = [[Jane Earll]] \| status = Retired \| candidates = 2 }} {{Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| candidate = '''''[[Sean Wiley]]''''' \| votes = '''60,921''' \| percentage = '''60.01''' \| shift = Democratic }} {{Election box inline candidate with party link no change \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| candidate = Janet Anderson \| votes = 40,592 \| percentage = 39.99 }} {{Election box inline end}} '''Source:''' [[Pennsylvania Department of State]]<ref name=results/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Pennsylvania Senate}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2012 Pennsylvania Senate election}} [[Category:2012 Pennsylvania elections]] [[Category:Pennsylvania Senate elections]] [[Category:2012 state legislature elections in the United States\|Pennsylvania Senate]]	1,278,228,444	[{"title": "2012 Pennsylvania Senate election", "data": {"\u2190 2010": "November 6, 2012 \u00b7 2014 \u2192"}}, {"title": "All odd-numbered seats in the Pennsylvania State Senate \u00b7 26 seats needed for a majority", "data": {"Leader": "Joe Scarnati \u00b7 Jay Costa", "Party": "Republican \u00b7 Democratic", "Leader's seat": "25th district \u00b7 43rd District", "Seats before": "30 \u00b7 20", "Seats won": "12 \u00b7 13", "Seats after": "27 \u00b7 23", "Seat change": "3 \u00b7 3", "All odd-numbered seats in the Pennsylvania State Senate \u00b7 26 seats needed for a majority": "Results \u00b7 Democratic gain \u00b7 Democratic hold Republican hold \u00b7 No election"}}]	false
# Alcoutim Alcoutim (locally [alkoˈtĩ] ⓘ) is a town and a municipality in southeastern Portugal near the Portugal–Spain border. The population in 2011 was 2,917, in an area of 575.36 km². It is the least densely populated municipality in Portugal. The municipality is limited on the north by Mértola Municipality, on the east by Huelva Province in Spain, on the southeast by Castro Marim Municipality, on the southwest by Tavira Municipality and on the west by Loulé Municipality and Almodôvar Municipality. The administrative center is the town of Alcoutim, located at the extreme eastern part of the municipality on the Spanish frontier, just across the Guadiana River from the Spanish town of Sanlúcar de Guadiana in Huelva Province. The Moorish Alcoutim Castle, located in the municipality, dates from the 14th century. ## Coat of arms The coat of arms of Alcoutim - a wreath of zambujeiro (wild olive tree) and the slogan Aleo - is derived from the decorative motif of the tomb of Pedro de Menezes, 1st Count of Vila Real, found in the Igreja da Graça in Santarém. 'Aleu' or 'aleo' is an old Portuguese term for a 'gaming stick' (as used in hockey or shuffleboard). It refers to a famous episode concerning Pedro de Menezes from shortly after the Conquest of Ceuta on September 2, 1415 (commemorated on Ceuta Day). Pedro de Menezes was engaged in an outdoor game in the king's presence when a messenger arrived reporting an imminent Moroccan attack on Portuguese-held Ceuta. Menezes is said to have raised his gaming stick (aleo) and told the king that "with that stick alone" he could defend Ceuta from all the power of Morocco. Pedro's descendants were later made Counts of Alcoutim. Similar design can be seen on the coat of arms of Vila Real. ## Parishes Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias): - Alcoutim e Pereiro - Giões - Martim Longo - Vaqueiros ## Climate Alcoutim has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with very hot and dry summers and mild winters. Due to its location in the Guadiana River basin it has a climate that very much resembles that of relatively nearby Seville and Cordoba. With an average July high of around 35 to 36 °C (95 to 97 °F) it is one of the hottest places in Portugal and Europe during the summer months. \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| Climate data for Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: 32 m (105 ft) \| \| Month \| Jan \| Feb \| Mar \| Apr \| May \| Jun \| Jul \| Aug \| Sep \| Oct \| Nov \| Dec \| Year \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Average precipitation mm (inches) \| 57.4 (2.26) \| 41.8 (1.65) \| 36.5 (1.44) \| 52.0 (2.05) \| 36.5 (1.44) \| 11.3 (0.44) \| 0.9 (0.04) \| 4.0 (0.16) \| 23.5 (0.93) \| 68.9 (2.71) \| 68.9 (2.71) \| 90.9 (3.58) \| 492.6 (19.41) \| \| Source: Portuguese Environment Agency \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/966528	enwiki	966,528	Alcoutim	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoutim	2025-06-13T23:00:15Z	en	Q1000041	84,480	{{for\|the civil parish\|Alcoutim (parish)}} {{Infobox Portuguese subdivision \| type = municipality \| official_name = Alcoutim \| image_flag = Alcoutim municipality flag.png \| image_shield = Alcoutim municipality coat of arms.png \| image_skyline = Alcoutim - Portugal (47485159741).jpg \| image_caption = \|coordinates = {{coord\|37\|28\|N\|7\|28\|W\|type:adm1st_region:PT_dim:100000\|display=inline,title}} \| image_map = LocalAlcoutim.svg \|region = [[Algarve]] \|CIM = [[Algarve]] \|district = [[Faro District\|Faro]] \|parishes = [[#Parishes\|4]] \| leader_party = [[Socialist Party (Portugal)\|PS]] \| leader_name = [[Osvaldo dos Santos Gonçalves\|Osvaldo Gonçalves]] \| area_total_km2 = 575.36 \| population_total = 2,917 \| population_as_of = 2011 \| holiday = Second Friday of September \| website = http://www.cm-alcoutim.pt }} '''Alcoutim''' ({{IPA\|pt-PT\|alkoˈtĩ\|local\|Pt-pt Alcoutim FF.ogg}}) is a town and a [[municipalities of Portugal\|municipality]] in southeastern [[Portugal]] near the [[Portugal–Spain border]].<ref>Detail Regional Map, Algarve- Southern Portugal, {{ISBN\|3-8297-6235-6}}</ref> The population in 2011 was 2,917,<ref>[http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xlang=en&xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0005889&contexto=pi&selTab=tab0 Instituto Nacional de Estatística]</ref> in an area of 575.36 km².<ref name=dgt>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ \|title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país \|access-date=2018-11-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ \|archive-date=2018-11-05 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the [[population density\|least densely populated]] municipality in Portugal. The municipality is limited on the north by [[Mértola Municipality]], on the east by [[Huelva Province]] in [[Spain]], on the southeast by [[Castro Marim Municipality]], on the southwest by [[Tavira Municipality]] and on the west by [[Loulé Municipality]] and [[Almodôvar Municipality]]. The administrative center is the town of Alcoutim, located at the extreme eastern part of the municipality on the Spanish frontier, just across the [[Guadiana River]] from the Spanish town of [[Sanlúcar de Guadiana]] in Huelva Province. The [[Moors\|Moorish]] [[Alcoutim Castle]], located in the municipality, dates from the 14th century.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Alcoutim Castle \|url=http://www.castles.nl/eur/pt/al/al.html \|publisher=castles.nl \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816201725/http://www.castles.nl/eur/pt/al/al.html \|accessdate=25 October 2020\|archive-date=2007-08-16 }}</ref> ==Coat of arms== [[File:Santarém - Igreja de Santa Maria da Graça - Túmulo de D. Pedro de Meneses.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|right\|Tomb of [[Pedro de Meneses, 1st Count of Vila Real\|Pedro de Menezes]], in the [[Igreja da Graça (Santarém)\|Igreja da Graça]] in [[Santarém, Portugal\|Santarém]].]] The coat of arms of Alcoutim - a wreath of ''zambujeiro'' (wild olive tree) and the slogan ''Aleo'' - is derived from the decorative motif of the tomb of [[Pedro de Menezes, 1st Count of Vila Real]], found in the [[Igreja da Graça (Santarém)\|Igreja da Graça]] in [[Santarém, Portugal\|Santarém]]. 'Aleu' or 'aleo' is an old Portuguese term for a 'gaming stick' (as used in [[hockey]] or [[shuffleboard]]). It refers to a famous episode concerning Pedro de Menezes from shortly after the [[Conquest of Ceuta]] on September 2, 1415 (commemorated on [[Ceuta Day]]). Pedro de Menezes was engaged in an outdoor game in the king's presence when a messenger arrived reporting an imminent Moroccan attack on Portuguese-held [[Ceuta]]. Menezes is said to have raised his gaming stick (''aleo'') and told the king that "with that stick alone" he could defend Ceuta from all the power of Morocco.<ref>"Eu só com este páu, sou capaz de defender Ceuta, de todo o poder dos mouros", as reported in ''Portugal antigo e moderno'', 1878, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z5kDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA495 p. 495].</ref> Pedro's descendants were later made [[Count of Alcoutim\|Counts of Alcoutim]]. Similar design can be seen on the coat of arms of [[Vila Real]]. ==Parishes== Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (''[[freguesia (Portugal)\|freguesias]]''):<ref>{{cite web\|title=Law nr. 11-A/2013, page 552 8\|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2013/01/01901/0000200147.pdf \|accessdate=16 July 2014\|author=Diário da República\|author-link=Diário da República\|language=Portuguese}}</ref> * [[Alcoutim e Pereiro]] * [[Giões]] * [[Martim Longo]] * [[Vaqueiros (Alcoutim)\|Vaqueiros]] ==Climate== Alcoutim has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csa'') with very hot and dry summers and mild winters. Due to its location in the [[Guadiana River]] basin it has a climate that very much resembles that of relatively nearby [[Seville]] and [[Córdoba, Spain\|Cordoba]]. With an average July high of around {{convert\|35 to 36\|C\|F\|0}} it is one of the hottest places in Portugal and Europe during the summer months.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Average Weather in Alcoutim \|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/32779/Average-Weather-in-Alcoutim-Portugal-Year-Round \|publisher=Weatherspark.com \|accessdate=25 October 2020}}</ref> {{Weather box \|location = Alcoutim, 1985-2021, altitude: {{convert\|32\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} \|metric first = yes \|single line = Yes \|width = auto \|precipitation colour = green \|Jan precipitation mm = 57.4 \|Feb precipitation mm = 41.8 \|Mar precipitation mm = 36.5 \|Apr precipitation mm = 52.0 \|May precipitation mm = 36.5 \|Jun precipitation mm = 11.3 \|Jul precipitation mm = 0.9 \|Aug precipitation mm = 4.0 \|Sep precipitation mm = 23.5 \|Oct precipitation mm = 68.9 \|Nov precipitation mm = 68.9 \|Dec precipitation mm = 90.9 \|year precipitation mm = \|source 1 = Portuguese Environment Agency<ref>{{cite web \|title=Alcoutim (29M/01UG) \|url=https://snirh.apambiente.pt/index.php?idRef=MTM4Ng==&findestacao=29M/01UG \|publisher=APA \|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikivoyage}} {{Commons category-inline}} [http://www.cm-alcoutim.pt/ Official website] (in Portuguese) {{Municipality of Faro District (Algarve)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Alcoutim\| ]] [[Category:Populated places in Faro District]] [[Category:Municipalities of the Algarve]] [[Category:Municipalities of Faro District]]	1,295,463,760	[{"title": "Alcoutim", "data": {"Country": "Portugal", "Region": "Algarve", "Intermunic. comm.": "Algarve", "District": "Faro", "Parishes": "4"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 President": "Osvaldo Gon\u00e7alves (PS)"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "575.36 km2 (222.15 sq mi)"}}, {"title": "Population (2011)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "2,917", "\u2022 Density": "5.1/km2 (13/sq mi)", "Time zone": "UTC+00:00 (WET)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC+01:00 (WEST)", "Local holiday": "Second Friday of September", "Website": "http://www.cm-alcoutim.pt"}}]	false
# Isalo II Isalo II, also known as the Makay Formation, is an informal Triassic geological unit in Madagascar. It is described as "thick beds of mottled red or green clays associated with soft cross-bedded sandstones, light in colour and much finer-grained than the Isalo I sandstones." It is prominent in the Makay Massif. ## Fossil content ### Amphibians \| Amphibians \| Amphibians \| Amphibians \| \| Taxon \| Material \| Notes \| \| --------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Metoposauridae indet. \| An interclavicle, skull fragments, and intercentra \| Indeterminate metoposaurid remains similar to those of Indian metoposaurids. Some fossils were the basis for the dubious species "Metoposaurus hoffmani". May be from Isalo II or III. \| \| Stereospondyli indet. \| Interclavicles \| Indeterminate stereospondyl remains. May be from Isalo II or III. \| ### Reptiles \| Synapsids \| Synapsids \| Synapsids \| \| Taxon \| Material \| Notes \| \| ----------------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Archosauriformes sp. \| Teeth, a coracoid, a centrum fragment, and cranial fragments \| Various indeterminate fragments, some of which may belong to dinosaurs. \| \| Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis \| Numerous skulls and postcranial fossils \| An allokotosaurian archosauromorph, originally mistakenly identified as a "prosauropod" dinosaur. \| \| Isalorhynchus genovefae \| Numerous fossils representing parts of the skull and postcrania \| A rhynchosaur sometimes considered a species of Hyperodapedon. Possibly represents two taxa. Reported sphenodontian fossils are most likely juvenile rhynchosaurs instead. \| \| Kongonaphon kely \| A maxilla and postcranial material \| A tiny lagerpetid avemetatarsalian \| \| Mambachiton fiandohana \| A partial skeleton \| An armored basal avemetatarsalian \| \| Phytosauria indet. \| Teeth \| Similar to Rutiodon teeth. \| \| Procolophonidae sp. \| A jaw fragment and other remains \| An unnamed procolophonid parareptile \| \| Pseudosuchia indet. \| Osteoderms \| Likely referable to stagonolepid aetosaurs, though similar to goniopholidid crocodylomorphs as well. \| \| Silesauridae sp. \| \| An unnamed silesaurid dinosauromorph \| ### Synapsids \| Synapsids \| Synapsids \| Synapsids \| \| Taxon \| Material \| Notes \| \| ---------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------------- \| \| Chiniquodon kalanoro \| Part of a jaw \| A chiniquodontid cynodont \| \| Dadadon isaloi \| Several skulls and jaw fragments \| A massetognathine traversodontid cynodont \| \| Kannemeyeriiformes sp. \| \| An unnamed kannemeyeriiform dicynodont \| \| Menadon besairiei \| Skulls, jaws, and postcranial material \| A traversodontid cynodont \|	enwiki/64390213	enwiki	64,390,213	Isalo II	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isalo_II	2025-06-14T00:31:38Z	en	Q97354410	112,027	{{Short description\|Informal Triassic geological unit in Madagascar}} {{Infobox rockunit \| name = Isalo II Formation \| period = Carnian \| age = [[Ladinian]]-[[Carnian]] \| image = \| imagesize = \| caption = \| type = [[Geological formation]] \| prilithology = [[Sandstone]], [[mudstone]] \| otherlithology = \| unitof = [[Isalo Group]] \| subunits = \| underlies = [[Isalo III Formation]] ([[unconformity]]) \| overlies = [[Isalo I Formation]] \| thickness = \| area = \| map = {{Location map+ \| Madagascar \| relief = 1 \| width = 160 \| float = center \| places = {{Location map~ \| Madagascar \| lat_deg = -20.3 \| lon_deg = 45.4 \| mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg \| marksize = 12 }} }} \| map_caption = \| location = \| coordinates = {{coord\|20.3\|S\|45.4\|E\|display=inline,title}} \| paleocoordinates = {{coord\|23.1\|S\|24.7\|E\|display=inline}} \| region = [[Mahajanga Province\|Mahajanga]] & [[Toliara Province]]s \| country = [[Madagascar]] \| extent = [[Morondava Basin]], [[Mahajanga Basin]] }} '''Isalo II''', also known as the '''Makay Formation''', is an informal [[Triassic]] geological unit in [[Madagascar]].<ref name="nesbitt2015">{{cite journal\|last1=Nesbitt\|first1=S.J.\|last2=Flynn\|first2=J.J.\|last3=Pritchard\|first3=A.C.\|last4=Parrish\|first4=M.J.\|last5=Ranivoharimanana\|first5=L.\|last6=Wyss\|first6=A.R.\|year=2015\|title=Postcranial osteology of ''Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis'' (?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its systematic position among stem archosaur reptiles.\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286412354\|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History\|volume=398\|pages=1–126\|doi=10.1206/amnb-899-00-1-126.1\|issn=0003-0090\|hdl-access=free\|hdl=2246/6624\|s2cid=86289421}}</ref> It is described as "thick beds of mottled red or green clays associated with soft cross-bedded sandstones, light in colour and much finer-grained than the Isalo I sandstones." It is prominent in the [[Makay Massif]].<ref>Brenon, P. (1972). The Geology of Madagascar. In: Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_2</ref> == Fossil content == === Amphibians === {\| class="wikitable" align="center" \|- ! colspan="3" align="center" \| '''Amphibians''' \|- ! Taxon ! Material ! Notes \|- \| [[Metoposauridae]] indet. \| An [[interclavicle]], skull fragments, and intercentra \| Indeterminate [[metoposaurid]] remains similar to those of [[India]]n metoposaurids. Some fossils were the basis for the dubious species "''[[Metoposaurus\|Metoposaurus hoffmani]]''". May be from Isalo II or III.<ref name="Isalotemnos">{{Cite journal\|last1=Fortuny\|first1=Josep\|last2=Arbez\|first2=Thomas\|last3=Mujal\|first3=Eudald\|last4=Steyer\|first4=J. Sébastien\|date=2019-01-02\|title=Reappraisal of 'Metoposaurus hoffmani' Dutuit, 1978, and description of new temnospondyl specimens from the Middle–Late Triassic of Madagascar (Morondava Basin)\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=39\|issue=1\|pages=e1576701\|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1576701\|bibcode=2019JVPal..39E6701F \|s2cid=146075668\|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> \|- \| [[Stereospondyli]] indet. \| Interclavicles \| Indeterminate [[stereospondyl]] remains. May be from Isalo II or III.<ref name="Isalotemnos"/> \|- \|} === Reptiles === {\| class="wikitable" align="center" \|- ! colspan="3" align="center" \| '''Synapsids''' \|- ! Taxon ! Material ! Notes \|- \| [[Archosauriformes]] sp. \| Teeth, a coracoid, a centrum fragment, and cranial fragments \| Various indeterminate fragments, some of which may belong to dinosaurs.<ref name="B06">{{Cite journal\|last1=Burmeister\|first1=Kurtis C.\|last2=Flynn\|first2=John J.\|last3=Parrish\|first3=J. Michael\|last4=Wyss\|first4=Andre R.\|date=2006\|title=Paleogeographic and biostratigraphic implications of new early Mesozoic vertebrates from Poamay, central Morondava Basin, Madagascar\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulvmCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA457\|journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin\|volume=37\|pages=457–475}}</ref> \|- \| ''[[Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis]]''<ref name="F99earlydinosaurs">{{Cite journal\|last1=Flynn\|first1=John J.\|last2=Parrish\|first2=J. Michael\|last3=Rakotosamimanana\|first3=Berthe\|last4=Simpson\|first4=William F.\|last5=Whatley\|first5=Robin L.\|last6=Wyss\|first6=André R.\|date=1999-10-22\|title=A Triassic Fauna from Madagascar, Including Early Dinosaurs\|journal=Science\|language=en\|volume=286\|issue=5440\|pages=763–765\|doi=10.1126/science.286.5440.763\|jstor=2899382\|issn=0036-8075\|pmid=10531059}}</ref> \| Numerous skulls and postcranial fossils<ref name="nesbitt2015"/> \| An [[allokotosauria]]n [[archosauromorph]],<ref name="SVP08Azendoh">{{Cite journal\|last1=Flynn\|first1=John\|last2=Nesbitt\|first2=Sterling\|last3=Parrish\|first3=Michael\|last4=Ranivoharimanana\|first4=Lovasoa\|last5=Wyss\|first5=Andre\|date=2008\|title=A new species of basal archosauromorph from the Late Triassic of Madagascar\|url=http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Future-Past-Meetings/MeetingPdfs/JVPabstracts2008.aspx#page=80\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=28\|issue=sup3\|pages=78A}}</ref><ref name="Azendoh2010">{{Cite journal\|last1=Flynn\|first1=John J.\|last2=Nesbitt\|first2=Sterling J.\|last3=Parrish\|first3=J. Michael\|last4=Ranivoharimanana\|first4=Lovasoa\|last5=Wyss\|first5=André R.\|date=2010\|title=A new species of ''Azendohsaurus'' (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic Isalo Group of southwestern Madagascar: cranium and mandible\|journal=Palaeontology\|language=en\|volume=53\|issue=3\|pages=669–688\|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00954.x\|bibcode=2010Palgy..53..669F \|s2cid=82341339 \|issn=1475-4983\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="nesbitt2015"/> originally mistakenly identified as a "prosauropod" dinosaur.<ref name="F99earlydinosaurs"/> \|- \| ''[[Isalorhynchus genovefae]]'' \| Numerous fossils representing parts of the skull and postcrania \| A [[rhynchosaur]] sometimes considered a species of ''[[Hyperodapedon]]''.<ref name="Isalorhynchus">{{Cite journal\|last1=Langer\|first1=Max\|last2=Boniface\|first2=Michael\|last3=Cuny\|first3=Gilles\|last4=Barbieri\|first4=Laurent\|date=2000-04-01\|title=The phylogenetic position of ''Isalorhynchus genovefae'', a Late Triassic rhynchosaur from Madagascar\|url=http://www.paleolab.com.br/assets/uploads/files/pdf/Langer_et_al_2000a.pdf\|journal=Annales de Paléontologie\|language=en\|volume=86\|issue=2\|pages=101–127\|doi=10.1016/S0753-3969(00)80002-6\|bibcode=2000AnPal..86..101L \|issn=0753-3969}}</ref> Possibly represents two taxa.<ref name="Whatley99">{{Cite journal\|last1=Whatley\|first1=R.L.\|last2=Flynn\|first2=J.J.\|last3=Parrish\|first3=J.M.\|last4=Simpson\|first4=W.\|last5=Wyss\|first5=A.R.\|date=1999\|title=''Isalorhynchus'' revisited: two rhynchosaur skeletons from southwestern Madagascar\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=19\|issue=sup3\|pages=84A\|jstor=4524027}}</ref> Reported [[sphenodontian]]<ref name="F99earlydinosaurs" /> fossils are most likely juvenile rhynchosaurs instead.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Langer \|first=Max Cardoso \|date=2005 \|title=Studies on continental Late Triassic tetrapod biochronology. II. The Ischigualastian and a Carnian global correlation \|url=https://www.paleolab.com.br/assets/uploads/files/pdf/(005)%20Langer%202005b.pdf \|journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences \|volume=19 \|issue=2 \|pages=219–239 \|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2005.04.002 \|bibcode=2005JSAES..19..219L \|issn=0895-9811}}</ref> \|- \| ''[[Kongonaphon kely]]''<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Kammerer\|first1=Christian F.\|last2=Nesbitt\|first2=Sterling J.\|last3=Flynn\|first3=John J.\|last4=Ranivoharimanana\|first4=Lovasoa\|last5=Wyss\|first5=André R.\|date=2020-07-02\|title=A tiny ornithodiran archosaur from the Triassic of Madagascar and the role of miniaturization in dinosaur and pterosaur ancestry\|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|volume=117\|issue=30\|pages=17932–17936\|language=en\|doi=10.1073/pnas.1916631117\|pmid=32631980\|s2cid=220386589\|issn=0027-8424\|pmc=7395432\|bibcode=2020PNAS..11717932K \|doi-access=free }}</ref> \| A maxilla and postcranial material \| A tiny [[lagerpetid]] [[avemetatarsalia]]n<ref name="SVP19lagerpetid">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kammerer\|first1=Christian F.\|last2=Nesbitt\|first2=Sterling J.\|last3=Flynn\|first3=John J.\|last4=Ranivoharimanana\|first4=Lovasoa\|last5=Wyss\|first5=Andre\|date=October 2019\|title=A new lagerpetid archosaur from the Triassic of Madagascar and the importance of miniaturization in ornithodiran evolution\|url=http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Annual-Meeting-Home/SVP-Program-book-v5_w-covers.aspx#page=128\|journal=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of Papers, 79th Annual Meeting\|pages=127\|access-date=2020-06-27\|archive-date=2020-12-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215024254/http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Annual-Meeting-Home/SVP-Program-book-v5_w-covers.aspx#page=128\|url-status=dead}}</ref> \|- \|''[[Mambachiton\|Mambachiton fiandohana]]''<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Nesbitt \|first1=Sterling J. \|last2=Patellos \|first2=Emily \|last3=Kammerer \|first3=Christian F. \|last4=Ranivoharimanana \|first4=Lovasoa \|last5=Wyss \|first5=Andre´ R. \|last6=Flynn \|first6=John J. \|date=25 July 2023 \|title=The earliest-diverging avemetatarsalian: a new osteoderm-bearing taxon from the Triassic (?Earliest Late Triassic) of Madagascar and the composition of avemetatarsalian assemblages prior to the radiation of dinosaurs \|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society \|volume=199 \|issue=zlad038 \|pages=327–353 \|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad038\|doi-access=free }}</ref> \|A partial skeleton \|An armored [[basal (phylogenetics)\|basal]] avemetatarsalian<ref name="SVP19armoredave">{{Cite journal \|last1=Patellos \|first1=Emily A. \|last2=Nesbitt \|first2=Sterling J. \|last3=Kammerer \|first3=Christian F. \|last4=Wyss \|first4=Andre \|last5=Flynn \|first5=John J. \|last6=Ranivoharimanana \|first6=Lovasoa \|date=October 2019 \|title=A new reptile from the ?Middle Triassic of Madagascar may represent the earliest-diverging Avemetatarsalia (Archosauria) \|url=http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Annual-Meeting-Home/SVP-Program-book-v5_w-covers.aspx#page=168 \|url-status=dead \|journal=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of Papers, 79th Annual Meeting \|pages=167 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215024254/http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Annual-Meeting-Home/SVP-Program-book-v5_w-covers.aspx#page=168 \|archive-date=2020-12-15 \|access-date=2020-06-27}}</ref> \|- \| [[Phytosauria]] indet. \| Teeth \| Similar to ''[[Rutiodon]]'' teeth.<ref name="B06"/> \|- \| [[Procolophonidae]] sp. \| A jaw fragment and other remains \| An unnamed [[procolophonid]] [[parareptile]]<ref name="Isalorhynchus"/> \|- \| [[Pseudosuchia]] indet. \| Osteoderms \| Likely referable to [[stagonolepid]] [[aetosaurs]], though similar to [[goniopholidid]] [[crocodylomorph]]s as well.<ref name="B06"/> \|- \| [[Silesauridae]] sp. \| \| An unnamed [[silesaurid]] [[dinosauromorph]]<ref name="SVP19armoredave"/> \|- \|} === Synapsids === {\| class="wikitable" align="center" \|- ! colspan="3" align="center" \| '''Synapsids''' \|- ! Taxon ! Material ! Notes \|- \| ''[[Chiniquodon kalanoro]]''<ref name="Chiniquodon2010">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kammerer\|first1=Christian F.\|last2=Flynn\|first2=John J.\|last3=Ranivoharimanana\|first3=Lovasoa\|last4=Wyss\|first4=André R.\|date=2010-12-02\|title=The first record of a probainognathian (Cynodontia: Chiniquodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=30\|issue=6\|pages=1889–1894\|doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.520784\|jstor=25790814\|bibcode=2010JVPal..30.1889K \|s2cid=85868922\|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> \| Part of a jaw \| A [[chiniquodontid]] [[cynodont]] \|- \| ''[[Dadadon isaloi]]''<ref name="cynodonts2000">{{Cite journal\|last1=Flynn\|first1=John J.\|last2=Parrish\|first2=J. Michael\|last3=Rakotosamimanana\|first3=Berthe\|last4=Ranivoharimanana\|first4=Lovasoa\|last5=Simpson\|first5=William F.\|last6=Wyss\|first6=André R.\|date=2000-09-25\|title=New Traversodontids (Synapsida: Eucynodontia) from the Triassic of Madagascar\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=20\|issue=3\|pages=422–427\|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0422:NTSEFT]2.0.CO;2\|s2cid=130041740 \|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> \| Several skulls and jaw fragments<ref name="Dadadon2011">{{Cite journal\|last1=Ranivoharimanana\|first1=Lovasoa\|last2=Kammerer\|first2=Christian F.\|last3=Flynn\|first3=John J.\|last4=Wyss\|first4=André R.\|date=2011-11-01\|title=New material of ''Dadadon isaloi'' (Cynodontia, Traversodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=31\|issue=6\|pages=1292–1302\|doi=10.1080/02724634.2011.618154\|jstor=41407685\|bibcode=2011JVPal..31.1292R \|s2cid=220437281\|issn=0272-4634}}</ref><ref name="Dadadon2012">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kammerer\|first1=Christian F.\|last2=Flynn\|first2=John J.\|last3=Ranivoharimanana\|first3=Lovasoa\|last4=Wyss\|first4=André R.\|date=October 2012\|title=Ontogeny in the Malagasy Traversodontid ''Dadadon isaloi'' and a Reconsideration of its Phylogenetic Relationships\|journal=Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences\|volume=2012\|issue=5\|pages=112–125\|doi=10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.112\|s2cid=84651546\|issn=2158-5520}}</ref> \| A [[massetognathine]]<ref name="Dadadon2012"/> [[traversodontid]] cynodont \|- \| [[Kannemeyeriiformes]] sp. \| \| An unnamed [[kannemeyeriiform]] [[dicynodont]]<ref name="F99earlydinosaurs"/><ref name="Chiniquodon2010"/><ref name="nesbitt2015"/> \|- \| ''[[Menadon besairiei]]''<ref name="cynodonts2000"/> \| Skulls, jaws, and postcranial material<ref name="Menadon08">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kammerer\|first1=Christian F.\|last2=Flynn\|first2=John J.\|last3=Ranivoharimanana\|first3=Lovasoa\|last4=Wyss\|first4=André R.\|date=2008-06-12\|title=New material of ''Menadon besairiei'' (Cynodontia: Traversodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar\|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology\|volume=28\|issue=2\|pages=445–462\|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[445:NMOMBC]2.0.CO;2\|s2cid=140720709 \|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> \| A [[traversodontid]] cynodont \|- \|} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Geologic formations of Madagascar]] [[Category:Triassic System of Africa]] [[Category:Triassic Madagascar]] [[Category:Ladinian Stage]] [[Category:Carnian Stage]] [[Category:Sandstone formations]] [[Category:Mudstone formations]] [[Category:Paleontology in Madagascar]]	1,295,472,956	[{"title": "Isalo II Formation", "data": {"Type": "Geological formation", "Unit of": "Isalo Group", "Underlies": "Isalo III Formation (unconformity)", "Overlies": "Isalo I Formation"}}, {"title": "Lithology", "data": {"Primary": "Sandstone, mudstone"}}, {"title": "Location", "data": {"Coordinates": "20\u00b018\u2032S 45\u00b024\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff20.3\u00b0S 45.4\u00b0E", "Approximate paleocoordinates": "23\u00b006\u2032S 24\u00b042\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff23.1\u00b0S 24.7\u00b0E", "Region": "Mahajanga & Toliara Provinces", "Country": "Madagascar", "Extent": "Morondava Basin, Mahajanga Basin"}}]	false
# North Berwick witch trials The North Berwick witch trials were the trials in 1590 of a number of people from East Lothian, Scotland, accused of witchcraft in the St Andrew's Auld Kirk in North Berwick on Halloween night. They ran for two years, and implicated over 70 people. These included Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell, on charges of high treason. The "witches" allegedly held their covens on the Auld Kirk Green, part of the modern-day North Berwick Harbour area. Confessions were extracted by torture in the Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh. One source for these events is a 1591 pamphlet Newes from Scotland. King James VI wrote a dissertation on witchcraft and necromancy titled Daemonologie in 1597. The North Berwick trials were among the better known of the large number of witch trials in early modern Scotland between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century. ## The Danish connection This was the first major witchcraft persecution in Scotland, and began with a sensational case involving the royal houses of Denmark-Norway and Scotland. King James VI sailed to Copenhagen to marry Anne of Denmark, sister of Christian IV of Denmark. During their return to Scotland they experienced terrible storms and had to shelter in Norway for several weeks before continuing. At this point, the interest in witch trials were revived in Denmark because of ongoing Trier witch trials in Germany, which were described and discussed in Denmark. The admiral of the Danish fleet, Peder Munk argued with the treasurer Christoffer Valkendorff about the state of the ships used to transport Anne of Denmark. The storms were blamed on the wife of an official in Copenhagen whom he had insulted. The Copenhagen witch trials were held in July 1590. One of the first Danish victims was Anna Koldings, who, when tortured, divulged the names of five other women; one of whom was Malin, the wife of the burgomaster of Helsingor. They all confessed that they had been guilty of sorcery in raising storms that menaced Queen Anne's voyage, and that on Halloween night they had sent devils to climb up the keel of her ship. In September, two women were burnt as witches at Kronborg. James heard news from Denmark regarding this and decided to set up his own tribunal. ## Accused The main alleged witches directly involved in the trials were: - Agnes Sampson - Barbara Napier, sister-in-law of Archibald Douglas of Carshogle.[6] - Doctor Fian (John Cunningham) - Euphame MacCalzean - Geillis Duncan - Robert Grierson - Lennit Bandilandis - The Porter's wife of Seaton - The Smith of bridge Hallis - The Wife of George Mott - Margaret Acheson[7] - Alanis Muir - Others not named More than 100 suspected witches in North Berwick were arrested. Several confessed under torture to having met with the Devil in the church at night, and devoted themselves to doing evil, including poisoning the King and other members of his household, and attempting to sink the King's ship. In February 1591 James VI instructed David Seton or Seaton of Tranent to find accused people who had fled to England. The English ambassador Robert Bowes wrote that these fugitives were "the worst sort of witches". David Seton's servant Geillis Duncan had been one of the first accused. Two significant accused persons were Agnes Sampson, a respected and elderly woman from Humbie, and Dr John Fian, a schoolmaster and scholar in Prestonpans. Both initially refused to confess and were put to severe torture. Sampson was brought before King James and a council of nobles. She denied all the charges, but after torture, she confessed. By special commandment, her head and body hair was shaved and she was fastened to the wall of her cell by a scold's bridle, an iron instrument with 4 sharp prongs forced into the mouth, so that two prongs pressed against the tongue, and the two others against the cheeks. She was kept without sleep and thrown with a rope around her head. After these ordeals she confessed to the 53 indictments against her. She was finally strangled and burned as a witch. According to Newes from Scotland, (1591), Sampson confessed to attending a Sabbat with 200 witches, including Giellis Duncan. Dr. Fian also suffered severe torture. His fingernails were forcibly extracted, then iron pins were inserted. He was tortured with the pilliwinks, and the boot. Fian was finally taken to the Castlehill in Edinburgh and burned at the stake on 16 December. Fian's testimony implicated Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell in a supernatural conspiracy, bringing a political element into the ongoing trials. According to Christopher Smout, between 3,000 and 4,000 accused witches may have been killed in Scotland in the years 1560–1707. ### Geillis Duncan Scottish witches were linked to storms by the testimony of Gillis Duncan (or Geillis Duncan). She was a servant of David Seaton in Tranent, who forced her to make a confession. Apparently Duncan suddenly began to exhibit a miraculous healing ability and would sneak out of the house during the night. When Seaton confronted her, she could not explain her new ability and strange behaviour and he had her tortured. Whilst she was able to withstand many forms of torture including pilliwinks, she eventually confessed to witchcraft when the method of searching was used (searching is where a suspected witch would be 'searched' for a blemish such as a mole or birth mark, this would then be proclaimed to be a witch's mark) and accused many others of witchcraft. According to the contemporary pamphlet Newes from Scotland, 1591, she named numerous individuals, both women and men: Agnes Sampson the eldest witch of them all, dwelling in Haddington; Agnes Tompson of Edenbrough; Doctor Fian alias John Cuningham, master of the school at Saltpans in Lowthian, of whose life and strange acts you shal hear more largely in the end of this discourse. These were by the said Geillis Duncane accused, as also George Motts wife, dwelling in Lowthian; Robert Grierson, skipper; and Jannet Blandilands; with the potter's wife of Seaton: the smith at the Brigge Hallis, with innumerable others in those parts, and dwelling in those bounds aforesaid; of whom some are already executed, the rest remained in prison to receive the doome of judgment at the Kinges Majesties will and pleasure. Duncan was also found to have conspired with Euphame MacCalzean in the murder of Duncan's godfather. ### Barbara Napier Barbara Napier came from a good family and had married a book dealer named George Ker in 1572. George died at La Rochelle in 1576, and she then married Archibald Douglas whose brother Robert Douglas was the laird of Corshogill. Her family included a daughter, Janet Douglas. Gillis Duncan caused the arrest of Barbara Naper for bewitching to death Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus. Archibald was reported to have died from a disease so strange there could be no cure or remedy. He fell ill at Langhope and died at Smeaton near Dalkeith on 4 August 1588. It was alleged that Euphame MacCalzean, Barbara Napier, Agnes Sampson and others had attended an assembly of witches at "Atkynson's Haven" where an image of James VI was given to the devil for the destruction of the king. Napier had bought charms to help her own health and to try and fix her poor relationship with Jean Lyon, Countess of Angus who employed her and her husband. They did not work as she lost her job. When it all came to trial, Napier was accused of a practice to kill the king by witchcraft but was found guilty of only the lesser crime of conspiring with witches. James VI ordered the Chancellor to have physicians examine her to see if she was pregnant, and if she was not, to have her burnt and publicly disembowelled. James VI wanted an appeal to overturn the first verdict, in order to better prosecute the Earl of Bothwell, and an "assize of error" was planned. James VI spoke the jurors, who faced penalties for their former decision, on 7 June 1591, and they agreed with his views. Her fate is unclear, and it is possible that she was eventually burnt to death. The town council bought materials to build a fire for her execution and these were used on 25 June 1591 at the burning of Euphame MacCalzean. The opinion of the 17th-century historian of the Douglas family, David Hume of Godscroft, was that she had been released. ## Apology from Scottish government In March 2022 Nicola Sturgeon, the first minister of Scotland, apologized for the persecution of alleged witches during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The Scottish government had not apologized previously. ## Popular culture Shakespeare adapted or was influenced by several concepts from the trials, including the rituals confessed by the witches and the Scottish setting, in his tragedy Macbeth. Heavily influenced by the incidents made public, the play was published a few years after King James's Daemonologie. Borrowing many quotes from the treatise, the three witches cast their spells in the same manner: "purposely to be cassin into the sea to raise winds for destruction of ships." The trials and the events leading up to them are fictionalised in the 1971 young adult historical novel The Thirteenth Member by Mollie Hunter. Heavy/doom metal group Cathedral has a song called "North Berwick Witch Trials" on their 2005 album The Garden of Unearthly Delights. Diana Gabaldon's Outlander series of novels features a recurring character named Geillis Duncan who is tried and convicted of being a witch. In the television adaptation she is portrayed by Lotte Verbeek. Shadow of Night (All Souls series book #2) by Deborah Harkness, although not taking place in Scotland, mentions the North Berwick Witch Trials and the trials are used to shape some of the plot points and events that occur in the book. Additionally, the two main characters, Diana and Matthew travel to the past, to Elizabethan England on Halloween night 1590 at the beginning of the book. The Burnings, a 2023 debut novel by Naomi Kelsey, describes the North Berwick witch trials from the perspectives of Geillis Duncan and of Margaret Vinstarr, who was married to John Wemyss of Logie and was a lady-in-waiting for princess Anne of Denmark, Queen of Scotland by marriage (at age 14) to King James VI. ### Citations 1. ↑ Maurice Lee, John Maitland of Thirlestane (Princeton University Press, 1959), p. 229. 2. ↑ Louise Nyholm Kallestrup, Heksejagt (Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2020). 3. 1 2 Ankarloo, B., Clark, S. & Monter, E. W. Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, p. 79 4. ↑ Ethel Carleton Williams, Anne of Denmark (London, 1970). 5. 1 2 King James (2016), p. 101 6. ↑ James Grant, Old and New Edinburgh, vol. 3 p. 9. 7. ↑ Survey of Scottish Witchcraft Database, University of Edinburgh 8. ↑ Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 457 no. 520. 9. ↑ Louise Yeoman, 'Hunting the rich witch in Scotland', Julian Goodare, The Scottish Witch Hunt in Context (Manchester, 2002), p. 108. 10. ↑ Rosen, Barbara (1969). Witchcraft in England, 1558–1618. Univ of Massachusetts Press. 11. ↑ Guiley, Rosemary (2008). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Infobase. 12. ↑ Smout 1969, pp. 184–92. 13. ↑ Tyson, Donald (2012). The Demonology of King James I: Includes the Original Text of Daemonologie and News from Scotland. Llewellyn Worldwide. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-7387-2994-7. 14. 1 2 "Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History". The Witch Persecution in Scotland. Vol. 3. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Dept. of History. 1912. pp. 19–23. Retrieved 17 June 2016. 15. ↑ Newes from Scotland (London, 1591), reprinted in Robert Pitcairn, Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland, vol. 1, pt. 2 (Edinburgh, 1833), pp. 215-223. 16. ↑ David Reid, David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 397. 17. ↑ Winifred Coutts, The Business of the College of Justice in 1600 (Edinburgh: Stair Society, 2003), pp. 183-4. 18. ↑ David Reid, David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 396-8. 19. ↑ Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 530: P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, Satan's Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-century Scotland (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2001), p. 146-7. 20. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 510, 514-5. 21. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 518, 520, 522-5. 22. ↑ "North Berwick witches (act. 1590–1592) \| Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69951. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) 23. ↑ Marguerite Wood, Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1589-1603 (Edinburgh, 1927), p. 334. 24. ↑ David Reid, David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 398. 25. ↑ Cramer, Maria (9 March 2022). "Scotland Apologizes for History of Witchcraft Persecution". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2022. 26. ↑ Susan Dunn-Hensley, Anna of Denmark and Henrietta Maria, Virgins, Witches, and Catholic Queens (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 64-67. 27. ↑ King James (2016), p. 107 28. ↑ Macbeth, I. iii. 15-25 29. ↑ Lye, Andy. "Cathedral - The Garden of Unearthly Delights review". Jukebox Metal. Retrieved 16 August 2019. 30. ↑ Andreeva, Nellie (17 October 2013). "Outlander & The Black Box Cast Regulars". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015. 31. ↑ "The Burnings". Goodreads. Retrieved 17 September 2023. ### Bibliography - King James (2016), Daemonologie. A Critical Edition. In Modern English., CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN 978-1-5329-6891-4 - Smout, Thomas Christopher (1969), A History of the Scottish People 1560–1830, pp. 198–207.	enwiki/1978641	enwiki	1,978,641	North Berwick witch trials	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Berwick_witch_trials	2025-08-05T17:30:10Z	en	Q3491168	140,556	{{Short description\|Scottish witch trials in 1590}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{infobox \| abovestyle = background: grey; \| above = {{{name\|North Berwick Witch Trials}}} \| image = [[File: North Berwick witches.jpg\|250px]] \| caption = The North Berwick Witches meet the Devil in the local kirkyard, from a contemporary pamphlet, ''[[Newes from Scotland]]''. \| headerstyle = \| header1 = \| label1 = Timespan \| data1 = 1590-92 (2 years) \| header2 = \| label2 = Location \| data2 = [[North Berwick]], [[Kingdom of Scotland\|Scotland]] \| header3 = \| label3 = Number of Trials \| data3 = Debated \| header4 = \| label4 = Guilty Verdicts \| data4 = 70< \| header5 = \| label5 = Executions \| data5 = 70< \| header6 = \| label6 = Notable Sources \| data6 = ''[[Daemonologie]]'' by [[King James VI]], ''[[Newes from Scotland]]'', [[Church of Scotland\|Kirk]] and secular court records \| header7 = \| label7 = Notable Personalities \| data7 = [[James I of England\|James VI]], David Seaton, Nils Hemmingson \| header8 = \| label8 = Notable Victims \| data8 = [[Geillis Duncan]], [[Agnes Sampson]], [[John Fian\|Dr. John Fian]], [[Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell]] \| header9 = \| label9 = Occurred [[Witch trials in the Early Modern period\|within the context of]] \| data9 = [[Scottish Reformation]], [[Folklore of Scotland\|Scottish Folk Beliefs]], [[Poverty]], [[Scottish clans\|De-centralised system of government]] \| header10 = \| label10 = Reasons for beginning \| data10 = Geillis Duncan’s confession, Scottish Reformation, Failed Crops \| header11 = \| label11 = Reasons for ending \| data11 = Trials moved on to [[Witch trials in early modern Scotland\|different parts of Scotland]] }} The '''North Berwick witch trials''' were the [[trial]]s in 1590 of a number of people from [[East Lothian]], [[Scotland]], accused of [[witchcraft]] in the St Andrew's Auld Kirk in [[North Berwick]] on [[Halloween]] night. They ran for two years, and implicated over 70 people. These included [[Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell]],<ref>Maurice Lee, ''John Maitland of Thirlestane'' (Princeton University Press, 1959), p. 229.</ref> on charges of [[high treason]]. The "witches" allegedly held their covens on the Auld Kirk Green, part of the modern-day [[North Berwick Harbour]] area. Confessions were extracted by [[torture]] in the [[Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh]]. One source for these events is a 1591 pamphlet ''[[Newes from Scotland]]''. [[James VI and I\|King James VI]] wrote a dissertation on witchcraft and necromancy titled ''[[Daemonologie]]'' in 1597. The North Berwick trials were among the better known of the large number of [[witch trials in early modern Scotland]] between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century. ==The Danish connection== This was the first major witchcraft persecution in Scotland, and began with a sensational case involving the royal houses of [[Denmark-Norway]] and Scotland. [[James I of England\|King James VI]] sailed to Copenhagen to marry [[Anne of Denmark]], sister of [[Christian IV of Denmark]]. During their return to Scotland they [[Anne of Denmark and contrary winds\|experienced terrible storms]] and had to shelter in Norway for several weeks before continuing. At this point, the interest in witch trials were revived in Denmark because of ongoing [[Trier witch trials]] in Germany, which were described and discussed in Denmark.<ref>Louise Nyholm Kallestrup, ''Heksejagt'' (Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2020).</ref> The admiral of the Danish fleet, [[Peder Munk]] argued with the treasurer [[Christoffer Valkendorff]] about the state of the ships used to transport Anne of Denmark. The storms were blamed on the wife of an official in Copenhagen whom he had insulted. The [[Copenhagen witch trials]] were held in July 1590.<ref name= "WME">Ankarloo, B., Clark, S. & Monter, E. W. ''Witchcraft and Magic in Europe'', p. 79</ref> One of the first Danish victims was [[Anna Koldings]], who, when tortured, divulged the names of five other women; one of whom was Malin, the wife of the burgomaster of Helsingor. They all confessed that they had been guilty of sorcery in raising storms that menaced Queen Anne's voyage, and that on [[Halloween]] night they had sent devils to climb up the keel of her ship. In September, two women were burnt as witches at [[Kronborg]].<ref>Ethel Carleton Williams, ''Anne of Denmark'' (London, 1970).</ref> James heard news from Denmark regarding this and decided to set up his own tribunal. ==Accused== [[File:North Berwick Witches.png\|thumb\|Suspected witches kneeling before King James; [[Daemonologie]] (1597)]] [[File:Portrait of King James I & VI (Adrian Vanson).jpg\|thumb\|James VI in the 1590s]] The main alleged witches directly involved in the trials were:{{sfnp\|King James\|2016\|p=101\|ps=none}} [[Agnes Sampson]] [[Barbara Napier]], sister-in-law of Archibald Douglas of Carshogle.<ref>James Grant, ''Old and New Edinburgh'', vol. 3 p. 9.</ref> [[Doctor Fian]] (John Cunningham) [[Euphame MacCalzean]] [[Geillis Duncan]] Robert Grierson Lennit Bandilandis The Porter's wife of [[Cockenzie and Port Seton\|Seaton]] The Smith of bridge Hallis The Wife of George Mott - Margaret Acheson<ref>Survey of Scottish Witchcraft Database, University of Edinburgh</ref> Alanis Muir Others not named More than 100 suspected witches in North Berwick were arrested. Several confessed under torture to having met with the Devil in the church at night, and devoted themselves to doing evil, including poisoning the King and other members of his household, and attempting to sink the King's ship.<ref name = "WME" /> In February 1591 James VI instructed David Seton or Seaton of [[Tranent]] to find accused people who had fled to England. The English ambassador [[Robert Bowes (ambassador)\|Robert Bowes]] wrote that these fugitives were "the worst sort of witches".<ref>Joseph Bain, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 457 no. 520.</ref> David Seton's servant Geillis Duncan had been one of the first accused.<ref>Louise Yeoman, 'Hunting the rich witch in Scotland', [[Julian Goodare]], ''The Scottish Witch Hunt in Context'' (Manchester, 2002), p. 108.</ref> Two significant accused persons were [[Agnes Sampson]], a respected and elderly woman from [[Humbie]], and Dr [[John Fian]], a schoolmaster and scholar in [[Prestonpans]]. Both initially refused to confess and were put to severe torture. Sampson was brought before King James and a council of nobles. She denied all the charges, but after torture, she confessed. By special commandment, her head and body hair was shaved and she was fastened to the wall of her cell by a [[scold's bridle]], an iron instrument with 4 sharp prongs forced into the mouth, so that two prongs pressed against the tongue, and the two others against the cheeks. She was kept without sleep and thrown with a rope around her head. After these ordeals she confessed to the 53 indictments against her. She was finally strangled and burned as a witch. According to ''Newes from Scotland,'' (1591), Sampson confessed to attending a [[Wheel of the Year\|Sabbat]] with 200 witches, including Giellis Duncan.<ref name=Rosen>{{cite book\|last=Rosen\|first=Barbara\|title = Witchcraft in England, 1558–1618\|year=1969\|publisher=Univ of Massachusetts Press}}</ref><ref name = Guiley>{{cite book\|last = Guiley \|first=Rosemary\|title=The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca\|year=2008 \| publisher = Infobase}}</ref> Dr. Fian also suffered severe torture. His fingernails were forcibly extracted, then iron pins were inserted. He was tortured with the [[Thumbscrew (torture)\|pilliwinks]], and the [[Boot (torture)\|boot]]. Fian was finally taken to the Castlehill in [[Edinburgh]] and [[burned at the stake]] on 16 December. Fian's testimony implicated [[Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell]] in a supernatural conspiracy, bringing a political element into the ongoing trials. According to [[Christopher Smout]], between 3,000 and 4,000 accused witches may have been killed in Scotland in the years 1560–1707.{{Sfn \| Smout \| 1969 \| pp = 184–92}} ===Geillis Duncan=== Scottish witches were linked to storms by the testimony of Gillis Duncan (or Geillis Duncan). She was a servant of David Seaton in [[Tranent]], who forced her to make a confession. Apparently Duncan suddenly began to exhibit a miraculous healing ability and would sneak out of the house during the night. When Seaton confronted her, she could not explain her new ability and strange behaviour and he had her tortured. Whilst she was able to withstand many forms of torture including [[Thumbscrew (torture)\|pilliwinks]], she eventually confessed to witchcraft when the method of searching was used (searching is where a suspected witch would be 'searched' for a blemish such as a mole or birth mark, this would then be proclaimed to be a [[witch's mark]])<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Tyson \|first=Donald \|title=The Demonology of King James I: Includes the Original Text of Daemonologie and News from Scotland \|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide \|year=2012 \|isbn=978-0-7387-2994-7 \|pages=15–16 \|language=en}}</ref> and accused many others of witchcraft.<ref name="Geillis">{{cite book \|title=The Witch Persecution in Scotland \|chapter=Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History \|volume=3 \|issue=1–6 \|pages=19–23\|publisher=University of Pennsylvania. Dept. of History \|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|date=1912 \|access-date=June 17, 2016 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSJWAAAAYAAJ&q=geillis+duncane&pg=PA19 }}</ref> According to the contemporary pamphlet ''[[Newes from Scotland]]'', 1591, she named numerous individuals, both women and men: {{blockquote\|Agnes Sampson the eldest witch of them all, dwelling in Haddington; Agnes Tompson of Edenbrough; Doctor Fian alias John Cuningham, master of the school at [[Prestonpans\|Saltpans]] in Lowthian, of whose life and strange acts you shal hear more largely in the end of this discourse. These were by the said Geillis Duncane accused, as also George Motts wife, dwelling in Lowthian; Robert Grierson, skipper; and Jannet Blandilands; with the potter's wife of Seaton: the smith at the Brigge Hallis, with innumerable others in those parts, and dwelling in those bounds aforesaid; of whom some are already executed, the rest remained in prison to receive the doome of judgment at the Kinges Majesties will and pleasure.<ref name="Geillis"/><ref>''Newes from Scotland'' (London, 1591), reprinted in Robert Pitcairn, ''Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland'', vol. 1, pt. 2 (Edinburgh, 1833), pp. 215-223.</ref>}} Duncan was also found to have conspired with [[Euphame MacCalzean]] in the murder of Duncan's godfather. ===Barbara Napier=== [[Barbara Napier]] came from a good family and had married a book dealer named George Ker in 1572. George died at [[La Rochelle]] in 1576, and she then married Archibald Douglas whose brother Robert Douglas was the laird of [[Corshogill]].<ref>David Reid, ''David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 397.</ref> Her family included a daughter, Janet Douglas.<ref>Winifred Coutts, ''The Business of the College of Justice in 1600'' (Edinburgh: Stair Society, 2003), pp. 183-4.</ref> Gillis Duncan caused the arrest of Barbara Naper for bewitching to death [[Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus]]. Archibald was reported to have died from a disease so strange there could be no cure or remedy.{{sfnp\|King James\|2016\|p=101\|ps=none}} He fell ill at Langhope and died at [[Smeaton House\|Smeaton]] near [[Dalkeith Palace\|Dalkeith]] on 4 August 1588.<ref>David Reid, ''David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 396-8.</ref> It was alleged that Euphame MacCalzean, Barbara Napier, Agnes Sampson and others had attended an assembly of witches at "[[Morrison's Haven\|Atkynson's Haven]]" where an image of [[James VI of Scotland\|James VI]] was given to the devil for the destruction of the king.<ref>''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 530: P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ''Satan's Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-century Scotland'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2001), p. 146-7.</ref> Napier had bought charms to help her own health and to try and fix her poor relationship with [[Jean Lyon, Countess of Angus]] who employed her and her husband. They did not work as she lost her job. When it all came to trial, Napier was accused of a practice to kill the king by witchcraft but was found guilty of only the lesser crime of conspiring with witches. James VI ordered the [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane\|Chancellor]] to have physicians examine her to see if she was pregnant, and if she was not, to have her burnt and publicly disembowelled.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 510, 514-5.</ref> James VI wanted an appeal to overturn the first verdict, in order to better prosecute the Earl of Bothwell, and an "assize of error" was planned. James VI spoke the jurors, who faced penalties for their former decision, on 7 June 1591, and they agreed with his views.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 518, 520, 522-5.</ref> Her fate is unclear, and it is possible that she was eventually burnt to death.<ref>{{Cite ODNB\|title=North Berwick witches (act. 1590–1592) {{!}} Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\|language=en\|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/69951\|year=2004}}</ref> The town council bought materials to build a fire for her execution and these were used on 25 June 1591 at the burning of [[Euphame MacCalzean]].<ref>[[Marguerite Wood]], ''Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1589-1603'' (Edinburgh, 1927), p. 334.</ref> The opinion of the 17th-century historian of the Douglas family, [[David Hume of Godscroft]], was that she had been released.<ref>David Reid, ''David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 398.</ref> ==Apology from Scottish government== In March 2022 Nicola Sturgeon, the first minister of Scotland, apologized for the persecution of alleged witches during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The Scottish government had not apologized previously.<ref>{{Cite web\| last = Cramer\| first = Maria\| title = Scotland Apologizes for History of Witchcraft Persecution\| work = The New York Times\| accessdate = 9 March 2022\| date = 9 March 2022\| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/world/europe/scotland-nicola-sturgeon-apologizes-witches.html}}</ref> ==Popular culture== [[Shakespeare]] adapted or was influenced by several concepts from the trials, including the rituals confessed by the witches and the Scottish setting, in his tragedy ''[[Macbeth]]''.<ref>Susan Dunn-Hensley, ''Anna of Denmark and Henrietta Maria, Virgins, Witches, and Catholic Queens'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 64-67.</ref> Heavily influenced by the incidents made public, the play was published a few years after King James's ''Daemonologie''. Borrowing many quotes from the treatise, the three witches cast their spells in the same manner:{{sfnp\|King James\|2016\|p=107\|ps=none}} "purposely to be cassin into the sea to raise winds for destruction of ships."<ref>''[[Macbeth]]'', I. iii. 15-25</ref> The trials and the events leading up to them are fictionalised in the 1971 young adult historical novel ''The Thirteenth Member'' by [[Mollie Hunter]]. [[Heavy metal music\|Heavy]]/[[doom metal]] group [[Cathedral (band)\|Cathedral]] has a song called "North Berwick Witch Trials" on their 2005 album ''[[The Garden of Unearthly Delights (album)\|The Garden of Unearthly Delights]]''.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.jukeboxmetal.com/2005/cathedral-the-garden-of-unearthly-delights/\|website=Jukebox Metal \|title=Cathedral - ''The Garden of Unearthly Delights'' review\|first=Andy\|last=Lye\|access-date=August 16, 2019}}</ref> [[Diana Gabaldon]]'s [[Outlander (book series)\|''Outlander'' series]] of novels features a recurring character named Geillis Duncan who is tried and convicted of being a witch. In the [[Outlander (TV series)\|television adaptation]] she is portrayed by [[Lotte Verbeek]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://deadline.com/2013/10/outlander-the-black-box-cast-regulars-614108/ \|title=''Outlander'' & ''The Black Box'' Cast Regulars \|first=Nellie \|last=Andreeva \|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] \|date=October 17, 2013 \|access-date=August 12, 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511040808/http://deadline.com/2013/10/outlander-the-black-box-cast-regulars-614108/ \|archive-date=May 11, 2015 \|url-status=live }}</ref> ''Shadow of Night'' (''All Souls'' series book #2) by [[Deborah Harkness]], although not taking place in Scotland, mentions the North Berwick Witch Trials and the trials are used to shape some of the plot points and events that occur in the book. Additionally, the two main characters, Diana and Matthew travel to the past, to Elizabethan England on Halloween night 1590 at the beginning of the book. ''The Burnings'', a 2023 debut novel by Naomi Kelsey,<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/72710692-the-burnings \|title=The Burnings \|website=[[Goodreads]] \|access-date=September 17, 2023}}</ref> describes the North Berwick witch trials from the perspectives of Geillis Duncan and of [[Margaret Vinstarr]], who was married to [[John Wemyss of Logie]] and was a [[lady-in-waiting]] for princess [[Anne of Denmark]], Queen of Scotland by marriage (at age 14) to King James VI. ==See also== * [[Scots law]] * [[Scottish folklore]] ==References== ===Citations=== {{reflist\|30em\|refs=}} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{citation \|last1=King James \|title=Daemonologie. A Critical Edition. In Modern English. \|year=2016 \|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform \|isbn=978-1-5329-6891-4}} * {{citation \|last = Smout \|first = Thomas Christopher \| author-link = Christopher Smout \| year = 1969 \| title = A History of the Scottish People 1560–1830 \| pages = 198–207}}. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|North Berwick Witch trials}} * {{citation \| publisher = World wide school \| chapter = 13 \| chapter-url = http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/relg/socialeccltheology/MemoirsofPopularDelusionsV2/chap13.html \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031127064535/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/relg/socialeccltheology/MemoirsofPopularDelusionsV2/chap13.html \| url-status = dead \| archive-date = 2003-11-27 \| title = Memoirs of Popular Delusions \| volume = 2 }}. {{Witch Hunt}} {{Magic and Witchcraft in the British Isles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:North Berwick Witch Trials}} [[Category:1590 in law]] [[Category:1590 in Scotland]] [[Category:16th-century trials]] [[Category:History of East Lothian]] [[Category:History of mental health in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Legal history of Scotland]] [[Category:North Berwick]] [[Category:Scottish folklore]] [[Category:Torture in Scotland]] [[Category:Trials in Scotland]] [[Category:Witch trials in Scotland]] [[Category:Judicial torture in Scotland]]	1,304,375,241	[{"title": "North Berwick Witch Trials", "data": {"Timespan": "1590-92 (2 years)", "Location": "North Berwick, Scotland", "Number of Trials": "Debated", "Guilty Verdicts": "70<", "Executions": "70<", "Notable Sources": "Daemonologie by King James VI, Newes from Scotland, Kirk and secular court records", "Notable Personalities": "James VI, David Seaton, Nils Hemmingson", "Notable Victims": "Geillis Duncan, Agnes Sampson, Dr. John Fian, Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell", "Occurred within the context of": "Scottish Reformation, Scottish Folk Beliefs, Poverty, De-centralised system of government", "Reasons for beginning": "Geillis Duncan\u2019s confession, Scottish Reformation, Failed Crops", "Reasons for ending": "Trials moved on to different parts of Scotland"}}]	false

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